The Wayback Machine - http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com:80/CBS
Wednesday, 20 June 2012
fullscreen
CBS Exposes Hillary Clinton Bosnia Trip.
Singer's Sweet Revenge
Quidditch For Muggles (CBS News)
Anorexia's Childhood Roots (CBS News)
Anorexia's Living Face (CBS News)
Chalk Artist Goes 3-D (CBS News)
David Letterman - Two & A Half Men Top Ten
Beyoncé - Listen (GRAMMYs on CBS)
John Mayer - Gravity (GRAMMYs on CBS)
Copy Machines, a Security Risk?
Freegan Way Of Life (CBS News)
Elementary - 2012 Fall Preview

CBS

  • WN Shopping
  • Ebay
  • Publications

Make changes yourself !



CBS Exposes Hillary Clinton Bosnia Trip.
  • Order:
  • Published: 25 Mar 2008
  • Duration: 1:56
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: kitchenfloorconflict
CBS news exposes the real story of Hillary Clintons 1996 trip to Bosnia.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/CBS Exposes Hillary Clinton Bosnia Trip.
Singer's Sweet Revenge
  • Order:
  • Published: 10 Jul 2009
  • Duration: 4:36
  • Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
A musician whose guitar was damaged by United Airlines exacted his revenge by writing a song that has become a YouTube video sensation. Songwriter Dave Carroll talks about his success.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Singer's Sweet Revenge
Quidditch For Muggles (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 28 Mar 2008
  • Duration: 3:40
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Muggles are catching on to quidditch across college campuses. Greg Gumbel gives a play-by-play of a real-life match between Middlebury and Princeton. And Dave Price plays a round. (CBSNews.com)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Quidditch For Muggles (CBS News)
Anorexia's Childhood Roots (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 Oct 2007
  • Duration: 5:17
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Thrust into the public eye by a provocative ad campaign, Isabelle Caro has become the living face of anorexia, who says her disease stems from a childhood spent in isolation. Sheila MacVicar reports. (CBS News)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Anorexia's Childhood Roots (CBS News)
Anorexia's Living Face (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Oct 2007
  • Duration: 5:29
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Isabelle Caro is the face behind a poignant Italian ad campaign that depicts anorexia in its truest form, one that has shocked the fashion industry. Sheila MacVicar reports. (CBSNews.com)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Anorexia's Living Face (CBS News)
Chalk Artist Goes 3-D (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 03 Mar 2008
  • Duration: 5:21
  • Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Artist Julian Beever has a knack for allowing his works to literally pop off the ground. Hari Sreenivasan speaks with Beever, whose 3-D chalk works have spawned a great deal of internet interest. (CBSNews.com)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Chalk Artist Goes 3-D (CBS News)
David Letterman - Two & A Half Men Top Ten
  • Order:
  • Published: 09 Sep 2011
  • Duration: 3:12
  • Updated: 31 May 2012
Author: CBS
Ashton Kutcher, Jon Cryer and Angus T. Jones present the "Top Ten Reasons To Watch The New Season of 'Two And A Half Men'."
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/David Letterman - Two & A Half Men Top Ten
Beyoncé - Listen (GRAMMYs on CBS)
  • Order:
  • Published: 03 Dec 2009
  • Duration: 3:05
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: beyonceVEVO
Music video by Beyoncé performing Listen. (C) 2007 The Recording Academy
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Beyoncé - Listen (GRAMMYs on CBS)
John Mayer - Gravity (GRAMMYs on CBS)
  • Order:
  • Published: 24 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 3:11
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: johnmayerVEVO
Music video by John Mayer performing Gravity. (c) 2007 The Recording Academy
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/John Mayer - Gravity (GRAMMYs on CBS)
Copy Machines, a Security Risk?
  • Order:
  • Published: 19 Apr 2010
  • Duration: 5:15
  • Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the good, old-fashioned copy machine. But, as Armen Keteyian reports, advanced technology has opened a dangerous hole in data security.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Copy Machines, a Security Risk?
Freegan Way Of Life (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 08 Oct 2007
  • Duration: 3:32
  • Updated: 01 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Freegans are vegetarians, preferably vegans, who scour other peoples' trash for good food that others carelessly toss away. Benno Schmidt reports on free dining the extreme, green way. (CBSNews.com)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Freegan Way Of Life (CBS News)
Elementary - 2012 Fall Preview
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 May 2012
  • Duration: 3:22
  • Updated: 06 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
Go behind the scenes of 'Elementary' starring Jonny Lee Miller as detective Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as Dr. Joan Watson in a modern-day drama about a crime solving duo that cracks the NYPD's most impossible cases. Watch this fall, only on CBS!
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Elementary - 2012 Fall Preview
NFL on CBS Theme Song
  • Order:
  • Published: 29 Dec 2008
  • Duration: 2:09
  • Updated: 05 Jun 2012
Author: shabu440
NFL on CBS THEME Note: I don't own any of this content. This is copyrighted material by CBS.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/NFL on CBS Theme Song
Eye To Eye With Katie Couric: Human Trafficking (CBS News)
  • Order:
  • Published: 15 Sep 2007
  • Duration: 11:35
  • Updated: 03 Jun 2012
Author: CBS
David Batstone, author of "Not For Sale," tells Hannah Storm that slavery is a problem that persists in the United States today, largely due to human trafficking. (CBSNews.com)
http://web.archive.org./web/20120620151611/http://wn.com/Eye To Eye With Katie Couric: Human Trafficking (CBS News)
CBS news exposes the real story of Hillary Clintons 1996 trip to Bosnia.
1:56
CBS Ex­pos­es Hillary Clin­ton Bosnia Trip.
4:36
Singer's Sweet Re­venge
3:40
Quid­ditch For Mug­gles (CBS News)
5:17
Anorex­ia's Child­hood Roots (CBS News)
5:29
Anorex­ia's Liv­ing Face (CBS News)
5:21
Chalk Artist Goes 3-D (CBS News)
3:12
David Let­ter­man - Two & A Half Men Top Ten
3:05
Be­y­oncé - Lis­ten (GRAM­MYs on CBS)
3:11
John Mayer - Grav­i­ty (GRAM­MYs on CBS)
5:15
Copy Ma­chines, a Se­cu­ri­ty Risk?
3:32
Free­gan Way Of Life (CBS News)
3:22
El­e­men­tary - 2012 Fall Pre­view
2:09
NFL on CBS Theme Song
11:35
Eye To Eye With Katie Couric: Human Traf­fick­ing (CBS News)
9:20
Hen­ri­et­ta Lack - CBS Sun­day Morn­ing
3:11
1968 King As­sas­si­na­tion Re­port (CBS News)
4:30
U2's Bono & The Edge Per­form "Stuck In a Mo­ment" on David Let­ter­man
6:14
Baby/Never Say Never/OMG (GRAM­MYs on CBS)
1:42
David Let­ter­man - Super Bowl MVP Eli Man­ning
3:37
The His­to­ry of the CBS Eye Logo 2001
1:44
Rap­ping Flight At­ten­dant
5:59
Home­less Man, Gold­en Voice


  • President Barack Obama laughs with Clark Kellogg as they walk through Children's Garden to the White House basketball before an interview for the CBS
    Public Domain / The White House from Washington, DC
  • In this photo taken April 13, 2012, and provided by CBS News April 15, 2015, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner talks during a pretaped interview for CBS's
    AP / CBS News, Mary F. Calver
  • Star and executive producer Don Cheadle, left, speaks as actress Kristen Bell looks on during the panel discussion for the comedy series
    AP / Jason Redmond
  • Actor Josh Lawson, second right, speaks as actors Kristen Bell, from left, Ben Schwartz and Dawn Olivieri, right, look on during the panel discussion for the comedy series
    AP / Jason Redmond
  • Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain, speaks at the CBS News/National Journal foreign policy debate at the Benjamin Johnson Arena, Saturday, Nov. 12, 2011 in Spartanburg, S.C
    AP / Richard Shiro
  • Sara Gilbert at CBS Comedies Premiere Party Sponsored by Flo TV, Area on La Cienega, Los Angeles - Sept. 17, 2008
    Creative Commons / watchwithkristin
  • Actor Shane West at 2010 CBS Summer Press Tour Party, 28 July 2010
    Creative Commons / Greg Hernandez
  • Scott Andrew Caan is an American actor. He stars in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0, for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe award.
    Creative Commons / David Shankbone
  • Cobie Smulders on the CBS Comedies Premiere Party Sponsored by Flo TV, Area on La Cienega, Los Angeles, 2011-03-09
    Creative Commons / Nightscream
  • Sailors assigned to the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70) pose for a photograph with CBS television series
    US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Christopher K. Hwang
  • NEW YORK - Senior Chief Petty Officer Terry Lathrop (left) explains the Coast Guard's tasking to a CBS news crew during Operation Dry Water at Coast Guard Station Jones Beach, N.Y., Sunday, June 26, 2011. Lathrop's unit hosted the newscrew during the annual nationwide operation designed to educate mariners about boating under the influence. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Jetta H. Disco. (1299563) ( Operation Dry Water )
    US Coastguard / Petty Officer 2nd Class Jetta H. Disco.
  • Daly with her brother Tim Daly, 2009. Daly represented one half of the title characters in the legendary CBS cop drama Cagney & Lacey winning four Emmy Awards for her performance as Mary Beth Lacey, the married working mother.
    Creative Commons / David Shankbone
  • Charlie Sheen and his wife Denise Richards arrive at CBS's 75th anniversary celebration on Nov. 2, 2003, in New York
    AP / Louis Lanzano
  • NEW YORK-Eric Smith, Auxiliary Flotilla 10-2, talks about boating safety after helping CBS reporter Magee Hickey put on a life jacket while on board the Coast Guard Cutter Katherine Walker during Fleet Week. May 23, 2008. (U.S. Coast Guard photo/Chief Petty Officer Bob Laura) (630011) ( 080523 G 6549L CBS Promotes Safe Boating Week on board the Coast Guard Cutter Katherine Walker )
    US Coastguard / U.S. Coast Guard photo/Chief Petty Officer Bob Laura
  • This video frame grab provided by KCBS/KCAL shows what could be a missile launched off the California coast, Monday, Nov. 8, 2010. The Defense Department said Tuesday it was trying to determine if a missile was launched Monday off the coast of Southern California and, if so, who might have fired it. Spokesmen for the Navy, Air Force, and other military organizations said they were looking into a video posted on the CBS News website that shows an object shooting across the sky and leaving a large
    AP / KCBS/KCAL
  • This image provided by CBS News shows a printer toner cartridge with wires and powder found in a package aboard a plane searched in East Midlands, north of London, Friday Oct. 29, 2010. CBS reported that the package the cartridge shown here was found in was one of two explosive packages seized Friday addressed to Chicago-area synagogues and packed aboard cargo jets originating in Yemen. U.S. official said preliminary tests indicated the packages contained the powerful industrial explosive PETN,
    AP / CBS News
  • File - Legendary CBS newsman Walter Cronkite speaks in February 2004 at a ceremony at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington honoring the fallen astronauts of the STS-107 Columbia mission.
    NASA / Bill Ingalls
  • BALTIMORE - Alex DeMetrick, a reporter for CBS 13, interviews Capt. Mark O'Malley, the commander of Coast Guard Sector Baltimore, following the Rescue 21 acceptance ceremony at the Coast Guard Yard in Baltimore, Aug. 19, 2010. The Rescue 21 system allows the Coast Guard to better locate mariners in distress on the water using various towers to narrow a search area. U.S. Coast Guard photo by Petty Officer 2nd Class Brandyn Hill. (975577) ( Coast Guard hosts Rescue 21 ceremony in Baltimore )
    US Coastguard / Petty Officer 2nd Class Brandyn Hill.
  • FILE-This Nov. 25, 2009 file photo shows singer Adam Lambert discusses his controversial
    AP / Charles Sykes,File
  • Peter Aurness (March 18, 1926 – March 14, 2010),[1][2][3][4] known professionally as Peter Graves, was an American film and television actor. He was best known for his starring role in the CBS television series Mission: Impossible from 1967 to 1973. His brother is actor James Arness (born 1923).
    Creative Commons / Angela George
  • Kevin James (born Kevin George Knipfing; April 26, 1965) is an American comedian, actor, writer and producer.He is widely known for playing Doug Heffernan on the CBS sitcoms The King of Queens and Everybody Loves Raymond. He is also known for his roles in the comedy films Hitch, I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry, Paul Blart: Mall Cop, and Grown Ups. He has hosted the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards on March 27, 2010.
    Creative Commons / Rene Schwietzke
  • Alyson Lee Hannigan (born March 24, 1974) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Willow Rosenberg on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Michelle Flaherty in three American Pie films and Lily Aldrin on the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother.
    Creative Commons / Alyson_Hannigan
  • Actor Ed Westwick, from
    AP / Matt Sayles
  • File - Legendary CBS newsman Walter Cronkite speaks in February 2004 at a ceremony at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington honoring the fallen astronauts of the STS-107 Columbia mission.
    NASA / Bill Ingalls
  • Barry Zito guest starred in an episode of the CBS television series JAG, as a Navy pitcher that beans a Marine batter in the head, walks toward the fallen batter
    US Navy / Photographers Mate 2nd CLass Daniel Jones.
  • Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England is interviewed on the field by a reporter from CBS Sports in the closing moments of the 105th Army-Navy game.
    US Navy / Journalist 2nd Class Michael Sheehan
  • Dan Rather, CBS Anchorman and his news crew return to the USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) after touring the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.
    US Navy / Photographer's Mate Airman Cristina R. Morrison
  • CBS anchorman Dan Rather interviews one of the many International Organization for Migration (IOM) workers at the Sultan Iskandar Muda Air Force Base in Banda Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia.
    US Navy / Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Elizabeth A. Edwards
  • Navy Band Mid-South Lead singer Musician 3rd Class Spencer Haasenritter and base guitarist Musician 2nd Class Austin Alley perform live on-air for the local CBS affiliate KTHV-TV Morning show.
    US Navy
  • Aviation Machinist's Mate 1st Class Patrick Palma, a crew chief for the Blue Angels aerial demonstration team, helps local CBS TV reporter Anne-Marie Green prepare for her orientation flight.
    US Navy / Chief Mass Communication Specialist Monica Hallman
  • Related News
  • Top Headlines
  • BBC
  • CNN
  • The Times
  • The Washington Post
  • Bloomberg
  • The Independent
photo: Creative Commons / Grobuonis
Ryanair at Girona airport
The New York Times
19 Jun 2012
LONDONThe European low cost airline Ryanair offered 694 million euros ($883 million) to buy the Irish carrier Aer Lingus, the latest in a number of deals in the fast-consolidating airline...

photo: AP / Nam Y. Huh
Republican presidential hopeful, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, cheers with his supporters during his Illinois campaign rally at the College of DuPage, Sunday, Feb. 3, 2008, in Glen Ellyn, Ill. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)
Columbia Journalism Review
19 Jun 2012
NEW HAMPSHIRE — One of the most frequent problems with campaign reporting is the way that journalists construct candidate-centric narratives that coincide with the ups and downs of the race....

photo: AP / Alex Brandon
Glenn Beck, center, holds hands with faith leaders at the "Restoring Honor" rally in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington Saturday, Aug. 28, 2010.
The Examiner
18 Jun 2012
During the time it was announced that media personality Glenn Beck has received a 5-year $100 million contract for his radio show he was speaking at the Faith and Freedom Coalition calling for people...

Detroit news By The Detroit News Comments Ndamukong Suh had 10 sacks in 2010 and four in 2011. (Robin Buckson / Detroit News) Pete Prisco, senior NFL columnist for CBS Sports, doesn't think Lions defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh is just overrated. He thinks Suh is the most overrated player in the NFL. "I know he...(size: 7.6Kb)
Fox News Arsenio HallReuters Arsenio Hall is returning to TV's late-night scene, where he flourished with a talk show two decades ago. CBS Television Distribution says it is developing a syndicated nightly talk show with...(size: 1.4Kb)
The Business Review San Antonio Business Journal by Mike W. Thomas, Reporter Date: Tuesday, June 19, 2012, 7:32am CDT Related: Laurent Dambies/PhotoShelter...(size: 11.6Kb)
IMDb Late night TV audiences nostalgic for comic Arsenio Hall and his popular Arsenio Hall Show, which ran from...(size: 0.7Kb)
IMDb Missing your weekly fix of Big Brother? Well, ABC may have a solution for you. Though the Alphabet Network...(size: 0.7Kb)
IMDb Arsenio Hall has inked a deal to present his own late-night talk show, it has been announced. Hall...(size: 0.6Kb)
Bloomberg Clear Channel Outdoor Holdings Inc. (CCO) Chief Executive Officer William Eccleshare said the private- equity owned outdoor advertising company will evaluate a purchase of CBS Corp. (CBS)’s billboard division. “We’ll look at it,” the executive said in an interview at the Cannes Lions advertising...(size: 3.7Kb)
more news on: CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS)
Type Broadcast radio network and
television network
Branding "Only CBS"
Country United States
First air date January 27, 1927 (as United Independent Broadcasters)
Availability National
Founded by William S. Paley
Motto America's Most Watched Network
Slogan Only CBS
Headquarters CBS Building
New York City
Owner Independent (1927–1995)
Westinghouse Electric (renamed CBS Corp. in 1997) (1995–2000)
Viacom (2000–2005)
CBS Corporation (2006–present)
Key people Leslie Moonves, Chairman of CBS,
Nancy Tellem (President of CBS Network Television Entertainment)
Launch date September 18, 1927 (radio)
July 1, 1941 (television)
Former names United Independent Broadcasters (1927)
Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (1927–1928)
Columbia Broadcasting System (1928–1995 in official usage)
Picture format

480i (16:9 SDTV)
720p

1080i (HDTV)
Callsign meaning Columbia Broadcasting System (former legal name)
Affiliates Lists:
By state or By DMA
Official website CBS.com

CBS Broadcasting Inc. (CBS) is a major US commercial broadcasting television network, which started as a radio network. The name is derived from the initials of the network's former name, Columbia Broadcasting System. It is the second largest broadcaster in the world behind the BBC. The network is sometimes referred to as the "Eye Network" in reference to the shape of the company's logo. It has also been called the "Tiffany Network," which alludes to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of its founder William S. Paley (1901–90).[1] It can also refer to some of CBS's first demonstrations of color television, which were held in a former Tiffany & Co. building in New York City in 1950,[2] thus earning it the name "Color broadcasting system" back when such a feat was innovative.[citation needed]

The network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc., a collection of 16 radio stations that was bought by William S. Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System.[3] Under Paley's guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States and then one of the big three American broadcast television networks. In 1974, CBS dropped its full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired the network in 1995 and eventually adopted the name of the company it had bought to become CBS Corporation. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which coincidentally had begun as a spin-off of CBS in 1971. In late 2005, Viacom split itself and reestablished CBS Corporation with the CBS television network at its core. CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, its parent.

Contents

History[link]

Radio years[link]

The origins of CBS date back to January 27, 1927, with the creation of the "United Independent Broadcasters" network in Chicago by New York talent-agent Arthur Judson. The fledgling network soon needed additional investors though, and the Columbia Phonograph Company, manufacturers of Columbia Records, rescued it in April 1927; as a result, the network was renamed "Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System." Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18, 1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra[4] from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates.[5]

Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, and by the end of 1927, Columbia Phonograph wanted out.[6] In early 1928, Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the network's Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. None of the three was interested in assuming day-to-day management of the network, so they installed wealthy 26-year-old William S. Paley, son of a Philadelphia cigar family and in-law of the Levys, as president. With the record company out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to "Columbia Broadcasting System."[6] He believed in the power of radio advertising since his family's "La Palina" cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio.[7] By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS and became its majority owner with 51% of the business.[8]

Turnaround: Paley's first year[link]

During Louchenheim's brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A.H. Grebe's Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the network's flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the signal relocated to a stronger frequency, 860 kHz.[9] The physical plant was relocated also—to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan. It was where much of CBS's programming originated. Other owned-and-operated stations were KNX Los Angeles, KCBS San Francisco (originally KQW), WBBM Chicago, WCAU Philadelphia, WJSV Washington, D.C. (later WTOP, which moved to the FM dial in 2005; the AM facility today is WFED, also a secondary CBS affiliate), WWNY St. Louis, and WCCO Minneapolis. These remain the core affiliates of the CBS Radio Network today, with WCBS still the flagship, and all except WTOP and WFED (both Hubbard Broadcasting properties) owned by CBS Radio. By the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates.[10]

Paley moved right away to put his network on a firmer financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered into talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures who planned to move into radio in response to RCA's forays into motion pictures with the advent of talkies.[11] The deal came to fruition in September 1929: Paramount got 49 percent of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3,800,000 at the time.[7] The agreement specified that Paramount would buy that same stock back by March 1, 1932 for a flat $5,000,000, provided CBS had earned $2,000,000 during 1931 and 1932.[11] For a brief time there was talk that the network might be renamed "Paramount Radio," but it only lasted a month—the 1929 stock market crash sent all stock value tumbling. It galvanized Paley and his troops, though: they "had no alternative but to turn the network around and earn the $2,000,000 in two years.... This is the atmosphere in which the CBS of today was born."[11] The near-bankrupt movie studio sold its CBS shares back to CBS in 1932; Paramount was in trouble, CBS was not.[12]

In the first year of Paley's watch, CBS's gross earnings more than tripled, going from $1,400,000 to $4,700,000.[13]

Paley's management saw a twentyfold increase in gross income in his first decade

Much of the increase was a result of Paley's second upgrade to the CBS business plan—improved affiliate relations. There were two types of program at the time: sponsored and sustaining, i.e., unsponsored. Rival NBC paid affiliates for every sponsored show they carried and charged them for every sustaining show they ran.[14] It was onerous for small and medium stations, and resulted in both unhappy affiliates and limited carriage of sustaining programs. Paley had a different idea, designed to get CBS programs emanating from as many radio sets as possible:[15] he would give the sustaining programs away for free, provided the station would run every sponsored show, and accept CBS's check for doing so.[16] CBS soon had more affiliates than either NBC Red or NBC Blue.[17]

Paley was a man who valued style and taste,[18] and in 1929, once he had his affiliates happy and his company's creditworthiness on the mend, he relocated his concern to sleek, new 485 Madison Avenue, the "heart of the advertising community, right where Paley wanted his company to be"[19] and where CBS would stay until its move to Black Rock in 1965. When his new landlords expressed skepticism about the network and its fly-by-night reputation, Paley overcame their qualms by purchasing a lease for $1,500,000.[19]

1930s: CBS takes on the Red and the Blue[link]

Wholesome Kate Smith, Paley's choice for La Palina Hour, was unthreatening to home and hearth

Since NBC was the broadcast arm of radio set manufacturer RCA, its chief David Sarnoff approached his decisions as both a broadcaster and as a hardware executive; NBC's affiliates had the latest RCA equipment, and were often the best-established stations, or were on "clear channel" frequencies. Yet Sarnoff's affiliates were mistrustful of him. Paley had no such split loyalties: his—and his affiliates'—success rose and fell with the quality of CBS programming.[15]

Paley had an innate, pitch-perfect, sense of entertainment, "a gift of the gods, an ear totally pure,"[20] wrote David Halberstam. "[H]e knew what was good and would sell, what was bad and would sell, and what was good and would not sell, and he never confused one with another."[21] As the 1930s loomed, Paley set about building the CBS talent stable. The network became the home of many popular musical and comedy stars, among them Jack Benny, ("Your Canada Dry Humorist"), Al Jolson, George Burns & Gracie Allen, and Kate Smith, whom Paley personally selected for his family's La Palina Hour because she was not the type of woman to provoke jealousy in American wives.[22] When, on a mid-ocean voyage, Paley heard a phonograph record of a young unknown crooner, he rushed to the ship's radio room and "cabled" New York to sign Bing Crosby immediately to a contract for a daily radio show.[23]

While the CBS prime-time lineup featured music, comedy and variety shows, the daytime schedule was a direct conduit into American homes—and into the hearts and minds of American women; for many, it was the bulk of their adult human contact during the course of the day. CBS time salesmen recognized early on that this intimate connection could be a bonanza for advertisers of female-interest products.[24] Starting in 1930, astrologer Evangeline Adams would consult the heavens on behalf of listeners who sent in their birthdays, a description of their problems—and a box-top from sponsor Forhan's toothpaste.[25] The low-key murmuring of smooth-voiced Tony Wons, backed by a tender violin, "made him a soul mate to millions of women"[26] on behalf of the R. J. Reynolds tobacco company, whose cellophane-wrapped Camel cigarettes were "as fresh as the dew that dawn spills on a field of clover."[27] The most popular radio-friend of all was M. Sayle Taylor, The Voice Of Experience, though his name was never uttered on air.[27] Women mailed descriptions of the most intimate of relationship problems to The Voice in the tens of thousands per week; sponsors Musterole ointment and Haley's M–O laxative enjoyed sales increases of several hundred percent in just the first month on The Voice Of Experience.[28]

When Charlie Chaplin finally allowed the world to hear his voice after twenty years of pantomime, he chose CBS air to do it on

As the decade progressed, a new genre joined the daytime lineup: serial dramas—soap operas, so named for the products that sponsored them, by way of the ad agencies that actually produced them. Although the form, usually in quarter-hour episodes, proliferated widely in the middle and late 1930s, they all had the same basic premise: that characters "fell into two categories: 1) those in trouble and 2) those who helped people in trouble. The helping-hand figures were usually older."[29] At CBS, Just Plain Bill brought human insight and Anacin pain reliever into households; Your Family and Mine came courtesy of Sealtest Dairy products; Bachelor's Children first hawked Old Dutch Cleanser, then Wonder Bread; Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories was sponsored by Spry Vegetable Shortening. Our Gal Sunday (Anacin again), The Romance of Helen Trent (Angélus cosmetics), Big Sister (Rinso laundry soap) and many others filled the daytime ether.[30]

CBS west coast headquarters reflected its industry stature while hosting its top Hollywood talent

Thanks to its daytime and primetime schedules, CBS prospered in the 1930s. In 1935, gross sales were $19,300,000, yielding a profit of $2,270,000.[31] By 1937, the network took in $28,700,000 and had 114 affiliates,[15] almost all of which cleared 100% of network-fed programming, thus keeping ratings, and revenue, high. In 1938, CBS even acquired the American Record Corporation, parent of its onetime investor Columbia Records.[32]

In 1938, NBC and CBS each opened studios in Hollywood to attract movieland's top talent to their networks – NBC at Radio City on Sunset and Vine, CBS two blocks away at Columbia Square.[33]

CBS launches an independent news division[link]

The extraordinary potential of radio news showed itself in 1930, when CBS suddenly found itself with a live telephone connection to a prisoner called "The Deacon" who described, from the inside and in real time, a riot and conflagration at the Ohio State Penitentiary; for CBS, it was "a shocking journalistic coup."[34] Yet as late as 1934, there was still no regularly scheduled newscast on network radio: "Most sponsors did not want network news programming; those that did were inclined to expect veto rights over it."[35] There had been a longstanding wariness between radio and the newspapers as well; the papers had rightly concluded that the upstart radio business would compete with them on two counts—advertising dollars and news coverage. By 1933, they fought back, many no longer publishing radio schedules for readers' convenience, or allowing "their" news to be read on the air for radio's profit.[36] Radio, in turn, pushed back when urban department stores, newspapers' largest advertisers and themselves owners of many radio stations, threatened to withhold their ads from print.[37] A short-lived attempted truce in 1933 even saw the papers proposing that radio be forbidden from running news before 9:30 am, and then only after 9:00 pm—and that no news story could air until it was twelve hours old.[38]

CBS News engineers prepare a remote: Justice Hugo Black's 1937 denial of Klan ties

It was in this climate that Paley set out to "enhance the prestige of CBS, to make it seem in the public mind the more advanced, dignified and socially aware network."[39] He did it through sustaining programming like the New York Philharmonic, the thoughtful drama of Norman Corwin—and an in-house news division to gather and present news, free of fickle suppliers like newspapers and wire services.[39] In the fall of 1934, CBS launched its independent news division, shaped in its first years by Paley's vice-president, former The New York Times man Ed Klauber, and news director Paul White. Since there was no blueprint or precedent for real-time news coverage, early efforts of the new division used the short-wave link-up CBS had been using for five years[40] to bring live feeds of European events to its American air.

A key early hire was Edward R. Murrow in 1935; his first corporate title was Director of Talks. He was mentored in microphone technique by Robert Trout, the lone full-timer of the News Division, and quickly found himself in a growing rivalry with boss White.[41] Murrow was glad to "leave the hothouse atmosphere of the New York office behind"[42] when he was dispatched to London as CBS's European Director in 1937, a time when the growing Hitler menace underscored the need for a robust European Bureau. Halberstam described Murrow in London as "the right man in the right place in the right era."[43] Murrow began assembling the staff of broadcast journalists—including William L. Shirer, Charles Collingwood and Eric Sevareid—who would become known as "Murrow's Boys." They were "in [Murrow's] own image, sartorially impeccable, literate, often liberal, and prima donnas all."[44] They covered history in the making, and sometimes made it themselves: on March 12, 1938, Hitler boldly annexed nearby Austria and Murrow and Boys quickly assembled coverage with Shirer in London, Edgar Ansel Mowrer in Paris, Pierre Huss in Berlin, Frank Gervasi in Rome and Trout in New York.[45] The News Round-Up format was born and is still ubiquitous today in broadcast news.

Murrow's nightly reports from the rooftops during the dark days of the London Blitz galvanized American listeners: even before Pearl Harbor, the conflict became "the story of the survival of Western civilization, the most heroic of all possible wars and stories. He was indeed reporting on the survival of the English-speaking peoples."[46] With his "manly, tormented voice,"[47] Murrow contained and mastered the panic and danger he felt, thereby communicating it all the more effectively to his audience.[47] Using his trademark self-reference "This reporter,"[48] he did not so much report news as interpret it, combining simplicity of expression with subtlety of nuance.[47] Murrow himself said he tried "to describe things in terms that make sense to the truck driver without insulting the intelligence of the professor."[47] When he returned home for a visit late in 1941, Paley threw an "extraordinarily elaborate reception"[49] for him at the Waldorf-Astoria. Of course, its goal was more than just honoring CBS's latest "star"—it was an announcement to the world that Mr. Paley's network was finally more than just a pipeline carrying other people's programming: it was now a cultural force in its own right.[50]

Once the war was over and Murrow returned for good, it was as "a superstar with prestige and freedom and respect within his profession and within his company."[51] He possessed enormous capital within that company, and as the unknown form of television news loomed large, he would spend it freely, first in radio news, then in television, taking on Senator Joseph McCarthy first, then eventually William S. Paley himself,[52] and with a foe that formidable, even the vast Murrow account would soon run dry.

[edit] Panic: The War of the Worlds radio broadcast

Enfant terrible Orson Welles's "Hallowe'en joke" frightened the country and snared a sponsor

On October 30, 1938, CBS gained a taste of infamy when Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre on the Air broadcast a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds. Its unique format, a contemporary version of the story in the form of faux news broadcasts, had many CBS listeners panicked into believing invaders from Mars were actually devastating Grover's Mill, New Jersey, despite three disclaimers during the broadcast that it was a work of fiction. The flood of publicity after the broadcast had two effects: an FCC ban on faux news bulletins within dramatic programming, and sponsorship for Mercury Theatre on the Air—the former sustaining program became The Campbell Playhouse to sell soup.[53] Welles, for his part, summarized the episode as "the Mercury Theater's own radio version of dressing up in a sheet and jumping out of a bush and saying 'Boo!'"[54]

CBS recruits Edmund A. Chester[link]

Before the onset of World War II, CBS recruited Edmund A. Chester from his position as Bureau Chief for Latin America at Associated Press to serve as Director of Latin American Relations and Director of Short Wave Broadcasts for the CBS radio network (1940). In this capacity, Mr. Chester coordinated the development of the Network of the Americas (La Cadena de las Americas) with the Department of State, the Office for Inter-American Affairs (as chaired by Nelson Rockefeller) and Voice of America. This network provided vital news and cultural programming throughout South America and Central America during the crucial World War II era and fostered diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the less developed nations of the continent. It featured such popular radio broadcasts as Viva América[55] which showcased leading musical talent from both North and South America accompanied by the CBS Pan American Orchestra under the musical direction of Alfredo Antonini. The post war era also marked the beginning of CBS's dominance in the field of radio as well.[56]

1940s: Zenith of network radio[link]

As 1939 wound down, Bill Paley announced that 1940 would "be the greatest year in the history of radio in the United States."[57] He was right—times ten: the decade of the 1940s would indeed be the apogee of network radio by every gauge. Nearly 100% of 1939's advertisers renewed their contracts for 1940; manufacturers of farm tractors made radios standard equipment on their machines.[58] Wartime rationing of paper limited the size of newspapers—and hence advertisers—and when papers turned them away, they migrated to radio sponsorship.[59] A 1942 act of Congress made advertising expenses a tax benefit[59] and that sent even automobile and tire manufacturers—who had no products to sell since they had been converted to war production—scurrying to sponsor symphony orchestras and serious drama on radio.[60] In 1940, only one-third of radio programs were sponsored, while two-thirds were sustaining; by mid-decade, the statistics had swapped—now two out of three shows had cash-paying sponsors and only one-third were sustaining.[61]

The CBS of the 1940s was vastly different from that of the early days; many of the old guard veterans had died, retired or moved on.[62] No change was greater than that in Paley himself: he had become difficult to work for, and had "gradually shifted from leader to despot."[62] He spent much of his time seeking social connections and in cultural pursuits; his "hope was that CBS could somehow learn to run itself."[62] His brief to an interior designer remodeling his townhouse included a requirement for closets that would accommodate three hundred suits, one hundred shirts and had special racks for a hundred neckties.[63]

Dr. Frank Stanton, second only to Paley in his impact on CBS, president 1946–1971

As Paley grew more remote, he installed a series of buffer executives who sequentially assumed more and more power at CBS: first Ed Klauber, then Paul Kesten, and finally Frank Stanton. Second only to Paley as the author of CBS's style and ambitions in its first half-century, Stanton was "a magnificent mandarin who functioned as company superintendent, spokesman, and image-maker."[64] He had come to the network in 1933 after sending copies of his PhD thesis "A Critique Of Present Methods and a New Plan for Studying Radio Listening Behavior" to CBS top brass and they responded with a job.[65] He scored an early hit with his study "Memory for Advertising Copy Presented Visually vs. Orally" which CBS salesmen used to great effect bringing in new sponsors.[65] In 1946 Paley named Stanton President of CBS and promoted himself to Chairman. Stanton's colorful, but impeccable, wardrobe—slate-blue pinstripe suit, ecru shirt, robin's egg blue necktie with splashes of saffron—made him, in the mind of one sardonic CBS vice-president, "the greatest argument we have for color television."[66]

Despite the influx of advertisers and their cash, or perhaps because of them, the 1940s were not without bumps for the radio networks. The biggest challenge came in the form of the FCC's chain broadcasting investigation—the "monopoly probe," as it was often called.[67] Though started in 1938, it only gathered steam in 1940 under new-broom chairman James L. Fly.[68] By the time the smoke had cleared in 1943, NBC found itself shorn of its Blue network, which became ABC. CBS was also hit, though not as severely: Paley's brilliant 1928 affiliate contract which had given CBS first claim on local stations' air during sponsored time—the network option—came under attack as being restrictive to local programming.[69] The final compromise permitted the network option for three out of four hours during certain dayparts, but the new regulations had virtually no practical effect, since most all stations accepted the network feed, especially the sponsored hours that earned them money.[69] Fly's panel also forbade networks from owning artists' representation bureaus, so CBS sold its bureau to Music Corporation of America and it became Management Corporation of America.[70]

Arthur Godfrey spoke directly to listeners individually, making him a foremost pitchman into TV era

On the air, the war had an impact on most every show. Variety shows wove patriotism through their comedy and music segments; dramas and soaps had characters join the service and go off to fight. Even before hostilities commenced in Europe, one of the most played songs on radio was Irving Berlin's "God Bless America," popularized by CBS's own Kate Smith.[71] Although an Office of Censorship sprang up within days of Pearl Harbor, censorship would be totally voluntary. A few shows submitted scripts for review; most did not.[72] The guidelines that the Office did issue banned weather reports, including announcement of sports rainouts, news about troop, ship or plane movements, war production and live man-on-the-street interviews. The ban on ad-libbing caused quizzes, game shows and amateur hours to wither for the duration.[72]

Surprising was "the granite permanence" of the shows at the top of the ratings.[73] The vaudevillians and musicians who were huge after the war were the same stars who had been huge in the 30s: Benny, Crosby, Burns and Allen, Edgar Bergen all had been on the radio almost as long as there had been network radio.[74] A notable exception to this was relative newcomer Arthur Godfrey who, as late as 1942, was still doing a local morning show in Washington, D.C.[75] Godfrey, who had been a cemetery-lot salesman and a cab driver, pioneered the style of talking directly to the listener as an individual, with a singular "you" rather than phrases like "Now, folks..." or "Yes, friends...."[76] His combined shows contributed as much as 12% of all CBS revenues; by 1948, he was pulling down a half-million dollars a year.[75]

In 1947, Paley, still the undisputed "head talent scout" of CBS,[64] led a much-publicized "talent raid" on NBC. One day, while Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll were hard at work at NBC writing their venerable Amos and Andy show, a knock came on the door; it was Paley himself, with an astonishing offer: "Whatever you are getting now I will give you twice as much."[77] Capturing NBC's cornerstone show was coup enough, but Paley repeated in 1948 with longtime NBCers Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy and Red Skelton, as well as former CBS defectors Jack Benny, radio's top-rated comedian, and Burns and Allen. Paley achieved this rout with a legal agreement reminiscent of his 1928 contract that caused some NBC station affiliates to jump ship and join CBS:[77] CBS would buy the stars' names as a property, in exchange for a large lump sum and a salary.[78] The plan relied on the vastly different tax rates between income and capital gains, so not only would the stars enjoy more than twice their income after taxes, but CBS would preclude any NBC counterattack because CBS owned the performers' names.[77] As a result of this sortie, Paley got in 1949 something he had sought for twenty years: CBS finally beat NBC in the ratings.[79]

But it wasn't just to one-up rival Sarnoff that Paley led his talent raid; he, and all of radio, had their eye on the coming force that threw a shadow over radio throughout the 1940s—television.

1950s: Prime time radio gives way to television[link]

A 1951 advertisement for the CBS Television Network introduced the Eye logo.

In the spring of 1940, CBS staff engineer Peter Goldmark devised a system for color television that CBS management hoped would leapfrog the network over NBC and its existing black-and-white RCA system.[80] The CBS system "gave brilliant and stable colors," while NBC's was "crude and unstable but 'compatible.'"[81] Ultimately, the FCC rejected the CBS system because it was incompatible with RCA's; that, and the fact that CBS had moved to secure many UHF, not VHF, TV licenses, left CBS flatfooted in the early television age.[82] In 1946, only 6,000 TV sets were in operation, all in greater New York; by 1949, the number was 3,000,000, and by 1951, 12,000,000.[83] Sixty-four American cities had TV stations, though most of them only had one.[84]

Radio continued to be the backbone of the company, at least in the early 1950s, but it was "a strange, twilight period."[74] NBC's venerable Fred Allen saw his ratings plummet when he was pitted against upstart ABC's game show Stop The Music!; within weeks, he was dropped by longtime sponsor Ford Motor Company and was shortly gone from the scene.[85] Radio powerhouse Bob Hope's ratings plunged from 23.8 in 1949 to 5.4 in 1953.[86] By 1952, "death seemed imminent for network radio" in its familiar form;[87] most telling of all, the big sponsors were eager for the switch.

Gradually, as the television network took shape, radio stars began to migrate to the new medium. Many programs ran on both media while making the transition. The radio soap opera The Guiding Light moved to television in 1952 and ran another fifty-seven years; Burns & Allen, back "home" from NBC, made the move in 1950; Lucille Ball a year later; Our Miss Brooks in 1952 (though it continued simultaneously on radio for its full television life). The high-rated Jack Benny Program ended its radio run in 1955, and Edgar Bergen's Sunday-night show went off the air in 1957. When CBS announced in 1956 that its radio operations had lost money, while the television network had made money,[88] it was clear where the future lay. When the soap opera Ma Perkins went off the air November 25, 1960 only eight, relatively minor series remained. Prime time radio ended on September 30, 1962, when Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar and Suspense aired for the final time.[89]

CBS's radio programming after 1972[link]

The retirement of Arthur Godfrey in April 1972 marked the end of the longform program on CBS radio; programming thereafter consisted of hourly news summaries and news features, known in the 1970s as Dimension, and commentaries, including the Spectrum series that evolved into the "Point/Counterpoint" feature on the television network's 60 Minutes and First Line Report, a news and analysis feature delivered by CBS correspondents. The network also continued to offer traditional radio programming through its nightly CBS Radio Mystery Theater, the lone holdout of old-style programming, from 1974 through 1982.[90] The CBS Radio Network continues to this day, offering hourly newscasts, including its centerpiece CBS World News Roundup in the morning and evening, weekend sister program CBS News Weekend Roundup, the news-related feature segment The Osgood File, What's In the News, a one-minute summary of one story, and various other segments such as commentary from Seattle radio personality Dave Ross, tip segments from various other sources, and technology coverage from CBS Interactive property CNET.

It is the last of the original Big Four radio networks still owned and operated by its founding company; ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting in 2007 (and is now a part of Cumulus Media) while Mutual and NBC Radio were acquired by Westwood One in the 1980s (Westwood One and CBS were under common ownership from 1993 to 2007; the former would be acquired outright by Dial Global in October 2011).

Television years: expansion and growth[link]

CBS's first television broadcasts were experimental, often only for one hour a day, and reaching a limited area in and around New York City (over station W2XAB channel 2, later called WCBW and finally WCBS-TV). To catch up with rival RCA, CBS bought Hytron Laboratories in 1939, and immediately moved into set production and television broadcasting. Though there were many competing patents and systems, RCA dictated the content of the FCC's technical standards, and grabbed the spotlight from CBS, DuMont and others by introducing television to the general public at the 1939 New York World's Fair. The FCC began licensing commercial television stations on July 1, 1941; the first license went to RCA and NBC's WNBT (now WNBC); the second license, issued that same day, was to WCBW, (now WCBS). CBS-Hytron offered a practical color system in 1941, but it was not compatible with the black-and-white standards set down by RCA. In time, and after considerable dithering, the FCC rejected CBS's technology in favor of that by RCA.

During the World War II years, commercial television broadcasting was reduced dramatically. Toward the end of the war, commercial television began to ramp up again, with an increased level of programming evident in the 1945–1947 period on the three New York television stations which operated in those years (the local stations of NBC, CBS and DuMont) But as RCA and DuMont raced to establish networks and offer upgraded programming, CBS lagged, advocating an industry-wide shift and re-start to UHF for their incompatible (with black and white) color system. Only in 1950, when NBC was dominant in television and black and white transmission was widespread, did CBS begin to buy or build their own stations (outside of New York) in Los Angeles, Chicago and other major cities. Up to that point, CBS programming was seen on such stations as KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles, which CBS—as a bit of insurance and to guarantee program clearance in Los Angeles—quickly purchased a 50% interest in, partnering with the Los Angeles Times newspaper. CBS then sold their interest in KTTV (which today is the West Coast flagship of the Fox network) and purchased outright Los Angeles pioneer station KTSL (Channel 2) in 1950, renaming it KNXT (after CBS's existing Los Angeles radio property, KNX), later to become KCBS-TV. The "talent raid" on NBC of the mid-forties had brought over established radio stars; they now became stars of CBS television as well. One reluctant CBS star refused to bring her radio show, "My Favorite Husband," to television unless the network would re-cast the show with her real-life husband in the lead. Paley and network president Frank Stanton had so little faith in the future of Lucille Ball's series, re-dubbed I Love Lucy, that they granted her wish and allowed the husband, Desi Arnaz, to take financial control of the production. This was the making of the Ball-Arnaz Desilu empire, and became the template for series production to this day.

In the late 1940s, CBS offered the first live television coverage of the proceedings of the United Nations General Assembly (1949). This journalistic tour-de-force was under the direction of Edmund A. Chester, who was appointed to the post of Director for News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948.

As television came to the forefront of American entertainment and information, CBS dominated television as it once had radio.[citation needed] In 1953, the CBS television network would make its first profit,[91] and would maintain dominance on television between the years 1955 and 1976 as well[91] By the late 1950s, the network often controlled seven or eight of the slots on the "top ten" ratings list with well-respected shows like Route 66. This success would continue for many years, with CBS bumped from first place only by the rise of ABC in the mid-1970s. Perhaps because of its status as the top-rated network, during the late 1960s and early 1970s CBS felt freer to gamble with controversial properties like the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and All in the Family and its many spinoffs during this period.

CBS "Eye" Logo in 1965, displayed before shows presented in color

One of CBS's most popular shows at that time was M*A*S*H, a dramedy based on the hit Robert Altman film. It ran from 1972–1983, and was set, like the film, during the Korean War in a Mobile Army Surgical Hospital. The final episode aired on February 28, 1983 and was 2½ hours long. It was viewed by nearly 106 million Americans (77% of viewership that night) which established it as the most watched episode in United States television history, a record which stood until the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIV in 2010, also on CBS.

Color telecasts (1953–1965)[link]

Although CBS-TV was the first with a working color television system, they lost out to RCA in 1953, due in part because the CBS color system was incompatible with existing black-and-white sets. Although RCA, then-parent company of NBC, made its color system available to CBS, the network was not interested in boosting RCA's profits and televised only a few specials in color for the rest of the decade. The specials included the Ford Star Jubilee programs (which included the first telecast ever of MGM's 1939 film classic The Wizard of Oz). Other specials were also shown: the 1957 telecast of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella, Cole Porter's musical version of Aladdin, and Playhouse 90's only color broadcast, the 1958 production of The Nutcracker, featuring choreography by George Balanchine. This telecast was based on the famous production staged annually since 1954 in New York, and performed by the New York City Ballet. CBS would later show two other versions of the ballet, a semi-forgotten one-hour German-American version hosted by Eddie Albert ,shown annually for three years beginning in 1965, and the well-loved Baryshnikov production from 1977 to 1981. (This production later moved to PBS.)

Beginning in 1959, The Wizard of Oz, now telecast by CBS as a family special in its own right (after the cancellation of Ford Star Jubilee), became an annual tradition on color TV. However, it was the success of NBC's 1955 telecast of the musical Peter Pan, starring Mary Martin, the most watched television special of its time, that inspired CBS to telecast The Wizard of Oz, Cinderella and Aladdin.

1960–1967[link]

From 1960 to 1965, CBS-TV limited its color transmissions to only a few specials such as The Wizard of Oz, and only then if the sponsor would pay for it. Red Skelton was the first CBS host to telecast his weekly programs in color, using a converted movie studio, in the early 1960s; he tried unsuccessfully to persuade the network to use his facility for other programs, then was forced to sell it. Color was being pushed hard by rival NBC. Even ABC had several color programs, beginning in the fall of 1962, but those were limited because of the network's financial and technical situations. One famous CBS-TV special made during this era was the Charles Collingwood-hosted tour of the White House with First Lady Jackie Kennedy. It was, however, shown in black-and-white. Beginning in 1963, at least one CBS show, The Lucy Show, began filming in color at its star and producer Lucille Ball's insistence; she realized that color episodes would command more money when they were eventually sold into syndication, but even it was broadcast in black and white through the end of the 1964–65 season. This would all change by the mid-1960s, when market pressure forced CBS-TV to add color programs to the regular schedule for the 1965–66 season and complete the changeover during the 1966–67 season. By the fall of 1967, nearly all of CBS's TV programs were in color, as were NBC's and ABC's. A notable exception was The Twentieth Century, which consisted mostly of newsreel archival footage, though even this program used at least some color footage by the late 1960s.

In 1965, CBS telecast a new color version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella. This version, starring Lesley Ann Warren and Stuart Damon in the roles formerly played by Julie Andrews and Jon Cypher, was shot on videotape rather than being telecast live, and would become an annual tradition for the next nine years.

In 1967, NBC outbid CBS for the rights to the annual telecast of The Wizard of Oz and the film moved to NBC. However, the network quickly realized their mistake in allowing what was then one of its prime ratings winners to be acquired by another network, and by 1976, the film was back on CBS, where it remained through the end of 1997. CBS showed it twice in 1991, in March and again the night before Thanksgiving. Thereafter, it was shown the night before Thanksgiving.

1971–86: The "Rural purge" and success in the 1970s[link]

By the end of the 1960s, CBS was broadcasting virtually all of its schedule in color, but many of its shows (including The Beverly Hillbillies, Mayberry R.F.D., Petticoat Junction, Hee Haw and Green Acres) were appealing more to older and more rural audiences and less to the young, urban and more affluent audiences that advertisers sought to target. Fred Silverman (who would later head ABC, then NBC) made the decision to cancel most of those otherwise hit shows by mid-1971 in what became colloquially referred to as the "Rural Purge," with Green Acres star Pat Buttram remarking that the network cancelled "anything with a tree in it."[92][93]

While the "rural" shows got the axe, new hits, like The Mary Tyler Moore Show, All in the Family, M*A*S*H, The Bob Newhart Show, Cannon, Barnaby Jones, Kojak and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour took their place and kept CBS at the top of the ratings through the early '70s. The majority of these hits were overseen by then East Coast vice president Alan Wagner.[94] Also, 60 Minutes moved to 7 pm ET on Sundays in 1976 and became an unexpected hit.[citation needed]

Silverman also first developed his strategy of spinning new shows off an established hit while at CBS, with Rhoda and Phyllis spun from The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Maude and The Jeffersons spun from All in the Family and Good Times from Maude.

After Silverman's departure, CBS dropped behind ABC in the 1976–77 season, but still rated strongly, based on its earlier hits and some new ones: One Day at a Time, Alice, Lou Grant, WKRP in Cincinnati, The Dukes of Hazzard (suspiciously "rural") and, the biggest hit of the early '80s, Dallas.

By 1982, ABC had run out of steam, NBC was in dire straits with many failed programming efforts greenlighted by Silverman during his 1978 to 1981 tenure there, and CBS once more nosed ahead, courtesy of Dallas (and its spin-off Knots Landing), Falcon Crest, Magnum, P.I., Simon & Simon and 60 Minutes. CBS also broadcast the popular NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament every March beginning in 1982 (taking over for NBC). There were a few new hits – Kate & Allie, Newhart, Cagney & Lacey, Scarecrow and Mrs. King, Murder, She Wrote – but the resurgence was short-lived. CBS had gone deeply into debt as a result of the failed effort by Ted Turner to take control over CBS. The battle was headed by CBS chairman Thomas Wyman. CBS sold its St. Louis station KMOX-TV and allowed the purchase of a large portion of its shares (under 25 percent) by Loew’s Inc. chairman Lawrence Tisch. Consequently, collaboration between Paley and Tisch led to the slow dismissal of Wyman, Tisch becoming chief operating officer, and Paley returning as chairman.[95]

1986–2002: Tiffany Network in distress[link]

In 1984, The Cosby Show and Miami Vice debuted on NBC and grabbed high ratings immediately, bringing that network back to first place by the 1985–1986 season along with other huge hits Family Ties, The Golden Girls, L.A. Law, and 227. ABC had in turn also rebounded with hits like Dynasty, Who's the Boss?, Hotel, and Growing Pains. By the 1988–1989 season, CBS had fallen to third place behind both ABC and NBC, and had some major rebuilding to do.

Ironically, some of the groundwork had been laid as the network fell in the ratings, with hits Simon & Simon, Falcon Crest, Murder, She Wrote, Kate & Allie and Newhart still on the schedule from the most recent resurgence, and future hits Designing Women, Murphy Brown, Jake and the Fatman, and 48 Hours having recently debuted. Plus, CBS was still getting decent ratings from 60 Minutes, Dallas and Knots Landing. But the ratings for Dallas were a far cry from what they were in the early 1980s. During the early 1990s, the network would bolster its sports lineup by adding Major League Baseball telecasts and the Winter Olympics.

Under network president Jeff Sagansky, the network was able to get strong ratings from new shows Diagnosis: Murder, Touched by an Angel, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Walker, Texas Ranger, and a resurgent Jake and the Fatman during this period, and CBS was able to reclaim the first place crown briefly, in the 1992–1993 season, though its demographics skewed older than ABC, NBC or even Fox, with its relatively limited presence at that time. In 1993, the network made a breakthrough in establishing a successful late night talk show franchise to compete with NBC's Tonight Show when it signed David Letterman away from NBC after the Late Night host was passed over as Johnny Carson's successor on Tonight in favor of Jay Leno. However, CBS' would soon suffer a major blow in a move that would change American television forever.

In 1993, the fledgling Fox network outbid CBS for the rights to air the National Football League, resulting in several stations switching to Fox. The loss of the NFL, along with an ill-fated effort to court younger viewers, led to a drop in CBS' ratings. The network also dropped its MLB coverage (after losing approximately US$500 million over a four year span) in 1993 and NBC, which already aired the Summer Olympics, took over coverage of the Winter Olympics beginning with the 2002 Games.

Still, CBS was able to produce some hits, such as Cosby, The Nanny, and Everybody Loves Raymond, and would regain the NFL (taking over the American Football Conference package from NBC) in 1998.

2002–present: Return to top spot, rivalry with Fox[link]

Another turning point for CBS came in the summer of 2000 when it debuted the summer reality shows Survivor, and Big Brother which became surprise summer hits for the network. In January 2001, CBS debuted the second season of the show after its airing of the Super Bowl and scheduled it Thursdays at 8 pm ET, and moved the police procedural CSI (which had debuted that fall Fridays at 9 pm ET) to Thursdays at 9 pm ET and was both able to chip away at and eventually beat NBC's Thursday night lineup, and attract younger viewers to the network.

CBS has had additional successes with police procedurals Cold Case, Without a Trace, Criminal Minds, NCIS, The Mentalist, "NYC 22", and Person of Interest, along with CSI spinoffs CSI: Miami and CSI: NY, and sitcoms Everybody Loves Raymond, The King of Queens, Mike & Molly, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother, The Big Bang Theory, The New Adventures of Old Christine, and Two Broke Girls.

During the 2007–08 season, Fox ranked as the top-rated network, primarily due to its reliance on American Idol. However, according to Nielsen, CBS has ended up as the top-rated network every season since then.[96] The two tend to nearly equal one another in the 18–34, 18–49, and 25–54 demographics, although Fox typically wins these by the narrowest of margins.

Conglomerate[link]

During the 1960s, CBS began an effort to diversify, and looked for suitable investments. In 1965, it acquired electric guitar maker Fender from Leo Fender, who agreed to sell his company due to health problems. The purchase also included that of Rhodes electric pianos, which had already been acquired by Fender. This and other acquisitions led to a restructuring of the corporation into various operating groups and divisions; the quality of the products coming out of these acquired companies was extremely lower, hence the term "pre-CBS" (meaning higher, sought after quality) and "CBS" (mass produced lower quality).

In other diversification attempts, CBS would buy (and later sell) sports teams (especially the New York Yankees baseball club), book and magazine publishers (Fawcett Publications including Woman's Day, and Holt, Rinehart and Winston), map-makers, toy manufacturers (Gabriel Toys, Child Guidance, Wonder Products), and other properties.

As William Paley aged, he tried to find the one person who could follow in his footsteps. However, numerous successors-in-waiting came and went. By the mid-1980s, the investor Laurence Tisch had begun to acquire substantial holdings in CBS. Eventually he gained Paley's confidence, and with his support took control of CBS in 1986.

Tisch's sole interest was turning profits. When CBS faltered, under-performing units were given the axe. Among the first properties to go was the Columbia Records group, which had been part of the company since 1938. Tisch also shut down in 1986 the CBS Technology Center in Stamford, which had started in New York City in the 1930s as CBS Laboratories and evolved to be the company's technology Research and development unit.

Columbia Records[link]

Columbia Records was a record label owned by CBS since 1938. In 1962, CBS launched CBS Records to market Columbia recordings outside North America, where the Columbia name was controlled by others. In 1966, CBS Records was made a separate subsidiary of Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.[97] CBS sold the CBS Records Group to the Japanese conglomerate Sony in 1988 initiating the Japanese buying spree of US companies (MCA, Pebble Beach Co., Rockefeller Center, Empire State Building, et al.) that continued into the 1990s. The record label company was re-christened Sony Music Entertainment in 1991, as Sony had a short term license on the CBS name.

Sony purchased from EMI its rights to the Columbia Records name outside the US, Canada, Spain and Japan. Sony now uses Columbia Records as a label name in all countries except Japan, where Sony Records remains their flagship label. Sony acquired the Spanish rights when Sony Music merged with Bertelsmann subsidiary BMG in 2004 as Sony BMG, co-owned by Sony and Bertelsmann. Sony bought out BMG's share in 2008.

CBS Corporation revived CBS Records in 2006.

Publishing[link]

CBS entered the publishing business in 1967 by acquiring Holt, Rinehart & Winston, who published trade books, textbooks, and the magazine Field & Stream. The next year, CBS added the medical publisher Saunders to Holt, Rinehart & Winston. In 1971, CBS acquired Bond/Parkhurst, the publisher of Road & Track and Cycle World.

CBS greatly expanded its magazine business by purchasing Fawcett Publications in 1974, bringing in such magazines as Woman's Day. It acquired the majority of the Ziff Davis publications in 1984.

CBS sold its book publishing businesses in 1985. The educational publishing division, which retained the name Holt, Rinehart & Winston, was sold to Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; the trade book division, renamed Henry Holt and Company, was sold to the West German publisher Holtzbrinck.

CBS exited the magazine business by selling the unit to its executive Peter Diamandis. Diamandis sold the magazines to Hachette Filipacchi Médias in 1988, forming Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S.

CBS Musical Instruments division[link]

Forming the CBS Musical Instruments division, the company also acquired Steinway pianos, Gemeinhardt flutes, Lyon & Healy harps, Rodgers (institutional) organs, Gulbransen home organs, Electro-Music Inc. (Leslie speakers), and Rogers Drums. The last musical purchase was the 1981 acquisition of the assets of then-bankrupt ARP Instruments, developer of electronic synthesizers.

Between 1965 and 1985 the quality of Fender guitars and amplifiers declined significantly. Encouraged by outraged Fender fans, CBS Musical Instruments division executives executed a leveraged buyout in 1985 and created FMIC, the Fender Musical Instrument Corporation. At the same time, CBS divested itself of Rodgers, along with Steinway and Gemeinhardt, all of which were purchased by Steinway Musical Properties. The other musical instruments properties were also liquidated.

Film production[link]

CBS made a brief, unsuccessful move into film production in the late 1960s, creating Cinema Center Films. This profit-free unit was shut down in 1972; today the distribution rights to the Cinema Center library rest with Paramount Pictures for home video (via CBS Home Entertainment) and theatrical release, and with CBS Paramount Television for TV distribution (most other ancillary rights remain with CBS). It released such films as The Reivers (1969), starring Steve McQueen, and the musical Scrooge (1970), starring Albert Finney.

Yet ten years later, in 1982, CBS took another try at Hollywood, in a joint venture with Columbia Pictures and HBO called TriStar Pictures. Despite releasing such box office successes as The Natural, Places in the Heart, and Rambo: First Blood Part II, CBS felt the studio was not making a profit and in 1985, sold its stake in TriStar to The Coca-Cola Company, Columbia Pictures' owner at the time.[98]

In 2007, CBS Corp. announced its desire to get back into the feature film business slowly launching CBS Films and hiring key executives in the Spring of 2008 to startup the new venture. The name CBS Films was actually used once before in 1953 when the name was briefly used for CBS's distributor of off-network and first-run syndicated programming to local TV stations in the United States and abroad.

Home video[link]

CBS entered into the home video market, when joined with MGM to form MGM/CBS Home Video in 1978, but the joint venture was broken by 1982. CBS joined another studio: 20th Century Fox, to form CBS/Fox Video. CBS's duty was to release some of the movies by TriStar Pictures under the CBS/Fox Video label.

Gabriel Toys[link]

CBS entered the video game market briefly, through its acquisition of Gabriel Toys (renamed CBS Toys), publishing several arcade adaptations and original titles under the name "CBS Electronics," for the Atari 2600, and other consoles and computers, also producing one of the first karaoke recording/players. CBS Electronics also distributed all Coleco-related video game products in Canada, including the ColecoVision. CBS later sold Gabriel Toys to View-Master, which eventually ended up as part of Mattel.

Venture to the UK[link]

On September 14, 2009, it was revealed that the international arm of CBS, CBS Studios International, struck a joint venture deal with Chellomedia to launch six CBS-branded channels in the UK during 2009. The new channels would replace Zone Romantica, Zone Thriller, Zone Horror and Zone Reality, plus timeshift services Zone Horror +1 and Zone Reality +1.[99][100] On October 1, 2009, it was announced that CBS Reality, CBS Reality +1, CBS Drama and CBS Action would launch on November 16, 2009 replacing Zone Reality, Zone Reality +1, Zone Romantica and Zone Thriller respectively.[101] On April 5, 2010, Zone Horror and Zone Horror +1 were rebranded as Horror Channel and Horror Channel +1.[102]

New owners[link]

By the early 1990s, profits had fallen as a result of competition from cable companies, video rentals, and the high cost of programming. About 20 former CBS affiliates switched to the rapidly rising Fox Television Network in the mid 1990s, while many television markets across the country (e.g. KDFX in Palm Springs, California and KECY in Yuma, Arizona reportedly the first to do so in August 1994) lost their CBS affiliate for awhile. CBS ratings were acceptable, but the network struggled with an image of stodginess. Laurence Tisch lost interest and sought a new buyer.

CBS's Ed Sullivan Theater in Manhattan, home to the Late Show with David Letterman

Westinghouse Electric Corporation[link]

In 1995, Westinghouse Electric Corporation acquired CBS for $5.4 billion. As one of the major broadcasting group owners of commercial radio and television stations (as Group W) since 1920, Westinghouse sought to transition from a station operator into a major media company with its purchase of CBS.

Westinghouse's acquisition of CBS had the effect of suddenly turning the combined company's all-news radio stations in New York (WCBS and WINS) and Los Angeles (KNX and KFWB) from bitter rivals to sister stations. While KFWB switched from all-news to news-talk in 2009, WINS and WCBS remain all-news stations, with WINS (which pioneered the all-news format in 1965) concentrating its news on the five core New York City boroughs and WCBS, with its much more powerful signal, covering the surrounding tri-state metro area.

In 1997, Westinghouse acquired Infinity Broadcasting Corporation, owner of more than 150 radio stations, for $4.9-billion. Also that year, Westinghouse began the CBS Cable division by acquiring two existing cable channels (Gaylord's The Nashville Network (now Spike TV) and Country Music Television) and starting a new one (CBS Eye on People, which was later sold to Discovery Communications).

Following the Infinity purchase, operation and sales responsibilities for the CBS Radio Network was handed to Infinity, which turned management over to Westwood One, a company Infinity managed. WWO is a major radio program syndicator that had previously purchased the Mutual Broadcasting System, NBC's radio networks and the rights to use the "NBC Radio Networks" name. For a time, CBS Radio, NBC Radio Networks and CNN's radio news services were all under the WWO umbrella.

As of 2008, Westwood One continues to distribute CBS radio programming, but as a self-managed company that put itself up for sale and found a buyer for a significant amount of its stock.

CBS also owned CBS Telenoticias, a Spanish-language news network.

In that same year of 1997, Westinghouse changed its name to CBS Corporation, and corporate headquarters were moved from Pittsburgh to New York. And to underline the change in emphasis, all non-entertainment assets were put up for sale. Another 90 radio stations were added to Infinity's portfolio in 1998 with the acquisition of American Radio Systems Corporation for $2.6 billion.

In 1999, CBS paid $2.5 billion to acquire King World Productions, a television syndication company whose programs include The Oprah Winfrey Show, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune. By the end of 1999, all pre-CBS elements of Westinghouse's industrial past (beyond retaining rights to the name for brand licensing purposes) were gone.

Viacom[link]

By the 1990s, CBS had become a broadcasting giant, but in 1999 entertainment conglomerate Viacom -- a company that ironically was created by CBS in 1952 as CBS Films, Inc. to syndicate old CBS series and was spun off and renamed Viacom in 1971—announced it was taking over its former parent in a deal valued at $37 billion. Following completion of this effort in 2000, Viacom was ranked as the second-largest entertainment company in the world.

CBS Corporation and CBS Studios[link]

Having assembled all the elements of a communications empire, Viacom found that the promised synergy was not there, and at the end of 2005 it split itself in two. CBS became the center of a new company, CBS Corporation, which included the broadcasting elements, Paramount Television's production operations (renamed CBS Television Studios), UPN (which later merged with Time Warner's The WB into The CW), Viacom Outdoor advertising (renamed CBS Outdoor), Showtime, Simon & Schuster, and Paramount Parks, which the company sold in May 2006. It is the legal successor to the old Viacom.

The second company, keeping the Viacom name, kept Paramount Pictures, assorted MTV Networks, BET, and, until May 2007, Famous Music, which was sold to Sony/ATV Music Publishing.

As a result of the aforementioned Viacom/CBS corporate split, as well as other acquisitions over recent years, CBS (under the moniker CBS Studios) owns a massive film and television library spanning nine decades; these include not only acquired material from Viacom and CBS in-house productions and network programs, but also programs aired originally on competing networks. Shows and other material in this library include I Love Lucy, The Twilight Zone, The Honeymooners, Hawaii Five-O (both the original and current remake), Gunsmoke, The Fugitive, Little House on the Prairie (US TV rights only), Star Trek, The Brady Bunch, Cheers, The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, Evening Shade, Duckman, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and its spin-offs, the CBS theatrical library (My Fair Lady, Scrooge, etc.), and the entire Terrytoons library from 1921 forward, among others.

Both CBS Corporation and the new Viacom are still owned by Sumner Redstone's company, National Amusements. As such, Paramount Home Entertainment continues to handle DVD distribution for the CBS library.

Coverage and availability[link]

ACNielsen estimated in 2003 that CBS can be seen in 96.98% of all American households, reaching 103,421,270 homes in the United States. CBS has 204 VHF and UHF affiliated stations in the U.S. and U.S. possessions. CBS is also carried on cable television across Canada, via its affiliates, as well as in Bermuda, via local affiliate ZBM-TV.

Logos and slogans[link]

CBS current eye logo, popularly known as the "CBS Eye" or "The Eyemark," from 1951 through the present. This is a logotype for CBS when watching a TV channel.

CBS unveiled its Eye Device logo on October 20, 1951. Before that, from the 1940s through 1951, CBS Television used an oval spotlight on the block letters C-B-S.[103] The Eye device was conceived by William Golden based on a Pennsylvania Dutch hex sign as well as a Shaker drawing. (While commonly attributed to Golden, there is speculation that at least some design work on the symbol may have been done by another CBS staff designer, Georg Olden, one of the first African-Americans to attract some attention in the postwar graphic design field.)[104] The Eye device made its broadcasting debut on October 20, 1951. The following season, as Golden prepared a new "ident," CBS President Frank Stanton insisted on keeping the Eye device and using it as much as possible. (Golden died unexpectedly in 1959, and was replaced by one of his top assistants, Lou Dorfsman, who would go on to oversee all print and on-air graphics for CBS for the next thirty years.)

An example of CBS Television Network's imaging (and the distinction between the television and radio networks) may be seen in a video of The Jack Benny Program from 1953; the video appears to be converted from kinescope, and "unscoped" or unedited. One sees the program very nearly as one would have seen it live on CBS. Don Wilson is the program announcer, but also voices a promo for Private Secretary, which starred Ann Sothern and alternated weekly with Jack Benny on the CBS schedule. Benny continued to appear on CBS radio and television at that time, and Wilson makes a promo announcement at the end of the broadcast for Benny's radio program on the CBS Radio Network. The program closes with the "CBS Television Network" ID slide (the "CBS eye" over a field of clouds with the words "CBS Television Network" superimposed over the eye). There is, however, no voiceover accompanying the ID slide. It is unclear whether it was simply absent from the recording or never originally broadcast (a staff announcer may have provided a voiceover message, if so, it was not recorded on this clip).[citation needed]

The CBS eye is now an American icon. While the symbol's settings have changed, the Eye device itself has not been redesigned in its entire history.[105] In the network's new graphic identity created by Trollbäck + Company in 2006, the eye is being placed in a "trademark" position on show titles, days of the week and descriptive words, an approach highly respecting the value of the eye. The eye logo has frequently been copied or borrowed by television networks around the world, notable examples being the Austrian Broadcasting System (ORF) which used to use a red version of the eye logo, Associated TeleVision in the United Kingdom, Frecuencia Latina in Peru, Nippon Television in Japan and Rede Bandeirantes in Brazil. The logo is alternately known as the Eyemark, which was also the name of CBS's domestic and international syndication divisions in the mid-to-late 1990s before the King World acquisition and Viacom merger.

1980s[link]

Through the years, CBS has developed several notable image campaigns, and several of the network's most well-known slogans date from the 1980s. 1981's "Reach for the Stars" used a space-themed campaign to capitalize on both CBS's stellar improvement in the ratings and the historic launch of the space shuttle Columbia. 1982s "Great Moments" juxtaposed scenes from classic CBS programming such as I Love Lucy with scenes from the network's then-current classics such as Dallas and M*A*S*H. From 1983 through 1986, CBS (by now firmly atop the ratings) featured a campaign based on the slogan "We've Got the Touch." Vocals for the campaign's jingle were contributed by Richie Havens (1983–84; one occasion in 1984–85) and Kenny Rogers (1985–86). The 1986–87 programming season ushered in the "Share the Spirit of CBS" campaign, the network's first to use full-out computer graphics and DVE effects. Unlike most network campaign promos, the full length version of Share the Spirit not only showed a brief clip preview of each new fall series, but also utilized the CGI effects to map out the entire fall schedule by night. The success of that campaign led to the 1987–88 "CBS Spirit" (or CBSPIRIT) campaign. Most CBS Spirit promos utilized a procession of show clips once again. However, the new graphic motif was a swirling (or "swishing") blue line, that was used to represent "the spirit." The full length promo, like the previous year, had a special portion that identified new fall shows, but the mapped-out fall schedule shot was abandoned.

Long-time secondary logo of CBS from 1966, still in use.

For the 1988–89 season, CBS unveiled its new image campaign, officially known as "Television You Can Feel" but more commonly identified as "You Can Feel It On CBS." The goal was to convey a more sensual, new-age image through distinguished, advanced-looking computer graphics and soothing music, backgrounding images and clips of emotionally powerful scenes and characters. However, it was this season in which CBS began its ratings free fall, the deepest in the network's history. CBS ended the decade with "Get Ready for CBS." The 1989–90 version was a very ambitious campaign that attempted to elevate CBS out of last place (among the major networks); the motif was network stars interacting with each other in a remote studio set, getting ready for photo and TV shoots, as well as for the new season on CBS. The high-energy promo song and the campaign's practices saw many variations across the country as every CBS affiliate participated in it, as per a network mandate. Also, for the first time in history, CBS became the first broadcast network to team with a national retailer to encourage viewership, with the CBS/Kmart Get Ready Giveaway.

1990s[link]

For the 1990–91 season, the campaign featured a new jingle—The Temptations offered an altered version of their hit "Get Ready." The early 1990s featured less-than-memorable campaigns, with simplified taglines such as "This is CBS" (1992) and "You're On CBS" (1995). Eventually, the advertising department gained momentum again late in the decade with Welcome Home to a CBS Night (1996–1997), simplified to Welcome Home (1997–1999) and succeeded by the spin-off campaign The Address is CBS (1999–2000).

2000s[link]

CBS logo/wordmark, 2007–2010

Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, CBS's ratings resurgence was backed by their "It's All Here" campaign, and their strategy led, in 2005, to the proclamation that they were "America's Most Watched Network." Their most recent campaign, beginning in 2006, proclaims "We Are CBS" with the voice of Don LaFontaine. As of 2009, the network has shifted to a campaign entitled "Only CBS" in which the network proclaims several unique qualities it has. In 2011, CBS returned to the usage of "America's Most Watched Network."[106]

2010s[link]

In October 2011, CBS celebrated 60 years of using the Eye logo.

Promos[link]

Especially during the 1960s, the three major networks, NBC, CBS and ABC, would show elaborate promos during the summer months of their upcoming fall schedule of that year. In 1961, CBS took the unusual step of airing a program entitled CBS Fall Preview Special: Seven Wonderful Nights,[107] using, not the usual television voiceovers, but stars of several CBS shows to promote the upcoming shows, stars such as Ed Sullivan (The Ed Sullivan Show), Rod Serling (The Twilight Zone), and Raymond Burr and Barbara Hale (Perry Mason). The stars would appear and show previews of the entire lineup for one specific day of the week.[108]

Programming[link]

As of fall 2010, CBS operates on an 87½-hour regular network programming schedule. It provides 22 hours of prime time programming to affiliated stations: 8–11 p.m. Monday to Saturday (all times ET/PT) and 7–11 p.m. on Sundays. Programming is also provided 10 am–3 p.m. weekdays (game shows The Price Is Right and Let's Make a Deal, soaps The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, and talk show The Talk); 7–9 a.m. weekdays and Saturdays (CBS This Morning); CBS News Sunday Morning, nightly editions of the CBS Evening News, the Sunday political talk show Face the Nation, a 2½-hour early morning news program Up to the Minute and CBS Morning News; the late night talk shows Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson; and a three-hour Saturday morning live-action/animation block under the name Cookie Jar TV.

In addition, sports programming routinely appears on the weekends, although with a somewhat unpredictable schedule (mostly between noon and 7:00 pm ET).

Daytime[link]

CBS's daytime schedule is the home of the popular long-running game show The Price Is Right. The Price is Right, which began production in 1972, is notable as the longest continuously running daytime game show on network television. After being hosted by Bob Barker for 35 years, the show has been hosted by actor/comedian Drew Carey since 2007. The network is also home to a new version of the classic game show Let's Make a Deal, hosted by singer/comedian Wayne Brady. As of 2011, CBS is the only network still producing daytime game shows.

CBS introduced a new talk show titled The Talk on October 18, 2010. The show is similar to ABC's The View with a panel of hosts including Julie Chen, Sara Gilbert, Sharon Osbourne, Holly Robinson Peete and Leah Remini. The show addresses motherhood and other contemporary issues in a candid environment.[109]

As of September 2010, CBS Daytime airs two daytime soap operas each weekday: the hourlong series The Young and the Restless and the half-hour series The Bold and the Beautiful. CBS has generally aired the most soap operas of the Big Three networks (it aired 3½ hours of soap operas from 1982 to 2009, more than NBC and as many or more than ABC in that time frame), and does so today as of 2012, after ABC canceled two of its three remaining soap operas.

Notable daytime soaps that once aired on CBS include As the World Turns (1956–2010), Guiding Light (1952–2009), which began on radio in 1937, Love of Life (1951–80), Search for Tomorrow (1951–82), which later moved to NBC, The Secret Storm (1954–1974), The Edge of Night (1956–75), which later moved to ABC, and Capitol (1982–87).

Notable daytime game shows that once aired on CBS include Match Game (1973–79), Tattletales (1974–78 and 1982–84), The $10/25,000 Pyramid (1973–74 and 1982–88), Press Your Luck (1983–86), Card Sharks (1986–89), Family Feud (1988–93), and Wheel of Fortune (1989–1991). CBS games that also aired in prime time include Beat the Clock (1950–58 and 1979–80), To Tell the Truth (1956–68) and Password (1961–67, and a 2008 prime time revival). Two long-running primetime-only games were the panel shows What's My Line? (1950–67) and I've Got a Secret (1952–68, 1976).

Children's programming[link]

CBS broadcast the live action series Captain Kangaroo on weekday mornings from 1955 through 1982, and on Saturdays through 1984. From 1971 through 1986, the CBS News department produced one-minute In the News segments broadcast between other Saturday morning programs. Otherwise, in regards to children's programming, CBS has aired mostly animated series for kids, such as reruns of Mighty Mouse cartoons (from the 1950s to the 1980s) reruns of Bugs Bunny cartoons, the original version of Scooby-Doo, Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, Garfield and Friends and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In 1997, CBS began broadcasting Wheel 2000 (a children's version of the popular syndicated game show Wheel of Fortune), and was broadcasting it simultaneously with GSN.

In September 1998, CBS began contracting out to other companies to provide programming and material for their Saturday morning schedule. The first of these special blocks was CBS Kidshow, which featured programming from Canada's Nelvana studio.[110] It aired on CBS Saturday mornings from 1998 to 2000, with shows like Anatole, Mythic Warriors, Rescue Heroes, and Flying Rhino Junior High.[111] Its tagline was, "The CBS Kids Show: Get in the Act."

In 2000, CBS's deal with Nelvana ended. They then began a deal with Nickelodeon (owned by CBS's former parent company Viacom, which at one time was a subsidiary of CBS) to air its Nick Jr. programming under the banner Nick Jr. on CBS.[110] From 2002 to 2004, Nick's non-preschool series aired on it as well, under the name Nick on CBS.

In 2006, after the Viacom-CBS split (as described above), CBS decided to discontinue the Nick Jr. lineup in favor of a lineup of programs produced by DIC Entertainment and later, the Cookie Jar Group,[112][113] as part of a three-year deal which includes distribution of selected Formula One auto races on tape delay.[114][115] KOL Secret Slumber Party on CBS premiered in September of that year; in the inaugural line-up, two of the programs were new shows, one aired in syndication in 2005 and three were pre-2006 shows. In mid-2007, KOL withdrew sponsorship from CBS's Saturday Morning Block and the name was changed to KEWLopolis on CBS. Complimenting CBS's 2007 line-up was Care Bears, Strawberry Shortcake, and Sushi Pack. On February 24, 2009, it was announced that CBS renewed its contract with Cookie Jar for another three seasons, through 2012.[116][117] On September 19, 2009, KEWLopolis has been changed into Cookie Jar TV.[118]

Animated primetime holiday specials[link]

CBS was the original broadcast network for the animated primetime holiday specials based on the comic strip Peanuts, beginning with A Charlie Brown Christmas in 1965. Over thirty holiday Peanuts specials (each for a specific holiday such as Halloween) were broadcast on CBS from that time until 2000, when ABC acquired the broadcast rights. CBS also aired several primetime animated specials based on the work of Dr. Seuss (Theodor Geisel), beginning with How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 1966, as well as several specials based on the comic strip Garfield over the course of the 1980s (which led to Garfield getting his own Saturday morning cartoon on the network, Garfield and Friends, from 1988 to 1995). Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, produced in stop motion by the Rankin/Bass studio, has been another annual holiday staple of CBS since 1972, but that special originated on NBC in 1964. As of 2011, Rudolph and Frosty the Snowman are the only two pre-1990 animated specials remaining on CBS; Charlie Brown and The Grinch moved to ABC, while cable network ABC Family owns the Garfield specials.

All of these animated specials, from 1973 until 1990, began with a fondly remembered opening animated logo which showed the words "A CBS Special Presentation" in colorful lettering (the ITC Avant Garde typeface, widely used in the 1970s, was used for this logo). The word "SPECIAL," in all caps and repeated multiple times in multiple colors, slowly zoomed out from the frame in a spinning counterclockwise motion against a black background, and rapidly zoomed back into frame as a single word, in white, at the end; the logo was accompanied by a jazzy yet majestic up-tempo fanfare (edited incidental music from the CBS crime drama Hawaii Five-O [this music is titled "Call to Danger" on the Capitol Records' soundtrack LP) with dramatic horns and percussion (this appeared at the beginning of all CBS specials of the period (such as the Miss USA pageants and the annual Kennedy Center Honors presentation), not just animated ones). (This opening logo was presumably designed by, or under the supervision of, longtime CBS creative director Lou Dorfsman, who oversaw print and on-air graphics for CBS for nearly thirty years, replacing William Golden, who died in 1959.)

Classical music specials[link]

CBS was also responsible for telecasting the series of Young People's Concerts conducted by Leonard Bernstein. Telecast every few months between 1958 and 1972, first in black-and-white and then switching to color in 1966, these programs introduced millions of children to classical music through the eloquent commentaries by Maestro Bernstein. They were nominated for several Emmy Awards, and were among the first programs ever broadcast from Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts.

On June 1, 1977, it was announced that Elvis Presley had signed a deal with CBS for a new television special. It was agreed that CBS would videotape concerts during the summer of 1977. It was filmed during Presley's final tour in the cities of Omaha, Nebraska, on June 19, 1977, and Rapid City, South Dakota, on June 21, 1977. On August 16, 1977, Elvis Presley died in his Graceland mansion. On October 3, 1977, CBS showed a posthumous 1977 TV special starring Elvis Presley.[119] It was released nearly two months after the death of Elvis.

Over the years, CBS has broadcast three different productions of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet The Nutcracker – two live telecasts of the George Balanchine New York City Ballet production in 1957 and '58 respectively, a little-known German-American filmed production in 1965 (which was subsequently repeated three times and starred Edward Villella, Patricia McBride, and Melissa Hayden), and beginning in 1977, the Baryshnikov staging of the ballet, starring the Russian dancer along with Gelsey Kirkland – a version that would become a television classic, and remains so today. This production later moved to PBS.

In April 1986, CBS presented a slightly abbreviated version of Horowitz in Moscow, a live piano recital by Vladimir Horowitz, arguably the greatest pianist of the 20th century. It marked Horowitz's return to Russia after more than sixty years. The program was shown as an episode of the series CBS News Sunday Morning (9:00 am in the U.S. is 4:00 pm in Russia). It was so successful that CBS repeated it a mere two months later by popular demand, this time on videotape, rather than live. In later years, the program was shown as a stand-alone special on PBS, and the current DVD of it omits the Charles Kuralt commentary, but includes additional selections not heard on the CBS telecast.

In 1986, CBS telecast Carnegie Hall: The Grand Reopening in primetime, in what was now a rare move for a commercial network station, since most primetime classical music specials were now relegated to PBS and A&E. The program was a concert commemorating the re-opening of Carnegie Hall after its complete renovation. It featured, along with luminaries such as Leonard Bernstein, popular music artists such as Frank Sinatra.

International broadcasts[link]

CBS Headquarters in New York City

CBS programs are shown outside the US. For instance, CBS News is shown for a few hours a day on satellite channel Orbit News in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The CBS Evening News is shown in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Italy on Sky News, despite the fact that Sky is part of News Corporation (owners of Fox News Channel).

In the UK, CBS took over 6 of Chello Zone's channels in 2009. These were the first channels branded CBS outside the US.[101] The channels are called CBS Action, CBS Drama, and CBS Reality, while CBS Reality has a timeshifted (+1) channel as well. Other channels as part of the deal are The Horror Channel and its timeshifted channel.[120]

In Australia, Network Ten has an output deal with CBS Paramount giving them rights to carry the programs Jericho, Dr. Phil, Late Show with David Letterman, NCIS and Numb3rs as well access to stories from 60 Minutes (the rights of which have been sold to the Nine Network which broadcasts their own 60 Minutes), while Network Ten reporting is used in the United States for Australian topics.

In Bermuda, there is a CBS affiliate owned by the state-run Bermuda Broadcasting Company using the callsign ZBM.

In Canada, CBS, like all major American TV networks, is carried in the basic program package of all cable and satellite providers. The broadcast is shown almost exactly the same in Canada as in the United States. However, CBS's programming on Canadian cable and satellite systems are subject to the practice of "simsubbing," in which a signal of a Canadian station is placed over CBS's signal, if the programming at that time is the same. As well, many Canadians live close enough to a major American city to pick up the over the air broadcast signal of an American CBS affiliate with an antenna.

In Hong Kong, The CBS Evening News is aired live in the early morning and the local networks have an agreement to rebroadcast sections 12 hours later to fill up the local news programs when they have insufficient content to report.

The CBS Evening News is seen in the Philippines via satellite on Q-TV (a sister network of broadcaster GMA Network) while CBS This Morning is shown in that country on the Lifestyle Network. Studio 23 and Maxx, channels owned by broadcaster ABS-CBN in the Philippines show The Late Show with David Letterman.

In India CBS licenses their brand to Reliance Broadcast Network Ltd. for use with three CBS-branded channels, named Big CBS Prime, Big CBS Spark, and Big CBS Love.

Controversy[link]

In 1995, CBS refused to air a segment of 60 Minutes that would have featured an interview with a former president of research and development for Brown & Williamson, the nation's third largest tobacco company. The controversy raised questions about the legal roles in decision making and whether journalistic standards should be compromised despite legal pressures and threats. The decision nevertheless sent shock waves throughout the television industry, the journalism community, and the country.[121] This incident was the basis for the 1999 film by Michael Mann, The Insider.

In 2001, Bernard Goldberg, who was a reporter with CBS for 28 years, had his book, Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News, published. This book heavily criticized the media, and some CBS reporters and news anchors in particular, such as Dan Rather. Goldberg accused CBS of having a liberal bias in most of their news.

In 2004, the FCC imposed a record $550,000 fine on CBS for its broadcast of a Super Bowl half-time show (produced by then sister-unit MTV) in which singer Janet Jackson's breast was briefly exposed. It was the largest fine ever for a violation of federal decency laws. Following the incident CBS apologized to its viewers and denied foreknowledge of the event, which was broadcast live on TV. In 2008, a Philadelphia federal court annulled the fine imposed on CBS, labelling it "arbitrary and capricious."[122]

CBS aired a controversial episode of 60 Minutes, which questioned U.S. President George W. Bush's service in the National Guard.[123] Following allegations of forgery, CBS News admitted that documents used in the story had not been properly authenticated. The following January, CBS fired four people connected to the preparation of the news-segment.[124] Former network news anchor Dan Rather filed a $70 million lawsuit against CBS in 2007, contending the story, and his termination, were mishandled.[125] Parts of the suit were dismissed in 2008,[126] the suit was dismissed, and his motion to appeal was denied in 2010.[127]

In 2007, retired Army Major Gen. John Batiste, consultant to CBS News, appeared in a political ad for VoteVets.org critical of President Bush and the war in Iraq.[128] Two days later, CBS stated that appearing in the ad violated Batiste's contract with them and the agreement was terminated.[129]

See also[link]

Notes[link]

  1. ^ "Westinghouse Bids for Role In the Remake : CBS Deal Advances TV's Global Reach". http://www.iht.com/articles/1995/08/02/cbs_0.php. 
  2. ^ According to a The New York Times piece on November 9, 1950, "the first local public demonstrations of color television will be initiated Tuesday by the Columbia Broadcasting System. Ten color receivers are being installed on the ground floor of the former Tiffany building at 401 Fifth Avenue, near Thirty-seventh Street, where several hundred persons can be accommodated for each presentation"
  3. ^ Gerard, Jeremy (October 28, 1990). "William S. Paley, Who Built CBS Into a Communications Empire, Dies at 89". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/obituaries/william-s-paley-who-built-cbs-into-a-communications-empire-dies-at-89.html?pagewanted=all. 
  4. ^ Barnouw, Erik (1966). A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500474-8. p. 222
  5. ^ Radio Digest, September 1927, quoted in: McLeod, Elizabeth (September 20, 2002). CBS—In the Beginning[dead link], History of American Broadcasting. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. The sixteen stations were WOR in Newark; WCAU in Philadelphia; WADC in Akron; WAIU in Columbus; WCAO in Baltimore; WEAN in Providence; WFBL in Syracuse; WDIV-TV in Detroit; WJAS in Pittsburgh; WKRC in Cincinnati; WMAK in Buffalo-Lockport; WMAQ in Chicago; WNAC in Boston; WOWO in Fort Wayne; KMOX in St. Louis; and KOIL in Council Bluffs, Iowa.
  6. ^ a b Barnouw, Tower, p. 223
  7. ^ a b Barnouw, Tower, p. 224
  8. ^ Bergreen, Laurence (1980). Look Now, Pay Later: The Rise of Network Broadcasting. New York: Doubleday and Co. ISBN 978-0-451-61966-2. p. 59. Page numbers in this article refer to the first paperback edition, May 1981
  9. ^ Bergreen, p. 56. The station moved to a new frequency, 880 kHz, in the FCC's 1941 reassignment of stations; in 1946, WABC was re-named WCBS.
  10. ^ Bergreen, p. 59
  11. ^ a b c Bergreen, p. 61
  12. ^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 261
  13. ^ Halberstam, David (1979). The Powers That Be. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-7-02-527021-2. p. 25
  14. ^ Barnouw, Erik (1968). The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933–1953. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500475-5. p. 57
  15. ^ a b c Halberstam, p. 25
  16. ^ Barnow, Golden, p. 57
  17. ^ In 1943, the FCC would force NBC to sell off its Blue network, which thereupon became ABC. Barnouw, Golden, p. 190
  18. ^ Halberstam, pp. 26–27
  19. ^ a b Bergreen, p. 60
  20. ^ Halberstam, p. 26
  21. ^ Halberstam, p. 24
  22. ^ Bergreen, p. 69
  23. ^ Halberstam, p. 26, and Barnouw, Tower, p. 273
  24. ^ Bergreen, p. 63
  25. ^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 240
  26. ^ Barnouw, Tower, pp. 240–241
  27. ^ a b Barnouw, Tower, p. 241
  28. ^ Barnouw, Tower, p. 242
  29. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 96
  30. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 94n9
  31. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 62
  32. ^ "LPs historic". Musicinthemail.com. http://www.musicinthemail.com/audiohistoryLP.html. Retrieved 2012-02-11. 
  33. ^ Bergreen, p. 99
  34. ^ Bergreen, p. 105
  35. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 17
  36. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 18
  37. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 22
  38. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 21
  39. ^ a b Bergreen, p. 90
  40. ^ Barnouw, Tower, pp. 245–246
  41. ^ Bergreen, p. 107
  42. ^ Bergreen, p. 109
  43. ^ Halberstam, p. 38
  44. ^ Bergreen, p. 110
  45. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 78
  46. ^ Halberstam, p. 39
  47. ^ a b c d Bergreen, p. 112
  48. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 140
  49. ^ Bergreen, p. 114
  50. ^ Bergreen, pp. 114–115
  51. ^ Halberstam, p. 40
  52. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 276
  53. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 88
  54. ^ Bergreen, p. 96
  55. ^ "Copyright 2011 J. David Goldin". Radiogoldindex.com. http://radiogoldindex.com/cgi-local/p2.cgi?ProgramName=Viva+America. Retrieved 2012-02-11. 
  56. ^ "Columbia Broadcasting System". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/C/htmlC/columbiabroa/columbiabroa.htm. 
  57. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 139
  58. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 138
  59. ^ a b Barnouw, Golden, p. 165
  60. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 166
  61. ^ Bergreen, p. 167
  62. ^ a b c Bergreen, p.168
  63. ^ Halberstam, p. 31
  64. ^ a b Bergreen, p. 169
  65. ^ a b Bergreen, p. 170
  66. ^ Bergreen, p. 171
  67. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 168
  68. ^ Barnouw, Golden, pp. 168–169
  69. ^ a b Barnouw, Golden, p. 171
  70. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 172
  71. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 155
  72. ^ a b Barnouw, Golden, p. 156
  73. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 284
  74. ^ a b Barnouw, Golden, p. 285
  75. ^ a b Bergreen, p. 179
  76. ^ Bergreen, p. 180
  77. ^ a b c Bergreen, p. 181
  78. ^ Barnouw, p. 245
  79. ^ Bergreen, p. 183
  80. ^ Bergreen, p. 153. Goldmark also invented the 33-1/3 r.p.m. microgroove Long-Play phonograph record that made the RCA-Victor 78s quickly obsolete.
  81. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 243
  82. ^ Bergreen, pp. 155–157. Shortly after ruling in favor of NBC, FCC chairman Charles Denny resigned from the FCC to become vice president and general counsel of NBC: Barnouw, Golden, p. 243
  83. ^ Bergreen, pp. 158–159
  84. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 295
  85. ^ Barnouw, Golden, pp. 287–288
  86. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 288
  87. ^ Barnouw, Golden, p. 290
  88. ^ Bergreen, p. 230
  89. ^ Dunning, John (1998). On The Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507678-8, p. 742
  90. ^ Dunning, p. 143
  91. ^ a b "Paley, William S". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/P/htmlP/paleywillia/paleywillia.htm. 
  92. ^ "Ken Berry interview". http://www.kenberry.com/ken_berry_interview.htm. 
  93. ^ Harkins, Anthony (2005). Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon. Oxford University Press US. p. 203. ISBN 0-19-518950-7. http://books.google.com/?id=dtehLu1cissC&pg=PA203&lpg=PA203&dq=CBS+cancelled+everything+with+a+tree+in+it. Retrieved March 23, 2009. 
  94. ^ Hevesi, Dennis (December 22, 2007). "Alan Wagner, 76, First President of the Disney Channel, Is Dead". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/22/arts/22wagner.html?_r=2&pagewanted=print. Retrieved June 22, 2009. 
  95. ^ Sterling, C. H., & Kittross, J. M. (1990). Stay Tuned: A concise history of American broadcasting (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA:Wadsworth.
  96. ^ "Nielsen Television (TV) Ratings: Network Primetime Averages". http://tvlistings.zap2it.com/ratings/network.html. 
  97. ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (June 18, 1966). "Lieverson to Helm Group; Other Changes Made in the CBS Guard". Billboard: 1, 10. http://books.google.com/books?id=0igEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  98. ^ "CBS Sells Stake In Tri-Star Inc. – NY Times.com". The New York Times. November 16, 1985. http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/16/business/cbs-sells-stake-in-tri-star-inc.html. 
  99. ^ "CBS FINALChello Zone partnership press release" (DOC). Chello Zone. September 14, 2009. http://newsroom.zonemedia.net/Scripts/FileDownload.asp?fPath=D%3A%5CWWW%5FDomains%5CZONE%5FPRESS%5CFiles%5CPress%5CCBS+FINALChello+Zone+partnership+press+release%2Edoc. 
  100. ^ "CBS to launch UK channels with Chellomedia". Broadcastnow. September 14, 2009. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/international/cbs-to-launch-uk-channels-with-chellomedia/5005560.article. 
  101. ^ a b Curtis, Chris (October 1, 2009). "CBS channels to launch in UK". Broadcastnow. http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/international/cbs-channels-to-launch-in-uk/5006298.article. 
  102. ^ "Zone Horror rebrands as Horror Channel". Broadband TV News. March 31, 2010. http://www.broadbandtvnews.com/2010/03/31/zone-horror-rebrands-as-horror-channel/. 
  103. ^ See an illustration of this early logo at "cbs-1949.jpg" (JPEG). Chuck Pharis Web Page. http://www.pharis-video.com/cbs-1949.jpg. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  104. ^ Lasky, Julie, "The Search for Georg Olden." (Steven Heller with Georgette Ballance, editors) Graphic Design History, New York: Allworth Press, 2001; pp. 121–122.
  105. ^ CBS Logo: Design and History. FamousLogos.us. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
  106. ^ "CBS, America’s Most Watched Network, Also Posts The Largest Live Plus 7-Day DVR Lift During The 2010–2011 Season – Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/13/cbs-americas-most-watched-network-also-posts-the-largest-live-plus-7-day-dvr-lift-during-the-2010-2011-season/95448/. Retrieved 2012-02-11. 
  107. ^ CBS Fall Preview Special: Seven Wonderful Nights at the Internet Movie Database. 1961. Accessed February 16, 2011.
  108. ^ "1961 CBS Friday Night Preview w/Rod Serling". YouTube. 16 may 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLv1W8sMfF8. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  109. ^ Domanick, Andrea (August 11, 2011). "CBS' 'The Talk' to Premiere Oct. 18". Broadcasting & Cable. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/455932-CBS_The_Talk_to_Premiere_Oct_18.php. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  110. ^ a b Schneider, Michael (June 15, 2000). "CBS picks Nick mix". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117782661.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009. 
  111. ^ Kelly, Brendan (December 22, 1998). "CTV pacts for 3 Nelvana series". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117489638.html?categoryid=14&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009. 
  112. ^ "Cookie Jar and Dic Entertainment to Merge, Creating independent global children's entertainment and education powerhouse". Cookie Jar Group. June 20, 2008. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20080620.php. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
  113. ^ "COOKIE JAR ENTERTAINMENT EXPANDS BRAND PORTFOLIO, TALENT AND GLOBAL REACH WITH CLOSING OF DIC TRANSACTION". Cookie Jar Group. July 23, 2008. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20080723a.php. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
  114. ^ "World Screen – Home". http://www.worldscreen.com/newscurrent.php?filename=dic30706.htm. [dead link]
  115. ^ Guider, Elizabeth (January 19, 2006). "Synergy not kid-friendly at Eye web". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117936466.html?categoryid=1050&cs=1&query=. Retrieved August 13, 2009. 
  116. ^ "CBS Reups With Kids Programmer Cookie Jar". Broadcasting & Cable. February 24, 2009. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/179789-CBS_Reups_With_Kids_Programmer_Cookie_Jar.php. Retrieved February 26, 2009. 
  117. ^ "CBS RENEWS COOKIE JAR ENTERTAINMENT'S SATURDAY MORNING BLOCK FOR THREE MORE SEASONS". Cookie Jar Group. February 24, 2009. http://www.cjar.com/press/cj_press_20090224.php. Retrieved March 25, 2009. 
  118. ^ "CBS Sets Lineup for Cookie Jar Block". WorldScreen. September 4, 2009. http://www.worldscreen.com/articles/display/22324. Retrieved September 10, 2009. 
  119. ^ [1][dead link]
  120. ^ Laughlin, Andrew (October 1, 2009). "CBS to launch new UK channels". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/digitaltv/news/a180007/cbs-to-launch-new-uk-channels.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  121. ^ Russomannno,, Joseph A.; Youm, Kyo Ho. (September 1996). "The 60 Minutes controversy: What lawyers are telling the news media". Communications and the Law 18 (3): 65. http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/coml18&div=18&id=&page=. (Subscription required)
  122. ^ Woolner, Ann (July 25, 2008). "Janet Jackson's Breast Freed, This Time by Court". Bloomberg L.P.. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&sid=aKVPpRZ9A3tE&refer=home. Retrieved July 25, 2008. 
  123. ^ Leung, Rebecca (September 8, 2004). "New Questions On Bush Guard Duty, 60 Minutes Has Newly Obtained Documents On President's Military Service". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/09/08/60II/main641984.shtml. 
  124. ^ Murphy, Jarrett (January 10, 2005). "CBS Ousts 4 For Bush Guard Story, Independent Panel Faults 'Myopic Zeal' To Be 1st To Deliver Story". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/01/10/national/main665727.shtml. 
  125. ^ Mayerowitz, Scott (Sept. 19, 2007). "Dan Rather Sues CBS for $70 Million". ABC News Business Unit. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=3625465&page=1. 
  126. ^ Steinberg, Jacques (November 16, 2008). "Rather’s Lawsuit Shows Role of G.O.P. in Inquiry". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/17/business/media/17rather.html?pagewanted=all. 
  127. ^ Gold, Matea (January 13, 2010). "Dan Rather loses bid in CBS lawsuit". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/13/entertainment/la-et-rather13-2010jan13. 
  128. ^ General Batiste: "Protect America, Not George Bush" on YouTube
  129. ^ Montopoli, Brian (May 11, 2007). "CBS News Asks Batiste To Step Down As Consultant". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2007/05/11/publiceye/entry2791091.shtml. Retrieved May 12, 2007. 

References[link]

  • Auletta, Ken (1992). Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way. New York: Vintage. ISBN 0-679-74135-6. 
  • Bagdikian, Ben H. (2000). The New Media Monopoly (6th ed.). Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-6179-4. 
  • Barnouw, Erik (1966). A Tower in Babel: A History of Broadcasting in the United States to 1933. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500474-8. 
  • Barnouw, Erik (1968). The Golden Web: A History of Broadcasting in the United States, 1933–1953. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-500475-5. 
  • Epstein, Edward J. (1973). News From Nowhere: Television and the News. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-394-46316-1. 
  • Goldberg, Bernard (2002). Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distorts the News. Washington, D.C.: Regnery. ISBN 0-89526-190-1. 
  • Kisseloff, Jeff (1995). The Box: An Oral History of Television, 1920–1961. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-86470-6. 
  • Matusow, Barbara (1984). The Evening Stars: The Making of the Network News Anchor. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-31714-9. 
  • Paley, William (1979). As It Happened: A Memoir. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14639-6. 
  • Robinson, Michael J. & Sheehan, Margaret (1983). Over the Wire and On TV: CBS and the UPI in Campaign '80. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 0-87154-722-8. 
  • Smith, Sally Bedell (1990). In All His Glory: The Life of William S. Paley, the Legendary Tycoon and His Brilliant Circle. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-61735-4. 

Further reading[link]

  • Paper, Lewis J. (1987). Empire: William S. Paley and the Making of CBS. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-00591-1. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/CBS



Hillary Rodham Clinton
67th United States Secretary of State
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 21, 2009
President Barack Obama
Deputy William Burns (2011-present)
James Steinberg (2009-2011)
Preceded by Condoleezza Rice
United States Senator
from New York
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 21, 2009
Preceded by Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Succeeded by Kirsten Gillibrand
First Lady of the United States
In office
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Preceded by Barbara Bush
Succeeded by Laura Bush
First Lady of Arkansas
In office
January 11, 1983 – December 12, 1992
Preceded by Gay Daniels White
Succeeded by Betty Tucker
In office
January 9, 1979 – January 19, 1981
Preceded by Barbara Pryor
Succeeded by Gay Daniels White
Personal details
Born Hillary Diane Rodham
(1947-10-26) October 26, 1947 (age 64)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political party Democratic Party (1968–present)
Other political
affiliations
Republican Party (before 1968)
Spouse(s) Bill Clinton
Children Chelsea Clinton
Residence Chappaqua, New York
Alma mater Wellesley College
Yale Law School
Profession lawyer
Religion Methodist
Signature
Website Official website
The Hillary Rodham Clinton series

Tenure as Secretary of State, 2009–
Campaign for the Presidency, 2007–2008
United States Senate career, 2001–2009
Political positions
Awards and honors
List of books about Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (play /�?hɪləri d�?æn �?rɒdəm �?klɪntən/; born October 26, 1947) is the 67th United States Secretary of State, serving in the administration of President Barack Obama. She was a United States Senator for New York from 2001 to 2009. As the wife of the 42nd President of the United States, Bill Clinton, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001. In the 2008 election, Clinton was a leading candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination.

A native of Illinois, Hillary Rodham first attracted national attention in 1969 for her remarks as the first student commencement speaker at Wellesley College. She embarked on a career in law after graduating from Yale Law School in 1973. Following a stint as a Congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas in 1974 and married Bill Clinton in 1975. Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families in 1977 and became the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978. Named the first female partner at Rose Law Firm in 1979, she was twice listed as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America. First Lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and 1983 to 1992 with husband Bill as Governor, she successfully led a task force to reform Arkansas's education system. She sat on the board of directors of Wal-Mart Stores and several other corporations.

In 1994, as First Lady of the United States, her major initiative, the Clinton health care plan, failed to gain approval from the U.S. Congress. However, in 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a role in advocating the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. Her years as First Lady drew a polarized response from the American public. The only First Lady to have been subpoenaed, she testified before a federal grand jury in 1996 due to the Whitewater controversy, but was never charged with wrongdoing in this or several other investigations during her husband's administration. The state of her marriage was the subject of considerable speculation following the Lewinsky scandal in 1998.

After moving to the state of New York, Clinton was elected as a U.S. Senator in 2000. That election marked the first time an American First Lady had run for public office; Clinton was also the first female senator to represent the state. In the Senate, she initially supported the Bush administration on some foreign policy issues, including a vote for the Iraq War Resolution. She subsequently opposed the administration on its conduct of the war in Iraq and on most domestic issues. Senator Clinton was reelected by a wide margin in 2006. In the 2008 presidential nomination race, Hillary Clinton won more primaries and delegates than any other female candidate in American history, but narrowly lost to Illinois Senator Barack Obama.

Obama went on to win the election and appoint Clinton as Secretary of State; Clinton became the first former First Lady to serve in a president's cabinet. She has put into place institutional changes seeking to maximize departmental effectiveness and promote the empowerment of women worldwide, and has set records for most-traveled secretary for time in office. She has been at the forefront of the U.S. response to the Arab Spring, including advocating for the military intervention in Libya. She has used "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values in the world and has championed the use of social media in getting the U.S. message out.

Contents

Early life and education[link]

Early life[link]

Hillary Diane Rodham[nb 1] was born at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.[1][2] She was raised in a United Methodist family, first in Chicago and then, from the age of three, in suburban Park Ridge, Illinois.[3] Her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham (1911–1993), was the son of Welsh and English immigrants;[4] he managed a successful small business in the textile industry.[5] Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell (1919–2011), was a homemaker of English, Scottish, French, French Canadian, and Welsh descent.[4][6] Hillary grew up with two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony.

As a child, Hillary Rodham was a teacher's favorite at her public schools in Park Ridge.[7][8] She participated in swimming, baseball, and other sports.[7][8] She also earned numerous awards as a Brownie and Girl Scout.[8] She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for National Honor Society.[1][9] For her senior year, she was redistricted to Maine South High School, where she was a National Merit Finalist and graduated in the top five percent of her class of 1965.[9][10] Her mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career,[6] and her father, otherwise a traditionalist, was of the opinion that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender.[11]

Raised in a politically conservative household,[6] at age thirteen Rodham helped canvass South Side Chicago following the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election, where she found evidence of electoral fraud against Republican candidate Richard Nixon.[12] She then volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.[13] Rodham's early political development was shaped most by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anticommunist), who introduced her to Goldwater's classic The Conscience of a Conservative,[14] and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and met civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., in Chicago in 1962.[15]

Wellesley College years[link]

In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science.[16] During her freshman year, she served as president of the Wellesley Young Republicans;[17][18] with this Rockefeller Republican-oriented group,[19] she supported the elections of John Lindsay and Edward Brooke.[20] She later stepped down from this position, as her views changed regarding the American Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War.[17] In a letter to her youth minister at this time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal."[21] In contrast to the 1960s current that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.[22] In her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy.[23] Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty.[23] In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association and served through early 1969;[22][24] she was instrumental in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges.[22] A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first woman President of the United States.[22] So she could better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program.[23] Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican Representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.[23] Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami. However, she was upset by how Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and left the Republican Party for good.[23]

Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter.[25] (Years later, while she was First Lady, access to the thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation.)[25]

In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts,[26] with departmental honors in political science.[25] Following pressure from some fellow students,[27] she became the first student in Wellesley College history to deliver its commencement address.[24] Her speech received a standing ovation lasting seven minutes.[22][28][29] She was featured in an article published in Life magazine,[30] due to the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Edward Brooke, who had spoken before her at the commencement.[27] She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers.[31] That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions).[32]

Yale Law School and postgraduate studies[link]

Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she served on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.[33] During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center,[34] learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973).[35][36] She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale-New Haven Hospital[35] and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor.[34] In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched migrant workers' problems in housing, sanitation, health and education.[37] Edelman later became a significant mentor.[38] Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey, with Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.[39]

In the late spring of 1971, she began dating Bill Clinton, also a law student at Yale. That summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein.[40] The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties, and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members);[40] Rodham worked on child custody and other cases.[nb 2] Clinton canceled his original summer plans, in order to live with her in California;[41] the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school.[42] The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern.[43] She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973,[26] having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton.[44] Clinton first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined.[44]

Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center.[45] Her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review in late 1973.[46] Discussing the new children's rights movement, it stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals"[47] and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but that instead courts should presume competence except when there is evidence otherwise, on a case-by-case basis.[48] The article became frequently cited in the field.[49]

Marriage and family, law career and First Lady of Arkansas[link]

From the East Coast to Arkansas[link]

During her postgraduate study, Rodham served as staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts,[50] and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children.[51] In 1974 she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., advising the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal.[52] Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard Nussbaum,[35] Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for impeachment.[52] The committee's work culminated in the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974.[52]

By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future; Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright had moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide her career;[53] Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president.[54] Meanwhile, Clinton had repeatedly asked her to marry him, and she continued to demur.[55] However, after failing the District of Columbia bar exam[56] and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".[57] She thus followed Bill Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.[58][59] She gave classes in criminal law, where she was considered a rigorous teacher and tough grader, and was the first director of the school's legal aid clinic.[60] She still harbored doubts about marriage, concerned that her separate identity would be lost and that her accomplishments would be viewed in the light of someone else's.[61]

Early Arkansas years[link]

File:HillaryRodhamBillClintonLittleRockHouse1adjusted.jpg
Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton lived in this 980 square feet (91 m2) house in the Hillcrest neighborhood of Little Rock from 1977 to 1979 while he was Arkansas Attorney General.[62]

Hillary Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975, and Hillary finally agreed to marry.[63] Their wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room.[64] She announced she was keeping the name Hillary Rodham,[64] to keep their professional lives separate and avoid apparent conflicts of interest and because "it showed that I was still me,"[65] although her decision upset their mothers.[66] Bill Clinton had lost the congressional race in 1974, but in November 1976 was elected Arkansas Attorney General, and so the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock.[67] There, in February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence.[68] She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law[33] while also working pro bono in child advocacy;[69] she rarely performed litigation work in court.[70]

Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977[71] and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.[72] The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted.[48] An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate."[48] Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades",[73] while conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority,[74] allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents,[48] and argued that her work was legal "crit" theory run amok.[75]

In 1977, Rodham cofounded the Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund.[33][76] Later that year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana)[77] appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation,[78] and she served in that capacity from 1978 until the end of 1981.[79] From mid-1978 to mid-1980,[nb 3] she served as the chair of that board, the first woman to do so.[80] During her time as chair, funding for the Corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization.[69]

Following her husband's November 1978 election as Governor of Arkansas, Rodham became First Lady of Arkansas in January 1979, her title for twelve years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed her chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year,[81] where she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees.[82]

In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner of Rose Law Firm.[83] From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than that of her husband.[84] During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham made a spectacular profit from trading cattle futures contracts;[85] an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months.[86] The couple also began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal at this time.[85]

On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to a daughter, Chelsea, her only child. In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for reelection.

Later Arkansas years[link]

Long shot of two men flanked by two women walking down read carpet, as military band plays on either side
Governor Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton attend the 1987 Dinner Honoring the Nation's Governors with President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan.

Bill Clinton returned to the governor's office two years later by winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, Rodham began to use the name Hillary Clinton, or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters;[nb 4] she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.[87] As First Lady of Arkansas, Hillary Clinton was named chair of the Arkansas Educational Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system.[88][89] In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association, to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size.[81][88] In 1985, she also introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy.[90] She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984.[91][92]

Clinton continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was First Lady of Arkansas. She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours,[93] but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there.[94] She seldom did trial work,[94] but the firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent the firm and to her corporate board connections.[94] She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges.[94] Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest, because Rose Law did state business; the Clintons deflected the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated.[95]

From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation,[96] which funded a variety of New Left interest groups.[97] From 1987 to 1991, she chaired the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession,[98] which addressed gender bias in the law profession and induced the association to adopt measures to combat it.[98] She was twice named by the National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America: in 1988 and in 1991.[99] When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary considered running, but private polls were unfavorable and, in the end, he ran and was reelected for the final time.[100]

Clinton served on the boards of the Arkansas Children's Hospital Legal Services (1988–1992)[101] and the Children's Defense Fund (as chair, 1986–1992).[1][102] In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–1992),[103] Wal-Mart Stores (1986–1992)[104] and Lafarge (1990–1992).[105] TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law.[94][106] Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to the board.[106] Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices, was largely unsuccessful in a campaign for more women to be added to the company's management, and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.[104][106][107]

Bill Clinton presidential campaign of 1992[link]

Black-and-white close-up photographic portrait of the same woman as in the top photo, in her forties and with shoulder-length blonde hair
Hillary Rodham Clinton, 1992

Hillary Clinton received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination of 1992. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed claims that Bill Clinton had had an extramarital affair with Arkansas lounge singer Gennifer Flowers.[108] In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill Clinton denied the affair but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage."[109] This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign.[110] During the campaign, Hillary Clinton made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette and her outlook on marriage,[nb 5] and about women staying home and baking cookies and having teas,[nb 6] that were ill-considered by her own admission. Bill Clinton said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume.[111] Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary Clinton's own past ideological and ethical record came under conservative attack.[74] At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth.[112]

First Lady of the United States[link]

Role as First Lady[link]

When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became the First Lady of the United States, and announced that she would be using that form of her name.[113] She was the first First Lady to hold a postgraduate degree[114] and to have her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House.[114] She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual First Lady offices in the East Wing.[45][115] She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration, and her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones.[116] She is regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history, save for Eleanor Roosevelt.[117][118]

Man, same woman, and teenage girl walk across lawn after leaving a helicopter
The Clinton family arrives at the White House on Marine One, 1993.

Some critics called it inappropriate for the First Lady to play a central role in matters of public policy. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors and that voters were well aware that she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.[119] Bill Clinton's campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the Clintons as "co-presidents",[120] or sometimes the Arkansas label "Billary".[81][121] The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a First Lady were enough to send Clinton into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically-active Eleanor Roosevelt.[nb 7] From the time she came to Washington, she also found refuge in a prayer group of The Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures.[122][123] Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy, and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul" and that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium."[124][125] Other segments of the public focused on her appearance, which had evolved over time from inattention to fashion during her days in Arkansas,[126] to a popular site in the early days of the World Wide Web devoted to showing her many different, and frequently analyzed, hairstyles as First Lady,[127][128] to an appearance on the cover of Vogue magazine in 1998.[129]

Health care and other policy initiatives[link]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 1992–1996[130]
  favorable
  unfavorable
  no opinion

In January 1993, Bill Clinton appointed Hillary Clinton to head the Task Force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform.[131] She privately urged that passage of health care reform be given higher priority than the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (which she was also unenthusiastic about the merits of).[132][133] The recommendation of the task force became known as the Clinton health care plan, a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare"; some protesters against it became vitriolic, and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, she was forced to wear a bulletproof vest at times.[134][135]

The plan did not receive enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate, although Democrats controlled both chambers, and the proposal was abandoned in September 1994.[134] Clinton later acknowledged in her book, Living History, that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat, but mentioned that many other factors were also responsible. The First Lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50s percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994.[136] Republicans made the Clinton health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections,[137] which saw a net Republican gain of fifty-three seats in the House election and seven in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters.[138] The White House subsequently sought to downplay Hillary Clinton's role in shaping policy.[139] Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others.[140]

Same woman reads a book in a classroom to an African American boy in her lap, as an African American girl and two adults look on
Clinton reads to a child during a school visit

Along with Senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, she was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, a federal effort that provided state support for children whose parents could not provide them with health coverage, and conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law.[141] She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood illnesses and encouraged older women to seek a mammogram to detect breast cancer, with coverage provided by Medicare.[142] She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health.[45] The First Lady worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome.[45] Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice.[45] In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as First Lady.[45][143] In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care.[143] As First Lady, Clinton hosted numerous White House conferences, including ones on Child Care (1997),[144] on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997),[145] and on Children and Adolescents (2000).[146] She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000)[147] and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999).[148]

Clinton traveled to 79 countries during this time,[149] breaking the mark for most-traveled First Lady held by Pat Nixon.[150] She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a soft power role in U.S. diplomacy.[151] A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department and without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan.[152] Clinton was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited and a gained better relationship with the American press corps.[152][153] The trip was a transformative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy.[154] In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued very forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself,[155] declaring "that it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights".[155] Delegates from over 180 countries heard her say: "If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all."[156] In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks.[149][156] She was one of the most prominent international figures during the late 1990s to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Islamist fundamentalist Taliban.[157][158] She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the United States to promote the participation of women in the political processes of their countries.[159] It and Clinton's own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process.[160]

Whitewater and other investigations[link]

First Lady Clinton was a subject of several investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, the independent prosecutor of the United States Congress, and others. Some believed the Independent Counsels were politically motivated.[161][162]

The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from the publication of a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign,[163] and throughout her time as First Lady. The Clintons had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation;[164] at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal, operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm[164] and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses.[163] Madison Guaranty later failed, and Clinton's work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators that her husband had appointed;[163] she claimed she had done minimal work for the bank.[165] Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed Clinton's legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were.[166][167] The records were found in the First Lady's White House book room after a two-year search, and delivered to investigators in early 1996.[167] The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation about how they surfaced and where they had been;[167] Clinton's staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion.[168] After the discovery of the records, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first First Lady to be subpoenaed to testify before a Federal grand jury.[166] After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing.[169]

Same teenage girl, man and woman walk down a broad street in wintertime, as security personnel trail and a crowd looks on
The Clinton family takes an Inauguration Day walk down Pennsylvania Avenue to start President Bill Clinton's second term in office. January 20, 1997.

Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an affair that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas.[170] The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo caused the investigation to focus more on whether Hillary Clinton had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true.[171][172] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false, or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her.[173]

Following deputy White House counsel Vince Foster's July 1993 suicide, allegations were made that Hillary Clinton had ordered the removal of potentially damaging files (related to Whitewater or other matters) from Foster's office on the night of his death.[174] Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated this, and by 1999, Starr was reported to be holding the investigation open, despite his staff having told him there was no case to be made.[175] When Starr's successor Robert Ray issued his final Whitewater reports in 2000, no claims were made against Hillary Clinton regarding this.[169]

An outgrowth of the Travelgate investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate".[176] Accusations were made that Hillary Clinton had requested these files and that she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office.[177] The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Hillary Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter.[176]

In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed her spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–1979;[178] allegations were made in the press of conflict of interest and disguised bribery,[179] and several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing.[179]

Lewinsky scandal[link]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 1997–2000[130]
  favorable
  unfavorable
  no opinion

In 1998, the Clintons' relationship became the subject of much speculation when investigations revealed that the President had had extramarital relations with White House intern Monica Lewinsky.[180] Events surrounding the Lewinsky scandal eventually led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton by the House of Representatives. When the allegations against her husband were first made public, Hillary Clinton stated that they were the result of a "vast right-wing conspiracy",[181] characterizing the Lewinsky charges as the latest in a long, organized, collaborative series of charges by Bill Clinton's political enemies[nb 8] rather than any wrongdoing by her husband. She later said that she had been misled by her husband's initial claims that no affair had taken place.[182] After the evidence of President Clinton's encounters with Lewinsky became incontrovertible, she issued a public statement reaffirming her commitment to their marriage,[183] but privately was reported to be furious at him[184] and was unsure if she wanted to stay in the marriage.[185]

There was a variety of public reactions to Hillary Clinton after this: some women admired her strength and poise in private matters made public, some sympathized with her as a victim of her husband's insensitive behavior, others criticized her as being an enabler to her husband's indiscretions, while still others accused her of cynically staying in a failed marriage as a way of keeping or even fostering her own political influence.[186] Her public approval ratings in the wake of the revelations shot upward to around 70 percent, the highest they had ever been.[186] In her 2003 memoir, she would attribute her decision to stay married to "a love that has persisted for decades" and add: "No one understands me better and no one can make me laugh the way Bill does. Even after all these years, he is still the most interesting, energizing and fully alive person I have ever met."[187]

Traditional duties[link]

Clinton initiated and was Founding Chair of the Save America's Treasures program, a national effort that matched federal funds to private donations to preserve and restore historic items and sites,[188] including the flag that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" and the First Ladies Historic Site in Canton, Ohio.[45] She was head of the White House Millennium Council,[189] and hosted Millennium Evenings,[190] a series of lectures that discussed futures studies, one of which became the first live simultaneous webcast from the White House.[45] Clinton also created the first White House Sculpture Garden, located in the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, which displayed large contemporary American works of art loaned from museums.[191]

In the White House, Clinton placed donated handicrafts of contemporary American artisans, such as pottery and glassware, on rotating display in the state rooms.[45] She oversaw the restoration of the Blue Room to be historically authentic to the period of James Monroe,[192] the redecoration of the Treaty Room into the presidential study along 19th century lines,[193] and the redecoration of the Map Room to how it looked during World War II.[193] Clinton hosted many large-scale events at the White House, such as a Saint Patrick's Day reception, a state dinner for visiting Chinese dignitaries, a contemporary music concert that raised funds for music education in public schools, a New Year's Eve celebration at the turn of the 21st century, and a state dinner honoring the bicentennial of the White House in November 2000.[45]

Senate election of 2000[link]

When the long-serving United States Senator from New York, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, announced his retirement in November 1998, several prominent Democratic figures, including Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York, urged Clinton to run for Moynihan's open seat in the United States Senate election of 2000.[194] Once she decided to run, the Clintons purchased a home in Chappaqua, New York, north of New York City, in September 1999.[195] She became the first First Lady of the United States to be a candidate for elected office.[196] Initially, Clinton expected to face Rudy Giuliani, the Mayor of New York City, as her Republican opponent in the election. However, Giuliani withdrew from the race in May 2000 after being diagnosed with prostate cancer and having developments in his personal life become very public, and Clinton instead faced Rick Lazio, a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives representing New York's 2nd congressional district. Throughout the campaign, opponents accused Clinton of carpetbagging, as she had never resided in New York nor participated in the state's politics before this race. Clinton began her campaign by visiting every county in the state, in a "listening tour" of small-group settings.[197] During the campaign, she devoted considerable time in traditionally Republican Upstate New York regions.[198] Clinton vowed to improve the economic situation in those areas, promising to deliver 200,000 jobs to the state over her term. Her plan included tax credits to reward job creation and encourage business investment, especially in the high-tech sector. She called for personal tax cuts for college tuition and long-term care.[198]

The contest drew national attention. Lazio blundered during a September debate by seeming to invade Clinton's personal space trying to get her to sign a fundraising agreement.[199] The campaigns of Clinton and Lazio, along with Giuliani's initial effort, spent a record combined $90 million.[200] Clinton won the election on November 7, 2000, with 55 percent of the vote to Lazio's 43 percent.[199] She was sworn in as United States Senator on January 3, 2001.

United States Senator[link]

First term[link]

Reenactment of Hillary Rodham Clinton being sworn in as a United States Senator by Vice President Al Gore in the Old Senate Chamber, as President Clinton and daughter Chelsea look on. January 3, 2001.
Clinton's official photo as U.S. Senator

Upon entering the Senate, Clinton maintained a low public profile and built relationships with senators from both parties.[201] She forged alliances with religiously inclined senators by becoming a regular participant in the Senate Prayer Breakfast.[122][202]

Clinton served on five Senate committees: Committee on Budget (2001–2002),[203] Committee on Armed Services (since 2003),[204] Committee on Environment and Public Works (since 2001),[203] Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (since 2001)[203] and Special Committee on Aging.[205] She was also a Commissioner of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe[206] (since 2001).[207]

Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Clinton sought to obtain funding for the recovery efforts in New York City and security improvements in her state. Working with New York's senior senator, Charles Schumer, she was instrumental in quickly securing $21 billion in funding for the World Trade Center site's redevelopment.[202][208] She subsequently took a leading role in investigating the health issues faced by 9/11 first responders.[209] Clinton voted for the USA Patriot Act in October 2001. In 2005, when the act was up for renewal, she worked to address some of the civil liberties concerns with it,[210] before voting in favor of a compromise renewed act in March 2006 that gained large majority support.[211]

Clinton strongly supported the 2001 U.S. military action in Afghanistan, saying it was a chance to combat terrorism while improving the lives of Afghan women who suffered under the Taliban government.[212] Clinton voted in favor of the October 2002 Iraq War Resolution, which authorized United States President George W. Bush to use military force against Iraq, should such action be required to enforce a United Nations Security Council Resolution after pursuing with diplomatic efforts.

After the Iraq War began, Clinton made trips to Iraq and Afghanistan to visit American troops stationed there. On a visit to Iraq in February 2005, Clinton noted that the insurgency had failed to disrupt the democratic elections held earlier, and that parts of the country were functioning well.[213] Noting that war deployments were draining regular and reserve forces, she cointroduced legislation to increase the size of the regular United States Army by 80,000 soldiers to ease the strain.[214] In late 2005, Clinton said that while immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be a mistake, Bush's pledge to stay "until the job is done" was also misguided, as it gave Iraqis "an open-ended invitation not to take care of themselves."[215] Her stance caused frustration among those in the Democratic Party who favored immediate withdrawal.[216] Clinton supported retaining and improving health benefits for veterans, and lobbied against the closure of several military bases.[217]

Hillary Rodham Clinton's Gallup Poll favorable and unfavorable ratings, 2001–2009[130]
  favorable
  unfavorable
  no opinion

Senator Clinton voted against President Bush's two major tax cut packages, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003.[218] Clinton voted against the 2005 confirmation of John G. Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States and the 2006 confirmation of Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.[219]

In 2005, Clinton called for the Federal Trade Commission to investigate how hidden sex scenes showed up in the controversial video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.[220] Along with Senators Joe Lieberman and Evan Bayh, she introduced the Family Entertainment Protection Act, intended to protect children from inappropriate content found in video games. In 2004 and 2006, Clinton voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment that sought to prohibit same-sex marriage.[218][221]

Looking to establish a "progressive infrastructure" to rival that of American conservatism, Clinton played a formative role in conversations that led to the 2003 founding of former Clinton administration chief of staff John Podesta's Center for American Progress, shared aides with Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, founded in 2003, and advised the Clintons' former antagonist David Brock's Media Matters for America, created in 2004.[222] Following the 2004 Senate elections, she successfully pushed new Democratic Senate leader Harry Reid to create a Senate war room to handle daily political messaging.[223]

Reelection campaign of 2006[link]

In November 2004, Clinton announced that she would seek a second Senate term. The early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, withdrew from the contest after several months of poor campaign performance.[224] Clinton easily won the Democratic nomination over opposition from antiwar activist Jonathan Tasini.[225] Clinton's eventual opponents in the general election were Republican candidate John Spencer, a former mayor of Yonkers, along with several third-party candidates. She won the election on November 7, 2006, with 67 percent of the vote to Spencer's 31 percent,[226] carrying all but four of New York's sixty-two counties.[227] Clinton spent $36 million for her reelection, more than any other candidate for Senate in the 2006 elections did. Some Democrats criticized her for spending too much in a one-sided contest, while some supporters were concerned she did not leave more funds for a potential presidential bid in 2008.[228] In the following months, she transferred $10 million of her Senate funds toward her presidential campaign.[229]

Second term[link]

Senator Clinton listens as Chief of Naval Operations Navy Admiral Mike Mullen responds to a question during his 2007 confirmation hearing with the Senate Armed Services Committee.

Clinton opposed the Iraq War troop surge of 2007.[230] In March 2007, she voted in favor of a war-spending bill that required President Bush to begin withdrawing troops from Iraq by a deadline; it passed almost completely along party lines[231] but was subsequently vetoed by President Bush. In May 2007, a compromise war funding bill that removed withdrawal deadlines but tied funding to progress benchmarks for the Iraqi government passed the Senate by a vote of 80–14 and would be signed by Bush; Clinton was one of those who voted against it.[232] Clinton responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."[233]

In March 2007, in response to the dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy, Clinton called on Attorney General Alberto Gonzales to resign.[234] In May and June 2007, regarding the high-profile, hotly debated comprehensive immigration reform bill known as the Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Clinton cast several votes in support of the bill, which eventually failed to gain cloture.[235]

As the financial crisis of 2007–2008 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008, Clinton supported the proposed bailout of United States financial system, voting in favor of the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, saying that it represented the interests of the American people.[236] It passed the Senate 74–25.

Presidential campaign of 2008[link]

Clinton had been preparing for a potential candidacy for United States President since at least early 2003.[237] On January 20, 2007, Clinton announced via her web site the formation of a presidential exploratory committee for the United States presidential election of 2008; she stated, "I'm in, and I'm in to win."[238] No woman had ever been nominated by a major party for President of the United States. In April 2007, the Clintons liquidated a blind trust, that had been established when Bill Clinton became president in 1993, to avoid the possibility of ethical conflicts or political embarrassments in the trust as Hillary Clinton undertook her presidential race.[239] Later disclosure statements revealed that the couple's worth was now upwards of $50 million,[239] and that they had earned over $100 million since 2000, with most of it coming from Bill Clinton's books, speaking engagements, and other activities.[240]

Clinton led candidates competing for the Democratic nomination in opinion polls for the election throughout the first half of 2007. Most polls placed Senator Barack Obama of Illinois and former Senator John Edwards of North Carolina as Clinton's closest competitors.[241] Clinton and Obama both set records for early fundraising, swapping the money lead each quarter.[242] By September 2007, polling in the first six states holding Democratic primaries or caucuses showed that Clinton was leading in all of them, with the races being closest in Iowa and South Carolina. By the following month, national polls showed Clinton far ahead of Democratic competitors.[243] At the end of October, Clinton suffered a rare poor debate performance against Obama, Edwards, and her other opponents.[244][245][246] Obama's message of "change" began to resonate with the Democratic electorate better than Clinton's message of "experience".[247] The race tightened considerably, especially in the early caucus and primary states of Iowa, New Hampshire, and South Carolina, with Clinton losing her lead in some polls by December.[248]

Clinton campaigning at Augsburg College in Minneapolis, Minnesota, two days before Super Tuesday 2008.

In the first vote of 2008, she placed third in the January 3 Iowa Democratic caucus to Obama and Edwards.[249] Obama gained ground in national polling in the next few days, with all polls predicting a victory for him in the New Hampshire primary.[250][251] However, Clinton gained a surprise win there on January 8, defeating Obama narrowly.[252] Explanations for her New Hampshire comeback varied but often centered on her being seen more sympathetically, especially by women, after her eyes welled with tears and her voice broke while responding to a voter's question the day before the election.[252][253]

The nature of the contest fractured in the next few days. Several remarks by Bill Clinton and other surrogates,[254] and a remark by Hillary Clinton concerning Martin Luther King, Jr., and Lyndon B. Johnson,[nb 9] were perceived by many as, accidentally or intentionally, limiting Obama as a racially oriented candidate or otherwise denying the post-racial significance and accomplishments of his campaign.[255] Despite attempts by both Hillary Clinton and Obama to downplay the issue, Democratic voting became more polarized as a result, with Clinton losing much of her support among African Americans.[254][256] She lost by a two-to-one margin to Obama in the January 26 South Carolina primary,[257] setting up, with Edwards soon dropping out, an intense two-person contest for the twenty-two February 5 Super Tuesday states. Bill Clinton had made more statements attracting criticism for their perceived racial implications late in the South Carolina campaign, and his role was seen as damaging enough to her that a wave of supporters within and outside of the campaign said the former President "needs to stop."[258]

On Super Tuesday, Clinton won the largest states, such as California, New York, New Jersey and Massachusetts, while Obama won more states; they almost evenly split the total popular vote.[259][260] But Obama was gaining more pledged delegates for his share of the popular vote due to better exploitation of the Democratic proportional allocation rules.[261]

Clinton speaking at a Pennsylvania rally in support of her former rival, Barack Obama; October 2008.

The Clinton campaign had counted on winning the nomination by Super Tuesday, and was unprepared financially and logistically for a prolonged effort; lagging in Internet fundraising, Clinton began loaning her campaign money.[247][262] There was continuous turmoil within the campaign staff and she made several top-level personnel changes.[262][263] Obama won the next eleven February caucuses and primaries across the country, often by large margins, and took a significant pledged delegate lead over Clinton.[261][262] On March 4, Clinton broke the string of losses by winning in Ohio among other places,[262] where her criticism of NAFTA, a major legacy of her husband's presidency, had been a key issue.[264] Throughout the campaign, Obama dominated caucuses, which the Clinton campaign largely ignored organizing for.[247][261][265] Obama did well in primaries where African Americans or younger, college-educated, or more affluent voters were heavily represented; Clinton did well in primaries where Hispanics or older, non-college-educated, or working-class white voters predominated.[266][267] Some Democratic party leaders expressed concern that the drawn-out campaign between the two could damage the winner in the general election contest against Republican presumptive nominee John McCain, especially if an eventual triumph for Clinton was won via party-appointed superdelegates.[268]

Clinton's admission in late March, that her repeated campaign statements about having been under hostile fire from snipers during a 1996 visit to U.S. troops at Tuzla Air Base in Bosnia-Herzegovina were not true, attracted considerable media attention and risked undermining both her credibility and her claims of foreign policy expertise as First Lady.[269]

On April 22, she won the Pennsylvania primary, and kept her campaign alive.[270] However, on May 6, a narrower-than-expected win in the Indiana primary coupled with a large loss in the North Carolina primary ended any realistic chance she had of winning the nomination.[270] She vowed to stay on through the remaining primaries, but stopped attacks against Obama; as one advisor stated, "She could accept losing. She could not accept quitting."[270] She won some of the remaining contests, and indeed, over the last three months of the campaign she won more delegates, states, and votes than Obama, but she failed to overcome Obama's lead.[262]

Clinton speaks during the second night of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.

Following the final primaries on June 3, 2008, Obama had gained enough delegates to become the presumptive nominee.[271] In a speech before her supporters on June 7, Clinton ended her campaign and endorsed Obama, declaring, "The way to continue our fight now to accomplish the goals for which we stand is to take our energy, our passion, our strength and do all we can to help elect Barack Obama."[272] By campaign's end, Clinton had won 1,640 pledged delegates to Obama's 1,763;[273] at the time of the clinching, Clinton had 286 superdelegates to Obama's 395,[274] with those numbers widening to 256 versus 438 once Obama was acknowledged the winner.[273] Clinton and Obama each received over 17 million votes during the nomination process,[nb 10] with both breaking the previous record.[275] Clinton also eclipsed, by a very large margin, Congresswoman Shirley Chisholm's 1972 mark for most primaries and delegates won by a woman.[276] Clinton gave a passionate speech supporting Obama at the 2008 Democratic National Convention and campaigned frequently for him in Fall 2008, which concluded with his victory over McCain in the general election on November 4.[277] Clinton's campaign ended up severely in debt; she owed millions of dollars to outside vendors and wrote off the $13 million that she lent it herself.[278]

Secretary of State[link]

Nomination and confirmation[link]

Clinton takes the oath-of-office as Secretary of State, administered by Associate Judge Kathryn Oberly as Bill Clinton holds the Bible.

In mid-November 2008, President-elect Obama and Clinton discussed the possibility of her serving as U.S. Secretary of State in his administration,[279] and on November 21, reports indicated that she had accepted the position.[280] On December 1, President-elect Obama formally announced that Clinton would be his nominee for Secretary of State.[281] Clinton said she was reluctant to leave the Senate, but that the new position represented a "difficult and exciting adventure".[281] As part of the nomination and in order to relieve concerns of conflict of interest, Bill Clinton agreed to accept several conditions and restrictions regarding his ongoing activities and fundraising efforts for the Clinton Presidential Center and Clinton Global Initiative.[282]

The appointment required a Saxbe fix, passed and signed into law in December 2008.[283] Confirmation hearings before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee began on January 13, 2009, a week before the Obama inauguration; two days later, the Committee voted 16–1 to approve Clinton.[284] By this time, her public approval rating had reached 65 percent, the highest point since the Lewinsky scandal.[285] On January 21, 2009, Clinton was confirmed in the full Senate by a vote of 94–2.[286] Clinton took the oath of office of Secretary of State and resigned from the Senate that same day.[287] She became the first former First Lady to serve in the United States Cabinet.[288]

Tenure[link]

Obama and Clinton speaking with one another at the 21st NATO summit, April 2009
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Clinton, May 2009

Clinton spent her initial days as Secretary of State telephoning dozens of world leaders and indicating that U.S. foreign policy would change direction: "We have a lot of damage to repair."[289] She advocated an expanded role in global economic issues for the State Department and cited the need for an increased U.S. diplomatic presence, especially in Iraq where the Defense Department had conducted diplomatic missions.[290] She pushed for a larger international affairs budget;[290] the Obama administration's proposed 2010 budget contained a 7 percent increase for the State Department and other international programs.[291] In March 2009, Clinton prevailed over Vice President Joe Biden on an internal debate to send an additional 20,000 troops to the war in Afghanistan.[292] An elbow fracture and subsequent painful recuperation caused Clinton to miss two foreign trips in June 2009.[292][293]

Clinton announced the most ambitious of her departmental reforms, the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review, which establishes specific objectives for the State Department's diplomatic missions abroad; it is modeled after a similar process in the Defense Department that she was familiar with from her time on the Senate Armed Services Committee.[294] (The first such review was issued in late 2010 and called for the U.S. leading through "civilian power" as a cost-effective way of responding to international challenges and defusing crises.[295] It also sought to institutionalize goals of empowering women throughout the world.[156]) In September, Clinton unveiled the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative at the annual meeting of her husband's Clinton Global Initiative.[296] The new initiative seeks to battle hunger worldwide as a strategic part of U.S. foreign policy, rather than just react to food shortage emergencies as they occur, and emphasizes the role of women farmers.[296] In October, on a trip to Switzerland, Clinton's intervention overcame last-minute snags and saved the signing of an historic Turkish–Armenian accord that established diplomatic relations and opened the border between the two long-hostile nations.[297][298] In Pakistan, she engaged in several unusually blunt discussions with students, talk show hosts, and tribal elders, in an attempt to repair the Pakistani image of the U.S.[154]

In a major speech in January 2010, Clinton drew analogies between the Iron Curtain and the free and unfree Internet.[299] Chinese officials reacted negatively towards it, and it garnered attention as the first time a senior American official had clearly defined the Internet as a key element of American foreign policy.[300] By mid-2010, Clinton and Obama had forged a good working relationship; she was a team player within the administration and a defender of it to the outside, and was careful that neither she nor her husband would upstage him.[301] She met with him weekly, but did not have the close, daily relationship that some of her predecessors had had with their presidents.[301] In July 2010, Secretary Clinton visited Korea, Vietnam, Pakistan and Afghanistan, all the while preparing for the July 31 wedding of daughter Chelsea amid much media attention.[302] In late November 2010, Clinton led the U.S. damage control effort after WikiLeaks released confidential State Department cables containing blunt statements and assessments by U.S. and foreign diplomats.[303][304] A few of the cables released by WikiLeaks concerned Clinton directly: they revealed that directions to members of the foreign service, written by the CIA, had gone out in 2009 under her (systematically attached) name to gather biometric and other personal details on foreign diplomats, including officials of the United Nations and U.S. allies.[305][306][307]

Secretary Clinton in February 2011

The 2011 Egyptian protests posed the biggest foreign policy crisis for the administration yet.[308] Clinton was in the forefront of U.S. public response to it, quickly evolving from an early assessment that the government of Hosni Mubarak was "stable" to a stance that there needed to be an "orderly transition [to] a democratic participatory government" to a condemnation of violence against the protesters.[309][310] Obama also came to rely upon Clinton's advice, organization, and personal connections in the behind-the-scenes response to developments.[308] As protests spread throughout the region, Clinton was at the forefront of a U.S. response that she recognized was sometimes contradictory, backing some regimes while supporting protesters against others.[311] As the 2011 Libyan civil war took place, Clinton's shift in favor of military intervention was a key turning point in overcoming internal administration opposition and gaining the backing for, and Arab and U.N. approval of, the 2011 military intervention in Libya.[311][312][313] She later used U.S. allies and what she called "convening power" to help keep the Libyan rebels unified as they eventually overthrew the Gaddafi regime.[313] Following the successful May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden, Clinton played a key role in the administration's decision not to release photographs of the dead al-Qaeda leader.[314] In a December 2011 speech before the United Nations Human Rights Council, she said that the U.S. would advocate for gay rights abroad and that "Gay rights are human rights" and that "It should never be a crime to be gay."[315] The same month saw her conclude the first visit to Burma by a U.S. secretary of state since 1955, as she met with Burmese leaders as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi and sought to support the 2011 Burmese democratic reforms.[316]

Throughout her tenure, Clinton has looked towards "smart power" as the strategy for asserting U.S. leadership and values, combining military strength with U.S. capacities in global economics, development aid, and technology.[313] She has also greatly expanded the State Department's use of social media, including Facebook and Twitter, both to get its message out and to help empower people vis à via their rulers.[313] And in the Mideast turmoil, Clinton particularly saw an opportunity to advance one of the central themes of her tenure, the empowerment and welfare of women and girls worldwide.[156] By now Clinton had set the record for most-traveled Secretary of State for a comparable period of time, logging 465,000 miles (748,000 km) and visiting 79 countries.[156] (Time magazine wrote that "Clinton's endurance is legendary."[313]) Throughout her term, Clinton had indicated she had no interest in running for president again[317] or in holding any other office. In March 2011, she expanded upon that by saying she was not interested in serving a second term as Secretary of State should Obama be re-elected in 2012.[312][318]

Political positions[link]

Clinton with Prime Minister of Australia Kevin Rudd in March 2008

In a Gallup poll conducted during May 2005, 54 percent of respondents considered Clinton a liberal, 30 percent considered her a moderate, and 9 percent considered her a conservative.[319]

Several organizations attempted to measure Clinton's place on the political spectrum scientifically using her Senate votes. National Journal's 2004 study of roll-call votes assigned Clinton a rating of 30 in the political spectrum, relative to the then-current Senate, with a rating of 1 being most liberal and 100 being most conservative.[320] National Journal's subsequent rankings placed her as the 32nd-most liberal senator in 2006 and 16th-most liberal senator in 2007.[321] A 2004 analysis by political scientists Joshua D. Clinton of Princeton University, Simon Jackman and Doug Rivers of Stanford University found her to be likely the sixth-to-eighth-most liberal Senator.[322] The Almanac of American Politics, edited by Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, rated her votes from 2003 through 2006 as liberal or conservative, with 100 as the highest rating, in three areas: Economic, Social, and Foreign; averaged for the four years, the ratings are: Economic = 75 liberal, 23 conservative; Social = 83 liberal, 6 conservative; Foreign = 66 liberal, 30 conservative. Average = 75 liberal, 20 conservative.[nb 11]

Interest groups also gave Clinton scores based on how well her Senate votes aligned with the positions of the group. Through 2008, she had an average lifetime 90 percent "Liberal Quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action[323] and a lifetime 8 percent rating from the American Conservative Union.[324]

Writings and recordings[link]

As First Lady of the United States, Clinton published a weekly syndicated newspaper column titled "Talking It Over" from 1995 to 2000, distributed by Creators Syndicate.[325] It focused on her experiences and those of women, children and families she met during her travels around the world.[1]

In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for the children of America in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. The book made the New York Times Best Seller list and Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording.[326]

Other books released by Clinton when she was First Lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to the White House: At Home with History (2000). In 2001, she wrote an afterword to the children's book Beatrice's Goat.[327]

In 2003, Clinton released a 562-page autobiography, Living History. In anticipation of high sales, publisher Simon & Schuster paid Clinton a near-record advance of $8 million.[328] The book set a first-week sales record for a nonfiction work,[329] went on to sell more than one million copies in the first month following publication,[330] and was translated into twelve foreign languages.[331] Clinton's audio recording of the book earned her a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album.[332]

Cultural and political image[link]

Hillary Clinton has frequently been featured in the media and popular culture from a wide spectrum of perspectives. In 1995, New York Times writer Todd Purdum labeled Clinton "the First Lady as Rorschach test",[333] an assessment echoed at the time by feminist writer and activist Betty Friedan, who said, "Coverage of Hillary Clinton is a massive Rorschach test of the evolution of women in our society."[334]

Hillary Rodham Clinton, January 2007

Clinton has often been described in the popular media as a polarizing figure,[333][335][336][337][338][339] with some arguing otherwise.[339][340] James Madison University political science professor Valerie Sulfaro's 2007 study used the American National Election Studies' "feeling thermometer" polls, which measure the degree of opinion about a political figure, to find that such polls during Clinton's First Lady years confirm the "conventional wisdom that Hillary Clinton is a polarizing figure", with the added insight that "affect towards Mrs. Clinton as first lady tended to be very positive or very negative, with a fairly constant one fourth of respondents feeling ambivalent or neutral."[341] University of California, San Diego political science professor Gary Jacobson's 2006 study of partisan polarization found that in a state-by-state survey of job approval ratings of the state's senators, Clinton had the fourth-largest partisan difference of any senator, with a 50 percentage point difference in approval between New York's Democrats and Republicans.[342]

Northern Illinois University political science professor Barbara Burrell's 2000 study found that Clinton's Gallup poll favorability numbers broke sharply along partisan lines throughout her time as First Lady, with 70 to 90 percent of Democrats typically viewing her favorably while 20 to 40 percent of Republicans did not.[343] University of Wisconsin–Madison political science professor Charles Franklin analyzed her record of favorable versus unfavorable ratings in public opinion polls, and found that there was more variation in them during her First Lady years than her Senate years.[344] The Senate years showed favorable ratings around 50 percent and unfavorable ratings in the mid-40 percent range; Franklin noted that, "This sharp split is, of course, one of the more widely remarked aspects of Sen. Clinton's public image."[344] McGill University professor of history Gil Troy titled his 2006 biography of her Hillary Rodham Clinton: Polarizing First Lady, and wrote that after the 1992 campaign, Clinton "was a polarizing figure, with 42 percent [of the public] saying she came closer to their values and lifestyle than previous first ladies and 41 percent disagreeing."[345] Troy further wrote that Hillary Clinton "has been uniquely controversial and contradictory since she first appeared on the national radar screen in 1992"[346] and that she "has alternately fascinated, bedeviled, bewitched, and appalled Americans."[346]

File:RoseLawFirmRear2008.jpg
Clinton worked at Rose Law Firm for fifteen years. Her professional career and political involvement set the stage for public reaction to her as First Lady.

Burrell's study found women consistently rating Clinton more favorably than men by about ten percentage points during her First Lady years.[343] Jacobson's study found a positive correlation across all senators between being women and receiving a partisan-polarized response.[342] Colorado State University communication studies professor Karrin Vasby Anderson describes the First Lady position as a "site" for American womanhood, one ready made for the symbolic negotiation of female identity.[347] In particular, Anderson states there has been a cultural bias towards traditional first ladies and a cultural prohibition against modern first ladies; by the time of Clinton, the First Lady position had become a site of heterogeneity and paradox.[347] Burrell, as well as biographers Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta, Jr., note that Clinton achieved her highest approval ratings as First Lady late in 1998, not for professional or political achievements of her own, but for being seen as the victim of her husband's very public infidelity.[186][343] University of Pennsylvania communications professor Kathleen Hall Jamieson saw Hillary Clinton as an exemplar of the double bind, who though able to live in a "both-and" world of both career and family, nevertheless "became a surrogate on whom we projected our attitudes about attributes once thought incompatible", leading to her being placed in a variety of no-win situations.[334] Quinnipiac University media studies professor Lisa Burns found press accounts frequently framing Clinton both as an exemplar of the modern professional working mother and as a political interloper interested in usurping power for herself.[348] University of Indianapolis English professor Charlotte Templin found political cartoonists using a variety of stereotypes – such as gender reversal, radical feminist as emasculator, and the wife the husband wants to get rid of – to portray Hillary Clinton as violating gender norms.[349]

Over fifty books and scholarly works have been written about Hillary Clinton, from many different perspectives. A 2006 survey by The New York Observer found "a virtual cottage industry" of "anti-Clinton literature",[350] put out by Regnery Publishing and other conservative imprints,[350] with titles such as Madame Hillary: The Dark Road to the White House, Hillary's Scheme: Inside the Next Clinton's Ruthless Agenda to Take the White House, and Can She Be Stopped? : Hillary Clinton Will Be the Next President of the United States Unless .... Books praising Clinton did not sell nearly as well[350] (other than the memoirs written by her and her husband). When she ran for Senate in 2000, a number of fundraising groups such as Save Our Senate and the Emergency Committee to Stop Hillary Rodham Clinton sprang up to oppose her.[351] Van Natta, Jr., found that Republican and conservative groups viewed her as a reliable "bogeyman" to mention in fundraising letters,[352] on a par with Ted Kennedy and the equivalent of Democratic and liberal appeals mentioning Newt Gingrich.[352]

Going into the early stages of her presidential campaign for 2008, a Time magazine cover showed a large picture of her, with two checkboxes labeled "Love Her", "Hate Her",[353] while Mother Jones titled its profile of her "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary".[354] Democratic netroots activists consistently rated Clinton very low in polls of their desired candidates,[355] while some conservative figures such as Bruce Bartlett and Christopher Ruddy were declaring a Hillary Clinton presidency not so bad after all[356][357] and an October 2007 cover of The American Conservative magazine was titled "The Waning Power of Hillary Hate".[358] By December 2007, communications professor Jamieson observed that there was a large amount of misogyny present about Clinton on the Internet,[359] up to and including Facebook and other sites devoted to depictions reducing Clinton to sexual humiliation.[359] She noted that, in response to widespread comments on Clinton's laugh,[360] that "We know that there's language to condemn female speech that doesn't exist for male speech. We call women's speech shrill and strident. And Hillary Clinton's laugh was being described as a cackle."[359] Use of the "bitch" epithet, which taken place against Clinton going back to her First Lady days and was seen by Karrin Vasby Anderson as a tool of containment against women in American politics,[361] flourished during the campaign, especially on the Internet but via conventional media as well.[362] Following Clinton's "choked up moment" and related incidents before the January 2008 New Hampshire primary, both The New York Times and Newsweek found that discussion of gender's role in the campaign had moved into the national political discourse.[363][364] Newsweek editor Jon Meacham summed the relationship between Clinton and the American public by saying that the New Hampshire events, "brought an odd truth to light: though Hillary Rodham Clinton has been on the periphery or in the middle of national life for decades ... she is one of the most recognizable but least understood figures in American politics."[364]

Once she became Secretary of State, Clinton's image seemed to dramatically improve among the American public and become one of a respected world figure.[365] She gained consistently high approval ratings (by 2011, the highest of her career except for during the Lewinsky scandal),[366] and her favorable-unfavorable ratings during 2010 and 2011 were easily the highest of any active, nationally prominent American political figure.[365][367][368] She continued to do well in Gallup's most admired man and woman poll; in 2011 she was named the most admired woman by Americans for the tenth straight time and the sixteenth time overall.[369]

Awards and honors[link]

Clinton has received many awards and honors during her career from American and international organizations for her activities concerning health, women, and children.

Electoral history[link]

New York United States Senate election, 2000
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton 3,747,310 55.3
Republican Rick Lazio 2,915,730 43.0
New York United States Senate election, 2006
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Rodham Clinton 3,008,428 67.0 +11.7
Republican John Spencer 1,392,189 31.0 -12.0

Notes[link]

  1. ^ In 1995, Hillary Clinton said her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, who, with Sherpa Tenzing, was the first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, and that was the reason for the unusual "two L's" spelling of her name. However, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after she was born. In October 2006, a Clinton spokeswoman said she was not named after the mountain climber. Instead, this account of her name's origin "was a sweet family story her mother shared to inspire greatness in her daughter, to great results I might add." See Hakim, Danny (October 17, 2006). "Hillary, Not as in the Mount Everest Guy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17hillary.html. Retrieved April 25, 2008. 
  2. ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009.  Gerstein finds it is unclear exactly which cases beyond child custody ones Rodham worked on at the Treuhaft firm. Anti-Clinton writers such as Barbara Olson would later charge Hillary Clinton with never repudiating Treuhaft's ideology, and for retaining social and political ties with his wife and fellow communist Jessica Mitford. (Olson 1999, pp. 56–57) Research by The New York Sun in 2007 revealed that Mitford and Hillary Clinton were not close, and had a falling out over a 1980 Arkansas prisoner case. See Gerstein, Josh (November 27, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Left Hook". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-left-hook/67002/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  3. ^ For the start date, see Brock 1996, p. 96. Secondary sources give inconsistent dates as to when her time as chair ended. Primary sources indicate that sometime between about April 1980 and September 1980, Rodham was replaced as chair by F. William McCalpin. See Subcommittee On The Departments Of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations; Justice,; Commerce,; Judiciary, the; Agencies, Related (1980). House Committee on Appropriations, Subcommittee on Departments of State, Justice, Commerce, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations. U.S. House of Representatives. http://books.google.com/?id=KWRBPOdZCdAC&q=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby&dq=%22legal+services+corporation%22+rodham+baby.  Rodham is still chair after having given birth "a few weeks ago"; Chelsea Clinton was born on February 27, 1980. And see "Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice, of the Committee of the Judiciary, House of Representatives". Background release, Legal Services Corporation, September 1980. U.S. House of Representatives. September 21, 27, 1979. http://lawlibrary.rutgers.edu/cgi-bin/lib/hearing.cgi?file=81601609%20page=0001.  pp. 388–403, exact reference p. 398, which shows McCalpin as chair in September 1980.
  4. ^ Bill Clinton's advisers thought her use of her maiden name to be one of the reasons for his 1980 gubernatorial reelection loss. During the following winter, Vernon Jordan, Jr. suggested to Hillary Rodham that she start using the name Clinton, and she began to do so publicly with her husband's February 1982 campaign announcement. She later wrote that "I learned the hard way that some voters in Arkansas were seriously offended by the fact that I kept my maiden name" (Clinton 2003, pp. 91–93; see also Morris 1996, p. 282).
  5. ^ During the political damage control over the Gennifer Flowers episode during the 1992 campaign, Hillary Clinton said in the joint 60 Minutes interview, "I'm not sitting here as some little woman 'standing by my man' like Tammy Wynette. I'm sitting here because I love him and I respect him, and I honor what he's been through and what we've been through together." The seemingly sneering reference to country music provoked immediate criticism that Clinton was culturally tone-deaf, and Tammy Wynette herself did not like the remark because her classic song "Stand by Your Man" is not written in the first person. See "2000: Hillary Clinton is first First Lady in Senate". BBC News Online. November 7, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/7/newsid_4385000/4385582.stm. Retrieved October 1, 2007.  Wynette added that Clinton had "offended every true country music fan and every person who has 'made it on their own' with no one to take them to a White House." See Troy 2006, p. 42. A few days later, on Prime Time Live, Hillary Clinton apologized to Wynette. Clinton would later write that she had been careless in her choice of words and that "the fallout from my reference to Tammy Wynette was instant – as it deserved to be – and brutal." See Clinton 2003, p. 108. The two women later resolved their differences, with Wynette appearing at a Clinton fund raiser.
  6. ^ Less than two months after the Tammy Wynette remarks, Hillary Clinton was facing questions about whether she could have avoided possible conflicts of interest between her governor husband and work given to the Rose Law Firm, when she remarked, "I've done the best I can to lead my life ... You know, I suppose I could have stayed home and baked cookies and had teas, but what I decided to do was fulfill my profession, which I entered before my husband was in public life" (Clinton 2003, p. 109). The "cookies and teas" part of this statement prompted even more culture-based criticism of Clinton's apparent distaste for women who had chosen to be homemakers; the remark became a recurring campaign liability (Bernstein 2007, pp. 205–206). Clinton subsequently offered up some cookie recipes as a way of making amends, and would later write of her chagrin: "Besides, I've done quite a lot of cookie baking in my life, and tea-pouring too!" (Clinton 2003, p. 109).
  7. ^ The Eleanor Roosevelt "discussions" were first reported in 1996 by Washington Post writer Bob Woodward; they had begun from the start of Hillary Clinton's time as First Lady. See Clines, Francis X. (June 25, 1996). "Mrs. Clinton Calls Sessions Intellectual, Not Spiritual". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/25/us/mrs-clinton-calls-sessions-intellectual-not-spiritual.html.  Following the Democrats' loss of congressional control in the 1994 elections, Clinton had engaged the services of human potential expert Jean Houston. Houston encouraged Clinton to pursue the Roosevelt connection, and while no psychic techniques were used with Clinton, critics and comics immediately suggested that Clinton was holding séances with Eleanor Roosevelt. The White House stated that this was merely a brainstorming exercise, and a private poll later indicated that most of the public believed these were indeed just imaginary conversations, with the remainder believing that communication with the dead was actually possible. See Wheen, Francis (July 26, 2000). "Never mind the pollsters". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/Columnists/Column/0,5673,347240,00.html. Retrieved October 2, 2007.  In her 2003 autobiography, Clinton titled an entire chapter "Conversations with Eleanor", and stated that holding "imaginary conversations [is] actually a useful mental exercise to help analyze problems, provided you choose the right person to visualize. Eleanor Roosevelt was ideal [as a trail-blazer and controversial First Lady]." (Clinton 2003, pp. 258–259)
  8. ^ Clinton was referring to the Arkansas Project and its funder Richard Mellon Scaife, Kenneth Starr's connections to Scaife, Regnery Publishing and its connections to Lucianne Goldberg and Linda Tripp, Jerry Falwell, and others. See Kirn, Walter (February 9, 1998). "Persecuted or Paranoid? A look at the motley characters behind Hillary Clinton's 'vast right-wing conspiracy'". Time. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/02/02/time/kirn.html. 
  9. ^ Hillary Clinton said to a news correspondent asking for reaction to an Obama remark earlier in the day about his possibly representing false hope: "I would point to the fact that Dr. King's dream began to be realized when President Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when he was able to get through Congress something that President Kennedy was hopeful to do, the President before had not even tried, but it took a president to get it done. That dream became a reality, the power of that dream became real in people's lives because we had a president who said we are going to do it, and actually got it accomplished." See for transcript: Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008.  See for actual interview: Garrett, Major (January 7, 2008). "Clinton's Candid Assessment". Fox News. http://bourbonroom.blogs.foxnews.com/2008/01/07/clintons-candid-assessment/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. [dead link]
  10. ^ "2008 Democratic Popular Vote". RealClearPolitics. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/democratic_vote_count.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008.  The popular vote count for a nomination process is unofficial, and meaningless in determining the nominee. It is difficult to come up with precise totals due to some caucus states not reporting popular vote totals and thus having to be estimated. It is further difficult to compare Clinton and Obama's totals, due to only her name having been on the ballot in the Michigan primary.
  11. ^ See Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. p. 1126.  And 2006 edition of same, 1152. The scores for individual years are [highest rating 100, format: liberal, (conservative)]: 2003: Economic = 90 (7), Social = 85 (0), Foreign = 79 (14). Average = 85 (7). 2004: Economic = 63 (36), Social = 82 (0), Foreign = 58 (41). Average = 68 (26). 2005: Economic = 84 (15), Social = 83 (10), Foreign = 66 (29). Average = 78 (18). 2006: Economic = 63 (35), Social = 80 (14), Foreign = 62 (35). Average = 68 (28).

References[link]

  1. ^ a b c d "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/hc42.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  2. ^ O'Laughlin, Dania (Summer 2003). "Edgewater Hospital 1929–2001". Edgewater Historical Society. http://www.edgewaterhistory.org/articles/index.html?v14-3-4.html. Retrieved June 10, 2007. 
  3. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 18, 34
  4. ^ a b Roberts, Gary Boyd. "Notes on the Ancestry of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton". New England Historic Genealogical Society. http://www.newenglandancestors.org/research/services/articles_ancestry_hillary_clinton.asp. Retrieved May 25, 2008. 
  5. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 17–18
  6. ^ a b c Brock 1996, p. 4. Her father was an outspoken Republican, while her mother kept quiet but was "basically a Democrat." See also Bernstein 2007, p. 16
  7. ^ a b Morris 1996, p. 113.
  8. ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 29
  9. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 30–31
  10. ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 255. She was also voted "most likely to succeed".
  11. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 13
  12. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 19.
  13. ^ Middendorf, J. William (2006). Glorious Disaster: Barry Goldwater's Presidential Campaign And the Origins of the Conservative Movement. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04573-1.  p. 266.
  14. ^ Troy 2006, p. 15.
  15. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 18–21. The teacher, Paul Carlson, and the minister, Donald Jones, came into conflict in Park Ridge; Clinton would later see that "as an early indication of the cultural, political and religious fault lines that developed across America in the [next] forty years" (Clinton 2003, p. 23).
  16. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 29, 1992). "Hillary Rodham Clinton Remarks to Wellesley College Class of 1992". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1992/speecheshrc.html. Retrieved June 1, 2007. 
  17. ^ a b Clinton 2003, p. 31.
  18. ^ "Wellesley College Republicans: History and Purpose". Wellesley College. May 16, 2007. http://www.wellesley.edu/Activities/homepage/gop/history.html. Retrieved June 2, 2007.  Gives organization's prior name.
  19. ^ Milton, Joyce (1999). The First Partner: Hillary Rodham Clinton. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 0-688-15501-4.  pp. 27–28
  20. ^ Brock 1996, pp. 12–13.
  21. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 50. Bernstein states she believed this combination was possible and that no equation better describes the adult Hillary Clinton.
  22. ^ a b c d e Kenney, Charles (January 12, 1993). "Hillary: The Wellesley Years: The woman who will live in the White House was a sharp-witted activist in the class of '69" (fee required). The Boston Globe. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8210491.html. Retrieved February 7, 2008. 
  23. ^ a b c d e Leibovich, Mark (September 7, 2007). "In Turmoil of '68, Clinton Found a New Voice". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html. Retrieved September 6, 2007. 
  24. ^ a b Rodham, Hillary (May 31, 1969). "Wellesley College 1969 Student Commencement Speech". Wellesley College. http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Commencement/1969/053169hillary.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  25. ^ a b c Dedman, Bill (updated May 9, 2007). "Reading Hillary Rodham's hidden thesis". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17388372/. Retrieved January 31, 2012. 
  26. ^ a b Cooper, Helene. "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hillary_rodham_clinton/index.html. Retrieved April 13, 2008. 
  27. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 34–36.
  28. ^ "Brooke Speech Challenged by Graduate". Fitchburg Sentinel. June 2, 1969. 
  29. ^ "Brooke Speech Draws Reply". Nevada State Journal. June 2, 1969. 
  30. ^ "The Class of '69". Life. June 20, 1969.  The article features Rodham and two student commencement speakers from other schools, with photos and excerpts from their speeches.
  31. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 70
  32. ^ Morris 1996, p. 139; Bernstein 2007, p. 105. Clinton would later write, and repeat on the Late Show with David Letterman, that sliming fish was the best preparation she would ever have for living in Washington. Clinton 2003, pp. 42–43.
  33. ^ a b c "Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton (1947–)". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture. http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2744. Retrieved April 8, 2007. 
  34. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 42–43.
  35. ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, p. 75
  36. ^ The authors of Beyond the Best Interests of the Child were Center director Al Solnit, Yale Law professor Joe Goldstein, and Anna Freud.
  37. ^ Morris 1996, pp. 142–143.
  38. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 71–74
  39. ^ Weil, Martin (August 8, 2009). "Anne Wexler, Political Adviser and Lobbyist, Dies at 79". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/08/AR2009080800058.html. Retrieved August 20, 2009. 
  40. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 82–83
  41. ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "The Clintons' Berkeley Summer of Love". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clintons-berkeley-summer-of-love/66982/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  42. ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 26, 2007). "Hillary Clinton's Radical Summer". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/hillary-clintons-radical-summer/66933/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  43. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 48–49.
  44. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 89
  45. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "First Lady Biography: Hillary Clinton". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=43. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  46. ^ Rodham, Hillary (1973). "Children Under the Law". Harvard Educational Review 43 (4): 487–514. 
  47. ^ Troy 2006, p. 21.
  48. ^ a b c d Lewin, Tamar (August 24, 1992). "Legal Scholars See Distortion In Attacks on Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/24/us/1992-campaign-issues-women-families-legal-scholars-see-distortion-attacks.html. 
  49. ^ This Google Scholar search result produces nearly one hundred hits showing citations of her paper in academic literature.
  50. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 91–92
  51. ^ "Adults Urge Children's Rights". The Arizona Sentinel. October 4, 1974. 
  52. ^ a b c Bernstein 2007, pp. 94–96, 101–103
  53. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 62
  54. ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 277.
  55. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 90, 120
  56. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92. Two-thirds (551 of 817) of the candidates had passed, and Rodham did not tell even close friends of the failure until revealing it thirty years later in her autobiography.
  57. ^ Clinton 2003, p. 69. Excerpted at Clinton, Hillary Rodham (June 8, 2003). "Hillary Unbound". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,457362-2,00.html. Retrieved December 8, 2007. 
  58. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 92
  59. ^ Clinton 2003, p. 70. Source for number of female faculty members.
  60. ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 328.
  61. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 62, 90, 117
  62. ^ Clinton, Bill (2004). My Life. Knopf Publishing Group.  p. 244.
  63. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 120
  64. ^ a b Maraniss 1995, pp. 121–122.
  65. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 157
  66. ^ Clinton 2003, pp. 91–92.
  67. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 57.
  68. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 128, 103. The firm was called Rose, Nash, Williamson, Carroll, Clay & Giroir, but it simplified its name to Rose Law Firm in 1980.
  69. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 133
  70. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 131–132
  71. ^ Rodham, Hillary; Steiner, Gilbert Y. (June 1977). "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect". Yale Law Journal 68 (7): 1522–1531. doi:10.2307/795794. JSTOR 795794. 
  72. ^ Rodham, Hillary (1979). "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective". In Patricia A. Vardin, Ilene N. Brody (eds.). Children's Rights: Contemporary Perspectives. New York: Teacher's College Press. pp. 21–36. 
  73. ^ Wills, Garry (March 5, 1992). "H.R. Clinton's Case". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=2999. 
  74. ^ a b Wattenberg, Daniel (August 1992). "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock". The American Spectator. 
  75. ^ Olson 1999, p. 57.
  76. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 154
  77. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 125
  78. ^ "Jimmy Carter: Nominations Submitted to the Senate, Week Ending Friday, December 16, 1977". American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=7026. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  79. ^ "Ronald Reagan: Recess Appointment of Three Members of the Board of Directors of the Legal Services Corporation". American Presidency Project. January 22, 1982. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42598. Retrieved September 3, 2007. 
  80. ^ Morris 1996, p. 225.
  81. ^ a b c Kelly, Michael (January 20, 1993). "The First Couple: A Union of Mind and Ambition". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/20/us/the-inauguration-the-first-couple-a-union-of-mind-and-ambition.html. 
  82. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 147
  83. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 60.
  84. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 130
  85. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 66–67.
  86. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 73–76.
  87. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 166
  88. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175. Bernstein states that "the political battle for education reform ... would be her greatest accomplishment in public life until she was elected to the U.S. Senate."
  89. ^ "Hillary Clinton Guides Movement to Change Public Education in Arkansas". Old State House Museum. Spring 1993. Archived from the original on January 4, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060104114405/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=528&issue_id=29&page=1. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  90. ^ Kearney, Janis F. (2006). Conversations: William Jefferson Clinton, from Hope to Harlem. Writing Our World Press. ISBN 0976205815.  p. 295.
  91. ^ Morris 1996, p. 330.
  92. ^ Brock 1996, pp. 176–177.
  93. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 63.
  94. ^ a b c d e Labaton, Stephen (February 26, 1994). "Rose Law Firm, Arkansas Power, Slips as It Steps Onto a Bigger Stage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/us/rose-law-firm-arkansas-power-slips-as-it-steps-onto-a-bigger-stage.html. 
  95. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 80–81.
  96. ^ "Limbaugh Responds to FAIR". FAIR. June 28, 1994. http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1906. Retrieved May 9, 2008. 
  97. ^ Troy 2006, p. 29.
  98. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 82–84.
  99. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 87–88.
  100. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 85; Bernstein 2007, pp. 187–189
  101. ^ "Hon. Hillary Rodham Clinton". FindLaw. http://pview.findlaw.com/view/1708556_1. Retrieved May 31, 2007. 
  102. ^ "Board of Directors Emeritus". Children's Defense Fund. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070210055628/http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/PageNavigator/People_Board_Emeritus. Retrieved May 31, 2007. 
  103. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". The Washington Post. http://projects.washingtonpost.com/2008-presidential-candidates/hillary-clinton/. Retrieved May 30, 2007.  Bio entry.
  104. ^ a b Harkavy, Ward (May 24, 2000). "Wal-Mart's First Lady". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0021,harkavy,15052,5.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  105. ^ Picard, Ken (May 4, 2005). "Vermonters to Hillary: Don't Tread on Us". Seven Days. http://www.7dvt.com/2005/vermonters-hillary-dont-tread-us. Retrieved April 27, 2008. 
  106. ^ a b c Barbaro, Michael (May 20, 2007). "As a Director, Clinton Moved Wal-Mart Board, but Only So Far". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/us/politics/20walmart.html. Retrieved September 23, 2007. 
  107. ^ Ross, Brian; Sauer, Maddy; Schwartz, Rhonda (January 31, 2008). "Clinton Remained Silent As Wal-Mart Fought Unions". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/Story?id=4218509. Retrieved January 31, 2008. 
  108. ^ "Clintons to Rebut Rumors on "60 Minutes"". The New York Times. January 25, 1992. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/25/us/the-1992-campaign-clintons-to-rebut-rumors-on-60-minutes.html. 
  109. ^ "In 1992, Clinton Conceded Marital 'Wrongdoing'". The Washington Post. January 26, 1992. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/flowers012792.htm. 
  110. ^ Troy 2006, pp. 39–42; Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 94–96.
  111. ^ Burns 2008, p. 140.
  112. ^ Burns 2008, p. 142.
  113. ^ York, Anthony (July 8, 1999). "On her own". Salon. http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/07/08/hillary/print.html. Retrieved July 14, 2007.  Her announcement was parodied by the May 1993 film spoof Hot Shots! Part Deux, in which all the female characters were given the middle name "Rodham"; see IMDB entry.
  114. ^ a b Williams, Jasim K (October 30, 2006). "Hillary Rodham Clinton". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/seven/10302006/news/cextra/hillary_rodham_clinton_cextra_jasim_k__williams.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2008. [dead link] Clinton had the first postgraduate degree through regular study and scholarly work. Eleanor Roosevelt had been previously awarded a postgraduate honorary degree. Clinton's successor Laura Bush became the second First Lady with a postgraduate degree.[dead link]
  115. ^ Troy 2006, p. 71.
  116. ^ Troy 2006, p. 68.
  117. ^ Troy 2006, p. xii.
  118. ^ Rajghatta, Chidanand (January—February 2004). "First Lady President?". Verve. 
  119. ^ Peart, Karen N. "The First Lady: Homemaker or Policy-Maker?". Scholastic Press. http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=4647. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  120. ^ Greenberg, Paul (July 15, 1999). "Israel's new friend: Hillary, born-again Zionist". Jewish World Review. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/greenberg071599.asp. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  121. ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (November 1, 2005). "A perilous portmanteau?". Language Log. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002610.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  122. ^ a b Joyce, Kathryn; Sharlet, Jeff (September/October 2007). "Hillary's Prayer: Hillary Clinton's Religion and Politics". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/hillarys-prayer.html. Retrieved October 10, 2007. 
  123. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 313–314
  124. ^ Kelly, Michael (May 23, 1993). "St. Hillary". The New York Times Magazine. 
  125. ^ Painton, Priscilla (May 31, 1993). "The Politics of What?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978625,00.html. 
  126. ^ Maraniss 1995, p. 317.
  127. ^ Postrel, Virginia (2004). The Substance of Style: How the Rise of Aesthetic Value Is Remaking Commerce, Culture, and Consciousness. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060933852.  pp. 72–73.
  128. ^ "Forget the Primaries: Vote for Hillary's Hair". Associated Press. March 2, 1996. http://archive.southcoasttoday.com/daily/03-96/03-02-96/1hair.htm. Retrieved September 25, 2007. 
  129. ^ Troy 2006, p. 1.
  130. ^ a b c Data for table is from "Favorability: People in the News: Hillary Clinton". The Gallup Organization. 2009. http://www.gallup.com/poll/1618/Favorability-People-News.aspx. Retrieved April 6, 2009.  See also Franklin, Charles H. (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008.  for confirmation of trend line and historical interpretation.
  131. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 170–175
  132. ^ Smith, Sally Bedell (2007). For Love of Politics: Inside the Clinton White House. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 1400063248. 
  133. ^ Gergen, David (2000). Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership Nixon to Clinton. Simon & Schuster. p. 280. 
  134. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 400–402
  135. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 139–140.
  136. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 240, 380, 530. The Whitewater investigations were also a factor in her decline.
  137. ^ "A Detailed Timeline of the Healthcare Debate portrayed in 'The System'". Online NewsHour (PBS). May 1996. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/may96/background/health_debate_page3.html. Retrieved September 25, 2007. 
  138. ^ Carney, James (December 12, 1994). "The Once and Future Hillary". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981987-2,00.html. 
  139. ^ Burns 2008, p. 141.
  140. ^ Klein, Joe (December 4, 2005). "The Republican Who Thinks Big on Health Care". Time. http://www.time.com/time/columnist/klein/article/0,9565,1137628,00.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  141. ^ Jackson, Brooks (March 18, 2008). "Giving Hillary Credit for SCHIP". FactCheck.org. http://www.factcheck.org/elections-2008/giving_hillary_credit_for_schip.html. Retrieved March 19, 2008. 
  142. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 1, 1995). "Remarks by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at Medicare Mammography Awareness Campaign Kick-off". The White House. http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1995/5-1-95.html. Retrieved March 23, 2007. 
  143. ^ a b Sengupta, Somini (October 29, 2000). "Campaigns Soft-Pedal On Children and the Poor". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/29/nyregion/campaigns-soft-pedal-on-children-and-the-poor.html. Retrieved March 15, 2008. 
  144. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (October 23, 1997). Clinton, Hillary Rodham: Address to the White House Conference on Child Care. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/eb/art-75994. Retrieved September 25, 2007. 
  145. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (April 17, 1997). "Remarks by the President and the First Lady at White House Conference on Early Child Development and Learning". U.S. Department of Education. http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/04-1997/970417d.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  146. ^ "White House Conference on Children and Adolescents". American Psychological Association. April 26, 2000. http://www.apa.org/ppo/issues/pfirstlady.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. [dead link]
  147. ^ "White House convenes conference on teen-agers". CNN. May 2, 2000. Archived from the original on January 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070106133613/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/05/02/teen.summit/index.html. [dead link]
  148. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (October 27, 1999). "Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton/talking-it-over-1999-10-27.html. Retrieved September 25, 2007. 
  149. ^ a b Healy, Patrick (December 26, 2007). "The Résumé Factor: Those 8 Years as First Lady". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html. Retrieved December 28, 2007. 
  150. ^ "First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38. Retrieved October 18, 2007. 
  151. ^ Healy, Patrick (December 26, 2007). "The Résumé Factor: Those 2 Terms as First Lady". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/us/politics/26clinton.html. Retrieved January 14, 2009. 
  152. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, pp. 419–421
  153. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 149–151.
  154. ^ a b Klein, Joe (November 5, 2009). "The State of Hillary: A Mixed Record on the Job". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1934843,00.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
  155. ^ a b Tyler, Patrick (September 6, 1995). "Hillary Clinton, In China, Details Abuse of Women". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/06/world/hillary-clinton-in-china-details-abuse-of-women.html. 
  156. ^ a b c d e Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach (March 6, 2011). "The Hillary Doctrine". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/2011/03/06/the-hillary-doctrine.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011. 
  157. ^ Rashid, Ahmed (2002). Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1860648304.  pp. 70, 182.
  158. ^ "Feminist Majority Joins European Parliament's Call to End Gender Apartheid in Afghanistan". Feminist Majority. Spring 1998. Archived from the original on August 30, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070830042222/http://www.feminist.org/research/report/94_toc.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  159. ^ "Vital Voices – Our History". Vital Voices. 2000. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061231214756/http://www.vitalvoices.org/desktopdefault.aspx?page_id=8. Retrieved March 23, 2007. 
  160. ^ Dobbs, Michael (January 10, 2008). "Clinton and Northern Ireland". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/fact-checker/2008/01/clinton_and_northern_ireland.html. Retrieved January 14, 2009. 
  161. ^ Bennet, James. "News leaks prompt lawyer to seek sanctions against Starr's Office". The New York Times. 
  162. ^ Palermo, Joseph A. (March 28, 2008). "The Starr Report: How To Impeach A President (Repeat)". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joseph-a-palermo/the-starr-report-how-to-_b_71821.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05. 
  163. ^ a b c Gerth, Jeff (March 8, 1992). "Clintons Joined S.& L. Operator In an Ozark Real-Estate Venture". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/08/us/1992-campaign-personal-finances-clintons-joined-s-l-operator-ozark-real-estate.html. 
  164. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 72–73.
  165. ^ "Whitewater started as 'sweetheart' deal". CNN. May 6, 1996. http://www.cnn.com/US/9604/13/whitewater.background/index.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007. 
  166. ^ a b "Rose Law Firm Billing Records". Once Upon a Time in Arkansas (Frontline). October 7, 1997. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/arkansas/docs/recs.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  167. ^ a b c Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 158–160.
  168. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 441–442
  169. ^ a b "Statement by Independent Counsel on Conclusions in Whitewater Investigation". The New York Times. September 21, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/21/us/statement-by-independent-counsel-on-conclusions-in-whitewater-investigation.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007. 
  170. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 327–328
  171. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 439–444
  172. ^ Johnson, David (January 5, 1996). "Memo Places Hillary Clinton At Core of Travel Office Case". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/05/us/memo-places-hillary-clinton-at-core-of-travel-office-case.html. 
  173. ^ Hughes, Jane (June 23, 2000). "Hillary escapes 'Travelgate' charges". BBC News Online. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/802335.stm. Retrieved August 16, 2007. 
  174. ^ "Opening the Flood Gates?". Online NewsHour (PBS). June 18, 1996. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/whitewater/june96/senate_report_6-18.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  175. ^ Woodward, Bob (June 15, 1999). "A Prosecutor Bound by Duty". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/shadow061599.htm. 
  176. ^ a b "Independent counsel: No evidence to warrant prosecution against first lady in 'filegate'". CNN. July 28, 2000. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  177. ^ "'Filegate' Depositions Sought From White House Aides". CNN. April 1, 1998. http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/01/filegate/index.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  178. ^ Gerth, Jeff; and others (March 18, 1994). "Top Arkansas Lawyer Helped Hillary Clinton Turn Big Profit". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/18/us/top-arkansas-lawyer-helped-hillary-clinton-turn-big-profit.html. 
  179. ^ a b Rosett, Claudia (October 26, 2000). "Hillary's Bull Market". The Wall Street Journal. http://www.opinionjournal.com/columnists/cRosett/?id=65000476. Retrieved July 14, 2007. 
  180. ^ Troy 2006, pp. 176–177.
  181. ^ Troy 2006, p. 183.
  182. ^ Troy 2006, p. 187.
  183. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 517
  184. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 512, 518
  185. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 521
  186. ^ a b c Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 195.
  187. ^ Clinton 2003, p. 75
  188. ^ "Save America's Treasures – About Us". Save America's Treasures. http://www.saveamericastreasures.org/about.htm. Retrieved March 23, 2007. 
  189. ^ "Clinton toasts 2000 at White House VIP dinner". CNN. December 31, 1999. http://archives.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/31/clinton.kickoff.02/. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  190. ^ "Millennium Evenings". White House Millennium Council. http://clinton4.nara.gov/Initiatives/Millennium/evenings.html. Retrieved June 20, 2008. 
  191. ^ "Remarks By First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton at The Sculpture Garden Reception". The White House. January 5, 1996. http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/generalspeeches/1996/1-5-96.html. Retrieved March 23, 2007. 
  192. ^ Graff, Henry Franklin (2002). The Presidents: A Reference History. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684312263.  p. liii.
  193. ^ a b Lindsay, Rae (2001). The Presidents' First Ladies. R & R Writers/Agents. ISBN 0965375331.  pp. 248–249.
  194. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 530
  195. ^ Nagourney, Adam (September 3, 1999). "With Some Help, Clintons Purchase a White House". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/03/nyregion/with-some-help-clintons-purchase-a-white-house.html. 
  196. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 204.
  197. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 210.
  198. ^ a b "Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York". CNN. November 8, 2000. http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.ny/. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  199. ^ a b Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 212–213.
  200. ^ Levy, Clifford J (December 13, 2000). "Lazio Sets Spending Mark for a Losing Senate Bid". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/13/nyregion/lazio-sets-spending-mark-for-a-losing-senate-bid.html. Retrieved February 22, 2008. 
  201. ^ Chaddock, Gail Russell (March 10, 2003). "Clinton's quiet path to power". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0310/p01s01-uspo.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  202. ^ a b Bernstein 2007, p. 548
  203. ^ a b c "Senate Temporary Committee Chairs". University of Michigan Documents Center. May 24, 2001. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070707064827/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/congress/sncom012.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007. 
  204. ^ Gerth, Jeff; Van Natta Jr., Don (May 29, 2007). "Hillary's War". The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/magazine/03Hillary-t.html. Retrieved May 30, 2007. 
  205. ^ "Committees". Official Senate web site. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011195718/http://clinton.senate.gov/senate/committees/index.cfm. 
  206. ^ "About the Commission: Commissioners". Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. http://www.csce.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=AboutCommission.Commissioners&CFID=3874739&CFTOKEN=75235387. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  207. ^ "Senate, House appoint Helsinki commissioners". The Ukrainian Weekly. May 20, 2001. http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2001/200109.shtml. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  208. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 231–232.
  209. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 238–239.
  210. ^ "Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the USA Patriot Act Reauthorization Conference Report". Official Senate web site. December 16, 2005. Archived from the original on February 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080214165103/http://www.senate.gov/~clinton/news/statements/details.cfm?id=249895. 
  211. ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 109th Congress – 2nd Session ... On the Conference Report (H.R. 3199 Conference Report)". United States Senate. March 2, 2006. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=109&session=2&vote=00029. Retrieved April 24, 2008. 
  212. ^ Clinton, Hillary (November 24, 2001). "New Hope For Afghanistan's Women". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,185643,00.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  213. ^ "Clinton says insurgency is failing". USA Today. Associated Press. February 19, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-19-iraq-senators_x.htm. Retrieved August 29, 2006. 
  214. ^ Turner, Douglas (July 14, 2005). "Clinton wants increase in size of regular Army". The Buffalo News.  (no longer free)
  215. ^ Fitzgerald, Jim (November 21, 2005). "Hillary Clinton says immediate withdrawal from Iraq would be 'a big mistake'". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/iraq/20051121-1341-hillaryclinton-iraq.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  216. ^ Balz, Dan (December 12, 2005). "Hillary Clinton Crafts Centrist Stance on War". The Washington Post: p. A01. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/11/AR2005121100846.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  217. ^ Meadows, Susannah (December 12, 2005). "Hillary's Military Offensive". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/51434. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  218. ^ a b "Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton – Voting Record". Project Vote Smart. http://www.votesmart.org/voting_category.php?can_id=55463. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  219. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (May 28, 2008). "Stark Contrasts Between McCain and Obama in Judicial Wars". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/28/us/politics/28judges.html. Retrieved November 30, 2008. 
  220. ^ "Clinton wades into GTA sex storm". BBC News Online. July 14, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4682533.stm. Retrieved August 29, 2006. 
  221. ^ "Gay marriage ban defeated in Senate vote". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 7, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13181735/. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  222. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 267–269, 313, 401.
  223. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, pp. 267–269
  224. ^ Hirschkorn, Phil (December 21, 2005). "Sen. Clinton's GOP challenger quits race". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/12/21/ny.pirro/index.html. Retrieved August 22, 2006. 
  225. ^ "GOP Primary Turnout Was Lowest In More Than 30 Years". Newsday. September 17, 2006. 
  226. ^ "New York State Board of Elections, General Election Results" (PDF). New York State. December 14, 2006. http://www.elections.state.ny.us/NYSBOE/elections/2006/general/2006_ussen.pdf. Retrieved December 16, 2006. 
  227. ^ "Is America Ready?". Newsweek. December 25, 2006. http://www.newsweek.com/id/44273. Retrieved September 27, 2007. 
  228. ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Zeleny, Jeff (November 21, 2006). "Clinton Won Easily, but Bankroll Shows the Toll". The New York Times.  page A1.
  229. ^ "Record millions roll in for Clinton White House bid". CNN. April 1, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/01/clinton.money/index.html. Retrieved April 2, 2007. 
  230. ^ "Senate GOP foils debate on Iraq surge". Associated Press. CBS News. February 17, 2007. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/18/ap/politics/mainD8NBQ8H80.shtml. Retrieved April 27, 2008. [dead link]
  231. ^ "Bush Repeats Veto Threat on Spending Bill That Includes Iraq Withdrawal Timetable". Fox News. March 28, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,262042,00.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008. 
  232. ^ "House, Senate pass war funding bill". CNN. May 25, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/05/24/iraq.funding/index.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  233. ^ Lake, Eli (September 12, 2007). "Clinton Spars With Petraeus on Credibility". The New York Sun. http://www.nysun.com/national/clinton-spars-with-petraeus-on-credibility/62426/. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  234. ^ "Hillary Clinton Calls for Gonzales' Resignation". ABC News. March 13, 2007. http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2948538&page=1. Retrieved March 24, 2007. 
  235. ^ "On the Cloture Motion (Motion to Invoke Cloture on the Motion to Proceed to Consider S.1639)". U.S. Senate. June 26, 2007. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00228. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  236. ^ "Senate Passes Economic Rescue Package". NY1 News. October 1, 2008. http://www.ny1.com/content/features/86538/senate-passes-economic-rescue-package/Default.aspx. Retrieved October 2, 2008. 
  237. ^ Bernstein 2007, pp. 550–552
  238. ^ Gerth and Van Natta Jr. 2007, p. 5.
  239. ^ a b Middleton, Tim (September 4, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Midas touch at work". msnbc.com. http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/MutualFunds/HillaryClintonMidasTouchAtWork.aspx?page=1. Retrieved September 19, 2007. [dead link]
  240. ^ "Clintons' earnings exceed $100m". BBC News Online. April 5, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7331834.stm. Retrieved April 5, 2008. 
  241. ^ Langer, Gary; Craighill, Peyton M (January 21, 2007). "Clinton Leads '08 Dems; No Bounce for Obama". ABC News. http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/PollVault/story?id=2810376. Retrieved February 5, 2007. 
  242. ^ "Clinton outpaces Obama in fundraising for third quarter". CNN. October 2, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/10/02/campaign.cash/. Retrieved May 12, 2008. 
  243. ^ "Hillary Clinton Leaps Ahead In Latest Democratic Poll". Fox News. October 3, 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299146,00.html. Retrieved October 4, 2007. 
  244. ^ Kornblut, Anne E.; Balz, Dan (November 1, 2007). "Clinton Regroups As Rivals Pounce". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/31/AR2007103103093.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007. 
  245. ^ Tapper, Jake (October 31, 2007). "Hillary Gets Poor Grades at Drexel Debate". ABC News. http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalpunch/2007/10/hillary-gets-po.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007. 
  246. ^ Simon, Roger (October 31, 2007). "Obama, Edwards attack; Clinton bombs debate". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1007/6634.html. Retrieved November 2, 2007. 
  247. ^ a b c Tumulty, Karen (May 8, 2008). "The Five Mistakes Clinton Made". Time. http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1738331,00.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  248. ^ "Clinton shouldn't worry just about IA". msnbc.com. December 9, 2007. http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/09/506446.aspx. Retrieved December 10, 2007. 
  249. ^ "Iowa Democratic Party Caucus Results". Iowa Democratic Party. http://www.iowacaucusresults.com/. Retrieved January 23, 2008. 
  250. ^ Meyer, Dick (January 8, 2008). "Analysis: Mrs. Comeback Kid & Obama's Wave". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/08/politics/main3689550.shtml. Retrieved January 8, 2008. 
  251. ^ "New Hampshire Democratic Primary". RealClearPolitics. January 8, 2008. http://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2008/president/nh/new_hampshire_democratic_primary-194.html. Retrieved January 9, 2008. 
  252. ^ a b "Clinton's stunning victory". Chicago Tribune. January 8, 2008. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-070108dems,0,7354989.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed. Retrieved January 8, 2008. 
  253. ^ Decker, Cathleen; Barabak, Mark Z (January 10, 2008). "Clinton had voters' sympathy – and a message they liked". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2008/01/10/news/na-newhamp10. Retrieved January 14, 2008. 
  254. ^ a b Ververs, Vaughn (January 26, 2008). "Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/26/politics/main3755521.shtml. Retrieved January 28, 2008. 
  255. ^ Hulse, Carl; Healy, Patrick (January 11, 2008). "Bill Clinton Tries to Tamp Down 'Fairy-Tale' Remark About Obama". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/01/11/bill-clinton-tries-to-tamp-down-fairy-tale-remark-about-obama/. Retrieved January 28, 2008. 
  256. ^ Luce, Edward (January 17, 2008). "'Truce' has little impact on black vote". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e706e626-c49e-11dc-a474-0000779fd2ac.html. Retrieved January 18, 2008. 
  257. ^ "Obama claims big win in South Carolina". CNN. January 26, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/01/26/sc.primary/index.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 
  258. ^ Crowley, Candy (January 28, 2008). "Clinton campaign advisers: Bill Clinton 'needs to stop'". CNN. Archived from the original on January 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080130201618/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/28/clinton-campaign-advisers-bill-clinton-needs-to-stop/#more-4808. Retrieved January 28, 2008. 
  259. ^ "Results: February 5 – Super Tuesday". CNN. February 25, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/dates/index.html#val=20080205. Retrieved March 15, 2008. 
  260. ^ Tumulty, Karen (February 6, 2008). "Super Tuesday: The Most Interesting Number of All". Time. http://www.time-blog.com/swampland/2008/02/super_tuesday_the_most_interes.html. Retrieved February 7, 2008. 
  261. ^ a b c Sizemore, Justin M. (June 5, 2008). "How Obama Did It". Center for Politics at the University of Virginia. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607220913/http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/article.php?id=JMS2008060501. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  262. ^ a b c d e Baker, Peter and Rutenberg, Jim (June 8, 2008). "The Long Road to a Clinton Exit". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/politics/08recon.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  263. ^ Green, Joshua (September 2008). "The Front-Runner's Fall". The Atlantic Monthly. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200809/hillary-clinton-campaign. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  264. ^ Weisman, Jonathan (March 20, 2008). "Obama Campaign Harshly Critical of Clinton's NAFTA Role". The Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/44/2008/03/20/obama_campaign_harshly_critica.html. 
  265. ^ Calmes, Jackie (June 4, 2008). "Clinton's Road to Second Place". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB121252558317842545.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  266. ^ Phillips, Matt (March 18, 2008). "Pennsylvania Pitch: Can Obama Connect With Lower-Income Whites?". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/03/18/pennsylvania-pitch-can-obama-connect-with-lower-income-whites/. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  267. ^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (April 22, 2008). "In Clinton vs. Obama, Age Is a Great Predictor". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/us/politics/22age.html. Retrieved April 22, 2008. 
  268. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (March 16, 2008). "For Democrats, Increased Fears of a Long Fight". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/us/politics/16delegates.html. Retrieved March 17, 2008. 
  269. ^ Strange, Hannah (March 25, 2008). "Hillary Clinton backtracks over 'misleading' Bosnia sniper story". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/us_elections/article3617816.ece. Retrieved March 27, 2008. 
  270. ^ a b c Kornblut, Anne E. and Balz, Dan (June 5, 2008). "'She Could Accept Losing. She Could Not Accept Quitting.'". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/04/AR2008060404312_pf.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  271. ^ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee". CNN. June 3, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/06/03/election.democrats/index.html. Retrieved June 3, 2008. 
  272. ^ "Clinton ends historic bid, endorses Obama". Associated Press. msnbc.com. June 7, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24993082/. Retrieved June 7, 2008. 
  273. ^ a b "Election Center 2008: Delegate Scorecard". CNN. June 4, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/primaries/results/scorecard/#D. Retrieved July 6, 2008. 
  274. ^ Kleefeld, Eric (June 4, 2008). "The Final Math". Talking Points Memo. http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2008/06/election_stats.php. Retrieved July 6, 2008. 
  275. ^ Cillizza, Chris (June 1, 2008). "Clinton Puts Up Popular Vote Ad". The Washington Post. http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thefix/2008/06/clinton_puts_up_popular_vote_a.html. Retrieved July 8, 2008. 
  276. ^ Nichols, John (June 7, 2008). "Hillary Clinton Versus Shirley Chisholm". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/blogs/thebeat/327528/hillary_clinton_versus_shirley_chisholm. Retrieved July 8, 2008.  In 1972, Chisholm won 152 delegates and one no-delegates "beauty contest" primary.
  277. ^ Bumiller, Elisabeth (November 22, 2008). "Clinton-Obama Détente: From Top Rival to Top Aide". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/us/politics/23hillary.html. Retrieved November 29, 2008. 
  278. ^ Falcone, Michael (December 22, 2008). "Clinton Is Out $13 Million She Lent Campaign". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/us/politics/23clintons.html. Retrieved December 23, 2008. 
  279. ^ Holland, Steve (November 15, 2008). "Obama, Clinton discussed secretary of state job". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/articlePrint?articleId=USTRE4AD04820081114. Retrieved November 18, 2008. 
  280. ^ "Obama Set On Key Cabinet Nominees". NPR. November 21, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97327730. Retrieved November 21, 2008. 
  281. ^ a b "Obama Confirms Hillary In Top Job". Sky News. December 1, 2008. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Barack-Obama-Makes-Hillary-Clinton-Secretary-Of-State-And-Unveils-Defence-Team/Article/200812115168344?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_3&lid=ARTICLE_15168344_Barack_Obama_Makes_Hillary_Clinton_Secretary_Of_State_And_Unveils_Defence_Team. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  282. ^ Baker, Peter (November 29, 2008). "Bill Clinton to Name Donors as Part of Obama Deal". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/30/washington/30clinton.html. Retrieved December 1, 2008. 
  283. ^ Falcone, Michael (December 19, 2008). "Bush Approves Bill Reducing Secretary of State's Pay". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/19/bush-approves-bill-reducing-secretary-of-states-pay/. Retrieved December 19, 2008. 
  284. ^ "Senate panel backs Clinton as secretary of state". Associated press. msnbc.com. January 15, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28624112/. Retrieved November 27, 2010. 
  285. ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 13, 2009). "As Senate Hearings Begin, Hillary Clinton's Image Soars". The Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/113740/Senate-Hearings-Begin-Hillary-Clintons-Image-Soars.aspx. Retrieved January 16, 2009. 
  286. ^ Phillips, Kate (January 21, 2009). "Senate Confirms Clinton as Secretary of State". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/senate-debates-clinton-confirmation/. Retrieved May 10, 2009. 
  287. ^ Tumulty, Brian (January 21, 2009). "Clinton sworn in at State Dept. and then resigns Senate". The Journal News. http://polhudson.lohudblogs.com/2009/01/21/clinton-has-resigned-the-senate-sworn-in-at-state-dept/. Retrieved January 22, 2009. 
  288. ^ Rudin, Ken (December 1, 2008). "Obama Brings Hillary to Cabinet, GOP to Ariz. State House". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2008/12/obama_brings_hillary_to_cabine.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  289. ^ Richter, Paul (January 28, 2009). "World breathes sigh of relief, Hillary Clinton says". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/asection/la-fg-clinton28-2009jan28,0,5875432.story. Retrieved January 30, 2009. [dead link]
  290. ^ a b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (December 22, 2008). "Clinton Moves to Widen Role of State Dept.". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/us/politics/23diplo.html. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
  291. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham (May 20, 2009). "FY 2010 Budget for the Department of State". U.S. Department of State. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/05/123679.htm. Retrieved November 8, 2009. 
  292. ^ a b Dilanian, Ken (June 11, 2009). "In a supporting role, Clinton takes a low-key approach at State Dept.". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090611/1aclinton11_cv.art.htm. Retrieved November 7, 2009. 
  293. ^ Landler, Mark (July 15, 2009). "For Clinton, '09 Campaign Is for Her Turf". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/16/us/politics/16clinton.html. Retrieved August 6, 2009. 
  294. ^ Wolfson, Charles (July 17, 2009). "Hillary Clinton's 6-Month Checkup". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/07/17/opinion/diplomatic/main5169849.shtml. Retrieved November 8, 2009. 
  295. ^ LaFranchi, Howard (December 15, 2010). "Hillary Clinton's vision for foreign policy on a tight budget". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/1215/Hillary-Clinton-s-vision-for-foreign-policy-on-a-tight-budget. Retrieved January 15, 2011. 
  296. ^ a b "Clinton unveils US food security initiative". Agence France-Presse. September 25, 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jvW_Cw0mHaP8QNmbccjJk62ZCT3Q. Retrieved November 9, 2009. 
  297. ^ Lee, Matthew (October 10, 2009). "Turkey, Armenia Sign Historic Accord". Time. Associated Press. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1929584,00.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009. 
  298. ^ Landler, Mark (September 4, 2010). "In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/05/world/middleeast/05clinton.html. 
  299. ^ Richter, Paul; Pierson, David (January 23, 2010). "Sino-U.S. ties hit new snag over Internet issues". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-google-china23-2010jan23,0,3919601.story. 
  300. ^ Landler, Mark; Wong, Edward (January 22, 2010). "China Rebuffs Clinton on Internet Warning". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/23/world/asia/23china.html. 
  301. ^ a b Landler, Mark; Cooper, Helene (March 19, 2010). "From Bitter Campaign to Strong Alliance". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/19/us/politics/19policy.html. 
  302. ^ Noveck, Jocelyn (July 24, 2010). "New role for Clintons: parents of the bride". Chicago Sun-Times. http://www.suntimes.com/news/nation/2530514,CST-NWS-clinton25.article. 
  303. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth (November 30, 2010). "Clinton treads carefully in leading massive damage-control campaign". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/29/AR2010112906258.html. 
  304. ^ Dougherty, Jill; Labott, Elise (December 16, 2010). "WikiLeaks stirs anarchy online". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/12/15/sweep.wikileaks/index.html. 
  305. ^ Booth, Roger; Borger, Julian (November 28, 2010). "US diplomats spied on UN leadership". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/28/us-embassy-cables-spying-un. 
  306. ^ MacAskill, Ewen; Booth, Robert (December 2, 2010). "CIA drew up UN spying wishlist for diplomats". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/02/wikileaks-cables-cia-united-nations. 
  307. ^ Tandon, Shaun (December 2, 2010). "Arrest Warrant for WikiLeaks Chief as Chaos Spreads". The China Post. Agence France-Presse. http://www.chinapost.com.tw/international/americas/2010/12/02/282146/Arrest-warrant.htm. 
  308. ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (February 2, 2011). "Hillary Clinton plays key role in dance with Hosni Mubarak". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/48658.html. Retrieved February 5, 2011. 
  309. ^ "Factbox – Evolution of U.S. stance on Egypt". Reuters. February 2, 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFN0219913120110202?sp=true. Retrieved February 4, 2011. 
  310. ^ "Hillary urges probe into new Cairo violence". The Nation. February 4, 2011. http://nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/International/04-Feb-2011/Hillary-urges-probe-into-new-Cairo-violence. 
  311. ^ a b Cooper, Helene; Myers, Steven Lee (March 18, 2011). "Obama Takes Hard Line With Libya After Shift by Clinton". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/19/world/africa/19policy.html. Retrieved March 20, 2011. 
  312. ^ a b Thrush, Glenn (March 17, 2011). "Day after saying no second term, a big win for Hillary Clinton". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0311/51515.html. Retrieved March 17, 2011. 
  313. ^ a b c d e Calabresi, Massimo (November 7, 2011). "Hillary Clinton and the Rise of Smart Power". Time: pp. 26–31. 
  314. ^ Ambinder, Marc; Cooper, Matthew (May 4, 2011). "Why Obama Nixed the Photo Release". National Journal. http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/why-obama-nixed-the-photo-release-20110504. 
  315. ^ "Hillary Clinton declares 'gay rights are human rights'". BBC News Online. December 7, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-16062937. 
  316. ^ Burke, Jason (November 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton begins Burma visit". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/nov/30/hillary-clinton-burma-visit-reform-hopes. 
  317. ^ Barr, Andy (October 14, 2009). "Hillary Clinton: I'd have hired Barack Obama". Politico. http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1009/28278.html. Retrieved October 14, 2009. 
  318. ^ "Clinton says no to second term". CNN. March 16, 2011. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2011/03/16/clinton-running-for-president/. Retrieved March 17, 2011. 
  319. ^ "Poll: Mixed messages for Hillary Clinton". CNN. May 26, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/05/26/hillary.clinton/index.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007. 
  320. ^ Curry, Tom (July 14, 2005). "Clinton burnishes hawkish image". msnbc.com. http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8573139/. Retrieved August 23, 2006. 
  321. ^ Friel, Brian; Cohen, Richard E.; Victor, Kirk (January 31, 2008). "Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007". National Journal. http://nj.nationaljournal.com/voteratings/. Retrieved April 25, 2008. 
  322. ^ Clinton, Joshua D.; Jackman, Simon; Rivers, Doug (October 2004). ""The Most Liberal Senator"? Analyzing and Interpreting Congressional Roll Calls" (PDF). Political Science & Politics: 805–811. http://www.apsanet.org/imgtest/TheMostLiberalSenator-Clinton.pdf. 
  323. ^ "Voting Records". Americans for Democratic Action. http://www.adaction.org/pages/publications/voting-records.php. Retrieved March 21, 2009.  Average consists of a 95 in 2001 through 2004 and 2006, a 100 in 2005, a 75 in 2007, and a 70 in 2008 (the decline in the final two years was due to missed votes while campaigning for president).
  324. ^ "2008 U.S. Senate Votes". American Conservative Union. http://www.acuratings.org/2008senate.htm. Retrieved March 21, 2009. [dead link] Lifetime rating is given.[dead link]
  325. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton – Talking It Over". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/hillary-clinton.html. Retrieved August 24, 2007. 
  326. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 446
  327. ^ Apuzzo, Matt (November 16, 2005). "Read a Book, Buy a Goat". The Day. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rHIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2745,3345580. 
  328. ^ Bernstein 2007, p. 544
  329. ^ Donahue, Deirdre (June 17, 2003). "Clinton memoir tops Best-Selling Books list". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-06-17-hillary-list_x.htm. Retrieved January 11, 2008. 
  330. ^ "Clinton's Book Sales Top 1 Million". Associated Press. July 9, 2003. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-75361570.html. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  331. ^ "Hillary Rodham Clinton". William J. Clinton Presidential Center. http://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/the-administration/hillary-rodham-clinton. Retrieved May 9, 2009. 
  332. ^ "Gorbachev and Clinton win Grammy". BBC News Online. February 9, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3472495.stm. Retrieved January 10, 2008. 
  333. ^ a b Purdum, Todd S (July 24, 1995). "The First Lady's Newest Role: Newspaper Columnist". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/07/24/us/the-first-lady-s-newest-role-newspaper-columnist.html. 
  334. ^ a b Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (1995). "Hillary Clinton as Rorschach Test". Beyond the Double Bind: Women and Leadership. Oxford University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 0195089405. 
  335. ^ Dowd, Maureen (May 18, 1992). "Hillary Clinton as Aspiring First Lady: Role Model, or a 'Hall Monitor' Type?". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/18/us/1992-campaign-candidate-s-wife-hillary-clinton-aspiring-first-lady-role-model.html. 
  336. ^ Sullivan, Amy (July/August 2005). "Hillary in 2008?". Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2005/0507.sullivan1.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007. 
  337. ^ Daniel Schorr (July 16, 2006). Hillary Clinton's Polarizing Force as a Candidate (audio). National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5560786. Retrieved February 5, 2007. 
  338. ^ Cox, Ana Marie (August 19, 2006). "How Americans View Hillary: Popular but Polarizing". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1229053,00.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007. 
  339. ^ a b Davis, Lanny (October 10, 2007). "Hillary Clinton: Not Polarizing and Highly Electable". The Hill. http://pundits.thehill.com/2007/10/10/hillary-clinton-not-polarizing-and-highly-electable/. Retrieved March 3, 2008. 
  340. ^ Estrich, Susan (2005). The Case for Hillary Clinton. HarperCollins. ISBN 0060839880.  pp. 66–68.
  341. ^ Sulfaro, Valerie A. (September 2007). "Affective evaluations of first ladies: a comparison of Hillary Clinton and Laura Bush" (Fee or registration required). Presidential Studies Quarterly 37 (3): 486–514. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2007.02608.x. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-33219066_ITM. 
  342. ^ a b Jacobson, Gary (August 2006) (Proceedings). Partisan Differences in Job Approval Ratings of George W. Bush and U.S. Senators in the States: An Exploration. Annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. 
  343. ^ a b c Burrell, Barbara (October 2000). "Hillary Rodham Clinton as first lady: the people's perspective". The Social Science Journal 37 (4): 529–546. doi:10.1016/S0362-3319(00)00094-X. 
  344. ^ a b Franklin, Charles H (January 21, 2007). "Hillary Clinton, Favorable/Unfavorable, 1993–2007". Political Arithmetik. http://politicalarithmetik.blogspot.com/2007/01/hillary-clinton-favorableunfavorable.html. Retrieved January 26, 2008. 
  345. ^ Troy 2006, p. 60.
  346. ^ a b Troy 2006, p. 4.
  347. ^ a b Anderson, Karrin Vasby (2003). "The First Lady: A Site of 'American Womanhood'". In Molly Meijer Wertheimer. Inventing a Voice: The Rhetoric of American First Ladies of the Twentieth Century. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. ISBN 0742529711. 
  348. ^ Burns 2008, pp. 135–136, 140–141.
  349. ^ Templin, Charlotte (1999). "Hillary Clinton as Threat to Gender Norms: Cartoon Images of the First Lady". Journal of Communication Inquiry 23 (1): 20–36. doi:10.1177/0196859999023001002. 
  350. ^ a b c Smith, Ben (March 12, 2006). "Da Hillary Code". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/38532. Retrieved October 3, 2007. 
  351. ^ Levy, Clifford J (October 27, 2000). "Clinton Rivals Raise Little Besides Rage". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/27/nyregion/clinton-rivals-raise-little-besides-rage.html. Retrieved September 29, 2007. 
  352. ^ a b Van Natta Jr., Don (July 10, 1999). "Hillary Clinton's Campaign Spurs A Wave of G.O.P. Fund-Raising". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/10/us/hillary-clinton-s-campaign-spurs-a-wave-of-gop-fund-raising.html. 
  353. ^ "The Presidential Ambitions of Hillary Clinton". Time. August 26, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060828,00.html. Retrieved September 27, 2007. 
  354. ^ Hitt, Jack (January/February 2007). "Harpy, Hero, Heretic: Hillary". Mother Jones. http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/01/harpy_hero_heretic_hillary.html. Retrieved October 7, 2007. 
  355. ^ Brooks, David (September 25, 2007). "The Center Holds". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/25/opinion/25brooks.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007. 
  356. ^ Bartlett, Bruce (May 1, 2007). "Get Ready for Hillary". Creators Syndicate. http://www.creators.com/opinion/bruce-bartlett/conservatives-for-hillary.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007. 
  357. ^ Kirkpatrick, David D. (February 19, 2007). "As Clinton Runs, Some Old Foes Stay on Sideline". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/19/us/politics/19clinton.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007. 
  358. ^ "Contents: October 22, 2007 Issue". The American Conservative. October 22, 2007. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071026051323/http://www.amconmag.com/2007/2007_10_22/index1.html. Retrieved October 29, 2007. 
  359. ^ a b c "Transcript: December 7, 2007". Bill Moyers Journal (PBS). December 7, 2007. http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/12072007/transcript1.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007. 
  360. ^ Kurtz, Howard (October 3, 2007). "Hillary Chuckles; Pundits Snort". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/02/AR2007100201940.html. Retrieved December 10, 2007. 
  361. ^ Anderson, Karrin Vasby (1999). "'Rhymes with rich': 'Bitch' as a tool of containment in contemporary American politics". Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2 (4): 599–623. doi:10.1353/rap.2010.0082. 
  362. ^ Falk, Erika (2007). Women for President: Media Bias in Eight Campaigns. University of Illinois Press. pp. 161–163. ISBN 0-252-07511-0. 
  363. ^ Kantor, Jodi (January 10, 2008). "Women's Support for Clinton Rises in Wake of Perceived Sexism". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/10/us/politics/10women.html. Retrieved January 13, 2008. 
  364. ^ a b Meacham, Jon (January 21, 2008). "Letting Hillary Be Hillary". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/91795. Retrieved March 16, 2008. 
  365. ^ a b Torregrossa, Luisita Lopez (October 12, 2010). "Hillary Clinton Leads the Pack in Bloomberg Popularity Poll". Politics Daily. http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/10/12/hillary-clinton-leads-the-pack-in-bloomberg-popularity-poll/. 
  366. ^ Saad, Lydia (March 30, 2011). "Hillary Clinton Favorable Near Her All-Time High". Gallup Organization. http://www.gallup.com/poll/146891/Hillary-Clinton-Favorable-Near-Time-High.aspx. Retrieved April 3, 2011. 
  367. ^ Silver, Nate (November 17, 2010). "Is Pelosi America's Most Unpopular Politician?". The New York Times. http://fivethirtyeight.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/17/is-pelosi-americas-most-unpopular-politician/. 
  368. ^ Bailey, Holly (September 16, 2011). "Poll: A third of Americans believe Clinton would've been a better president". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/poll-third-americans-believe-clinton-ve-better-president-152358495.html. 
  369. ^ "Gallup: Obama, Hillary Clinton are most admired, again and again". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 2011. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/nationnow/2011/12/gallup-poll-obama-and-hillary-clinton-top-most-admired-list-again.html. 

Bibliography[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton



David Letterman

Letterman performing on his show in June 2011.
Pseudonym Earl Hofert
Born (1947-04-12) April 12, 1947 (age 65)
Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.[1]
Medium Stand-up, talk show
Nationality American
Years active 1974–present
Genres Observational comedy, surreal humor, deadpan
Subject(s) Self-deprecation, everyday life
Influences Steve Allen,[citation needed] Johnny Carson,[2] Jack Paar,[citation needed] Paul Dixon[3]
Influenced Jimmy Kimmel, Jim Gaffigan, Jon Stewart, Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Fallon
Spouse Michelle Cook (1969–1977)
Regina Lasko (2009–present)
Domestic partner(s) Regina Lasko (1986–2009)
Notable works and roles Host of Late Night with David Letterman (NBC)
Host of Late Show with David Letterman (CBS)
Signature David Letterman Autograph.svg
Website CBS.com/latenight/lateshow
Emmy Awards
Outstanding Host or Hostess in a Variety Series
1981 The David Letterman Show
Outstanding Individual Achievement — Writers
1981 The David Letterman Show
Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program
1984 Late Night with David Letterman
1985 Late Night with David Letterman
1986 Late Night with David Letterman
1987 Late Night with David Letterman
Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series
1994 Late Show with David Letterman
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Male Performer in a TV Special (Leading or Supporting) Network, Cable or Syndication
1989 Late Night with David Letterman
1995 Late Show with David Letterman: Video Special
Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (Leading Role) Network, Cable or Syndication
1994 Late Show with David Letterman
2001 Late Show with David Letterman

David Michael Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host and comedian.[1] He hosts the late night television talk show, Late Show with David Letterman, broadcast on CBS. Letterman has been a fixture on late night television since the 1982 debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC. Letterman recently surpassed friend and mentor Johnny Carson for having the longest late-night hosting career in the United States.[4]

Letterman is also a television and film producer. His company Worldwide Pants produces his show as well as its network follow-up The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Worldwide Pants has also produced several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond, currently in syndication.

In 1996, David Letterman was ranked #45 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.[5]

Contents

Early life and career[link]

Letterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father, Harry Joseph Letterman (April 1915 – February 1973),[6] was a florist of British descent; his mother Dorothy Letterman (née Hofert, now Dorothy Mengering), a Presbyterian church secretary of German descent, is an occasional figure on the show, usually at holidays and birthdays.

Letterman lived on the north side of Indianapolis (Broad Ripple area), not far from Speedway, IN, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and he enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers.[7] In 2000, he told an interviewer for Esquire that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at age 36, when David was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up.[8] The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack[9] at age 57.

Letterman attended his hometown's Broad Ripple High School at the same time as Marilyn Tucker Quayle (wife of the former Vice President) and worked as a stock boy at the local Atlas supermarket.[10] According to the Ball State Daily News, he originally had wanted to attend Indiana University, but his grades weren't good enough, so he decided to attend Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana.[11] He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity, and he graduated from what was then the Department of Radio and Television, in 1969. A self-described average student, Letterman endowed a scholarship for what he called "C students" at Ball State.[12]

Though he registered for the draft and passed his physical after graduating from college, he was not drafted for service in Vietnam due to receiving a draft lottery number of 352 (out of 365).[13]

Letterman began his broadcasting career as an announcer and newscaster at the college's student-run radio stationWBST—a 10-watt campus station which now is part of Indiana Public Radio.[14] He was fired for treating classical music with irreverence.[14]

Letterman then became involved with the founding of another campus station—WAGO-AM 570 (now WWHI, 91.3).[15]

Letterman credits Paul Dixon—host of the Paul Dixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while Letterman was growing up—for inspiring his choice of career:[3]

"I was just out of college [in 1969], and I really didn't know what I wanted to do. And then all of a sudden I saw him doing it [on TV]. And I thought: That's really what I want to do!"

Weatherman[link]

Letterman began his career as a radio talk show host on WNTS (AM), and on Indianapolis television station WLWI (now called WTHR) as a local anchor and weatherman. He received some attention for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a hurricane and predicting hail stones "the size of canned hams."[16] He would also occasionally report the weather and the day's very high and low temps for fictitious cities ("Eight inches of snow in Bingree and surrounding areas.") while on another occasion saying that a state border had been erased.[17] ("From space you can see the border between Indiana and Ohio has been erased. I'm not in favor of this.") He also starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late night TV show called "Freeze-Dried Movies" (he once acted out a scene from "Godzilla" using plastic dinosaurs),[18] and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday mornings called "Clover Power,"[19] in which he interviewed 4-H members about their projects.[20]

In 1971, Letterman appeared as a pit road reporter for ABC Sports' tape-delayed coverage of the Indianapolis 500.[21] David is initially introduced as Chris Economaki in his job as a corner reporter. He interviews Mario Andretti who has just crashed out of the race and asks him a question about traffic on the course.

Move to Los Angeles[link]

In 1975, encouraged by his then-wife Michelle and several of his Sigma Chi fraternity brothers, Letterman moved to Los Angeles, California, with hope of becoming a comedy writer.[22] He started off by writing material for comedian Jimmie Walker.[23] He also began performing stand-up comedy at The Comedy Store, a proving ground for unknown comics.

In the summer of 1977, Letterman was a writer and regular on the six-week summer series The Starland Vocal Band Show, broadcast on CBS.[24] He hosted a 1977 pilot for a game show entitled The Riddlers[25][26] that was never picked up and co-starred in the Barry Levinson-produced comedy special Peeping Times that aired in January 1978. Later that year, Letterman was a cast member on Mary Tyler Moore's variety show, Mary.[27] Letterman made a guest appearance on Mork & Mindy (as a parody of EST leader Werner Erhard[28]) and appearances on game shows such as The $20,000 Pyramid,[29] The Gong Show, Password Plus[30] and Liar's Club, as well as talk shows such as The Mike Douglas Show.[31] He was also screen tested for the lead role in the 1980 film Airplane!, a role that eventually went to Robert Hays.[32]

His dry, sarcastic humor caught the attention of scouts for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and Letterman was soon a regular guest on the show. Letterman became a favorite of Carson's and was a regular guest host for the show beginning in 1978. Letterman credits Carson as the person who influenced his career the most.[2]

NBC[link]

Letterman at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1986

Morning show[link]

On June 23, 1980, Letterman was given his own morning comedy show on NBC, The David Letterman Show. It was originally 90 minutes long, but was shortened to 60 minutes in August 1980.[33] The show was a critical success, winning two Emmy Awards, but was a ratings disappointment and was canceled in October 1980.

[edit] Late Night with David Letterman

NBC kept Letterman under contract to try him in a different time slot. Late Night with David Letterman debuted February 1, 1982; the first guest on the first show was Bill Murray.[34] Murray also guested on January 31, 2012 – 30 years later. The show ran Monday through Thursday at 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time, immediately following The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (a Friday night broadcast was added in June 1987. It was seen as being edgy and unpredictable, and soon developed a cult following (particularly among college students). Letterman's reputation as an acerbic interviewer was borne out in verbal sparring matches with Cher[35] (who even called him an asshole on the show), Shirley MacLaine,[36] Charles Grodin, and Madonna. The show also featured comedy segments and running characters, in a style heavily influenced by the 1950s and '60s programs of Steve Allen.[37] Although Ernie Kovacs is often cited as an influence on the show,[38] Letterman has denied this.[2]

The show often featured quirky, genre-mocking regular features, including "Stupid Pet Tricks[39]", dropping various objects off the roof of a five-story building,[40] demonstrations of unorthodox clothing (such as suits made of Alka-Seltzer,[41] Velcro[42] and suet), a recurring Top 10 list, the Monkey-Cam[43] (and the Audience Cam), and a facetious letter-answering segment.[44] The Top 10 list, several "Film[s] by My Dog Bob" in which a camera was mounted on Letterman's own dog[45] (often with comic results), Stupid Human Tricks,[46] Small Town News,[47] and Stupid Pet Tricks[48] (which had its origins on Letterman's morning show) all eventually moved with Letterman to CBS.

Other memorable moments included Letterman using a bullhorn to interrupt a live interview on The Today Show, announcing that he was the NBC president while not wearing any pants; interrupting Al Roker on WNBC-TV's broadcast of Live at Five by walking into their studio (which occupied the same floor of 30 Rockefeller Plaza as Letterman's studio); and staging "elevator races", complete with commentary by NBC Sports' Bob Costas. In one infamous appearance, in 1982, Andy Kaufman (who was already wearing a neck brace) appeared to be slapped and knocked to the ground by professional wrestler Jerry Lawler (though Lawler and Kaufman's friend Bob Zmuda later revealed that the event was staged.)[49] In another memorable exchange, sex expert Dr. Ruth Westheimer included cucumbers in a list of handy sex objects that women could find at home. The following night, guest Ted Koppel asked Letterman "May I insert something here?" and Dave responded "OK, as long as it's not a cucumber."[citation needed]

[edit] Late Show with David Letterman

In 1992, Johnny Carson retired, and many fans believed that Letterman would become host of The Tonight Show. When NBC instead gave the job to Jay Leno, Letterman departed NBC to host his own late-night show on CBS, opposite The Tonight Show at 11:30 p.m., called the Late Show with David Letterman. The new show debuted on August 30, 1993 and was taped at the historic Ed Sullivan Theater, where Ed Sullivan taped his eponymous variety series from 1948 to 1971. For Letterman's arrival, CBS spent $8 million in renovations.[50] In addition to that cost, CBS also signed Letterman to a lucrative three-year, $14 million/year contract,[51] doubling his Late Night salary. The total cost for everything (renovations, negotiation right paid to NBC, signing Letterman, announcer Bill Wendell, Shaffer, the writers and the band) was over $140 million.

But while the expectation was that Letterman would retain his unique style and sense of humor with the move, Late Show was not an exact replica of his old NBC program. Recognizing the more formal mood (and wider audience) of his new time slot and studio, Letterman eschewed his trademark blazer with khaki pants and white sneakers wardrobe combination in favor of expensive shoes, tailored suits and light-colored socks. The monologue was lengthened and Paul Shaffer and the "World's Most Dangerous Band" followed Letterman to CBS, but they added a brass section and were rebranded the "CBS Orchestra" as a short monologue and a small band were mandated by Carson while Letterman occupied the 12:30 slot. Additionally, because of intellectual property disagreements, Letterman was unable to import many of his Late Night segments verbatim,[52] but he sidestepped this problem by simply renaming them (the "Top Ten List" became the "Late Show Top Ten", "Viewer Mail" became the "CBS Mailbag", etc.)

Popularity[link]

The main competitor of The Late Show is NBC's The Tonight Show, which was hosted by Jay Leno for nearly 16 years, but from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, was hosted by Conan O'Brien. In 1993 and 1994, The Late Show consistently gained higher ratings than Tonight. But in 1995, ratings dipped and Leno's show consistently beat Letterman's in the ratings from the time that Hugh Grant came on Leno's show after Grant's arrest for soliciting a prostitute.;[53] Leno typically attracted about 5 million nightly viewers between 1999 and 2009. The Late Show lost nearly half its audience during its competition with Leno, attracting 7.1 million viewers nightly in its 1993–94 season and about 3.8 million per night as of Leno's departure in 2009.[54] In the final months of his first stint as host of The Tonight Show, Leno beat Letterman in the ratings by a 1.3 million viewer margin (5.2 million to 3.9 million), and Nightline and The Late Show were virtually tied.[55] Once O'Brien took over Tonight, however, Letterman closed the gap in the ratings.[56][57][58] O'Brien initially drove the median age of Tonight Show viewers from 55 to 45, with most older viewers opting to watch The Late Show instead.[59]

Following Leno's return to The Tonight Show, however, Leno has regained his lead.[60]

Letterman's shows have garnered both critical and industry praise, receiving 67 Emmy Award nominations, winning 12 times in his first 20 years in late night television. From 1993–2009, Letterman ranked higher than Leno in the annual Harris Poll of Nation's Favorite TV Personality 12 times.[61] For example, in 2003 and 2004 Letterman ranked second in that poll, behind only Oprah Winfrey, a year that Leno was ranked fifth.[62] Leno was higher than Letterman on that poll three times during the same period, in 1998, 2007, and 2008.[61]

Hosting the Academy Awards[link]

On March 27, 1995, Letterman acted as the host for the 67th Academy Awards ceremony. Critics blasted[63] Letterman for what they deemed a poor hosting of the Oscars, noting that his irreverent style undermined the traditional importance and glamor of the event[citation needed]. In a joke about their unusual names (inspired by a similar joke by Woody Allen), he started off by introducing Uma Thurman to Oprah Winfrey, and then both of them to Keanu Reeves: "Oprah...Uma. Uma...Oprah," "Have you kids met Keanu?"[64] This and many of his other jokes fell flat[citation needed]. Although Letterman attracted the highest ratings to the annual telecast since 1983, many felt that the bad publicity garnered by Letterman's hosting caused a decline in the Late Show's ratings.[65]

Letterman recycled the apparent debacle into a long-running gag. On his first show after the Oscars, he joked, "Looking back, I had no idea that thing was being televised." He lampooned his stint two years later, during Billy Crystal's opening Oscar skit, which also parodied the plane-crashing scenes from that year's chief nominated film, The English Patient.

For years afterward, Letterman recounted his hosting the Oscars, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continued to hold Letterman in high regard and they had invited him to host the Oscars again.[66][67] On September 7, 2010, he made an appearance on the premiere of the 14th season of The View, and confirmed that he had been considered for hosting again.

Heart surgery hiatus[link]

On January 14, 2000, a routine check-up revealed that an artery in Letterman's heart was severely obstructed. He was rushed to emergency surgery for a quintuple bypass.[68]

During the initial weeks of his recovery, reruns of the Late Show were shown and introduced by friends of Letterman including Drew Barrymore,[58] Ray Romano, Robin Williams, Bonnie Hunt, Megan Mullally, Bill Murray, Regis Philbin, Charles Grodin, Nathan Lane, Julia Roberts,[58] Bruce Willis, Jerry Seinfeld, Martin Short, Steven Seagal, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Danny DeVito, Steve Martin, and Sarah Jessica Parker.

Subsequently, while still recovering from surgery, Letterman revived the late night tradition that had virtually disappeared on network television during the 1990s of 'guest hosts' by allowing Bill Cosby, Kathie Lee Gifford (recommended by Regis Philbin, who was asked first but had no time in his schedule), Dana Carvey, Janeane Garofalo, and others to host new episodes of The Late Show. Cosby—the show's first guest host—refused to sit at Letterman's desk out of respect, using the couch instead; Garofalo followed suit, utilizing a set of grade-school desks instead.

Upon his return to the show on February 21, 2000, Letterman brought all of the doctors and nurses on stage who had participated in his surgery and recovery (with extra teasing of a nurse who had given him bed baths—"This woman has seen me naked!"),[69] including Dr. O. Wayne Isom and physician Louis Aronne, who frequently appears on the show. In a show of emotion, Letterman was nearly in tears as he thanked the health care team with the words "These are the people who saved my life!" The episode earned an Emmy nomination. For a number of episodes, Letterman continued to crack jokes about his bypass, including saying, "Bypass surgery: it's when doctors surgically create new blood flow to your heart. A bypass is what happened to me when I didn't get The Tonight Show! It's a whole different thing." In a later running gag he lobbied his home state of Indiana to rename the freeway circling Indianapolis (I-465) "The David Letterman Bypass." He also featured a montage of faux news coverage of his bypass surgery, which included a clip of Dave's heart for sale on the Home Shopping Network. Letterman became friends with his doctors and nurses. In 2008, a Rolling Stone interview stated "he hosted a doctor and nurse who'd helped perform the emergency quintuple-bypass heart surgery that saved his life in 2000. 'These are people who were complete strangers when they opened my chest,' he says. 'And now, eight years later, they're among my best friends.' "[4]

Additionally, Letterman invited the band Foo Fighters to play "Everlong",[70] introducing them as "my favorite band, playing my favorite song."[71] During a later Foo Fighters appearance, Letterman said that Foo Fighters had been in the middle of a South American tour which they canceled to come play on his comeback episode.

Letterman again handed over the reins of the show to several guest hosts (including Bill Cosby, Brad Garrett, Elvis Costello, John McEnroe, Vince Vaughn, Will Ferrell, Bonnie Hunt, Luke Wilson and bandleader Paul Shaffer) in February 2003, when he was diagnosed with a severe case of shingles. Later that year, Letterman made regular use of guest hosts—including Tom Arnold and Kelsey Grammer—for new shows broadcast on Fridays. In March 2007, Adam Sandler—who had been scheduled to be the lead guest—served as a guest host while Letterman was ill with a stomach virus.[72]

Re-signing with CBS[link]

Letterman hosting President Barack Obama at Late Show with David Letterman, September 2009

In March 2002, as Letterman's contract with CBS neared expiration, ABC offered him the time slot for long-running news program Nightline with Ted Koppel. Letterman was interested as he believed he could never match Leno's ratings at CBS due to Letterman's complaint of weaker lead-ins from the network's late local news programs, but was reluctant to replace Koppel.[73] Letterman addressed his decision to re-sign on the air, stating that he was content at CBS and that he had great respect for Koppel.

On December 4, 2006, CBS revealed that Letterman signed a new contract to host The Late Show with David Letterman through the fall of 2010. "I'm thrilled to be continuing on at CBS," said Letterman. "At my age you really don't want to have to learn a new commute."[74] Letterman further joked about the subject by pulling up his right pants leg, revealing a tattoo, presumably temporary, of the ABC logo.

"Thirteen years ago, David Letterman put CBS late night on the map and in the process became one of the defining icons of our network," said Leslie Moonves, president and CEO of CBS Corporation. "His presence on our air is an ongoing source of pride, and the creativity and imagination that the Late Show puts forth every night is an ongoing display of the highest quality entertainment. We are truly honored that one of the most revered and talented entertainers of our time will continue to call CBS 'home.'"[75]

According to a 2007 article in Forbes magazine, Letterman earned $40 million a year.[76] A 2009 article in The New York Times, however, said his salary was estimated at $32 million per year.[77] In June 2009, Letterman's Worldwide Pants and CBS reached agreement to continue the Late Show until at least August 2012. The previous contract had been set to expire in 2010, and the two-year extension is shorter than the typical three-year contract period negotiated in the past.[77] Worldwide Pants agreed to lower its fee for the show, though it had remained a "solid moneymaker for CBS" under the previous contract.[77]

On the February 3, 2011, edition of the Late Show, during an interview with Howard Stern, Letterman said he would continue to do his talk show for "maybe two years, I think."[78]

2007–2008 writers' strike[link]

The Late Show went off air for eight weeks during the months of November and December because of the Writers Guild of America strike. Letterman's production company—Worldwide Pants—was the first company to make an individual agreement with the WGA,[79] thus allowing his show to come back on air on January 2, 2008. On his first episode since being off air, he surprised the viewing audience with his newly grown beard, which signified solidarity with the strike.[80] His beard was shaved off during the show on January 7, 2008.

Controversy over jokes about daughter of Sarah Palin[link]

On June 8 and June 9, 2009, Letterman told a sexually-themed joke on his show each night about a daughter of Sarah Palin.[81] Palin was in New York City at the time with her fourteen year-old daughter, Willow, and the jokes were said to be aimed at the daughter, never named, who was visiting New York City with her mother.[82] Palin criticized the jokes, saying in a statement posted on the internet that "I doubt he'd ever dare make such comments about anyone else's daughter," and "laughter incited by sexually-perverted comments made by a 62-year-old male celebrity aimed at a 14-year-old girl" is "disgusting."[83] On June 10, Letterman responded to the controversy on his show by stating that the jokes were meant to be about Palin's eighteen year-old daughter, Bristol, whose pregnancy as an unmarried teenager had caused controversy during the 2008 Presidential election, and that "(t)hese are not jokes made about (Palin's) 14-year-old daughter. I would never, never make jokes about raping or having sex of any description with a 14-year-old girl."[84] His remarks didn't put an end to the public criticism, however, with the National Organization for Women, who supported Palin in a statement, noting he only issued "something of an apology."[85] With the controversy not subsiding, Letterman addressed the issue again on his June 15 show, faulting himself for the error and apologizing "especially to the two daughters involved, Bristol and Willow, and also to the governor and her family and everybody else who was outraged by the joke."[86]

Letterman and Carson[link]

In spite of Johnny Carson's clear intention to pass his title to Letterman, NBC selected Jay Leno to host The Tonight Show after Carson's departure.[87] Letterman maintained a close relationship with Carson through his break with NBC. Three years after he left for CBS, HBO produced a made-for-television movie called The Late Shift, based on a book by New York Times reporter Bill Carter, chronicling the battle between Letterman and Leno for the coveted Tonight Show hosting spot. Letterman would mock the film for months afterward, specifically on how the actor playing him, John Michael Higgins, did not resemble him in the least.[citation needed]

Carson later made a few cameo appearances as a guest on Letterman's show. Carson's final television appearance came May 13, 1994, on a Late Show episode taped in Los Angeles, when he made a surprise appearance during a 'Top 10 list' segment. The audience went wild as Letterman stood up and proudly invited Carson to sit at his desk. The applause was so protracted that Carson was unable to say anything, and he finally returned backstage as the applause continued (it was later explained that Carson had laryngitis, though Carson can be heard talking to Letterman during his appearance).[88]

In early 2005, it was revealed that Carson still kept up with current events and late-night TV right up to his death that year, and that he occasionally sent jokes to Letterman, who used these jokes in his monologue; according to CBS senior vice president Peter Lassally (a onetime producer for both men), Carson got "a big kick out of it."[89] Letterman would do a characteristic Johnny Carson golf swing after delivering one of Carson's jokes. In a tribute to Carson, all of the opening monologue jokes during the first show following Carson's death were written by Carson.

Lassally also claimed that Carson had always believed Letterman, not Leno, to be his "rightful successor."[90] Letterman also frequently employs some of Carson's trademark bits on his show, including "Carnac the Magnificent" (with Paul Shaffer as Carnac), "Stump the Band" and the "Week in Review."

Letterman and Oprah Winfrey[link]

On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He shared pictures of his son and live-in girlfriend. The so-called feud between Letterman and Winfrey apparently ended in 2005 when Winfrey appeared on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman on December 2, in an event Letterman jokingly referred to as "the Super Bowl of Love".[91] Winfrey had previously appeared on Letterman's show when he was hosting NBC's Late Night on May 2, 1989.

Winfrey and Letterman also appeared together in a Late Show promo that aired during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLI in February 2007, with the two sitting next to each other on the couch watching the game. Since the game was played between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, the Indianapolis-born Letterman wears a Peyton Manning jersey, while Winfrey—who tapes her show in Chicago—is in a Brian Urlacher jersey.[92] Three years later, during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLIV, the two appeared again, this time with Winfrey sitting on a couch between Letterman and Jay Leno. The appearance was Letterman's idea: Leno flew to New York City in an NBC corporate jet, sneaking into the Ed Sullivan Theater during the Late Show's February 4 taping wearing a disguise, meeting Winfrey and Letterman at a living room set created in the theater's balcony where they taped their promo.[93]

Response to Internet death threat[link]

On August 17, 2011, it was reported that a Muslim militant had posted a death threat against Letterman on a website frequented by Al-Qaeda supporters, calling on American Muslims to kill Letterman for making a joke about the death of an Al-Qaeda leader killed in a drone strike in Pakistan in June 2011.[94] In his show on August 22, Letterman joked about the threat, saying "State Department authorities are looking into this. They're not taking this lightly. They're looking into it. They're questioning, they're interrogating, there's an electronic trail—but everybody knows it's Leno."[95]

Appearances in other media[link]

Letterman appeared in issue 239 of the Marvel comic book The Avengers, in which the title characters are guests on Late Night.[96] A parody of Letterman, named "David Endochrine," is gassed to death along with his bandleader named "Paul" and their audience in Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns.[97]

Letterman appeared in the pilot episode of the short-lived 1986 series "Coach Toast", and he appears with a bag over his head as a guest on Bonnie Hunt's ca. 1993 sitcom The Building. He also appears in The Simpsons, as himself in a couch gag when The Simpsons find themselves (and the couch) in "Late Night with David Letterman." He had a cameo in the feature film Cabin Boy, with Chris Elliott, who worked as a writer on Letterman's show. In this and other appearances, Letterman is listed in the credits as "Earl Hofert", the name of Letterman's maternal grandfather. He also appeared as himself in the Howard Stern biopic Private Parts as well as the 1999 Andy Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon, in a few episodes of Garry Shandling's 1990s TV series The Larry Sanders Show and in "The Abstinence", a 1996 episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. Letterman also made an uncredited appearance in the first episode of the third season of the sitcom The Nanny.

Letterman provided vocals for the Warren Zevon song "Hit Somebody" from My Ride's Here,[98] and provided the voice for Butt-head's father in the 1996 animated film Beavis and Butt-head Do America.

In 2010, a documentary Dying to Do Letterman was released directed by Joke Fincioen and Biagio Messina featuring Steve Mazan, a stand up comic, who has cancer and wants to appear on the Letterman Show. The film won Best Documentary and Jury Awards at the Cinequest Film Festival.[99] Steve Mazan published a same-titled book (full title, Dying to Do Letterman: Turning Someday into Today about his own saga.[100]

Other projects[link]

Worldwide Pants[link]

Letterman started his own production company—Worldwide Pants Incorporated—which produced his show and several others, including Everybody Loves Raymond, The Late Late Show, and several critically acclaimed, but short-lived television series for Bonnie Hunt. Worldwide Pants also produced the dramedy program Ed, which aired on NBC from 2000–2004. It was Letterman's first association with NBC since he left the network in 1993. During Ed's run, the star, Tom Cavanagh, appeared as a guest on The Late Show several times.

In 2005, Worldwide Pants produced its first feature film, Strangers with Candy, which was a prequel to the Comedy Central TV series of the same title. In 2007, Worldwide Pants produced the ABC comedy series, Knights of Prosperity.

Worldwide Pants made significant news in December 2007 when it was announced that Letterman's company had independently negotiated its own contract with the Writers Guild of America, East, thus allowing Letterman, Craig Ferguson, and their writers to return to work, while the union continued its strike against production companies, networks and studios who had not reached an agreement.

Record company[link]

In late April 2010, several music industry websites reported that Letterman started a record label named Clear Entertainment/C.E. Music and signed his first artist, Runner Runner.[101][102] Lucy Walsh announced on her MySpace page that she has been signed by Letterman and Clear Entertainment/C.E. Music and is working on her album.

Rahal Letterman Racing[link]

Rahal Letterman Racing (RLR) is an auto racing team that currently races in the American Le Mans Series, and part-time in the Indy Racing League. It is co-owned by 1986 Indianapolis 500 winner Bobby Rahal and Letterman himself, and is based in Hilliard, Ohio. The team won the 2004 Indianapolis 500 with driver Buddy Rice. Letterman was a pit reporter for ABC in the 1971 Indianapolis 500.[21]

American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming[link]

American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming is Letterman's private foundation. Through it, Letterman has donated millions of dollars to charities and other non-profits in Indiana and Montana, celebrity-affiliated organizations such as Paul Newman's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, universities such as Ball State, and other organizations such as the American Cancer Society, Salvation Army, and Doctors Without Borders.

Personal life[link]

Marriages and long-term relationships[link]

In 1969, Letterman married Michelle Cook; the marriage ended by divorce in 1977.[103] He also had a long-term relationship with former head writer and producer on Late Night, Merrill Markoe. Markoe was the mind behind several Late Night staples, such as "Stupid Pet/Human Tricks".

Letterman has a son, Harry Joseph Letterman (born on November 3, 2003), with Regina Lasko. Harry is named after Letterman's father.[104] In 2005, police discovered a plot to kidnap Harry Letterman and ransom him for $5 million. Kelly Frank, a house painter who had worked for Letterman, was charged in the conspiracy.[105]

Letterman and Lasko, who had been together since 1986, wed on March 19, 2009, during a quiet courthouse civil ceremony in Choteau, Montana, where he purchased a ranch in 1999.[106][107][108] Letterman announced the marriage during the taping of his March 23 show, shortly after congratulating Bruce Willis for getting married the previous week. Letterman told the audience he nearly missed the ceremony because his truck became stuck in mud two miles from their house.[109] The family resides in North Salem, New York, on a 108-acre (44 ha) estate.[110]

Stalking incident[link]

Beginning in May 1988, Letterman was stalked by Margaret Mary Ray, a woman suffering from schizophrenia. She once stole his Porsche, repeatedly broke into his house, and camped out on his tennis court. Her exploits drew national attention, and Letterman occasionally joked about her behavior in his show, although never mentioning her name. After she committed suicide in 1998, Letterman told the New York Times that he had had great compassion for her,[111] and publicly expressed sympathy.[112]

[edit] Extortion attempt and revelation of affairs

On his October 1, 2009, show, Letterman announced that he had been the victim of an extortion attempt by someone threatening to reveal that he had had sex with several of his female employees, and at the same time, he confirmed that he had had such relationships.[113] He stated that three weeks earlier (on September 9, 2009) someone had left a package in his car with material he said he would write into a screenplay and a book if Letterman did not pay him $2 million. Letterman said that he contacted the Manhattan District Attorney's office, ultimately cooperating with them to conduct a sting operation involving giving the man a phony check.[114] Subsequently, Robert J. "Joe" Halderman, a producer of the CBS true crime journalism series 48 Hours, was arrested after trying to deposit the check. He was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury and pleaded not guilty to a charge of attempted grand larceny on October 2, 2009.[115] Eventually, on March 9, 2010, he pleaded guilty to this same felony and served a 6-month jail sentence, followed by probation and community service.[116]

A central figure in the case and one of the women Letterman had had a sexual relationship with was his longtime personal assistant Stephanie Birkitt, who often appeared with him on his show. She had also worked for 48 Hours.[117] Until a month prior to the revelations, she had shared a residence with Halderman,[118] who allegedly had copied her personal diary and used it, along with private emails, in the blackmail package.[119]

On October 3, 2009, a former CBS employee, Holly Hester, announced that she and Letterman had engaged in a year-long "secret" affair in the early 1990s while she was his intern and a student at New York University.[120]

In the days following the initial announcement of the affairs and the arrest, several prominent women, including Kathie Lee Gifford, co-host of NBC's Today Show, and NBC news anchor Ann Curry questioned whether Letterman's affairs with subordinates created an unfair working environment.[121] A spokesman for Worldwide Pants said that the company's sexual harassment policy did not prohibit sexual relationships between managers and employees.[122] According to business news reporter Eve Tahmincioglu, "CBS suppliers are supposed to follow the company's business conduct policies" and the CBS 2008 Business Conduct Statement states that "If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires the supervisor to disclose this information to his or her Company's Human Resources Department..."[123]

On October 5, 2009, Letterman devoted a segment of his show to a public apology to his wife and staff.[124][125] Three days later, Worldwide Pants announced that Birkitt had been placed on a "paid leave of absence" from the Late Show.[126] On October 15, CBS News announced that the company's Chief Investigative Correspondent, Armen Keteyian, had been assigned to conduct an "in-depth investigation" into Halderman's blackmail of Letterman.[127]

Awards and honors[link]

Awards[link]

In his capacities as either a writer, producer, performer, or as part of a writing team, Letterman is among the most nominated people in Emmy Award history with 52 nominations, winning two Daytime Emmys and five Primetime Emmys since 1981. His nomination record is second only to producer Jac Venza, who holds the record for the most Emmy nominations for an individual (57). Letterman has been nominated every year since 1984, when he first appeared on late night television as the host of Late Night with David Letterman. Additionally, he has won four American Comedy Awards. Letterman was the first recipient of the Johnny Carson Award for Comedic Excellence at The Comedy Awards in 2011.

David Letterman Communication and Media Building.

David Letterman Communication and Media Building[link]

On September 7, 2007, Letterman visited his alma mater, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, for the dedication of a communications facility named in his honor for his dedication to the university throughout his career as a comedian. The $21 million, 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m2) David Letterman Communication and Media Building opened for the 2007 fall semester. It features state-of-the-art recording equipment and facilities. Thousands of Ball State students, faculty, and local residents welcomed Letterman back to Indiana.[128] Letterman's emotional speech touched on his struggles as a college student and his late father, and also included the "top ten good things about having your name on a building", finishing with, "if reasonable people can put my name on a $21 million building, anything is possible."[129]

At the same time, Letterman also received a Sagamore of the Wabash award given by Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels, which recognizes distinguished service to the state of Indiana.[128]

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "David Letterman Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/954441/David-Letterman/biography. Retrieved 2009-02-03. 
  2. ^ a b c An interview with David Letterman (TV-series). Charlie Rose, WNET. 1996-02-26. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6364. Retrieved 2008-11-14. 
  3. ^ a b Kiesewetter, John (1997-02-24). "Local show inspired young Letterman". The Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1997/02/24/loc_letterman.html. Retrieved 2007-05-23. 
  4. ^ a b "Dave at Peace: The Rolling Stone Interview". Archived from the original on 2010-04-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20100407022925/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/22791344/dave_at_peace_the_rolling_stone_interview/print. Retrieved 2011-09-05. 
  5. ^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". TV Guide (December 14–20). 1996. 
  6. ^ Record of Harry Letterman, Social Security Death Index
  7. ^ Gary Graves. "Letterman Gets Moment in Hot Seat." USA Today, May 23, 2005, p. 1C.
  8. ^ Daveheart, a profile of Letterman by Bill Zehme from the May 2000 issue of Esquire
  9. ^ Mitchell Fink, Eric Mink, Leo Standora, Richard Huff, Bill Hutchinson (January 14, 2000). "Cholesterol high, has family history". New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-01-14/news/18138686_1_angioplasty-family-history-high-cholesterol. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  10. ^ "Atlas Supermarket". Lost Indiana. http://www.lostindiana.net/Lost_Indiana/Lost_Indiana__Atlas_Supermarket.html. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
  11. ^ Gail Koch. "After Two Decades, Letterman Wit Shows No Signs of Stopping." Ball State Daily News, February 23, 2002.
  12. ^ "Scholarships | Scholarships for Average Students". FinAid. 1999-01-22. http://www.finaid.org/scholarships/average.phtml. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
  13. ^ Revealed on air during January 7, 2011 "Late Show with David Letterman" during interview with Regis Philbin.
  14. ^ a b Indiana Public Radio - About Us from the Indiana Public Radio website
  15. ^ "David Letterman, WAGO Muncie Indiana April 1, 1969". reelradio.com. http://www.reelradio.com/tc/index.html#dlwago69. "Dave Letterman is heard in this segment edited from the 11PM–12 Midnight hour on April 1, 1969. WAGO was a carrier-current station at Pennsylvania State University. The voice of Lyla Whip is Letterman's former wife, Michelle, whom he calls at their apartment." 
  16. ^ Playboy Interview Playboy Magazine October 1984. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  17. ^ alljohnnyanddave (October 13, 2009). "Diane Sawyer brings a clip of Dave:)". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GztPB3bKpgY. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  18. ^ "David Letterman". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/395/000022329/. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
  19. ^ "Letterman morning show clips and & Jon Stewart cancellation -Jun1995". Youtube. January 22, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Bzbq8X8qZE#t32s. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  20. ^ Letterman Bio at Indystar.com. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  21. ^ a b bricksterr (July 3, 2007). "Letterman's Network Debut". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sMnBmHzAg0. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  22. ^ Gail Koch. "Letterman Evolved from Struggling Radio Host to Star." Ball State Daily News, February 1, 2002.
  23. ^ Kliph Nesteroff (March 7, 2010). "The Early David Letterman 1967-1980 Beware the Blog". wfmu.org. http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2010/03/the-late-night-hosts-before-they-were-big.html. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  24. ^ mickstadium (July 15, 2011). "1977 "Afternoon Delight" clip from The Starland Vocal Band show". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUabP1JDCZA. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  25. ^ "The Riddlers with David Letterman (1977)". classictelevisionshowbiz.blogspot.com. April 8, 2007. http://classicshowbiz.blogspot.com/2007/04/riddlers-1977-with-host-david-letterman.html. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  26. ^ "David Letterman on "PASSWORD PLUS+ 1979"". YouTube. June 29, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bk6zFrTYMk. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  27. ^ "Mary Open (1978)". YouTube. November 18, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoAHLaNMWMo. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  28. ^ "Mork & Letterman". YouTube. November 14, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFavsfq3wjo. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  29. ^ "The $20,000 pyramid". YouTube. August 25, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSlWxg-WJQo. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  30. ^ "David Letterman plays Alphabetics 1979". YouTube. June 30, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTkTdZx1haA. Retrieved November 6, 2010. 
  31. ^ IMDB, broadcast April 3, 1979.
  32. ^ Jon Davison, Jim Abrahams, Jerry Zucker, David Zucker. Airplane! audio commentary (DVD). Paramount Pictures. Event occurs at 9:50–10:00. ISBN 0-7921-6688-4. 
  33. ^ Peter Kerr. "David Letterman's Off-Center Humor Finds a Home." The New York Times, February 19, 1984, p. H27
  34. ^ "Bill Murray @ David Letterman #1, 1982, 1 of 2". YouTube. 1982. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7US7PU6tidM. Retrieved December 8, 2011. 
  35. ^ "Cher on Late Night (part 1 of 2)". December 8, 2011. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBgDHhmSrAo. 
  36. ^ "Shirley MacLaine on Late Night (1988)(1 of 2)". YouTube. October 4, 1988. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh2UVul29CM. Retrieved December 8, 2011. 
  37. ^ Michael Ausiello (November 1, 2000). "Steve Allen Remembered". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/news/steve-allen-remembered-36211.aspx. Retrieved November 18, 2011. 
  38. ^ John J. O'Connor (1987-03-08). "TV View: Ernie Kovacs: A comic to the medium born". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DA173CF93BA35750C0A961948260. Retrieved 2008-01-07. 
  39. ^ "Late-Night with David Letterman Stupid Pet Tricks". YouTube. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTPB14ivKUs. Retrieved November 19, 2011. 
  40. ^ "Letterman 4th Anniversary Special". YouTube. 2/1/86. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFyRBOx_auM. Retrieved November 19, 2011. 
  41. ^ "David Letterman "Alka Seltzer" suit". YouTube. September 6, 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAu0USchCrI. Retrieved November 19, 2011. 
  42. ^ "Letterman in a Suit of Velcro". YouTube. 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9uxxqKGmYg. Retrieved November 19, 2011. 
  43. ^ "David Letterman monkey cam". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLmiVi9HXK4. Retrieved November 19, 2011. 
  44. ^ "David Letterman answers viewer mail in person". YouTube. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzIea4w1F6E. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 
  45. ^ "A film by Bob the dog (from David Letterman)". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrIiLrNq0oI. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 
  46. ^ "Stupid Human Trick on David Letterman 1-1987". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa4Vfn-pjHI. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 
  47. ^ "Classic Dave = small town news, 1/12/88". YouTube. 1-12-88. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUs5hNVZuCs. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 
  48. ^ "Late Night with David Letterman classic Stupid Pet Tricks, 1984". YouTube. 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBvg0D_8IGQ. Retrieved November 20, 2011. 
  49. ^ "Kaufman Fight Was a Fake". dailyhaggis.com. March 6, 2010. http://dailyhaggis.com/2002/12/27/kaufman-fight-was-a-fake/. Retrieved November 6, 2011. 
  50. ^ Mark Albright (March 31, 1995). "Letterman's Neighbor's Discover Spotlight's Chilly Side". St. Petersburg Times. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-03-31/features/9503310282_1_cbs-store-letterman-show-times-square. Retrieved December 7, 2011. 
  51. ^ Mark Harris (January 29, 1993). "Is Dave Worth It?". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305416,00.html. Retrieved December 7, 2011. 
  52. ^ Richard Corliss (August 2, 1993). "Stupid Talk Show Tricks". TIME. http://www.oocities.org/davidletterman82/TimeAugust1993Article.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011. 
  53. ^ Breeanna Hare (October 7, 2009). "Viewers still in Letterman's corner". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-07/entertainment/letterman.show.ratings_1_local-people-meters-rating-points-viewers?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ. Retrieved February 5, 2012. 
  54. ^ Joanna Weiss (May 31, 2009). "11:35pm — Conan O'Brien's time has come. Will the Leno faithful follow?". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/05/31/conan_obriens_time_has_come__will_the_leno_faithful_follow/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  55. ^ TV By The Numbers "Jay Leno And Jimmy Fallon Win the Late-Night Week of April 27 - May 1" May 7, 2009
  56. ^ "David Letterman: Julia Roberts helps him beat Conan O'Brien for first time; Denzel Washington, Jonas Brothers visit Thursday". Orlando Sentinel. 2009-06-10. http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2009/06/david-letterman-julia-roberts-helps-him-beat-conan-obrien-for-first-time-regis-philbin-to-give-top-t.html. Retrieved 2009-06-10. 
  57. ^ Access Hollywood (2009-06-10). "Roberts sides with Letterman". MSNBC.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31210920/. Retrieved 2009-06-10. 
  58. ^ a b c Fisher, Luchina (2009-06-10). "Who's loyal to Leno, O'Brien, and Letterman?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Television/story?id=7797222&page=1. Retrieved 2009-06-10. 
  59. ^ Bill Carter (July 5, 2009). "'Tonight Show' Audience a Decade Younger". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/business/media/06late.html?_r=1&8dpc. Retrieved 2009-07-06. 
  60. ^ Late Night TV Ratings Week (2011-03-03). "'Nightline' Up; 'Conan,' 'Late Show' Down; 'Tonight Show,' 'Daily Show' Even". http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/03/late-night-tv-ratings-week-nightline-up-conan-late-show-down-tonight-show-daily-show-even/84538. Retrieved 2011-03-05. 
  61. ^ a b "America's Favorite Television Personality". a Harris Poll. January 28, 2009. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/pubs/Harris_Poll_2009_01_28.pdf. [dead link]
  62. ^ "For Third Year in a Row Oprah Retains Her Position as America's Favorite TV Personality". the Harris Poll. December 29, 2004. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=530. 
  63. ^ John O'Connor (March 29, 1995). "The Winner Isn't David Letterman". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/29/movies/critic-s-notebook-the-winner-isn-t-david-letterman.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011. 
  64. ^ "David Letterman Hosts The Academy Awards". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS0-inBTfPc. Retrieved February 5, 2012. 
  65. ^ Schruers, Fred (May 30, 1996). "Dave vs. Dave: Forget Leno & Koppel — Letterman May Be His Own Worst Enemy". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20071127145433/http://www.geocities.com/davidletterman82/RollingStone1996Interview.html. 
  66. ^ Finke, Nikki (February 25, 2008). "The 411 about David Letterman & Oscar". Deadline Hollywood Daily. http://www.deadline.com/2008/02/the-411-about-david-letterman-oscar/. 
  67. ^ Keller, Joel (23 February 2011). "Interview: Bruce Vilanch". A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/bruce-vilanch,52248/. Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
  68. ^ Kelley, Tina (January 15, 2000). "Artery Blocked, Letterman Has Heart Bypass Surgery". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/15/nyregion/artery-blocked-letterman-has-heart-bypass-surgery.html?sec=health. Retrieved March 23, 2009. 
  69. ^ "David Letterman biography". Popstarsplus.com. http://www.popstarsplus.com/celebrities_davidletterman.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
  70. ^ Basham, David (2000-02-16). "Foo Fighters To Welcome Letterman Back To "Late Show"". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429027/20000216/foo_fighters.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-05. 
  71. ^ Millman, Joyce (2000-03-20). "The top 10 reasons David Letterman's heart bypass operation was a good thing". Salon. http://www.salon.com/entertainment/col/mill/2000/03/20/letterman. Retrieved 2010-06-05. 
  72. ^ Carter, Bill (March 20, 2007). "Letterman is Ill, so Guest Takes Over Late Show". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/arts/television/20cnd-letterman.html?ex=1175313600&en=e887f76d9783d7e7&ei=5070. Retrieved March 29, 2007. 
  73. ^ "The Battle for Late Night" A&E Network, 27 April 2010.
  74. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (December 8, 2006). "Dave will outlast Jay". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/650213242/Dave-will-outlast-Jay.html. 
  75. ^ "CBS Signs David Letterman As Host Of The "Late Show" Through Fall 2010". CBS. December 4, 2006. http://www.cbscorporation.com/news-article.php?id=13. 
  76. ^ "#17 David Letterman". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/53/07celebrities_David-Letterman_C8CO.html. 
  77. ^ a b c Carter, Bill (June 6, 2009). "Letterman Reaches a Deal With CBS to Extend �?Late Show’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/arts/television/10letterman.html. Retrieved 2011-05-15. 
  78. ^ Seth Abramovitch (February 4, 2011). "Is David Letterman Ready to be Done with the Late Show?". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/is-david-letterman-ready-to-be-done-with-the-late-show/story/25084.html. Retrieved 2011-06-17. "Dave tried valiantly to change the subject to Stern’s new Sirius deal, rumored to be worth even more than the $500 million contract he signed with them in 2005. But once again, Stern (now 57) turned the tables on Dave (now 63), asking the host, “How much longer are you doing this?” To which Letterman replied: “Maybe two years, I think?”" 
  79. ^ "e-mail 12-28-07". wga.org. http://www.wga.org/subpage_member.aspx?id=2692. 
  80. ^ Gary Levin (January 3, 2008). "Late-night shows return fully bearded — with and without writers". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-01-02-late-night-strike_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-17. 
  81. ^ Lisa Bennett (June 11, 2009). "Letterman "Jokes" About Palin's Daughter". NOW. http://www.now.org/issues/media/hall-of-shame/index.php/television/letterman-palin-daughter. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  82. ^ Lisa Bennett (June 11, 2009). "Letterman "Jokes" About Palin's Daughter". NOW. http://www.now.org/issues/media/hall-of-shame/index.php/television/letterman-palin-daughter. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  83. ^ Caitlin Taylor (June 11, 2009). "Palin vs. Letterman". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2009/06/palin-vs-letterman/. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  84. ^ Caitlin Taylor (June 11, 2009). "Palin vs. Letterman". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2009/06/palin-vs-letterman/. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  85. ^ Lisa Bennett (June 11, 2009). "Letterman "Jokes" About Palin's Daughter". NOW. http://www.now.org/issues/media/hall-of-shame/index.php/television/letterman-palin-daughter. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  86. ^ Paul Farhi (June 16, 2009). "One Pregnant-Teen Joke Too Many? Angry Palin Gets Letterman to Apologize". washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/15/AR2009061503131.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2012-04-27. 
  87. ^ "The Independent". Johnny Carson, king of late-night chat, dies at 79 (London). January 24, 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/johnny-carson-king-of-latenight-chat-dies-at-79-488063.html. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
  88. ^ "YouTube". Retired Johnny Carson makes rare (last) TV appearance. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YvaUa559gMw. Retrieved July 6, 2009. 
  89. ^ Pierce, Scott D. (January 24, 2005). "TV critics genuinely fond of Carson". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600106891/TV-critics-genuinely-fond-of-Carson.html. Retrieved February 27, 2012. 
  90. ^ "New York Post". Carson Feeds Letterman Lines. http://pqarchiver.nypost.com/nypost/access/781543221.html?dids=781543221:781543221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+20%2C+2005&author=Post+Wire+Services&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=102&desc=CARSON+FEEDS+LETTERMAN+LINES. Retrieved December 17, 2006. 
  91. ^ "Letterman to appear on `Oprah'". Yahoo.TV. http://tv.yahoo.com/show/32704/news/urn:newsml:tv.ap.org:20070830:people_winfrey_letterman__ER:1759. [dead link]
  92. ^ "Dave and Oprah's Super Bowl of Love". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_i5we6MB-w. 
  93. ^ Bill Carter (February 7, 2010). "How the Letterman-Oprah-Leno Super Bowl Ad Came Together". Media Decoder (The New York Times). http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/07/how-the-letterman-oprah-leno-super-bowl-ad-came-together/. Retrieved 2010-02-08. 
  94. ^ "Militant makes death threat against David Letterman". Reuters. August 17, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/17/us-davidletterman-idUSTRE77G6K520110817. Retrieved 2011-08-18. 
  95. ^ Carter, Bill (August 22, 2011). "Letterman Responds to Death Threats in Monologue". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/letterman-responds-to-death-threats-in-monologue/. Retrieved 2011-08-23. 
  96. ^ The Avengers meet David Letterman reviewed at misterkitty.org
  97. ^ Review of The Dark Knight Returns at Batman-on-film.com
  98. ^ Warren Zevon : Hit Somebody (The Hockey Song) from Artistdirect
  99. ^ Dying to Do Letterman official website
  100. ^ The Book Tree: Book Review - Dying to Do Letterman
  101. ^ Runner Runner sign to EMI
  102. ^ Vozick, Simon (2010-04-28). "David Letterman starts record label, signs pop-punk band". Music-mix.ew.com. http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/04/28/david-letterman-runner-band/. Retrieved 2010-11-07. 
  103. ^ Biography for David Letterman at the Internet Movie Database
  104. ^ "Letterman: It's A Boy!, 'Late Show' Host, Girlfriend Have 9 Pound, 11 Ounce Son". CBS News. November 4, 2003. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/04/entertainment/main581713.shtml. 
  105. ^ "Montana man charged with Letterman plot". CNN. March 17, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/TV/03/17/letterman.plot/index.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010. 
  106. ^ "David Letterman Weds!". People. March 23, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20267367,00.html. Retrieved August 7, 2011. 
  107. ^ Rhein, Jamie (March 25, 2009). "Great American Road Trip: Choteau, Montana, Letterman's Hangout is a Gem of a Town". Gadling. AOL Travel. http://www.gadling.com/2009/03/25/choteau-montana-lettermans-hangout-is-a-gem-of-a-town/. Retrieved August 7, 2011. 
  108. ^ "Heartfelt Thanks From Letterman". CBS News. February 11, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/22/entertainment/main682106.shtml. Retrieved September 3, 2011. 
  109. ^ Snead, Elizabeth (2009-03-23). "David Letterman (finally) gets hitched to Regina Lasko". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedishrag/2009/03/ok-theres-somet.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26. 
  110. ^ Dave's domain from the March 22, 2007 "Gimme Shelter" column in the New York Post
  111. ^ Bruni, Frank (November 22, 1998). "For Letterman Stalker, Mental Illness Was Family Curse and Scarring Legacy". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E0CE7DC1130F931A15752C1A96E958260. Retrieved May 1, 2010. 
  112. ^ Foster, David; Levinson, Arlene (October 10, 1998). "Suicide on a railroad track ends a celebrity-stalker's inner agony". Associated Press, online Athens. http://www.onlineathens.com/1998/101198/1011.a3letterman.html. 
  113. ^ Gold, Matea (October 2, 2009). "David Letterman on extortion attempt: 'I felt menaced by this'". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2009/10/david-letterman-on-extortion-attempt-i-felt-menaced-by-this.html. 
  114. ^ Martinez, Edecio (October 2, 2009). "Robert Joe Halderman, 48 Hours Producer, Named in David Letterman Sex Extortion Plot". CBSnews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/02/crimesider/entry5357903.shtml?tag=cbsnewsCrimesiderArea.0. 
  115. ^ Honan, Edith (September 2, 2009). "Suspect in Letterman extortion pleads not guilty". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE5910GR20091002. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 
  116. ^ Grace, Melissa; Boyle, Christina; McShane, Larry (March 9, 2010). "Ex-CBS producer Robert Halderman pleads guilty to blackmailing David Letterman over intern affairs". NY Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/03/09/2010-03-09_david_letterman_blackmailer_robert_halderman_will_plead_guilty_take_sixmonth_jai.html. Retrieved 2010-03-10. 
  117. ^ Shea, Danny (October 2, 2009). "Stephanie Birkitt". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/02/stephanie-birkitt-letterm_n_307558.html. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 
  118. ^ Carter, Bill; Stelter, Brian (October 2, 2009). "Letterman Extortion Raises Questions for CBS". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/business/media/03extort.html. 
  119. ^ "Stephanie Birkitt Secret Diary at Center of Letterman Sex Extortion, Say Cops". CBS News/Associated press. October 5, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/05/crimesider/entry5364879.shtml. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  120. ^ Cahalan, Sussanah; Karni, Annie; Cohen, Stephanie (October 4, 2009). "'Late Show' staff gals got plenty of 'advances'". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/late_show_staff_gals_got_plenty_QzBeMomGK52ixJtyl0Z8kI. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  121. ^ "Will women viewers turn away from Letterman?". Associated Press. October 4, 2009. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33167148/ns/today-entertainment/t/will-women-viewers-turn-away-letterman/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. 
  122. ^ Gold, Matea; Collins, Scott (October 3, 2009). "David Letterman affair is no joke". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/tv/la-et-letterman3-2009oct03,0,257832,full.story. Retrieved 2009-10-04. "'We have a written policy in our employee manual that covers harassment,' the spokesman said in a statement. 'It is circulated to every employee every year. Dave is not in violation of our policy and no one has ever raised a complaint against him.'" 
  123. ^ Tahmincioglu, Eve (October 4, 2009). "Sleeping with the boss often leads to trouble: Policies on workplace romances aim to limit legal liabilities". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33146450/ns/business-careers/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. "If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires the supervisor to disclose this information to his or her Company's Human Resources Department to ensure that there are no issues of actual or apparent favoritism, conflict of interest, sexual harassment, or any other negative impact on others in the work environment." 
  124. ^ "Letterman apologizes to wife on Monday's show: Late-night host says Regina Lasko has been 'horribly hurt' by his behavior". Associated Press. MSNBC. October 5, 2009-. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33184320/ns/entertainment-television/. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  125. ^ Doug Ganley et al (October 5, 2009). "Letterman makes in-studio apology to wife, staffers". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/TV/10/05/david.letterman.apology/. Retrieved 2009-10-05. 
  126. ^ "David Letterman's former mistress Stephanie Birkitt banned from Late Show set". London Telegraph. October 8, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/6271085/David-Lettermans-former-mistress-Stephanie-Birkitt-banned-from-Late-Show-set.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
  127. ^ Mangan, Dan (October 15, 2009). "Network's correspondent probing Dave's extortion scandal". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/item_d9zwWsNX2hw5DMFJsuh5LO. Retrieved 2009-10-15. 
  128. ^ a b Lloyd, Christopher (September 8, 2007). "It's no joke: Ball State dedicates building in Letterman's honor". indystar.com. http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200781121039. 
  129. ^ Ball State University (September 7, 2007). David Letterman Communication and Media Building (videos). http://www.bsu.edu/web/news/letterman/. 

External links[link]

Media offices
First Host of Late Night
Feb. 1, 1982 – June 25, 1993
Succeeded by
Conan O'Brien
First Host of The Late Show
Aug. 30, 1993 – present
Incumbent
Preceded by
Whoopi Goldberg
Host of the Academy Awards
1995
Succeeded by
Whoopi Goldberg

http://wn.com/David_Letterman



John Mayer

Mayer at the Mile High Music Festival on July 20, 2008
Background information
Birth name John Clayton Mayer
Born (1977-10-16) October 16, 1977 (age 34)
Bridgeport, Connecticut
United States
Genres Pop rock, blues rock, acoustic rock, blue-eyed soul
Occupations Musician, songwriter, record producer, columnist, graphic designer, photographer, comedian, television host
Instruments Guitar, vocals, omnichord, piano, vibraphone, harmonica, percussion, clarinet, violin
Years active 1998 (1998)–present
Labels Arista, Aware, Columbia
Associated acts John Mayer Trio, Fall Out Boy
Website johnmayer.com
Notable instruments
Fender Stratocaster
Martin Guitars
Gibson Guitars

John Clayton Mayer (play /�?m.ər/ MAY-ər;[1] (born October 16, 1977) is an American pop and blues rock musician, singer-songwriter, recording artist, and music producer.[2] Born in Bridgeport, Connecticut and raised in Fairfield, Connecticut, he attended Berklee College of Music in Boston. He moved to Atlanta in 1997, where he refined his skills and gained a following, and he now lives in New York City.[3][4] His first two studio albums, Room for Squares and Heavier Things, did well commercially, achieving multi-platinum status. In 2003, he won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Your Body Is a Wonderland."[5]

Mayer began his career performing mainly acoustic rock, but gradually began a transition towards the blues genre in 2005 by collaborating with renowned blues artists such as B. B. King, Buddy Guy, and Eric Clapton, and by forming the John Mayer Trio. The blues influence can be heard throughout his 2005 live album Try! with the John Mayer Trio and his third studio album Continuum, released in September 2006. At the 49th Annual Grammy Awards in 2007 Mayer won Best Pop Vocal Album for Continuum and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Waiting on the World to Change". He released his fourth studio album, Battle Studies, in November 2009. His fifth album, Born & Raised, is expected to release on May 22, 2012. He has sold over 10 million albums in the U.S. and 20 million albums worldwide.

Contents

Early life[link]

John Clayton Mayer was born on October 16, 1977 in Bridgeport, Connecticut to Margaret, an English teacher, and Richard, a high school principal.[6] He grew up in Fairfield, Connecticut, the second of three children.[7] His father is Jewish, and Mayer has said that he "relat[es] to Judaism".[8] He attended Fairfield High School in Fairfield[9] although he was enrolled in the Center for Global Studies at Brien McMahon High School in Norwalk for his junior year (then known as the Center for Japanese Studies Abroad, it is a magnet program for students wanting to learn Japanese).[10]

After watching Michael J. Fox's guitar performance as Marty McFly in Back to the Future, Mayer became fascinated with the instrument, and when he turned 13, his father rented one for him.[11][12] A neighbor gave Mayer a Stevie Ray Vaughan cassette, which cultivated Mayer's love of blues music.[13]a[›] Mayer started taking lessons from a local guitar-shop owner, Al Ferrante, and soon became consumed with playing the instrument.[3][14] His singular focus concerned his parents, and they took him twice to see a psychiatrist—but Mayer was determined to be fine.[3][14] Mayer says that the contentious nature of his parents' marriage led him to "disappear and create my own world I could believe in".[3] After two years of practice, he started playing at blues bars and other venues in the area, while he was still in high school.[10][12] In addition to performing solo, he was a member of a band called Villanova Junction (named for a Jimi Hendrix song) with Tim Procaccini, Joe Beleznay, and Rich Wolf.[3][15] Mayer considered skipping college to pursue his music, but the disapproval of his parents dissuaded him from doing so.[3]

When Mayer was seventeen, he was stricken with cardiac dysrhythmia and was hospitalized for a weekend. Reflecting on the incident, Mayer said, "That was the moment the songwriter in me was born," and he penned his first lyrics the night he got home from the hospital.[4] Shortly thereafter, he began suffering from panic attacks, and lived with the fear of having to enter a mental institution.[3] He continues to manage such episodes with Xanax, an anti-anxiety drug.[4][16] After graduation, he worked for fifteen months at a gas station until he saved enough money to buy a 1996 Stevie Ray Vaughan signature Stratocaster.[17]

Career[link]

Early career[link]

Mayer enrolled in the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, aged 19.[7] However, at the urging of his college friend an Atlanta, Georgia native, Clay Cook, he left school after two semesters and moved with Cook to Atlanta.[18] In Atlanta they formed a two-man band called LoFi Masters and began performing in local coffee houses and club venues such as Eddie's Attic.[12] According to Cook, they began to experience musical differences due to Mayer’s desire to move more towards pop music.[19] As a result, the two parted ways, and Mayer embarked on a solo career.[18]

With the help of local producer and engineer Glenn Matullo, Mayer recorded the independent EP Inside Wants Out. Cook co-wrote many of the songs from the EP including Mayer's first commercial single release, "No Such Thing".[19] The EP includes eight songs with Mayer on lead vocals and guitars. However, Cook's only contribution was backing vocals on the song "Comfortable". For the opening track, "Back To You", a full band was enlisted, including the EP’s co-producer David "DeLa" LaBruyere on bass guitars.[20] Mayer and LaBruyere then began to perform throughout Georgia and nearby states.

Major label success[link]

Mayer’s reputation began to build, and a March 2000 appearance at South by Southwest brought him to the attention of "launch" label, Aware Records.[14][21][22] After including him in the Aware Festival concerts and having his songs included on Aware compilations, in early 2001, Aware released Mayer's internet-only album titled, Room for Squares. During this time, Aware inked a deal with Columbia Records that gave Columbia first pick in signing Aware artists, and so in September of the same year, Columbia remixed and re-released Room for Squares.[23] As part of the major label "debut", the album's artwork was updated, and the track "3x5" was added. The re-release also included reworked studio versions of the first four songs from his indie album, Inside Wants Out.[24]

By the end of 2002, Room for Squares had spawned several radio hits, including "No Such Thing," "Your Body Is a Wonderland", and ultimately, "Why Georgia". In 2003, Mayer won a Grammy for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Your Body Is a Wonderland." In his acceptance speech he remarked, "This is very, very fast, and I promise to catch up."[25] He also figuratively referred to himself as being sixteen, a remark that many mistook to mean that he was only sixteen years old at the time.[26]

In 2003, Mayer released a live CD and DVD of a concert in Birmingham, Alabama titled Any Given Thursday. The concert featured songs previously not recorded, such as "Man on the Side" (co-written with Cook) and "Something's Missing", which later appeared on Heavier Things. The concert also included "Covered In Rain". According to the accompanying DVD documentary, this song is "part two" of the song "City Love", which features the line "covered in rain". Commercially, the album quickly peaked at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 chart. The CD/DVD received conservative, although consistent, praise, with critics torn between his pop-idol image, and (at the time) emerging guitar prowess. Erik Crawford (of Allmusic) asked "Is he the consummate guitar hero exemplified when he plays a cover of Stevie Ray Vaughan's 'Lenny', or is he the teen idol that the pubescent girls shriek for after he plays 'Your Body Is a Wonderland?'"[27][28]

Heavier Things, Mayer's second album, was released in 2003 to generally favorable reviews. Rolling Stone, Allmusic and Blender all gave positive, although reserved, feedback. PopMatters said that it "doesn't have as many drawbacks as one might assume".[29] The album was commercially successful, and while it did not sell as well as Room for Squares, it peaked at number one on the US Billboard 200 chart. Mayer earned his first number one single with the song "Daughters" as well as a 2005 Grammy for Song of the Year, beating out fellow contenders Alicia Keys and Kanye West. He dedicated the award to his grandmother, Annie Hoffman, who died in May 2004. He also won Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, beating Elvis Costello, Prince, and Seal for the award. In a February 9, 2009 interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Mayer said that he thought he should not have won the Grammy for Song of the year because he thought that Alicia Keys' If I Ain't Got You was the better song. Because of this, he removed the top half of the Grammy and gave it to Keys, and kept the bottom part for himself. At the 37th Annual Songwriters Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony in 2006, Mayer was honored with the Hal David Starlight Award.[30]

Mayer again recorded live concerts across seven nights of his U.S. tour in 2004. These recordings were released to the iTunes Store under the title As/Is, indicating that the errors were included along with the good moments. A few months later, a "best of" CD was compiled from the As/Is nights. The album included a previously unreleased cover of Marvin Gaye's song "Inner City Blues (Make Me Wanna Holler)", featuring a solo from Mayer's support act, jazz and blues turntablist DJ Logic. All the album covers of the As/Is releases feature drawings of anthropomorphic bunnies.[31]

January 2005, left to right: David Ryan Harris, John Mayer and Steve Jobs at Macworld 11, SF Moscone Center.

With increased exposure, Mayer's talent came into demand in other areas. Steve Jobs invited Mayer to perform during the keynote address of Apple's annual Macworld Conference & Expo, in January 2004, as Jobs introduced the software application GarageBand.[32] The gig led to Mayer becoming a fixture of the event. He rejoined Jobs on stage for a solo performance at Macworld 2007, following the announcement of the iPhone.[33] Mayer has also done endorsements, such as a Volkswagen commercial for the Beetle's guitar outlet and for the BlackBerry Curve.[34]

Change in musical direction[link]

Mayer began to collaborate extensively, often working with artists outside of his own genre. He appeared on Common's song "Go!" and on Kanye West's "Bittersweet Poetry".b[›] Following these collaborations, Mayer received praise from rap heavyweights Jay-Z and Nelly.[35] When asked about his presence in the hip hop community, Mayer said, "It's not music out there right now. That's why, to me, hip-hop is where rock used to be."[36]

It was around this time that Mayer began hinting a change in his musical interests, announcing that he was "closing up shop on acoustic sensitivity."[36] In 2005, he began a string of collaborations with various blues artists, including Buddy Guy, B.B. King, Eric Clapton, as well as jazz artist John Scofield. He also went on tour with legendary jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, which included a show at the Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. These collaborations led to recordings with several of these artists, namely, Clapton (Back Home, Crossroads Guitar Festival), Guy (Bring 'Em In), Scofield (That's What I Say), and King (80). Although Mayer has maintained a reputation for being a sensitive singer-songwriter, he has also gained distinction as an accomplished guitarist, influenced by the likes of the above artists, as well as Eric Johnson, Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton, Robert Cray, and Freddie King.[38]

John Mayer Trio[link]

In the spring of 2005, Mayer formed the John Mayer Trio with bassist Pino Palladino and drummer Steve Jordan, both of whom he had met through previous studio sessions. The trio played a combination of blues and rock music. In October 2005, the Trio opened for The Rolling Stones during a sold-out club tour of their own,[40] and that November, released a live album called Try! The band took a break in mid-2006. In September 2006, Mayer announced plans for the Trio to begin work on a future studio album.[41]

[edit] Continuum

Mayer's third studio album, titled Continuum, was released on September 12, 2006, and was produced by Mayer and Steve Jordan. Mayer suggested the album was intended to combine his signature pop music with the feel, sound, groove, and sensibilities of the blues. In that vein, two of the tracks from his Trio release Try!—"Vultures" and "Gravity"—also were included on Continuum.[7]

The first single from Continuum was "Waiting on the World to Change", which debuted on The Ron and Fez Show. The song was the third most downloaded song of the week on the iTunes Store following its release on July 11, 2006, and debuted at #25 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart.

On August 23, 2006, Mayer debuted the entire album on the Los Angeles radio station Star 98.7, giving commentary on each track.[42] A subsequent version was released the next day on the Clear Channel Music website as a streaming sneak preview. On September 21, 2006, Mayer appeared on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, playing "Waiting on the World to Change" and "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room." The song "Gravity" was featured on the television series House, in the episode "Cane & Able", and Numb3rs. He recorded a session for the British program Live from Abbey Road at Abbey Road Studios on October 22, 2006.

On December 7, 2006, Mayer was nominated for five 2007 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year. The John Mayer Trio also received a nomination for their album, Try!. He won two: Best Pop Song with Vocal for "Waiting on the World to Change" and Best Pop Album for Continuum. Mayer remixed an acoustic version of his single "Waiting on the World to Change" with vocal additions from fellow musician Ben Harper. In preparation for recording Continuum, Mayer had booked the Village Recorder in Los Angeles to record five demo acoustic versions of his songs with veteran musician Robbie McIntosh. These recordings became The Village Sessions, an EP released on December 12, 2006. As usual, Mayer oversaw the artwork of the release.[43]

Mayer was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone (#1020) in February 2007, along with John Frusciante and Derek Trucks. He was named as one of the "New Guitar Gods," and the cover nicknamed him "Slowhand, Jr.," a reference to Eric Clapton.[38] Additionally, he was selected by the editors of Time magazine as one of the 100 Most Influential People of 2007 and was listed among artists and entertainers.[44]

On November 20, 2007, the re-issue of Continuum became available online and in stores. The release contains a bonus disc of six live songs from his 2007 tour: five from Continuum and a cover of the Ray Charles song "I Don't Need No Doctor".[45] His new single, "Say", also became available through iTunes. On December 6, 2007, "Belief" was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal for the 50th Annual Grammy Awards. He accompanied Alicia Keys on guitar on her song "No One" at the ceremony.

In February 2008, Mayer hosted a three-day Caribbean cruise event that included performances with various musicians including David Ryan Harris, Brett Dennen, Colbie Caillat and Dave Barnes, among others. The event was called "The Mayercraft Carrier" and was held aboard the cruise ship known as the Carnival Victory.[46] A follow up cruise titled "Mayercraft Carrier 2" set sail from Long Beach, California from March 27–31, 2009 on the Carnival Splendor.

On July 1, 2008, Mayer released Where the Light Is, a live concert film of Mayer's performance at the Nokia Theatre L.A. Live on December 8, 2007. The film was directed by Danny Clinch. It features an acoustic set and a set with the John Mayer Trio, followed by a set with John's band from the Continuum album. The DVD and Blu-ray bonus material includes footage of Mayer backstage and playing outside on Mulholland Drive.[47]

Australian artist Guy Sebastian invited Mayer to collaborate on three songs from his 2009 album Like It Like That.[48] Mayer also played guitar on the title track of Crosby Loggins' debut LP, Time to Move, released on July 10, 2009.[49]

File:Mayer, John at the Michael Jackson funeral July 7, 2009.jpg
John Mayer playing guitar on "Human Nature" at Jackson's memorial service on July 7, 2009

On July 7, 2009, Mayer performed an instrumental guitar version of Michael Jackson's "Human Nature" at Jackson's televised memorial service.[50]

[edit] Battle Studies

On November 17, 2009, Mayer's fourth studio album, Battle Studies, was released and debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 album chart.[51] The album consists of 11 tracks with a total time of 45 minutes. The first single from the album, "Who Says", was released on September 24, 2009 in advance of album, and was followed on October 19 by the single "Heartbreak Warfare" and the single "Half of My Heart" released on June 21, 2010. Despite the album's commercial success, critics were mixed with their praise; while some reviews were glowing, calling it his "most adventurous",[52][53] others called the album "safe" and noted that "Mayer the singer-songwriter and Mayer the man about town sometimes seem disconnected, like they don’t even belong in the same body."[3][54][55][56]

Mayer admitted to Rolling Stone that he thought Battle Studies was not his best album.[57][58]

[edit] Born and Raised

Early reports indicated that the follow-up to Battle Studies would be called Born and Raised, and would be released in October 2011.[59]

On September 16, 2011 Mayer posted on his blog that his new record, Born and Raised, was being delayed due to granulomas discovered in his throat. The granulomas were found next to the vocal cords and are treatable. Mayer described this as a "temporary setback" and that recording and mixing of "Born and Raised" was entirely finished except for a few remaining vocal tracks. He expects the album to be out in early 2012.[60]

On October 20, 2011 Mayer updated his fans about the treatment of his throat granuloma, announcing that he "had surgery this afternoon to remove it and am now on complete vocal rest for a month or more", during which he plans to "travel the country, look, and listen."[60]

The first single from Born and Raised, called "Shadow Days" was released on February 27, 2012

On February 28, 2012 John Mayer released the track listing for the album and announced that Born and Raised would be released on May 22, 2012.[61]

On March 9, 2012 Mayer announced on his blog that due to the return of a serious throat condition, he has been forced to cancel his tour and refrain from all singing indefinitely.[62]

Other projects[link]

Philanthropy and activism[link]

In 2002, Mayer began the "Back to You" Fund, a nonprofit organization that focuses on fundraising in the areas of health care, education, the arts, and talent development. The foundation raises funds through the auction of exclusive John Mayer items, such as guitar picks, T-shirts, and signed CDs, made available on Mayer's auction site. The auctions have been successful, with some tickets selling for more than seventeen times their face value.[63][64]

Mayer participated at the East Rutherford, New Jersey location of the Live Earth project, a musical rally to support awareness for global warming held July 7, 2007.[65] He converted his tour bus to bio-diesel fuel.[66]

Mayer has performed at a number of benefits and telethons for charity throughout his career. In response to the Virginia Tech massacre, Mayer (along with Dave Matthews Band, Phil Vassar, and Nas) performed a free concert at Virginia Tech's Lane Stadium on September 6, 2007.[67] On December 8, 2007, Mayer hosted the first annual Charity Revue, a tradition he has continued each year. Charities who have benefited from the concerts include Toys for Tots, Inner City Arts, and the Los Angeles Mission.[68] Both CDs and DVDs of the first concert were released under the title Where the Light Is in July 2008. It has not been announced whether the DVD proceeds will go to charity or not.[69] Mayer appeared on Songs for Tibet: The Art of Peace, a celebrity initiative to support Tibet and the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso.[70]

Design[link]

"I'm actually into sneakers on a design level. I've got a big design thing going on in my life right now ... I love designing stuff. I mean, my biggest dream, forget Grammys, I want to be able to design an Air Max."

—John Mayer (AP, 2006)[71]

In a Rolling Stone interview, Mayer recalled that after former Columbia Records head, Don Ienner, panned Continuum, he briefly considered quitting music and studying design full time.[4] In 2003, Martin Guitars gave Mayer his own signature model acoustic guitar called the OM-28 John Mayer.[72] The guitar was limited to a run of only 404, an Atlanta area code.[73] This model was followed by the release of two Fender signature Stratocaster electric guitars, beginning in 2005. A third Stratocaster, finished in charcoal frost metallic paint with a racing stripe, was also a limited-release, with only 100 guitars made. In January 2006, Martin Guitars released the Martin OMJM John Mayer acoustic guitar. The guitar was intended to have many of the attributes of the Martin OM-28 John Mayer but with a more affordable price tag.[74] In August 2006, Fender started manufacturing SERIES II John Mayer Stratocasters. The new Olympic white with mint green pickguard and cream plastics replaced the shoreline gold model.[75]

In January 2007, Two Rock collaborated with Mayer on custom-designed amps. Only 25 (all signed by Mayer himself) were made available to the public.[76][77] June 2007 saw the release of the "album art" guitar, with the Continuum motif repeated on the face of the instrument,[78] as well as a 500-run John Mayer signature Fender Stratocaster in Cypress-Mica, including the limited Cypress-Mica model was the INCSvsJM gig bag on which Mayer collaborated with Incase designs. In 2006, Mayer was estimated to have more than 200 guitars in his personal collection.[4] In 2010, Fender announced a production model of Mayer's "The Black One" guitar.[79]

Writing[link]

With the June 1, 2004, issue of Esquire, Mayer began a column called "Music Lessons with John Mayer". Each article featured a lesson and his (often humorous) take on various topics, both of personal and popular interest. In the August 2005 issue, he invited readers to create music for orphaned lyrics he had written.[80] The winner was Tim Fagan of L.A., as announced in the following January's issue.[81]

Mayer has been active online, and has maintained four blogs: a Myspace page, a blog at his official site, another at Honeyee.com, one at tumblr.com, and a photoblog at StunningNikon.com. He also is one of the most-followed persons on the micro-blogging site Twitter,[82] reaching 3 million followers in January 2010. Although his posts often deal with career-related matters, they also contain jokes, videos, photos, his convictions, and his personal activities; they sometimes overlap in content. He is noted for writing the blogs himself, and not through a publicist.[16][44] On January 23, 2008, he posted a graphic that read, "Done & Dusted & Self Conscious & Back to Work." on his official blog, followed by the quote "There is danger in theoretical speculation of battle, in prejudice, in false reasoning, in pride, in braggadocio. There is one safe resource, the return to nature..";c[›] all the previous blog entries were deleted.[83]

In the mid-2000s he did stand-up comedy sporadically[82] making random appearances at the famed Comedy Cellar in New York and at other venues. He stated that it helped him write better but that increased media attention made him too careful in his technique.[4]

Television[link]

In 2004, Mayer hosted a one-shot, half-hour comedy special on VH1 titled John Mayer Has a TV Show, with antics including wearing a bear suit while anonymously teasing concertgoers in the parking lot outside one of his concerts. The American network CBS announced on January 14, 2009 that they were in negotiations with Mayer for a variety show; it may air as a special or as a regular series.[84][85] In an interview with Rolling Stone, posted online on January 22, 2010, Mayer confirmed that the program, also called John Mayer Has a TV Show, was still in development, and that personnel were being hired. He described the concept as "a high quality music performance show, where I could also steer it a little bit. It's about there being a bastion of artists being made to look good and sound good.".[86]

Mayer has made many appearances on talk shows and other television programs, most notably, on a Chappelle's Show comedy skit, Late Night with David Letterman and on the final episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Mayer made an appearance with Rob Dyrdek in the MTV show Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory.

Mayer has written the theme song to the upcoming show Rollin' with Zach on the OWN network.

Touring[link]

External videos
Official video Mayer performing an acoustic set from his DVD Where the Light Is

Mayer has toured with many musical groups, including Maroon 5,[87] Guster, Howie Day, Mat Kearney, Counting Crows,[88] Ben Folds, The Wallflowers, Teitur,[89] Brett Dennen, Sheryl Crow, Colbie Caillat, Train, Ellie Goulding, OneRepublic and Paramore. Crow and Mayer, who had just previously appeared on the Cars Soundtrack together, co-headlined a tour that ran from August to October 2006.[90] In 2007, Mayer toured Europe, hoping to reach the popularity abroad that he enjoys in North America.[91] The initial North American Continuum tour ended on February 28, 2007, with a show at Madison Square Garden, a performance which the New York Post described as "career-defining."[92] In 2010, Mayer and Keith Urban performed at a CMT Crossroads concert which saw Mayer and Urban performing a medley of their own songs together and a rendition of George Michael's single, "Faith". This performance was led to Urban and Mayer teaming up again for future performances, including at the 2010 CMT Music Awards.

Mayer allows audio taping at most of his live performances, and he also allows for the non-commercial trading of those recordings. He does this to give fans the opportunity to recreate the live experience, and to encourage fan interaction.[93]

Mayer often shows up at small venues unannounced (or with little advance notice) for surprise concerts—occasionally for free or without accepting the performance fee.[94][95][96][97] He has made appearances throughout the Los Angeles, Atlanta and New York areas, including shows at The Laugh Factory,[98] Eddie's Attic,[99] and the Village Underground.[97] His latest surprise appearance was on January 8, 2011 at Hotel Cafe where he played seven new unreleased songs. In 2004, after being asked for numerous past years, he performed for over 1000 students at the Pennsbury High School Senior Prom. Wonderland, a book written by Micheal Bamberger, describes the world- famous prom and John Mayer's performance.

Touring band members[link]

Current members
  • David Ryan Harris – guitar, backing vocals (2003–present)
  • Sean Hurley – bass, backing vocals (2008–present)
  • Chuck Leavell - keyboards (2011–present)
  • Aaron Sterling - drums (2011–present)
Former members
  • Bob Reynoldssaxophones, flute (2006–2008, 2010)
  • Robbie McIntosh – guitar, slide guitar, backing vocals (2006–2010)
  • Pino Palladino - Bass (2010)
  • Keith Carlock - drums, percussion (2010)
  • David LaBruyere – bass (1999–2008)
  • Nir Z - drums (2001)
  • Matt Mangano - guitar (2001)
  • Matt Johnson - drums (2002)
  • Stephen Chopek – drums, percussion (2001–2002)
  • Michael Chaves – guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2001–2005)
  • Kevin Lovejoy – keyboards (2003–2004)
  • Erik Jekabsen – trumpet, flugelhorn (2003–2004)
  • Chris Karlic – saxophone, flute (2003–2005)
  • J.J. Johnson – drums (2003–2005, 2006–2008)
  • Onree Gill – keyboards (2004–2005)
  • Chuck McKinnon – trumpet, flugelhorn (2004–2005)
  • Keith Carlock - drums, percussion (2010–2011)
  • Ricky Peterson – keyboards, organ, backing vocals (2006–2007)
  • Charlie Wilson – keyboards (2009–2011)
  • Tim Bradshaw – keyboards, organ, lap steel guitar, backing vocals (2007–2008)
  • Kenna Ramsey - backing vocals (2009–2010)
  • Melanie Taylor - backing vocals (2009–2010)
  • Steve Jordan – drums, percussion, backing vocals (2003, 2005–2006, 2009–2010)
  • Brad Mason - trumpet, flugelhorn (2006–2008)

Personal life[link]

Mayer has a number of tattoos. These include: "Home" and "Life" (from the song title) on the back of his left and right arms respectively, "77" (his year of birth) on the left side of his chest, and a koi-like fish on his right shoulder. His entire left arm is covered in a sleeve tattoo that he acquired gradually, ending in April 2008; it includes: "SRV" (for his idol, Stevie Ray Vaughan) on his shoulder, a decorated rectangle on his biceps, a dragon-like figure on his inner arm, and various other floral designs. In 2003, he got a tattoo of three squares on his right forearm, which, he has explained, he will fill in gradually.[100]

He is an avid collector of watches and owns timepieces worth tens of thousands of dollars.[101][102] Mayer also has an extensive collection of sneakers, estimated (in 2006) at more than 200 pairs.[4][103]

Mayer's parents concluded an uncontested divorce on May 27, 2009.[104] After the divorce, Mayer moved his (82-year-old) father to an assisted-living facility in Los Angeles.[3]

Mayer has followed the discipline of Krav Maga.[105][106][107]

Mayer sold his home in the Los Angeles suburbs in 2011.[3][4][108] He currently lives in his apartment in the New York City neighborhood of SoHo.[3][4]

In April 2010 Mayer gave a controversial interview to Playboy magazine, in which he made sexually explicit comments about former girlfriends Jessica Simpson and Jennifer Aniston. It was alleged that one remark he made in the interview was racist.[109] He later apologized onstage for these statements.[110]

In September 2011, according to a Rolling Stone magazine article, Mayer has granuloma in his throat which must be treated surgically – this has caused him to cancel various planned shows.[111]

Despite assertions that he would not be doing any more press,[86] an interview with Playboy magazine (posted to their website on February 10, 2010) set off accusations in the media and on Twitter of his being a misogynist, kiss-and-tell ex-boyfriend, and racist.[105][112] He apologized via Twitter for his use of the word "nigger," saying, "It was arrogant of me to think I could intellectualize...a word that is so emotionally charged."[113] He also tearfully apologized to his band and fans at his concert in Nashville later that night.[114] Mayer was dubbed an "accidental racist" by comedian, Kumail Nanjiani.[115]

Solo discography[link]

Awards[link]

Grammy Awards[link]

Mayer has won seven awards from eighteen nominations.

Year Awardee Category Result
2003 John Mayer Best New Artist Nominated
"Your Body Is a Wonderland" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Won
2005 "Daughters" Song of the Year Won
Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Won
2007 Continuum Album of the Year Nominated
Best Pop Vocal Album Won
Try! Best Rock Album Nominated
"Waiting on the World to Change" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Won
"Route 66" Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Nominated
2008 "Belief" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
2009 "Say" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Won
Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Nominated
"Gravity" Best Male Rock Vocal Performance Won
"Lesson Learned" Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals Nominated
Where the Light Is: John Mayer Live in Los Angeles Best Long Form Music Video Nominated
2011 Battle Studies Best Pop Vocal Album Nominated
"Half of My Heart" Best Male Pop Vocal Performance Nominated
"Crossroads" Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance Nominated

Others awards and nominations[link]

Year Award Category
2002 MTV Video Music Awards
  • Best New Artist in a Video for "No Such Thing" – nominated
Orville H. Gibson Guitar Awards
  • Les Paul Horizon Award (Most Promising Up and Coming Guitarist)
VH1 Big in 2002 Awards
  • Can't Get You Out of My Head Award for "No Such Thing"
Pollstar Concert Industry Awards
  • Best New Artist Tour
2003 20th Annual ASCAP Awards
  • ASCAP Pop Award – "No Such Thing" (shared with Clay Cook)[116]
    Awarded to songwriters and publishers of the most performed songs in the ASCAP repertory for the award period.
31st Annual American Music Awards
  • Favorite Male Artist – Pop or Rock 'n Roll Music
15th Annual Boston Music Awards
  • Act of the Year[117]
  • Male Vocalist of the Year
  • Song of the Year for "Your Body Is a Wonderland"
MTV Video Music Awards
  • Best Male Video
Radio Music Awards
  • Modern Adult Contemporary Radio Artist of the Year
  • Best Hook-Up Song for "Your Body Is a Wonderland"
Teen People Awards
  • Choice Music – Male Artist
  • Choice Music – Album for Any Given Thursday
Danish Music Awards
  • Best New Artist
2004 BDS Certified Spin Awards
March 2004 recipients
  • Reached 100,000 spins for "Why Georgia"
2005 33rd annual American Music Awards
  • Adult Contemporary: Favorite Artist
World Music Awards
  • World's Best Selling Rock Act
People's Choice Awards
  • Favorite Male Artist
2007 35th Annual American Music Awards
  • Adult Contemporary Music — nominated
23rd Annual TEC Awards
  • Tour Sound Production (for the Continuum Tour)
  • Record Production/Single or Track (for production on "Waiting on the World to Change")
  • Record Production/Album (from production on Continuum)

See also[link]

Notes[link]

^ a: Generally, it was believed that Mayer's father, a Bridgeport High School principal, had given him a tape player (confiscated from a student) that happened to contain Stevie Ray Vaughan album. However, in a 2006 interview on the New Zealand show Close Up (and other interviews), Mayer said that this wasn't true.[13]
^ b: "Bittersweet Poetry" was released in the summer of 2007 (three years after its creation) as an iTunes pre-order bonus track to the album Graduation.
^ c: The quote is taken from the posthumously-published book Battle Studies by Colonel Ardant Du Picq (d. 1870)[118]
^ d: His actual words were: "Jessica �?��?��?�も素敵�?�女性�?��?一緒�?�居られ�?�最�?�?��?�。" In Romanized script, he said "Jessica wa totemo suteki na josei de, issho ni irarete saikō desu."

Footnotes[link]

  1. ^ See inogolo:pronunciation of John Mayer
  2. ^ Rolling Stone Music (2001). "John Mayer: Biography" rollingstone.com. Retrieved August 21, 2011
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hedegaard, Erik (February 4, 2010), "The Dirty Mind and Lonely Heart of John Mayer". Rolling Stone (1097); pgs. 36-45, 68
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hiatt, Brian (September 21, 2006), "My Big Mouth Strikes Again". Rolling Stone (1009): pgs. 66-70
  5. ^ (2003). "45th Annual GRAMMY Award - Best Male Pop Vocal Performance" grammy.com. Retrieved October 23, 2011
  6. ^ No byline (October 7, 2002), "It's Hip to Be Square". People. 58 (15):107
  7. ^ a b c Ruth Shaut. Elle magazine (2006) "Blues Brother" J-mayer.org. Retrieved August 3, 2006
  8. ^ Bloom, Nate (2010-03-16). "Interfaith Celebrities: The Fishers and the Tweeters". InterfaithFamily.com. http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Interfaith_CelebritiesThe_Fishers_and_the_Tweeters.shtml. Retrieved 2012-04-16. 
  9. ^ Silverman, Stephen (December 27, 2004). "John Mayer Bounced from His Alma Mater". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1012082,00.html. Retrieved 10 November 2010. 
  10. ^ a b Eliscu, Jenny (November 27, 2003), "Songs in the Key of Mayer". Rolling Stone. (936): 52-56
  11. ^ Sound Stage staff writer (2005). "John Mayer with special guest Buddy Guy" PBS.org. Retrieved May 31, 2007
  12. ^ a b c (2005). "Men Of The Week: Entertainment-John Mayer" AskMen.com. Retrieved April 12, 2006
  13. ^ a b (2006) "Mon Nov 6: Telecom; Spam Attack; John Mayer" TVNZ online. Retrieved December 6, 2006
  14. ^ a b c Mather, John; Hedegaard, Erik (March 2008), "The Wonder of John Mayer Land". Best Life. vol unknown (3):140
  15. ^ Wallace, William (2005) "Joe Beleznay wants to be the ball" TweedMag.com. Retrieved October 30, 2006
  16. ^ a b "John Mayer". Melissa and Sid. March 31, 2008
  17. ^ No byline (2007). "John Mayer: Five Fun Facts", People.com. Retrieved November 28, 2007
  18. ^ a b Small, Mark (2005). "John Mayer '98: Running with the Big Dogs" Berklee.edu. Retrieved April 23, 2007
  19. ^ a b Guthrie, Blake (2003). "Mayer of Atlanta: John Mayer plays Philips Arena, and all I got was this lousy cover story" CreativeLoafing.com. Retrieved February 17, 2007
  20. ^ Alter, Gaby (2007) "Tour Profile: John Mayer" MixOline.com. Retrieved April 23, 2007
  21. ^ (Adobe Engagement Platform) South by Southwest Music Festival. Blender. March 2000. http://www.blender.com/JohnMayerSXSW2001/video/7344.aspx?src=BB3839:MD. Retrieved October 11, 2007. [dead link]
  22. ^ Proefrock, Stacia (2005). "Biography" AllMusicGuide.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2007.
  23. ^ No byline. "A Brief History" AwareRecords.com. Retrieved June 12, 2007
  24. ^ Back, Alan (2001). "John Mayer carves out his own niche with national debut album" Nique.net. Retrieved June 22, 2007 Archived September 29, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Bream, Jon (2007) "Win or lose, John Mayer says his work keeps him happy" Star-Ecentral.com. Retrieved April 23, 2007
  26. ^ Serpick, Evan (February 2007), "Grammy Preview: John Mayer", Rolling Stone Volume unknown: pg. 32
  27. ^ Crawford, Erik (2003) "Review" AllMusic.com. Retrieved on June 8, 2007.
  28. ^ Medsker, David (2003). "Love me, love me, say that you love me..." Pop Matters. Retrieved June 8, 2007
  29. ^ MacNeil, Jason (2003). "Heavier Things" MetaCritic.com. Retrieved June 4, 2007
  30. ^ (2006) John Mayer SongWritersHallofFame.org. Retrieved on September 29, 2006. Archived October 1, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ Bio JohnMayer.com. Retrieved on June 25, 2007. Archived July 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ Deitrich, Andy (2004) "Making music for the non-musically inclined" ArsTechnica.com. Retrieved June 12, 2007
  33. ^ Krazit, Tom (2007). "Live Macworld coverage" News.com. Retrieved June 12, 2007
  34. ^ VDubsRock official site(2006). VDubsRock.com. Retrieved January 23, 2007
  35. ^ Rodriguez, Jason (2007). "Shawty's Story: Lloyd Says He Stole From Usher, Loves John Mayer" MTV.com. Retrieved April 16, 2007
  36. ^ a b Moss, Corey (2005) "John Mayer Plans To 'Close Up Shop On Acoustic Sensitive'" MTV.com. Retrieved April 12, 2006
  37. ^ MTV staff writer (2005)"Common Food for Thought" MTV.com. Retrieved June 27, 2007
  38. ^ a b Fricke, David (February 22, 2007). "The New Guitar Gods" Rolling Stone. (1020): 39-47
  39. ^ Bird, Rick (2007) "Mayer slings his guitar on 'Continuum' tour" The Cincinnati Post. Retrieved June 25, 2007 Archived September 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  40. ^ Moss Corey (2005). "John Mayer Trio Geek Out With Live Album, Rolling Stones Jokes" MTV.com. Retrieved June 8, 2007
  41. ^ Mayer, John (2006). "The Continuum Super Blog" JohnMayer.com Blog. Retrieved December 12, 2006
  42. ^ Mayer, John (2006). "Continuum First Listen" JohnMayer.com. Retrieved June 8, 2007
  43. ^ No byline (2006). "'The Village Sessions' Released Today" JohnMayer.com. Retrieved June 8, 2007
  44. ^ a b Tyrangiel, Josh (May 14, 2007) "John Mayer" TIME 169 (20): pg. 140
  45. ^ JohnMayer.org staff "Continuum (special edition) to be released on November 20; includes 6 live tracks and new single, Say" Retrieved November 19, 2007
  46. ^ "Mayercraft Carrier Cruise: February 1–4, 2008: A John Mayer/Sixthman Experience". Mayercraft.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011001821/http://mayercraftcarrier.com/artists.html. Retrieved September 26, 2007. 
  47. ^ "'Where the light is' live album is released today", July 1, 2008
  48. ^ Cashmere, Paul (August 3, 2009), "Guy Sebastian Album To Be Released In October". Undercover Music News. . Retrieved August 4, 2009
  49. ^ Newman-Bremang, Kathleen (May 12, 2009), "Crosby Loggins Nabs John Mayer, Kara DioGuardi For Debut Album'Rock the Cradle' winner plans to drop Time to Move in July". MTV.com. (accessed June 24, 2009) and "Time to Move". Amazon. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B002F7ZZSI. Retrieved September 8, 2009. 
  50. ^ Powers, Ann; Martens, Todd (July 7, 2009) "Michael Jackson memorial: John Mayer performs 'Human Nature'". LA Times . Retrieved July 8, 2009
  51. ^ SISARIO, BEN (November 26, 2009), "John Mayer Is No. 1 In Pre-Holiday Week". New York Times. :2
  52. ^ Graff, Gary (November 14, 2009), "Battle Studies".. Billboard. 121 (45):32
  53. ^ Arnold, Chuck (November 30, 2009), "Battle Studies". People.72 (22): pg. 49
  54. ^ Jerry Shriver; Elysa Gardner; Edna Gundersen (November 17, 2009), "Albums". USA Today.
  55. ^ Greenblatt, Leah (November 20, 2009), "Battle Studies". Entertainment Weekly. (1076):84
  56. ^ Keefe, Jonathan (November 22, 2009), "John Mayer - Battle Studies". Slant magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2010
  57. ^ "John Mayer's Dirty Mind Lonely Heart". Rollingstone.com. 2010-01-19. http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2010/01/19/john-mayers-dirty-mind-lonely-heart-new-issue-of-rolling-stone/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. Retrieved 2011-07-24. 
  58. ^ "John Mayer Does �?Rolling Stone’ Magazine". Pink is the New Blog. 2010-01-20. http://www.pinkisthenewblog.com/2010/01/john-mayer-does-rolling-stone-magazine. Retrieved 2011-07-24. 
  59. ^ "John Mayer to Release New Album in October". andPOP.com. May 17, 2011. http://www.andpop.com/2011/05/17/john-mayer-to-release-new-album-in-october. Retrieved June 12, 2011. 
  60. ^ a b "One Forty Plus". Jhnmyr.tumblr.com. http://jhnmyr.tumblr.com/. Retrieved 2012-04-16. 
  61. ^ "News". John Mayer. http://johnmayer.com/news/news-18431927036/. Retrieved 2012-04-16. 
  62. ^ Oldenburg, Ann (2012-03-09). "John Mayer cancels tour, takes 'indefinite hiatus'". http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2012/03/john-mayer-cancels-tour-takes-indefinite-hiatus/1#.T1qnGnJSQkc. Retrieved 2012-03-09. 
  63. ^ No byline (2006). The Official John Mayer Auction Site JohnMayerAuction.com. Retrieved on April 23, 2007.
  64. ^ "John Mayer" BusinessHere.com. Retrieved April 23, 2007 Archived February 4, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  65. ^ Kilgore, Kim (2007). "More cities added to John Mayer's itinerary". Retrieved on May 1, 2007
  66. ^ Mayer, John (2007) "(Not) Waiting on the World to Change - Entry no. 1" JohnMayer.com. Retrieved on May 1, 2007. (archived link)
  67. ^ Virginia Tech (August 1, 2006).A Concert For Virginia Tech[dead link].
  68. ^ Mayer, John. New Show: 1st annual holiday charity revenue on December 8 at Nokia Theatre LA Live. Published November 14, 2007 by JohnMayer.com. Retrieved November 27, 2007
  69. ^ Mayer, John. DVD Shoot. Published November 26, 2007 by JohnMayer.com. Retrieved November 27, 2007. (archived link)
  70. ^ Finn, Natalie (July 22, 2008), "Sting, Matthews, Mayer Gamer for Tibet Than Beijing" E-Online. Retrieved July 25, 2008
  71. ^ AP correspondent (2006). "John Mayer sings the blues to make better pop" MSNBC.com. Retrieved on January 29, 2007.
  72. ^ (2003). "John Mayer Receives Signature Martin OM Guitar". Retrieved on January 29, 2007.
  73. ^ Sounding Board Newsletter contributor (2003) "John Mayer Signature OM" MartinGuitar.com. Retrieved January 29, 2007
  74. ^ "Fretbase, John Mayer's Signature Acoustic Guitar - the Martin OMJM (2008)". Fretbase.com. 2008-08-04. http://www.fretbase.com/fretbase/2008/08/john-mayers-sig.html. Retrieved 2011-07-24. 
  75. ^ Mayer, John (2006). "The New JM Signature Strat Colorway" JohnMayer.com. Retrieved on January 30, 2007.
  76. ^ Mayer, John (2007). "Two-Rock Signature Amp Demo" JohnMayer.com. Retrieved on May 10, 2007.
  77. ^ No byline (2007). "John Mayer Signature" Two-Rock.com. Retrieved on May 10, 2007. Archived May 2, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  78. ^ Mayer, John (2007). "Win This Guitar"[dead link] Honeyee.com. Retrieved on June 11, 2007.
  79. ^ Lu, Anne (February 27, 2009), "John Mayer Teams Up With Fender To Recreate "The Black One" Guitar". allheadlinenews.com
  80. ^ Mayer, John (September 2005), "The Giveaway: John Mayer's Songwriting Contest" Esquire. 144 (3):80
  81. ^ Mayer, John (January 2006), "Tim Fagan Is A Winner". Esquire. 145 (1): pg. 38
  82. ^ a b Daly, Steven (December 2009), "John Mayer Thinks With His Pick". Details magazine. Retrieved February 8, 2010
  83. ^ [1] JohnMayer.com. Retrieved January 31, 2008
  84. ^ "CBS Piloting John Mayer Variety Show". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved January 14, 2009
  85. ^ (January 14, 2009), "TCA Press Tour: CBS loves John Mayer". The Los Angeles Times. . Retrieved January 20, 2009.
  86. ^ a b (January 22, 2010), "John Mayer in His Own Words". RollingStone.com
  87. ^ Dansby, Andrew (2004). "Mayer, Maroon 5 Hit the Road" Rolling Stone. Retrieved on April 12, 2006. Archived February 12, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  88. ^ Dansby, Andrew (2003). "Mayer, Crows to Tour " Rolling Stone. Retrieved on April 12, 2006. Archived February 12, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  89. ^ Mayer, John (2004). "Music Lessons with John Mayer" FindArticles.com. Retrieved on January 28, 2007.
  90. ^ AP (2006). "Crow, Mayer Teaming For Tour" Billboard.com. Retrieved on May 31, 2007.
  91. ^ Sinclair, David (2007). "John Mayer: My Atlantic crossing" Belfast Telegraph online. Retrieved on January 28, 2007. Archived January 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  92. ^ Aquilante, Dan (2007). "Mayer: A Player On Big Stage" Nypost.com. Retrieved on March 2, 2007.
  93. ^ General Information Local 83: Listener's Union. Retrieved on June 25, 2007. Archived June 11, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  94. ^ New York staff (October 15, 2007), "John Mayer plays tiny surprise show in New York". NME.com. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  95. ^ Kaplan, Michelle (December 6, 2010), "John Mayer’s Surprise Appearance". YeahNewYork.com. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
  96. ^ (August 9, 2009), "Secret Show Tonight 8/9/09 at LA'S Troubadour!"'. JohnMayer.com. Retrieved January 18, 2011
  97. ^ a b (June 18, 2010), "John Mayer packs Village Underground in just one hour after tweeting about it". NYPost.com. Retrieved January 18, 2011
  98. ^ (2006). "Mayer Apologises To Hewitt" ContactMusic.com. Retrieved on January 5, 2006.
  99. ^ Swartz, Kristi E., et al. (September 8, 2010), "John Mayer plays surprise Eddie's Attic show Tuesday". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved January 18, 2011
  100. ^ Collis, Clark (2003). "Dear Superstar: John Mayer" Blender.com. Retrieved on November 2, 2006.
  101. ^ Lieberman, Bari (2007). "The Mayer of Grammy-ville" The Hurricane Online. Retrieved on January 25, 2007.
  102. ^ Mayer, John (2006). "Chronometer love/the hottest watch of '07" Honeyee.com. Retrieved on April 25, 2007.
  103. ^ Mayer, John (2006). "Perks" JohnMayer.com/blog. Retrieved on January 4, 2007.
  104. ^ Mayer, Margaret v. Mayer, Richard, FBT-FA09-4027662-S (2009)
  105. ^ a b (February 10, 2010), John Mayer: Playboy Interview Playboy. Retrieved February 10, 2010
  106. ^ "Saturday, December 5th", RedCarpet.com. Retrieved on February 2, 2010
  107. ^ "Saturday, December 5th", RedCarpet.com. Retrieved on February 2, 2010
  108. ^ Beale, Lauren (January 27, 2011). "John Mayer sells his Pacific Palisades wonderland". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/27/home/la-hm-hotprop-john-mayer-20110127. 
  109. ^ Huffington Post
  110. ^ US Magazine
  111. ^ By Matthew Perpetua (2011-09-19). "John Mayer Diagnosed With Throat Condition | Music News". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/john-mayer-diagnosed-with-throat-condition-20110919. Retrieved 2012-04-16. 
  112. ^ Herrera, Monica (February 10, 2010), "John Mayer's Sexually, Racially Charged Playboy Interview Sparks Outrage". Billboard.com. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  113. ^ Mayer, John (February 10, 2010), Twitter entry. Twitter.com. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
  114. ^ (February 10, 2010), "John Mayer Cries/Apologizes in Nashville, TN 2/10/2010 Sommet Center". YouTube.com. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
  115. ^ "John Mayer Labeled an �?Accidental Racist’ After Interrupting Kumail Nanjiani’s Recent Stand-up Set"
  116. ^ Twentieth Annual Pop Music Awards ASCAP.com Retrieved November 28, 2007
  117. ^ Macone, Steven (2003). "Local musicians honored at BMAs" Daily Free Press. Retrieved on February 12, 2007.
  118. ^ Du Picq, Ardant; Translated by Greely, John N.; Cotton Robert C. (2006) Battle Studies Location unknown:BiblioBazaar, LLC, 35. ISBN 1-4264-2311-X

References[link]

External links[link]

http://wn.com/John_Mayer



Katie Couric

Couric at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
Born Katherine Anne Couric
(1957-01-07) January 7, 1957 (age 55)
Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
Education University of Virginia (B.A.)
Occupation Television journalist
Years active 1979–present
Notable credit(s) The Today Show
Dateline NBC
CBS Evening News
60 Minutes
Katie (2012)
Salary $40,000,000 annually
Spouse Jay Monahan (1989–1998; his death)
Children Elinor Tully "Ellie" Monahan
Caroline Couric Monahan

Katherine Anne "Katie" Couric (born January 7, 1957) is an American journalist and author. She serves as special correspondent for ABC News, contributing to ABC World News, Nightline, 20/20, Good Morning America, This Week and primetime news specials. Starting on September 6, 2012, she will host Katie, a syndicated daytime talk show produced by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. She has anchored the CBS Evening News, reported for 60 Minutes, and hosted Today and reported for Dateline NBC. She was the first solo female anchor of a weekday evening news program on one of the three traditional USA broadcast networks. Couric's first book, The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary Lives was a New York Times best-seller.

Contents

Early life and career[link]

Couric was born in Arlington, Virginia, the daughter of Elinor Tullie (née Hene), a homemaker and part-time writer, and John Martin Couric Jr., a public relations executive and news editor at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution and the United Press in Washington, D.C. Her mother was Jewish, but Couric was raised Presbyterian.[1][2] Couric's maternal grandparents, Bert Hene and Clara L. Froshin, were the children of Jewish immigrants from Germany.[3] In a report for Today, she traced her paternal ancestry back to a French orphan who immigrated to the U.S. in the nineteenth century and became a broker in the cotton business.

Couric attended Arlington Public Schools: Jamestown Elementary, Williamsburg Middle School, and Yorktown High School[4] and was a cheerleader.[5] As a high school student, she was an intern at Washington, D.C. all-news radio station WAVA. She enrolled at her father's alma mater,[6] the University of Virginia, in 1975 and was a Delta Delta Delta sorority sister. Couric served in several positions at UVA's award-winning daily newspaper, The Cavalier Daily. During her fourth year at UVA, Couric was chosen to live as Head Resident (RA) of The Lawn, the heart of Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village.[7] She graduated in 1979 with a bachelor's degree in English with a focus on American Studies.[8]

Television career[link]

Career beginnings[link]

Couric's first job in 1979 was at the ABC News bureau in Washington, D.C., later joining CNN as an assignment editor. Between 1984 and 1986, she worked as a general-assignment reporter for WTVJ in Miami, Florida. During the following two years, she reported for WRC-TV, the NBC owned-and-operated station in Washington, D.C., work which earned her an Associated Press award and an Emmy.

NBC[link]

Couric joined NBC News in 1989 as Deputy Pentagon Correspondent. From 1989 to 1991, Couric was an anchor substitute and filled in for Bryant Gumbel as host of Today, Jane Pauley, and Deborah Norville as co-anchor of Today, Garrick Utley, Mary Alice Williams, and Maria Shriver as co-host of Sunday Today, and John Palmer, Norville, and Faith Daniels as anchor of the former NBC News program NBC News at Sunrise. She also subbed for Daniels, Norville, and John Palmer as the news anchor on Today.

[edit] Today (1991–2006)

In 1989, Couric joined Today as national political correspondent, becoming a substitute co-host in February 1991 when Norville had a baby. Norville did not return and Couric became permanent co-anchor on April 5, 1991.[9] In 1994, she became co-anchor of Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric—an evening time weekly TV newsmagazine with Tom Brokaw—which was later canceled and folded into part of Dateline NBC, where her reports appeared regularly and she was named contributing anchor. She remained at Today for fifteen years with co-host Matt Lauer and NBC News until May 31, 2006, when she announced that she would be going to CBS to anchor the CBS Evening News, becoming the first solo female anchor of the "big three" weekday nightly news broadcasts.[8]

While at NBC, Katie Couric occasionally filled in for Tom Brokaw on NBC Nightly News. From 1989-1993, Couric also filled in for Maria Shriver on the Sunday Edition of NBC Nightly News and for Garrick Utley on the Saturday Edition of NBC Nightly News.

Couric hosted or worked on a number of news specials, like Everybody's Business: America's Children in 1995. Similar entertainment specials were Legend to Legend Night: A Celebrity Cavalcade in 1993, and Harry Potter: Behind the Magic in 2001. Couric has also co-hosted the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games. She has broadcast with Bob Costas, beginning with the 2000 Summer Olympics. She did not co-host the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy because of a scheduling conflict with a live taping of Today. Brian Williams co-hosted with Bob Costas instead.

Couric has interviewed many international political figures and celebrities during her career, including Presidents Gerald R. Ford, Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and First Lady Barbara Bush. John F. Kennedy Jr. gave Couric his first and last interviews. Couric has won multiple television reporting awards through her career, including the prestigious Peabody Award for her series Confronting Colon Cancer. Couric has also interviewed former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Senator Hillary Clinton (her first television interview), Harry Potter author J.K. Rowling, and Laura Bush.[9]

On May 28, 2008, Couric made a return visit to Today since leaving almost two years to the very day back on May 31, 2006. She made this appearance alongside her evening counterparts, NBC Nightly News' Brian Williams & ABC World News' Charles Gibson, to promote an organization called Stand Up to Cancer and raise cancer awareness on all three major television networks; ABC, CBS & NBC. Couric, Gibson and Williams made appearances together on all three major network morning shows, first on CBS's Early Show, then on NBC's Today and finally on ABC's Good Morning America.[8]

CBS[link]

[edit] CBS Evening News (2006–2011)

Couric in 2007

Couric announced on April 5, 2006 that she would be leaving Today.[10] CBS officially confirmed later the same day that Couric would become the new anchor and managing editor of CBS Evening News with her first broadcast set for September 5, 2006. Couric would also contribute to 60 Minutes and anchor prime time news specials for CBS. Couric earned $15 million per year while at CBS, a salary that made her the highest paid journalist in the world, a salary similar to Matt Lauer's at NBC and Barbara Walter's at ABC.[11]

Couric made her first broadcast as anchor and managing editor of the CBS Evening News with Katie Couric on September 5, 2006. The program featured a new set, new graphics, and a new theme composed by prolific movie score composer James Horner.[12] The program also featured a voice-over from Walter Cronkite. It was the first evening newscast to be simulcast live on the internet and local radio stations.

CBS heavily hyped Couric's arrival at the network, hoping to revive the evening news format, but there were suggestions that it backfired.[13] Although there was much interest during her first week as anchor,[14] CBS Evening News remained a distant third in viewership, behind ABC World News and NBC Nightly News.[15][16][17] While Couric's ratings improved over her predecessor, Bob Schieffer, ABC's Charles Gibson widened World News' lead over Evening News.[18]

The CBS Evening News with Katie Couric won the 2008 and 2009 Edward R. Murrow Award for best newscast. On March 29, 2009, Couric was awarded with the Emmy Governor's Award for her broadcasting career.

She has interviewed presidents, cabinet members, celebrities, and business executives around the world, including President Barack Obama, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, Former President George W. Bush, Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, John Edwards just after their announcement that Mrs. Edwards' cancer had returned, Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, Norah Jones and Michael J. Fox.[19]

Couric led CBS News' coverage of the 2006 midterm elections, the 2008 Presidential election and conventions, and 2010 midterm elections. Couric was the first network anchor on the ground in Port au Prince after the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. After the BP oil spill Couric anchored from the Gulf Coast weekly and brought much attention to the disaster. She reported from Cairo's Tahrir Square during the Egyptian Revolution in 2011. In April 2011, she led CBS News' coverage from London for the Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton.

Couric was the only solo female evening news anchor in the United States, until December 21, 2009, when she was joined by Diane Sawyer, who succeeded the retiring Charles Gibson for ABC World News. Couric and Sawyer were previous rivals as the hosts of Today and Good Morning America, respectively.[20]

On April 26, 2011, Couric confirmed in an interview with People magazine that she would be leaving her anchor post at CBS Evening News, when her contract expired on June 4, 2011.[21] Katie Couric made her final broadcast in the CBS Evening News chair on Thursday, May 19, 2011.[22]

[edit] 60 Minutes (2006–2011)

Couric was a 60 Minutes correspondent and contributed six to eight stories a year for the program. Her most famous segment was the first interview with airline pilot Chesley Sullenberger. She also interviewed Valerie Plame, Robert Gates and Michelle Rhee for the program.

The Palin interviews (2008)[link]

The Sarah Palin interviews with Katie Couric were a series of interviews Couric conducted with 2008 U.S. Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin. They were recorded and broadcast on television in several programs before the 2008 U.S. presidential election. Couric received the Walter Cronkite Award for Journalism Excellence for the interview.[23][24][25] Steve Schmidt, McCain's senior campaign strategist and advisor, later reflected on the interview, saying "I think it was the most consequential interview from a negative perspective that a candidate for national office has gone through..."[26]

CBS Reports (2009–2011)[link]

Couric was the lead reporter for two CBS Reports series, which aired across all CBS News platforms. The first series, "CBS Reports: Children of the Recession," highlighted the pain suffered by the youngest of the Great Recession's victims. The series won the Columbia School of Journalism's Alfred DuPont Award for Excellence in Journalism.[27] The second series, which aired in early 2010, was "CBS Reports: Where America Stands'.' which featured veteran CBS News correspondents reporting on major issues facing the United States in the decade ahead with research by the CBS News Polling Unit.

[edit] @katiecouric (2009–2011)

Couric hosted a weekly, one-hour interview program on CBSNews.com. The launch of the webshow signaled that Couric would stay at CBS until her contracted expired in 2011.[28]

Her first guest was Fox News Channel host Glenn Beck. Subsequent interviews have included former Vice President Al Gore, actor Hugh Jackman, recording artist Shakira, First Lady Michelle Obama, and New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman, teen singer Justin Bieber, actress Jane Lynch, talk show host Ellen DeGeneres, actor Daniel Radcliffe, Bill Gates, former White House Chief of Staff Rahm Emmanuel, national Tea Party movement leader Michael Johns, New Orleans Saints Quarterback Drew Brees, and author Malcolm Gladwell.[29]

Return to ABC[link]

[edit] ABC News (2011-)

Couric is a Special Correspondent for ABC News, based in New York. She will continue in this role even once her daytime talk show begins. Her first appearance on the network was a Sarah Jessica Parker interview on Nightline. Couric co-anchored coverage of the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, alongside Diane Sawyer, Christiane Amanpour, Barbara Walters, Elizabeth Vargas, George Stephanopoulos, and Robin Roberts. Couric was hosting Today on NBC at the time of the attacks, and led CBS News coverage of the 5th anniversary. Couric also guest co-hosted The View and Live! with Regis and Kelly. Couric interviewed Lady Gaga in primetime on Thanksgiving as part of A Very Gaga Thanksgiving. In November 2011, Couric hosted a special primetime ABC news program highlighting Regis Philbin's retirement, after Philbin's 25-year tenure at ABC.

From April 2-6, 2012, Couric substituted for co-anchor Robin Roberts on ABC's Good Morning America.

[edit] Katie (2012-)

On June 6, 2011, ABC announced that Couric signed a record $40 million contract, and would begin hosting a daytime talk show for its Disney-ABC Domestic Television arm that would debut in September 2012. Couric would also contribute to ABC News programming.[30]

On August 22, 2011, it was announced that Katie Couric's talk show will be called Katie, airing the first episode on September 10, 2012.[31][32]

Public image[link]

Couric has been called "America's Sweetheart" largely due to her co-anchor role for 15 years on The Today Show.[33] On May 12, 2003, Couric guest-hosted The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as part of a swap campaign, and had 45 percent more viewers than on other nights. She has been the only guest host used by Jay Leno on either The Tonight Show or his short lived The Jay Leno Show. Leno filled in for her on Today that same day. CNN and the New York Daily News noted that instead of using Leno's regular solid desk, "workers cut away the front of her desk to expose her legs while she interviewed American Idol judge Simon Cowell and Austin Powers star Mike Myers".[34]

Other work[link]

Couric in Afghanistan, August 2010

In a media crossover to animated film, she was the voice of news-reporter "Katie Current" in the U.S. version of the film Shark Tale. She also made a cameo appearance as a prison guard at Georgia State Prison in Austin Powers in Goldmember. She guest-starred as herself on the CBS sitcom Murphy Brown in 1992 and in the NBC sitcom Will & Grace in late 2002. On May 12, 2003, she traded places for a day with Tonight Show host Jay Leno. Couric also co-hosted NBC's live coverage of Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade from 1991 until 2005. Katie Couric delivered the graduation speech at Princeton University on June 1, 2009.[35] She also works with Carmen Marc Valvo to help publicize the deadliness, yet preventability, of colorectal cancer. On May 16, 2010, Katie Couric received an honorary doctor of science degree for her efforts in raising awareness of colorectal cancer and for her commitment to advancing medical research from Case Western Reserve University, and later gave the university's 2010 convocation keynote address.[36] In 2011, she gave the university commencement speech at Boston University and was awarded another doctoral degree, Doctor of Humane Letters. She gave her speech amongst much fan-fare from the BU community, and her speech was not only touching but also inspirational and funny.[37] She has also hosted a Sesame Street special, "When Families Grieve." The special, which aired on PBS on April 14, 2010, dealt with the issues that children go through when a parent dies.

On February 6, 2011, Couric guest-starred on the post-Super Bowl episode of Glee, playing herself interviewing Sue Sylvester after the cheer-leading team lost the championship. Sue sarcastically referred to Couric as "Diane Sawyer" during the segment.[38]

On April 12, 2011, Couric's first book titled The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary Lives was published by Random House.[39] The book is a collection of essays compiled over the past year by Couric; contributors include New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Queen Rania of Jordan, and former Today show colleague Matt Lauer. In an interview with The New York Times, Couric said that a 2010 convocation keynote address she gave (refer to preceding paragraph) inspired her to come up with the book.[40] To this end, all profits of the book will be donated to Scholarship America.

Couric is also heavily featured in The Gregory Brothers' series Auto-Tune The News. They mention this is due to her "outstanding" suitability for auto-tuning.[41]

She is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

At University of Virginia, Couric was a member in the sorority Delta Delta Delta.

Personal life[link]

Couric married Jay Monahan in 1989. She gave birth to her first daughter, Elinor Tully "Ellie" Monahan, on July 23, 1991; her second daughter, Caroline "Carrie" Couric Monahan, was born on January 5, 1996. Jay Monahan died of colon cancer in 1998 at the age of 42; as a result, Couric is a spokeswoman for colon cancer awareness. She underwent a colonoscopy on-air in March 2000, and, according to a study published in 2003 in Archives of Internal Medicine, could have inspired many others to get checked as well:

Katie Couric's televised colon cancer awareness campaign was temporarily associated with an increase in colonoscopy use in 2 different data sets. This illustrates the possibility that a well-known individual can draw attention and support to worthwhile causes.[42]

She also was very active in the National Hockey League's Hockey Fights Cancer campaign, appearing in some public service announcements and doing voice-overs for several others. Couric is currently a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for the United States.

On October 7, 2005, as part of National Breast Cancer Awareness Month, Couric broadcast her own mammogram on the Today show, in the hopes of recreating the "Couric Effect" around the issue of breast cancer.[43]

Her sister Emily Couric, a Virginia Democratic state senator, died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 54 on October 18, 2001. Couric gave a eulogy at the funeral. She pointed out that it irritated Emily when people asked her if she was Katie Couric's sister. She told the mourners "I just want you to know I will always be proud to say 'I am Emily Couric's sister'." Couric has two other siblings, Clara Couric Bachelor and John M. Couric Jr.

Couric was the honored guest at the 2004 Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation fall gala.[44] As the Guest of Honor for the inaugural American Cancer Society Discovery Ball, Couric was recognized for her leadership in increasing cancer awareness and screening.[45]

In 2011, Couric became the Honorary National Chair of the National Parkinson Foundation's Moving Day campaign, a grassroots campaign to spotlight Parkinson's disease awareness on a national level.[46] Couric's father died in 2011 at age 90 from complications due to Parkinson's disease.[47]

News sources have previously romantically linked Katie Couric to television sitcom producer Tom Werner. On December 13, 2011, Couric was reported to be splitting with her boyfriend of five years, financial executive Brooks Perlin, who is 17 years her junior.[48]

During her tenure as the host of CBS Evening News, Couric was compensated 15 million dollars per year. [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]

Sources[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Bloom, Nate (November 5, 2007). "Interfaith Celebrities: Katie Couric's Jewish Mom and The Jewish Side to". InterfaithFamily.com. http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Interfaith_Celebrities_Katie_Courics_Jewish_Mom.shtml. Retrieved 2011-12-13. 
  2. ^ Klein 2007, p. 15
  3. ^ "Ancestry of Katie Couric". About Genealogy: Couric Family Tree. About.com. p. 2. http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/a/katie_couric.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-13. 
  4. ^ Ask the Expert: Katie Couric. Power to Learn. Cablevision.
  5. ^ Dellinger, Paul (April 14, 2006). "Radford man makes Katie Couric connection". The Roanoke Times. http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/wb/60889. Retrieved 2007-04-28. 
  6. ^ Klein 2007, p. 20
  7. ^ "Lawn Resident Directory". University of Virginia. http://www.virginia.edu/100yearslawn/html/lawn.html. Retrieved December 6, 2011. 
  8. ^ a b c "Katie Couric". CBS News. July 6, 2006, 2008. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/06/eveningnews/bios/main1781520.shtml. Retrieved January 30, 2010. [dead link]
  9. ^ a b "Katie Couric". NBC News. 2006. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060427195846/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/6694462/. 
  10. ^ Katie Couric Leaving NBC for CBS | Women Lifestyle, Fashion, Health, Beauty and Personality
  11. ^ "CBS Corporation". http://www.cbscorporation.com/news/prdetails.php?id=463. 
  12. ^ "James Horner". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000035/. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
  13. ^ Kurtz, Howard (December 14, 2009). "For Gibson, little regret, lots of faith in Sawyer". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/12/13/AR2009121302708_pf.html. 
  14. ^ "Diane Sawyer has talent, but do viewers care about network news these days?". BostonHerald.com. 2009-12-21. http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/television/general/view/20091221sawyer_has_talent_but_do_viewers_care_about_network_news_these_days/srvc=home&position=7. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  15. ^ By Coordinator (2009-11-18). ""World News with Charles Gibson" Posts Best Total Viewer & Demo Deliveries in More Than 8 Months - ABC News". Blogs.abcnews.com. http://blogs.abcnews.com/pressroom/2009/11/world-news-with-charles-gibson-posts-best-total-viewer-demo-deliveries-in-more-than-8-months.html. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  16. ^ Moore, Frazier (December 18, 2009). "ABC Newsman Charles Gibson's last day at work". Associated Press. Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091218/ap_en_ot/us_ap_on_tv_gibson_s_exit/print. 
  17. ^ Ariens, Chris. "Evening News Ratings - TVNewser". Mediabistro.com. http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/evening_news_ratings/. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  18. ^ Steinberg, Jacques; Carter, Bill (October 18, 2006). "As Couric Stays in Third, CBS Stresses the Positive". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/18/arts/television/18kati.html?8dpc=&_r=1&pagewanted=print. 
  19. ^ "Katie Couric — CBS Evening News". CBSNews.com. July 6, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/07/06/eveningnews/bios/main1781520.shtml. [dead link]
  20. ^ Bauder, David (September 2, 2009). "Sawyer to take over as anchor of ABC evening news". Seattle Times. Associated Press. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2009793358_apusabcgibson.html. 
  21. ^ Dennis, Alicia (2011-04-26). "Katie Couric: I Am Leaving CBS Evening News". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20484765,00.html. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  22. ^ Stanley, Alessandra (May 19, 2011). "Katie Couric Leaves �?CBS Evening News'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/20/us/20watch.html. 
  23. ^ Shea, Danny (March 10, 2009). "Katie Couric's Sarah Palin Interview Wins Cronkite Award". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/03/10/katie-courics-sarah-palin_n_173661.html. 
  24. ^ "2009 Cronkite Award Winners". March 10, 2009. http://www.reliableresources.org/winners09.html. 
  25. ^ "Couric Wins Walter Cronkite Award". CBS News. March 11, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/03/10/couricandco/entry4856848.shtml. 
  26. ^ Steve Schmidt, Unplugged, April 27, 2009 interview with Hugh Hewitt (Townhall).
  27. ^ "The Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards — The Journalism School Columbia University". www.journalism.columbia.edu. http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/cs/ContentServer/jrn/1165270069766/page/1175295284582/JRNSimplePage2.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
  28. ^ Ariens, Chris (2009-09-20). "Katie Couric Staying with CBS For the Foreseeable Future; To Host Interview Show on CBSNews.com". Mediabistro.com. http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/cbs/katie_couric_staying_with_cbs_for_the_foreseeable_future_to_host_interview_show_on_cbsnewscom_136258.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  29. ^ @KatieCouric, CBS News
  30. ^ Carter, Bill (June 6, 2011). "ABC Signs Katie Couric to a Multiyear Deal". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/06/abc-signs-katie-couric-to-a-multi-year-deal/. Retrieved June 6, 2011. 
  31. ^ "Couric talker gets name, graphical look | NewscastStudio Blog". Newscaststudio.com. 2011-08-23. http://www.newscaststudio.com/blog/2011/08/23/couric-talker-gets-name-graphical-look/. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  32. ^ "Katie Couric Talk Show Will Be Called 'Katie' (Photo)". Hollywood Reporter. 2011-08-22. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/katie-couric-talk-show-will-226039. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  33. ^ Katie Couric: Groundbreaking TV Journalist — Life Portraits; Rachel A. Koestler-Grack; Published by Gareth Stevens, 2009; Pg. 88
  34. ^ Klein 2007, pp. 175
  35. ^ "Couric to deliver Class Day address". The Daily Princetonian. http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/2009/02/02/22593/. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  36. ^ "Case Western Reserve University | News Center". Blog.case.edu. 2010-05-17. http://blog.case.edu/case-news/2010/05/17/commencement2010. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  37. ^ Barlow, Rich. "Graduation a Lifelong Process, Couric Tells Class of 2011 | BU Today | Boston University". Bu.edu. http://www.bu.edu/today/node/13002. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  38. ^ "Katie Couric to Appear on Glee". TVGuide.com. http://www.tvguide.com/News/Katie-Couric-Glee-1026360.aspx. Retrieved December 2, 2010. 
  39. ^ Couric, Katie (2012). The Best Advice I Ever Got: Lessons from Extraordinary Lives. Random House. ISBN 978-0812992779. 
  40. ^ Carter, Bill (23 Feb. 2011). "Couric Assembles a Book of Essays to Raise Money for Scholarships". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/24/arts/television/24couric.html. Retrieved 12 April 2011. 
  41. ^ 'The Rachel Maddow Show' for Friday, May 1, 2009. MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/30561015/. Retrieved 2009-07-01. 
  42. ^ Cram P, Fendrick AM, Inadomi J, Cowen ME, Carpenter D, Vijan S (July 2003). "The impact of a celebrity promotional campaign on the use of colon cancer screening: the Katie Couric effect". Arch. Intern. Med. 163 (13): 1601–5. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.13.1601. PMID 12860585. http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/163/13/1601. 
  43. ^ [1][dead link]
  44. ^ 2004 Friends for Life Fall Gala
  45. ^ "Crain's Chicago Business". Chicagobusiness.com. http://www.chicagobusiness.com/cgi-bin/society.pl?societyDate=2007-04-30. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  46. ^ "Katie Couric Is Honorary National Chair Of National Parkinson Foundation's Moving Day - Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. 2011-08-19. http://news.yahoo.com/katie-couric-honorary-national-chair-national-parkinson-foundations-131614167.html. Retrieved 2011-09-10. 
  47. ^ Mirkinson, Jack (June 23, 2011). "John Couric, Katie Couric's Father, Dies At 90". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/23/john-couric-katie-couric-father-dead-dies_n_882756.html. 
  48. ^ "Katie, 'boy toy' call it quits". mypost.com. December 13, 2011. http://www.nypost.com/p/pagesix/katie_boy_toy_call_it_quits_mtXB8Dfy32r7y8nwy1g8SK. Retrieved 2011-12-13. 
  49. ^ . http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-20/cbs-couric-said-to-discuss-lower-pay-wider-role-for-anchor-as-cnn-waits.html. 
  50. ^ . http://boingboing.net/2009/09/23/katie-courics-salary.html. 
  51. ^ . http://www.theatlanticwire.com/entertainment/2011/05/katie-courics-salary-was-more-yearly-budget-nprs-biggest-shows/37921/. 
  52. ^ . http://www.cjr.org/behind_the_news/katie_and_diane_the_wrong_ques.php?page=all. 
  53. ^ . http://joeduck.com/2009/07/19/celebrity-salaries/. 

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Katie_Couric



9:20
Hen­ri­et­ta Lack - CBS Sun­day Morn­ing
Mr­Cristea
3:11
1968 King As­sas­si­na­tion Re­port (CBS News)
CBS
4:30
U2's Bono & The Edge Per­form "Stuck In a Mo­ment" on David Let­ter­man
CBS
6:14
Baby/Never Say Never/OMG (GRAM­MYs on CBS)
Justin­BieberVE­VO
1:42
David Let­ter­man - Super Bowl MVP Eli Man­ning
CBS
3:37
The His­to­ry of the CBS Eye Logo 2001
eye­ontv
show more
add to playlist
clear
Video Suggestions







The World News (WN) Network, has created this privacy statement in order to demonstrate our firm commitment to user privacy. The following discloses our information gathering and dissemination practices for wn.com, as well as e-mail newsletters.

1. Personal Information Collection and Use

We do not collect personally identifiable information about you, except when you provide it to us. For example, if you submit an inquiry to us or sign up for our newsletter, you may be asked to provide certain information such as your contact details (name, e-mail address, mailing address, etc.).

When you submit your personally identifiable information through wn.com, you are giving your consent to the collection, use and disclosure of your personal information as set forth in this Privacy Policy. If you would prefer that we not collect any personally identifiable information from you, please do not provide us with any such information. We will not sell or rent your personally identifiable information to third parties without your consent, except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy.

Except as otherwise disclosed in this Privacy Policy, we will use the information you provide us only for the purpose of responding to your inquiry or in connection with the service for which you provided such information. We may forward your contact information and inquiry to our affiliates and other divisions of our company that we feel can best address your inquiry or provide you with the requested service. We may also use the information you provide in aggregate form for internal business purposes, such as generating statistics and developing marketing plans. We may share or transfer such non-personally identifiable information with or to our affiliates, licensees, agents and partners.

We may retain other companies and individuals to perform functions on our behalf. Such third parties may be provided with access to personally identifiable information needed to perform their functions, but may not use such information for any other purpose.

In addition, we may disclose any information, including personally identifiable information, we deem necessary, in our sole discretion, to comply with any applicable law, regulation, legal proceeding or governmental request.

2. E-mail addresses

We do not want you to receive unwanted e-mail from us. We try to make it easy to opt-out of any service you have asked to receive. If you sign-up to our e-mail newsletters we do not sell, exchange or give your e-mail address to a third party.

E-mail addresses are collected via the wn.com web site. Users have to physically opt-in to receive the wn.com newsletter and a verification e-mail is sent. wn.com is clearly and conspicuously named at the point of

collection.

If you no longer wish to receive our newsletter and promotional communications, you may opt-out of receiving them by following the instructions included in each newsletter or communication or by e-mailing us at michaelw(at)wn.com

The security of your personal information is important to us. We follow generally accepted industry standards to protect the personal information submitted to us, both during registration and once we receive it. No method of transmission over the Internet, or method of electronic storage, is 100 percent secure, however. Therefore, though we strive to use commercially acceptable means to protect your personal information, we cannot guarantee its absolute security.

If we decide to change our e-mail practices, we will post those changes to this privacy statement, the homepage, and other places we think appropriate so that you are aware of what information we collect, how we use it, and under what circumstances, if any, we disclose it.

If we make material changes to our e-mail practices, we will notify you here, by e-mail, and by means of a notice on our home page.

3. Third Party Advertisers

The advertising banners and other forms of advertising appearing on this Web site are sometimes delivered to you, on our behalf, by a third party. In the course of serving advertisements to this site, the third party may place or recognize a unique cookie on your browser. For more information on cookies, you can visit www.cookiecentral.com.

4. Business Transfers

As we continue to develop our business, we might sell certain aspects of our entities or assets. In such transactions, user information, including personally identifiable information, generally is one of the transferred business assets, and by submitting your personal information on Wn.com you agree that your data may be transferred to such parties in these circumstances.