name	Manipur
native name
type	State
image seal	Seal_of_Manipur.gif
map caption	Location of Manipur in India
image map1	Manipur locator map.svg
map caption1	Map of Manipur
coor pinpoint	Imphal
coordinates type	region:IN-MN_type:adm1st
coordinates display	inline,title
coordinates region	IN-MN
subdivision type	Country
subdivision name
established title	Established
established date	21 January 1972
parts type	Districts
parts style	para
p1	9
seat type	Capital
seat	Imphal
seat1 type	Largest city
seat1	Imphal
leader title	Governor
leader name	Gurbachan Jagat
leader title1	Chief Minister
leader name1	Okram Ibobi Singh
leader title2	Legislature
leader name2	Unicameral (60 seats)
leader title3	Parliamentary constituency
leader name3	2
leader title4	High Court
leader name4	Gauhati High Court
unit pref	Metric
area total km2	22347
area rank	23rd
population total	2721756
population as of	2011
population rank	22nd
population density km2	auto
timezone1	IST
utc offset1	+05:30
iso code	IN-MN
blank name sec1	HDI
blank info sec1	0.707 (medium)
blank1 name sec1	HDI rank
blank1 info sec1	5th (2005)
blank name sec2	Literacy
blank info sec2	79.85% (2011 Census)
blank1 name sec2	Official languages
blank1 info sec2	Meiteilon
website	Manipur Official Website
footnotes	}}

Manipur ( ) is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur consist of Kangleipak kingdom (piori and muslim) and the hills of the tribals and is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of . Geographically, it falls under the Southeast Asia region.

The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Hmars and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State . Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.

Foreigners entering Manipur prior to January 1, 2011 (including foreign citizens born in Manipur) were required to possess Restricted Area Permit. As of January 1, 2011 foreign citizens are no longer required to have a Protected Areas Permit (PAP). This change will remain in effect for one year.

History

thumb|The Kangla Gate (west entrance to the [[Kangla Palace|Kangla Fort]] Manipur came under British rule as a princely state in 1891 and existed until 1947 as Kanglapak Kingdom and the Hill people as separate intities. Kanglapak King willfully acceded to the newly independent Union of India. During the Second World War, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between the Japanese and the Allied forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal, and this proved to be one of the turning points of the war. After the War, the Manipur Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government with the Maharaja as the Executive Head and an elected legislature. In 1949, Maharaja Budhachandra was summoned to Shillong, capital of the then Indian province of Assam. The legislative assembly was dissolved on the controversial annexation of the state with the Republic of India in October 1949. Manipur was a union territory from 1956 and later became a full-fledged state in 1972.

Manipur became a Union Territory in 1956 and later, in 1972, a full-fledged state of India with Muhammad Alimuddin becoming the first state Chief Minister (1972–74).

There has been a separatist movement in Manipur since 1964 with the establishment of United National Liberation Front, with several violent groups desirous of a sovereign Manipur. Special permission must also be obtained for those who wish to enter Manipur, as it is considered a "sensitive area" on account of its political troubles and geographical location.

Geography, vegetation and climate

Geography

Manipur is one of the seven states of Northeast India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the north, by Mizoram in the south, by Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Burma in the east as well as in the south. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 23°83’N – 25°68’N and longitude of 93°03’E – 94°78’E. The total area covered by the state is 22,347 km². The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres above the sea level. The slope of the valley is from north to south. The presence of the mountain ranges not only prevents the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley but also acts as a barrier to the cyclonic storms originating from the Bay of Bengal.

There are four major river basins in Manipur State, the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. The total water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham. The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget. (By way of comparison, India receives 400 Mham (million hectare meters) of rain annually) The Barak river, the largest river of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by a number of tributaries such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai. After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north and forms the border with Assam State, and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills.

Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and, therefore, deposit their sediment load in the Loktak lake. The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive in nature and assume turbulent form in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams.

Physiographically, Manipur may be characterised in two distinct physical regions – an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated land forms. These two areas are not only distinct in respect of physical features but are also conspicuous with regard to various flora and fauna. The valley region would have been a monotonous, featureless plain but for a number of hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km². The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mt. Iso Peak near Mao Songsong.

The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand and sandy clay, and are quite varied. On the plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The top soil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8. The climate of the State is salubrious with approximate average annual rainfall varying from 933 mm at Imphal to 2593 mm at Tamenglong. The temperature ranges from sub-zero to 36°C.

Districts

Manipur has currently nine administrative districts.

4570 3313 709 519 3271 4391 514 4544

style="text-align:center;"	District	Area	Population			Headquarters
align="left"	Bishnupur	496
align="left"	Churachandpur	|	227,905	Churachandpur
align="left"	Chandel	|	118,327	Chandel, Manipur>Chandel
align="left"	Imphal East	|	394,876	Porompat
align="left"	Imphal West	|	444,382	Lamphelpat
align="left"	Senapati	|	283,621	Senapati
align="left"	Tamenglong	|	111,499	Tamenglong
align="left"	Thoubal	|	364,140	Thoubal
align="left"	Ukhrul	|	140,778	Ukhrul

Vegetation

The natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14,365 km² which is nearly 64% of the total geographical area of the state. The vegetation consists of a large variety of plants ranging from short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos to trees of various species. Broadly, there are four types of forests:

Tropical Semi-evergreen.

Dry Temperate Forest

Sub-Tropical Pine

Tropical Moist Deciduous

Teak, pine, oak, uningthou, leihao, bamboo, cane, etc. are important forest resources growing in plenty. In addition, rubber, tea, coffee, orange, and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice is a staple food for Manipuris. Rice and cash crops make up the main vegetation cover in the valley.

Climate

The climate of Manipur is largely influenced by the topography of this hilly region which defines the geography of Manipur. Lying 790 meters above sea level, Manipur is wedged between hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be a little chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 degree C. In winter the temperature often falls below zero, bringing frost. Snow sometimes falls in some hilly regions due to the Western Disturbance. The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. The ideal time for tourism in the state, in terms of climate, is from October to February, when the weather remains bright and sunny without the sun being too hot.

The state is drenched in rains from May until mid-October. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1467.5 mm. However, the rain distribution varies from 933 mm in Imphal to 2593 mm in Tamenglong. The precipitation ranges from light drizzles to heavy downpour. The normal rainfall of Manipur enriches the soil and helps in agricultural processes and irrigation. The South Westerly Monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heads toward Manipur, hits the eastern Himalaya ranges and produces a massive amount of rain in the state.

Population

{{India census population | title= Population Growth | 1951= 578000 | 1961= 780000 | 1971= 1073000 | 1981= 1421000 | 1991= 1837000 | 2001= 2294000 | estimate= | estyear= | estref= | footnote=Source:Census of India }} Manipur has a population of 2,388,634. Of this total, 58.9% live in the valley and the remaining 41.1% in the hilly region. The hills are inhabited mainly by the Nagas, Kukis (Chin-Mizos) and smaller tribal communities and the valley mainly by the Meiteis, Pangal, and "Bhamons" who are literally non-Meiteis). Some Naga,Kuki and Hmar settlements are also found in the valley region. Racially, Manipuri people are far more similar to Southeast Asians than to mainland Indians. The distribution of area, population and density, literacy rate, etc. as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:

Language

The official languages of the state are Manipuri and English.

Manipuri language (Meiteilon)

Meiteilon, the official language of Manipur, has a long history. Courses on Manipuri Language and Literature are offered as a subject up to M.A. level in both Central and State Universities. It is the main language of communication among all different tribes and people inhabiting Manipur. English is also slowly gaining ground as a common language of communication.Hindi is also in use by the migrants from northern India. Meitei has been recognized as the Manipuri language by the Indian Union and has been included in the list of scheduled languages (included in the 8th schedule by the 71st amendment of the constitution in 1992). Meitei is taught as a subject up to postgraduate level (Ph.D.) in Indian universities, apart from being a medium of instruction up to the undergraduate level in Manipur.

Meitei Mayek (Manipuri script)

Meitei Mayek is a script, commonly referred as Mayek, which has been used since ancient times. Though out of vogue for a certain period, in the recent past it has gained popularity.

Languages of hill people

There are 29 different dialects spoken in Manipur. Six main hill dialects recognised by Government of Manipur for medium of instruction & examination up to class XII are : # Thadou-Kuki, dialect of Kuki people, the second language in the state after Meiteilon during Colonial Period. # Tangkhul, dialect of Tangkhul people # Hmar, dialect of Hmar people # Paite, dialect of Paite people # Mao, dialect of Mao People # Rongmei dialect of Rongmei people #

Transportation

Tulihal Airport, the airport of Imphal, connects the state capital with Delhi, Kolkata Guwahati and Agartala. National Highway NH-2 (Recently changed NH-39 to NH-2) links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of from Imphal. National Highway 37 (Recently changed NH-53 to NH-37) (India) connects Manipur with another railway station at Silchar in Assam, which is away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of connects all the important towns and distant villages and the Imphal-Moreh road, that connected to Myanmar by NH-102

On April 9, 2010, Union Minister of India, Shashi Tharoor announced that the central government is considering a rail link from Manipur to Vietnam.

Religion

Hinduism and Sanamahi

The people of Manipur follow several faiths and religions which can be traced down to its unique historical past. Sanamahism is an ancient indigenous religion, rich in mythology and colorful in ritual. The Sanamahi worship is concentrated around the Sun God/Sanamahi. Early Manipuris were the devotees of a Supreme deity "Lainingthou Soralel" following the footprint of their Godly ancestors. That particular kind of ancestor worship and animism, with the central focus of worship on Umang Lai – that is, ethnic governing deities worshipped in sacred groves. Some of the gods(Lais) Manipuris worship are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Oknarel, Panganba, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, Koubru. The religious life of the people, even when they adopted non-mainstream Hinduism, retained many characteristics inherited from their prehistoric ancestors. The essentials of this religion remain recognizable to the present day. Hinduism has an ancient presence in Manipur, but did not win widespread adoption until relative recent history. It was in the 15th century that a particular form of Vaisnavism was adopted and spread under the reign of King Kyamba through to King Khagemba in the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century and at the advent of the 20th century, a great force of Gaudiya Vaishnavism came and spread in Manipur. Over the last couple of decades there has been a revival of Sanamahi religion and this was evident in the significant growth of the "non-mainstream" religion category in the 2001 census which amounted to 17% of the population. Due to the revival of demographic profile of the state, Sanamahism will now be included in the next Government of India population census in 2011. According to the 2001 census Hinduism is identified with 47% of the population.

Christianity

Christianity in Manipur started to spread in the 19th century onwards by missionaries. The 20th century saw the establishment of a few Christian schools which then introduced Western-type education in this remote part of the world. Some of the finest schools in Manipur are Little Flower School in Imphal, Don Bosco High School in Imphal, St. Joseph's Convent, Nirmalabas High School. These schools have produced achievers in various professions such as medicine, engineering, and other branches of science. A sizeable Meitei population have joined Christianity. Christianity constitutes 34% of the population.

Islam

Muslims numbering 190,939 form about 8.32% of the state population as per 2001 census. Influence of religious preceptors- Shaikh Shah Jalal Yemeni who came to Sylhet in 1303 AD and Azan Fakir Baghdadi in 1690 AD in Assam is also felt among Manipuri Muslims. There are Arab, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among Manipuri Muslims.

Culture

Theatre and society in Manipur are intimately linked, as in many parts of the world. Manipuris are a culturally enthusiastic people. Cultural spirit has never been allowed to be blown out despite the area's remoteness from the outside world. This is why it still thrives in the Manipur valley.

Theatre has always been part of the Laiharaoba festivals since time immemorial. Theatre in Manipur today can be broadly divided, based on the texts, into religious and secular. The former is the adaptation of religious epics or some episodes from them, performed mainly in the sacred sphere such as temples. Within this Gauralila (the story of the childhood days of Caitanya Mahaprabhu), Sanjenba (an episode from the play between Krishna and his cows and his Gopis), and Udukhol (an episode from Krishna's childhood days) can be incorporated. They are seasonal performances commanding spiritual devotions among the audience.

Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious and is performed in the secular or profane spheres. Within these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Though the religious genre is loved profoundly by the audience, the torch of theatre is being held aloft by the secular ones. Among the latter also Shumang lila commands a very wide rustic popularity among the audience though the stage drama still does not lack its serene and dignified position mostly because of its community-based themes and styles. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13/13 ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage or any set design or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, visual effects, etc. It uses only one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim to be the theatre of the masses is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving only one passage as both entrance and exit.

Shumang lila is performed by a touring band of 12-13 professional artists on invitation basis. These troupes may be exclusively female (Nupi Shumang Lila) or exclusively male (Nupa Shumang lila). Though the male characters are played by the female artists in the case of the former, what is most intriguing is the acting of the female roles by the male artists or nupishabis (male actresses). They are feminine in their looks, bodily gestures and facial expressions guised in masculine souls.

Historically the seed of Shumang lila was sown in Phagee lila (farce), performed during the reign of Ningthourel Chandrakirti (1850–1886), though traces of it were already present in the episode of Tangkhul-Nurabi Loutaba of Laiharaoba festival. Then it was succeeded by such plays as Ramlila, Sabha parba, Kabul lila, etc. But the real Shumang lila with various rasas (sentiments) was ushered in with the epic play Harishchandra (1918). Then it was followed by others such as Meiraba charan, Thok lila, etc. One of the most successful of this era was Moirang parba, an epic play based on the legendary lovers Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang.

On the other hand, the world of Phampak lila (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on Manipuri theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891–1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of various groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968),the panthoibi natya mandir (1972) and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976). These groups started experimenting with various types of plays apart from historical and pauranic ones. Today Manipuri theatre is well respected because of various excellent productions shown in various parts of the country and abroad. Manipuri plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila, have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.

Manipuri dance (Ras Lila)

A classical form of Manipuri dance based and inspired by the theme of Lord Krishna and his beloved Radha's love story and the devotion of the Gopis (companions) toward Lord Krishna. This graceful and slow movement of the dance makes it one of the most acclaimed classical dances of India. The costume is elegant, as there are nicely embroidered clothes that give luster to the beauty of the art.This dance is very exciting dance.

Chorus Repertory Theater

The auditorium of the theater is situated on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about . It has housing and working quarters to accommodate a self-sufficiency of life. The theater association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like Chakravyuha and Uttarpriyadashi. Its 25 years of existence in theater had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. Chakravyuha taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival. Chakravyuha deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death whereas Uttarpriyadashi is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's redemption.

Indigenous games

The indigenous games of Manipur can be classified as Outdoor and Indoor.

Outdoor

# Mukna # Mukna Kangjei (Khong Kangjei) # Sagol Kangjei (Polo) # Yubi lakpi (Coconut Rugby) # Oo-Laobi # Hiyang-Tannaba # Arambai Hunba

Mukna (Manipuri wrestling)

Mukna is a popular form of wrestling. It has fundamental rules agreed by all Mukna organizations and with Royal Consent. Traditionally the game is controlled and organised by Pana Loisang of the Ruler of the state and village organizations. There are four, Panas-Ahallup, Naharup, Khabam and Laipham, who control all fixtures and times for the games and the State Meet in which the Final is invariably graced by the ruler, who presents the title of Jatra (Champion) for the year along with reward of Thum Nama (A full bag of salt) and Ngabong Phi (hand made cloth of cotton yarn), exemption of all state duties and Ningham Samjin dress (traditional). The game has two categories (1) Takhatnabi (League), (2) Naitom (Knockout). The young talents work and play all the year round with dedication for the title of 'Jatra' (Champion) of Mukna of Manipur.

Mukna Kangjei (Khong Kangjei)

Mukna Kangjei is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots. The origin of the game goes back well to Aniconic worship. People celebrate Lai Haraoba (festival to please traditional deities) and include this item to mark the end of the festival. It was believed that Khagemba Ningthou (King, 1597–1652) patronised this game. In later generations, the game is organised in the villages. Presently, associations are formed in Panas with rules and regulations of Mukna Kangjei. The game is played by two teams of seven players each. All players hold a natural cane stick with root, gradually increasing the size of the root, to the length of about seven inches to play the ball made out of seasoned bamboo roots of approximately a diameter of four inches (102 mm). The players put on Mukna Kisi Phijet (dress of cloth knot) to secure protection and holding each other. At present a short pant is added below Kisi (like cloth belt with knots). The game starts by throwing the ball in front of the panjenbas (leaders) of the two teams standing face to face to each other on the line. If possible they can pick up the ball and run. The process of running and obstructing each other to put the ball on the goal line of the ground is allowed, Pun onba (change of side) and end of the game is given by the command of the umpire. The rules for the game are known as Kangjei lon. It has improved a lot and was demonstrated during the Fifth National Games 1999 at Imphal.

Sagol Kangjei (Polo)

To Manipuris according to Chaitharol-Kumbaba, a Royal Chronicle of Manipur King Kangba who ruled Manipur much earlier than Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33 AD) introduced Sagol Kangjei (Kangjei on horse back). Further regular playing of this game commenced in 1605 during the reign of King Khagemba under newly framed rules of the game. The game requires perfect control of the pony, the stick and the ball with proficiency of riding. The sense of 'fair Play' was the main guided factor of this game. This is played between two teams of Seven players a side. During the time of the late Sir Chandrakirti Singh, K.C.S.I Maharaja of Manipur introduced regular game at Mapal Kangjeibung (now near Tikendrajit Park) on the ground of Sana-Lamjei (length 160 and 80 width in dimension) being one Lamjei equal to The game can be played in smaller ground also if occasion demands. Earlier, there was no definite rules for foul in traditional Sagol Kangjei.Manipur has produced players of outstanding calibres like Jubaraj Bir Tikendraji (Senapati of Manipur Army) as legendary player described by Mrs. Grimhood (1887–90). After 1891, Manipur produced outstanding players like (L) Ojha Tombi and Shyamjai Sharma who never had the chance to play in international tournament. From the history it is an established fact and accepted that Manipur is the birthplace of Polo of the World.

Yubi lakpi

Yubi lakpi is a traditional football game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to rugby. Despite these similarities, the name is not related to the game of rugby or Rugby School in England, it is in fact of Manipuri origin, and means literally "coconut snatching".

Oolaobi

Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).

The Raiders say "oo" without stopping as long as they can continue and try to touch the Avoiders. If a Raider touches an Avoider is out, the Avoider is out. This process goes on till Avoiders are out or surrender. If a raider fails to say "oo" or is out of breath, the Raider is out. Points are counted on the elimination of Raiders/Defenders.

If Raiders are tired they declare for change and a time limit is decided on. The principles of Oolaobi are very similar to Kabaddi in India. The ground (court) is not marked; normally the open space in the premises of the house or temple is used for the game. Oolaobi is very popular with girls and a source of talent in Kabaddi.

Hiyang Tannaba

Hiyang Tannaba (Boat Race) : Hiyang tannaba (Hi Yangba Tannaba) is a traditional function of the Panas. This is held during the month of November. This was introduced during the time of Ningthourel Khunjaoba, the second son of King Khagemba, who dug the Kangla Moat around the Palace to make it impregnable in the year of 1660 after he ascended the throne in 1652.In the traditional function two boats "Tanahi" (Race Boat) are detailed for leaders known as "Tengmai Lappa". In each boat forty Hiroys (Boatsman) operate the boat. The boat which reaches the finishing line is the winner and all boatsman raise their (Now) oars high in the air as a sign of reaching the finishing line first and thus the winner of the race is declared. The leader pays his respect to the deity and the King of Manipur.

Arambai Hunba

People of Manipur are very fond of riding horses specially those who are in the village near the breeding areas. Since the ponies are easily available , the young boys get the chance of riding ponies without saddle on horse back. Sometimes they ride horse using a rope in place of regular bridle throwing branches of small trees in place of Arambai. This practice helped the Manipur Arambai force as a martial art which was very much required during the advance and withdrawal of forces. This art was very popular as an indigenous game of the youth of Manipur. This game is displayed even now , during the festival "Kwak Jatra" after Durga Puja.

Apart from these games, some outdoor games, which are played by children, are in a position of extinction. The games like Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, Chaphu Thugaibi etc. are very popular game in Cambodia. Such games are played especially during the Khmer New Year.

Indoor Indigenous Games

Kang

Kang is played by both male and female Meities of Manipur. Manipuris believe Kang is a game played by deity " Panthoibi". It is also believed that Manipuris began to play this game well before Vaishnavism came to Manipur. It is culturally a fine game of Manipur specially of Meiteis. It is played under a shed of building on an earth ground (court) smoothly levelled to suit the course of the 'Kang' the target on the court. It is well marked for the respective positions of the players of both to hit the target on the court. It has rules and regulations formed by the associations to suit the occasions of the games either for tournaments or Friendly. The dignitaries of the Palace, even Queen and King also participated on social functions. In olden days 'Kang' was played during summer, starting from Cheiraoba (Manipur New Year) to Kang Chingba. Presently the game is played in several tournaments throughout the year, organised by the Associations. Rules and regulations have been modified to suit the improved process of the game.

Festivals

The various festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-niNingol Chakouba, Yaoshang, Ramjan ID, Kut, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Christmas, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba. Most of these festivals are usually celebrated on the basis of lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states is observed here and it makes Manipur a mini metropolis.

Ningol Chakouba (November)

A social festival of the Meiteis and many communities of Manipur where the married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba-literally calling to a meal;for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house along with their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the girls married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have also started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival. It is held every year mostly during the month of November. Sometimes it falls in October.

"Ningol" can mean a family's woman or a girl child and is not necessarily married.

Yaoshang (February/March)

Yaoshang is one of the colourful festival of Manipur similar to holy festival. Another feature of this premiere festival is the Thabal Chongba (Dancing in the Moonlight). The boys from various places will come to the site of the festival and dance with the girls by holding on to their hands and moving in circles. It is celebrated for five days starting from the full moon of Phalguna (February/March).

Christmas (December)

The Hill dwellers consisting of various tribes (Kuki,Naga,Hmar etc)in Manipur are Christians and celebrate Christmas for two days with prayers, reading of gospels, eating, singing of hymns, lectures on Christ, sports etc. It is usually observed on 24 December and 25. The Kuki are the second largest people in terms of population, next to the Meitei people. Few of them living in the plain area but most of them living in the hill area from generation to generation. Nowadays, one can find a small but rapidly expanding Meitei Christian population both in the urban and rural areas.

Kut (Post Harvest festival) (November)

A post harvest festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a particular community or tribe but the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year the state declared holiday for Kut celebration. The festival is marked by various cultural events such as traditional dances, folk dances, songs, sports and the most popular Miss Kut contest. It is a festival of peace and thanksgiving to the Almighty for the harvests.

Gaan-Ngai

Gaan-Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. Its a 5 day long festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching as per the Meitei Calendar of the lunar year.really in this festival Zeliangrong people enjoys a lot

Ramjan Id

The Manipuri Muslims observed this festival in the very spirits of joy and festivities as in other Muslim world. During this month the Muslims practice self denial by taking a fast, abstaining from smoke and drink from pre-dawn till sunset. On the First day of Shawwal, when the new moon is visible they break fast which is also popularly known as Eid-Ul-Fitr. They offer prayers at the mosques, have delicious dishes, exchange greetings and call on the friends and relatives. Ramjan is the ninth month of the Hijri year.

Cheiraoba (New Year of Manipur (Sajibugi Nongma Panba), March/April)

People of Manipur clean and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. This is the first date of the Meitei Lunar calendar. After the feast, as a part of the rituals, people climb the nearest hill tops or the "CHEIRAOCHING" located in Chingmeirong; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life. It is observed during the month of March/April.

Separatist insurgency

A separatist insurgency began in 1964, although momentum to a more violent phase did not occur until 1978. The Separatists demand a sovereign state separate from the Union of India, a claimed lack of development, plundering of local resources, and a general discontent is part of their argument. The international Human Rights Watch, argues that human rights violations by Indian Security Forces have only fuelled the insurgency. It adds that the Indian Army have at times acted with impunity as anti-terrorism laws in the state make prosecution of human rights violators difficult.

There are currently 34 groups, including non-violent ones, that demand independence from India. In 1999, some of these groups coalesced into an alliance organization called the "Manipur People's Liberation Front." Of these, the three most prominent are the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), and PLA of Manipur. The UNLF is estimated to have 2500 active militants, the PREPAK with 1500, and PLA with 3000. The Indian news organization, Rediff, contends:

As of today, Manipur is the worst case scenario in the north-east as far as militancy is concerned. Apart from the fact that there are more militant groups in the state than anywhere else -- at least seven prominent groups operate in Manipur -- the rivalries between these outfits often leads to greater violence.

The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisation, Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.

The situation is further complicated because insurgent groups are not united in the same cause. The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There were many tensions between the different tribes and have witnessed numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.

Tourism

Manipur, as the name suggests, is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists' heaven. The beautiful and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (Brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are few of the rare things found in Manipur. Polo, which can be called a royal game, also originated from Manipur. Some of the main tourist attractions are:

Imphal (Capital)

The city is mainly inhabited by the Meitei with a large migrant population from Bihar, UP, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, etc. and it is just from the airport of Manipur (Tulihal Airport). The district is divided into East and West and the recently constructed sports complex (Khuman Lampak Sports Complex) for the 1997 National Games is also one of the attractions consisting of every thing from a cyclists velodrome to the main stadium. Most of the imported goods are sold here at its Paona Bazar, Gam-bir Sing Shopping Complex, Ningthibi Collections and Leima Plaza.

Shree Govindajee Temple

This temple in Manipur diplomatically adjoins the palaces of the former rulers of the then kingdom, dull in design with gold domes, a paved court and a large, raised congregation hall. The deity in the center has other idols of Radha Govinda, Balaram and Krishna and Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra on either side of it.

Keibul Lamjao National Park

thumb|Sangai at Keibul Lamjao National ParkKeibul Lamjao National Park, away from Imphal is an abode of, rare and endangered species of Brow Antlered deer (also known as Sangai). This ecosystem is home to 17 rare species of mammals. The greenery of the place and the moderate temperature makes a pleasant experience to visit. It is the only floating national park of the world.

Loktak Lake

Loktak Lake is a freshwater lake where most of the people of Manipur get their share of fish. The special treat to watch are the floating islands popularly known as Phumdi which is made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. With a nominal fee, people can hire small boats and see the fascinating way of life on these floating islands. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species to thrive on. It is in the district of Moirang. Etymology of Loktak is "Lok = stream and tak= the end" (End of the Streams).

Churachandpur

Churachandpur is the second largest town in Manipur. The town is thriving business centre in the Khuga Valley. The main attraction of the district is the Khuga Dam, Ngaloi Falls which is some 7 km south of the proper town. The town is inhabited by different christian communities like Hmar, Zou, Haokip, Simte, Vaiphei, Gangte, Paite and Lushei. The lush green hills of Churachandpur offer a very good opportunity for trekking or mountaineering.

Moreh

Moreh is a small border town in the Indo-Burmese border. It is inhabited mainly by the Kukis and some other ethnic communities like the Meiteis, Nagas, Nepalis, Sikhs, Bengalis, Biharis, Rajasthanis, Tamils, Nepalese, etc. There is a thriving trade between India and Burma through this town. With the legal trade there also exist thrives illegal trade, mostly opium, going on through this town. To control this town there was a huge tussle between the militant groups, KNA of the Kukis and NSCN(IM) of the Nagas, which resulted in ethnic conflict between the two resulting in the loss of thousands of lives in the early 1990s. Of late, the Kukis want to benefit largely from this thriving border trade and increasing their livelihood. #More on Places of Interest In manipur

Other places of interest

War cemeteries

Commemorating the memories of the British and Indian soldiers who died during the Second World War, these cemeteries are managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Serene and well maintained, the graves carry small stone markers and bronze plaques.

Khonghampat Orchidarium

INTRODUCTION

1. The Orchid Preservation Centre, Khonghampat, established in 1976, is one of the rich biodiversity areas in Manipur. The Centre has an area of 50 hectares within Langol Reserved Forests compartment no.11 and is situated along National Highway No.2 towards the Northern side of Imphal at a distance of 12 km from the State capital. Altitude varies from 760 m. to 800 m. Topography is uneven. The slope is moderate to sleep and the soil is red loam mixed with gavels. 2. The Wildlife Wing of forest Department looks after the Orchid Preservation Centre, Khonghampat. The North-Eastern India is identified as the mega-biodiversity spot in terms of richness of flora and faunal biodiversity. It is estimated that about 600 species of orchids are available in this region and as per report of B.S.I., Manipur alone is considered to have about 450 species. The Orchid preservation Centre, Khonghampat is ex-situ preservation Centre with about 150 species of orchids including the rare and endangered species specified in the Schedule VI of Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. The best season (flowering season) of visit to this Centre is April to July. 3. The Orchid Preservation Centre, Khonghampat has of late become an important centre of tourists, students, academicians and nature enthusiasts. The Centre aims to preserve the rapidly vanishing rare orchids of Manipur for perpetuity and posterity.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 4. Ex-situ preservation of indigenous orchids in the simulated condition of their natural habitat. 5. Characterization and identification of orchids. 6. Scientific cultivation and propagation of orchids. 7. Recreation and aesthetic purpose. 8. In addition to the above mentioned objectives, the Centre is one of the major centres where various native plant species other than orchids are conserved. It is maintaining various species of trees, bamboos and other important rare and vanishing plants of the State. 9. Amongst which mention may be made of the following species:

a. Agar(Aguileria agalocha) b. Kombirei(Ris bakerii) c. Taxus baccata d. Heirangoia(Amoora rohituka) e. Apatani bamboo(Phyllostachys pabescens) f. Yendang(Cycas pectinata) g. Bokul(Mimusops elengii) h. Glory Lily(Gloriosa superba). i. Ushingsha(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) j. Hing(Feru asafoetida) k. Tairel(cedre toona) l. Budha's bamboo m. Kwamanbi(Smilax spp.) n. Rauwolfia serpentina o. Nageswar (Messua ferrea) p. Ashoka Tree (Saraca indica)

SALIENT FEATURES: 10. Ex-situ preservation on host trees. The centre aims to create a simulated condition for growing orchids which is near to its natural habitat in the forests by growing various kinds of trees. The orchids collected from different regions of the state are grown and preserved on favourable host trees growing inside the Centre. More than 5,000 orchids plants of different species are cultivated and preserved in the centre. Some of the favourable host trees are: a. Heinou (Mangifera indica), b. Jarol (Lagerstroemia folsreginae), c. Theibong (Artocarpus intergrifolia), d. Chingsu (Tectona grandis), e. U-thambal (Magnolia pterocarpa), f. Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus), g. Khongnangbot (Ficus bengalensis), h. Sahi (Castanopsis hystrix), i. Uyung (Quercus lamellosa), and j. Chingtharo (Bauhinia purpurea).

10. Fibreglass House It is an enclosed house constructed with translucent fibreglass. The aim of fibreglass house is to cultivate those rare orchid species which are difficult to grow in the outside environment. In fact, the house is to be fitted with various equipments to control inside environment as per the requirements of the plants. This includes humidity, temperature and intensity of light. At present the fibreglass house is being utilized for keeping only warm habitat orchids. The present fibreglass house has the capacity to accommodate 250 potted orchid plants. 11. Wire mesh house It is an open air preservation enclosure with an aim to culture indigenous orchid plants in pots. The wire mesh house has a capacity to accommodate about 1,000 orchid plants both in pots and hanging fern slabs. In wire mesh house, the orchids are being protected from all kinds of external disturbances. 12. Footpath After the establishment of the centre in the year 1976, various structural developmental works had been carried out. The construction of a footpath is one of the major works. The centre has well-constructed network of brick laid cement concrete footpath. This footpath enables the visitors to reach all the places inside the centre where preservation works are carried out. The total length of this footpath is 1800 m. The width of this footpath is 1 m. 13. Library cum Conference Hall The centre has a library cum conference hall. This hall is used for holding meeting and training programmes on the subject related to cultivation and preservation of orchids. The sidewall of this hall is used for displaying different orchid photographs. The hall has a floor area of ( 6.8 x 11.5) sq. m. 14. Display House The centre has a hexagonal shaped, half brick wall, glass fitted display house. This display house is used for displaying important occasion. In this display house 20 to 25 selected orchids in earthen pots can be displayed. 15. Hawa Mahal Rest House The centre has an open hexagonal shaped tin roofing rest house. The rest house is constructed at mid-height of hill along the footpath to provide temporary rest area for the people visiting the centre. The hexagonal cemented floor has 6 meters length in diagonal and can accommodate about 25 chairs. 16. Chowkidar Quarters In the centre there are two chowkidar quarters. These quarters are constructed with katcha wall and tin roofing. The floor area of each quarters is 4.5 x 12)sq.m. These quarters are occupied by chowkidars/malis who are available in the centre all round the clock. 17. Fencing Angle iron with barbed wire fencing covering 1,110 metres is provided at northern and western sides of this centre for protecting the centre from the intruders. 18. Water Reservoir tank and pipe line fitting There are small streams of water inside the centre flowing nearly six to eight months in a year. These streams dry u0p during winter seasons. During these lean periods, water is to be supplemented for various cultivation works. At present, there are two water reservoir tanks at different locations inside the Orchid Preservation Centre. One is overground of size 2.54m. x 1.02m. x1.27m. (inside) and another is underground of size 8.44m. x 6.92m. x 1.57m. (inside). These tanks are connected by pipelines. There is also a pond at the low lying area near the Nations Highway - 39. 19. Phaius Preservation Plot The specific cold and damp area is selected for cultivation of ground orchids namely Phaius flavus and Phaius tankervilleae. The site is identified as suitable for this species. 20. Ground Orchid Preservation Plot The plot is demarcated to preserve different ground orchids. In this plot different types of ground orchids are grown. This includes Calanthe spp., Tania spp., Liparis spp., Cymbidium spp. and many other ground orchid spp. 21. Kombirei Preservation Plot The local iris, Iris bakerii (Kombirei) which grows naturally in the swampy land like Lamphelpat, Yaralpat etc. is being preserved in this plot. The plot is selected at the low-lying area, an environment near to its natural habitat.

22. Ferula astsfoetida (Hing) Preservation Plot A plot for Ferula asafoetida (Hing) has been developed in the year, 1991. It is preserved for educational purpose. It is found growing well. At present about 50 (fifty) plants are growing. 23. The centre is proud to have in its collection a large number of plants belonging to endanger, orchid species. At present, three highly threatened species of orchids specified in Scheduled -VI of tl Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 are collected from various parts of Manipur and preserved in the Centre. 24. The species are: a. Blue Vanda (Vanda coerulea) - Kwaklei b. Red Vanda (Renanthera imschootiana)- Kwaklei angangba c. Lady's slipper (Paphiopedilum spp.) - Khongup lei 25. There are 3 (three) orchid species endemic to Manipur. The species are: a. Ascocentrum (Ascocentrum ampullaceum var. auranticum) - Nachom Lei b. Schoenorchis (Schoenorchis manipurensis) c. Narajitti (Kalimpongia narajittO

FUTURE PLAN OF THE CENTRE 26. More collection and preservation of indigenous orchid species of Manipur. 27. Multiplication of orchid species of Manipur with species emphasized on endangered and rare species. 28. Development of new hybrids by crossing with the superior species. 29. To explore the scope of increasing the f2Jricultural importance of indegineous orchid species for the future export. 30. Cultivation of important plants of Manipur.

Manipur Zoological Gardens

to the west of Imphal, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.

Moirang

from Imphal, the town is one of the main centres of early Meitei folk culture with the ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity Lord Thangjing, situated here. In the month of May, men and women, dressed in colourful traditional costumes, sing and dance in honour of the Lord at the Moirang "Lai Haraoba" which is a ritual dance festival held each year. The town also has a special place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was at Moirang that the flag of the Indian National Army was first unfurled on 14 April 1944.

Loktak Lake and Sendra Island

from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in the North East India, the Loktak Lake, a veritable miniature inland sea. From the Tourist Bungalow set atop Sendra Island, visitors get a bird's eye view of life on the Lake-small islands that are actually floating weed on which live the Lake people, the shimmering blue waters of the Lake, labyrinthine boat routes and colourful water plants. The Sendra Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake is an ideal tourist spot.

Kaina

It is a hillock about 921 metres above sea level and a sacred place of the Manipuri Hindus. So goes the story that one night, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. The scenery in this place is charming and the hill shrubs and natural surroundings give the place a religious atmosphere. It is only from Imphal.

Khongjom

on the Indo-Burmese road, a war broke out between Manipur and British India in 1891. It is here that Major General Paona Brajabashi, one of the great warriors of Manipur proved his valor against the superior force of the invading British Army in 1891. A War Memorial has been constructed on the top of the Kheba Hill. 23 April is celebrated as Khongjom Day every year and is a state holiday.

Tengnoupal

from Imphal. The highest point on the Indo-Burmese Road, from here, you can have a full view of the valley of Burma.

Ukhrul

to the east of Imphal, this district headquarters of Manipur East is the highest hill station of the state. A centre of the colourful warrior tribe Tangkhul Nagas, it is well developed and famous for its peculiar type of flower-lily, the Shirui, grown in the Shirui hills. Shirui Hills and Khangkhui Caves (Mangsor)]are interesting places for excursions.

Manipur State Museum

The interesting museum near the Polo Ground in the heart of Imphal has a fairly good display of Manipur's Tribal heritage and a collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers.

Maibam Lotpa Ching

It is a hillock about from Imphal on Tiddim Road. It is a thrilling spot where a fierce battle took place between the British and the Japanese force in [[World War II and regarded as a holy place. There is also a monument in memory of the Japanese Martyrs who sacrificed their lives in this fierce battle.

Willong Khullen & Yangkhullen

thumb|right|200px|Stone Erections of Willong KhullenWillong Khullen is a village located some from National Highway 39 (India) (Maram) on the Maram-Peren Road. It is home to a stone erection very similar to Stonehenge. Some of the tallest stones are seven meters tall and one meter thick. The village of Yangkhullen is built on a steep slope on the hills.

Sadu Waterfall

A popular tourist and picnic spot in Sadu(near Ichum Keirap village) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. Hundreds of tourist flocks to this place to enjoy the view of this waterfall and the natural beauty surrounding it. Consisting of three falls with the first fall about thirty meters high. On the side of it, a newly park or garden-'Agape park' is situated. It is owned and managed by Kamlun Telien of Ichum Keirap.

Entry to Manipur

Until recently, entry to Manipur was controlled by the central government, for both foreigners and citizens of India. The state government as per directives from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India on 9 November, relaxed existing guidelines of the ministry's circular No. 249 under letter no. 15011/7/95-F.I dated 29/6/1998 and delegated powers to issue Protected Area Permits (PAP):

To visiting foreign tourists in a group of two or more persons with a recognized travel agent who would act as an escort of the group up to a maximum period of 30 days.

Foreigners married to Indian nationals belonging to Manipur can visit the state on tourist visa for a maximum period of 90 days.

IO/OCI card holder hailing from Manipur, visiting foreign nationals engaged in development/welfare project would continue to require prior permission of MHA after examining proposal in consultation with security agencies, MHA may consider issue of PAP to such visits of foreign nationals initially for a period up to 180 days.

The official order of state Home department also mentioned the permitted areas of foreigners to be visit in the state including, Loktak Lake, Imphal, INA Memorial Moirang, Keibul Lamjao Deer Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Imphal-Bishnupur-Phubala-Moirang-sendra-Keibul Lamjao-Imphal, Imphal _Moirang Lake-Keibul Lamjao-Churachandpur-Khuga River-Imphal, Imphal-Litan-Ukhrul-Shiroy-Sangshak-Imphal, Imphal-Thoubal- Waithou Lake- Khongjom-Kakching- Thongjao-Waikhong-Sugunu-Imphal, Imphal-Khonghampat-Kanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao gate-Imphal and Imphal Noneh-Khongsang-Nungba-Jiribam-Imphal.

The official order further mentioned whereas until now foreigners were required to travel by air from Calcutta to Imphal, henceforth, foreign tourists will also be allowed to enter by road along with NH-39 and NH-53. This circuit would be Dimapur-Kohima-Imphal-Jiribam-Silchar, the official order mentioned.

Media

Radio

1. All India Radio, Akashvani Imphal (On AM). 2. All India Radio, Akashvani Imphal (On FM). 3. All India Radio, Akashvani Churachandpur(On FM)

Television

1. Doordarshan, DD Imphal.

Cable Tv Network

ISTV Imphal.

Newspapers

#Poknapham Daily (Manipuri Daily). #Poknapham Daily (Silchar Edition) (now defunct). #The Sangai Express (Manipuri Daily). #Hueiyen Lanpao (Manipuri Daily). #Ireibak (Manipuri Daily). #GoManipur (English web portal). #Naharolgi Thoudang (Manipuri Daily). #E-Pao (English web). #Kanglaonline (English web). #Imphal Free Press (English Daily). #The Gosem (Thadou/Kuki Language Daily) #Zalen Banner (Thadou/Kuki Language Weekly News) #AJA (Tangkhul Daily). #Manipur Express (Paite Language Daily) #Lamka Post (Paite Language Daily) #Zogam dot com (Bilingual website). #Hmasawnnathar(Hmar language daily)

Economy

Macro-economic trends

This is a chart of trends of gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in ten millions of Indian Rupees.

Period	Gross State Domestic Product (in Rupees, Crores***)
1999–2000	3260
2000–2001	3112
2001–2002	3369
2002–2003	3506
2003–2004	3979
2004–2005	4568
2005–2006	5066
2006–2007	5403
2007–2008	5848
2008–2009	6344

See also

Manipuri dance

Manipuri cuisine

Court Chronicle of The Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa; Original Text, Translation And Notes 33-1763 CE, trans. Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt (London: Routledge, 2005).

Irom Sharmila Chanu

AFSPA

References

External links

Manipur Government Official Website

Manipur youth portal

Manipur news portal

|Southeast = |South = |Southwest = Mizoram |West = Assam |Northwest = }}

Category:Northeast India Category:States and territories of India Manipur Category:States and territories established in 1972

ace:Manipur af:Manipoer ar:مانيبور as:মণিপূৰ bn:মণিপুর zh-min-nan:Manipur be:Маніпур be-x-old:Маніпур bh:मणिपुर bo:མཱ་ནི་པུར། br:Manipur bg:Манипур ca:Manipur cs:Manípur cy:Manipur da:Manipur de:Manipur dv:މަނިޕޫރު et:Manipur el:Μανιπούρ es:Manipur eo:Manipuro eu:Manipur fa:مانیپور hif:Manipur fr:Manipur gu:મણિપુર ko:마니푸르 주 hi:मणिपुर hr:Manipur bpy:মণিপুর id:Manipur it:Manipur he:מאניפור kn:ಮಣಿಪುರ pam:Manipur ka:მანიპური ks:मणिपुर sw:Manipur la:Manipur lv:Manipura lt:Manipuras hu:Manipur mk:Манипур ml:മണിപ്പൂർ mr:मणिपूर ms:Manipur nl:Manipur ne:मणिपुर ja:マニプル州 no:Manipur nn:Manipur or:ମଣିପୁର pa:ਮਨੀਪੁਰ pnb:منیپور pl:Manipur pt:Manipur ro:Manipur ru:Манипур sa:मणिपुर् simple:Manipur sk:Manípur sr:Манипур sh:Manipur fi:Manipur sv:Manipur ta:மணிப்பூர் te:మణిపూర్ th:รัฐมณีปุระ tg:Манипур tr:Manipur uk:Маніпур vi:Manipur war:Manipur yo:Manipur zh:曼尼普尔邦