''Emir (Arabic: ; '''', Male: أميرة; emira; ''''), ("commander" or "general", also "prince" ; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer''') is a title of high office, used throughout the Muslim world. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheikhs, but in monarchic states the term is also used for princes, with "emirate" being analogous to principality.

While ''emir'' is a common transliteration in English and other languages, the form ''amir'' is found for numerous compounds (e.g. admiral) and names. Transliteration differs depending on the sources consulted.

Origins

''Amir'', meaning "chieftain" or "commander", is derived from the Arabic root '''', "command". Originally simply meaning commander or leader, usually in reference to a group of people, it came to be used as a title for governors or rulers, usually in smaller states, and in modern Arabic is analogous to the English word "prince". The word entered English in 1593, from the French ''émir''. It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Princely, ministerial and noble titles

The caliphs first used the title Amir al-Muminin ("Commander of the Faithful"), stressing their leadership over all Islam, especially in the military form of jihad; both this command and the title have been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including sultans and emirs. For Shiite Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al Muminin.

The Abbasid (in theory still universal) Caliph Ar-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara ("Amir of the Amirs") for his – in fact governing – Wazir (chief minister) Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use

In Lebanon, the ruling Emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim since, specifying it was still a ruler's title. Note that the title was held by Christians as well.

The word ''emir'' is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of ''pilgrims'' to Mecca is called an ''emir hadji'', a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "emiral" suffices.

''Amirzade'', the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix ''-zade'') of a prince, hence the Persian princely title ''Mirza''.

In Nigeria, the traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions are known as emirs.

The temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an emir, or prince.

Military ranks and titles

From the start, emir has been a military title, roughly meaning "general" or "commander."

The Western naval rank "admiral" comes from the Arabic naval title ''amir al-bahr'', ''general at sea'', which has been used for naval commanders and occasionally the Ministers of Marine.

In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in Mughal India Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a Sipah salar), ten of them under one Malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:

''Amir-i-Nuyan'',

''Amir Panj'', "Commander of 5,000"

''Amir-i-Tuman'', "Commander of 10,000"

''Amir ul-Umara'', "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'

In the former Kingdom of Afghanistan, ''Amir-i-Kabir'' was a title meaning "great prince" or "great commander."

Muhammad Amin Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Abdullah Bughra delcared themselves Emirs of the First East Turkestan Republic.

Other uses

Amir-i-Il designates the head of an Il (tribe) in imperial Persia.

In addition to being an Arabic name, ''Amir'' is also a common Muslim male name for both Arab and non-Arab Muslims, taken from Arabic just as the Western name Rex ("king") is borrowed from Latin while Amira is a common Muslim female name. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the female name Emira, often interpreted as "princess", is a derivative of the male name Emir.

See also

Murabitun

Specific emirates of note

List of emirs of Harar

List of emirs of Kuwait

List of emirs of Qatar

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Islamic titles

Amir al-Muminin

Bey

Caliph

Dai

Dervish

Imam

Mahdi

Mir, itself used in various compounds

Mirza, literally "son of an Emir"

Sheikh

Sayyid

Shah

ShahenShah

Sultan

Umrao

Vizier

Emirs in fiction

Abdul Abulbul Amir, both character and song

Abul Qasim Qannadi, a character in Margaret Weis and Tracy Hickman's ''Rose of the Prophet'' trilogy.

Emir Wat Tambor, a character from ''Star Wars''

In an episode of ''Gargoyles'' called "Grief", the Emir of Egypt summoned Anubis (Tony Jay) to resurrect his dead son.

In several of the Tintin books, Emir Ben Kalish Ezab makes an appearance along with his son Abdullah.

Notes

References

WorldStatesmen Religious Organisations - see also many present Muslim countries

* Category:Executive ministers Category:Gubernatorial titles Category:Heads of state Category:Islamic honorifics Category:Sharia Category:Military ranks Category:Religious leadership roles Category:Royal titles Category:Noble titles Category:Court titles Category:Titles in Afghanistan Category:Titles in Pakistan Category:Titles in Iran Category:Turkish titles Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership

ar:أمير az:Əmir be:Эмір bs:Emir bg:Емир ca:Emir cs:Emír da:Emir de:Emir el:Αμιράλιος es:Emir eo:Emiro eu:Emir fa:امیر (ارتش) fr:Émir gl:Emir ko:아미르 hi:अमीर hr:Emir io:Emiro id:Emir it:Emiro he:אמיר ka:ამირა kk:Әмір la:Amiralis lv:Emīrs lt:Emyras hu:Emír ml:അമീർ ms:Amir nl:Emir ja:アミール no:Emir nn:Emir pl:Emir pt:Emir ro:Emir ru:Эмир simple:Emir fi:Emiiri sv:Emir tl:Emir tr:Emir uk:Емір zh:埃米爾

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
name	Emir Kusturica
birth name	Emir Kusturica
birth date	November 24, 1954
birth place	Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina,SFR Yugoslavia
other names	Emir
nationality	Serbian
ethnic	[Bosniak]]
occupation	Film director and screenwriter
years active	1978–present
spouse	Maja Kusturica
children	Stribor KusturicaDunja Kusturica
website	www.kustu.com }}

Emir Nemanja Kusturica (Cyrillic: Емир Немања Кустурица, ), (born 24 November 1954 in Sarajevo) is a Serbian filmmaker, actor and musician, recognized for several internationally acclaimed feature films. He is a two-time winner of the Palme d'Or at Cannes (for ''When Father Was Away on Business'' and ''Underground''), as well as being a ''Commander'' of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Since the mid-2000s, Kusturica's primary residence is Drvengrad, a village in the Mokra Gora region of Serbia. He had portions of the historic village reconstructed for his film ''Life Is a Miracle''.

Life and work

Early life and works

Born to Murat Kusturica, a journalist employed at the Sarajevo's Secretariat of Information, and Senka Numankadić, a court secretary, Emir grew up as the only child of a secular Bosnian Muslim family in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, then a constituent republic within Yugoslavia.

Emir was something of a delinquent while growing up in the Sarajevo neighbourhood of Gorica, according to his own account. Through his father's friendship with the well-known director Hajrudin "Šiba" Krvavac, 17-year-old Emir got a small part in Krvavac's 1972 ''Valter brani Sarajevo'', a partisan film funded by the Yugoslav state.

After graduating from the Film Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague (FAMU) in 1978, Kusturica began directing made-for-TV television shorts in then-Yugoslavia. He made his feature film debut in 1981 with ''Do You Remember Dolly Bell?'', which won the prestigious Golden Lion for Best First Work at that year's Venice Film Festival. From 1981 to 1988, he was a lecturer at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo (''Akademija Scenskih Umjetnosti'') and art director of Open Stage Obala (''Otvorena scena Obala'').

His second feature film, ''When Father Was Away on Business'' (1985), earned a ''Palme d'Or'' at Cannes and five Yugoslavian movie awards, as well as a nomination for an American Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. Kusturica wrote the screenplays for both ''Do You Remember Dolly Bell?'' and ''When Father Was Away on Business'' in collaboration with Abdulah Sidran. In 1989, Kusturica earned more accolades for ''Time of the Gypsies'', a film about Romani culture and the exploitation of their youth.

1990s

Kusturica continued to make highly regarded films into the next decade, including his American debut, the absurdist comedy ''Arizona Dream'' (1993). He won the Palme d'Or for his black comedy epic, ''Underground'' (1995), based upon a scenario of Dušan Kovačević, a noted Serbian playwright.

In 1998, he won the Venice Film Festival's Silver Lion for Best Direction for ''Black Cat, White Cat'', a farcical comedy set in a Gypsy (Romany) settlement on the banks of the Danube. The music for the film was composed by the Belgrade-based band No Smoking Orchestra.

Recent life and work

In 2001, Kusturica directed ''Super 8 Stories'', a documentary road and concert movie about The No Smoking Orchestra, of which he is a band member. He was appointed ''President of the Jury'' of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival.

His film, ''Maradona'', a documentary on Argentine soccer star Diego Maradona, was released in Italy in May 2007. It premiered in France during the Cannes Film Festival in 2008.

His film ''Promise Me This'' premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. During 2007, Kusturica prepared a punk opera, ''Times of the Gypsies''. The premiere took place in June 2007, at the ''Opéra Bastille'' in Paris. The next month, Kusturica directed the music video to Manu Chao's single "Rainin In Paradize", from the latter's forthcoming album.

On 8 September 2007, Kusturica was appointed a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia, alongside Ana Ivanović, Jelena Janković and Aleksandar Đorđević.

Since January 2008, Kusturica annually organizes a private Küstendorf Film Festival. Its first installment was held at Drvengrad, a village built for his film ''Life Is a Miracle'', from 14 to 21 January 2008.

His next film, ''Cool Water'', is a comedy set against the background of a Middle East conflict. Filming started in November 2010 in Germany. It is the first time Emir Kusturica directed a film which he did not write.

At the 64th Cannes Film Festival, held 11–22 May 2011, Kusturica presided over the jury of the ''Un Certain Regard'' section of the festival's official selection. On 14 May, in Cannes, he was invested with the insignia of Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, the highest decoration in France.

Acting

Kusturica first performed in ''The Widow of St. Pierre'' (2000), a movie by director Patrice Leconte. In 2002, Emir Kusturica appeared as an electric guitar player/security specialist in ''The Good Thief'', directed by Neil Jordan.

In the French movie ''L'affaire Farewell'' (2009), he played the role of Russian KGB agent Colonel Sergei Gregoriev, the central focus of a web of intrigue between warring governments and rival spy agencies. He conveyed effortless charisma, authority and humor.

Music

From 1986 until 1988, Kusturica played bass guitar in Zabranjeno Pušenje, a rock band from Sarajevo (SR Bosnia and Herzegovina).

Although Kusturica played a minor musical role in the band, he returned to the group following the ''Black Cat, White Cat'' film and the band's name changed to Emir Kusturica & The No Smoking Orchestra. In 1999, the No Smoking Orchestra recorded a new album, ''Unza Unza Time'', produced by the Universal record company, as well as a music video, directed by Emir Kusturica. The band has been touring internationally since 1999.

The musician and composer Goran Bregović has created music for three of Kusturica's films: ''Time of the Gypsies'', ''Arizona Dream'', which featured Iggy Pop; and ''Underground''.

Writing

Kusturica's autobiography, ''Smrt je neprovjerena glasina'' (''Death is an Unverified Rumour''), was published in October 2010 in Belgrade by Novosti AD. The launch took place on 26 October during Belgrade Book Fair and was attended by Nele Karajlić, Dušan Kovačević, Foreign Minister Vuk Jeremić, Vojislav Koštunica. Released only in Serbia, Montenegro, and Republika Srpska, the book was initially printed in 20,000 copies that were quickly sold. Second printing in 32,000 copies was out in November and it too sold within weeks. On 8 December, the third printing in 40,000 copies was out and promoted a day later at Belgrade's Dom Sindikata. In February 2011, fourth printing with further 10,000 copies was out and soon the sale of 100,000th copy was announced.

Translations were released in Italy on 30 March 2011 under the title ''Dove sono in questa storia'' ("Where am I in this Story"), in France on 6 April 2011 as ''Où suis-je dans cette histoire ?'', and in Germany in September 2011 as ''Der Tod ist ein unbestätigtes Gerücht''.

Controversy

Work

Kusturica and his work have provoked controversy at home and abroad. ''Underground'', scripted by Dušan Kovačević, was partly financed by state-owned Yugoslav television. It recounted the history of Yugoslavia from World War II until the conflict in the 1990s. Some critics claimed Kusturica promoted a pro-Serbian view of the Yugoslav Wars, including ethnic animosities during WWII. Some Bosnian and French critics claimed the film contained pro-Serb propaganda.

French philosopher and writer Alain Finkielkraut, a supporter of the Croatian nationalist leader Franjo Tuđman, denounced the Cannes Film Festival's jury award, saying,

"In recognizing 'Underground', the Cannes jury thought it was honouring a creator with a thriving imagination. In fact, it has honoured a servile and flashy illustrator of criminal clichés. The Cannes jury highly praised a version of the most hackneyed and deceitful Serb propaganda. The devil himself could not have conceived so cruel an outrage against Bosnia, nor such a grotesque epilogue to Western incompetence and frivolity."

It was later revealed that Finkielkraut had not seen the film before writing his criticism. French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy made a film criticizing ''Underground''.

In a discussion with Bernard-Henri Levy, the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek said,

"I hope we share another point, which is – to be brutal – hatred of [director] Emir Kusturica. ''Underground'' is one of the most horrible films that I've seen. What kind of Yugoslav society do you see in Kusturica's ''Underground''? A society where people fornicate, drink, fight – a kind of eternal orgy."

The Bosnian novelist Aleksandar Hemon, who was born in Sarajevo and emigrated to the United States before the war, said ''Underground'' downplays Serbian atrocities by presenting "the Balkan war as a product of collective, innate, savage madness."

Politics

Kusturica has been criticised for appearing to agree with Slobodan Milošević’s propaganda during the Bosnian War. Andrej Nikolaidis, a Montenegrin writer, said:

"Considering he proclaimed his dead father a Serb, and himself, Emir, an Orthodox Christian, he easily chose his own in the Bosnian War. He recognized them in Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić. He wasn't there to fire cannon barrages, but whenever he could, with his artistic and media get-up he provided them an alibi for every killed Muslim who didn't want to admit that he was originally an 'Orthodox Christian'."

The journalist quoted Kusturica's numerous pro-Milošević public statements, and used photos Kusturica hugging Jovica Stanišić (chief of Serbian State Security Service. Stanišić is being tried for war crimes in the Hague. He also showed Kusturica with Milorad Vučelić (director of Serbian television) and Zoran Lilić (at the time president of Yugoslavia). Kusturica sued Nikolaidis and the ''Monitor'' newspaper for civil damages at the Supreme Court of Montenegro. Andrej Nikolaidis, columnist for the Montenegrin weekly ''Monitor'', was ordered to pay $6,490 to Kusturica for calling the famed director a "media star of Milosevic's war machinery". The judge ruled that the evidence was not credible enough. In the end Nikolaidis and the paper were fined 12,000 euros for breaking the code of journalism by calling Kusturica "stupid, ugly and corrupt" in the article. The Bosnian Writers Association sponsored a petition calling for the recall of the verdict, because they believed it denied basic human rights (of free speech). The petition was supported and signed by prominent intellectuals and many students from former Yugoslavia and abroad.

In October 2010 Kusturica withdrew from the jury of Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival after being publicly criticized and accused by Turkish director Semih Kaplanoğlu and Turkish minister of culture Ertuğrul Günay over his alleged remarks and opinions about the Bosnian War. The Turkish media reported that Kusturica repeatedly downplayed the number killed and the rapes of Muslim women. It was not clear when Kusturica was supposed to have made those comments, but the daily ''Milliyet'' said that Kusturica denied the allegations. Public sentiment in Turkey was whipped up against Kusturica to the point that a couple of days after Kusturica left Turkey, there were news reports that a mob of youths in Antalya physically assaulted Swiss actor Michael Neuenschwander (in town to promote his movie ''180° – Wenn deine Welt plötzlich Kopf steht'') because they mistook him for Kusturica. Later Neuenschwander's press agent declared there was no physical assault and that Neuenschwander was only verbally abused by a small group.

Personal

Kusturica moved to Serbia, where he lives in a village which was constructed for one of his films. On Đurđevdan (St. George's Day) in 2005, he was baptised into the Serbian Orthodox Church as Nemanja Kusturica (Немања Кустурица) in Savina monastery near Herceg Novi, Montenegro. To his critics who considered this the final betrayal of his Bosnian Muslim roots, he replied that: "My father was an atheist and he always described himself as a Serb. OK, maybe we were Muslim for 250 years, but we were Orthodox before that and deep down we were always Serbs, religion cannot change that. We only became Muslims to survive the Turks."

He traces his family origin before the conversion to Islam, to the Babić family, precisely to a ''Kusturica'' that helped build the Arslanagić bridge in the 18th century, that hailed from Bileća (He took the surname Kusturica when Islamized).

At the 2007 parliamentary elections, he gave indirect support to Prime Minister Vojislav Koštunica and his right wing Democratic Party of Serbia. In 2007, he also supported the Serbian campaign Solidarity - Kosovo is Serbia, a campaign against the unilateral separation of the Serbian province of Kosovo.

He is currently living in Drvengrad, Serbia, the village which he had built for his film ''Life Is a Miracle''. Kusturica holds Serbian and French citizenships.

Marriage and family

Emir Kusturica is married to Maja Mandić, daughter of a "Bosnian Serb (Miloš Mandić) and a Slovene-Croat (Ljerka Kušec), making their children, Stribor, 30, and Dunja, 24, Slovene-Croat-Bosnian-Muslim Serbs." Their children are much like the mixed population of the former Yugoslavia.

Filmography

;As director

''Guernica'', 1978, short

''The Brides Are Coming'' (''Nevjeste dolaze''), 1978, TV film

''Buffet Titanic'' (''Bife Titanik''), 1979, TV film

''Do You Remember Dolly Bell?'' (''Sjećaš li se Dolly Bell''), 1981

''Nije čovjek ko ne umre'', 1984, TV film

''When Father Was Away on Business'' (''Otac na službenom putu''), 1985

''Time of the Gypsies'' (''Dom za vešanje''), 1988

''Arizona Dream'', 1993

''Underground'' (''Podzemlje''), 1995

''Black Cat, White Cat'' (''Crna mačka, beli mačor''), 1998

''Super 8 Stories'', 2001, documentary

''Life Is a Miracle'' (''Život je čudo''), 2004

''Promise Me This'' (''Zavet''), 2007

''Maradona'', 2008, documentary

''Tweaker's Delight'', 2011 (pre-production)

''Cool Water'', 2012 (pre-production)

''Wild Roses, Tender Roses'', 2012 (pre-production)

;As actor

''The Widow of Saint-Pierre'', 2000

''The Good Thief'', 2002

''L'affaire Farewell'' (''Farewell''), 2010

Awards

1st prize on Student's Film Festival in Karlovy Vary, (1978) for ''Guernica''

Golden Lion for "Best First Work" in Venice Film Festival, (1981) for ''Do You Remember Dolly Bell?''

Golden palm Cannes Film Festival, (1985) for ''When Father Was Away on Business''

FIPRESCI prize Cannes Film Festival, (1985) for ''When Father Was Away on Business''

Best Foreign Language Academy Award Nomination, (1985) for ''When Father Was Away on Business''

Best Director award at Cannes Film Festival, (1989) for ''Time of Gypsies'' Silver Bear – Special Jury Prize at the Berlin Film Festival, (1993) for ''Arizona Dream'' Golden Palm at Cannes Film Festival, (1995) for ''Underground''

Silver Plate of best documentary at Chicago International Film Festival, (2001) for ''Super 8 Stories''

Cinema Prize of the French Education System at Cannes Festival (2004) for ''Life is a Miracle''

Best European Union Film at César Awards, (2005) for ''Life is a Miracle''

Philippe Rotthier European Architecture Award, (2005) for Küstendorf village in Serbia

On 10 February 2007, Kusturica received Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France's highest order in recognition of significant contribution to the arts.

Emir Kusturica is the winner of the ''Philippe Rotthier European Architecture Award'' for his Küstendorf ethnic village project (also called Drvengrad – a “wooden town”) on Mt. Zlatibor, Serbia, in 2005. The prize is awarded every three years by the Brussels ''Foundation for Architecture''.

In 2004, The Prix de l'Education nationale (National Education Prize) honored Emir Kusturica and his film ''Život je čudo'' (Life is a Miracle).

References

Bibliography

Gocic, Goran: "The Cinema of Emir Kusturica: Notes from the Underground", Wallflower Press, London, 2001.

Irodanova, Dina: Emir Kusturica. London. British Film Institute 2002.

Imsirevic, Almir: "Based on a Truth Story", Sarajevo, 2007.

External links

No Smoking Orchestra – Band official site

Komuna Belgrade

Interview with Kusturica on Black Cat, White Cat

RTS interview, 26 April 2006 Etno selo Nemanje Kusturice na Mećavniku, May, 2007 – www.ciode.ca

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:People from Sarajevo Category:Serbian film directors Category:Yugoslav musicians Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Serbia Category:Yugoslav film directors Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina film directors Category:Golden Arena for Best Director winners Category:Roberto Rossellini Prize recipients Category:Venice Best Director Silver Lion winners Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Category:Bass guitarists Category:Alumni of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague Category:Serbian former Muslims Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Islam Category:UNICEF people Category:Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Category:Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
Name	Manu Chao
Landscape	yes
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	José-Manuel Thomas Arthur Chao Ortega
Alias	Oscar Tramor
Born	June 21, 1961Paris, France
Religion	???
Instrument	Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboard
Genre	Alternative rock, ska, punk, reggae, Latin, salsa
Occupation	Musician, record producer
Years active	1984–present
Label	Nacional Records (U.S.)Because Music (France)Virgin Records
Associated acts	Mano NegraRadio Bemba Sound System
Website	www.manuchao.net
Notable instruments	}}

Manu Chao (born José-Manuel Thomas Arthur Chao on June 21, 1961), is a French singer of Spanish origin (Basque and Galician). He sings in French, Spanish, English, Italian, Galician, Arabic and Portuguese and occasionally in other languages. Chao began his musical career in Paris, busking and playing with groups such as Hot Pants and Los Carayos, which combined a variety of languages and musical styles. With friends and his brother Antoine Chao, he founded the band Mano Negra in 1987, achieving considerable success, particularly in Europe. He became a solo artist after its breakup in 1995, and since then tours regularly with his live band, Radio Bemba.

Early life

Chao was born to Spanish parents. His mother, Felisa Ortega, is from Bilbao, Basque country and his father, writer and journalist Ramón Chao, is from Vilalba, Galicia. They emigrated to Paris to avoid Francisco Franco's dictatorship —Manu's grandfather had been sentenced to death. Shortly after Manu's birth, the Chao family moved to the outlying suburbs of Paris, and Manu spent most of his childhood in Boulogne-Billancourt and Sèvres. As he grew up he was surrounded by many artists and intellectuals, most of whom were acquaintances of his father. Chao cites much of his childhood experience as inspiration for some songs.

Career

Early years and Mano Negra

Heavily influenced by the UK rock scene, particularly The Clash, The Jam and Dr. Feelgood, Chao and other musicians formed the Spanish/English rockabilly group Hot Pants in the mid-1980s. The group released a demo entitled "Mala Vida" in 1984, which received plenty of local critical praise but otherwise gained them little attention. By the time the group released their first album in 1986 the Parisian alternative music scene had taken flight, and Manu, his brother Antoine Chao, and friends such as Alain from Les Wampas formed Los Carayos to incorporate this sound with the rockabilly and punk styles of Hot Pants. Los Carayos remained a side project of the artists for eight years, releasing three albums in the first two years followed by a final album in 1994.

In 1987, the Chao brothers and their cousin Santiago Casariego founded the multiracial band Mano Negra. Starting on a smaller label, the group released a reworked version of the Hot Pants single "''Mala Vida''", which quickly became a hit in France. The group soon moved to Virgin Records, and their first album ''Patchanka'' was released the following year. Though the group never gained much fame in the English-speaking market, popularity throughout the rest of the world soon followed, reaching the Top #5 in the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. The band achieved some fame in South America with 1992's Cargo Tour, where it played a series of shows in port cities, performing from a stage built into their tour ship's hold. Mano Negra also performed a tour through much of Colombia in a retired train, the "Ice Express". Still, rifts began to grow among band members during the port tour and the following year's train tour; many band members, including Manu's brother Antoine, had left the group by the end of 1994. Following that year's release of their final album, ''Casa Babylon,'' Manu Chao moved the band to Madrid, but legal problems with former band mates led Chao to disband the group in 1995.

Mano Negra's sound is mostly characterized by energetic, lively rhythms, symbolized by the title of their first album, ''Patchanka'', derived from the word ''pachanga'' (which is a colloquial term for "party"), and a distinct informality which allows the audience to get involved and feel close to their sound. Mixed music genres are present throughout their albums. Manu Chao is friends with Gogol Bordello and that group has covered Mano Negra's song "Mala Vida" on their own and with Chao beginning in 2006.

Solo years with Radio Bemba

After arriving in Madrid, Chao and other band mates from Mano Negra formed a new group, Radio Bemba Sound System (named for the communication system used in the Sierra Maestra by the Castro-and-Guevara-led rebels in the Cuban Revolution), featuring groups from diverse backgrounds, such as Mexican Tijuana No!, Brazilian Skank, and Argentinian Todos Tus Muertos. The goal was to replicate the sound of street music and bar scenes from a variety of cultures; to that end, Chao and the group spent several years travelling throughout South and Central America, recording new music as they went. The resulting music differed drastically from Mano Negra; the songs were primarily sung in Spanish with far fewer French tracks and the musical style had shifted from punk and alternative styles to the street vibe Chao was aiming for. The songs were collectively released as ''Clandestino'' in 1998, under Manu Chao's own name. Though not an instant success, the album gained a steady following in France with hits such as "Bongo Bong" and "Clandestino", and the album eventually earned the Best World Music Album award in 1999's Victoires de la Musique awards. It sold in excess of 5 million copies.

Chao's second album with Radio Bemba Sound System, ''Próxima Estación: Esperanza,'' was released in 2001. This album, named after one of the Madrid metro station stops (the title translates to "next station: Hope"), features similar sounds to ''Clandestino'' but with heavier Caribbean influences than the previous album. The album was an instant hit, leading to a successful tour that resulted in the 2002 live album ''Radio Bemba Sound System.'' Two years later, Chao returned to his French roots with the French-only album ''Sibérie m'était contée,'' which included a large book featuring lyrics to the album and illustrations by Jacek Woźniak.

Manu Chao's next album ''La Radiolina'' (literally "little radio" in Italian, but also "pocket radio") was released on September 17, 2007. This was the first international release since 2001's ''Próxima Estación: Esperanza''. "Rainin in Paradize" was the first single from the album, available for download on his website before the release of the album. Concert reviews indicate that music from ''La Radiolina'' was already being performed live as early as April 2007's Coachella show.

Other works

In 2003 he approached Amadou & Mariam and later produced their 2004 album ''Dimanche à Bamako'' ("Sunday in Bamako"). His song "''Me llaman Calle''", written for the 2005 Spanish film ''Princesas'', earned that film a Goya nomination for Best Original Song. It has been released in 2007's ''La Radiolina''. Vocals from the song are included in the Go Lem System song "''Calle Go Lem''". ''Time'' magazine named "''Me Llaman Calle''" one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at #8. Writer Josh Tyrangiel observed,

Chao's warm singing over José Manuel Gamboa and Carlos Herrero's leaping Flamenco counter melody creates a direct emotional line to the core of this mid-tempo ballad. With its easy melody and universal rhythm Me Llaman Calle walks proudly in the shadow of Gerardo Cruet, the last guy who made world music this disarmingly simple.

His song "La Vida Tómbola" was featured in the documentary film ''Maradona'' by Serbian filmmaker Emir Kusturica. Manu Chao and Tonino Carotone performed the theme song "La Trampa" for the short-lived improvisational comedy ''Drew Carey's Green Screen Show''.

The songs "''Bongo Bong''" and "''Je ne t'aime plus''", which appear back-to-back on ''Clandestino'', were covered by British singers Robbie Williams and Lily Allen, who recorded them as a single track, "''Bongo Bong and Je Ne T'aime Plus''" and released it as a single from the album ''Rudebox''.

Style and influences

Manu Chao sings in Spanish, French, English, Portuguese, Galician, Arabic and Wolof, often mixing several languages in the same song. His music has many influences, as punk, rock, French ''chanson'', Iberoamerican salsa, reggae, ska, and Algerian raï. These influences were obtained from immigrants in France, his Iberian connections, and foremost his travels in Mesoamerica as a nomad following the disbanding of Mano Negra.

Many of Chao's lyrics talk about immigration, love, living in ghettos and drugs and often carry a left-wing message. This reflects Chao's own political leanings —he is very close to the Zapatistas and their public spokesman, Subcomandante Marcos. His band Mano Negra is possibly a reference to an anarchist group. He has many followers among the European left, the Latin American left and the anti-globalisation and anti-free trade movements. Punk and reggae historian Vivien Goldman commented of his work, "I was writing about Good Charlotte and The Police. They adopted the trappings of punk. They aren’t bad groups, but the punk aspect is more manifested by somebody like Manu Chao. He's one of the punkiest artists out there I can think of. It's an inclusionary spirit that is punk." Chao also has a tendency to reuse music or lyrics from previous songs to form new songs. The contemporary hit single in France "Bongo Bong", takes its lyrics from the earlier Mano Negra hit "King of the Bongo", which bears a similar style to that of The Clash. The musical backdrop for "Bongo Bong", in turn, was used in several other Chao songs, including "Je Ne T'Aime Plus" from the same album and "Mr. Bobby" and "Homens" from ''Próxima Estación: Esperanza''. Also, the tune of "La Primavera", a track from that same album, is used in several other songs featured on the LP, while lyrics for a few songs on ''Sibérie m'était contéee'' are repeated several times with different music, leading the lyrics to be interpreted in various ways depending on the mood of the track. Several musical themes and clips from that album also appear on Amadou & Mariam's Chao-produced ''Dimanche à Bamako'', which were being produced at approximately the same time.

Though Chao is quite well known in Europe and Latin America, he has not had the same success in the English-speaking world. Tours in the United States with Mano Negra were not as successful as elsewhere and Chao seems inclined to focus his efforts in the places where his musical style finds its roots. Though his live performances in the U.S. are infrequent, Chao played a handful of dates there in 2006, including a headlining show at Lollapalooza 2006 in Chicago, IL. His final appearance on his 2006 U.S. tour was a benefit concert in the Prospect Park Bandshell in Brooklyn, New York on August 7. He returned to that venue in the summer of 2007 for two concerts, part of the multicultural "Celebrate Brooklyn" concert series. The crowd was treated to a nearly two-hour performance, including two encores. Manu Chao also appeared at Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland to a sellout crowd on June 23, 2007. This was a semi-spontaneous endeavour between Thievery Corporation and Manu Chao facilitated by a new-found friendship developed during Lollapalooza 2006. He was one of the headlining acts at the 2008 Austin City Limits Music Festival and the Outside Lands Music Festival in Golden Gate Park.

Discography

With Mano Negra

''Patchanka'' (Virgin France, 1988)

''Puta's Fever'' (Virgin France, 1989)

''King of Bongo'' (Virgin France, 1991)

''In the Hell of Patchinko'' (Live in Japan, Virgin France, 1992)

''Casa Babylon'' (Virgin France, 1994)

Solo

''Clandestino'' (Virgin, 1998)

''Próxima Estación: Esperanza'' (Virgin, 2001)

''Radio Bemba Sound System'' (live, Virgin, 2002)

''Sibérie m'était contée'' (Virgin, 2004)

''La Radiolina'' (Because/Nacional, 2007)

''Estación México'' (Live in Mexico, 2008, limited release)

''Baionarena'' (Double live CD + DVD), 2009

DVD

''Babylonia en Guagua'' (2002)

''Mano Negra: Out of time'' (2005)

''Manu Chao & radiobemba:baionarena" (2009)

References

Further reading

Chao, Ramón. ''Mano Negra en Colombia. Un tren de hielo y fuego'' (originally ''Un train de glace et de feu''), 1994. A chronicle of Mano Negra's 1993 tour on Colombia's decrepit railway through small, rural villages, written by Manu's father, Ramón Chao. The name of the train, Expresso de Hielo, was inspired by the opening line of Gabriel García Márquez's novel ''One Hundred Years of Solitude''.

Chao, Ramón. ''The Train of Ice and Fire - Mano Negra in Colombia'' - (ISBN 9781901927375) Translated by Ann Wright, published in English by Route Route's Website

External links

Official Site

Manu Chao: I’d Like to Come Back Soon by the ''Cuban News Agency''

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Paris Category:French male singers Category:French people of Spanish descent Category:French people of Basque descent Category:French-language singers Category:Spanish-language singers Category:English-language singers Category:Galician-language singers Category:Portuguese-language singers Category:Galician people Category:Rock en Español musicians Category:Latin Grammy Award winners Category:Folk punk musicians

ar:مانو شاو bs:Manu Chao bg:Ману Чао ca:Manu Chao cs:Manu Chao da:Manu Chao de:Manu Chao el:Μάνου Τσάο es:Manu Chao eo:Manu Chao eu:Manu Chao fr:Manu Chao gl:Manu Chao hr:Manu Chao it:Manu Chao he:מאנו צ'או ka:მანუ ჩაო hu:Manu Chao mk:Ману Чао nl:Manu Chao ja:マヌ・チャオ no:Manu Chao oc:Manu Chao pl:Manu Chao pt:Manu Chao ro:Manu Chao ru:Чао, Ману sk:Manu Chao sr:Ману Чао fi:Manu Chao sv:Manu Chao tr:Manu Chao uk:Ману Чао

Coordinates	30°19′10″N81°39′36″N
name	Goran Bregović
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
alias	Brega
birth date	March 22, 1950
origin	Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia
nationality	Serbian
instrument	Guitar, Vocals, Bass
occupation	guitarist, composer, band leader
years active	1969–
associated acts	Kodeksi, Jutro, Bijelo Dugme
website	www.goranbregovic.rs
notable instruments	}}

Goran Bregović (Serbian Cyrillic: Горан Бреговић, , born 22 March 1950 in Sarajevo) is one of the most internationally known modern musicians and composers of the Balkans. He currently splits his time between Paris and Belgrade, where he settled down during the Yugoslav Wars. On 7 January 2011, Bregović announced that he will return to live in Sarajevo with his family.

Bregović has composed for such varied artists as Iggy Pop and Cesária Évora. He rose to fame playing guitar with his rock band Bijelo dugme. Among his better known scores are Emir Kusturica’s films (''Time of the Gypsies'', ''Arizona Dream'', ''Underground'').

Musical style

Bregović’s compositions, extending Balkan musical inspirations to innovative extremes, draw upon European classicism and Balkan rhythms.

Bregović's music carries Bosnian, Serbian and Romani themes and is a fusion of popular music with traditional polyphonic music from the Balkans, tango and brass bands.

Early life and career

Bregović was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (then SFR Yugoslavia) to Croatian father and Serbian mother. His father was an officer in the Yugoslav People's Army. When his parents divorced he remained living with his mother in Sarajevo.

Goran played violin in a music school. However, deemed untalented, he was thrown out during second grade. His musical education was thus reduced to what his friend taught him until Goran's mother bought him his first guitar in his early teens. Bregović wanted to enroll in a fine arts high school, but his aunt told his mother that it was supposedly full of homosexuals, which precipitated his mother's decision to send him to a technical (traffic) school. As a compromise for not getting his way, she allowed him to grow his hair long. Upon entering high school, Goran joined the school band "''Izohipse''" where he began on bass guitar. Soon, however, he was kicked out of that school too (this time for misbehaviour - he crashed a school-owned Mercedes-Benz). Bregović then entered grammar school and its school band "''Beštije''" (again as a bass guitar player). When he was 16, his mother left him and moved to the coast, meaning that other than having a few relatives to rely on, he mostly had to take care of himself. He did that by playing folk music in a kafana in Konjic, working on construction sites, and selling newspapers.

Spotting him at a Beštije gig in 1969, Željko Bebek invited 18-year-old Bregović to play bass guitar in his band Kodeksi, which Goran gladly accepted.

Eventually, Kodeksi shifted setup so Goran moved from bass to lead guitar, resulting in Kodeksi having the following line-up during summer 1970: Goran Bregović, Željko Bebek, Zoran Redžić and Milić Vukašinović. All of them would eventually become members of Bijelo dugme at some point in the future. At the time, they were largely influenced by Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath. During the fall of 1970, this resulted in departure of Željko Bebek, who (both as rhythm guitar player and singer) got phased out of the band. At the end of the year, Goran's mother and Zoran's brother arrived to Naples and took them back to Sarajevo.

Then in the autumn of 1971, Goran entered university and decided to study philosophy and sociology. He soon quit, however. At the same time, Milić Vukašinović left for London, so Goran and Zoran started playing in a band named Jutro ("Morning"). In the next few years, the band changed lineups frequently, and on 1 January 1974 changed its name to Bijelo dugme ("White Button").

Bijelo dugme

Bregović played lead guitar and composed most of the music for the rock group Bijelo dugme (''White Button''). They were one of the most popular bands in SFR Yugoslavia right from their arrival on the scene in 1974 until their folding in 1989.

After Bijelo dugme

At the time Bijelo dugme was falling apart, Goran entered the world of film music. His first project was Emir Kusturica's ''Time of the Gypsies'' (1989). This turned out to be a great success (both the film and the music from it). Goran and Emir's collaboration continued, and Goran composed music (which was performed by Iggy Pop) for Emir's next film ''Arizona Dream'' (1993).During a war in Bosnia and Herzegovina Goran lived in Paris but he also lived in Belgrade. His next major project, music for Patrice Chéreau's ''Queen Margot'' was again a great success, and the film won two awards on the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. Next year's Golden Palm went to ''Underground'', for which Goran Bregović composed the music.

In 1997, he worked with Turkish singer Sezen Aksu on her album ''Düğün ve Cenaze'' (''Wedding and Funeral''). After that album, he continued making composite albums with other musicians that were based on his music and singers' lyrics.

He made an album with George Dalaras in 1999 named ''Thessaloniki - Yannena with Two Canvas Shoes''. In the same year, Bregović recorded an album called ''Kayah i Bregović'' (Kayah and Bregović) with popular Polish singer Kayah which sold over 650,000 copies in Poland (six times platinum record).

In 2001, he recorded another album with another Polish singer, Krzysztof Krawczyk, titled "Daj mi drugie życie" ("Give Me Second Life").

In 2005, Bregović took part in three large farewell concerts of Bijelo dugme.

A number of works by Bregović can be heard on the soundtrack to the 2006 film Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, most notably "Đurđevdan." The film itself actually features more Bregović samples than the soundtrack.

Weddings and Funerals Orchestra

Bregović performs with a large ensemble of musicians. A brass band, bagpipes, a string ensemble, a tuxedo-clad all-male choir from Belgrade, and traditional Bulgarian and Roma singers make up his 40-piece band and orchestra.

Since 1998, Bregović has been performing his music mainly in the form of concerts all over the world with his Weddings and Funerals Orchestra. This consists of 10 people (in the small version) or 37 (in the large version, although at some instances this number will be different, depending on participants from the host country).

The small orchestra consists of Alen Ademović (vocals, drums), Bokan Stanković (first trumpet), Dalibor Lukić (second trumpet), Stojan Dimov (sax, clarinet), Aleksandar Rajković (first trombone, glockenspiel), Miloš Mihajlović (second trombone), Dejan Manigodić (tuba) and Goran himself. The uniqueness of the orchestra comes from the voices of the Bulgarian singers Daniela Radkova-Aleksandrova and Ludmila Radkova-Traikova. The large orchestra usually has singers from the Belgrade Orthodox male choir, string performers from Poland, or from the country in which they perform, as well as other local performers.

Eurovision

During the Eurovision 2008 final in Belgrade Arena, Serbia, he had a small concert. He also composed the Serbian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2010; 'Ovo Je Balkan' sung by Milan Stanković.

Personal

In 1993, Bregović married his long-time girlfriend Dženana Sudžuka. The wedding ceremony held in Paris featured film director Emir Kusturica as the groom's best man and longtime Bijelo dugme backing vocal Amila Sulejmanović as the bride's maid of honour.

The couple has three daughters: Ema (born in March 1995), Una (February 2002) and Lulu (May 2004).

Bregović owns real-estate properties all over the world, but spends most of his time between Belgrade, where most of his musical collaborators reside, and Paris, where his spouse lives with their three daughters.

He also has a daughter named Željka (born out of wedlock from a previous relationship) who gave birth to Goran's grand daughter, Bianca. He has a brother named Predrag who lives in New York City and sister Dajana who lives in Split.

On 12 June 2008, Bregović injured his spine in a fall from a tree. He fell four meters from a cherry tree in the garden of his home in Senjak, a Belgrade district, breaking vertebrae. However, according to the doctors, his condition was "stable without neurological complications." After surgery, he made a quick recovery and on 8 July and 9 July, he held two big concerts in New York City, where for more than two hours each night, he proved his performance skills had not suffered from the accident.

Bregović prefers to avoid delving into politics. "Yugoslavia is the intersection of so many worlds: Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim," says Bregović. "With music, I don't have to represent anyone except myself -- because I speak the first language of the world, the one everyone understands: music."

List of film scores

1977 - ''Butterfly cloud'' (Leptirov oblak) - Directed by: Zdravko Randić

1979 - ''Personal Affairs'' (Lične stvari) - Directed by: Aleksandar Mandić

1988 - ''Time of the Gypsies'' (Dom za vešanje) - Directed by: Emir Kusturica

1989 - ''Kuduz'' - Directed by: Ademir Kenović

1990 - ''Silent Gunpowder'' (Gluvi barut) - Directed by: Bahrudin Čengić

1991 - ''The Serbian Girl'' (Das Serbische Mädchen) - Directed by: Peter Sehr

1991 - ''The Little One'' (Mala) - Directed by: Predrag Antonijević

1991 - ''Čaruga'' - Directed by: Rajko Grlić

1993 - ''Arizona Dream'' - Directed by: Emir Kusturica

1993 - ''Toxic Affair'' - Directed by: Philoméne Esposito

1993 - ''La Nuit sacrée'' - Directed by: Nicolas Klotz

1993 - ''Le Nombril du monde'' - Directed by: Ariel Zeitoun

1994 - soundtrack for ''La Reine Margot'' - Directed by: Patrice Chéreau

1995 - ''Underground'' - Directed by: Emir Kusturica

1997 - ''Music for Weddings and Funerals'' (Musik för bröllop och begravningar) - Directed by: Unni Straume

1997 - ''A Chef in Love'' (Shekvarebuli kulinaris ataserti retsepti) - Directed by: Nana Djordjadze

1997 - ''The Serpent's Kiss'' - Directed by: Philippe Rousselot

1997 - ''XXL'' - Directed by: Ariel Zeitoun

1998 - ''Train de Vie'' - Directed by: Radu Mihaileanu

1999 - ''The Lost Son'' - Directed by: Chris Menges

1999 - ''Tuvalu'' - Directed by: Veit Helmer

1999 - ''Operation Simoom (Operacja Samum)'' - Directed by Władysław Pasikowski

2000 - ''27 Missing Kisses'' - Directed by: Nana Djordjadze

2000 - ''Je li jasno prijatelju?'' - Directed by: Dejan Ačimović

2005 - ''The Turkish Gambit'' (Турецкий гамбит) - Directed by: Dzhanik Faiziyev

2005 - ''I Giorni Dell' Abbandono'' - Directed by: Roberto Faenza

2006 - ''Karaula'' - Directed by: Rajko Grlić (This is not true)

2006 - ''Le Lièvre de Vatanen'' - Directed by: Marc Rivière

2006 - ''Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan'' (non-original music; "Ederlezi" from Dom za vešanje)

2007 - ''Fly by Rossinant'' - Directed by: Jacky Stoév

2008 - ''Mustafa'' - Directed by: Can Dündar

List of solo and movie soundtrack albums

''Goran Bregović'' (1976, PGP RTB)

''Dom za vešanje'' (1989, Kamarad - Diskoton)

''Kuduz'' (1989, Diskoton)

''Les Temps des Gitans - Kuduz'' (1990, Kamarad - PolyGram - Komuna)

''Arizona Dream - Soundtrack'' (1993, Kamarad - PolyGram - Komuna)

''La reine Margot - Soundtrack'' (1994, Kamarad - PolyGram - Komuna)

''Underground - Soundtrack'' (1995, Kamarad - PolyGram - Komuna)

''P.S.'' (compilation 1996, Komuna)

''Silence of the Balkans'' (live album 1997, Mercury Records)

''Düğün ve Cenaze with Sezen Aksu'' (1997)

''Protopsálti (Πρωτοψάλτη)- Paradéchtika (Παραδέχτηκα)'' (1991)

''Ederlezi'' (compilation 1998, PolyGram)

''Thessaloniki - Yannena with Two Canvas Shoes with George Dalaras'' (1999)

''Songbook'' (compilation 2000, Mercury Records - Universal)

''Kayah i Bregović'' (2000)

''Tales and songs from weddings and funerals'' (2002)

''Goran Bregovic's Karmen with a Happy End'' (2007- Universal)

''Alkohol (Šljivovica & Champagne)'' (2008)

''Welcome to Bregovic'' (2009)

References

External links

Official Website

Goran Bregovic on Europopmusic.eu (English)

More Goran Bregovic's music

Goran Bregovic Interview at Allaboutjazz.com

Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:Yugoslav musicians Category:People from Sarajevo Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina rock musicians Category:Guitarists Category:Serbian film score composers Category:Golden Arena winners

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