Myth

Friday, 26 October 2012

Jackie Chan 'THE MYTH' (English Trailer)

Joseph Campbell--Mythology of the Trickster

National Geographic Live! - The Mermaid Myth

Beach House - Myth - David Letterman 5-18-12

Open Collage in a new Window

Email the Collage

Loading suggestions ...

Belgium
Belgium (, ), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, as well as those of several other major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of , and it has a population of about 10.8 million people.
http://wn.com/Belgium
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California
Ife
http://wn.com/Ife

Aeschylus
http://wn.com/Aeschylus
Alan Dundes
Alan Dundes, (September 8, 1934 – March 30, 2005) was a folklorist at the University of California, Berkeley. His work was said to have been central to establishing the study of folklore as an academic discipline. He wrote 12 books, both academic and popular, and edited or co-wrote two dozen more. One of his most notable articles was called "Seeing is Believing" in which he indicated that Americans value the sense of sight more than the other senses.
http://wn.com/Alan_Dundes
Alvin Plantinga
Alvin Carl Plantinga (born 1932) is an American analytic philosopher, formerly the John A. O'Brien Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame. He is known for his work in philosophy of religion, epistemology, metaphysics, and Christian apologetics. Plantinga is a Christian and known for applying the methods of analytic philosophy to defend orthodox Christian beliefs. Notably, he has argued that some people can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument, similar to how people usually claim to know that other minds exist. He has also argued that there is no logical inconsistency between the existence of evil and the existence of an all-powerful, all-knowing, wholly good God.
http://wn.com/Alvin_Plantinga
Anthony Kenny
Sir Anthony John Patrick Kenny FBA (born 16 March 1931 in Liverpool) is an English philosopher whose interests lie in the philosophy of mind, ancient and scholastic philosophy, the philosophy of Wittgenstein and the philosophy of religion. With Peter Geach, he has made a significant contribution to Analytical Thomism, a movement whose aim is to present the thought of St Thomas Aquinas in the style of modern philosophy by clearing away the trappings and obscurities of traditional Thomism. He is one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate. He is a former President of the British Academy and current President of the Royal Institute of Philosophy.
http://wn.com/Anthony_Kenny
Antony Flew
http://wn.com/Antony_Flew
Augustine of Hippo
: For other uses, see Augustine, Augustinus and Saint Augustine.
http://wn.com/Augustine_of_Hippo
Averroes
http://wn.com/Averroes
Avicenna
http://wn.com/Avicenna
Baron d'Holbach
http://wn.com/Baron_d'Holbach
Baruch Spinoza
http://wn.com/Baruch_Spinoza
Bertrand Russell
http://wn.com/Bertrand_Russell
Blaise Pascal
http://wn.com/Blaise_Pascal
Boethius
http://wn.com/Boethius
Carl Jung
http://wn.com/Carl_Jung
Claude Lévi-Strauss
http://wn.com/Claude_Lévi-Strauss
David Hume
http://wn.com/David_Hume
Desiderius Erasmus
http://wn.com/Desiderius_Erasmus
E. B. Tylor
http://wn.com/E_B_Tylor
Earth-maker myth
An elaborate Earth-Maker Story of Creation is a myth that comes from the Native Americans of California, also called the "Story of Creation." This myth describes Earth-maker creating day and night, land, water, and all living things. Men and women were created out of soft clay into which Earth-Maker "breathed life".He also created the seas with his tears. The creation begins:
http://wn.com/Earth-maker_myth
Edith Hamilton
http://wn.com/Edith_Hamilton
Emil Brunner
Heinrich Emil Brunner (December 23, 1889 – April 6, 1966) was a Swiss Protestant (Reformed) theologian. Along with Karl Barth (see Relationship with Karl Barth), he is commonly associated with neo-orthodoxy or the dialectical theology movement.
http://wn.com/Emil_Brunner
Ernst Haeckel
http://wn.com/Ernst_Haeckel
Ernst Troeltsch
http://wn.com/Ernst_Troeltsch
Euhemerus
http://wn.com/Euhemerus
Freud
http://wn.com/Freud
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; in English , ) (October 15, 1844 August 25, 1900) was a 19th-century German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony and aphorism.
http://wn.com/Friedrich_Nietzsche
Gustave Moreau
Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) was a French Symbolist painter whose main focus was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures. As a painter of literary ideas rather than visual images, Moreau appealed to the imaginations of some Symbolist writers and artists, who saw him as a precursor to their movement.
http://wn.com/Gustave_Moreau
Henri Frankfort
http://wn.com/Henri_Frankfort
Heraclitus
Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: — ; c. 535–c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called "The Obscure," and the "Weeping Philosopher."
http://wn.com/Heraclitus
Herodotus
http://wn.com/Herodotus
Hesiodus
http://wn.com/Hesiodus
Hittites
The "Hittites" were an ancient Anatolian people who spoke a language of the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family and established a kingdom centered at Hattusa (Hittite ) in north-central Anatolia (on the Central Anatolian plateau) ca. the 18th century BC. The Hittite empire reached its height ca. the 14th century BC, encompassing a large part of Anatolia, north-western Syria about as far south as the mouth of the Litani River (a territory known as Amqu), and eastward into upper Mesopotamia. After ca. 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some surviving until as late as the 8th century BC.
http://wn.com/Hittites
Immanuel Kant
http://wn.com/Immanuel_Kant
J. L. Mackie
John Leslie Mackie (25 August 1917–12 December 1981) was an Australian philosopher, originally from Sydney. He made significant contributions to the philosophy of religion, metaphysics, and the philosophy of language, and is perhaps best known for his views on meta-ethics, especially his defence of moral skepticism.
http://wn.com/J_L_Mackie
James Frazer
http://wn.com/James_Frazer
James George Frazer
Sir James George Frazer (1 January 1854, Glasgow, Scotland – 7 May 1941, Cambridge), was a Scottish social anthropologist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion.
http://wn.com/James_George_Frazer
Jean-Luc Marion
Jean-Luc Marion (born 3 July 1946) is among the best-known living philosophers in France, former student of Jacques Derrida and one of the leading Catholic thinkers of modern times. Marion's take on the postmodern is richly enhanced by his expertise in patristic and mystical theology, phenomenology, and modern philosophy. Although much of his academic work has dealt with Descartes and phenomenologists like Martin Heidegger and Edmund Husserl, it is rather his explicitly religious works that have garnered much recent attention. God Without Being, for example, is concerned predominantly with an analysis of idolatry, a theme strongly linked in Marion's work with love and the gift, which is a concept also explored at length by Derrida. To a certain extent, Marion also takes up the mantle of Emmanuel Levinas in directing our thought beyond being. There is a widespread but possibly dubious designation of Jean-Luc Marion as a leading contributor to postmodern theology.
http://wn.com/Jean-Luc_Marion
Joseph Campbell
http://wn.com/Joseph_Campbell
Jung
http://wn.com/Jung
Karl Barth
Karl Barth ( – ) (pronounced "Bart") was a Swiss Reformed theologian whom critics hold to be among the most important Christian thinkers of the 20th century; Pope Pius XII described him as the most important theologian since Thomas Aquinas. Beginning with his experience as a pastor, he rejected his training in the predominant liberal theology typical of 19th-century European Protestantism. Instead he embarked on a new theological path initially called dialectical theology, due to its stress on the paradoxical nature of divine truth (e.g., God's relationship to humanity embodies both grace and judgment). Other critics have referred to Barth as the father of neo-orthodoxy — a term emphatically rejected by Barth himself. The most accurate description of his work might be "a theology of the Word." Barth's theological thought emphasized the sovereignty of God, particularly through his innovative doctrine of election.
http://wn.com/Karl_Barth
Karl Marx
http://wn.com/Karl_Marx
Lauri Honko
Lauri Honko (born in Hanko 6 March 1932, died in Turku 15 July 2002) was a professor in Folkloristics and Comparative Religion.
http://wn.com/Lauri_Honko
Lev Shestov
Lev Isaakovich Shestov (), born Yehuda Leyb Schwarzmann (), was a Ukrainian/Russian existentialist philosopher. Born in Kiev (Russian Empire) on , he emigrated to France in 1921, fleeing from the aftermath of the October Revolution. He lived in Paris until his death on November 19, 1938.
http://wn.com/Lev_Shestov
Loyal Rue
Dr. Loyal D. Rue is professor of religion and philosophy at Luther College of Decorah, Iowa , and focuses on naturalistic theories of religion.
http://wn.com/Loyal_Rue
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl
http://wn.com/Lucien_Lévy-Bruhl
Lévi-Strauss
http://wn.com/Lévi-Strauss
Lévy-Bruhl
http://wn.com/Lévy-Bruhl
Maimonides
http://wn.com/Maimonides
Martin Buber
http://wn.com/Martin_Buber
Max Müller
http://wn.com/Max_Müller
Mazdak
http://wn.com/Mazdak
Mircea Eliade
http://wn.com/Mircea_Eliade
Northrop Frye
http://wn.com/Northrop_Frye
Olelbis
Olelbis (meaning "he who is above") is the creator deity in Wintun mythology. The antagonist of Olelbis is Sedit.
http://wn.com/Olelbis
Paul Tillich
http://wn.com/Paul_Tillich
Pavel Florensky
http://wn.com/Pavel_Florensky
Peter Geach
Peter Thomas Geach (; born March 29, 1916) is a British philosopher. His areas of interest are the history of philosophy, philosophical logic, and the theory of identity.
http://wn.com/Peter_Geach
Plato
:For other uses, see Plato (disambiguation) and Platon (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Plato
Plutarch
http://wn.com/Plutarch
Proclus
http://wn.com/Proclus
Prodicus
http://wn.com/Prodicus
Reinhold Niebuhr
Karl Paul Reinhold Niebuhr (; June 21, 1892 – June 1, 1971) was an American theologian and commentator on public affairs. Niebuhr was the archetypal American intellectual of the Cold War era. Starting as a leftist minister in the 1920s indebted to theological liberalism, he shifted to the new Neo-Orthodox theology in the 1930s, explaining how the sin of pride created evil in the world. He attacked utopianism as useless for dealing with reality, writing in The Children of Light and the Children of Darkness (1944):
http://wn.com/Reinhold_Niebuhr
René Descartes
http://wn.com/René_Descartes
René Guénon
http://wn.com/René_Guénon
Richard Swinburne
Richard G. Swinburne (born 26 December 1934) is an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford. Over the last 50 years Swinburne has been a very influential proponent of natural theology, that is, philosophical arguments for the existence of God. His philosophical contributions are primarily in philosophy of religion and philosophy of science. He aroused much discussion with his early work in the philosophy of religion, a trilogy of books consisting of The Coherence of Theism, The Existence of God, and Faith and Reason.
http://wn.com/Richard_Swinburne
Romanian philosophy
Romanian philosophy is a name covering either a) the philosophy done in Romania or by Romanians, or b) an ethnic philosophy, which expresses at a high level the fundamental features of the Romanian spirituality, or which elevates to a philosophical level the Weltanschauung of the Romanian people, as deposited in language and folklore, traditions, architecture and other linguistic and cultural artifacts.
http://wn.com/Romanian_philosophy
Russian philosophy
http://wn.com/Russian_philosophy
Schiller
http://wn.com/Schiller
Sergei Bulgakov
Fr. Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov () ( - July 12, 1944) was a Russian Orthodox theologian, philosopher and economist.
http://wn.com/Sergei_Bulgakov
Søren Kierkegaard
http://wn.com/Søren_Kierkegaard
Taryenyawagon
http://wn.com/Taryenyawagon
Thomas Bulfinch
Thomas Bulfinch (July 15, 1796 - May 27, 1867) was an American writer, born in Newton, Massachusetts. Bulfinch belonged to a well educated Bostonian merchant family of modest means. His father was Charles Bulfinch, the architect of the Massachusetts State House in Boston and parts of the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.. Bulfinch supported himself through his position at the Merchants' Bank of Boston.
http://wn.com/Thomas_Bulfinch
Vladimir I of Kiev
http://wn.com/Vladimir_I_of_Kiev
William Alston
http://wn.com/William_Alston
William Bascom
William R. Bascom (born Princeton, Illinois, 1912 - died September 11, 1981) was an American folklorist, anthropologist, and museum director.
http://wn.com/William_Bascom
William James
:This article is about the American psychologist and philosopher. For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation)
http://wn.com/William_James
William L. Rowe
William Leonard Rowe (born 26 July 1931) is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Purdue University who specialises in the philosophy of religion. His work has played a leading role in the "remarkable revival of analytic philosophy of religion since the 1970s". He is most notable for his formulation of the evidential argument from evil.
http://wn.com/William_L_Rowe
William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American Evangelical Christian apologist, theologian, and analytic philosopher known for his contributions to the philosophy of religion, historical Jesus studies, and the philosophy of time. He is one of the most visible contemporary proponents of natural theology, often participating in debates on the existence of God. In 1979, Craig authored The Kalam Cosmological Argument, a modern defense of the kalam cosmological argument—which is today the most published-on contemporary argument for theism in the philosophy of religion.
http://wn.com/William_Lane_Craig
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 1794 – 6 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science. His surname is .
http://wn.com/William_Whewell
William Wollaston
http://wn.com/William_Wollaston

BEACH HOUSE - "MYTH" (OFFICIAL TRACK)

...

published: 07 Mar 2012

Beach House - Myth (not the video)

...

published: 08 May 2012

MyTh Estrela Cadente

...

published: 30 Oct 2009

Jackie Chan 'THE MYTH' (English Trailer)

...

published: 24 Feb 2006

myth - a ti me declaro

...

published: 30 Sep 2007

ENDLESS LOVE - OST THE MYTH

...

published: 17 Jan 2008

The Myth Mallika Sherawat Shows bbs

...

published: 05 Oct 2006

Joseph Campbell--Mythology of the Trickster

...

published: 13 Oct 2010

National Geographic Live! - The Mermaid Myth

...

published: 30 Jan 2012

The Myth - Endless Love - MV

...

published: 13 Jan 2006

ILLUMINATI a myth? Full Documentary

...

published: 12 Dec 2010

Beach House - Myth - David Letterman 5-18-12

...

published: 19 May 2012

MythBusters - Diet Coke & Mentos

...

published: 31 Jul 2008

Comparative Mythology: Jesus, Mithras and Osiris

...

published: 28 Nov 2009

Hemlock

Here's a film I made for the latest CGSociety challenge...the theme was to adapt an ancien...

published: 07 Feb 2009

Author: Tyson Ibele

Mytho Logique (ESMA, 2010)

Directed by J. Ambron, A. Aramini, A. Belbari, G. Poitel and Y. Vincent. ESMA students sho...

published: 26 May 2011

Author: Gom Poitel

RAAA

The myth of the eternal return of life after death. 2008...

published: 20 Oct 2008

Author: Bruno Dicolla

The Truth about 2012

NASA's David Morrison, expert on Earth impact hazards and currently Interim Director of th...

published: 05 Nov 2009

Author: NASA Lunar Science Institute

<li class="playlistitemli thumbnail border_color">
        <div class="video_facebook">
            <a href="http://web.archive.org./web/20121026111216/http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://wn.com/myth&t=<%= title %>" title="Share this video" data-title="Share this video" target="_blank" style="target-name: new; target-new: tab;"></a>
        </div>

WN / Joannes
WN / RTayco
WN / Bhaskar Mallick
WN / AustinScott
Creative Commons / Linda Spashett Storye book
Creative Commons / Snake Head
WN / S.A.Alagarsamy
Creative Commons / Kaiser Tufail
Creative Commons / Mnyaseen
Creative Commons / Pale blue dot
Creative Commons / Jyril
Public Domain / Stevenfruitsmaak
Creative Commons / chensiyuan
Creative Commons / King of Hearts
Creative Commons
Creative Commons
Creative Commons / Portum.
WN / Denise Yong
Creative Commons / Ak112358
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Regina L. Brown
US Navy / Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Regina L. Brown
WN / Farman Nawaz
Creative Commons / Doron
Creative Commons / Jacob.jose
Creative Commons / Tillman
Creative Commons / Jalo
Creative Commons / chensiyuan
Creative Commons / Bogdan
Creative Commons / Christos Vittoratos
Creative Commons / Lohen11

Photo: White House / Pete Souza

File - President Barack Obama disembarks Air Force One upon arrival at Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri, May 21, 2012.

Did Obama Just Play His Iran Card?

WorldNews.com

24 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling By the time President Richard Nixon told his Chinese hosts during a banquet toast, "Let us start a long march together, not in lockstep, but on different...

Chat

Photo: AP / Khin Maung Win

Myanmar Buddhist monks march, protesting against plans to open office of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), in Yangon, Myanmar, Monday, Oct. 15, 2012.

Muslims flee Myanmar as unrest continues

New Straits/Business Times

25 Oct 2012

YANGON: A new wave of sectarian violence in western Myanmar has left five people dead and dozens injured in recent days, triggering another exodus of Muslims to emergency camps, officials said...

Chat

Photo: AP / Collin Reid

Waves, brought by Hurricane Sandy, crash on a house in the Caribbean Terrace neighborhood in eastern Kingston, Jamaica, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

Hurricane Sandy growing stronger as it nears Cuba

Yahoo Daily News

25 Oct 2012

HAVANA (Reuters) - Hurricane Sandy, growing stronger over warm Caribbean waters, lashed eastern Cuba with heavy rains and rising winds on Wednesday as it bore down on the communist island after...

Chat

Photo: U.S. Army Courtesy

Soldiers of the 6th Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 203rd Afghan National Army Corp and Soldiers of 1st Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 1st Infantry Division, conducted dismounted patrol to an outpost in Paktika Province, Afghanistan, June 21, 2012.

Whom Surges Destroy They First Make Mad

WorldNews.com

23 Oct 2012

Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling As the two armies faced each other on that fateful day, a day in which perhaps the die had already been cast, a ground swell of experienced and newly...

Chat

Photo: AP / Ariel Schalit

Smoke trails of rocket fired by Palestinian militants from Gaza Strip towards Israel, Wednesday, Oct. 24, 2012.

Tensions rise over Gaza rocket attacks

Canberra Times

24 Oct 2012

Repeated attacks ... a rocket is launched from Gaza towards southern Israel. Photo: AFP JERUSALEM: The Israeli Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, threatened "more extensive and deeper action" against...

Chat

Timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

Apple disappointment weighs on markets 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle PAN PYLAS, AP Business Writer | Tuesday, October 23, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 5:40am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 14.1Kb)

Fla. teen injured trying to jump over moving car 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle | Friday, October 26, 2012 Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 12.1Kb)

ExxonMobil executive killed in Belgium 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 5:42am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 12.5Kb)

Texas doomsday exhibit to demystify Maya calendar 26 Oct 2012

Yahoo Daily News HOUSTON (AP) — The Houston Museum of Natural Science is preparing for the upcoming Maya "doomsday" scenarios by launching an exhibit to teach visitors about the ancient culture and debunk the myth that they predicted the end of the world would come Dec. 21, 2012. Curator Dirk Van Tuerenhout (Vahn...(size: 11.6Kb)

Officials: suicide bomber kills 36 in Afghanistan 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle AMIR SHAH, Associated Press | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 5:18am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 15.2Kb)

Navy sending fewer ship mattresses to landfills 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle BROCK VERGAKIS, Associated Press | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 5:21am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 12.3Kb)

Central Africa new drug transit hub: Interpol 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle DIVINE NTARYIKE, Associated Press | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 4:59am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 17.3Kb)

What’s wrong with your job search? Probably quite a few things 26 Oct 2012

The Business Review Business First by Janice Worthington | For Business First Date: Friday, October 26, 2012, 6:00am EDT...(size: 7.7Kb)

Colleges offer veterans classes to ease transition 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle ERIC TUCKER, Associated Press | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 5:14am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 20.5Kb)

Jones Co. man arrested for child exploitation 26 Oct 2012

Houston Chronicle | Friday, October 26, 2012 | Updated: Friday, October 26, 2012 4:57am Comments (0) E-mail Print...(size: 11.9Kb)

Alf the Great will never leave us 26 Oct 2012

Independent online (SA) Before offering this paean for the passing of a great friend of long standing, Alfred Dukuza Kumalo, who departed these shores on Sunday, October 21, at the age of 82, I wish to note that he was one of a kind – as rare a breed of human species as one will encounter in a long while, if ever. As...(size: 8.5Kb)

Migrant mothers search for their lost sons 26 Oct 2012

Al Jazeera Doca Espinoza, member of the caravan Realising the Hope, has been waiting for her son for more than a decade. "My son Alberto Sadai disappeared 10 years ago. He called me last time from Chiapas, as he was planning to cross the US border. Later, I never heard from him," Espinoza told Al Jazeera....(size: 23.7Kb)

Tigers face Giant struggle in World Series 26 Oct 2012

Al Jazeera Detroit Tigers pitcher Doug Fister overcame a line-drive single off his head to take a shutout bid into the seventh inning for Detroit before the Tigers lost Game 2 of the World Series 2-0 to San Francisco on Thursday. The Tigers now find themselves in a daunting 2-0 hole because the offense...(size: 19.2Kb)

timeline:
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001

For other uses, see Myth (disambiguation), Mythology (disambiguation), and Mythos (disambiguation).

The term "mythology" can refer either to the study of myths (e.g., comparative mythology), or to a body or collection of myths (a mythos, e.g., Inca mythology).^[1] In folkloristics, a myth is a sacred narrative usually explaining how the world or humankind came to be in its present form,^[2] although, in a very broad sense, the word can refer to any traditional story.^[3] Myths typically involve supernatural characters and are endorsed by rulers or priests. They may arise as overelaborated accounts of historical events, as allegory for or personification of natural phenomena, or as an explanation of ritual. They are transmitted to convey religious or idealized experience, to establish behavioral models, and to teach.

Early rival classifications of Greek mythos by Euhemerus, Plato's Phaedrus, and Sallustius were developed by the neoplatonists and revived by Renaissance mythographers as in the Theologia mythologica (1532). Nineteenth-century comparative mythology reinterpreted myth as evolution toward science (E. B. Tylor), "disease of language" (Max Müller), or misinterpretation of magical ritual (James Frazer). Later interpretations rejected opposition between myth and science, such as Jungian archetypes, Joseph Campbell's "metaphor of spiritual potentiality", or Lévi-Strauss's fixed mental architecture. Tension between Campbell's comparative search for monomyth or Ur-myth and anthropological mythologists' skepticism of universal origin has marked the 20th century. Further, modern mythopoeia such as fantasy novels, manga, and urban legend, with many competing artificial mythoi acknowledged as fiction, supports the idea of myth as ongoing social practice.

Nature of myths [link]

Theology
Armenian Celtic Christian Chinese Egyptian Greek Hindu Islamic Japanese Jewish Maya Mesopotamian Norse Roman Slavic
See also
Religion and mythology Comparative religion Symbolism Theology
List of mythologies
v t e

Typical characteristics [link]

The main characters in myths are usually gods, supernatural heroes and humans.^[4]^[5]^[6] As sacred stories, myths are often endorsed by rulers and priests and closely linked to religion or spirituality.^[4] In the society in which it is told, a myth is usually regarded as a true account of the remote past.^[4]^[5]^[7]^[8] In fact, many societies have two categories of traditional narrative, "true stories" or myths, and "false stories" or fables.^[9] Creation myths generally take place in a primordial age, when the world had not yet achieved its current form,^[4] and explain how the world gained its current form^[2]^[10] and how customs, institutions and taboos were established.^[4]^[10]

Terminology [link]

Origins of myth [link]

Euhemerism [link]

Main article: Euhemerus

Allegory [link]

Some theories propose that myths began as allegories. According to one theory, myths began as allegories for natural phenomena: Apollo represents the sun, Poseidon represents water, and so on.^[25] According to another theory, myths began as allegories for philosophical or spiritual concepts: Athena represents wise judgment, Aphrodite represents desire, etc.^[25] The 19th century Sanskritist Max Müller supported an allegorical theory of myth. He believed that myths began as allegorical descriptions of nature, but gradually came to be interpreted literally: for example, a poetic description of the sea as "raging" was eventually taken literally, and the sea was then thought of as a raging god.^[27]

Personification [link]

Myth-ritual theory [link]

Functions of myth [link]

Mircea Eliade argued that one of the foremost functions of myth is to establish models for behavior^[36]^[37] and that myths may also provide a religious experience. By telling or reenacting myths, members of traditional societies detach themselves from the present and return to the mythical age, thereby bringing themselves closer to the divine.^[7]^[37]^[38]

Lauri Honko asserts that, in some cases, a society will reenact a myth in an attempt to reproduce the conditions of the mythical age. For example, it will reenact the healing performed by a god at the beginning of time in order to heal someone in the present.^[39] Similarly, Roland Barthes argues that modern culture explores religious experience. Because it is not the job of science to define human morality, a religious experience is an attempt to connect with a perceived moral past, which is in contrast with the technological present.^[40]

Joseph Campbell defined myths as having four basic functions: the Mystical Function—experiencing the awe of the universe; the Cosmological Function—explaining the shape of the universe; the Sociological Function—supporting and validating a certain social order; and the Pedagogical Function—how to live a human lifetime under any circumstances.^[41]

Study of mythology [link]

Pre-modern theories [link]

The critical interpretation of myth goes back as far as the Presocratics.^[43] Euhemerus was one of the most important pre-modern mythologists. He interpreted myths as accounts of actual historical events, distorted over many retellings. This view of myths and their origin is criticised by Plato in the Phaedrus (229d), in which Socrates says that this approach is the province of one who is "vehemently curious and laborious, and not entirely happy . . ." The Platonists generally had a more profound and comprehensive view of the subject. Sallustius,^[44] for example, divides myths into five categories – theological, physical (or concerning natural laws), animastic (or concerning soul), material and mixed. This last being those myths which show the interaction between two or more of the previous categories and which, he says, are particularly used in initiations.

Although Plato famously condemned poetic myth when discussing the education of the young in the Republic, primarily on the grounds that there was a danger that the young and uneducated might take the stories of Gods and heroes literally, nevertheless he constantly refers to myths of all kinds throughout his writings. As Platonism developed in the phases commonly called 'middle Platonism' and neoplatonism, such writers as Plutarch, Porphyry, Proclus, Olympiodorus and Damascius wrote explicitly about the symbolic interpretation of traditional and Orphic myths.^[45]

Interest in polytheistic mythology revived in the Renaissance, with early works on mythography appearing in the 16th century, such as the Theologia mythologica (1532).

19th-century theories [link]

The first scholarly theories of myth appeared during the second half of the 19th century.^[43] In general, these 19th-century theories framed myth as a failed or obsolete mode of thought, often by interpreting myth as the primitive counterpart of modern science.^[46]

For example, E. B. Tylor interpreted myth as an attempt at a literal explanation for natural phenomena: unable to conceive of impersonal natural laws, early man tried to explain natural phenomena by attributing souls to inanimate objects, giving rise to animism.^[47] According to Tylor, human thought evolves through various stages, starting with mythological ideas and gradually progressing to scientific ideas. Not all scholars — not even all 19th century scholars — have agreed with this view. For example, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl claimed that "the primitive mentality is a condition of the human mind, and not a stage in its historical development."^[48]

Max Müller called myth a "disease of language". He speculated that myths arose due to the lack of abstract nouns and neuter gender in ancient languages: anthropomorphic figures of speech, necessary in such languages, were eventually taken literally, leading to the idea that natural phenomena were conscious beings, gods.^[49]

The anthropologist James Frazer saw myths as a misinterpretation of magical rituals; which were themselves based on a mistaken idea of natural law.^[50] According to Frazer, man begins with an unfounded belief in impersonal magical laws. When he realizes that his applications of these laws don't work, he gives up his belief in natural law, in favor of a belief in personal gods controlling nature — thus giving rise to religious myths. Meanwhile, man continues practicing formerly magical rituals through force of habit, reinterpreting them as reenactments of mythical events. Finally, Frazer contends, man realizes that nature does follow natural laws, but now he discovers their true nature through science. Here, again, science makes myth obsolete: as Frazer puts it, man progresses "from magic through religion to science".^[35]

Robert Segal asserts that by pitting mythical thought against modern scientific thought, such theories implied that modern man must abandon myth.^[51]

20th-century theories [link]

Many 20th-century theories of myth rejected the 19th-century theories' opposition of myth and science. In general, "twentieth-century theories have tended to see myth as almost anything but an outdated counterpart to science […] Consequently, moderns are not obliged to abandon myth for science."^[51]

Swiss psychologist Carl Jung (1873–1961) tried to understand the psychology behind world myths. Jung asserted that all humans share certain innate unconscious psychological forces, which he called archetypes. Jung believed that the similarities between the myths from different cultures reveals the existence of these universal archetypes.^[52]

Joseph Campbell believed that there were two different orders of mythology: myths that "are metaphorical of spiritual potentiality in the human being," and myths "that have to do with specific societies".^[53]

Claude Lévi-Strauss believed that myths reflect patterns in the mind and interpreted those patterns more as fixed mental structures — specifically, pairs of opposites (i.e. good/evil, compassionate/callous) — than as unconscious feelings or urges.^[54]

In his appendix to Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, and in The Myth of the Eternal Return, Mircea Eliade attributed modern man’s anxieties to his rejection of myths and the sense of the sacred.

In the 1950s, Roland Barthes published a series of essays examining modern myths and the process of their creation in his book Mythologies.

Prometheus (1868) by Gustave Moreau. In the Prometheus mythos of Hesiodus and possibly Aeschylus (the Greek trilogy Prometheus Bound, Prometheus Unbound and Prometheus Pyrphoros), Prometheus is bound and tortured for giving fire to humanity at its creation.

Examples of myths [link]

The earth-maker myth (Native American mythos, California): In the darkness of the vast waters of Outer Ocean, Earth-Maker was afloat in his canoe; Earth-Maker took clay to form the First People and created the seas with his tears.^[55]
Obàtálá (Yoruba mythos): Obàtálá, created by the supreme entity Olódùmarè, was given ownership of every being's head (the seat of the soul), created the land by causing a rooster to kick and scatter the earth, and founded the first Yoruba city, Ife; he is also called the King of White Cloth, Orisha-Nla, or Olufon.^[56]
The Primary Chronicle (Slavic mythos, 12th century): Perun (the creator of lightning and thunder) and Veles oversee the 10th-century peace treaties between the Eastern Slavs and the Byzantine emperors; Vladimir I of Kiev later introduces a pantheon of Perun, Hors, Dažbog, Stribog, Simargl, and Mokosh. (Due to lack of firsthand sources, reconstruction of pre-Christian Slavic mythos is based on this and similar late works.)^[57]

Comparative mythology [link]

Main article: Comparative mythology

Comparative mythology is the systematic comparison of myths from different cultures.^[58] It seeks to discover underlying themes that are common to the myths of multiple cultures.^[58] In some cases, comparative mythologists use the similarities between different mythologies to argue that those mythologies have a common source. This common source may be a common source of inspiration (e.g. a certain natural phenomenon that inspired similar myths in different cultures) or a common "protomythology" that diverged into the various mythologies we see today.^[58]

Nineteenth-century interpretations of myth were often highly comparative, seeking a common origin for all myths.^[59] However, modern-day scholars tend to be more suspicious of comparative approaches, avoiding overly general or universal statements about mythology.^[60] One exception to this modern trend is Joseph Campbell's book The Hero With a Thousand Faces (1949), which claims that all hero myths follow the same underlying pattern. This theory of a "monomyth" is out of favor with the mainstream study of mythology.^[60]

Modern mythology [link]

1929 Belgian banknote, depicting Ceres, Neptune and caduceus.

In modern society, myth is often regarded as historical or obsolete. Many scholars in the cultural studies are now beginning to research the idea that myth has worked itself into modern discourses. Modern formats of communication allow for wide spread communication across the globe, thus enabling mythological discourse and exchange among greater audiences than ever before. Various elements of myth can now be found in television, cinema and video games.

Although myth was traditionally transmitted through the oral tradition on a small scale, the technology of the film industry has enabled filmmakers to transmit myths to large audiences via film dissemination (Singer, “Mythmaking: Philosophy in Film”, 3-6). In the psychology of Carl Jung, myths are the expression of a culture or society’s goals, fears, ambitions and dreams (Indick, “Classical Heroes in Modern Movies: Mythological Patterns of the Superhero", 93-95). Film is ultimately an expression of the society in which it was credited, and reflects the norms and ideals of the time and location in which it is created. In this sense, film is simply the evolution of myth. The technological aspect of film changes the way the myth is distributed, but the core idea of the myth is the same.

The basis of modern storytelling in both cinema and television lies deeply rooted in the mythological tradition. Many contemporary and technologically advanced movies often rely on ancient myths to construct narratives. The Disney Corporation is notorious among cultural study scholars for “reinventing” traditional childhood myths (Koven, “Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: A Necessary Critical Survey”, 176-195). While many films are not as obvious as Disney fairy tales in respect to the employment of myth, the plot of many films are largely based on the rough structure of the myth. Mythological archetypes such as the cautionary tale regarding the abuse of technology, battles between gods, and creation stories are often the subject of major film productions. These films are often created under the guise of cyberpunk action movies, fantasy dramas, and apocalyptic tales. Although the range of narratives, as well as the medium in which it is being told is constantly increasing, it is clear that myth continues to be a pervasive and essential component of the collective imagination (Cormer, "Narrative." Critical Ideas in Television Studies, 47-59.)

Recent films such as Clash of the Titans and Immortals continue the trend of mining traditional mythology in order to directly create a plot for modern consumption. Although these are generally considered inaccurate to the original mythologies on which they are based, it can be argued that as film itself has become a way transmitting myths, these films are no more inaccurate than the variants told by storytellers of the oral tradition. In fact, it is argued that these new contributions to traditional myths add value and meaning to the stories for new generations (Matira, "Children's Oral Literature and Modern Mass Media", 55-57).

With the invention of modern myths such as urban legends, the mythological traditional will carry on to the increasing variety of mediums available to the consumer in the 21st century and beyond. The crucial idea is that myth is not simply a collection of stories permanently fixed to a particular time and place in history, but an ongoing social practice within every society.

Notes [link]

^ Kirk, p. 8; "myth", Encyclopædia Britannica
^ ^a ^b ^c Dundes, Introduction, p. 1
^ Kirk, "Defining", p. 57; Kirk, Myth, p. 74; Simpson, p. 3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bascom, p. 9
^ ^a ^b ^c "myths", A Dictionary of English Folklore
^ O'Flaherty, p.78: "I think it can be well argued as a matter of principle that, just as 'biography is about chaps', so mythology is about gods."
^ ^a ^b Eliade, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, p. 23
^ Pettazzoni, p. 102
^ Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 10-11; Pettazzoni, p. 99-101
^ ^a ^b Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 6
^ Kirk, p. 8; "myth", Encyclopædia Britannica
^ ^a ^b Grassie, William (March 1998). "Science as Epic? Can the modern evolutionary cosmology be a mythic story for our time?". Science & Spirit 9 (1). "The word 'myth' is popularly understood to mean idle fancy, fiction, or falsehood; but there is another meaning of the word in academic discourse .... Using the original Greek term mythos is perhaps a better way to distinguish this more positive and all-encompassing definition of the word."
^ Dundes, "Madness", p. 147
^ Doty, p. 11-12
^ Segal, p. 5
^ Kirk, "Defining", p. 57; Kirk, Myth, p. 74; Simpson, p. 3
^ "myth". Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Inc. 1993. p. 770.
^ Bascom, p. 7
^ ^a ^b Bascom, p. 10
^ Kirk, Myth, p. 22, 32; Kirk, "Defining", p. 55
^ Bascom, p. 17
^ Bascom, p. 13
^ ^a ^b Doty, p. 114
^ ^a ^b ^c Bulfinch, p. 194
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Honko, p. 45
^ "Euhemerism", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
^ Segal, p. 20
^ Bulfinch, p. 195
^ Frankfort, p. 4
^ Frankfort, p. 15
^ Segal, p. 61
^ Graf, p. 40
^ Meletinsky pp.19-20
^ Segal, p. 63
^ ^a ^b Frazer, p. 711
^ Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 8
^ ^a ^b Honko, p. 51
^ Eliade, Myth and Reality, p. 19
^ Honko, p. 49
^ Roland Barthes, Mythologies
^ Campbell, p. 22-23
^ Guy Lanoue, Foreword to Meletinsky, p.viii
^ ^a ^b Segal, p. 1
^ On the Gods and the World, ch. 5, See Collected Writings on the Gods and the World, The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1995
^ Perhaps the most extended passage of philosophic interpretation of myth is to be found in the fifth and sixth essays of Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic (to be found in The Works of Plato I, trans. Thomas Taylor, The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1996); Porphyry’s analysis of the Homeric Cave of the Nymphs is another important work in this area (Select Works of Porphyry, Thomas Taylor The Prometheus Trust, Frome, 1994). See the external links below for a full English translation.
^ Segal, pp. 3-4
^ Segal, p. 4
^ Mâche (1992). Music, Myth and Nature, or The Dolphins of Arion. pp. 8.
^ Segal, p.20
^ Segal, p.67-68
^ ^a ^b Segal, p. 3
^ Boeree
^ Campbell, p. 22
^ Segal, p. 113
^ Kroeber, Theodora; Heizer, Robert F. (1968). "Story of Creation". Almost Ancestors: The First Californians (hardback ed.). New York City: Sierra Club/Ballantine Books. p. 62.
^ Courlander, Harold. Tales of Yoruba Gods and Heroes.
^ Chadwick, Nora Kershaw (1946). The Beginnings of Russian History: An Enquiry into Sources. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-404-14651-1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Littleton, p. 32
^ Leonard
^ ^a ^b Northup, p. 8

References [link]

Armstrong, Karen. "A Short History of Myth". Knopf Canada, 2006.
Bascom, William. "The Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives". 'Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 5-29.
Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinch's Mythology. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004.
Campbell, Joeseph. "The Power of Myth". New York: Doubleday, 1988.
Doty, William. Myth: A Handbook. Westport: Greenwood, 2004.
Dundes, Alan. "Binary Opposition in Myth: The Propp/Levi-Strauss Debate in Retrospect". Western Folklore 56 (Winter, 1997): 39-50.
Dundes, Alan. Introduction. Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 1-3.
Dunes, Alan. "Madness in Method Plus a Plea for Projective Inversion in Myth". Myth and Method. Ed. Laurie Patton and Wendy Doniger. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996.
Eliade, Mircea. Myth and Reality. Trans. Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
Eliade, Mircea. Myths, Dreams and Mysteries. Trans. Philip Mairet. New York: Harper & Row, 1967.
"Euhemerism". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Ed. John Bowker. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. UC - Berkeley Library. 20 March 2009 .
Fabiani, Paolo "The Philosophy of the Imagination in Vico and Malebranche". F.U.P. (Florence UP), English edition 2009. PDF
Frankfort, Henri, et al. The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man: An Essay on Speculative Thought in the Ancient Near East. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1977.
Frazer, James. The Golden Bough. New York: Macmillan, 1922.
Graf, Fritz. Greek Mythology. Trans. Thomas Marier. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
Honko, Lauri. "The Problem of Defining Myth". Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 41-52.
Kirk, G.S. Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. Berkeley: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Kirk, G.S. "On Defining Myths". Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 53-61.
Leonard, Scott. "The History of Mythology: Part I". Scott A. Leonard's Home Page. August 2007.Youngstown State University, 17 November 2009
Littleton, Covington. The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumezil. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.
Meletinsky, Elea. The Poetics of Myth. Trans. Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky. New York: Routledge, 2000.
"myth." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 21 March 2009
"myths". A Dictionary of English Folklore. Jacqueline Simpson and Steve Roud. Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. UC - Berkeley Library. 20 March 2009 Oxfordreference.com
Northup, Lesley. "Myth-Placed Priorities: Religion and the Study of Myth". Religious Studies Review 32.1(2006): 5-10.
O'Flaherty, Wendy. Hindu Myths: A Sourcebook. London: Penguin, 1975.
Pettazzoni, Raffaele. "The Truth of Myth". Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth. Ed. Alan Dundes. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. 98-109.
Segal, Robert. Myth: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2004.
Simpson, Michael. Introduction. Apollodorus. Gods and Heroes of the Greeks. Trans. Michael Simpson. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1976. 1-9.
Singer, Irving. "Introduction: Philosophical Dimensions of Myth and Cinema." Cinematic Mythmaking: Philosophy in Film. Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States: MIT Press Books, 2008. 3-6. Web. 23 Oct. 2011.
Indick, William. "Classical Heroes in Modern Movies: Mythological Patterns of the Superhero." Journal of Media Psychology 9.3 (2004): 93-95. York University Libraries. Web.
Koven, Mikel J. "Folklore Studies and Popular Film and Television: a Necessary Critical Survey." Journal of American Folklore 116.460 (2003): 176-195. Print.
Olson, Eric L. "Great Expectations: the Role of Myth in 1980s Films with Child Heroes." Virginia Polytechnic Scholarly Library. Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University, 3 May 2011. Web. 24 Oct. 2011. <http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05172011-113805/unrestricted/OLSON_EL_T_2011.pdf>.
Matira, Lopamundra. "Children's Oral Literature and Modern Mass Media." Indian Folklore Research Journal 5.8 (2008): 55-57. Print.
Cormer, John. "Narrative." Critical Ideas in Television Studies. New York, United States: Charendon Press, 2007. 47-59. Print.

External links [link]

Look up myth or mythology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiversity has learning materials about School:Comparative Mythology

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mythology

The New Student's Reference Work/Mythology, ed. Beach (1914), at wikisource.
Leonard, Scott. "The History of Mythology: Part I". Youngstown State University.
Greek mythology
Sacred texts

Myths and Myth-Makers Old Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by comparative mythology by John Fiske.
Porphyry on the Homer's Cave of the Nymphs, tr. Thomas Taylor
M.A./Ph.D. Mythological Studies degree
Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC)
LIMC-France (LIMC) : database (Ancient objects linked with mythology)

Philosophy

Branches

Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics

Philosophy of	Action Art Being Biology Business Chemistry Computer science Culture Design Dialogue Education Economics Engineering Environment Film Futility Geography Information Healthcare History Human nature Humor Language Law Literature Mathematics Mind Music Pain Philosophy Physics Politics Psychology Religion Hermeneutics Science Sexuality Social science Technology War

Schools of
thought

By historical era	Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary

Ancient	Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Zen Greco-Roman Aristotelianism Cynicism Epicureanism Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Presocratic Pythagoreanism Sophism Stoicism Indian Buddhist Cārvāka Hindu Jain Persian Mazdakism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism

9th–16th centuries	Christian Europe Scholasticism Renaissance humanism Thomism East Asian Korean Confucianism Rigaku Neo-Confucianism Islamic Averroism Avicennism Persian Illuminationism Kalam Sufi Jewish Judeo-Islamic

17th–21st centuries	Absolute idealism Analytic philosophy Anarchism Behaviorism Cartesianism Classical liberalism Deconstruction Dialectical materialism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Egoism Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School Functionalism Hegelianism Kantianism Kokugaku Kyoto school Legal positivism Logical positivism Marxism Modernism Neo-Kantianism Neo-Thomism New Confucianism Ordinary language Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Pragmatism Reformed epistemology Structuralism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Vienna Circle more...

Positions

Certainty
Ethics
Free will
Metaphysics
- Atomism
- Dualism
- Monism
- Naturalism
Epistemology
Naturalism
Normativity
Ontology
- Action
- Event
- Process
Reality

By region

Lists

Philosophy of religion

Concepts in religion

Conceptions of God

Aristotelian view Brahman Demiurge Divine simplicity Egoism Holy Spirit Maltheism Pandeism Personal god Process theology Supreme being Unmoved mover

God in	Abrahamic religions Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Mormonism Sikhism Bahá'í Faith

Existence of God

For	Beauty Christological Consciousness Cosmological Degree Desire Experience Love Miracles Morality Ontological Pascal's Wager Proper basis Reason Teleological Natural law Transcendental

Against	747 Gambit Atheist's Wager Evil Free will Hell Inconsistent revelations Nonbelief Noncognitivism Occam's razor Omnipotence Poor design Russell's teapot

Theories of religion

Acosmism
Agnosticism
Animism
Antireligion
Atheism
Dharmism
Deism
Divine command theory
Dualism
Esotericism
Exclusivism
Existentialism
- Christian
- Agnostic
- Atheist
Feminist theology
Fundamentalism
Gnosticism
Henotheism
Humanism
- Religious
- Secular
- Christian
Inclusivism
Monism
Monotheism
Mysticism
Naturalism
- Metaphysical
- Religious
- Humanistic
New Age
Nondualism
Nontheism
Pandeism
Panentheism
Pantheism
Perennialism
Polytheism
Process theology
Spiritualism
Shamanism
Taoic
Theism
Transcendentalism
more...

Religious language

Problem of evil

Philosophers
of religion

http://wn.com/Mythology

http://de.wn.com/Mythologie

http://es.wn.com/Mitología

http://ru.wn.com/Мифология

http://cs.wn.com/Mytologie

http://pt.wn.com/Mitologia

http://pl.wn.com/Mitologia

http://it.wn.com/Mitologia

http://id.wn.com/Mitologi

http://nl.wn.com/Mythologie

http://fr.wn.com/Mythologie

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Jackie Chan

Jackie Chan at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

Chinese name

成龍 (Traditional)

Chinese name

成龙 (Simplified)

Pinyin

Chéng Lóng (Mandarin)

Jyutping

Sing4 Lung4 (Cantonese)

Birth name

Chan Kong-sang
陳港生 (Traditional)
陈港生 (Simplified)
Chén Gǎngshēng (Mandarin)
Can4 Gong2 Sang1 (Cantonese)

Ancestry

Linzi, Shandong, China

Origin

British Hong Kong

Born

7 April 1954 (age 58)
Victoria Peak, Hong Kong

Other name(s)

房仕龍 (Fong Si-lung)
元樓 (Yuen Lou)
大哥 (Big Brother)

Occupation

Actor, martial artist, director, producer, screenwriter, action choreographer, singer, stunt director, stunt performer

Genre(s)

Cantopop, Mandopop, Hong Kong English pop, J-pop

Years active

1962–present

Spouse(s)

Lin Feng-jiao (1982–present)

Children

Jaycee Chan (born 1982)

Parents

Charles and Lee-Lee Chan

Influences

Bruce Lee
Buster Keaton
Harold Lloyd

Awards

Hong Kong Film Awards
Best Film 1989 Rouge Best Action Choreography 1996 Rumble in the Bronx 1999 Who Am I? Professional Spirit Award 2004
Golden Horse Awards
Best Actor 1992 Police Story 3 1993 Crime Story
Golden Rooster Awards
Best Actor 2005 New Police Story
MTV Asia Awards
Inspiration Award 2002
Other awards
MTV Movie Awards 2002 Best Fight (Rush Hour 2) 1999 Best Fight (Rush Hour) 1995 Lifetime Achievement Award Shanghai International Film Festival 2005 Outstanding Contribution to Chinese Cinema

Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE^[1] (born Chan Kong-sang, 陳港生; 7 April 1954) is a Hong Kong-born Chinese^[2] stuntman, actor, and director whose perilous acrobatic stunts and engaging physical humour made him an action-film star in Asia and helped to bring kung fu movies into the mainstream of American cinema. In his movies, he is known for his acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, use of improvised weapons, and innovative stunts. Jackie Chan has been acting since the 1960s and has appeared in over 100 films.

Chan has received stars on the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars and the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As a cultural icon, Chan has been referenced in various pop songs, cartoons, and video games. An operatically trained vocalist, Chan is also a Cantopop and Mandopop star, having released a number of albums and sung many of the theme songs for the films in which he has starred. In addition to acting, Chan pursued a career in the Hong Kong music industry, releasing a number of original albums beginning in 1984. He founded the Jackie Chan Charitable Organization in 1998, which, among other projects, offers scholarships to Hong Kong youths, and he worked as a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF.

Early life [link]

Chan was born on 7 April 1954, in Hong Kong, China as Chan Kong-sang, to Charles and Lee-Lee Chan, refugees from the Chinese Civil War. He was nicknamed Paopao (Chinese: 炮炮, literally meaning "Cannonball") because the high-energy child was always rolling around.^[3] Since his parents worked for the French Consul in Hong Kong, Chan spent his formative years within the grounds of the consul's residence in the Victoria Peak district.^[4]

Chan attended the Nah-Hwa Primary School on Hong Kong Island, where he failed his first year, after which his parents withdrew him from the school. In 1960, his father immigrated to Canberra, Australia, to work as the head cook for the American embassy, and Chan was sent to the China Drama Academy, a Peking Opera School run by Master Yu Jim-yuen.^[4]^[5] Chan trained rigorously for the next decade, excelling in martial arts and acrobatics.^[6] He eventually became part of the Seven Little Fortunes, a performance group made up of the school's best students, gaining the stage name Yuen Lo in homage to his master. Chan became close friends with fellow group members Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao, the three of them later to be known as the Three Brothers or Three Dragons.^[7]

At the age of 8, he appeared with some of his fellow "Little Fortunes", in the film Big and Little Wong Tin Bar (1962), with Li Li Hua playing his mother. Chan appeared with Li again the following year, in The Love Eterne (1963) and had a small role in King Hu's 1966 film, Come Drink with Me.^[8] In 1971, after an appearance as an extra in another Kong Fu film, A Touch of Zen, Chan began his adult career in the film industry, initially signing to Chu Mu's Great Earth Film Company.^[9] At the age of 17, he worked as a stuntman in the Bruce Lee films Fist of Fury and Enter the Dragon under the stage name Chan Yuen Lung (Chinese: 陳元龍).^[10] He received his first starring role later that year, in Little Tiger of Canton, which had a limited release in Hong Kong in 1973.^[11] Due to the commercial failures in his early ventures into films and trouble finding stunt work, in 1975 Chan starred in a comedic adult film, All in the Family, which features Jackie Chan's first and possibly only nude sex scene filmed to date. It is also the only film he has made to date that did not feature a single fight scene or stunt sequence.^[12]

Chan joined his parents in Canberra in 1976, where he briefly attended Dickson College and worked as a construction worker.^[13] A fellow builder named Jack took Chan under his wing, earning Chan the nickname of "Little Jack" which was later shortened to "Jackie" and the name Jackie Chan stuck with him ever since.^[14] In addition, in the late 90s, Chan changed his Chinese name to Fong Si-lung (Chinese: 房仕龍), since his father's original surname was Fong.^[14]

Film career [link]

Early exploits: 1976–1979 [link]

File:Jackie Chan Fist.JPG

Jackie Chan began his film career as a stuntman in the Bruce Lee films Fist of Fury (1972) and Enter the Dragon (1973, pictured).

In 1976, Jackie Chan received a telegram from Willie Chan, a film producer in the Hong Kong film industry who had been impressed with Jackie's stuntwork. Willie Chan offered him an acting role in a film directed by Lo Wei. Lo had seen Chan's performance in the John Woo film Hand of Death (1976) and planned to model him after Bruce Lee with the film New Fist of Fury.^[9] His stage name was changed to Sing Lung (Chinese: 成龍, also transcribed as Cheng Long,^[15] literally "become the dragon") to emphasise his similarity to Bruce Lee, whose stage name was Lei Siu-lung (Chinese: 李小龍, meaning "Little Dragon"). The film was unsuccessful because Chan was not accustomed to Lee's martial arts style. Despite the film's failure, Lo Wei continued producing films with similar themes, resulting in little improvement at the box office.^[16]

Chan's first major breakthrough was the 1978 film Snake in the Eagle's Shadow, shot while he was loaned to Seasonal Film Corporation under a two-picture deal.^[17] Under director Yuen Woo-ping, Chan was allowed complete freedom over his stunt work. The film established the comedic kung fu genre, and proved to be a breath of fresh air for the Hong Kong audience.^[18] Chan then starred in Drunken Master, which finally propelled him to mainstream success.^[19]

Upon Chan's return to Lo Wei's studio, Lo tried to replicate the comedic approach of Drunken Master, producing Half a Loaf of Kung Fu and Spiritual Kung Fu.^[14] He also gave Chan the opportunity to co-direct The Fearless Hyena with Kenneth Tsang. When Willie Chan left the company, he advised Jackie to decide for himself whether or not to stay with Lo Wei. During the shooting of Fearless Hyena Part II, Chan broke his contract and joined Golden Harvest, prompting Lo to blackmail Chan with triads, blaming Willie for his star's departure. The dispute was resolved with the help of fellow actor and director Jimmy Wang Yu, allowing Chan to stay with Golden Harvest.^[17]

Success of the action comedy genre: 1980–1987 [link]

File:Jcpmall.JPG

The film Police Story, nicknamed "Glass Story" for its stunt work, is set in a modern period.

Willie Chan had become Jackie's personal manager and firm friend, and has remained so for over 30 years. He was instrumental in launching Chan's international career, beginning with his first forays into the American film industry in the 1980s. His first Hollywood film was Battle Creek Brawl in 1980. Chan then played a minor role in the 1981 film The Cannonball Run, which grossed US$100 million worldwide. Despite being largely ignored by audiences in favour of established American actors like Burt Reynolds, Chan was impressed by the outtakes shown at the closing credits, inspiring him to include the same device in his future films.

After the commercial failure of The Protector in 1985, Chan temporarily abandoned his attempts to break into the US market, returning his focus to Hong Kong films.^[16]

Back in Hong Kong, Chan's films began to reach a larger audience in East Asia, with early successes in the lucrative Japanese market including The Young Master (1980) and Dragon Lord (1982). The Young Master went on to beat previous box office records set by Bruce Lee and established Chan as Hong Kong cinema's top star. With Dragon Lord, he began experimenting with elaborate stunt action sequences,^[20] including a pyramid fight scene that holds the record for the most takes for a single scene with 2900 takes,^[21] and the final fight scene where he performs various stunts, including one where he does a back flip off a loft and falls to the lower ground.^[22]

Chan produced a number of action comedy films with his opera school friends Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao. The three co-starred together for the first time in 1983 in Project A, which introduced a dangerous stunt-driven style of martial arts that won it the Best Action Design Award at the third annual Hong Kong Film Awards.^[23] Over the following two years, the "Three Brothers" appeared in Wheels on Meals and the original Lucky Stars trilogy.^[24]^[25] In 1985, Chan made the first Police Story film, a US-influenced action comedy in which Chan performed a number of dangerous stunts. It was named the "Best Film" at the 1986 Hong Kong Film Awards.^[26] In 1987, Chan played "Asian Hawk," an Indiana Jones-esque character, in the film Armour of God. The film was Chan's biggest domestic box office success up to that point, grossing over HK $35 million.^[27]

Acclaimed sequels and Hollywood breakthrough: 1988–1998 [link]

File:Jackie Chan in Rumble in the Bronx.jpg

Chan in his Hollywood breakthrough film Rumble in the Bronx.

In 1988 Chan starred alongside Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao for the last time to date, in the film Dragons Forever. Hung co-directed with Corey Yuen, and the villain in the film was played by Yuen Wah, both of whom were fellow graduates of the China Drama Academy.

In the late 1980s and early 90s, Chan starred in a number of successful sequels beginning with Police Story 2, which won the award for Best Action Choreography at the 1989 Hong Kong Film Awards. This was followed by Armour of God II: Operation Condor, and Police Story 3: Super Cop, for which Chan won the Best Actor Award at the 1993 Golden Horse Film Festival. In 1994, Chan reprised his role as Wong Fei-hung in Drunken Master II, which was listed in Time Magazine's All-Time 100 Movies.^[28] Another sequel, Police Story 4: First Strike, brought more awards and domestic box office success for Chan, but did not fare as well in foreign markets.^[29] Jackie Chan rekindled his Hollywood ambitions in the 1990s, but refused early offers to play villains in Hollywood films to avoid being typecast in future roles. For example, Sylvester Stallone offered him the role of Simon Phoenix, a criminal in the futuristic film Demolition Man. Chan declined and the role was taken by Wesley Snipes.^[30]

Chan finally succeeded in establishing a foothold in the North American market in 1995 with a worldwide release of Rumble in the Bronx, attaining a cult following in the United States that was rare for Hong Kong movie stars.^[31] The success of Rumble in the Bronx led to a 1996 release of Police Story 3: Super Cop in the United States under the title Supercop, which grossed a total of US $16,270,600. Jackie's first huge blockbuster success came when he co-starred with Chris Tucker in the 1998 buddy cop action comedy Rush Hour,^[32] grossing US$130 million in the United States alone.^[17] This film made a star of Jackie Chan, in Hollywood. As a publicity stunt, Jackie also wrote his autobiography in collaboration with Jeff Yang entitled I Am Jackie Chan.

Fame in Hollywood and Dramatization: 1999–2007 [link]

File:Jackie Chan Burglar.jpg

Jackie Chan plays an anti-hero for the first time in Rob-B-Hood: a burglar with gambling problems.

In 1998, Chan released his final film for Golden Harvest, Who Am I?. After leaving Golden Harvest in 1999, he produced and starred alongside Shu Qi in Gorgeous a romantic comedy that focused on personal relationships and featured only a few martial arts sequences.^[33] Chan then helped create a PlayStation game in 2000 called Jackie Chan Stuntmaster, to which he lent his voice and performed the motion capture.^[34] He continued his Hollywood success in 2000 when he teamed up with Owen Wilson in the Western action comedy Shanghai Noon which spawned the sequel Shanghai Knights (2003). He reunited with Chris Tucker for Rush Hour 2 (2001) which was an even bigger success than the original grossing $347 million worldwide. He experimented with special effects with The Tuxedo (2002) and The Medallion (2003) which were not as successful critically or commercially. In 2004 he teamed up with Steve Coogan in the big-budget loose adaptation of Jules Verne's Around the World in 80 Days.

Despite the success of the Rush Hour and Shanghai Noon films, Chan became frustrated with Hollywood over the limited range of roles and lack of control over the film-making process.^[35] In response to Golden Harvest's withdrawal from the film industry in 2003, Chan started his own film production company, JCE Movies Limited (Jackie Chan Emperor Movies Limited) in association with Emperor Multimedia Group (EMG).^[17] His films have since featured an increasing number of dramatic scenes while continuing to succeed at the box office; examples include New Police Story (2004), The Myth (2005) and the hit film Rob-B-Hood (2006).^[36]^[37]^[38]

Chan's next release was the third installment in the Rush Hour series: Rush Hour 3 in August 2007. It grossed US$255 million.^[39] However, it was a disappointment in Hong Kong, grossing only HK$3.5 million during its opening weekend.^[40]

New experiments and change in style: 2008–present [link]

Filming of The Forbidden Kingdom (released in 2008), Chan's first onscreen collaboration with fellow Chinese actor Jet Li, was completed on 24 August 2007 and the film was released in April 2008. The film featured heavy use of effects and wires.^[41]^[42] Chan voiced the character Master Monkey in the DreamWorks Animation film, Kung Fu Panda, released in June 2008, appearing with stars Jack Black, Dustin Hoffman and Angelina Jolie.^[43] In addition, he has assisted Anthony Szeto in an advisory capacity for the writer-director's film Wushu, released on 1 May 2008. The film stars Sammo Hung and Wang Wenjie as father and son.^[44]

In November 2007, Chan began filming Shinjuku Incident, a dramatic role featuring no martial arts sequences with director Derek Yee, which sees Chan take on the role of a Chinese immigrant in Japan.^[45] The film was released on 2 April 2009. According to his blog, Chan discussed his wishes to direct a film after completing Shinjuku Incident, something he has not done for a number of years.^[46] The film is expected to be the third in the Armour of God series, and has a working title of Armour of God III: Chinese Zodiac. Chan had completed shooting the movie and will be released on 12.12.12.^[47] Because the Screen Actors Guild did not go on strike, Chan started shooting his next Hollywood movie The Spy Next Door at the end of October in New Mexico.^[48] In The Spy Next Door, Chan plays an undercover agent whose cover is blown when he looks after the children of his girlfriend. In Little Big Soldier, Chan stars, alongside Leehom Wang in a non-martial arts comedy movie based on the Warring States Period.

On 22 June 2009, Chan left Los Angeles to begin filming The Karate Kid, a remake of the 1984 original, in Beijing.^[49] The film was released in America on 11 June 2010 and sees Chan's first dramatic American film. In the film, he plays Mr. Han, a kung fu master and maintenance man who teaches Jaden Smith's character, Dre, kung-fu so he can defend himself from school bullies. In Chan's next movie, Shaolin, he plays the cook of the temple instead of one of the major characters.

Jackie Chan's 100th film 1911 was released on 26 September 2011. He is the co-director, executive producer, and lead star of the movie.^[50] While Chan has directed over ten films over his career, this is his first directorial work in over ten years, since Jackie Chan's Who Am I? in 1998. 1911 premiered in North America on 14 October.^[51]

Jackie Chan won the Favorite Buttkicker award at the Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards in 2011 for The Karate Kid.^[52] While at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, Chan announced that he was retiring from action films citing that he was getting too old for the genre. He later clarified that he would not be completely retiring from action films, but would be performing fewer stunts and taking care of his body more.^[53]

Stunts [link]

File:Jackie Chan Stunt.jpg

Jackie Chan prepares to slide down the side of a high rise building in New Police Story

Jackie Chan has performed most of his own stunts throughout his film career, which are choreographed by the Jackie Chan Stunt Team. He has stated in interviews that the primary inspiration for his more comedic stunts were films such as The General directed by and starring Buster Keaton, who was also known to perform his own stunts. Since its establishment in 1983, Chan has used the team in all his subsequent films to make choreographing easier, given his understanding of each member's abilities.^[54] Chan and his team undertake many of the stunts performed by other characters in his films, shooting the scenes so that their faces are obscured.^[55]

The dangerous nature of his stunts makes it difficult for Chan to get insurance, especially in the United States, where his stunt work is contractually limited.^[55] Chan holds the Guinness World Record for "Most Stunts By A Living Actor", which emphasizes "no insurance company will underwrite Chan's productions, in which he performs all his own stunts".^[56] In addition, he holds an unrecognised record for the most number of takes for a single shot in a film, having shot over 2900 retakes for a complex scene involving a Jianzi game in Dragon Lord.^[57]

Chan has been injured numerous times attempting stunts; many of them have been shown as outtakes or as bloopers during the closing credits of his films. He came closest to death filming Armour of God, when he fell from a tree and fractured his skull. Over the years, Chan has dislocated his pelvis and broken his fingers, toes, nose, both cheekbones, hips, sternum, neck, ankle and ribs on numerous occasions.^[58]^[59] Promotional materials for Rumble in the Bronx emphasized that Chan performed all of the stunts, and one version of the movie poster even diagrammed his many injuries.

Filmography and screen persona [link]

Main article: Jackie Chan filmography

Jackie Chan at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival.

Jackie Chan created his screen persona as a response to Bruce Lee, and the numerous imitators who appeared before and after Lee's death. In contrast to Lee's characters, who were typically stern, morally upright heroes, Chan plays well-meaning, slightly foolish regular guys (often at the mercy of their friends, girlfriends or families) who always triumph in the end despite the odds.^[14] Additionally, Chan has stated that he deliberately styles his movement to be the opposite of Lee's: where Lee held his arms wide, Chan holds his tight to the body; where Lee was loose and flowing, Chan is tight and choppy. Despite the success of the Rush Hour series, Chan has stated that he is not a fan of it since he neither appreciates the action scenes in the movie, nor understands American humour.^[60]

In recent years, the aging Chan grew tired of being typecast as an action hero, prompting him to act with more emotion in his latest films.^[61] In New Police Story, he portrayed a character suffering from alcoholism and mourning his murdered colleagues.^[62] To further shed the image of Mr. Nice Guy, Chan played an anti-hero for the first time in Rob-B-Hood starring as Thongs, a burglar with gambling problems.^[63]

Television work [link]

In 2000, Chan hosted a fictionalized version of himself in the animated series Jackie Chan Adventures, which ran until 2005.^[64]

In July 2008, the BTV reality television series entitled The Disciple (simplified Chinese: 龙的传人; traditional Chinese: 龍的傳人, lit. "Disciple of the Dragon") concluded. The series was produced by, and featured Jackie Chan. The aim of the program was to find a new star, skilled in acting and martial arts, to become Chan's "successor" and student in filmmaking. Contestants were trained by Jackie Chan Stunt Team members Alan Wu and He Jun and competed in various fields, including explosion scenes, high-altitude wire-suspension, gunplay, car stunts, diving, obstacles courses etc. The regular judges on the program were He Ping, Wu Yue and Cheng Pei Pei. Guest judges include Stanley Tong, Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao. The "Finals" began on 5 April 2008, with 16 contestants remaining, and concluded on 26 June 2008. Amongst those in attendance were Tsui Hark, John Woo, Ng See Yuen and Yu Rongguang.

The winner of the series was Jack Tu (Tu Sheng Cheng). Along with runners up Yang Zheng and Jerry Liau, Tu is now set to star in three modern Chinese action films, one of which was scripted by Chan, and all three will be co-produced by Chan and his company JCE Movies Limited. The films will be entitled Speedpost 206, Won't Tell You and Tropical Tornado and will be directed by Xie Dong, Jiang Tao and Cai Rong Hui. All 16 finalists will be given the opportunity to work on the films, or to join the Jackie Chan Stunt Team. Production on the first film is due to begin in September 2008. In addition, the finalists will be given roles in a forthcoming BTV action series.^[65]^[66]^[67]

Music career [link]

Further information: Jackie Chan discography

Jackie Chan had vocal lessons whilst at the Peking Opera School in his childhood. He began producing records professionally in the 1980s and has gone on to become a successful singer in Hong Kong and Asia. He has released 20 albums since 1984 and has performed vocals in Cantonese, Mandarin, Japanese, Taiwanese and English. He often sings the theme songs of his films, which play over the closing credits. Chan's first musical recording was "Kung Fu Fighting Man", the theme song played over the closing credits of The Young Master (1980).^[68] At least 10 of these recordings have been released on soundtrack albums for the films.^[62]^[69] His Cantonese song Story of a Hero (英雄故事) (theme song of Police Story) was selected by the Royal Hong Kong Police and incorporated into their recruitment advertisement in 1994.^[70]

Chan voiced the character of Shang in the Chinese release of the Walt Disney animated feature, Mulan (1998). He also performed the song "I'll Make a Man Out of You", for the film's soundtrack. For the US release, the speaking voice was performed by B.D. Wong and the singing voice was done by Donny Osmond.

In 2007, Chan recorded and released the song "We Are Ready", the official one-year countdown song to the 2008 Summer Olympics. He performed the song at a ceremony marking the one-year countdown to the 2008 Summer Paralympics.^[71]

The day before the Beijing Olympics opened, Chan released one of the two official Olympics albums, Official Album for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games – Jackie Chan's Version, which featured a number of special guest appearances.^[72] Chan, along with Andy Lau, Liu Huan and Wakin (Emil) Chau, performed "Hard to Say Goodbye", the farewell song for the 2008 Summer Olympics closing ceremony.^[73]

Image and celebrity status [link]

Jackie Chan has received worldwide recognition for his acting, having won several awards including an Innovator Award from the American Choreography Awards and a lifetime achievement award from the Taurus World Stunt Awards.^[74] He has stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the Hong Kong Avenue of Stars.^[75] Despite considerable box office success in The Northsouth Territories, Chan's American films have been criticised with regard to their action choreography. Reviewers of Rush Hour 2, The Tuxedo, and Shanghai Knights criticised the toning down of Chan's fighting scenes, citing less intensity compared to his earlier films.^[76]^[77]^[78] The comedic value of his films is questioned; some critics stated it can be childish at times.^[79]

Jackie Chan's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Chan is a cultural icon, having been referenced in Ash's song "Kung Fu", Heavy Vegetable's "Jackie Chan Is a Punk Rocker", Leehom Wang's "Long Live Chinese People", as well as in "Jackie Chan" by Frank Chickens, and television shows Celebrity Deathmatch and Family Guy. He has been the inspiration for manga such as Dragon Ball (including a character with the alias "Jackie Chun"),^[80] the character Lei Wulong in Tekken and the fighting-type Pokémon Hitmonchan.^[81]^[82]^[83] In addition, Jackie Chan has a sponsorship deal with Mitsubishi Motors. As a result, Mitsubishi cars can be found in a number of Jackie Chan films. Furthermore, Mitsubishi honoured Chan by launching Evolution, a limited series of cars which he personally customised.^[84]^[85]^[86]

A number of video games have featured Jackie Chan. Before Stuntmaster, Chan already had a game of his own, Jackie Chan's Action Kung Fu, released in 1990 for the PC-Engine and NES. In 1995, Chan was featured in the arcade fighting game Jackie Chan The Kung-Fu Master. In addition, a series of Japanese Jackie Chan games were released on the MSX by Pony, based on several of his films (Project A, Project A 2, Police Story, The Protector and Wheels On Meals).^[87]

File:JC Opens Disney HK.jpeg

Chan with Disney characters during the opening ceremony of Hong Kong Disneyland

Chan has always wanted to be a role model to children, remaining popular with them due to his good-natured acting style. He has refused to play villains and has almost never used the word "fuck" in his films (He's only said that word in two films, The Protector and Burn, Hollywood, Burn), but in Rush Hour, in an attempt to be "cool" and imitate his partner Carter, who said "What's up, my nigga?" to a club of black men, he said the same thing when Carter was in another room and they all attacked him, so he had to pull out his fighting skills to beat them down and escape.^[88] Chan's greatest regret in life is not having received proper education,^[89] inspiring him to fund educational institutions around the world. He funded the construction of the Jackie Chan Science Centre at the Australian National University^[90] and the establishment of schools in poor regions of China.^[91]

Chan is a spokesperson for the Government of Hong Kong, appearing in public service announcements. In a Clean Hong Kong commercial, he urged the people of Hong Kong to be more considerate with regards to littering, a problem that has been widespread for decades.^[92] Furthermore, in an advertisement promoting nationalism, he gave a short explanation of the March of the Volunteers, the national anthem of the People's Republic of China.^[93] When Hong Kong Disneyland opened in 2005, Chan participated in the opening ceremony.^[94] In the United States, Chan appeared alongside Arnold Schwarzenegger in a government advert to combat copyright infringement and made another public service announcement with Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca to encourage people, especially Asians, to join the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department.^[95]^[96]

Construction has begun on a Jackie Chan museum in Shanghai. Work began in July 2008, and although it was scheduled to be completed on October 2009, construction continues as of January 2010.^[97]

Controversies [link]

During a news conference in Shanghai on 28 March 2004, Chan referred to the recently concluded Republic of China presidential election, 2004 in Taiwan, in which Democratic Progressive Party candidates Chen Shui-bian and Annette Lu were re-elected as President and Vice-President as "the biggest joke in the world."^[98] Chan's comments were criticized by Parris Chang, a Taiwanese legislator and senior member of the DPP, who called for the government of Taiwan to take punitive steps against Chan for his comments, such as banning his movies and barring him the right to visit Taiwan.^[99] Some 50 police and security personnel were required to separate protesters from Chan, as they were attempting to spit at him when he arrived at Taipei airport for a charity sponsored by cable TV channel TVBS on 18 June 2008.^[100] Chan insisted that his remarks were not intended to insult the people of Taiwan.^[101]

Jackie Chan at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival

Referring to his participation in the torch relay for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Chan spoke out against demonstrators who disrupted the relay several times attempting to draw attention to a wide-ranging number of grievances against the Chinese government, including China's human rights record and the political status of Taiwan. He warned that he would lash out against anyone planning to stop him from carrying the Olympic Torch, saying, "Demonstrators better not get anywhere near me." In addition, Chan felt that the protesters were publicity seekers. "They are doing it for no reason. They just want to show off on the TV," he said. "They know, 'if I can get the torch, I can go on the TV for the world news'." Chan felt the country was trying to improve and the Olympics is a chance for the country to open up and learn from the outside world and vice versa. "We are not right about everything. Things are getting better in China but we can change and are changing. We want to learn from the rest of the world as well as teach others about our ways and our culture."^[102]

On 18 April 2009, during a panel discussion at the annual Boao Forum for Asia titled "Tapping into Asia's Creative Industry Potential," Chan said "...in the 10 years after Hong Kong's return to Chinese rule, I can gradually see, I'm not sure if it's good to have freedom or not."^[103] Chan went on to say, "If you're too free, you're like the way Hong Kong is now. It's very chaotic. Taiwan is also chaotic." He also added, "I'm gradually beginning to feel that we Chinese need to be controlled. If we're not being controlled, we'll just do what we want." Chan however complained about the quality of Chinese goods, saying, "...a Chinese TV might explode."^[104] but refrained from criticizing the Chinese government for banning his 2009 film Shinjuku Incident.^[105] Chan's comments prompted an angry response from some legislators and other prominent figures in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Hong Kong Legislator Leung Kwok-hung said that Chan "insulted the Chinese people. Chinese people aren't pets."^[106] The Hong Kong Tourism Board stated that it had received 164 comments and complaints from the public over Chan's remarks.^[107] A spokesman for Chan told reporters that the actor was referring to freedom in the entertainment industry rather than Chinese society at large and that certain people with "ulterior motives deliberately misinterpreted what he said."^[108]

On 24 August 2010, Jackie Chan tweeted about the botched rescue operation on the Manila hostage crisis that left 8 Hong Kong tourists dead. Although saddened by the news, he also tweeted "If they killed the guy sooner, they will say why not negotiate first? If they negotiate first, they ask why not kill the guy sooner?"^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112] Chan's comments caused outrage in Hong Kong. Several anti-Jackie Chan groups were set up on Facebook with tens of thousands of supporters. Some fellow actors and directors told local newspapers that they were also upset by his remarks. Chan reportedly has business interests in the Philippines. He issued a statement on 27 August 2010 apologizing for his comments and claiming that his assistant who helped him post the tweets had misunderstood the meaning of his original message.^[113]

Entrepreneurship and philanthropy [link]

In addition to his film production and distribution company, JCE Movies Limited, Jackie Chan also owns or co-owns the production companies JC Group China, Jackie & Willie Productions^[114] (with Willie Chan) and Jackie & JJ Productions.^[115]

Chan has also put his name to Jackie Chan Theater International, a cinema chain in China, co-run by Hong Kong company Sparkle Roll Group Ltd. The first—Jackie Chan-Yaolai International Cinema—opened in February 2010, and is claimed to be the largest cinema complex in China, with 17 screens and 3,500 seats. Chan expressed his hopes that the size of the venue would afford young, non-commercial directors the opportunity to have their films screened. 15 further cinemas in the chain are planned for 2010, throughout Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, with a potential total of 65 cinemas throughout the country proposed.^[116]^[117]

In 2004, Chan launched his own line of clothing, which bears a Chinese dragon logo and the English word "Jackie", or the initials "JC".^[118] Chan also has a number of other branded businesses. His sushi restaurant chain, Jackie's Kitchen, has outlets throughout Hong Kong, as well as seven in South Korea and one in Hawaii, with plans to open another in Las Vegas. Jackie Chan's Cafe has outlets in Beijing, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and the Philippines. Other ventures include Jackie Chan Signature Club gyms (a partnership with California Fitness), and a line of chocolates, cookies and nutritional oatcakes. He also hopes to expand into furniture and kitchenware, and is also considering a branded supermarket.^[119] With each of his businesses, a percentage of the profits goes to various charities, including the Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation.

Chan is a keen philanthropist and a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, having worked tirelessly to champion charitable works and causes. He has campaigned for conservation, against animal abuse and has promoted disaster relief efforts for floods in mainland China and the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.^[5]^[120]^[121] In June 2006, he announced the donation of half his assets to charity upon his death, citing his admiration of the effort made by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates to help those in need.^[122] On 10 March 2008, Chan was the guest of honour for the launch, by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, of the Jackie Chan Science Centre at the John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University in Canberra. Jackie Chan is also a supporter of the Save China's Tigers project which aims at saving the endangered South China Tiger through breeding and releasing them into the wild; he is currently an ambassador for this conservation project.^[123] Chan has many historic artifacts, such as old door frames from 2000 years ago. He also owns the Jinricksha Station in Singapore.

19 January 2011 Jackie Chan joins U.S. President Barack Obama for the welcome of President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao to the White House state dinner.

In April 2008, Jackie Chan was invited for the audio launch of an Indian film, entitled Dasavathaaram (2008) in Chennai (Madras), where he shared the dais with Indian celebrities, including Amitabh Bachchan, Mammootty and Kamal Hassan. Though he did not understand a word of Tamil, Chan was touched by the Indian community's love for him and his films, and was impressed with the movie Dasavathaaram, expressing a keen interest in working with the star of the film, Kamal Hassan. Hassan himself reciprocated the desire to work with the action superstar, urging Chan to keep his promise of working with him on a possible film project.

Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Chan donated RMB ¥10 million to help those in need. In addition, he is planning to make a film about the Chinese earthquake to raise money for survivors.

In response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Jackie Chan and fellow Hong Kong-based celebrities, including American rapper Jin, headlined a special three-hour charity concert, titled Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders, on 1 April 2011 to help with Japan's disaster recovery effort,^[124] where Jackie Chan addressed the victims of the earthquake and tsunami by saying: "You will not be alone, we will be by your side".^[125] The concert raised over $3.3 million dollars in just three hours for disaster relief.^[126]

Chan also holds guest lectures at the Shanghai Institute of Visual Art of Fudan University, Shanghai.

The Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation [link]

Founded in 1988, the Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation offers scholarships and active help to Hong Kong's young people through a variety of worthy causes. Over the years, the foundation has broadened its scope to include provision of medical services, aid to victims of natural disaster or illness, and projects where the major beneficiaries are Hong Kong people or organizations. Major donation projects of The Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation:

The Jackie Chan Gymnasium at Lingnan University
The Jackie Chan Challenge Cup Intercollegiate Invitation Tournament
The Jackie Chan Family Unit, Hong Kong Girl Guides Association Jockey Club Beas River Lodge
The Jackie Chan Whole Person Development Center
Renovation of the Bethanie Site, Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts
Medical Funding in mainland China (Operation Smile)^[127]
Medical Donation in Hong Kong (Queen Mary Hospital, SARS Relief)
Support for the Performing Arts
Youth Development Programs

The Dragon's Heart Foundation [link]

The Dragon's Heart Foundation was founded in 2005 to fulfill the desperate needs of children and the elderly in remote areas of China. Since 2005, the Dragon's Heart Foundation has built over a dozen schools, provided books, fees, and uniforms, and has raised millions of dollars to give much-needed educational opportunities for the poor. In addition, the Dragon's Heart Foundation provides for the elderly with donations of warm clothing, wheelchairs, and other items. Jackie often travels to the remote locations to attend groundbreakings or school openings, and to lend support and encouragement.

Awards and nominations [link]

American Choreography Awards^[128]
8th American Choreography Innovator Awards - Won
Asia-Pacific Film Festival
1993 Asia-Pacific Film Lifetime Achievement Award - Won
2005 Asia-Pacific Film Special Jury Award - Won
International Indian Film Academy Awards
2000 Special Award for Global Impact - Won
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
1999 Favorite Duo - Action/Adventure (for Rush Hour) - Won
2001 Favorite Action Team (for Shanghai Noon) - Nominated
Cinequest Film Festival
1998 Maverick Spirit Award - Won
Daytime Emmy Awards
2002 Performer In An Animated Program (for Jackie Chan Adventures) - Nominated
Fant-Asia Film Festival
1997 Best Asian Film (for Drunken Master II) - Won (shared with Chia-Liang Liu)
Golden Horse Film Festival
1992 Best Actor (for Police Story 3: Super Cop) - Won
1993 Best Actor (for Zhong an zu) - Won
Golden Phoenix Awards
2005 Outstanding Contribution Award - Won
Golden Rooster Awards
2005 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Won
Hollywood Film Festival
1999 Actor of the Year - Won
Hong Kong Film Awards
1983 Best Action Choreography (for Dragon Lord) - Nominated (shared with Hark-On Fung and Yuen Kuni)
1985 Best Actor (for Project A) - Nominated
1986 Best Director (for Police Story) - Nominated
1986 Best Actor (for Police Story) - Nominated
1986 Best Actor (for Heart of Dragon) - Nominated
1989 Best Picture (for Rouge) - Won
1990 Best Actor (for Miracles) - Nominated
1993 Best Actor (for Supercop) - Nominated
1994 Best Actor (for Crime Story) - Nominated
1994 Best Action Choreography (for Crime Story) - Nominated
1996 Best Actor (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Nominated
1996 Best Action Choreography (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Won
1997 Best Actor (for Dragon Lord) - Nominated
1999 Best Actor (for Who Am I?) - Nominated
1999 Best Action Choreography (for Who Am I?) - Won
2000 Best Action Choreography (for Gorgeous) - Nominated (shared with Jackie Chan Stunt Team)
2005 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Nominated
2005 Professional Achievement Award - Won
2006 Best Original Film Song (for The Myth) - Nominated (shared with Choi Jun Young, Wang Zhong Yan, and Hee-seon Kim)
2006 Best Action Choreography (for The Myth) - Nominated (shared with Stanley Tong, Tak Yuen)
2007 Best Action Choreography (for Robin-B-Hood) - Nominated (shared with Chung Chi Li)
2010 Best Film (for Shinjuku Incident) - Nominated
Hundred Flowers Awards
2006 Best Actor (for New Police Story) - Nominated
Kids' Choice Awards
2002 Favorite Male Movie Star (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated
2002 Favorite Male Action Hero (for Rush Hour 2) - Won
2003 Favorite Movie Actor (for The Tuxedo) - Nominated
2003 Favorite Male Butt Kicker (for The Tuxedo) - Won
2011 Favorite Butt Kicker (for The Karate Kid) - Won
Montreal World Film Festival
Grand Prix des Amériques - Won
MTV Movie Awards
1995 Lifetime Achievement Award - Won
1996 Best Fight (for Rumble in the Bronx) - Nominated
1997 Best Fight (for Police Story 4: First Strike) - Nominated
1999 Best Fight (for Rush Hour) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
1999 Best On-Screen Duo (for Rush Hour) - Won (shared with Chris Tucker)
2002 Best On-Screen Team (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
2002 Best Fight (for Rush Hour 2) - Won (shared with Chris Tucker)
2003 Best On-Screen Team (for Shanghai Knights) - Nominated (shared with Owen Wilson)
2008 Best Fight (for Rush Hour 3) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker and Sun Mingming)
People's Choice Awards
2008 Favorite On Screen Match-up (for Rush Hour 3) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
2011 Favorite On-Screen Team (for The Karate Kid) - Nominated (shared with Jaden Smith)
2011 Favorite Action Star - Won
Shanghai International Film Festival
2005 Outstanding Contribution to Chinese Cinema - Won
Teen Choice Awards
2002 Film - Choice Chemistry (for Rush Hour 2) - Nominated (shared with Chris Tucker)
2008 Choice Movie Actor: Action Adventure (for The Forbidden Kingdom) - Nominated
Walk of Fame
2002 Motion Picture - Won (Star on the Walk of Fame)
World Stunt Awards
2002 Taurus Honorary Award - Won

Personal life [link]

In 1982, Jackie Chan married Lin Feng-Jiao (aka Joan Lin), a Taiwanese actress. That same year, the two had a son, singer and actor Jaycee Chan.^[35] Elaine Ng Yi-Lei had a daughter, Etta, in 1999, and claimed Chan was the father; Chan admitted the affair, but did not formally acknowledge her as his daughter.^[129]^[130]^[131] Chan is a Buddhist.^[132]^[133]

He speaks Cantonese, Mandarin, American Sign Language, and English fluently, and also speaks some German, Korean and Japanese, as well as a little Spanish.^[134]

In 2009, Chan received an honorary doctorate from the University of Cambodia.^[135]^[136]

References [link]

^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 51772. p. 17. 16 June 1989. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Biography section, official website of Jackie". Jackiechan.com. http://jackiechan.com/biography. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Biography of Jackie Chan". Biography. Hong Kong Film.net. http://www.hkfilm.net/chanbio.htm. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Biography of Jackie Chan". Biography. Tiscali. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/entertainment/film/biography/artist/jackie-chan/biography/45. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Jackie Chan Battles Illegal Wildlife Trade". Celebrity Values. http://www.celebrityvalues.com/jackie_chan.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Biography of Jackie Chan". StarPulse. http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/Chan,_Jackie/Biography/. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Seven Little Fortunes". Feature article. LoveAsianFilm. http://www.loveasianfilm.com/features/sevenlittlefortunes.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Come Drink With Me (1966)". Database entry. Hong Kong Cinemagic. http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=2418&showmovfullcast=1. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Who Am I?, Star file: Jackie Chan (DVD). Universe Laser, Hong Kong. 1998.
^ "Men of the Week: Entertainment, Jackie Chan". Biography. AskMen. http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/men/entertainment/54_jackie_chan.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Real Lives: Jackie Chan". Biography. The Biography Channel. http://94.236.123.156:8082/biographies/jackie-chan.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan als Darsteller in altem Sexfilm aufgetaucht" (in German). Information Times. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071025045704/http://xinwen.de/2006/09/21/jackie_chan_als_darsteller_in.html. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ Boogs, Monika (March 7, 2002). "Jackie Chan's tears for 'greatest' mother". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080921230708/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/jackie-chans-tears-for-greatest-mother/295366.aspx. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jackie Chan – Actor and Stuntman". BBC. 24 July 2001. http://h2g2.com/dna/h2g2/A592760. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
^ lily. "Jackie Chan: Chinese Kung Fu Superstar". ChinaA2Z.com. Archived from the original on 8 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090408082259/http://kungfu.chinaa2z.com/kungfu/html/Kung%20Fu%20Star/2008/20081225/20081225165205590921/20081225172231339876.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Jackie Chan, a martial arts success story". Biography. Fighting Master. http://www.fightingmaster.com/actors/jackie/index.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Jackie Chan Biography (an Asian perspective)". Biography. Ng Kwong Loong (JackieChanMovie.com). Archived from the original on 2 April 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040402123601/http://www.jackiechanmovie.com/profile/biography/bio.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Pollard, Mark. "Snake in the Eagle's Shadow". Movie review. Kung Fu Cinema. http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/snake-in-the-eagles-shadow-1978. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Pollard, Mark. "Drunken Master". Movie review. Kung Fu Cinema. http://www.kungfucinema.com/reviews/drunken-master-1978. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Dragon Lord". Love HK Film. http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews_2/dragon_lord.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Dragon Lord (DVD Description)". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0000A5BRV. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ David Everitt (16 August 1996). "Kicking and Screening: Wheels on Meals, Armour of God, Police Story, and more are graded with an eye for action". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,293788,00.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Project A Review". Film review. Hong Kong Cinema. http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews/project_a.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Sammo Hung Profile". Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070529210629/http://www.kungfucinema.com/people/sammo_hung_kam_bo.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Yuen Biao Profile". Kung Fu Cinema. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070415122914/http://www.kungfucinema.com/people/yuen_biao.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Mills, Phil. "Police Story (1985)". Film review. Dragon's Den. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070403190345/http://www.dragonsdenuk.com/reviews/policestory.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Armour of God". jackiechanmovie.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 September 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040903175112/http://www.jackiechanmovie.com/Reviews/AOG/Review.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Drunken Master II – All-Time 100 Movies". Time Magazine. 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on 11 July 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050711081925/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/0,23220,drunken_master_ii,00.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Kozo. "Police Story 4 review". Film review. LoveHKFilm. http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews_2/police_story4_first_strike.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Dickerson, Jeff (4 April 2002). "Black Delights in Demolition Man". The Michigan Daily. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071224001408/http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2002/04/04/TheStatement/Black.Delights.In.demolition.Man-1403498.shtml. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Morris, Gary (1996–04). "Rumble in the Bronx review". Film review. Bright Lights Film Journal. http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/16/chan.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Rush Hour Review". Film Review. BeijingWushuTeam.com. 15 September 1998. http://www.beijingwushuteam.com/articles/rushhour.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Jackie Chan (1999). Gorgeous, commentary track (DVD). Uca Catalogue.
^ Gerstmann, Jeff (14 January 2007). "Jackie Chan Stuntmaster Review". Gamespot. http://uk.gamespot.com/jackie-chan-stuntmaster/reviews/jackie-chans-stuntmaster-review-2547937/. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Chan, Jackie. "Jackie Chan Biography". Official website of Jackie Chan. http://jackiechan.com/about/about_bio.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "New Police Story Review". LoveHKFilm. http://www.lovehkfilm.com/reviews_2/new_police_story.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "The Myth Review". Karazen. Archived from the original on 28 October 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20051028034336/http://www.karazen.com/reviews/movies/themyth.php. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Rob-B-Hood Review". HkFlix. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011073526/http://hkcuk.co.uk/reviews/rob_b_hood.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Rush Hour 3 Box Office Data". Box Office Mojo. 2006. Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20041029232439/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=rushhour3.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan's 'Rush Hour 3' struggles at Hong Kong box office". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 21 August 2007. Archived from the original on 23 October 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20071023073515/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/21/arts/AS-A-E-MOV-Jackie-Chan-Hometown-Box-Office.php. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "The Forbidden Kingdom". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0865556/combined. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan and Jet Li Will Fight In "Forbidden Kingdom"". CountingDown. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011203019/http://countingdown.com/movies/3958331. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ LaPorte, Nicole; Gardner, Chris (8 November 2005). "'Panda' battle-ready". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117932633?refCatId=1050. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Frater, Patrick (2 November 2007). "'Wushu' gets its wings". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975304?refCatId=13. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Shinjuku Incident Starts Shooting in November". News Article. jc-news.net. 9 July 2007. http://www.jc-news.net/news.php?id=817. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Chan, Jackie (29 April 2007). "Singapore Trip". Blog. Official Jackie Chan Website. http://www.jackiechan.com/message_view?cid=716. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan's Operation Condor 3". News Article. Latino Review Inc.. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927221854/http://www.latinoreview.com/news.php?id=2552. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Lee, Min (7 August 2008). "Jackie Chan to star in Hollywood spy comedy". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/2008-08-07-1622631588_x.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Brian Warmoth. "'Karate Kid' Remake Keeping Title, Taking Jaden Smith to China". MTV Movie Blog. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090508100114/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/05/06/karate-kid-remake-keeping-title-taking-jaden-smith-to-china/. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Lei Jin (18 February 2011). "Jackie Chan's 100th film gets release". Asia Pacific Arts. http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/w_apa/showarticle.aspx?articleID=16404&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Liuyi (Luisa) Chen (13 October 2011). "Jackie Chan's 100th film, 1911, premieres in North America this Friday". Asia Pacific Arts. http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?jackie_chans_100th_film_1911_premieres_in_north_america_this_friday_17530.aspx. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Grace Li (5 April 2011). "Jackie Chan wins Kids' Choice Award". Asia Pacific Arts. http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?jackie_chan_wins_kids_choice_award_16607.aspx. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Chan, Jackie. "Wall Photos". http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10150902260122318. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
^ Jackie Chan (1987). Police Story Commentary (DVD). Hong Kong: Dragon Dynasty.
^ ^a ^b Rogers, Ian. "Jackie Chan Interview". FilmZone. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070710114138/http://www.newline.com/jackiechan/Chan/chaninterview.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "January 2003 News Archives". Jackie Chan Kids. 3 January 2003. http://www.jackiechankids.com/files/January_News_Archives.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Dixon, Melinda (29 April 2006). "Dragon Lord (Long xiao ye) Review". DVD Bits. http://www.dvdbits.com/reviews.asp?id=3297. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Chan, Jackie. "The Official Jackie Chan Injury Map". Jackie Chan Kids. http://www.jackiechankids.com/files/Jackie_Injury_Map_Main.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan re-injures back while filming". The Star. 27 August 2007. http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/8/27/apworld/20070827170114&sec=apworld. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan Admits He Is Not a Fan of 'Rush Hour' Films". Fox News. 30 September 2007. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,298648,00.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan: From action maestro to serious actor". China Daily. 24 September 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-09/24/content_377571.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ ^a ^b Jackie Chan (2004). New Police Story (DVD). Hong Kong: JCE Movies Limited.
^ "For the first time, Chan plays an unconventional role in his newest comedy (成龙首次尝试反派联手陈木胜再拍动作喜剧)" (in Simplified Chinese). Sina. 30 December 2005. http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2005-12-30/0832945759.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Voice actors of Jackie Chan Adventures". Cast list. VoiceChasers. http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=233. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan on the Reasons Behind Producing The Disciple". Wu-Jing.org. http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/478-Jackie-Chan-on-the-Reasons-Behind-Producing-The-Disciple.html#extended. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "龍的傳人 The Disciple" (in Simplified Chinese). BTV.com. http://long.btv.com.cn/long/index.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan names Jack Tu His Disciple". Wu-Jing.org. http://www.wu-jing.org/happenings/archives/541-Jackie-Chan-Names-Jack-Tu-His-Disciple.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan: Kung Fu Fighter Believes There's More to Him Than Meets the Eye". hkvpradio (Hong Kong Vintage Pop Radio). Archived from the original on 31 December 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20031231233820/http://www.hkvpradio.com/artists/jackiechan/. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Jackie Chan (2006). Rob-B-Hood (DVD). Hong Kong: JCE Movies Limited.
^ 警務處 (香港皇家警察招募) – 警察故事 (Television advertisement). Hong Kong: Royal Hong Kong Police. 1994.
^ "We Are Ready". Jackie Chan Kids. http://www.jackiechankids.com/files/JC_Olympics_We_Are_Ready_video.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan releases Olympic album". China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/showbiz/2008-08/08/content_6915823.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Beijing Olympic closing ceremony press conference". TVB News World. 23 August 2008. http://tvbnewsworld.blogspot.com/2008/08/beijing-olympic-closing-ceremony-press.html. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan From Hong Kong to Receive Stunt Award". Xinhuanet. 16 May 2002. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2002-05/16/content_394957.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Ortega, Albert (4 October 2002). "Jackie Chan Honored with a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame". EZ-Entertainment. http://www.ez-entertainment.net/carpet/chanstar/chanstar.htm. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Honeycutt, Kirk (30 July 2001). "Rush Hour 2 Review". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930204130/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=973232. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Ebert, Roger (27 September 2002). "The Tuxedo Review". Official website of Roger Ebert. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020927/REVIEWS/209270305/1023. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Pierce, Nev (3 April 2003). "Shanghai Knights Review". BBC film. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2003/03/05/shanghai_knights_2003_review.shtml. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Honeycutt, Kirk (16 June 2004). "Around the World in 80 Days Review". Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070930220404/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000532235. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ Hebert, James (22 August 2003). "Inspiration for Dragonball". San Diego Tribune. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/features/20030822-9999_1c22tribute.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Masters of the Martial Arts". Celebrity Deathmatch. episode 12. season 1. 1999.
^ "Breaking Out Is Hard to Do". Family Guy. episode 9. season 4. 17 July 2005.
^ Orecklin, Michael (10 May 1999). "Pokemon: The Cutest Obsession". Time Magazine
^ Chan, Jackie. "Note From Jackie: My Loyalty Toward Mitsubishi 19 June 2007". Official website of Jackie Chan. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070702051424/http://www.jackiechan.com/scrapbook_view?cid=769. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "E! Online Question and Answer (Jackie Chan)". Jackie Chan Kids. http://www.jackiechankids.com/files/Q_and_A.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Chan, Jackie. "Trip to Shanghai; Car Crash!! 18–25 April 2007". Official website of Jackie Chan. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080205101936/http://www.jackiechan.com/message_view?cid=718. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan Video Games". Hardcore Gaming 101. 06 Febuarary 2010. http://www.hardcoregaming101.net/jackiechan/jackie.htm.
^ "Jackie Chan Wants to Be Role Model". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 4 August 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080400326.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Webb, Adam (29 September 2000). "Candid Chan: Action star Jackie Chan takes on students' questions". The Flat Hat. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011072409/http://flathat.wm.edu/September292000/newsstory2.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "ANU to name science centre after Jackie Chan" (Press release). Australia National University. 24 February 2006. http://info.anu.edu.au/ovc/media/Media_Releases/_2006/_February/_240206jackiechan.asp. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Biography of Jackie Chan (Page 8)". Biography. Tiscali. http://www.talktalk.co.uk/entertainment/film/biography/artist/jackie-chan/biography/45. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Jackie Chan (2002). Clean Hong Kong (Television). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Government.
^ "Hong Kong marshal Jackie Chan to Boost Nationalism". China Daily. 18 May 2005. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/18/content_443738.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat among VIPs invited to HK Disneyland opening". Associated Press. Sina. 18 August 2005. http://english.sina.com/taiwan_hk/1/2005/0818/42863.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Schwarzenegger, Arnold; Jackie Chan. "Anti-piracy advert". Advertisement. United States Government. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6443035544827856436&q=Jackie+Chan. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
^ "Jackie Chan stars in LAPD recruitment campaign". China Daily. 11 March 2007. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-03/11/content_824701.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan museum planned in Shanghai – Yahoo! News". 11 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090628202250/http://www.mixedandmotions.com/2008/07/jackie-chan-museum-planned-in-shanghai.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Taiwan election biggest joke in the world". China Daily. 29 March 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-03/29/content_318903.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Taiwan lawmaker calls for Jackie Chan movie ban". China Daily. 22 April 2004. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-04/22/content_325482.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Protestors blast Jackie Chan for criticizing Taiwan elections". People News. 18 June 2008. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/people/news/article_1411923.php/Protestors_blast_Jackie_Chan_for_criticizing_Taiwan_elections. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Protesters greet Jackie Chan in Taiwan". ABC News (Australia). 19 June 2008. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/06/19/2279237.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Kung-fu star Jackie Chan to chop down Olympic protesters". METRO.co.uk. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090427012524/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090421/ap_en_ot/as_hong_kong_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Min Lee (21 April 2009). "Spokesman: Jackie Chan comments out of context". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090421/ap_en_ot/as_hong_kong_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012. ^{[dead link]}
^ William Foreman (18 April 2009). "Jackie Chan: Chinese people need to be controlled". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090421223810/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090418/ap_en_ot/as_china_people_jackie_chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan warns over China 'chaos': report". Yahoo! News. 19 April 2009. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. http://web.archive.org/web/20090425220155/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090419/en_afp/entertainmentchinahongkongtaiwanpolitics. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Coonan, Clifford (20 April 2009). "Chinese shouldn't get more freedom, says Jackie Chan". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/chinese-shouldnt-get-more-freedom-says-jackie-chan-1671337.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Le-Min Lim (22 April 2009). "Jackie Chan Faces Film Boycott for Chaotic Taiwan Comments". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aBQtt40iChUo. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan's 'freedom' talk sparks debate". People's Daily. 22 April 2009. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6642022.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "1st Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054099041.
^ "2nd Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054128619.
^ "3rd Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22054214000.
^ "4th Tweet on Hostage Crisis, EyeOfJackieChan, Jackie Chan's Twitter Page". 24 August 2010. http://twitter.com/EyeOfJackieChan/status/22058470325.
^ "Statement of Apology from Jackie Chan". The JC Group. 27 August 2010. http://jackiechan.com/scrapbook/1061068--Statement-of-Aplogy-from-Jackie-Chan. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie & Willie Productions Limited". Film database entry (Studios). HKCinemagic. http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/studio.asp?id=459. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
^ "Jackie & JJ Productions Ltd – Hong Kong". Business index entry. HKTDC. http://www.hktdc.com/sourcing/hk_company_directory.htm?companyid=1X03WBFO&locale=en. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan launches cinema chain claiming to be the largest in China". News report. CCTV.com. 13 February 2010. http://english.cctv.com/20100213/102739.shtml. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Gregg Kilday and David Morgan (13 May 2010). "Jackie Chan plans turbo-charged slate". Film news report (THR Asia (Hollywood Reporter)). Archived from the original on 18 May 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100518053635/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/news/e3i056525c4efa8dd6ffafa7425e0eaee68. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Fashion leap for Jackie Chan as Kung-fu star promotes new clobber". Agence France Press (JC-News). 2 April 2004. http://jc-news.net/news.php?id=316. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan's business empire kicks into place". Taipei Times. 11 April 2005. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2005/04/11/2003250063. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan Urges China to 'Have a Heart' for Dogs". PETA. Archived from the original on 3 September 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060903155120/http://www.peta.org/feat-china1.asp. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "UNICEF People: Jackie Chan: Goodwill Ambassador". UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/people/people_jackie_chan.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan looks to bequeath half of wealth". Reuters. The Financial Express. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. http://www.financialexpress.com/old/latest_full_story.php?content_id=132221. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Save China's Tigers: Patrons and Supporters". SaveChina'Tigers.org. 22 August 2008. http://english.savechinastigers.org/node/139/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Japan Earthquake Song Music Video - The Official Website of Jackie Chan". Jackiechan.com. http://jackiechan.com/scrapbook/1202363--Japan-Earthquake-Song-Music-Video. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan and HK celebrities to raise funds for quake victims in Japan". News.xinhuanet.com. 25 March 2011. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2011-03/25/c_13798190.htm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Chu, Karen (4 April 2011). "Jackie Chan Raises $3.3 Million in Three Hours for Japan Relief (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jackie-chan-raises-33-million-174410. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Jackie Chan Charitable Foundation" (PDF). Jackie Chan. http://jackiechan.com/files/JCF_brochure_4.pdf. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Awards for Jackie Chan". imdb.com. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000329/awards. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Fans desert Jackie Chan". BBC. 31 March 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/696856.stm. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Elaine Ng moves back to Hong Kong". celebritygossip.asia. 31 July 2011. http://celebritygossip.asia/?q=elaine-ng-moves-back-to-hong-kong. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "小龍女富貴臉像房祖名 ("Dragon"'s daughter has a wealthy appearance; looks like Jaycee Chan)". 20 May 2009. http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/31641060/IssueID/20090520. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ Gus Leous (4 March 2003). "Jackie Chan: A short biography!". Newsfinder.org. http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/jackie_chan_a_short_biography/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Famous Buddhists, Famous Adherents of Buddhism". Adherents.com. http://www.adherents.com/largecom/fam_buddhist.html. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "An interview with Jackie Chan". Empire (104): 5. 1998.
^ "Jackie visits the University of Cambodia". jackiechan.com. http://jackiechan.com/gallery/832915--Jackie-at-the-University-of-Cambodia. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Press Release". Phnom: University of Cambodia. 10 November 2009. http://www.uc.edu.kh/sub/press/495/. Retrieved 1 March 2012.

External links [link]

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jackie Chan

Official website
Jackie Chan at the Internet Movie Database
Jackie Chan at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase
Jackie Chan at AllRovi
Jackie Chan at Rotten Tomatoes
Jackie Chan on Twitter
Jackie Chan on Google+

Authority control: LCCN: no96039667 | WorldCat

v t e Jackie Chan

Films	Jackie Chan filmography Based on Studio Films Directed by Jackie Chan

Albums	Jackie Chan discography Albums (Love Me (1984) Thank You (1984) A Boy's Life (1985) Shangrila (1986) Sing Lung (1986) No Problem (1987) Jackie Chan (1988) First Time (1992) Dragon's Heart (1996) With All One's Heart (2002) Official Album for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games - Jackie Chan's Version (2008)

Miscellaneous	Jackie Chan Adventures I Am Jackie Chan Seven Little Fortunes JCE Movies Limited

Videogames	Cannon Ball II (1984) Project A (1984) Jackie Chan in Spartan X (1984) Kung-Fu Master (1984) The Protector (1985) The Police Story (1985) Project A 2: Shijousaidai no Kessen (1987) Jackie Chan's Action Kung Fu (1990) The Kung-Fu Master Jackie Chan (1995) Jackie Chan in Fists of Fire: Jackie Chan Densetsu (1995) Jackie Chan Stuntmaster (2000) Jackie Chan Adventures: Legend of the Dark Hand (2001) Around the World in 80 Days (2004) Jackie Chan Adventures (2004) Jackie Chan J-Mat Fitness (2005) FLASH Little Big Soldier (2010)

People	Jackie Chan Charles and Lee-Lee Chan Lin Feng-Jiao Jaycee Chan Jackie Chan Stunt Team Willie Chan

v t e Films directed by Jackie Chan

1970s	The Fearless Hyena (1979)

1980s	The Young Master (1980) Dragon Lord (1982) Project A (1983) Police Story (1985) Project A Part II (1987) Armour of God (1987) Police Story 2 (1988) Miracles (1989)

1990s	Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1991) Who Am I? (1998)

2010s	1911 (2011) Chinese Zodiac (2012)

Documentaries	Jackie Chan: My Story (1998) Jackie Chan: My Stunts (1999)

v t e Seven Little Fortunes

Yuen Lung 元龍 Yuen Lou 元樓 Yuen Biao 元彪 Yuen Kwei 元奎 Yuen Wah 元華 Yuen Tak 元德 Yuen Mo 元武

See also: Yuen Qiu

Golden Rooster Award for Best Actor

N/A (1981) · Zhang Yan (1982) · N/A (1983) · Yang Zaibao/Dong Xingji (1984) · Lu Xiaohe (1985) · Liu Zifeng (1986) · Liu Wenzhi (1987) · Zhang Yimou (1988) · Xie Yuan/Tao Zeru (1989) · Lu Qi (1990) · Li Xuejian (1991) · Wang Tiecheng (1992) · Ge You (1993) · Li Baotian (1994) · Li Rentang (1995) Gao Ming (1996) · Liu Peiqi (1997) · Feng Gong (1998) · Teng Rujun (1999) · Chen Daoming (2000) Ge Zhijun (2001) · Ning Cai (2002) · Xia Yu (2003) · Liu Ye (2004) · Jackie Chan (2005) · Fu Dalong (2007) · Wu Gang (2009) · Sun Chun (2011)

v t e Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography

Sammo Hung, Lam Ching-ying, Yuen Biao & Billy Chan Wui-Ngai (1983) • Yuen Biao, Lam Ching-ying & Billy Chan Wui-Ngai (1984) • Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1985) • Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1986) • Ching Siu-tung (1987) • Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1988) • Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1989) • Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1990) • Ching Siu-tung (1991) • Yuen Cheung-Yan, Yuen Sun-Yi & Lau Ka-Wing (1992) • Yuen Woo-ping (1993) • Corey Yuen & Yuen Tak (1994) • Lau Kar-leung & Jackie Chan Stunt Team (1995) • Stanley Tong & Jackie Chan (1996) • Stanley Tong (1997) • Stephen Tung Wai (1998) • Jackie Chan (1999) • Stephen Tung Wai (2000) • Yuen Woo-ping (2001) • Stephen Tung Wai & Jackie Chan Stunt Team (2002) • Ching Siu-tung (2003) • Donnie Yen (2004) • Yuen Woo-ping (2005) • Donnie Yen (2006) • Yuen Woo-ping (2007) • Donnie Yen (2008) • Sammo Hung & Tony Leung Siu-Hung (2009) • Stephen Tung Wai & Lee Tat Chiu (2010) • Sammo Hung (2011) • Yuen Bun, Lan Hai Han & Sun Jiankui (2012)

HKFA • Film • Director • Screenplay • Leading Actor • Leading Actress • Supporting Actor • Supporting Actress • New Performer • Cinematography • Editing • Best Art Direction • Costume Make Up Design • Action Choreography • Original Film Score

MTV Movie Award for Best Fight

Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker - Happy Gilmore (1996)
Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney - The Craft (1997)
Will Smith vs. Cockroach - Men in Black (1998)
Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog - There's Something About Mary (1999)
Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne - The Matrix (2000)
Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar - Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang - Rush Hour 2 (2002)
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee - Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2003)
Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama - Kill Bill Volume 1 (2004)
Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah - Kill Bill Volume 2 (2005)
Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt - Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet - 300 (2007)
Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet - Never Back Down (2008)
Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet - Twilight (2009)
Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter - Obsessed (2010)
Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel - The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)

Persondata
Name	Chan, Jackie, SBS
Alternative names
Short description	Hong Kong actor, action choreographer, film director, film producer, martial artist, screenwriter, singer and stunt performer
Date of birth	7 April 1954
Place of birth	Hong Kong
Date of death
Place of death

http://wn.com/Jackie_Chan

http://it.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://cs.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://id.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://es.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://ru.wn.com/Джеки Чан

http://pt.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://pl.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://fr.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://de.wn.com/Jackie Chan

http://hi.wn.com/जैकी चैन

http://nl.wn.com/Jackie Chan

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

David Letterman
Letterman performing on his show in June 2011.
Pseudonym	Earl Hofert
Born	(1947-04-12) April 12, 1947 (age 65) Indianapolis, Indiana, United States^[1]
Medium	Stand-up, talk show
Nationality	American
Years active	1974–present
Genres	Observational comedy, surreal humor, deadpan
Subject(s)	Self-deprecation, everyday life
Influences	Steve Allen,^{[citation needed]} Johnny Carson,^[2] Jack Paar,^{[citation needed]} Paul Dixon^[3]
Influenced	Jimmy Kimmel, Jim Gaffigan, Jon Stewart, Conan O'Brien, Jimmy Fallon
Spouse	Michelle Cook (1969–1977) Regina Lasko (2009–present)
Domestic partner(s)	Regina Lasko (1986–2009)
Notable works and roles	Host of The David Letterman Show (NBC) Host of Late Night with David Letterman (NBC) Host of Late Show with David Letterman (CBS)
Signature
Website	CBS.com/latenight/lateshow

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Host or Hostess in a Variety Series 1981 The David Letterman Show Outstanding Individual Achievement — Writers 1981 The David Letterman Show Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program 1984 Late Night with David Letterman 1985 Late Night with David Letterman 1986 Late Night with David Letterman 1987 Late Night with David Letterman Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Series 1994 Late Show with David Letterman
American Comedy Awards
Funniest Male Performer in a TV Special (Leading or Supporting) Network, Cable or Syndication 1989 Late Night with David Letterman 1995 Late Show with David Letterman: Video Special Funniest Male Performer in a TV Series (Leading Role) Network, Cable or Syndication 1994 Late Show with David Letterman 2001 Late Show with David Letterman

David Michael Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host and comedian.^[1] He hosts the late night television talk show, Late Show with David Letterman, broadcast on CBS. Letterman has been a fixture on late night television since the 1982 debut of Late Night with David Letterman on NBC. Letterman recently surpassed friend and mentor Johnny Carson for having the longest late-night hosting career in the United States of America.^[4]

Letterman is also a television and film producer. His company Worldwide Pants produces his show as well as its network follow-up The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. Worldwide Pants has also produced several prime-time comedies, the most successful of which was Everybody Loves Raymond, currently in syndication.

In 1996, David Letterman was ranked #45 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.^[5]

1 Early life and career
- 1.1 Weatherman
- 1.2 Move to Los Angeles
2 NBC
- 2.1 Morning show
- 2.2 Late Night with David Letterman
3 Late Show with David Letterman
4 Appearances in other media
5 Other projects
6 Personal life
7 Awards and honors
- 7.1 Awards
- 7.2 David Letterman Communication and Media Building
8 References
9 External links

Early life and career [link]

Letterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father, Harry Joseph Letterman (April 1915 – February 1973),^[6] was a florist of British descent; his mother Dorothy Letterman (née Hofert, now Dorothy Mengering), a Presbyterian church secretary of German descent, is an occasional figure on the show, usually at holidays and birthdays.

Letterman lived on the north side of Indianapolis (Broad Ripple area), not far from Speedway, IN, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, and he enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers.^[7] In 2000, he told an interviewer for Esquire that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at age 36, when David was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up.^[8] The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack^[9] at age 57.

Letterman attended his hometown's Broad Ripple High School at the same time as Marilyn Tucker (future wife of Dan Quayle) and worked as a stock boy at the local Atlas supermarket.^[10] According to the Ball State Daily News, he originally had wanted to attend Indiana University, but his grades weren't good enough, so he decided to attend Ball State University, in Muncie, Indiana.^[11] He is a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity, and he graduated from what was then the Department of Radio and Television, in 1969. A self-described average student, Letterman endowed a scholarship for what he called "C students" at Ball State.^[12]

Though he registered for the draft and passed his physical after graduating from college, he was not drafted for service in Vietnam due to receiving a draft lottery number of 352 (out of 365).^[13]

Letterman began his broadcasting career as an announcer and newscaster at the college's student-run radio station—WBST—a 10-watt campus station which now is part of Indiana Public Radio.^[14] He was fired for treating classical music with irreverence.^[14]

Letterman then became involved with the founding of another campus station—WAGO-AM 570 (now WWHI, 91.3).^[15]

Letterman credits Paul Dixon—host of the Paul Dixon Show, a Cincinnati-based talk show also shown in Indianapolis while Letterman was growing up—for inspiring his choice of career:^[3]

"I was just out of college [in 1969], and I really didn't know what I wanted to do. And then all of a sudden I saw him doing it [on TV]. And I thought: That's really what I want to do!"

Weatherman [link]

Letterman began his career as a radio talk show host on WNTS (AM), and on Indianapolis television station WLWI (now called WTHR) as an anchor, and weatherman. He received some attention for his unpredictable on-air behavior, which included congratulating a tropical storm for being upgraded to a hurricane and predicting hail stones "the size of canned hams."^[16] He would also occasionally report the weather and the day's very high and low temps for fictitious cities ("Eight inches of snow in Bingree and surrounding areas.") while on another occasion saying that a state border had been erased.^[17] ("From space you can see the border between Indiana and Ohio has been erased. I'm not in favor of this.") He also starred in a local kiddie show, made wisecracks as host of a late night TV show called "Freeze-Dried Movies" (he once acted out a scene from "Godzilla" using plastic dinosaurs),^[18] and hosted a talk show that aired early on Saturday mornings called "Clover Power,"^[19] in which he interviewed 4-H members about their projects.^[20]

In 1971, Letterman appeared as a pit road reporter for ABC Sports' tape-delayed coverage of the Indianapolis 500.^[21] David initially is introduced as Chris Economaki in his job as a corner reporter. Letterman interviews Mario Andretti who has just crashed out of the race and asks him a question about traffic on the course.

Move to Los Angeles [link]

In 1975, encouraged by his then-wife Michelle and several of his Sigma Chi fraternity brothers, Letterman moved to Los Angeles, California, with hope of becoming a comedy writer.^[22] He started off by writing material for comedian Jimmie Walker.^[23] He also began performing stand-up comedy at The Comedy Store, a proving ground for unknown comics.

In the summer of 1977, Letterman was a writer and regular on the six-week summer series The Starland Vocal Band Show, broadcast on CBS.^[24] He hosted a 1977 pilot for a game show entitled The Riddlers^[25]^[26] that was never picked up and co-starred in the Barry Levinson-produced comedy special Peeping Times that aired in January 1978. Later that year, Letterman was a cast member on Mary Tyler Moore's variety show, Mary.^[27] Letterman made a guest appearance on Mork & Mindy (as a parody of EST leader Werner Erhard^[28]) and appearances on game shows such as The $20,000 Pyramid,^[29] The Gong Show, Password Plus^[30] and Liar's Club, as well as talk shows such as The Mike Douglas Show.^[31] He was also screen tested for the lead role in the 1980 film Airplane!, a role that eventually went to Robert Hays.^[32]

His dry, sarcastic humor caught the attention of scouts for The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and Letterman was soon a regular guest on the show. Letterman became a favorite of Carson's and was a regular guest host for the show beginning in 1978. Letterman credits Carson as the person who influenced his career the most.^[2]

NBC [link]

Letterman at the 38th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1986

Morning show [link]

Main article: The David Letterman Show

On June 23, 1980, Letterman was given his own morning comedy show on NBC, The David Letterman Show. It was originally 90 minutes long, but was shortened to 60 minutes in August 1980.^[33] The show was a critical success, winning two Emmy Awards, but was a ratings disappointment and was canceled in October 1980.

[edit] Late Night with David Letterman

Main article: Late Night with David Letterman

NBC kept Letterman under contract to try him in a different time slot. Late Night with David Letterman debuted February 1, 1982; the first guest on the first show was Bill Murray.^[34] Murray also guested on January 31, 2012 – 30 years later. The show ran Monday through Thursday at 12:30 a.m. Eastern Time, immediately following The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (a Friday night broadcast was added in June 1987). It was seen as being edgy and unpredictable, and soon developed a cult following (particularly among college students). Letterman's reputation as an acerbic interviewer was borne out in verbal sparring matches with Cher^[35] (who even called him an asshole on the show), Shirley MacLaine,^[36] Charles Grodin, and Madonna. The show also featured comedy segments and running characters, in a style heavily influenced by the 1950s and 1960s programs of Steve Allen.^[37] Although Ernie Kovacs is often cited as an influence on the show,^[38] Letterman has denied this.^[2]

The show often featured quirky, genre-mocking regular features, including "Stupid Pet Tricks^[39] ", dropping various objects off the roof of a five-story building,^[40] demonstrations of unorthodox clothing (such as suits made of Alka-Seltzer,^[41] Velcro^[42] and suet), a recurring Top 10 list, the Monkey-Cam^[43] (and the Audience Cam), and a facetious letter-answering segment.^[44] The Top 10 list, several "Film[s] by My Dog Bob" in which a camera was mounted on Letterman's own dog^[45] (often with comic results), Stupid Human Tricks,^[46] Small Town News,^[47] and Stupid Pet Tricks^[48] (which had its origins on Letterman's morning show) all eventually moved with Letterman to CBS.

Other memorable moments included Letterman using a bullhorn to interrupt a live interview on The Today Show, announcing that he was the NBC president while not wearing any pants; interrupting Al Roker on WNBC-TV's broadcast of Live at Five by walking into their studio (which occupied the same floor of 30 Rockefeller Plaza as Letterman's studio); and staging "elevator races", complete with commentary by NBC Sports' Bob Costas. In one infamous appearance, in 1982, Andy Kaufman (who was already wearing a neck brace) appeared to be slapped and knocked to the ground by professional wrestler Jerry Lawler (though Lawler and Kaufman's friend Bob Zmuda later revealed that the event was staged.)^[49] In another memorable exchange, sex expert Dr. Ruth Westheimer included cucumbers in a list of handy sex objects that women could find at home. The following night, guest Ted Koppel asked Letterman "May I insert something here?" and Dave responded "OK, as long as it's not a cucumber."^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Late Show with David Letterman

The Ed Sullivan Theater, where Late Show with David Letterman is recorded

Main article: Late Show with David Letterman

In 1992, Johnny Carson retired, and many fans believed that Letterman would become host of The Tonight Show. When NBC instead gave the job to Jay Leno, Letterman departed NBC to host his own late-night show on CBS, opposite The Tonight Show at 11:30 p.m., called the Late Show with David Letterman. The new show debuted on August 30, 1993 and was taped at the historic Ed Sullivan Theater, where Ed Sullivan taped his eponymous variety series from 1948 to 1971. For Letterman's arrival, CBS spent $8 million in renovations.^[50] In addition to that cost, CBS also signed Letterman to a lucrative three-year, $14 million/year contract,^[51] doubling his Late Night salary. The total cost for everything (renovations, negotiation right paid to NBC, signing Letterman, announcer Bill Wendell, Shaffer, the writers and the band) was over $140 million.

But while the expectation was that Letterman would retain his unique style and sense of humor with the move, Late Show was not an exact replica of his old NBC program. Recognizing the more formal mood (and wider audience) of his new time slot and studio, Letterman eschewed his trademark blazer with khaki pants and white sneakers wardrobe combination in favor of expensive shoes, tailored suits and light-colored socks. The monologue was lengthened and Paul Shaffer and the "World's Most Dangerous Band" followed Letterman to CBS, but they added a brass section and were rebranded the "CBS Orchestra" as a short monologue and a small band were mandated by Carson while Letterman occupied the 12:30 slot. Additionally, because of intellectual property disagreements, Letterman was unable to import many of his Late Night segments verbatim,^[52] but he sidestepped this problem by simply renaming them (the "Top Ten List" became the "Late Show Top Ten", "Viewer Mail" became the "CBS Mailbag", etc.)

Popularity [link]

The main competitor of The Late Show is NBC's The Tonight Show, which was hosted by Jay Leno for nearly 16 years, but from June 1, 2009, to January 22, 2010, was hosted by Conan O'Brien. In 1993 and 1994, The Late Show consistently gained higher ratings than The Tonight Show. But in 1995, ratings dipped and Leno's show consistently beat Letterman's in the ratings from the time that Hugh Grant came on Leno's show after Grant's arrest for soliciting a prostitute.;^[53] Leno typically attracted about 5 million nightly viewers between 1999 and 2009. The Late Show lost nearly half its audience during its competition with Leno, attracting 7.1 million viewers nightly in its 1993–94 season and about 3.8 million per night as of Leno's departure in 2009.^[54] In the final months of his first stint as host of The Tonight Show, Leno beat Letterman in the ratings by a 1.3 million viewer margin (5.2 million to 3.9 million), and Nightline and The Late Show were virtually tied.^[55] Once O'Brien took over Tonight, however, Letterman closed the gap in the ratings.^[56]^[57]^[58] O'Brien initially drove the median age of Tonight Show viewers from 55 to 45, with most older viewers opting to watch The Late Show instead.^[59]

Following Leno's return to The Tonight Show, however, Leno has regained his lead.^[60]

Letterman's shows have garnered both critical and industry praise, receiving 67 Emmy Award nominations, winning 12 times in his first 20 years in late night television. From 1993–2009, Letterman ranked higher than Leno in the annual Harris Poll of Nation's Favorite TV Personality 12 times.^[61] For example, in 2003 and 2004 Letterman ranked second in that poll, behind only Oprah Winfrey, a year that Leno was ranked fifth.^[62] Leno was higher than Letterman on that poll three times during the same period, in 1998, 2007, and 2008.^[61]

Hosting the Academy Awards [link]

On March 27, 1995, Letterman acted as the host for the 67th Academy Awards ceremony. Critics blasted^[63] Letterman for what they deemed a poor hosting of the Oscars, noting that his irreverent style undermined the traditional importance and glamor of the event.^{[citation needed]} In a joke about their unusual names (inspired by a similar joke by Woody Allen), he started off by introducing Uma Thurman to Oprah Winfrey, and then both of them to Keanu Reeves: "Oprah...Uma. Uma...Oprah," "Have you kids met Keanu?"^[64] This and many of his other jokes fell flat.^{[citation needed]} Although Letterman attracted the highest ratings to the annual telecast since 1983, many felt that the bad publicity garnered by Letterman's hosting caused a decline in the Late Show's ratings.^[65]

Letterman recycled the apparent debacle into a long-running gag. On his first show after the Oscars, he joked, "Looking back, I had no idea that thing was being televised." He lampooned his stint two years later, during Billy Crystal's opening Oscar skit, which also parodied the plane-crashing scenes from that year's chief nominated film, The English Patient.

For years afterward, Letterman recounted his hosting the Oscars, although the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences continued to hold Letterman in high regard and they had invited him to host the Oscars again.^[66]^[67] On September 7, 2010, he made an appearance on the premiere of the 14th season of The View, and confirmed that he had been considered for hosting again.

Heart surgery hiatus [link]

On January 14, 2000, a routine check-up revealed that an artery in Letterman's heart was severely obstructed. He was rushed to emergency surgery for a quintuple bypass.^[68]

During the initial weeks of his recovery, reruns of the Late Show were shown and introduced by friends of Letterman including Drew Barrymore,^[58] Ray Romano, Robin Williams, Bonnie Hunt, Megan Mullally, Bill Murray, Regis Philbin, Charles Grodin, Nathan Lane, Julia Roberts,^[58] Bruce Willis, Jerry Seinfeld, Martin Short, Steven Seagal, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Danny DeVito, Steve Martin, and Sarah Jessica Parker.

Subsequently, while still recovering from surgery, Letterman revived the late night tradition that had virtually disappeared on network television during the 1990s of 'guest hosts' by allowing Bill Cosby, Kathie Lee Gifford (recommended by Regis Philbin, who was asked first but had no time in his schedule), Dana Carvey, Janeane Garofalo, and others to host new episodes of The Late Show. Cosby—the show's first guest host—refused to sit at Letterman's desk out of respect, using the couch instead; Garofalo followed suit, utilizing a set of grade-school desks instead.

Upon his return to the show on February 21, 2000, Letterman brought all of the doctors and nurses on stage who had participated in his surgery and recovery (with extra teasing of a nurse who had given him bed baths—"This woman has seen me naked!"),^[69] including Dr. O. Wayne Isom and physician Louis Aronne, who frequently appears on the show. In a show of emotion, Letterman was nearly in tears as he thanked the health care team with the words "These are the people who saved my life!" The episode earned an Emmy nomination. For a number of episodes, Letterman continued to crack jokes about his bypass, including saying, "Bypass surgery: it's when doctors surgically create new blood flow to your heart. A bypass is what happened to me when I didn't get The Tonight Show! It's a whole different thing." In a later running gag he lobbied his home state of Indiana to rename the freeway circling Indianapolis (I-465) "The David Letterman Bypass." He also featured a montage of faux news coverage of his bypass surgery, which included a clip of Dave's heart for sale on the Home Shopping Network. Letterman became friends with his doctors and nurses. In 2008, a Rolling Stone interview stated "he hosted a doctor and nurse who'd helped perform the emergency quintuple-bypass heart surgery that saved his life in 2000. 'These are people who were complete strangers when they opened my chest,' he says. 'And now, eight years later, they're among my best friends.' "^[4]

Additionally, Letterman invited the band Foo Fighters to play "Everlong",^[70] introducing them as "my favorite band, playing my favorite song."^[71] During a later Foo Fighters appearance, Letterman said that Foo Fighters had been in the middle of a South American tour which they canceled to come play on his comeback episode.

Letterman again handed over the reins of the show to several guest hosts (including Bill Cosby, Brad Garrett, Elvis Costello, John McEnroe, Vince Vaughn, Will Ferrell, Bonnie Hunt, Luke Wilson and bandleader Paul Shaffer) in February 2003, when he was diagnosed with a severe case of shingles. Later that year, Letterman made regular use of guest hosts—including Tom Arnold and Kelsey Grammer—for new shows broadcast on Fridays. In March 2007, Adam Sandler—who had been scheduled to be the lead guest—served as a guest host while Letterman was ill with a stomach virus.^[72]

Re-signing with CBS [link]

Letterman hosting President Barack Obama at Late Show with David Letterman, September 2009

In March 2002, as Letterman's contract with CBS neared expiration, ABC offered him the time slot for long-running news program Nightline with Ted Koppel. Letterman was interested as he believed he could never match Leno's ratings at CBS due to Letterman's complaint of weaker lead-ins from the network's late local news programs, but was reluctant to replace Koppel.^[73] Letterman addressed his decision to re-sign on the air, stating that he was content at CBS and that he had great respect for Koppel.

On December 4, 2006, CBS revealed that Letterman signed a new contract to host The Late Show with David Letterman through the fall of 2010. "I'm thrilled to be continuing on at CBS," said Letterman. "At my age you really don't want to have to learn a new commute."^[74] Letterman further joked about the subject by pulling up his right pants leg, revealing a tattoo, presumably temporary, of the ABC logo.

"Thirteen years ago, David Letterman put CBS late night on the map and in the process became one of the defining icons of our network," said Leslie Moonves, president and CEO of CBS Corporation. "His presence on our air is an ongoing source of pride, and the creativity and imagination that the Late Show puts forth every night is an ongoing display of the highest quality entertainment. We are truly honored that one of the most revered and talented entertainers of our time will continue to call CBS 'home.'"^[75]

According to a 2007 article in Forbes magazine, Letterman earned $40 million a year.^[76] A 2009 article in The New York Times, however, said his salary was estimated at $32 million per year.^[77] In June 2009, Letterman's Worldwide Pants and CBS reached agreement to continue the Late Show until at least August 2012. The previous contract had been set to expire in 2010, and the two-year extension is shorter than the typical three-year contract period negotiated in the past.^[77] Worldwide Pants agreed to lower its fee for the show, though it had remained a "solid moneymaker for CBS" under the previous contract.^[77]

On the February 3, 2011, edition of the Late Show, during an interview with Howard Stern, Letterman said he would continue to do his talk show for "maybe two years, I think."^[78]

2007–2008 writers' strike [link]

The Late Show went off air for eight weeks during the months of November and December because of the Writers Guild of America strike. Letterman's production company—Worldwide Pants—was the first company to make an individual agreement with the WGA,^[79] thus allowing his show to come back on air on January 2, 2008. On his first episode since being off air, he surprised the viewing audience with his newly grown beard, which signified solidarity with the strike.^[80] His beard was shaved off during the show on January 7, 2008.

Controversy over jokes about daughter of Sarah Palin [link]

On June 8 and June 9, 2009, Letterman told a sexually-themed joke on his show each night about a daughter of Sarah Palin.^[81] Palin was in New York City at the time with her fourteen year-old daughter, Willow, and the jokes were said to be aimed at the daughter, never named, who was visiting New York City with her mother.^[81] Palin criticized the jokes, saying in a statement posted on the internet that "I doubt he'd ever dare make such comments about anyone else's daughter," and "laughter incited by sexually-perverted comments made by a 62-year-old male celebrity aimed at a 14-year-old girl" is "disgusting."^[82] On June 10, Letterman responded to the controversy on his show by stating that the jokes were meant to be about Palin's eighteen year-old daughter, Bristol, whose pregnancy as an unmarried teenager had caused controversy during the 2008 Presidential election, and that "(t)hese are not jokes made about (Palin's) 14-year-old daughter. I would never, never make jokes about raping or having sex of any description with a 14-year-old girl."^[82] His remarks didn't put an end to the public criticism, however, with the National Organization for Women, who supported Palin in a statement, noting he had given only "something of an apology."^[81] With the controversy not subsiding, Letterman addressed the issue again on his June 15 show, faulting himself for the error and apologizing "especially to the two daughters involved, Bristol and Willow, and also to the governor and her family and everybody else who was outraged by the joke."^[83]

Letterman and Carson [link]

In spite of Johnny Carson's clear intention to pass his title to Letterman, NBC selected Jay Leno to host The Tonight Show after Carson's departure.^[84] Letterman maintained a close relationship with Carson through his break with NBC. Three years after he left for CBS, HBO produced a made-for-television movie called The Late Shift, based on a book by New York Times reporter Bill Carter, chronicling the battle between Letterman and Leno for the coveted Tonight Show hosting spot. Letterman would mock the film for months afterward, specifically on how the actor playing him, John Michael Higgins, did not resemble him in the least.^{[citation needed]}

Carson later made a few cameo appearances as a guest on Letterman's show. Carson's final television appearance came May 13, 1994, on a Late Show episode taped in Los Angeles, when he made a surprise appearance during a 'Top 10 list' segment. The audience went wild as Letterman stood up and proudly invited Carson to sit at his desk. The applause was so protracted that Carson was unable to say anything, and he finally returned backstage as the applause continued (it was later explained that Carson had laryngitis, though Carson can be heard talking to Letterman during his appearance).

In early 2005, it was revealed that Carson still kept up with current events and late-night TV right up to his death that year, and that he occasionally sent jokes to Letterman, who used these jokes in his monologue; according to CBS senior vice president Peter Lassally (a onetime producer for both men), Carson got "a big kick out of it."^[85] Letterman would do a characteristic Johnny Carson golf swing after delivering one of Carson's jokes. In a tribute to Carson, all of the opening monologue jokes during the first show following Carson's death were written by Carson.

Lassally also claimed that Carson had always believed Letterman, not Leno, to be his "rightful successor."^[86] Letterman also frequently employs some of Carson's trademark bits on his show, including "Carnac the Magnificent" (with Paul Shaffer as Carnac), "Stump the Band" and the "Week in Review."

Letterman and Oprah Winfrey [link]

Letterman and Oprah had a 16 year feud which according to Letterman started when he and his girlfriend decided to skip out on a bill, tricking the waiter into thinking Oprah agreed to pay it.^[87]

On September 10, 2007, Letterman made his first appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He shared pictures of his son and live-in girlfriend. The so-called feud between Letterman and Winfrey apparently ended in 2005 when Winfrey appeared on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman on December 2, in an event Letterman jokingly referred to as "the Super Bowl of Love".^[88] Winfrey had previously appeared on Letterman's show when he was hosting NBC's Late Night on May 2, 1989.

Winfrey and Letterman also appeared together in a Late Show promo that aired during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLI in February 2007, with the two sitting next to each other on the couch watching the game. Since the game was played between the Indianapolis Colts and Chicago Bears, the Indianapolis-born Letterman wears a Peyton Manning jersey, while Winfrey—who tapes her show in Chicago—is in a Brian Urlacher jersey.^[89] Three years later, during CBS's coverage of Super Bowl XLIV, the two appeared again, this time with Winfrey sitting on a couch between Letterman and Jay Leno. The appearance was Letterman's idea: Leno flew to New York City in an NBC corporate jet, sneaking into the Ed Sullivan Theater during the Late Show's February 4 taping wearing a disguise, meeting Winfrey and Letterman at a living room set created in the theater's balcony where they taped their promo.^[90]

Response to Internet death threat [link]

On August 17, 2011, it was reported that a Muslim militant had posted a death threat against Letterman on a website frequented by Al-Qaeda supporters, calling on American Muslims to kill Letterman for making a joke about the death of an Al-Qaeda leader killed in a drone strike in Pakistan in June 2011.^[91] In his show on August 22, Letterman joked about the threat, saying "State Department authorities are looking into this. They're not taking this lightly. They're looking into it. They're questioning, they're interrogating, there's an electronic trail—but everybody knows it's Leno."^[92]

Appearances in other media [link]

Letterman appeared in issue 239 of the Marvel comic book The Avengers, in which the title characters are guests on Late Night.^[93] A parody of Letterman, named "David Endochrine," is gassed to death along with his bandleader named "Paul" and their audience in Frank Miller's The Dark Knight Returns.^[94]

Letterman appeared in the pilot episode of the short-lived 1986 series "Coach Toast", and he appears with a bag over his head as a guest on Bonnie Hunt's ca. 1993 sitcom The Building. He also appears in The Simpsons, as himself in a couch gag when The Simpsons find themselves (and the couch) in "Late Night with David Letterman." He had a cameo in the feature film Cabin Boy, with Chris Elliott, who worked as a writer on Letterman's show. In this and other appearances, Letterman is listed in the credits as "Earl Hofert", the name of Letterman's maternal grandfather. He also appeared as himself in the Howard Stern biopic Private Parts as well as the 1999 Andy Kaufman biopic Man on the Moon, in a few episodes of Garry Shandling's 1990s TV series The Larry Sanders Show and in "The Abstinence", a 1996 episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. Letterman also made an uncredited appearance in the first episode of the third season of the sitcom The Nanny.

Letterman provided vocals for the Warren Zevon song "Hit Somebody" from My Ride's Here,^[95] and provided the voice for Butt-head's father in the 1996 animated film Beavis and Butt-head Do America.

In 2010, a documentary Dying to Do Letterman was released directed by Joke Fincioen and Biagio Messina featuring Steve Mazan, a stand up comic, who has cancer and wants to appear on the Letterman Show. The film won Best Documentary and Jury Awards at the Cinequest Film Festival.^[96] Steve Mazan published a same-titled book (full title, Dying to Do Letterman: Turning Someday into Today) about his own saga.^[97]

Known for rarely giving television interviews, Letterman appeared as an exclusive guest on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight on May 29, 2012. He was interviewed for one full hour by a long-time friend and fellow television host Regis Philbin, who guest hosted the show during Piers Morgan's leave during that week.

Other projects [link]

Worldwide Pants [link]

Letterman started his own production company—Worldwide Pants Incorporated—which produced his show and several others, including Everybody Loves Raymond, The Late Late Show, and several critically acclaimed, but short-lived television series for Bonnie Hunt. Worldwide Pants also produced the dramedy program Ed, which aired on NBC from 2000–2004. It was Letterman's first association with NBC since he left the network in 1993. During Ed's run, the star, Tom Cavanagh, appeared as a guest on The Late Show several times.

In 2005, Worldwide Pants produced its first feature film, Strangers with Candy, which was a prequel to the Comedy Central TV series of the same title. In 2007, Worldwide Pants produced the ABC comedy series, Knights of Prosperity.

Worldwide Pants made significant news in December 2007 when it was announced that Letterman's company had independently negotiated its own contract with the Writers Guild of America, East, thus allowing Letterman, Craig Ferguson, and their writers to return to work, while the union continued its strike against production companies, networks and studios who had not reached an agreement.

Record company [link]

In late April 2010, several music industry websites reported that Letterman started a record label named Clear Entertainment/C.E. Music and signed his first artist, Runner Runner.^[98]^[99] Lucy Walsh announced on her MySpace page that she has been signed by Letterman and Clear Entertainment/C.E. Music and is working on her album.

Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing [link]

Main article: Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing

Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing (RLLR) is an auto racing team that currently races in the American Le Mans Series, and part-time in the Indy Racing League. It is co-owned by 1986 Indianapolis 500 winner Bobby Rahal, businessman Mike Lanigan, and Letterman himself, and is based in Hilliard, Ohio. The team won the 2004 Indianapolis 500 with driver Buddy Rice. Letterman was a pit reporter for ABC in the 1971 Indianapolis 500.^[21]

American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming [link]

Main article: American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming

American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming is Letterman's private foundation. Through it, Letterman has donated millions of dollars to charities and other non-profits in Indiana and Montana, celebrity-affiliated organizations such as Paul Newman's Hole in the Wall Gang Camp, universities such as Ball State, and other organizations such as the American Cancer Society, Salvation Army, and Doctors Without Borders.

Personal life [link]

Marriages and long-term relationships [link]

In 1969, Letterman married Michelle Cook; the marriage ended by divorce in 1977.^[100] He also had a long-term relationship with former head writer and producer on Late Night, Merrill Markoe. Markoe was the mind behind several Late Night staples, such as "Stupid Pet/Human Tricks".

Wikinews has related news: TV late night show host David Letterman marries girlfriend of 23 years

Letterman has a son, Harry Joseph Letterman (born on November 3, 2003), with Regina Lasko. Harry is named after Letterman's father.^[101] In 2005, police discovered a plot to kidnap Harry Letterman and ransom him for $5 million. Kelly Frank, a house painter who had worked for Letterman, was charged in the conspiracy.^[102]

Letterman and Lasko, who had been together since 1986, wed on March 19, 2009, during a quiet courthouse civil ceremony in Choteau, Montana, where he purchased a ranch in 1999.^[103]^[104]^[105] Letterman announced the marriage during the taping of his March 23 show, shortly after congratulating Bruce Willis for getting married the previous week. Letterman told the audience he nearly missed the ceremony because his truck became stuck in mud two miles from their house.^[106] The family resides in North Salem, New York, on a 108-acre (44 ha) estate.^[107]

Stalking incident [link]

Beginning in May 1988, Letterman was stalked by Margaret Mary Ray, a woman suffering from schizophrenia. She once stole his Porsche, repeatedly broke into his house, and camped out on his tennis court. Her exploits drew national attention, and Letterman occasionally joked about her behavior in his show, although never mentioning her name. After she committed suicide in 1998, Letterman told the New York Times that he had had great compassion for her,^[108] and publicly expressed sympathy.^[109]

[edit] Extortion attempt and revelation of affairs

On his October 1, 2009, show, Letterman announced that he had been the victim of an extortion attempt by someone threatening to reveal that he had had sex with several of his female employees, and at the same time, he confirmed that he had had such relationships.^[110] He stated that three weeks earlier (on September 9, 2009) someone had left a package in his car with material he said he would write into a screenplay and a book if Letterman did not pay him $2 million. Letterman said that he contacted the Manhattan District Attorney's office, ultimately cooperating with them to conduct a sting operation involving giving the man a phony check.^[111] Subsequently, Robert J. "Joe" Halderman, a producer of the CBS true crime journalism series 48 Hours, was arrested after trying to deposit the check. He was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury and pleaded not guilty to a charge of attempted grand larceny on October 2, 2009.^[112] Eventually, on March 9, 2010, he pleaded guilty to this same felony and served a 6-month jail sentence, followed by probation and community service.^[113]

A central figure in the case and one of the women Letterman had had a sexual relationship with was his longtime personal assistant Stephanie Birkitt, who often appeared with him on his show. She had also worked for 48 Hours.^[114] Until a month prior to the revelations, she had shared a residence with Halderman,^[115] who allegedly had copied her personal diary and used it, along with private emails, in the blackmail package.^[116]

On October 3, 2009, a former CBS employee, Holly Hester, announced that she and Letterman had engaged in a year-long "secret" affair in the early 1990s while she was his intern and a student at New York University.^[117]

In the days following the initial announcement of the affairs and the arrest, several prominent women, including Kathie Lee Gifford, co-host of NBC's Today Show, and NBC news anchor Ann Curry questioned whether Letterman's affairs with subordinates created an unfair working environment.^[118] A spokesman for Worldwide Pants said that the company's sexual harassment policy did not prohibit sexual relationships between managers and employees.^[119] According to business news reporter Eve Tahmincioglu, "CBS suppliers are supposed to follow the company's business conduct policies" and the CBS 2008 Business Conduct Statement states that "If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires the supervisor to disclose this information to his or her Company's Human Resources Department..."^[120]

On October 5, 2009, Letterman devoted a segment of his show to a public apology to his wife and staff.^[121]^[122] Three days later, Worldwide Pants announced that Birkitt had been placed on a "paid leave of absence" from the Late Show.^[123] On October 15, CBS News announced that the company's Chief Investigative Correspondent, Armen Keteyian, had been assigned to conduct an "in-depth investigation" into Halderman's blackmail of Letterman.^[124]

Awards and honors [link]

Awards [link]

Main article: List of David Letterman awards

In his capacities as either a writer, producer, performer, or as part of a writing team, Letterman is among the most nominated people in Emmy Award history with 52 nominations, winning two Daytime Emmys and five Primetime Emmys since 1981. His nomination record is second only to producer Jac Venza, who holds the record for the most Emmy nominations for an individual (57). Letterman has been nominated every year since 1984, when he first appeared on late night television as the host of Late Night with David Letterman. Additionally, he has won four American Comedy Awards. Letterman was the first recipient of the Johnny Carson Award for Comedic Excellence at The Comedy Awards in 2011.

David Letterman Communication and Media Building.

David Letterman Communication and Media Building [link]

On September 7, 2007, Letterman visited his alma mater, Ball State University in Muncie, Indiana, for the dedication of a communications facility named in his honor for his dedication to the university throughout his career as a comedian. The $21 million, 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m²) David Letterman Communication and Media Building opened for the 2007 fall semester. It features state-of-the-art recording equipment and facilities. Thousands of Ball State students, faculty, and local residents welcomed Letterman back to Indiana.^[125] Letterman's emotional speech touched on his struggles as a college student and his late father, and also included the "top ten good things about having your name on a building", finishing with, "if reasonable people can put my name on a $21 million building, anything is possible."^[126]

At the same time, Letterman also received a Sagamore of the Wabash award given by Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels, which recognizes distinguished service to the state of Indiana.^[125]

References [link]

^ ^a ^b "David Letterman Biography". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/954441/David-Letterman/biography. Retrieved 2009-02-03.
^ ^a ^b ^c An interview with David Letterman (TV-series). Charlie Rose, WNET. 1996-02-26. http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6364. Retrieved 2008-11-14.
^ ^a ^b Kiesewetter, John (1997-02-24). "Local show inspired young Letterman". The Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/1997/02/24/loc_letterman.html. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
^ ^a ^b "Dave at Peace: The Rolling Stone Interview". Archived from the original on 2010-04-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20100407022925/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/22791344/dave_at_peace_the_rolling_stone_interview/print. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
^ "Special Collectors' Issue: 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time". TV Guide (December 14–20). 1996.
^ Record of Harry Letterman, Social Security Death Index
^ Gary Graves. "Letterman Gets Moment in Hot Seat." USA Today, May 23, 2005, p. 1C.
^ Daveheart, a profile of Letterman by Bill Zehme from the May 2000 issue of Esquire
^ Mitchell Fink, Eric Mink, Leo Standora, Richard Huff, Bill Hutchinson (January 14, 2000). "Cholesterol high, has family history". New York Daily News. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2000-01-14/news/18138686_1_angioplasty-family-history-high-cholesterol. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Atlas Supermarket". Lost Indiana. http://www.lostindiana.net/Lost_Indiana/Lost_Indiana__Atlas_Supermarket.html. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
^ Gail Koch. "After Two Decades, Letterman Wit Shows No Signs of Stopping." Ball State Daily News, February 23, 2002.
^ "Scholarships | Scholarships for Average Students". FinAid. 1999-01-22. http://www.finaid.org/scholarships/average.phtml. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
^ Revealed on air during January 7, 2011 "Late Show with David Letterman" during interview with Regis Philbin.
^ ^a ^b Indiana Public Radio - About Us from the Indiana Public Radio website
^ "David Letterman, WAGO Muncie Indiana April 1, 1969". reelradio.com. http://www.reelradio.com/tc/index.html#dlwago69. "Dave Letterman is heard in this segment edited from the 11PM–12 Midnight hour on April 1, 1969. WAGO was a carrier-current station at Pennsylvania State University. The voice of Lyla Whip is Letterman's former wife, Michelle, whom he calls at their apartment."
^ Playboy Interview Playboy Magazine October 1984. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
^ alljohnnyanddave (October 13, 2009). "Diane Sawyer brings a clip of Dave:)". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GztPB3bKpgY. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "David Letterman". Nndb.com. http://www.nndb.com/people/395/000022329/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
^ "Letterman morning show clips and & Jon Stewart cancellation -Jun1995". Youtube. January 22, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Bzbq8X8qZE#t32s. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ Letterman Bio at Indystar.com. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
^ ^a ^b bricksterr (July 3, 2007). "Letterman's Network Debut". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8sMnBmHzAg0. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ Gail Koch. "Letterman Evolved from Struggling Radio Host to Star." Ball State Daily News, February 1, 2002.
^ Kliph Nesteroff (March 7, 2010). "The Early David Letterman 1967-1980 Beware the Blog". wfmu.org. http://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2010/03/the-late-night-hosts-before-they-were-big.html. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ mickstadium (July 15, 2011). "1977 "Afternoon Delight" clip from The Starland Vocal Band show". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NUabP1JDCZA. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "The Riddlers with David Letterman (1977)". classictelevisionshowbiz.blogspot.com. April 8, 2007. http://classicshowbiz.blogspot.com/2007/04/riddlers-1977-with-host-david-letterman.html. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "David Letterman on "PASSWORD PLUS+ 1979"". YouTube. June 29, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bk6zFrTYMk. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Mary Open (1978)". YouTube. November 18, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoAHLaNMWMo. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "Mork & Letterman". YouTube. November 14, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFavsfq3wjo. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "The $20,000 pyramid". YouTube. August 25, 2008. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kSlWxg-WJQo. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ "David Letterman plays Alphabetics 1979". YouTube. June 30, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTkTdZx1haA. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
^ IMDB, broadcast April 3, 1979.
^ Jon Davison, Jim Abrahams, Jerry Zucker, David Zucker. Airplane! audio commentary (DVD). Paramount Pictures. Event occurs at 9:50–10:00. ISBN 0-7921-6688-4.
^ Peter Kerr. "David Letterman's Off-Center Humor Finds a Home." The New York Times, February 19, 1984, p. H27
^ "Bill Murray @ David Letterman #1, 1982, 1 of 2". YouTube. 1982. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7US7PU6tidM. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
^ "Cher on Late Night (part 1 of 2)". December 8, 2011. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBgDHhmSrAo.
^ "Shirley MacLaine on Late Night (1988)(1 of 2)". YouTube. October 4, 1988. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh2UVul29CM. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
^ Michael Ausiello (November 1, 2000). "Steve Allen Remembered". TV Guide. http://www.tvguide.com/news/steve-allen-remembered-36211.aspx. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ John J. O'Connor (1987-03-08). "TV View: Ernie Kovacs: A comic to the medium born". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE1DA173CF93BA35750C0A961948260. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
^ "Late-Night with David Letterman Stupid Pet Tricks". YouTube. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTPB14ivKUs. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "Letterman 4th Anniversary Special". YouTube. 2/1/86. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFyRBOx_auM. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "David Letterman "Alka Seltzer" suit". YouTube. September 6, 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAu0USchCrI. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "Letterman in a Suit of Velcro". YouTube. 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9uxxqKGmYg. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "David Letterman monkey cam". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RLmiVi9HXK4. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "David Letterman answers viewer mail in person". YouTube. 1986. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzIea4w1F6E. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "A film by Bob the dog (from David Letterman)". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BrIiLrNq0oI. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "Stupid Human Trick on David Letterman 1-1987". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oa4Vfn-pjHI. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "Classic Dave = small town news, 1/12/88". YouTube. 1-12-88. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUs5hNVZuCs. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "Late Night with David Letterman classic Stupid Pet Tricks, 1984". YouTube. 1984. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBvg0D_8IGQ. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
^ "Kaufman Fight Was a Fake". dailyhaggis.com. March 6, 2010. http://dailyhaggis.com/2002/12/27/kaufman-fight-was-a-fake/. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ Mark Albright (March 31, 1995). "Letterman's Neighbor's Discover Spotlight's Chilly Side". St. Petersburg Times. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-03-31/features/9503310282_1_cbs-store-letterman-show-times-square. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
^ Mark Harris (January 29, 1993). "Is Dave Worth It?". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305416,00.html. Retrieved December 7, 2011.
^ Richard Corliss (August 2, 1993). "Stupid Talk Show Tricks". TIME. http://www.oocities.org/davidletterman82/TimeAugust1993Article.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
^ Breeanna Hare (October 7, 2009). "Viewers still in Letterman's corner". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2009-10-07/entertainment/letterman.show.ratings_1_local-people-meters-rating-points-viewers?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
^ Joanna Weiss (May 31, 2009). "11:35pm — Conan O'Brien's time has come. Will the Leno faithful follow?". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/05/31/conan_obriens_time_has_come__will_the_leno_faithful_follow/. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
^ TV By The Numbers "Jay Leno And Jimmy Fallon Win the Late-Night Week of April 27 - May 1" May 7, 2009
^ "David Letterman: Julia Roberts helps him beat Conan O'Brien for first time; Denzel Washington, Jonas Brothers visit Thursday". Orlando Sentinel. 2009-06-10. http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2009/06/david-letterman-julia-roberts-helps-him-beat-conan-obrien-for-first-time-regis-philbin-to-give-top-t.html. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ Access Hollywood (2009-06-10). "Roberts sides with Letterman". MSNBC.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31210920/. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fisher, Luchina (2009-06-10). "Who's loyal to Leno, O'Brien, and Letterman?". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Television/story?id=7797222&page=1. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ Bill Carter (July 5, 2009). "'Tonight Show' Audience a Decade Younger". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/business/media/06late.html?_r=1&8dpc. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
^ Late Night TV Ratings Week (2011-03-03). "'Nightline' Up; 'Conan,' 'Late Show' Down; 'Tonight Show,' 'Daily Show' Even". http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/03/late-night-tv-ratings-week-nightline-up-conan-late-show-down-tonight-show-daily-show-even/84538. Retrieved 2011-03-05.
^ ^a ^b "America's Favorite Television Personality". a Harris Poll. January 28, 2009. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/pubs/Harris_Poll_2009_01_28.pdf. ^{[dead link]}
^ "For Third Year in a Row Oprah Retains Her Position as America's Favorite TV Personality". the Harris Poll. December 29, 2004. http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=530.
^ John O'Connor (March 29, 1995). "The Winner Isn't David Letterman". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/29/movies/critic-s-notebook-the-winner-isn-t-david-letterman.html. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
^ "David Letterman Hosts The Academy Awards". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gS0-inBTfPc. Retrieved February 5, 2012.
^ Schruers, Fred (May 30, 1996). "Dave vs. Dave: Forget Leno & Koppel — Letterman May Be His Own Worst Enemy". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2007-11-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20071127145433/http://www.geocities.com/davidletterman82/RollingStone1996Interview.html.
^ Finke, Nikki (February 25, 2008). "The 411 about David Letterman & Oscar". Deadline Hollywood Daily. http://www.deadline.com/2008/02/the-411-about-david-letterman-oscar/.
^ Keller, Joel (23 February 2011). "Interview: Bruce Vilanch". A.V. Club. http://www.avclub.com/articles/bruce-vilanch,52248/. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
^ Kelley, Tina (January 15, 2000). "Artery Blocked, Letterman Has Heart Bypass Surgery". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/15/nyregion/artery-blocked-letterman-has-heart-bypass-surgery.html?sec=health. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ "David Letterman biography". Popstarsplus.com. http://www.popstarsplus.com/celebrities_davidletterman.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
^ Basham, David (2000-02-16). "Foo Fighters To Welcome Letterman Back To "Late Show"". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1429027/20000216/foo_fighters.jhtml. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
^ Millman, Joyce (2000-03-20). "The top 10 reasons David Letterman's heart bypass operation was a good thing". Salon. http://www.salon.com/entertainment/col/mill/2000/03/20/letterman. Retrieved 2010-06-05.
^ Carter, Bill (March 20, 2007). "Letterman is Ill, so Guest Takes Over Late Show". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/20/arts/television/20cnd-letterman.html?ex=1175313600&en=e887f76d9783d7e7&ei=5070. Retrieved March 29, 2007.
^ "The Battle for Late Night" A&E Network, 27 April 2010.
^ Pierce, Scott D. (December 8, 2006). "Dave will outlast Jay". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/650213242/Dave-will-outlast-Jay.html.
^ "CBS Signs David Letterman As Host Of The "Late Show" Through Fall 2010". CBS. December 4, 2006. http://www.cbscorporation.com/news-article.php?id=13.
^ "#17 David Letterman". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/53/07celebrities_David-Letterman_C8CO.html.
^ ^a ^b ^c Carter, Bill (June 6, 2009). "Letterman Reaches a Deal With CBS to Extend ‘Late Show’". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/arts/television/10letterman.html. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
^ Seth Abramovitch (February 4, 2011). "Is David Letterman Ready to be Done with the Late Show?". TV.com. http://www.tv.com/is-david-letterman-ready-to-be-done-with-the-late-show/story/25084.html. Retrieved 2011-06-17. "Dave tried valiantly to change the subject to Stern’s new Sirius deal, rumored to be worth even more than the $500 million contract he signed with them in 2005. But once again, Stern (now 57) turned the tables on Dave (now 63), asking the host, “How much longer are you doing this?” To which Letterman replied: “Maybe two years, I think?”"
^ "e-mail 12-28-07". wga.org. http://www.wga.org/subpage_member.aspx?id=2692.
^ Gary Levin (January 3, 2008). "Late-night shows return fully bearded — with and without writers". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-01-02-late-night-strike_N.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lisa Bennett (June 11, 2009). "Letterman "Jokes" About Palin's Daughter". NOW. http://www.now.org/issues/media/hall-of-shame/index.php/television/letterman-palin-daughter. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ ^a ^b Caitlin Taylor (June 11, 2009). "Palin vs. Letterman". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2009/06/palin-vs-letterman/. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ Paul Farhi (June 16, 2009). "One Pregnant-Teen Joke Too Many? Angry Palin Gets Letterman to Apologize". washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/15/AR2009061503131.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2012-04-27.
^ "The Independent". Johnny Carson, king of late-night chat, dies at 79 (London). January 24, 2005. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/johnny-carson-king-of-latenight-chat-dies-at-79-488063.html. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
^ Pierce, Scott D. (January 24, 2005). "TV critics genuinely fond of Carson". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/600106891/TV-critics-genuinely-fond-of-Carson.html. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
^ "New York Post". Carson Feeds Letterman Lines. http://pqarchiver.nypost.com/nypost/access/781543221.html?dids=781543221:781543221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+20%2C+2005&author=Post+Wire+Services&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=102&desc=CARSON+FEEDS+LETTERMAN+LINES. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
^ Bauderap, David (2010-10-01). "Free lunch behind 16-year Letterman, Oprah feud". News.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/television/free-lunch-behind-16-year-letterman-oprah-feud/story-e6frfmyi-1225932672545. Retrieved 2012-05-15.
^ "Letterman to appear on `Oprah'". Yahoo.TV. http://tv.yahoo.com/show/32704/news/urn:newsml:tv.ap.org:20070830:people_winfrey_letterman__ER:1759. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Dave and Oprah's Super Bowl of Love". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g_i5we6MB-w.
^ Bill Carter (February 7, 2010). "How the Letterman-Oprah-Leno Super Bowl Ad Came Together". Media Decoder (The New York Times). http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/07/how-the-letterman-oprah-leno-super-bowl-ad-came-together/. Retrieved 2010-02-08.
^ "Militant makes death threat against David Letterman". Reuters. August 17, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/17/us-davidletterman-idUSTRE77G6K520110817. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
^ Carter, Bill (August 22, 2011). "Letterman Responds to Death Threats in Monologue". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/22/letterman-responds-to-death-threats-in-monologue/. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
^ The Avengers meet David Letterman reviewed at misterkitty.org
^ Review of The Dark Knight Returns at Batman-on-film.com
^ Warren Zevon : Hit Somebody (The Hockey Song) from Artistdirect
^ Dying to Do Letterman official website
^ The Book Tree: Book Review - Dying to Do Letterman
^ Runner Runner sign to EMI
^ Vozick, Simon (2010-04-28). "David Letterman starts record label, signs pop-punk band". Music-mix.ew.com. http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/04/28/david-letterman-runner-band/. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
^ Biography for David Letterman at the Internet Movie Database
^ "Letterman: It's A Boy!, 'Late Show' Host, Girlfriend Have 9 Pound, 11 Ounce Son". CBS News. November 4, 2003. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/11/04/entertainment/main581713.shtml.
^ "Montana man charged with Letterman plot". CNN. March 17, 2005. http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/TV/03/17/letterman.plot/index.html. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ "David Letterman Weds!". People. March 23, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20267367,00.html. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^ Rhein, Jamie (March 25, 2009). "Great American Road Trip: Choteau, Montana, Letterman's Hangout is a Gem of a Town". Gadling. AOL Travel. http://www.gadling.com/2009/03/25/choteau-montana-lettermans-hangout-is-a-gem-of-a-town/. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^ "Heartfelt Thanks From Letterman". CBS News. February 11, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/03/22/entertainment/main682106.shtml. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
^ Snead, Elizabeth (2009-03-23). "David Letterman (finally) gets hitched to Regina Lasko". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedishrag/2009/03/ok-theres-somet.html. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
^ Dave's domain from the March 22, 2007 "Gimme Shelter" column in the New York Post
^ Bruni, Frank (November 22, 1998). "For Letterman Stalker, Mental Illness Was Family Curse and Scarring Legacy". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9E0CE7DC1130F931A15752C1A96E958260. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ Foster, David; Levinson, Arlene (October 10, 1998). "Suicide on a railroad track ends a celebrity-stalker's inner agony". Associated Press, online Athens. http://www.onlineathens.com/1998/101198/1011.a3letterman.html.
^ Gold, Matea (October 2, 2009). "David Letterman on extortion attempt: 'I felt menaced by this'". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2009/10/david-letterman-on-extortion-attempt-i-felt-menaced-by-this.html.
^ Martinez, Edecio (October 2, 2009). "Robert Joe Halderman, 48 Hours Producer, Named in David Letterman Sex Extortion Plot". CBSnews.com. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/02/crimesider/entry5357903.shtml?tag=cbsnewsCrimesiderArea.0.
^ Honan, Edith (September 2, 2009). "Suspect in Letterman extortion pleads not guilty". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE5910GR20091002. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ Grace, Melissa; Boyle, Christina; McShane, Larry (March 9, 2010). "Ex-CBS producer Robert Halderman pleads guilty to blackmailing David Letterman over intern affairs". NY Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2010/03/09/2010-03-09_david_letterman_blackmailer_robert_halderman_will_plead_guilty_take_sixmonth_jai.html. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
^ Shea, Danny (October 2, 2009). "Stephanie Birkitt". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/10/02/stephanie-birkitt-letterm_n_307558.html. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ Carter, Bill; Stelter, Brian (October 2, 2009). "Letterman Extortion Raises Questions for CBS". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/03/business/media/03extort.html.
^ "Stephanie Birkitt Secret Diary at Center of Letterman Sex Extortion, Say Cops". CBS News/Associated press. October 5, 2009. http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/10/05/crimesider/entry5364879.shtml. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ Cahalan, Sussanah; Karni, Annie; Cohen, Stephanie (October 4, 2009). "'Late Show' staff gals got plenty of 'advances'". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/late_show_staff_gals_got_plenty_QzBeMomGK52ixJtyl0Z8kI. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ "Will women viewers turn away from Letterman?". Associated Press. October 4, 2009. http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/33167148/ns/today-entertainment/t/will-women-viewers-turn-away-letterman/. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
^ Gold, Matea; Collins, Scott (October 3, 2009). "David Letterman affair is no joke". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/tv/la-et-letterman3-2009oct03,0,257832,full.story. Retrieved 2009-10-04. "'We have a written policy in our employee manual that covers harassment,' the spokesman said in a statement. 'It is circulated to every employee every year. Dave is not in violation of our policy and no one has ever raised a complaint against him.'"
^ Tahmincioglu, Eve (October 4, 2009). "Sleeping with the boss often leads to trouble: Policies on workplace romances aim to limit legal liabilities". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33146450/ns/business-careers/. Retrieved 2009-10-04. "If a consenting romantic or sexual relationship between a supervisor and a direct or indirect subordinate should develop, CBS requires the supervisor to disclose this information to his or her Company's Human Resources Department to ensure that there are no issues of actual or apparent favoritism, conflict of interest, sexual harassment, or any other negative impact on others in the work environment."
^ "Letterman apologizes to wife on Monday's show: Late-night host says Regina Lasko has been 'horribly hurt' by his behavior". Associated Press. MSNBC. October 5, 2009-. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33184320/ns/entertainment-television/. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ Doug Ganley et al (October 5, 2009). "Letterman makes in-studio apology to wife, staffers". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/TV/10/05/david.letterman.apology/. Retrieved 2009-10-05.
^ "David Letterman's former mistress Stephanie Birkitt banned from Late Show set". London Telegraph. October 8, 2009. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/6271085/David-Lettermans-former-mistress-Stephanie-Birkitt-banned-from-Late-Show-set.html. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
^ Mangan, Dan (October 15, 2009). "Network's correspondent probing Dave's extortion scandal". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/item_d9zwWsNX2hw5DMFJsuh5LO. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
^ ^a ^b Lloyd, Christopher (September 8, 2007). "It's no joke: Ball State dedicates building in Letterman's honor". indystar.com. http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=200781121039.
^ Ball State University (September 7, 2007). David Letterman Communication and Media Building (videos). http://www.bsu.edu/web/news/letterman/.

External links [link]

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2012)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: David Letterman

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: David Letterman

David Letterman at the Open Directory Project
David Letterman at the Internet Movie Database
David Letterman's Feb. 24, 1978 appearance on 90 Minutes Live
Official Late Show biography
1999 article on Letterman from Salon.com
Tape of Letterman announcing affairs/extortion attempt on Late Show
Works by or about David Letterman in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Media offices
First	Host of Late Night Feb. 1, 1982 – June 25, 1993	Succeeded by Conan O'Brien
First	Host of The Late Show Aug. 30, 1993 – present	Incumbent
Preceded by Whoopi Goldberg	Host of the Academy Awards 1995	Succeeded by Whoopi Goldberg

v t e David Letterman

Television shows	The David Letterman Show (1980) · Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) · Late Show with David Letterman (1993–present)

Companies	Worldwide Pants Incorporated · Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing · American Foundation for Courtesy and Grooming · Clear Entertainment/C.E. Music

Related topics	Top Ten List · Stupid Pet Tricks · List of David Letterman sketches · Madonna on Late Show with David Letterman · Ball State University · Late Show Fun Facts

v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music or Comedy Program (1980–1989)

1980 Buz Kohan 1981 Jerry Juhl Chris Langham David Odell 1982 Jeffrey Barron Dick Blasucci John Candy Chris Cluess Bob Dolman Joe Flaherty Paul Flaherty Stuart Kreisman Eugene Levy Andrea Martin John McAndrew Brian McConnachie Rick Moranis Catherine O'Hara Mert Rich Michael Short Doug Steckler Dave Thomas 1983 Dick Blasucci John Candy Bob Dolman Joe Flaherty Paul Flaherty Eugene Levy Andrea Martin John McAndrew Martin Short Michael Short Doug Steckler Mary Charlotte Wilcox 1984 Chris Elliott Sanford Frank Ted Greenberg David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Joseph E. Toplyn Matt Wickline David Yazbek 1985 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Eddie Gorodetsky Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1986 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Merrill Markoe Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1987 Randy Cohen Kevin Curran Chris Elliott Sandy Frank Fred Graver Larry Jacobson David Letterman Jeff Martin Gerard Mulligan Steve O'Donnell Adam Resnick Joe Toplyn Matt Wickline 1988 Jackie Mason 1989 John Bowman A. Whitney Brown Gregory Daniels Tom Davis James Downey Al Franken Shannon Gaughan Jack Handey Phil Hartman George Meyer Lorne Michaels Mike Myers Conan O'Brien Bob Odenkirk Herb Sargent Tom Schiller Robert Smigel Bonnie Turner Terry Turner Christine Zander

Complete list (1957–1969) (1970–1979) (1980–1989) (1990–1999) (2000–2009) (2010–2019)

v t e Hosts of the Academy Awards ceremonies (1981–2000)

Johnny Carson (1981) Johnny Carson (1982) Liza Minnelli / Dudley Moore / Richard Pryor / Walter Matthau (1983) Johnny Carson (1984) Jack Lemmon (1985) Alan Alda / Jane Fonda / Robin Williams (1986) Chevy Chase / Goldie Hawn / Paul Hogan (1987) Chevy Chase (1988) None (1989) Billy Crystal (1990) Billy Crystal (1991) Billy Crystal (1992) Billy Crystal (1993) Whoopi Goldberg (1994) David Letterman (1995) Whoopi Goldberg (1996) Billy Crystal (1997) Billy Crystal (1998) Whoopi Goldberg (1999) Billy Crystal (2000)

Complete list (1927–1940) (1941–1960) (1961–1980) (1981–2000) (2001–2020)

v t e Late Night

Late Night with David Letterman Late Night with Conan O'Brien (episodes) Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (episodes)

Hosts	David Letterman (1982–1993) Conan O'Brien (1993–2009) Jimmy Fallon (2009–present)

Announcers/sidekicks	Bill Wendell Joel Godard Andy Richter Steve Higgins

Music	Paul Shaffer and The World's Most Dangerous Band The Max Weinberg 7 The Roots

Sketches	David Letterman's sketches Conan O'Brien's sketches Jimmy Fallon's sketches

See also	Top Ten List Stupid Pet Tricks Pale Force Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog Who Made Huckabee? The Tonight Show "Tracy Does Conan" 2010 Tonight Show host and timeslot conflict

http://wn.com/David_Letterman

http://it.wn.com/David Letterman

http://cs.wn.com/David Letterman

http://id.wn.com/David Letterman

http://es.wn.com/David Letterman

http://ru.wn.com/Леттерман, Дэвид

http://nl.wn.com/David Letterman

http://pl.wn.com/David Letterman

http://fr.wn.com/David Letterman

http://de.wn.com/David Letterman

http://pt.wn.com/David Letterman

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Letterman

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Schwarzenegger in January 2010.
38th Governor of California
In office November 17, 2003 – January 3, 2011
Lieutenant	Cruz Bustamante Mona Pasquil (acting) John Garamendi Abel Maldonado
Preceded by	Gray Davis
Succeeded by	Jerry Brown
Personal details
Born	Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 64) Thal, Austria
Citizenship	Austria United States
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Maria Shriver (1986–2011)
Relations	Gustav Schwarzenegger (father, deceased) Aurelia Jadrny (mother, deceased)
Children	Katherine (b. 1989) Christina (b. 1991) Patrick (b. 1993) Christopher (b. 1997) Joseph Baena (b. 1997)
Alma mater	Santa Monica College University of Wisconsin–Superior
Profession	Bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, politician
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature
Website	Personal website
Military service
Service/branch	Austrian Armed Forces
Years of service	1965

Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger ( /ˈʃwɔrtsənɛɡər/; German: [ˈaɐnɔlt ˈalɔʏs ˈʃvaɐtsənˌʔɛɡɐ]; born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian and American former professional bodybuilder, actor, businessman, investor, and politician. Schwarzenegger served as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011.

Schwarzenegger began to weight train at the age of 15 years old. He was awarded the title of Mr. Universe at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in the sport of bodybuilding and he has written several books and numerous articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the "Austrian Oak" and the "Styrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career and more recently the "Governator" (from "Governor" and "Terminator").^[1]

As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007.^[2]

Schwarzenegger was married to Maria Shriver. The couple separated in 2011 after 25 years of marriage.

Early life [link]

Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, a small village bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and was christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger.^[3] His parents were the local police chief, Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907–72), and Aurelia (née Jadrny; 1922–1998). His father served in World War II, after he voluntarily applied to join the Nazi Party in 1938.^[4] He served with the German Army as a Hauptfeldwebel of the Feldgendarmerie and was discharged in 1943 after contracting malaria. They were married on October 20, 1945 – Gustav was 38, and Aurelia was a 23-year-old widow with a son, Meinhard. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: "Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared."^[5] He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday.^[6]^[7]

Gustav had a preference for his stepson Meinhard, over his son, Arnold.^[8] His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his child.^[9] Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems."^[6] Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death.^[10] In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of atrocities despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA.^[8] Schwarzenegger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign.^[11] At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his "cheerful, good-humored and exuberant" character.^[6] Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.^[9]

As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father.^[6] He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his football (soccer) coach took his team to a local gym.^[3] At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over football as a career.^[12]^[13] Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting."^[5] However, his official website biography claims: "At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career."^[14] During a speech in 2001, he said, "My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school."^[15] Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. "I was inspired by individuals like Reg Park and Steve Reeves."^[5] When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: "As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams ... Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve." In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz.^[3] He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. "It would make me sick to miss a workout ... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it."^[5] When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied, "I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie."^[5]

In 1971, his brother Meinhard died in a car accident.^[3] Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral.^[9] Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to immigrate to the United States.^[9] Gustav died the following year from a stroke.^[3] In Pumping Iron, Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film.^[16] Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother.^[17] Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.^[9]

In an interview with Fortune in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what "would now be called child abuse" at the hands of his father:^[4]^[18]

My hair was pulled. I was hit with belts. So was the kid next door. It was just the way it was. Many of the children I've seen were broken by their parents, which was the German-Austrian mentality. They didn't want to create an individual. It was all about conforming. I was one who did not conform, and whose will could not be broken. Therefore, I became a rebel. Every time I got hit, and every time someone said, 'you can't do this,' I said, 'this is not going to be for much longer, because I'm going to move out of here. I want to be rich. I want to be somebody.'

Early adulthood [link]

Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males.^[3]^[14] During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest.^[13] He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: "Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences." He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous.

"The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich."^[15] Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London.^[14] He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.^[14]

Charles "Wag" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language.^[19]^[20] Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor.^[21] The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20.^[14] He would go on to win the title a further three times.^[13] Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putzinger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title.^[14] He frequently told Roger C. Field, a friend in Munich at that time, "I'm going to become the greatest actor!"

Move to the U.S.[link]

Schwarzenegger with President Ronald Reagan in 1984.

Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so,^[22] realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English.^[3]^[13] "Naturally, when I came to this country, my accent was very bad, and my accent was also very strong, which was an obstacle as I began to pursue acting."^[5] There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973.^[23] Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler "Superstar" Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.^[14]

Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa.^[24] LA Weekly would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".^[22]

In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder was published and became a huge success.^[3] After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin–Superior, where he graduated with a degree in international marketing of fitness and business administration in 1979.^[25]

Bodybuilding career [link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012)

Arnold Schwarzenegger
Personal Info
Nickname	The Austrian Oak
Born	(1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 64) Thal, Styria, Austria
Height	6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)^[26]
Weight	250 pounds (113 kg)
Professional Career
Pro-debut	NABBA Mr. Universe, 1968
Best win	IFBB Mr. Olympia, 1970–1975, 1980, Seven Times
Predecessor	Sergio Oliva ('69), Frank Zane ('79)
Successor	Franco Columbu ('76, '81)
Active	Retired 1980

Competition record
Men’s Bodybuilding
Competitor for
Mr Universe (amateur)
1st	1967
Mr Universe (pro)
1st	1968
1st	1969
1st	1970
Mr. Olympia
2nd	1969
1st	1970
1st	1971
1st	1972
1st	1973
1st	1974
1st	1975
1st	1980
Powerlifting^[27]
Competitor for
International Powerlifting Championships
1st	1966	+80 kg
German Powerlifting Championships
2nd	1967	+80 kg
1st	1968	+80 kg
Graz-Paradise Keller Powerlifting Championships
2nd	1967	+80 kg
Men's Weightlifting^[28]
Competitor for
Styrian Junior Weightlifting Championships
1st	1964
German Austrian Weightlifting Championships
1st	1965

Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.

For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines Muscle & Fitness and Flex. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. The magazine MuscleMag International has a monthly two-page article on him, and refers to him as "The King".

One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965.^[3] He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19.^[3]^[14] He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests. His bodybulding victories included five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.

Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.^[29]

Competition Weight: 235 lb (107 kg) (top 250 lb (113 kg))

Off Season Weight: 255 lb (116 kg) (top 260 lb (118 kg))

Powerlifting/Weightlifting [link]

During Arnold's early years in bodybuilding, he also competed in several Olympic weightlifting & Powerlifting contests. Arnold won 2 weightlifting contests in 1964 & 1965, as well as 2 powerlifting contests in 1966 & 1968.^[28]

In 1967, Schwarzenegger competed in and won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.

Personal records [link]

Clean & press – 264 lb (120 kg)^[28]
Snatch – 243 lb (110 kg)^[28]
Clean & jerk – 298 lb (135 kg)^[28]
Squat – 215 kg (470 lb)^[28]
Bench press – 200 kg (440 lb)^[28]
Deadlift – 310 kg (680 lb)^[28]

Mr. Olympia [link]

Schwarzenegger presented awards at the USA Weightlifting Hall of Fame in 2011 in Columbus, Ohio. In photo: 1987 world champion American Karyn Marshall.

Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia.^[3]^[14] His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he still holds to this day.^[14]

He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions.^[14] In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time,^[14] beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.^[14]

Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called Pumping Iron. Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film Stay Hungry with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.

Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia.^[3] Schwarzenegger was training for his role in Conan, and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: "Why not compete?" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.

Steroid use [link]

Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up."^[30] He has called the drugs "tissue building."^[31]

In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court.^[32] In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with The Globe, a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.^[33]

Height [link]

His official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders.^[34]^[35] However, in 1988 both the Daily Mail and Time Out magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter.^[36] More recently, before running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the Chicago Reader.^[37] As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, "[s]ettle this once and for all and find out how tall he is"^[38] by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office.^[39] Bob Mulholland also claimed Arnold was 5'10" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots.^[40] The debate on Schwarzenegger's height has spawned a website solely dedicated to the issue,^[41] and his page remains one of the most active on CelebHeights.com, a website which discusses the heights of celebrities.^[34]

Acting career [link]

Arnold Schwarzenegger

Other names	Arnold Strong Arnie
Occupation	Actor, director, producer
Years active	1969–2004, 2012–present (acting)

Schwarzenegger wanted to move from bodybuilding into acting, finally achieving it when he was chosen to play the role of Hercules in 1970's Hercules in New York. Credited under the name "Arnold Strong," his accent in the film was so thick that his lines were dubbed after production.^[13] His second film appearance was as a deaf mute hit-man for the mob in director Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), which was followed by a much more significant part in the film Stay Hungry (1976), for which he was awarded a Golden Globe for New Male Star of the Year. Schwarzenegger has discussed his early struggles in developing his acting career. "It was very difficult for me in the beginning – I was told by agents and casting people that my body was 'too weird', that I had a funny accent, and that my name was too long. You name it, and they told me I had to change it. Basically, everywhere I turned, I was told that I had no chance."^[5]

Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film Pumping Iron (1977),^[12]^[13] elements of which were dramatized. In 1991, Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography.^[42] Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of The Incredible Hulk, but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy The Villain. In 1980 he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.

Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, which was a box-office hit.^[12] This was followed by a sequel, Conan the Destroyer in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor.^[43] In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video "Carnival in Rio".

In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the eponymous character and what some would say was the signature role in his acting career in director James Cameron's science fiction thriller film The Terminator.^[12]^[13]^[44] Following The Terminator, Schwarzenegger made Red Sonja in 1985.^[43]

During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars.^[13] Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating his roles from more serious action hero fare. His alternative-universe comedy/thriller Last Action Hero featured a poster of the movie Terminator 2: Judgment Day which, in the fictional alternate universe, had Sylvester Stallone as its star.

He made a number of successful films: Commando (1985), Raw Deal (1986), The Running Man (1987), and Red Heat (1988). In Predator (1987), another successful film, Schwarzenegger led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura (Ventura also appeared in The Running Man and Batman & Robin with Schwarzenegger) and future candidate for governor of Kentucky Sonny Landham.

Footprints and handprints of Arnold Schwarzenegger in front of the Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Twins (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito also proved successful. Total Recall (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the gross, and was a science fiction script directed by Paul Verhoeven, based on the Philip K. Dick short story, "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale". Kindergarten Cop (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in Twins.

Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series Tales from the Crypt, entitled "The Switch", and then with the 1992 telemovie Christmas in Connecticut. He has not directed since.

Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's Terminator 2: Judgment Day, which was the highest-grossing film of 1991.^{[citation needed]} In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade."^[3] His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof Last Action Hero was released opposite Jurassic Park, and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama True Lies (1994) was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger, reunited with James Cameron, appearing opposite Jamie Lee Curtis.

That same year the comedy Junior (1994) was released, the last of his three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito and also for the second time featuring Pamela Reed. This film brought Schwarzenegger his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller Eraser (1996), the Christmas comedy Jingle All The Way (1996) with Arnold playing the main character, Howard Langston, and the comic book-based Batman & Robin (1997), where he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of Batman & Robin, Schwarzenegger's film career and box office prominence went into decline.

He returned with the supernatural thriller End of Days (1999), later followed by the action films The 6th Day (2000) and Collateral Damage (2002) all of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.^{[citation needed]}

In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall Terminator statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.^[45]

His film appearances after becoming Governor of California include a 3-second cameo appearance in The Rundown (a.k.a., Welcome to the Jungle) with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of Around the World in 80 Days, where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time. In 2005 he appeared as himself in the film The Kid & I. Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 ("Valley Forge") of Liberty's Kids.

Schwarzenegger had been rumored to be appearing in Terminator Salvation as the original T-800 model, alongside Roland Kickinger. Schwarzenegger denied his involvement,^[46] but it was later revealed that although he would appear briefly he would not be shooting new footage, and his image would be inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie.^[47]^[48] Schwarzenegger's most recent appearance was in Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables, where he made a cameo appearance alongside Stallone and Bruce Willis.^{[citation needed]}

Return to acting [link]

Arnold Schwarzenegger's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama With Wings as Eagles, written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story.^[49]^[50]

On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being courted for several films, including sequels to The Terminator and remakes of Predator and The Running Man, and that he was "packaging" a comic book character.^[51] The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55]

On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted. "Governor Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines."^[56] However, the Daily Star reported on May 29 that Schwarzenegger had been offered $40 million to star in two Terminator films.^[57]

On July 11, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger is considering a comeback film despite his legal problems.^[58] He has reportedly signed to star in Last Stand as a dishonored Los Angeles cop.^[59] On September 6, 2011, it was announced that Schwarzenegger had signed on to The Expendables 2, in which he will play a larger cameo.^[60] He will later star in Unknown Soldier and The Tomb, thought to be released in 2013.^[61]

Political career [link]

Main article: Political career of Arnold Schwarzenegger

Vice President Dick Cheney meets with Schwarzenegger for the first time at the White House.

Early politics [link]

Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:^[62]

I finally arrived here in 1968. What a special day it was. I remember I arrived here with empty pockets but full of dreams, full of determination, full of desire. The presidential campaign was in full swing. I remember watching the Nixon-Humphrey presidential race on TV. A friend of mine who spoke German and English translated for me. I heard Humphrey saying things that sounded like socialism, which I had just left. But then I heard Nixon speak. He was talking about free enterprise, getting the government off your back, lowering the taxes and strengthening the military. Listening to Nixon speak sounded more like a breath of fresh air. I said to my friend, I said, "What party is he?" My friend said, "He's a Republican." I said, "Then I am a Republican." And I have been a Republican ever since.

In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in Stop the Madness, an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 Presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.^[63]

Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993.^[3] He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him "Conan the Republican". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Yet, political analysts have identified Schwarzenegger as a liberal, as he has become more left-leaning since his election.^[64]

Between 1993 and 1994, Schwarzenegger was a Red Cross ambassador (a ceremonial role fulfilled by celebrities), recording several television/radio public service announcements to donate blood.

In an interview with Talk magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."^[65] The Hollywood Reporter claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California.^[65] Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, "I'm in show business – I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?"^[65]

Governor of California [link]

Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.^[13] According to Schwarzenegger, he did not decide to run until the day of the announcement:

The recall happens and people are asking me, ‘What are you going to do?’ I thought about it but decided I wasn’t going to do it. I told Maria I wasn’t running. I told everyone I wasn’t running. I wasn’t running. I just thought [en route to the Tonight Show], This will freak everyone out. It’ll be so funny. I’ll announce that I am running. I told Leno I was running. And two months later I was governor. What the fuck is that? All these people are asking me, ‘What’s your plan? Who’s on your staff?’ I didn’t have a plan. I didn’t have a staff. I wasn’t running until I went on Jay Leno.^[66]

Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the "Governator" (referring to The Terminator movies, see above) and "The Running Man" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election "Total Recall" (yet another Schwarzenegger starrer). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.^[67]

President George W. Bush meets with Schwarzenegger after his successful election to the California Governorship

On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the Yes vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the first foreign-born governor of California since Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.

As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from Saturday Night Live (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".^[68]

Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that "no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you".

Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.

Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes.^[69] In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, "[H]e's becoming a Democrat [... H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left".

It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false.^[70]^[71]

With Schwarzenegger and Senator Dianne Feinstein behind him, President George W. Bush comments on wildfires and firefighting efforts in California, October 2007

Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home.^[8] Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, "I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential –I was always fascinated by people in control of other people."^[8] Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, "I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes."^[22] Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In The Simpsons Movie (2007), he is portrayed as the President, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, Demolition Man (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to run for President.^{[citation needed]}

Schwarzenegger is a dual Austria/United States citizen.^[72] He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU.^[73]

Schwarzenegger during his visit to Naval Medical Center in San Diego, July 2010

Because of his personal wealth from his acting career, Schwarzenegger did not accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year.^[74]

Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the Presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, "It's Rudy's fault!" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.^[75]

In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.^[76]^[77]

Governor Schwarzenegger played a significant role in opposing Proposition 66, a proposed amendment of the Californian Three Strikes Law, in November 2004. This amendment would have required the third felony to be either violent or serious to mandate a 25-years-to-life sentence. In the last week before the ballot, Schwarzenegger launched an intensive campaign^[78] against Proposition 66.^[79] He stated that "it would release 26,000 dangerous criminals and rapists".

Schwarzenegger did not run for re-election in 2010.

Allegations of sexual misconduct [link]

Code Pink protesting against Schwarzenegger

During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed "Gropegate".^[80] Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the Los Angeles Times recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.^[81]

Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.^[80]

Schwarzenegger admitted that he has "behaved badly sometimes" and apologized, but also stated that "a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true". This came after an interview in adult magazine Oui from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana.^[82] Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film Pumping Iron. In an interview with GQ magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, "[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me."^[83] His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.^[83]

British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main.^[84] A joint statement read: "The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled."^[84] Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for The 6th Day in London.^[85] She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a Los Angeles Times article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.^[84]

Citizenship [link]

In 2005, Peter Pilz, from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic.^[72] Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.

Environmental record [link]

On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.^[86]

Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan is set to be in effect in 2009.^[87] In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.^[88]

In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.^[89]

In 2011, Arnold Schwarzenegger founded the R20 Regions of Climate Action to develop a sustainable, low carbon economy.^[90]

Electoral history [link]

California Gubernatorial Recall Election 2003
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Arnold Schwarzenegger	4,206,284	48.6
	Democratic	Cruz Bustamante	2,724,874	31.5
	Republican	Tom McClintock	1,161,287	13.5
	Green	Peter Miguel Camejo	242,247	2.8

California Gubernatorial Election 2006
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Republican	Arnold Schwarzenegger	4,850,157	55.9	+7.3
	Democratic	Phil Angelides	3,376,732	39.0
	Green	Peter Miguel Camejo	205,995	2.3	-0.5

Business career [link]

Schwarzenegger has also had a highly successful business career.^[8]^[22] Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a "prolific goal setter" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so.^[17] By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from his success as a budding entrepreneur with a series of successful business ventures and investments.

Bricklaying business [link]

In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.^[91]^[92]^[66] Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.^[3]^[91]

Real estate investing [link]

Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would later go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.^[93]^[94]

Restaurant [link]

In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called Schatzi On Main. Schatzi literally means "little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.^[95]

Planet Hollywood investment [link]

Other ventures and investments [link]

He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: "I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!"^[15] He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm.^[98]

Personal life [link]

Early love life [link]

In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974.^[99] Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: "Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life."^[99] Baker has described Schwarzenegger as "[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became "insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him".^[100] Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak.^[101] Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours.^[101] Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life.^[101] Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ.^[101] The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S—their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television.^[17] They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard.^[17] Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had "little understanding of polite society" and she found him a turn-off, she says, "He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be—he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive ... I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me."^[17]

Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: "We were faithful when we were both in LA ... but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted."^[9] Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.^[9]

Marriage and family [link]

Schwarzenegger with his wife Maria Shriver at the 2007 Special Olympics in Shanghai, China

On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church.^[102] They have four children: Katherine Eunice Shriver Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles);^[103] Patrick Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles);^[104] and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles).^[105] Schwarzenegger lives in a 11,000-square-foot (1,000 m²) home in Brentwood.^[106]^[107] The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts.^[108] They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church.^[109]

Son in serious accident [link]

Schwarzenegger's 13-year-old son Christopher Schwarzenegger was seriously injured in a boogie-boarding accident in Malibu, on July 17, 2011. In a joint statement, Schwarzenegger and estranged wife Shriver described it as "scary," and that "he is expected to make a full recovery." Christopher had been in intensive care after suffering a collapsed lung and broken bones in the accident.^[110]

Marital separation [link]

On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger separated after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion.^[111]^[112]^[113] On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena.^[114]^[115]^[116] "After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago," Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to The Times. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.^[117]

Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January.^[118] The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children.^[119] Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph,^[120] was born on October 2, 1997;^[121] Shriver gave birth to Christopher on September 27, 1997.^[122] Schwarzenegger found ways to spend time with this child: in one instance, in 1998, Shriver and Schwarzenegger's children unexpectedly accompanied Schwarzenegger to the lovechild's baptism;^[123] and he was photographed teaching the boy how to play golf and swinging him playfully above his head.^[124] Despite Schwarzenegger's interactions with the child, the boy was never told that Schwarzenegger was his father, and he was unaware of the fact until it was revealed by the press.^[125] Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child "from the start and continued to provide support."^[126] KNX 1070 radio reported that he bought a new, four-bedroom house, with a pool, in Bakersfield, about 112 miles (180 km) north of Los Angeles, in 2010 for Baena and their son.^[127] Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth, and divorced him in 2008.^[128] Baena's ex-husband says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger and his ex-wife for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.^[129]

Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon.^[130]^[131] Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children.^[132] Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees.^[59] However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them.^[59] Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.^[59]^[133]

In the aftermath of Schwarzenegger's infidelity scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver,^[134] saying, "Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on."^[134]

Accidents and injuries [link]

Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets).^[135]^[136] Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.^[137]

On December 9, 2001, he broke six ribs and was hospitalized for four days after a motorcycle crash in Los Angeles.^[138]

Schwarzenegger saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore.^[139]

On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. "No citations were issued", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman.^[140] Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.^[141]

Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006.^[142] On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006.^[143]

Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.^[144]

Net worth [link]

Schwarzenegger's net worth has been conservatively estimated at $100–$200 million.^[145] But with his recent split from his wife, Maria Shriver in 2011, it has been estimated that his net worth has been hovering around the $400 million mark and even as high as $800 million, based on tax returns he filed in 2006.^[146]^[147] Over the years as an investor, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies, and real estate holdings worldwide, so a more accurate estimation of his net worth is difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the United States and Europe. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream Jet.^[148] Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, "Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million."^[8] He has also stated, "I've made many millions as a businessman many times over."^[15]

Activism [link]

He bought the first Hummer manufactured for civilian use in 1992, a model so large, 6,300 lb (2,900 kg) and 7 feet (2.1 m) wide, that it is classified as a large truck and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to it. During the Gubernatorial Recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost.^[149] California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.^[150]

Arnold Schwarzenegger has been involved with the Special Olympics for many years after they founded by his ex-mother-in-law, Eunice Kennedy Shriver.^[151] In 2007, Schwarzenegger was the official spokesperson for the Special Olympics which were held in Shanghai, China.^[152] Schwarzenegger believes that quality school opportunities should be made available to children who might not normally be able to access them.^[153] In 1995, he founded the Inner City Games Foundation (ICG) which provides cultural, educational and community enrichment programming to youth.^[153] ICG is active in 15 cities around the country and serves over 250,000 children in over 400 schools countrywide.^[153] He has also been involved with After-School All-Stars, and founded the Los Angeles branch in 2002.^[154] ASAS is an after school program provider, educating youth about health, fitness and nutrition.

On February 12, 2010, Schwarzenegger took part in the Vancouver Olympic Torch relay. He handed off the flame to the next runner, Sebastian Coe.^[155]

Honors [link]

Schwarzenegger's home town of Graz had its soccer stadium named The Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium in his honor. It is the home of both Grazer AK and Sturm Graz. After the Stanley Williams execution and street protests in Schwarzenegger's hometown, several local politicians began a campaign to remove his name from the stadium. In response, Schwarzenegger said "to spare the responsible politicians of the city of Graz further concern, I withdraw from them as of this day the right to use my name in association with the Liebenau Stadium", and set a deadline of two days to remove his name. Graz officials removed Schwarzenegger's name from the stadium in December 2005.^[156] It is now officially titled UPC-Arena.

The Sun Valley Resort has a short ski trail called Arnold's Run, named after Schwarzenegger in 2001.^[157] The trail is categorized as a black diamond, or most difficult, for its terrain.

People in Thal, Austria, celebrated Schwarzenegger's 60th birthday by throwing a party. Officials proclaimed "A Day for Arnold" on July 30, 2007. The mayor sent Schwarzenegger the enameled sign, Thal 145, the number of the house where Schwarzenegger was born, declaring "This belongs to him. No one here will ever be assigned that number again".^[158]

Bibliography [link]

Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1977). Arnold: Developing a Mr. Universe Physique. Schwarzenegger.
– with Douglas Kent Hall (1977). Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-22879-8.
– with Douglas Kent Hall (1979). Arnold's Bodyshaping for Women. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-24301-2.
– with Bill Dobbins (1981). Arnold's Bodybuilding for Men. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-25613-5.
– with Bill Dobbins (1998). The New Encyclopedia of Modern Bodybuilding (rev. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84374-2.
Andrews, Nigel (2003). True Myths: The Life and Times of Arnold Schwarzenegger: From Pumping Iron to Governor of California (rev. ed.). New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-465-2.
Blitz, Michael; and Louise Krasniewicz (2004). Why Arnold Matters: The Rise of a Cultural Icon. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-03752-0.
Borowitz, Andy (2004). Governor Arnold: A Photodiary of His First 100 Days in Office. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6266-8.
Brandon, Karen (2004). Arnold Schwarzenegger. San Diego: Lucent Books. ISBN 978-1-59018-539-1.
Saunders, Dave (2008). "Arnie": Schwarzenegger and the Movies. London: I. B. Tauris.
Sexton, Colleen A. (2005). Arnold Schwarzenegger. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. ISBN 978-0-8225-1634-7.
Zannos, Susan (2000). Arnold Schwarzenegger. Childs, Md.: Mitchell Lane. ISBN 978-1-883845-95-7.
Schwarzenegger, Arnold (2012). Total Recall. United States: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-84983-971-6.

Interviews [link]

Interview in Oui magazine, August 1977 at thesmokinggun.com
Excerpts from Time Out (London) interview, 1977 at time.com
Schwarzenegger Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos

Film [link]

Footage of Arnold Schwarzenegger winning Mr Universe, 1969
"Arnold Schwarzenegger – Hollywood Hero" DVD ~ Todd Baker
"Pumping Iron" (25th Anniversary Special Edition) DVD ~ George Butler
Arnold Schwarzenegger at the Internet Movie Database

References [link]

^ "Biography for Arnold Schwarzenegger". IMDb. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000216/bio. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Kurtzman, Laura (January 5, 2007). "Schwarzenegger Sworn in for Second Term". The Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/05/AR2007010501386.html. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o "Time of His Life". Schwarzenegger.com. http://schwarzenegger.com. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Arnie: 'I was abused as child'". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). August 4, 2004. http://news.scotsman.com/arnoldschwarzenegger/Arnie-I-was-abused-as.2551492.jp. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Ask Arnold". Schwarzenegger.com. 2000. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/news/askarnold/news_askarnold_eng_legacy_444.asp?sec=news&subsec=askarnold. Retrieved April 18, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Andrews, Nigel (2003). True Myths of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-58234-465-2.
^ Herman, Eric (August 11, 2003). "Ah-nold in cross hairs Rivals blast Calif. front-runner". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/08/11/2003-08-11__ah-nold_in_cross_hairs__riv.html. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Brooks, Xan (August 8, 2003). "The Governator". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2003/aug/08/usa.politicsandthearts. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Leigh, Wendy (1990). Arnold: An Unauthorized Biography. Pelham. ISBN 978-0-7207-1997-0.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger: Mr. Olympia – 1970–1975, 1980". BodyBuild.com. http://www.bodybuildbid.com/articles/mrolympia/arnold-schwarzenegger.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Records: Arnold's father was member of Nazi storm troops". USA Today. August 24, 2003. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2003-08-24-arnold-father_x.htm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Katz, Ephraim (2006). Film Encyclopedia. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-074214-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ "Profile: Arnold Schwarzenegger". BBC. August 31, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3131155.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m "Mr. Everything". Schwarzenegger.com. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/athlete/mreverything/index.asp?sec=athlete&subsec=mreverything. Retrieved April 18, 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Schwarzenegger, Arnold (October 3, 2001). "ARNOLD'S "PERSPECTIVES"". Schwarzenegger.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523204808/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/en/life/hiswords/words_en_sac_perspectives.asp%3Fsec%3Dlife%26subsec%3Dhiswords. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Interview in Pumping Iron – 25th Anniversary Edition DVD extras
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Poole, Oliver (October 6, 2003). "The girl who can't escape Arnie". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2003/10/02/bfarni02.xml&page=1. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Arnie: I was abused as a child". Daily Mail (London). August 4, 2004. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-312729/Arnie-I-abused-child.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ McIntosh, Lindsay (October 2, 2008). "Wag Bennett bodybuilder who helped Arnold Schwarzenegger". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article4862637.ece.
^ Staff, Arnold Schwarzenegger: Made in Britain, British Film Institute. Retrieved October 3, 2008. "Wag and Dianne Bennett, an East End couple who gave Arnie a home for three years,"
^ "A tribute by Arnold Schwarzenegger". Regpark.net. http://www.regpark.net/. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bradley, Bill (November 20, 2002). "Mr. California". LA Weekly. http://www.laweekly.com/2002-11-28/news/mr-california/. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Jennings, Randy (2003, October 21). Ric Drasin: Arnold's lifting partner! The Arnold Fans Website. Retrieved on December 16, 2009.
^ Bland, Siskind (September 4, 2007). "Schwarzenegger May Have Violated Terms Of Non-Immigrant Visa". VISALAW.COM. http://www.visalaw.com/03sep4/15sep403.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Campus Connection: Superior list of famous alumni?". Wisconsin State Journal. November 11, 2009. http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/education/campus_connection/article_d8646d66-ce45-11de-ba14-001cc4c03286.html. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
^ "Mr. Everything". Schwarzenegger.com. http://www.schwarzenegger.com/en/athlete/mreverything/index.asp?sec=athlete&subsec=mreverything. Retrieved December 29, 2009. ^{[dead link]}
^ http://www.questformuscle.com/articles/arnoldschwarzenegger.html
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h http://www.gmv.com.au/default.asp?pageid=HOME&template=CONTENT&sid=283
^ "Ask Arnold Training Seminar- Arnold Schwarzenegger Talks Bodybuilding Advice – Part 1". Youtube. March 6, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPEVHihgmHc&feature=related. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Farrey, Tom. "Conan the Politician". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/columns/farrey_tom/1655597.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Theunissen, Steve. "Arnold & Steroids: Truth Revealed". get2net. Archived from the original on October 8, 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20031008172601/http://hjem.get2net.dk/JamesBond/www/artikler/steroidemisbrug/arnoldandsteroids.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger Wins German Lawsuit". Encyclopedia.com. UPI. December 1, 1999. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P1-24150868.html. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ "Arnie settles $50m libel case". BBC News. December 22, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/574902.stm. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "Arnold Schwarzenegger Height, Schwarzenegger's". celebheights.com. http://www.celebheights.com/s/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-177.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger Measured". ArnoldHeight. http://www.arnoldheight.com/article5.html. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ Andrews, N: "True Myths: The life and times of Arnold Schwarzenegger," page 157. Bloomsbury, 2003
^ Miner, Michael (September 23, 2003). "Poor Recall". Chicago Reader. http://www.chicagoreader.com/hottype/2003/030919_1.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Salladay, Robert (October 23, 2003). "Incoming governor's mantra: 'Action'". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/10/23/MNG2C2HG8R1.DTL. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Weintraub, Daniel. "Schwarzenegger Blinked" (PDF). National Conference of State Legislators. https://www.ncsl.org/programs/pubs/slmag/2004/04SLDec_Schwarzenegger.pdf. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "The Governator II: At first it seemed like a bad joke". Arnoldwatch.org. October 7, 2004. http://www.arnoldwatch.org/articles/articles_000488.php3. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Arnold Height". ArnoldHeight. http://www.arnoldheight.com.
^ "The Smoking Gun: Archive". TheSmokingGun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/arnoldpump1.html. Retrieved May 11, 2007.
^ ^a ^b Collis, Clark. "EMPIRE ESSAY: The Terminator". Empire magazine. http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=132648. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Leamer, Laurence (2005). Fantastic: The life of Arnold Schwarzenegger. St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-33338-6.
^ "Arnold wants 'Terminator' statue killed". Killoggs. September 27, 2002. http://www.killoggs.com/news/?news=609. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Arnold downplays a Terminator Salvation cameo". SCI FI Wire. http://scifiwire.com/2009/03/arnold-confirms-but-downp.php. Retrieved March 11, 2009.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger (Virtually) Back in Terminator Salvation". TVGuide.com. http://movies.tvguide.com/Movie-News/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-Terminator-1005894.aspx. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
^ "McG Talks Terminator Salvation". reelzchannel.com. http://www.reelzchannel.com/person/176340/mcg. Retrieved May 11, 2009.
^ "Schwarzenegger: "Ich lese gerade drei Drehbücher" – "Krone"-Interview – Welt". krone.at. January 16, 2011. http://www.krone.at/Welt/Schwarzenegger_Ich_lese_gerade_drei_Drehbuecher-Krone-Interview-Story-240860. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ "TheArnoldFans.com". TheArnoldFans.com. January 16, 2011. http://www.thearnoldfans.com/news/1741.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ "TheArnoldFans.com". TheArnoldFans.com. March 6, 2011. http://www.thearnoldfans.com/news/1767.html. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ Benjamin Svetkey. "Arnold Schwarzenegger is back as 'The Governator'". Entertainment Weekly. http://popwatch.ew.com/2011/03/30/arnold-schwarzenegger-the-governator-exclusive. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ Zakarin, Jordan (March 31, 2011). "'The Governator': Arnold Schwarzenegger Developing New Cartoon, Comic Book". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/31/the-governator-arnold-schwarzenegger_n_842921.html. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger to make superhero show". BBC. March 31, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-12918406.
^ Melissa Maerz. "Arnold Schwarzenegger teams with Stan Lee on 'The Governator'". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2011/03/arnold-schwarzenegger-teams-up-with-stan-lee-on-cartoon-series-the-governator.html.
^ Sara Hammel. "Arnold Schwarzenegger Halts All Acting Projects – Including Terminator". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20496056,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontent. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Simply The Best 7 Days A Week :: News :: Arnold Schwarzenegger in double bill for £24m". Daily Star. May 29, 2011. http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/193265/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-in-double-bill-for-24m/. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Finke, Nikki. "Arnold Books ‘Last Stand’: Studio To Test Schwarzenegger’s Post-Scandal Popularity –". Deadline.com. http://www.deadline.com/2011/07/arnold-schwarzenegger-books-last-stand-western-will-test-his-post-scandal-popularity/. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Arnold Schwarzenegger to File Revised Divorce Papers, Not Denying Spousal Support". ABC News. July 23, 2011. http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/arnold-schwarzenegger-file-revised-divorce-papers-denying-spousal/story?id=14142207. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Fleming, Mike. "‘Expendables 2′ Sets Action Dream Trio: Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis Join Sly Stallone". Deadline. http://www.deadline.com/2011/09/expendables-2-sets-action-dream-trio-arnold-schwarzenegger-bruce-willis-join-sly-stallone/. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Schwarzenegger goes supernatural (again) for next movie". http://blastr.com/2011/12/schwarzenegger-goes-super.php?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter. Retrieved December 29, 2011.
^ "Schwarzenegger: No country more welcoming than the USA". CNN. August 31, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/08/31/gop.schwarzenegger.transcript/. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Noonan, Peggy (October 14, 2003). What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era. New York: Random House. p. 384. ISBN 978-0-8129-6989-4.
^ White, Deborah (January 14, 2006). "Arnold Schwarzenegger, California's Newest Democrat". http://usliberals.about.com/b/2006/01/14/arnold-schwarzenegger-californias-newest-democrat.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Arnold cast as Governor?". Schwarzenegger.com. October 4, 1999. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523203946/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/news.asp%3Fid%3D90. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b Lewis, Michael (2011-11). "California and Bust". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/business/features/2011/11/michael-lewis-201111#gotopage1. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
^ Grey, Barry (November 6, 2003). "First debate in California recall election: Snapshot of a political system in crisis". wsws.org. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/sep2003/cali-s06.shtml. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Nicholas, Peter (July 18, 2004). "Schwarzenegger deems opponents 'girlie-men'". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/07/18/MNGH57NKAF1.DTL. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "General Election – Governor". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070219111658/http://vote.ss.ca.gov/Returns/gov/00.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Pomfret, John (December 23, 2006). "Schwarzenegger Remakes Himself as Environmentalist". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/22/AR2006122201476.html. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ Marinucci, Carla (March 22, 2009). "Predictions for Schwarzenegger's Next Big Role". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2009/03/22/MNJH16KC5G.DTL. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ ^a ^b "BBC News: Schwarzenegger 'damages Austria'". BBC News. January 22, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4198633.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008. "He said Mr Schwarzenegger, who has dual nationality..."
^ "Schwarzenegger wins European Voice campaigner of the year award". European Voice. November 27, 2007. http://www.europeanvoice.com/page/the-evawards-europeans-of-the-year/784.aspx. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Nelson, Soraya (April 15, 2006). "News: Schwarzenegger releases tax returns". OCRegister.com. http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/atoz/article_1102616.php. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Arnold opens 'flood' of McCain endorsements". The Baltimore Sun. http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/news/politics/blog/2008/01/arnold_opens_flood_of_mccain_e.html. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
^ Vogel, Ed (April 21, 2010). "Gibbons named on list of worst governors". Las Vegas Review-Journal. http://www.lvrj.com/news/gibbons-named-on-list-of-worst-governors-91723774.html. Retrieved May 5, 2010
^ "Crew's Worst Governors". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. http://www.citizensforethics.org/worstgovernors#Gibbons. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
^ April 7, 2008 (April 7, 2008). "TV-commercial of Arnold Schwarzenegger against Proposition 66". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7F6PBldQxZc&feature=related. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Megan Garvey and Robert Salladay "Prop. 66 in Tough Fight", LAtimes.com". Los Angeles Times. November 1, 2004. http://articles.latimes.com/2004/nov/01/local/me-campaign1. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Sex scandal draws Arnie apology". BBC. March 10, 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3159122.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger sorry for behaving 'badly' toward women". CNN. October 3, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/02/recall.schwarzenegger/index.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger's Sex Talk". The Smoking Gun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/arnoldinter1.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Governor says marijuana is not a drug, 'it's a leaf'". Los Angeles Times. October 29, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/29/local/me-arnold29.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Schwarzenegger libel 'settled'". BBC. August 26, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/5288194.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "UK judge allows Arnie libel case". BBC. March 23, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/4375679.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Young, Samantha (September 27, 2006). "Schwarzenegger Signs Global Warming Bill". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/27/AR2006092700174.html. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
^ Matthews, Karen (October 17, 2006). "Cal Joins Northeast Global Warming Fight". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Oct17/0,4670,GlobalWarmingSchwarzenegger,00.html. Retrieved May 15, 2008.
^ "The Governator's green agenda" Fortune Magazine. March 23, 2007. Accessed May 15, 2008.
^ "SAE 2009 World Congress Special Opening Ceremonies to Feature Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger" SAE. March 10, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.
^ "The Global Journal". A New Obsession. http://theglobaljournal.net/article/view/410/. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ ^a ^b Morgan, Kaya. "Real Life Action Hero". Millionaire Magazine. http://www.millionaire.com/interviews_schwarzenegger.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ""Working" Out". Schwarzenegger.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523204758/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/en/life/didyouknow/life_didyouknow_eng_legacy_257.asp%3Fsec%3Dlife%26subsec%3Ddidyouknow. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Williams, Lance (August 10, 2003). "Schwarzenegger reveals pumped-up finances". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2003/08/10/ARNOLD.TMP. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Fleschner, Malcolm. "The Best Salesman in America?". Selling Power. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080224112746/http://www.sellingpower.com/article/display.asp?aid=SP4182687. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "The foundation for taxpayer and consumer rights is in the wrong in its junk fax lawsuit where it falsely blames Arnold Schwarzenegger for faxes sent to promote a restaurant he doesn't own". Schwarzenegger.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523204836/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/en/news/uptotheminute/news_uptotheminute_eng_legacy_16.asp%3Fsec%3Dnews%26subsec%3Duptotheminute. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Arnie's Planet Hollywood split". BBC. January 26, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/619317.stm. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
^ Paul Lieberman (January 26, 2000). "It's Hasta la Vista, Planet Hollywood". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/jan/26/business/fi-57832. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
^ Weinraub, Bernard (August 17, 2003). "Schwarzenegger's Next Goal On Dogged, Ambitious Path". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E5D81230F934A2575BC0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ ^a ^b "Arnie's ex-girlfriend pens memoir". BBC. September 9, 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/3092740.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Williams, Lance (September 15, 2003). "Actor's old flame says he's a great guy". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/09/15/MN272943.DTL. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Elsworth, Catherine (September 14, 2006). "Arnie puts his weight behind ex-lover's tell-all memoir". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1528857/Arnie-puts-his-weight-behind-ex-lover%27s-tell-all-memoir.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Maria Owings Shriver Wed To Arnold Schwarzenegger". The New York Times. April 27, 1986. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DF103DF934A15757C0A960948260. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Pace, Eric (July 24, 1991). "Chronicle". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE0DD1E3DF937A15754C0A967958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSchwarzenegger%2c%20Arnold. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Brozan, Nadine (September 21, 1993). "Chronicle". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE6DB1430F932A1575AC0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fShriver%2c%20Maria. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Brozan, Nadine (September 30, 1997). "Chronicle". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E3D8103AF933A0575AC0A961958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fShriver%2c%20Maria. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Schiffman, Betsy (June 27, 2003). "Next Stop – Governor's Mansion?". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2003/06/27/cx_bs_0627movers.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Lacayo, Richard (August 10, 2003). "The Mind Behind the Muscles". Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,474589,00.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Dunteman, Dayna (May 2004). "Catching Up With Maria Shriver". Sacramento Magazine. http://www.sacmag.com/media/Sacramento-Magazine/May-2004/Catching-Up-With-Maria-Shriver/. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Maria Shriver Ends Her Silence On Husband's Campaign". NBC. September 8, 2003. http://www.knbc.com/politics/2463270/detail.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Agence France-Presse. "Arnie's son injured in 'scary' surfing accident". ABS-CBN News. http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/entertainment/07/23/11/arnies-son-injured-scary-surfing-accident. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Mark Z. Barabak (May 9, 2011). "Arnold Schwarzenegger, Maria Shriver announce separation". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-mew-arnold-maria-separate-20010510,0,2542211.story?track=rss.
^ Hendrix, Steve (May 10, 2011). "Arnold Schwarzenegger and wife of 25 years, Maria Shriver, say they’re separating". Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/arnold-schwarzenegger-and-wife-of-25-years-maria-shriver-say-theyre-separating/2011/05/10/AF16qwdG_story.html.
^ Dan Whitcomb (May 10, 2011). "Arnold Schwarzenegger, wife Maria Shriver separate". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/10/us-schwarzenegger-idUSTRE7490PP20110510.
^ Nancy Dillon (May 17, 2011). "Mildred 'Patty' Baena, 50, identified as the mother of Arnold Schwarzenegger's out of wedlock child: reports". NYDailyNews (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2011/05/17/2011-05-17_mildred_baena_50_identified_as_mother_of_arnold_schwarzeneggers_love_child_tmz_r.html?r=news/politics. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Schwarzenegger Fathered Child With Household Staff Member". Fox. May 17, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/05/17/report-schwarzenegger-fathered-child-household-employee.
^ "Mildred Patricia Baena, Mother of Arnold Schwarzenegger's Out of Wedlock Child Revealed (PHOTOS)". International Business Times. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/147401/20110518/mildred-patricia-baena-mother-of-arnold-schwarzenegger-s-out-of-wedlock-child-revealed-photos.htm. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "How Maria found out: Arnie's wife reportedly confronted lover about child". Sydney Morning Herald. May 20, 2011. http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/people/how-maria-found-out-arnies-wife-reportedly-confronted-lover-about-child-20110520-1evji.html?from=smh_sb.
^ Barabak, Mark Z.; Kim, Victoria (May 17, 2011). "Schwarzenegger fathered a with child his mistress, longtime member of the household staff". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-me-0517-arnold-20110517,0,312678.story.
^ Nagourney, Adam; Steinhauer, Jennifer (May 17, 2011). "Schwarzenegger Whispers Become an Admission". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/us/18schwarzenegger.html?pagewanted=2&src=ISMR_AP_LO_MST_FB.
^ "Arnie 'Bought Home For Love Child And Mum'". Sky. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Showbiz-News/Arnold-Schwarzenegger-Bought-A-200K-House-For-His-Ex-Housekeeper-And-Their-Teenage-Son-Say-Reports/Article/201105315995018?lpos=Showbiz_News_Third_Home_Page_Article_Teaser_Region__3.
^ "Schwarzenegger's son with housekeeper born days after Shriver gave birth". Chicago Tribune. http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-0518-cnn-arnold-child,0,7850501.story.
^ Alan Duke (May 19, 2011). "Arnold Schwarzenegger's two sons born days apart". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/05/18/california.schwarzenegger/index.html?iref=obnetwork.
^ "Maria Shriver Was at Christening of Husband Arnold Schwarzenegger's Love Child". Fox News. May 26, 2011. http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2011/05/26/maria-shriver-christening-husband-arnold-schwarzeneggers-love-child/. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger's wife attended his secret lovechild's christening". Fox News. May 26, 2011. http://www.myfoxboston.com/dpp/entertainment/arnold-schwarzeneggers-wife-attended-his-secret-lovechilds-christening-25-ncx-20110526. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
^ Selim Algar & Todd Venezia (May 26, 2011). "Housekeeper's son never knew Arnold was his dad". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/kindergarten_pop_mystery_3H4kdL54TfJRm5plyP6PfL#ixzz1MzdOb09J. Retrieved May 26, 2011.
^ "Schwarzenegger: I fathered a secret child". MSNBC. May 17, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43057177/ns/us_news-life/t/schwarzenegger-i-fathered-secret-child/. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ "Schwarzenegger Reportedly Fired Housekeeper 4 Weeks Ago". CBS. http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2011/05/18/schwarzenegger-reportedly-bought-housekeeper-4-bedroom-home. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ "Ex-husband of Schwarzenegger's mistress speaks out". Express.co.uk. May 25, 2011. http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/248741/Ex-husband-of-Schwarzenegger-mistress-speaks-out. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Ex-husband of Schwarzenegger's lover plans to sue (AFP) May 29, 2011
^ "Legal News Headlines". Research.lawyers.com. http://research.lawyers.com/news-headline/Likely-course-divorce--Shrivers-hire-of-powerhouse-lawyer-doesnt-bode-well-for-marriage-l:1421379567.html?method=rss. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger Officially Hires Attorney Bob Kaufman, Hammers Out Divorce Deets with Maria Shriver". TMZ.com. http://www.tmz.com/2011/06/01/arnold-schwarzenegger-officially-hires-divorce-lawyer-bob-kaufman-maria-shriver-laura-wasser-scandal-love-child-mildred-patty-baena/. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Reich, Ashley (7/8/11). "Schwarzenegger-Shriver Divorce: Settlement Decides Who Gets House, Kids". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/08/schwarzenegger-shriver-divorce_n_893470.html.
^ "Ministry of Gossip". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/gossip/2011/07/christopher-schwarzenegger-maria-shriver-arnold.html. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
^ ^a ^b Zervos, Cassie (June 4, 2011). "Love rat Arnold Schwarzenegger cheated with me: Brigitte Nielsen". Herald Sun. Australia. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/world/love-rat-arnold-arnold-schwarzenegger-cheated-with-me-brigitte-nielsen/story-e6frf7lf-1226069058271. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ "Surgery Leaves Star Undimmed". The Free Library (Farlex). April 18, 1997. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NEWS+LITE+:+SURGERY+LEAVES+STAR+UNDIMMED-a083864140. Retrieved July 29, 2008.
^ Starnes, Dr. Vaughn A. (March 8, 2001). "Renowned Cardiac Surgeon Proclaims Medical "Facts" In Article "Represent No Facts At All"". Archived from the original on May 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080523203941/http%3A//www.schwarzenegger.com/en/news/uptotheminute/news_uptotheminute_eng_legacy_18.asp%3Fsec%3Dnews%26subsec%3Duptotheminute. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
^ "Schwarzenegger Has Elective Heart Surgery". The New York Times. April 18, 1997. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6D9113FF93BA25757C0A961958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fS%2fSchwarzenegger%2c%20Arnold. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger, son get in motorcycle accident". USA Today. Associated Press. January 9, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-01-09-schwarzenegger-accident_x.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Movie Heroes to the (Real-Life) Rescue!". Netscape celebrity. April 10, 2004. http://channels.isp.netscape.com/celebrity/becksmith.jsp?p=bsf_heroesrescue. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
^ "No Charges Against Schwarzenegger". http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10811025/. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ Navarro, Mireya (July 7, 2006). "Schwarzenegger Finally Gets a License". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/07/us/07arnold.html?_r=2&oref=slogin. Retrieved February 2, 2011.
^ "Calif. Gov. Schwarzenegger Breaks Leg in Skiing Accident in Idaho". Associated Press. FOX News. December 24, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,238562,00.html. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Schwarzenegger cleared to resume duties after surgery". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 2006.
^ Santa Cruz, Nicole (June 19, 2009). "Governor's plane makes emergency landing in Van Nuys". The Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/06/governors-plane-makes-emergency-landing-in-van-nuys.html. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
^ Williams, Lance (August 17, 2003). "Schwarzenegger worth $100 million, experts say". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2003/08/17/TAXES.TMP. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ May 10, 2011 (May 10, 2011). "Arnold and Maria's Surprise Split: How Much is at Stake in Divorce?". Extratv.warnerbros.com. http://extratv.warnerbros.com/2011/05/arnold_and_marias_surprise_split_how_much_is_at_stake_in_divorce.php. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Matthews, Mark (April 15, 2006). "Gov. Schwarzenegger's Tax Returns Released". Abclocal.go.com. http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/politics&id=4085877. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
^ Fleming, Charles (1999). High concept: Don Simpson and the Hollywood Culture of Excess. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-4262-9.
^ "Thanks to Arnold, California to Pave the Hydrogen Highway". BMW World. http://www.usautoparts.net/bmw/hydrogen/schwarzenegger.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ Wickell, Dale. "HUMMER H2H Hydrogen Powered Experimental Vehicle". About.com. http://trucks.about.com/od/hybridcar/a/hummer_h2h.htm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger Charity: Special Olympics, After-School All-Stars". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2006/05/04/cx_me_0505featslide_8.html?thisSpeed=undefined. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ "Arnold Schwarzenegger Charity Work, Events and Causes". http://www.looktothestars.org/celebrity/12-arnold-schwarzenegger. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Board of Directors". http://www.afterschoolallstars.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=enJJKMNpFmG&b=854711&ct=1126543. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ "After-School All-Stars, Los Angeles". http://www.la-allstars.org/index.php/about-joomla. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
^ "How Vancouver almost lost the 2010 Olympics —Vancouver 2010 Olympics". Toronto: Olympics.thestar.com. February 12, 2010. http://olympics.thestar.com/2010/article/764519--how-vancouver-almost-lost-the-2010-olympics. Retrieved March 8, 2010.
^ "Graz removes Schwarzenegger name". BBC News. December 26, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4560182.stm. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
^ "And ... here's Arnold's Run". http://www.mtexpress.com/2001/01-12-05/01-12-05arnoldsrun.htm. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
^ "Strudel, schnitzel shower Schwarzenegger at 60th birthday bash". USA Today. Associated Press. July 30, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-07-30-schwarzenegger_N.htm?csp=34. Retrieved April 18, 2008.

External links [link]

Find more about Arnold Schwarzenegger on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource

	California portal
	Biography portal

Arnold Schwarzenegger official website
Office of Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger official California government site
Arnold Schwarzenegger official constituency site
Arnold Schwarzenegger Museum official museum site
Biography at the National Governors Association
Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
Campaign contributions at FollowTheMoney.org
Appearances on C-SPAN programs
Appearances on Charlie Rose programs
Appearances at the Internet Movie Database
Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Collected news and commentary at The Guardian
Works by or about Arnold Schwarzenegger in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Profile at Notable Names Database
Arnold Schwarzenegger: Wild Years – slideshow by Life magazine
Complete text, audio, video of Governor Schwarzenegger's 2004 Republican National Convention Address AmericanRhetoric.com
Complete text and audio of Governor Schwarzenegger's Speech to the United Nations on Global Climate Change AmericanRhetoric.com, September 24, 2007
Archive of Correspondence pertaining to Governor Schwarzenegger and same-sex marriage AB 43 Project
Arnold Schwarzenegger at the Open Directory Project

Party political offices
Preceded by Bill Simon	Republican nominee for Governor of California 2003, 2006	Succeeded by Meg Whitman
Political offices
Preceded by Gray Davis	Governor of California 2003–2011	Succeeded by Jerry Brown

v t e Governors of California

Pre-statehood	de Portolà Fages Rivera de Neve Fages Roméu Arrillaga Borica Alberní Arrillaga J. Argüello Solá L. Argüello Echeandía Victoria P. Pico Zamorano / Echeandía Figueroa Castro Gutierrez Chico Gutierrez Alvarado Carrillo Alvarado Micheltorena P. Pico Flores A. Pico Ide Sloat Stockton Frémont Kearny Mason Smith Riley

Statehood	Burnett McDougall Bigler J. Johnson Weller Latham Downey Stanford Low Haight Booth Pacheco Irwin Perkins Stoneman Bartlett Waterman Markham Budd Gage Pardee Gillett H. Johnson Stephens Richardson Young Rolph Merriam Olson Warren Knight P. Brown Reagan J. Brown Deukmejian Wilson Davis Schwarzenegger J. Brown

Pre-Statehood list Statehood list Statehood list by time in office Statehood list by age

Kennedy family

Ancestors of

Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr. (1888–1969)	James Kennedy and Maria Kennedy parents of --- Patrick Kennedy (m.) Bridget Murphy parents of ------ P. J. Kennedy (m.) Mary Augusta Hickey parents of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.

Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald (1890–1995)	Philip and Mary Cox Thomas Fitzgerald and Rosanna Cox Michael Hannon and Mary Ann Fitzgerald John Francis "Honey Fitz" Fitzgerald (m.) Mary Josephine Hannon parents of Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy

Children of

Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy

(in birth order) Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr.
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (m.) Jacqueline Lee Bouvier
Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy
Kathleen Agnes Kennedy (m.) William John Robert Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington
Eunice Mary Kennedy (m.) Robert Sargent Shriver, Jr.
Patricia Kennedy (m./div.) Peter Lawford
Robert Francis Kennedy (m.) Ethel Skakel
Jean Ann Kennedy (m.) Stephen Edward Smith
Edward Moore Kennedy (m./div. 1st) Virginia Joan Bennett; (m. 2nd) Victoria Anne Reggie

Descendants
(in birth order)

Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Jr. (1915–1944)	None

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917–1963)	Arabella Kennedy Caroline Bouvier Kennedy (m.) Edwin Arthur Schlossberg John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. (m.) Carolyn Jeanne Bessette Patrick Bouvier Kennedy

Rose Marie Kennedy (1918–2005)	None

Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (1920–1948)	None

Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921–2009)	Robert Sargent Shriver III (m.) Malissa Feruzzi Maria Owings Shriver (m./div.) Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger Timothy Perry Shriver (m.) Linda Potter Mark Kennedy Shriver (m.) Jeannie Eileen Ripp Anthony Paul Kennedy Shriver (m.) Alina Mojica

Patricia Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006)	Christopher Kennedy Lawford Sydney Maleia Kennedy Lawford Victoria Francis Lawford Robin Elizabeth Lawford

Robert Francis Kennedy (1925–1968)	Kathleen Hartington Kennedy (m.) David Lee Townsend Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (m./div. 1st) Sheila Brewster Rauch; (m. 2nd) Anne Elizabeth "Beth" Kelly Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr. (m./div. 1st) Emily Ruth Black (m. 2nd) Mary Richardson David Anthony Kennedy Mary Courtney Kennedy (m/div. 1st) Jeffrey Robert Ruhe; (m./sep. 2nd) Paul Michael Hill Michael LeMoyne Kennedy (m.) Victoria Denise Gifford Mary Kerry Kennedy (m./div.) Andrew Mark Cuomo Christopher George Kennedy (m.) Sheila Sinclair Berner Matthew Maxwell Taylor Kennedy (m.) Victoria Anne Strauss Douglas Harriman Kennedy (m.) Molly Elizabeth Stark Rory Elizabeth Katherine Kennedy (m.) Mark Bailey

Jean Kennedy Smith (born 1928)	Stephen Edward Smith, Jr. William Kennedy Smith Amanda Mary Smith Kym Maria Smith

Edward Moore Kennedy (1932–2009)	Kara Anne Kennedy (m.) Michael Allen Edward Moore Kennedy, Jr. (m.) Katherine Anne "Kiki" Gershman Patrick Joseph Kennedy (m.) Amy Petitgout

m. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.

MTV Movie Award for Best Performance

Arnold Schwarzenegger / Linda Hamilton (1992)
Denzel Washington / Sharon Stone (1993)
Tom Hanks / Janet Jackson (1994)
Brad Pitt / Sandra Bullock (1995)
Jim Carrey / Alicia Silverstone (1996)
Tom Cruise / Claire Danes (1997)
Leonardo DiCaprio / Neve Campbell (1998)
Jim Carrey / Cameron Diaz (1999)
Keanu Reeves / Sarah Michelle Gellar (2000)
Tom Cruise / Julia Roberts (2001)
Will Smith / Nicole Kidman (2002)
Eminem / Kirsten Dunst (2003)
Johnny Depp / Uma Thurman (2004)
Leonardo DiCaprio / Lindsay Lohan (2005)
Jake Gyllenhaal (2006)
Johnny Depp (2007)
Will Smith / Ellen Page (2008)
Zac Efron / Kristen Stewart (2009)
Robert Pattinson / Kristen Stewart (2010)
Robert Pattinson / Kristen Stewart (2011)

http://wn.com/Arnold_Schwarzenegger

http://cs.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://id.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://es.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://ru.wn.com/Шварценеггер, Арнольд

http://nl.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://it.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://hi.wn.com/अर्नोल्ड श्वार्ज़नेगर

http://pl.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://fr.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://de.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

http://pt.wn.com/Arnold Schwarzenegger

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

For other people named Michael Penn, see Michael Penn (disambiguation).

Michael Penn
Born	(1958-08-01) August 1, 1958 (age 53) Greenwich Village, New York City, US
Genres	Alternative rock
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, composer, musician,
Instruments	Guitar, piano, bass, vocals
Years active	1990–present
Labels	RCA, Sony, Mimeograph
Associated acts	Doll Congress
Website	www.michaelpenn.com

Michael Penn (born August 1, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and composer. He is the eldest son of actor/director Leo Penn and actress Eileen Ryan, and the brother of actors Sean Penn and the late Chris Penn.

1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Discography
4 References
5 External links

Career [link]

Michael Penn is a critically acclaimed singer/songwriter and film composer.^[1] Prior to the release of his 1989 debut album March, Penn was a member of the Los Angeles band Doll Congress, and had appeared as an extra on a few television series, including St. Elsewhere.

March, particularly the first single, "No Myth," brought Penn attention, as well as the 1990 MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist. Penn's follow-up albums Free-for-All (1992), Resigned (1997) MP4: Days Since a Lost Time Accident (2000 ) Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (2005) and Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea (2007) weren't able to match the commercial success of March, although critics continued to praise his songcraft.

It was with Free-for-All that Penn faced the specter of the one-hit wonder. The album, while praised by critics, was not as successful as Penn's debut, though it had more than its share of supporters. Rolling Stone called it "stunning"^[2] and CMJ wrote that the album "exhausts any doubts" about whether March was a fluke.^[3]

In Vox magazine, critic Gary Leboff acknowledged that Penn could be "pig-headedly uncommercial," but, he conceded, "the payoff is sublime". Leboff continues, "His freeform songwriting creates tracks of startling shape and originality, offering literate reflections on the human condition..."^{[citation needed]}

Penn collaborated with the renowned surrealist animators The Brothers Quay on "Long Way Down (Look What The Cat Drug In)," which found a home not on MTV but in film festivals around the country, winning awards along the way.

He has worked extensively creating original music for film; among his first work in this field (if not the first) was for 1993's Tales From the Vienna Woods. He scored two movies released by Paul Thomas Anderson in 1997, Hard Eight and Boogie Nights; he also appears in the latter in a cameo role playing Nick, a recording engineer. During the editing of the film, Anderson directed a music video with Penn for "Try" from Resigned (the video can be found on the Boogie Nights DVD). Other films scored by Penn include Alan Cumming's first two directorial efforts, The Anniversary Party and Suffering Man's Charity;^[4] American Teen, Sunshine Cleaning;^[5] the documentary The Comedians of Comedy; and The Last Kiss. In 2003, he was nominated for a DVDX Award for Best Original Score in a DVD Premiere Movie for Melvin Goes to Dinner.^[6]

In August 2005, Penn released Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 on his own Mimeograph Records label. Its songs are set against the background of post-World War II Los Angeles; Penn said he chose the year because of several notable events that took place then, including the passage of the National Security Act and the invention of the transistor.^[7] The album was reissued by Legacy Recordings in April 2007 with bonus tracks from a KCRW session.^[8]

The reissue came in conjunction with Legacy's release of Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea: A Michael Penn Collection, a compilation that includes several alternate versions and previously unreleased songs. Penn said his goal in compiling, ordering tracks for and producing Palms and Runes was to "make it feel like an album" in its own right.^{[citation needed]}

In late 2009, Penn composed the music for the film That Evening Sun.^[9]

In 2012 Penn composed music for the HBO TV show "Girls".^[10]

Personal life [link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2011)

Penn met fellow singer-songwriter Aimee Mann, and during the recording of her album I'm With Stupid (to which Penn contributed), the two struck up a friendship, which blossomed into romance and their December 29, 1997 marriage. Together with manager Michael Hausman they formed United Musicians, an anti-file-sharing, pro-strict-copyright-law organization also interested in helping artists with the promotion and distribution of their work. Penn and Mann live in Los Angeles.

Discography [link]

Solo albums [link]

March (1989) US #31
Free-For-All (1992) US #160
Resigned (1997)
MP4: Days Since a Lost Time Accident (2000)
Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (independent release) (2005)
Cinemascope (2005)
Palms and Runes, Tarot and Tea: A Michael Penn Collection (2007)
Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 (Legacy reissue) (2007)

Singles [link]

Year	Title	Chart positions			Album
Year	Title	US Hot 100	US Modern Rock	UK	Album
1989	"No Myth"	13	4	-	March
1990	"This & That"	53	10	-
1990	"Brave New World"	-	20	-
1992	"Long Way Down (Look What the Cat Drug In)"	-	14	-	Free-For-All
1992	"Seen the Doctor"	-	5	-	Free-For-All
1997	"Try"	-	-	-	Resigned
	"Me Around"	-	-	-
	"Out Of My Hands"	-	-	-
2000	"Lucky One"	-	-	-	MP4

With Gabriele Morgan and Doll Congress/Doll Congress [link]

Buried Treasure (5-song EP) (1981)
Doll Congress 12" (1983)
"Give Up Your Ghost" (sung by Morgan) and "I Will Be Around" (sung by Penn) appear on the soundtrack to Welcome to 18 (1986)

Appearances [link]

"Retribution" (guitar solo) on Randell Kirsch, LuAnn Olson and Chris Hickey's Show Of Hands (I.R.S. 1989)
"Body and Soul?" (backing vocals) on Thelonious Monster's Beautiful Mess (1992)
"It's Not Safe" (guitar, solo guitar) on Aimee Mann's I'm With Stupid (1995)
"Christmastime", with Aimee Mann on Just Say Noel (1996)
"Ain't Talkin' 'Bout Love", with Mark Mothersbaugh on The Moog Cookbook's Ye Olde Space Bande (1997)
"Macy Day Parade" on Godzilla: The Album (1998)
"Reason to Believe", with Aimee Mann on Badlands: A Tribute To Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska (2000)
"Wise Up" (Produced) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
"How Am I Different", "Susan" (backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
"Red Vines" (slide guitar) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
"Satellite" (guitar feedback, backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
"Driving Sideways" (electric guitar, backing vocals) on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
"Susan" (guitar), on Aimee Mann's Bachelor No. 2 (2000)
Co-produced The Wallflowers' (Breach) (2000)
"Two of Us", with Aimee Mann on I Am Sam (2001)
"It's Sweet", "Little Digger" (produced, recorded by, guitar, bass) on Liz Phair's self-titled fourth album (2003)
"Red Light Fever", "Take A Look", "Friend Of Mine" (produced, recorded by, guitar) on Liz Phair (2003)

Film Scores [link]

Tales From The Vienna Woods (1993)
Hard Eight (originally titled Sydney), with Jon Brion (1996)
Boogie Nights (1997)
The Anniversary Party (2001)
Melvin Goes to Dinner (2003)
The Comedians of Comedy (2005)
The Last Kiss (2006)
Suffering Man's Charity (2007)
American Teen (2008)
Sunshine Cleaning (2008)
That Evening Sun (2009)
Bollywood Hero (2009)
Solitary Man (2010)

Acting [link]

St. Elsewhere (playing a lab technician, as an extra) (1985)
Boogie Nights (Nick, an engineer) (1997)

References [link]

^ [1], AMG.
^ No. 4 and counting Critically acclaimed, commercially snubbed, Michael Penn tries again, CNN Interactive
^ Michael Penn: Free-For-All, CMJ Review
^ Glucksman, Mary. Five new films in postproduction, Filmmaker Magazine. Spring 2006.
^ Michael Penn Filmography, Yahoo! Movies.
^ DVD Exclusive Awards: 2003, IMDB.
^ Michael Penn's Much Anticipated Mr. Hollywood Jr., 1947 in Stores August 2, press release. 2005-05-04.
^ Michael Penn, Morning Becomes Eclectic, KCRW. 2005-10-07.
^ "ThatEveningSun". ThatEveningSun. http://thateveningsun.com/. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
^ http://www.michaelpenn.com/?page_id=141

External links [link]

Michael Penn.com official site
Bunker Hill fan site
United Musicians
MySpace page
Discogs page
Michael Penn at the Internet Movie Database
Michael Penn at Allmusic

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Penn

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

Persondata
Name	Letterman, David
Alternative names	Letterman, Dave
Short description	American television personality
Date of birth	April 12, 1947
Place of birth	Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Schwarzenegger, Arnold
Alternative names	Schwarzenegger, Arnold Alois
Short description	Austrian-American bodybuilder, actor, politician
Date of birth	July 30, 1947
Place of birth	Thal, Austria
Date of death
Place of death

Persondata
Name	Penn, Michael
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	August 1, 1958
Place of birth	Greenwich Village, New York City, US
Date of death
Place of death

Branches of Mathematics

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Related Topics

Make changes yourself !

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

Related pages:

Contents

[edit] Late Night with David Letterman

[edit] Late Show with David Letterman

[edit] Extortion attempt and revelation of affairs

Related pages:

Contents