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1984
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AB de Villiers
Abraham Benjamin de Villiers (born 17 February 1984, Pretoria, Gauteng Province, South Africa) more commonly known by his initials AB is a cricketer who plays for South Africa and the Nashua Titans. He also plays for the Delhi DareDevils in the Indian Premier League.
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Adam Loewen
Adam Alexander Loewen (born April 9, 1984 in Surrey, British Columbia) is an outfielder and first baseman in the Toronto Blue Jays organization. He bats and throws left-handed. He was formerly a pitcher for the Baltimore Orioles.
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Adam Malik
Adam Malik (22 July 1917 – 5 September 1984) was Indonesia's third vice president, a senior diplomat, and one of the pioneers of Indonesian journalism.
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African-American
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Ahmed Sékou Touré
Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmen Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922 – March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the liberation of the country from France.
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Ai Iwamura
, also known as is a Japanese actress.
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Alan Berg
Alan Berg (January 1934 – June 18, 1984) was a Jewish American attorney and Denver, Colorado talk radio show host. Berg was notable for his largely liberal viewpoints.
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Alan Hutton
Alan Hutton (born 30 November 1984 in Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish professional footballer who currently plays as a right back for Tottenham Hotspur and also the Scottish national team.
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Alessandra De Rossi
Alessandra Tiotangco Schiavone , better known by her stage name Alessandra De Rossi or Alex de Rossi (born on July 19, 1984 in England, United Kingdom), is an award-winning Italian-Filipina actress. She is the younger sister of actress Assunta De Rossi.
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Alex Smith
Alexander Douglas Smith (born May 7, 1984 in ) is a professional American football quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. Smith was drafted with the 1st-overall pick in the 1st round of the 2005 NFL Draft by San Francisco from the University of Utah.
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Alexander Farnerud
Alexander Farnerud (born 1 May 1984 in Helsingborg) is a Swedish footballer who currently plays for Brøndby IF in the Danish first division, as a midfielder.
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Alexander Trocchi
Alexander Whitelaw Robertson Trocchi (30 July 1925 – 15 April 1984) was a Scottish novelist.
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Alexis Korner
Alexis Korner (19 April 1928 — 1 January 1984) was a pioneering blues musician and broadcaster who has sometimes been referred to as "the Founding Father of British Blues". A major influence on the sound of the British music scene in the 1960s, Korner was instrumental in bringing together various English blues musicians.
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Alfred A. Knopf, Sr.
Alfred Abraham Knopf, Sr. (September 12, 1892 – August 11, 1984) was a leading American publisher of the 20th century, and founder of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.. His contemporaries included the likes of Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer, and (of the previous generation) Frank Nelson Doubleday, J. Henry Harper and Henry Holt. Knopf paid special attention to the quality of printing, binding, and design in his books, and earned a reputation as a purist in both content and presentation.
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Alfred Kastler
Alfred Kastler (May 3, 1902 – January 7, 1984) was a Alsacien physicist, and Nobel Prize laureate.
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Alicia Hollowell
Alicia Kay Hollowell (born February 29, 1984) is a former All-American athlete who was born in Suisun, California and attended Fairfield High School from 1998 to 2002; her parents are Doug and Suzanne Hollowell, and her siblings are Doug Jr., Bryan, Erica and Caroline. She pitched for the University of Arizona Wildcats from 2003 to 2006, collecting 144 career wins (the fourth most in NCAA Division I history) and 1,768 strikeouts (the fifth most in NCAA Division I history). She currently holds the University of Arizona Wildcats records for career wins and career strikeouts, and once held the NCAA Softball World Series strikeout record, and won the 2006 NCAA Softball World Series title. She was drafted by Arizona Heat in the National Pro Fastpitch but went on to play for the Akron Racers in the 2007 season, leading them to the championship series before serving as an alternate for the Olympic softball team in 2008.
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Alizée Jacotey
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Alvin Banks
Alvin Banks II (born August 25, 1984 in Hampton, Virginia) is an American football running back who is currently a free agent. He was originally signed by the Jets as an undrafted free agent in 2007. He played college football at James Madison.
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Amelia Vega
Amelia Vega Polanco (born November 7, 1984 in Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic) became the first Dominican woman to be named Miss Universe, in 2003. At the age of 18, she was the youngest winner since 1994.
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Amelle Berrabah
Amelle Berrabah (born 22 April 1984) is a British singer and member of the girl group Sugababes. Since replacing Mutya Buena in December 2005, as a Sugababe Berrabah has attained two UK number one singles, "About You Now" and "Walk This Way", and a number one album, Change. Berrabah also achieved a solo number one in 2009 after featuring on Tinchy Stryder's single "Never Leave You".
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America Ferrera
America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American actress who is known for playing the lead role in the television series Ugly Betty. She also starred in the movies Real Women Have Curves, Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants, its sequel Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2, and The Dry Land, and had a small role in the skateboard biopic Lords of Dogtown (2005).
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Andre Iguodala
Andre Tyler Iguodala (born January 28, 1984), is an American professional basketball player who plays shooting guard for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association. His nicknames are A.I. 2 and Iggy. He was named A.I. 2 after Allen Iverson, as his nickname is A.I. He is known for his high vertical jump and for his dunks.
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Andrea Casiraghi
Andrea Albert Pierre Casiraghi (born 8 June 1984) is the first of three children born to Princess Caroline of Monaco, The Princess of Hanover and her second husband, the late Stefano Casiraghi, an heir to an Italian oil fortune. He is currently second in line to the throne after his mother, meaning that if the currently reigning Prince Albert II dies without legitimate children, then Casiraghi is likely to adopt the surname Grimaldi and someday be the Prince of Monaco. His maternal grandparents were Prince Rainier III of Monaco and Grace Kelly.
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Andrea Leeds
Andrea Leeds (August 14, 1914 – May 21, 1984) was an American film actress. A popular supporting player of the late 1930s, Leeds was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Stage Door (1937). She was progressing to leading roles, when she retired from acting following her marriage in 1939, and was later a successful horse breeder.
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Andreas Kofler
MedalCountry|
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Andrew Bogut
Andrew Michael Bogut (born 28 November 1984) is an Australian professional basketball player. He plays for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association.
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Andrés Iniesta
Andrés Iniesta Luján (; born 11 May 1984 in Fuentealbilla, Albacete, Castile-La Mancha) is a World Cup-winning Spanish football midfielder who currently plays for Spanish La Liga club FC Barcelona. His willingness to play anywhere on the pitch, coupled with a natural humility, has earned him the sobriquet El Ilusionista (The Dreamer), El Cerebro (The Brain), El Caballero Pálido (The Pale Knight) and most recently Don Andrés from the Spanish press. After the 2009 UEFA Champions League Final, Manchester United striker Wayne Rooney stated that he believed the midfielder to be the best player in the world. His current contract with Barcelona runs until 2015. Iniesta scored the winning goal for Spain in the 116th minute of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Final against the Netherlands and was the Man of the Match for the game.
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Andy Kaufman
Andrew Geoffrey "Andy" Kaufman (January 17, 1949 – May 16, 1984) was an American entertainer, actor and performance artist. While often referred to as a comedian, Kaufman did not consider himself one.He is quoted in [http://movies.nytimes.com/person/37092/Andy-Kaufman/biography The New York Times] as saying: "I am not a comic, I have never told a joke...The comedian's promise is that he will go out there and make you laugh with him...My only promise is that I will try to entertain you as best I can. I can manipulate people's reactions. There are different kinds of laughter. Gut laughter is where you don't have a choice, you've got to laugh. Gut laughter doesn't come from the intellect. And it's much harder for me to evoke now, because I'm known. They say, 'Oh wow, Andy Kaufman, he's a really funny guy.' But I'm not trying to be funny. I just want to play with their heads." He disdained telling jokes and engaging in comedy as it was traditionally understood, referring to himself instead as a "song-and-dance man".
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Ann Little
Ann Little (February 7, 1891 – May 21, 1984) was an American film actress whose career was most prolific during the silent film era of the early 1910s through the early 1920s.
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Anna Bessonova
Anna Bessonova (; ) (born July 29, 1984) is an Individual Rhythmic Gymnast who was born in Kiev, Ukraine. Her father is the Dynamo Kiev football player Vladimir Bessonov and her mother, Viktoria, was a two time world champion group rhythmic gymnast.
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Anna Nalick
Anna Christine Nalick (born March 30, 1984, in Glendora, California), is an American singer-songwriter. Her debut album, Wreck of the Day, featuring her first radio hit, "Breathe (2 AM)," was released on April 19, 2005. Nalick left her label under Sony in 2009 after a falling out surrounding the release of her long-anticipated second album. Nalick is currently independently recording another record with producer Nathan Chapman, expected for release in 2011.
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Ansel Adams
Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park. One of his most famous photographs was Moon and Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, California.
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Anthony Berry
The Hon. Sir Anthony George Berry (12 February 1925 – 12 October 1984) was a British politician, the Conservative Member of Parliament for Enfield Southgate, and a Whip in Margaret Thatcher's government. He was killed in the Brighton hotel bombing.
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Anthony Le Tallec
Anthony Le Tallec (born 3 October 1984 in Hennebont) is a French football player who currently plays for Auxerre. He plays as a forward or attacking midfielder.
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António Variações
António Joaquim Rodrigues Ribeiro, (December 3, 1944 – June 13, 1984) was a Portuguese singer and songwriter. Despite his short-lived career, due to his premature death at the age of thirty-nine, he would, under the stage name of António Variações, become one of the most culturally significant performing artists of recent Portuguese history. His recorded works blended contemporary music genres with traditional Portuguese rhythms and melodies, creating music which for many is symbolic of the liberalization that occurred in Portuguese society after the Carnation Revolution of 1974. The original and provocative nature of his recorded works has led to him being widely recognized as one of the most innovative artists in the recent history of Portuguese popular music.
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Arjen Robben
Arjen Robben (; born 23 January 1984) is a Dutch footballer who plays for the German Bundesliga club Bayern Munich. Though often classified as a forward, he usually plays behind the forwards (inside position) as a winger, and he is also known for his dribbling skills. He is also a part of the Netherlands national team and has appeared at Euro 2004, the 2006 World Cup, Euro 2008 and at the 2010 World Cup.
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Arthur Schwartz
Arthur Schwartz (November 25, 1900 – September 3, 1984) was an American composer and film producer.
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Asami Kimura
(born July 17, 1984 in Tomakomai, Hokkaidō, Japan) is a J-pop singer and former member of Hello! Project. She joined the group Country Musume in 2000 and became the group leader in 2002. She also played on the Gatas Brilhantes H.P. futsal team. She graduated from Hello! Project on January 28, 2007. She is currently living in Tokyo, Japan, and according to her graduation speech, she would like to pursue a career involving animals.
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Ashlee Simpson
Ashlee Nicole Wentz (née Simpson; October 3, 1984) is an American pop singer-songwriter, dancer and actress. She is commonly known by Ashlee Simpson-Wentz. Simpson-Wentz, who is the younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson, rose to prominence in mid-2004 through the success of her number-one debut album Autobiography and the accompanying reality series The Ashlee Simpson Show. Simpson received widespread notoriety when she attempted to lip-sync with a pre-recorded vocal track on Saturday Night Live in October 2004.
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Asuka Fukuda
(born December 17, 1984) is a Japanese pop singer, and she was a member of Morning Musume from 1997 until April 18, 1999.
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Aubrey Plaza
Aubrey Plaza (born June 26, 1984) is an American actress and comedienne who currently co-stars as April Ludgate on the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation.
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Basshunter
Jonas Erik Altberg (born 22 December 1984), better known by the pseudonym Basshunter, is a Swedish producer and singer-songwriter, best known for his number one hits "Boten Anna" and "Now You're Gone". Basshunter has so far released a total of five albums, two of which have been released in the United Kingdom, and a total of 14 singles. His latest U.K. single, "Saturday," was released on 18 July 2010. He has also competed in hit reality TV show Celebrity Big Brother in January 2010.
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Beatrice Bofia
Beatrice Balana Bofia (born November 9, 1984 in Bafia, Cameroon) is a Cameroonian American collegiate basketball player, currently playing for the University of Arizona The Arizona Wildcats. She is the older twin sister of Suzy Bofia.
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Ben Lovejoy
Benjamin N. Lovejoy (born February 20, 1984) is a professional ice hockey defenseman currently with the Pittsburgh Penguins organization.
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Bernard Youens
Bernard Arthur Youens (born Bernard Arthur Popley, 28 December 1914 – 27 August 1984) was a British character actor, best remembered for his portrayal of the workshy, beer-swilling Stan Ogden in Coronation Street from 1964 until his death in 1984.
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Bernhard Goetz
Bernard Hugo Goetz, publicly known as Bernhard Goetz or as Bernie Goetz, is an American best known for shooting four young men whom he said were intent on mugging him, resulting in his conviction for illegal possession of a firearm. He came to symbolize New Yorkers’ frustrations with the high crime rates of the mid 1980s. The incident occurred on the Seventh Avenue 2 express subway train in Manhattan on . It sparked a nationwide debate on vigilantism, the perceptions of race and crime in major cities, and the legal limits of self-defense.
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Bess Flowers
Bess Flowers (November 23, 1898July 28, 1984) was an American actress. By some counts considered the most prolific actress in the history of Hollywood, she was known as "The Queen of the Hollywood Extras," appearing in over 700 movies in her 41 year career.
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Beverly Lynn Burns
Captain Beverly Lynn Burns was the first woman to captain the Boeing 747 jumbo jet. On the afternoon of July 18, 1984, Burns made her maiden voyage as Captain when she commanded People Express aircraft 604 from Newark International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport.
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Big Mama Thornton
Willie Mae "Big Mama" Thornton (December 11, 1926 – July 25, 1984) was an American rhythm and blues singer and songwriter. She was the first to record the hit song "Hound Dog" in 1952. The song was #1 on the Billboard R&B; charts for seven weeks. The B-side was "They Call Me Big Mama," and the single sold almost two million copies. Three years later, Elvis Presley recorded his version, based on a version performed by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys. In a similar occurrence, she wrote and recorded "Ball 'n' Chain," which became a hit for her. Janis Joplin later recorded "Ball and Chain," and was a huge success in the late 1960s.
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Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.
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Brady Quinn
Brayden Tyler "Brady" Quinn (born October 27, 1984 in Columbus, Ohio) is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League. Quinn was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Notre Dame.
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Brandon Browner
Brandon Browner (born August 2, 1984) is a cornerback for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.
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Brandon Roy
Brandon Dawayne Roy (born July 23, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association. He was selected sixth in the 2006 NBA Draft, having completed four years playing for the Washington Huskies. In 2009, he serves as the team's co-captain, along with LaMarcus Aldridge. His nickname is "B-Roy", but he is also referred to as "The Natural" by announcer Brian Wheeler.
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Brett Novek
Brett Michael Novek (born April 26, 1984) is an American male fashion model and actor. He is a campaign level model for Papi Underwear and appears on their product packaging and sales and promotional material. In 2007, he was a contestant in season one of VH1's reality competition television program ''America's Most Smartest Model'', in which he placed fourth.
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Brian Joubert
Brian Joubert (born September 20, 1984) is a French figure skater. He is the 2007 World Champion, a three-time (2004, 2007 & 2009) European champion, a six-time (2003–2008) French National champion, and the 2006 Grand Prix champion.
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Brian Mulroney
Martin Brian Mulroney, PC, CC, GOQ (; born March 20, 1939) was the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17, 1984, to June 25, 1993 and was leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada from 1983 to 1993. His tenure as Prime Minister was marked by the introduction of highly contentious economic reforms, such as the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the failure of equally contentious constitutional reforms through the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords. Prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal.
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Brooks Atkinson
Justin Brooks Atkinson (November 28, 1894 – January 14, 1984) was an American theatre critic. He worked for The New York Times from 1925 to 1960. In his obituary, the Times called him "the most important reviewer of his time."
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Bruce McCandless II
Bruce McCandless II (born June 8, 1937 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a former naval aviator with the United States Navy and former NASA astronaut. During the first of his two Space Shuttle missions he made the first untethered, free flight using the Manned Maneuvering Unit.
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Bérengère Schuh
Bérengère Schuh (born June 13, 1984 in Auxerre) is an athlete from France. She competes in archery.
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Carah Faye Charnow
Carah Faye Charnow (born August 3, 1984, in Santa Barbara, California) is an American singer and songwriter. She was formerly the female vocalist of the band Shiny Toy Guns (2004-2008), with whom she scored a Grammy nomination, and is currently the frontwoman/vocalist of the band Versant.
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Carl Ferdinand Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori (December 5, 1896 – October 20, 1984) was an Czech biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague (then in Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic) who, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how glycogen (animal starch) – a derivative of glucose – is broken down and resynthesized in the body, for use as a store and source of energy. In 2004 both were designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism.[http://acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/glucose/glucose.html]
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Carlo Rubbia
Carlo Rubbia (born on 31 March 1934 in Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
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Carlos Tévez
Football biography 2
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Carmelo Anthony
Carmelo Kiyan Anthony (born May 29, 1984), nicknamed "Melo", is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Denver Nuggets in the National Basketball Association (NBA). After a successful high school career at Towson Catholic High School and Oak Hill Academy, Anthony attended Syracuse University for college where he led the Orangemen to their first National Championship in 2003. He earned the tournament's Most Outstanding Player award and was named the Most Valuable Player of NCAA East Regional. After one season at Syracuse University, Anthony left college to enter the 2003 NBA Draft, where he was selected as the third pick by the Nuggets.
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Cassie Hager
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Cesar Chavez
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Cesar Climaco
Cesar Cortez Climaco (February 28, 1916 — November 14, 1984) was a Filipino politician who served as mayor of Zamboanga City for 11 years. A prominent critic of the martial law regime of Ferdinand Marcos, he was famed for his toughness in governance and colorful personality. He is also famous for his refusal to cut his hair until democratic rule was restored in the Philippines. He was assassinated in 1984.
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Chad Power
Chad Thomas Power (born January 30, 1984 in Ventura County, California) is a black belt, who starred in 3 Ninjas and 3 Ninjas Knuckle Up.
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Charl Schwartzel
Charl Adriaan Schwartzel (born 31 August 1984) is a South African professional golfer who plays on the European Tour and the Sunshine Tour.
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Charlie Lau
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Charlie Villanueva
Charlie Alexander Villanueva (born August 24, 1984 in Queens, New York City) is an Dominican-American basketball player who currently plays for the Detroit Pistons.
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Cheryl Burke
Cheryl Bautista Burke (born May 3, 1984) is a professional dancer. She is best known for being the first two-time champion of ABC's American version of Dancing with the Stars.
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Chiaki Kuriyama
(born October 10, 1984) is a Japanese actress and model. She is best known in the West for her performance as Gogo Yubari in Quentin Tarantino's Kill Bill, Volume I, and her role in the Japanese film Battle Royale.
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Chris Bosh
Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984) is an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Miami Heat.
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Chris Brunt
Christopher "Chris" Brunt (born 14 December 1984 in Belfast) is a Northern Irish footballer who plays for English Premier League side West Bromwich Albion and the Northern Irish national football team.
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Chris Egan (actor)
Christopher Andrew "Chris" Egan (born 29 June 1984) is an Australian actor probably best known for playing Nick Smith in the Australian soap opera Home and Away for three years. He most recently played David Shepherd on the NBC television drama Kings, heavily based on the Biblical story of King David and King Saul.
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Chris Lowell
Christopher "Chris" Lowell (born October 17, 1984) is an American television actor. He played the role of Stosh "Piz" Piznarski in the CW noir drama Veronica Mars and most recently played the character William "Dell" Parker in the ABC Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Private Practice.
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Chris Marquette
Chris Marquette (born October 3, 1984) is an American film and television actor.
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Christina DeRosa
Christina DeRosa (born December 17, 1984 in in Long Island, New York) is an American actress.
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Christine Hargreaves
Christine Hargreaves (22 March 1939 - 12 August 1984) was an English actress who was best known for appearing as the character Christine Hardman in the soap opera Coronation Street between 1960-1963.
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Christine Robinson
Christine Robinson (born May 17, 1984 in Pointe-Claire, Quebec) is a Canadian water polo player. She is a student at McGill University. She was part of the 7th place women's water polo team at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
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Claire Foy
Claire Foy (born 16 April 1984, Stockport) is a British actress, best-known for playing the title role in the BBC1 production of Little Dorrit.
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Claudio Bieler
Claudio Daniel Bieler (born March 1, 1984 in Vera, Santa Fe) is an Argentine football forward who currently plays for Racing Club de Avellaneda.
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Clay Buchholz
Clay Buchholz (born August 14, 1984 in ) is an All-Star Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. Most notably, on September 1, 2007, he threw a no-hitter in his second major league start against the Baltimore Orioles, becoming the third MLB pitcher since 1900 to throw a no-hitter in his first or second major league start. He is the first Red Sox rookie and 17th Red Sox pitcher to throw a no-hitter.
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Clyde Cook (actor)
Clyde Cook (16 December 1891 - 13 August 1984) was an Australian born actor whose career spanned the silent film era, talkies and television.
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Corey Sevier
Corey Daniel Sevier (born July 3, 1984) is a Canadian actor. He is perhaps best known for his role on the Fox television series North Shore as Gabriel McKay or as Timmy Cabot on the television series Lassie from the late 1990s.
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Count Basie
William "Count" Basie (August 21, 1904 – April 26, 1984) was an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. Basie led his jazz orchestra almost continuously for nearly 50 years. Many notable musicians came to prominence under his direction, including tenor saxophonists Lester Young and Herschel Evans, trumpeters Buck Clayton and Harry "Sweets" Edison and singers Jimmy Rushing and Joe Williams. Basie's theme songs were "One O'Clock Jump" and "April In Paris".
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Craig Beattie
Craig Beattie (born 16 January 1984) is a Scottish footballer who plays for Swansea City as a striker. His career has been hindered by injury proneness, in particular recurring hamstring problems.
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Cullen Jones
Cullen Jones (born February 29, 1984 in New York, New York) is an American freestyle sprint swimmer and Olympic gold medalist.
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César Milstein
César Milstein (8 October 1927 – 24 March 2002) was an Argentine biochemist in the field of antibody research. Milstein shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984 with Niels K. Jerne and Georges Köhler.
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Dana Davis
Dana Davis (born October 4, 1984) is an American actress, most notable for playing Felicia Jones on the ABC TV series The Nine and Lisa Hines in 2008's Prom Night and Chastity Church on the ABC Family television series 10 Things I Hate About You.
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Danay García
Danay García (born July 5, 1984) is a Cuban film actress. She played the role of Sofia Lugo in Fox network's drama series, Prison Break.
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Dani Woodward
Dani Woodward (born March 7, 1984) is the stage name of an American former pornographic actress.
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Daniel Agger
Daniel Munthe Agger (born 12 December 1984) is a Danish footballer, who plays as a central defender for Premier League side Liverpool. He started his senior career at Danish club Brøndby IF in July 2004, with whom he won the 2005 Danish Superliga championship. Since his international debut back in June 2005, he has been capped 37 times and has currently scored 3 goals for the Danish national team. He is known for starting attacks from the back, long distance passing skills and venemous shot.
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Danson Tang
Danson Tang (Chinese: 唐禹哲; Pinyin: Táng Yǔzhé; born September 2, 1984), is a Taiwanese actor and singer, who started his career as a model before pursuing an acting career and later singing. He is currently studying English in Hsing Wu's College.
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Darin Brooks
Darin Lee Brooks (born May 27, 1984) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Max Brady on Days of our Lives.
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Darren Bent
Darren Ashley Bent (born 6 February 1984) is an English footballer who plays for Sunderland as a striker.
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Darren Fletcher
Darren Barr Fletcher (born 1 February 1984 Dalkeith, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer who plays for Premier League club Manchester United. A product of United's youth academy, Fletcher initially struggled to break into the first- team but now regularly features in the midfield. He usually plays in central midfield or right midfield but can provide cover for the defence as well. The industrious player also captained the Scotland national team in the absence of then regular captain Barry Ferguson, making Fletcher one of the youngest players ever to captain Scotland at full international level. With Ferguson banned from international football after a breach of regulations, Fletcher was given the captain's armband in August 2009.
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David Gorcey
David Gorcey (February 6, 1921 – October 23, 1984) was an American actor and comedian best known as being a member of the comedy team of The Bowery Boys. He was the younger brother of Dead End Kids member Leo Gorcey.
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David Lange
Officeholder
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David Tavaré
:"Summerlove" redirects here. For the Justin Timberlake song, see Summer Love (Justin Timberlake song).
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David Von Erich
David Alan Adkisson (July 22, 1958 – February 10, 1984) was an American professional wrestler who competed as "The Yellow Rose of Texas" David Von Erich (of the Von Erich Family). He was the son of Fritz Von Erich and the brother of Jack Jr., Kerry, Kevin, Mike and Chris.
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Delta Goodrem
Delta Lea Goodrem (born 9 November 1984) is an Australian singer-songwriter, pianist, and actress. Signed to Sony at the age of 15, Goodrem rose to prominence in 2002, starring in the popular Australian soap Neighbours as Nina Tucker, and this assisted her establishing an international music career. Goodrem has achieved eight #1 singles in her home country including all three of her studio albums reaching #1. She currently holds the record for the highest selling album of the last decade and the most #1 singles from any debut album, with all five of her singles from her debut album Innocent Eyes reaching #1 on the ARIA charts. Her repertoire falls under the pop and adult contemporary styles, and heavily features the piano, which she usually plays barefoot while performing live.
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Denis Lortie
Denis Lortie is a former Canadian army corporal. In 1984, he stormed into the National Assembly of Quebec building and killed three Quebec government employees.
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Desmond Tutu
Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African activist and Christian cleric who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. He was the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa).
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Diana Mocanu
Diana Iuliana Mocanu (born July 19, 1984 in Brăila) is a former Romanian swimmer. She won gold medals in the 100 meter backstroke and the 200 meter backstroke at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She also won in the 200 meter backstroke at the 2001 World Aquatics Championships.
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Dom Mintoff
Dom Mintoff (born Dominic Mintoff, Maltese Duminku Mintoff; August 6, 1916) is the former leader of the Labour Party from 1949 to 1984, Prime Minister of Malta from 1955 to 1958 (when Malta was still a British crown colony) and again, post-Independence, from 1971 to 1984.
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Dorota Rabczewska
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Dr. John Buster
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Drew Hankinson
Andrew "Drew" Hankinson (born December 22, 1983) is an American professional wrestler currently signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) appearing on its Smackdown brand under the ring name Luke Gallows.
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Duffy (singer)
Aimée Ann Duffy (born 23 June 1984), known as Duffy, is a Welsh singer-songwriter and occasional actress. Her 2008 debut album Rockferry entered the UK Album Chart at number one. It was the best-selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008 with 1.68 million copies sold. The album was certified several times Platinum and sold over 6 million copies worldwide, spawning the hits "Mercy" and "Warwick Avenue". With "Mercy", Duffy became the first Welsh female in 25 years to achieve number-one on the UK Singles Chart.
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Ed Gein
Edward Theodore "Ed" Gein (; August 27, 1906 – July 26, 1984) was an American murderer and body snatcher. His crimes, which he committed around his hometown of Plainfield, Wisconsin, garnered widespread notoriety after authorities discovered Gein had exhumed corpses from local graveyards and fashioned trophies and keepsakes from their bones and skin.
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Edgar V. Saks
Edgar Valter Saks (January 25, 1910 Tartu – April 11, 1984, Montreal) was an Estonian statesman, amateur historian and author. He was Estonian Minister of Public Education in exile from May 8, 1971 until his death. His book "Estonian Vikings: a Treatise on Finno-Ugric Viking Activities" describes the ancient history of Estonians and other finno-ugric people living on the shores of the Baltic Sea. His etymological works provide information about prehistoric Estonian settlement in Northern Europe.
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Eleni Ioannou
Eleni Ioannou (January 13, 1984 - August 24, 2004) was a member of the Greek judo team. She was due to compete at the 2004 Summer Olympics.
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Emily Barclay
Emily Barclay (b. 24 October 1984, Plymouth, UK) is an English-born, New Zealand-based AFI award winning actress.
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Emma Lahana
Emma Kate Lahana (born June 27, 1984) is a New Zealand actress and singer, known for her role as Kira Ford on .
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Emmanuel Adebayor
Sheyi Emmanuel Adebayor (born 26 February 1984) is a Togolese professional footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester City in the Premier League. He played in the same position for the Togo national team before he announced his retirement from international football on 12 April 2010. Adebayor previously played for Metz, AS Monaco and Arsenal, and was voted African Footballer of the Year for 2008. In January 2010, Adebayor was one of the players involved when the Togo national team's bus came under a gunfire attack on the way to the African Cup of Nations in Angola.
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Enrico Berlinguer
Enrico Berlinguer () (25 May 1922 – 11 June 1984) was an Italian politician; he was national secretary of the Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano or PCI) from 1972 until his death.
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Eric Morecambe
John Eric Bartholomew OBE (14 May 1926 – 28 May 1984), known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the award-winning double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death of a heart attack in 1984. Eric took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe in Lancashire, England.
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Eric Staal
Eric Staal (born October 29, 1984) is a Canadian ice hockey player and the captain of the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League. He is the older brother of Jordan Staal, who is playing for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Marc Staal, who is playing for the New York Rangers, and Jared Staal, who was signed by Eric's team, the Hurricanes but is currently playing for the Ontario Hockey League's Sudbury Wolves.
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Ernest Laszlo
Ernest Laszlo, A.S.C. (April 23, 1898, Budapest – January 6, 1984, Los Angeles, California) was a Hungarian-American cinematographer for over 60 films, and was known for his frequent collaborations with directors Robert Aldrich and Stanley Kramer. He was a member of the American Society of Cinematographers, and was its president from 1972 to 1974.
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Ernest Tubb
Ernest Dale Tubb (February 9, 1914 – September 6, 1984), nicknamed the Texas Troubadour, was an American singer and songwriter and one of the pioneers of country music. His biggest career hit song, "Walking the Floor Over You" (1941), marked the rise of the honky tonk style of music. In 1948, he was the first singer to record a hit version of "Blue Christmas", a song more commonly associated with Elvis Presley and his mid-1950s version. Another well-known Tubb hit was "Waltz Across Texas" (1965), which became one of his most requested songs and is often used in dance halls throughout Texas during waltz lessons. In the early 1960s, he recorded duets with up-and-coming Loretta Lynn, including their hit "Sweet Thang". Tubb is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame.
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Estelle Winwood
Estelle Winwood (24 January 1883 — 20 June 1984) was an English stage and film actress who moved to the United States in mid-career and became celebrated for her longevity.
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Ethel Merman
Ethel Merman (January 16, 1908 – February 15, 1984) was an American actress and singer. Known primarily for her powerful voice and roles in musical theatre, she has been called "the undisputed First Lady of the musical comedy stage." Among the many standards introduced by Merman in Broadway musicals are "I Got Rhythm", "Everything's Coming Up Roses", "I Get a Kick Out of You", "It's De-Lovely", "Friendship", "You're the Top", "Anything Goes", and "There's No Business Like Show Business", which later became her theme song.
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Eva Marcille
Eva Marcille (born October 30, 1984) is an American actress, TV host and fashion model, who most recently played the role of Tyra Hamilton on the soap opera The Young and the Restless. She started her career by winning the third cycle of ''America's Next Top Model''.
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Fantasia Barrino
Fantasia Monique Barrino (born June 30, 1984) commonly known as Fantasia, is an American R&B;/pop singer, Broadway and television actress who rose to fame as the winner of the third season of the television series American Idol in 2004. She has been nominated for eight Grammy Awards. After playing the part of Celie in the Broadway musical The Color Purple, she has been cast to be in the film adaptation of the musical.
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Farveez Maharoof
Mohamed Farveez Maharoof (born 7 September, 1984 in Colombo) is a Sri Lankan cricketer who plays his club cricket for the Indian Premier League team of Delhi DareDevils.
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Felicity Jones
Felicity Jones (born 19 January 1984) is an English actress from Birmingham. She is best known to television audiences for her role as the school bully Ethel Hallow in the first series of The Worst Witch (she was replaced by Katie Allen for series two and three) and its sequel Weirdsister College. Jones also co-starred in Ricky Gervais & Stephen Merchant's feature Cemetery Junction.
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Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was 10th President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (1949–1959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (1959–1965). He was Senate President in 1963. He claimed to have led a guerrilla force called Ang Maharlika in northern Luzon during the Second World War, something much doubted however to be true. As Philippine president and strongman, his greatest achievement was in the fields of infrastructure development and international diplomacy. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations. He benefited from a large personality cult in the Philippines during his regime. In 1983, his government was implicated in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr.. The implication caused a chain of events, including a tainted presidential election that served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later alleged that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into alleged corporations during his 20 years in power.
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Fernando Torres
Fernando José Torres Sanz (; born 20 March 1984), nicknamed El Niño (The Kid in Spanish), is a Spanish footballer who plays for Liverpool and the Spain national team as a striker.
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Filip Šebo
Filip Finsen Šebo (born 24 February 1984) is a Slovakian footballer who currently plays for ŠK Slovan Bratislava.
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Flora Robson
Dame Flora McKenzie Robson DBE (28 March 19027 July 1984) was an English actress, renowned as a character actress, who played roles ranging from queens to villainesses.
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Frances Goodrich
Frances Goodrich (21 December 1890 – 29 January 1984) was an American dramatist and screenwriter, best-known for her collaborations with her partner and husband Albert Hackett.
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Frank Lowson
Frank Anderson Lowson (July 1, 1925, Bradford, Yorkshire – September 8, 1984, Pool-in-Wharfedale, Yorkshire) was an English cricketer who played in seven Tests from 1951 to 1955.
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François Truffaut
François Roland Truffaut (; (F77 pronunciation - True-font) 6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was an influential filmmaker and one of the founders of the French New Wave. In a film career lasting over a quarter of a century, he remains an icon of the French film industry. He was also a screenwriter, producer, and actor working on over twenty-five films. Along with Jean-Luc Godard, Truffaut was one of the most influential figures of the French New Wave, inspiring directors such as Steven Spielberg, Quentin Tarantino, Brian De Palma and Martin Scorsese.
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Fred Waring
Fredrick Malcolm Waring (June 9, 1900 – July 29, 1984) was a popular musician, bandleader and radio-television personality, sometimes referred to as "America's Singing Master" and "The Man Who Taught America How to Sing." He was also a promoter, financial backer and namesake of the Waring Blendor, the first modern electric blender on the market.
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Gabrielle Christian
Gabrielle Christian (born Gabrielle Christine Horchler; July 30, 1984) is an American actress probably best known for her portrayal of Spencer Carlin in The N original series South of Nowhere. In addition, she has guest starred on Drake & Josh, Windfall, Without a Trace, and What Should You Do?.
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Gareth Gates
Gareth Paul Gates (12 July 1984 in Bradford, UK), is a British singer. He was the runner-up in the first series of the ITV talent show Pop Idol. Gates has sold over 3.5 million records in the UK alone. He is also known for having a stutter, and has talked about his speech impediment publicly. Gates used the McGuire Programme to correct the problem and is now a speech coach with the programme.
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Garrett Hedlund
Garrett John Hedlund (born September 3, 1984) is an American actor known for his role in the movie Four Brothers and as Sam Flynn in the upcoming film .
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Garrett Wolfe
Garrett Wolfe (born August 17, 1984 in ) is an American football running back for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Bears in the third round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played his college football at Northern Illinois.
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Gary Ablett, Jr.
Gary Ablett, Junior (born 14 May 1984) is a professional Australian rules footballer currently contracted to play for the Gold Coast Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He will start playing with his new club at the beginning of the 2011 season.
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Gaspard Ulliel
Gaspard Ulliel (born 25 November 1984) is a French film actor. He began appearing in made-for-television films during the late 1990s and early 2000s, and then began to be known as a film actor in France, as well as starring in the title role in the thriller Hannibal Rising.
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Gastón Suárez
Gastón Suárez (born January 27, 1929 – November 6, 1984) was a Bolivian novelist and dramatist. Suárez was born in the town of Tupiza in the southern part of Potosí, Bolivia.
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Genelle Williams
Genelle Williams (born February 18, 1984) is a Canadian actress who is known for her role in the hit television show Radio Free Roscoe.
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George Gallup
George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.
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George Orwell
Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was a British author and journalist. His work is marked by keen intelligence and wit, a profound awareness of social injustice, an intense, revolutionary opposition to totalitarianism, a passion for clarity in language and a belief in democratic socialism.
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Gerry Adams
Gerard "Gerry" Adams, MLA, MP (; born 6 October 1948) is an Irish republican politician and abstentionist Westminster Member of Parliament for Belfast West. He is the president of Sinn Féin, one of the largest parties in Northern Ireland. From the late 1980s onwards, Adams has been an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process, initially following contact by the then Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) leader John Hume and subsequently with the Irish and British governments and then other parties. In 2005, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) indicated that its armed campaign was over and that it is now exclusively committed to democratic politics. Under Adams, Sinn Féin changed its traditional policy of abstentionism towards Oireachtas Éireann, the parliament of the Republic of Ireland, in 1986 and later took seats in the power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly. However, Sinn Féin retains a policy of abstentionism towards the Westminster Parliament, but since 2002, receives allowances for staff and takes up offices in the House of Commons.
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Gonzalo Márquez
Gonzalo Enrique Márquez Moya (March 31, 1946 - December 20, 1984), better known as Gonzalo Márquez [MAR-kez], was a Major League Baseball first baseman and left-handed batter who played for the Oakland Athletics (1972-73) and Chicago Cubs (1973-74). He was born in Carúpano, Sucre State, Venezuela.
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Han Geng
:This is a Chinese name. The family name is Hán (韓).
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Hanna R. Hall
Hanna Rose Hall (born July 9, 1984) is an American actress.
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Hayley Marie Norman
Hayley Marie Norman (born March 3, 1984) is an American actress and model. She first came to public attention as case model #25 on NBC's game show Deal or No Deal, where she stood out as one of the most recognizable briefcase models and became a fan favorite due to her energetic and outgoing personality as well as her trademark curly hair. She has appeared in numerous films including Fired Up, Hancock, Trailer Park of Terror, and Norbit. Aside from features films, she has also landed roles on several television shows including the Starz cable network series Crash, the soap opera The Young and The Restless, and the short lived Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip.
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Henri Fabre
Henri Fabre (November 29, 1882 – June 30, 1984) was a French aviator and the inventor of Le Canard, the first seaplane in history.
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Henry Wilcoxon
Henry Wilcoxon (September 8, 1905 – March 6, 1984) was an actor born in Roseau, Dominica, British West Indies, and best known as a leading man in many of Cecil B. DeMille's films, also serving as DeMille's associate producer on his later films.
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Holly Dunaway
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Holly Weber
Holly Beth Weber (born September 20, 1984) is an American actress and model. She has appeared on television programs such as Modern Family and Men of a Certain Age. She began her film career being featured in several films such as Roger Corman's Supergator and the short film Room Service, starring Howie Mandel. Since then she began pursuing acting as a full time profession and has garnered roles in Ron Howard's Oscar nominated Frost/Nixon, Fast & Furious and ''The Devil's Tomb'', directed by Jason Connery.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Hosea Gear
Hosea Gear (born March 16, 1984) is a New Zealand rugby union player. He plays for the Hurricanes in the Super 14 competition as a wing. He has played one international match for New Zealand.
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Hristo Prodanov
Hristo Prodanov () (February 24, 1943 - April 21, 1984) was a Bulgarian mountaineer. He was the first Bulgarian to climb Mount Everest but died on the way back.
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Ian Lacey
Ian Robert Lacey (born 25 November 1984) is an Australian professional rugby league player for the Ipswich Jets in the Queensland Cup. He played in the forwards for the Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League competition, before his sacking on 6 October 2007.
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Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī; née: Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was the Prime Minister of the Republic of India for three consecutive terms from 1966 to 1977 and for a fourth term from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, a total of fifteen years. She is India's only female prime minister to date . She is the world's all time longest serving female Prime Minister.
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Irwin Shaw
Irwin Shaw (February 27, 1913 – May 16, 1984) was an American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and short-story author.
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J. B. Priestley
John Boynton Priestley, OM (13 September 1894 – 14 August 1984), known as J.B. Priestley, was an English novelist, playwright and broadcaster. He published 27 novels, notably The Good Companions (1929), as well as numerous dramas such as An Inspector Calls. His output included literary and social criticism.
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J. J. Redick
Jonathan Clay "J. J." Redick (born June 24, 1984 in Cookeville, Tennessee) is an American professional basketball player at the shooting guard position who plays for the Orlando Magic. He was selected 11th overall by the Orlando Magic in the 2006 NBA Draft. During his collegiate years, Redick played for Duke University. Duke retired his jersey on February 4, 2007.
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Jack Howarth (actor)
Jack Howarth MBE, (19 February 1896 – 31 March 1984) was a British actor best known for his role as Albert Tatlock in Coronation Street between 1960 and 1984.
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Jack La Rue
Jack La Rue (birth name: Gaspere Biondolillo) (May 3, 1902, New York City, New York - January 11, 1984, Santa Monica, California) was a film and stage actor.
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Jackie Coogan
John Leslie "Jackie" Coogan, Jr. (October 26, 1914 – March 1, 1984) was an American actor who began his movie career as a child actor in silent films. Many years later, he became known as Uncle Fester on 1960s sitcom The Addams Family. In the interim, he sued his mother and stepfather over his squandered film earnings and provoked California to enact the first known legal protection for the earnings of child performers.
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Jackie Wilson
Jack Leroy "Jackie" Wilson, Jr. (June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984) was an American singer and performer. Known as "Mr. Excitement", Wilson was important in the transition of rhythm and blues into soul. He was known as a master showman, and as one of the most dynamic singers and performers in R&B; and rock history. Gaining fame in his early years as a member of the R&B; vocal group Billy Ward and His Dominoes, he went solo in 1957 and recorded over 50 hit singles that spanned R&B;, pop, soul, doo-wop and easy listening. During a 1975 benefit concert, he collapsed on-stage from a heart attack and subsequently fell into a coma that persisted for nearly nine years until his death in 1984. By this time, he had become one of the most influential artists of his generation.
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Jackson Rathbone
Monroe Jackson Rathbone V (born December 21, 1984) is an American actor and singer. He is perhaps best known for his role as Jasper Hale in The Twilight Saga and for playing Sokka in The Last Airbender.
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Jaimie Alexander
Jaimie Alexander (born March 12, 1984) is an American actress best known for portraying Jessi XX on Kyle XY.
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James Mason
James Neville Mason (15 May 1909 – 27 July 1984) was an English actor who attained stardom in both British and American films. Widely regarded as one of the finest film actors of the 20th century, Mason remained a powerful figure in the industry throughout his career and was nominated for three Academy Awards as well as three Golden Globes (winning once).
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Jan Peerce
Jan Peerce (June 3, 1904 – December 15, 1984) was an American operatic tenor. He is the father of film director Larry Peerce.
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Janet Gaynor
Janet Gaynor (October 6, 1906 – September 14, 1984) was an American actress.
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Jaroslav Seifert
Jaroslav Seifert (; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize winning Czech writer, poet and journalist.
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Javier Mascherano
Football biography 2
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Jeff Francoeur
Jeffrey Braden Francoeur (; born January 8, 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia) is a Major League Baseball right fielder for the Texas Rangers. Nicknamed "Frenchy", Francoeur is known for a strong throwing arm, leading the majors in outfield assists since his debut.
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Jennifer Grassman
Jennifer Grassman (born Jennifer Michelle Grassman on December 8, 1984 in Austin, Texas) is an American independent music and recording artist.
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Jerzy Popiełuszko
Blessed Jerzy Popiełuszko (; September 14, 1947 – October 19, 1984) was a Roman Catholic priest from Poland, associated with the Solidarity union. He was murdered by three agents of the Polish communist internal intelligence agency, the Służba Bezpieczeństwa, (English: Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) who were shortly thereafter tried and convicted of the murder. He has been recognized as a martyr by the Catholic Church, and was beatified on June 6, 2010.
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Jesse Jackson
Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as shadow senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997. He was the founder of both entities that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Representative Jesse Jackson, Jr. is his eldest son. In an AP-AOL "Black Voices" poll in February 2006, Jackson was voted "the most important black leader" with 15% of the vote.
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Jillian Murray
Jillian Murray (born Jillian Leigh Murray on June 4, 1984) is an American Actress. She perhaps best known for her role as Portlyn on Sonny With a Chance (2009) and for her as Heather in An American Carol (2008).
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Jimmie Spheeris
Jimmie Spheeris (in Greek: Τζιμη Σφηρης) November 5, 1949 – July 4, 1984) was an American singer-songwriter who released four albums in the 1970s on the Columbia Records and Epic Records labels.
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Jin Akanishi
is a Japanese idol, singer-songwriter, actor, seiyū, and former radio host. Akanishi is a former member of the J-pop group, KAT-TUN, and was one of the two lead vocalists. Since the group's debut in 2006, it has achieved 14 consecutive number ones (including studio albums) on the Oricon charts.
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Joe Kittinger
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Joe Pavelski
Joe Pavelski (born July 11, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey player currently playing for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He scored a goal in his first NHL game, making him the 11th Sharks player in the history of the team to do so. He won a silver medal as a member of the United States national men's ice hockey team at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
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John Betjeman
Sir John Betjeman, CBE (; 28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was an English poet, writer and broadcaster who described himself in ''Who's Who'' as a "poet and hack". He was a founding member of the Victorian Society and a passionate defender of Victorian architecture. Starting his career as a journalist, he ended it as one of the most popular British Poets Laureate to date and a much-loved figure on British television.
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John Comer
John Comer (1 March 1924 – 11 February 1984) was a British actor best known for his comedy roles in the television series ''I Didn't Know You Cared, Last of the Summer Wine and All Our Saturdays''.
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John Gallagher, Jr.
John Howard Gallagher, Jr. (born June 17, 1984) is an American actor, singer, and musician perhaps best known for originating the role of Moritz Stiefel in Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater's rock musical Spring Awakening. He currently stars in Green Day's American Idiot musical.
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John Jairo Castillo
John Jairo Castillo (born April 20, 1984, in Cali, Colombia) is a Colombian football Striker, who currently plays for Cortuluá.
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John Marley
John Marley (October 17, 1907 – May 22, 1984) was an American actor who was known for his role as Phil Cavalleri in Love Story and as Jack Woltz— the movie mogul who finds his horse's head in his bed—in The Godfather (1972). He was also the lead in John Cassavetes' breakthrough feature Faces (1968).
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
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John Morris (actor)
John Charles Morris (born October 2, 1984) is an American actor and voice artist. He is best known for his role as Andy Davis in the Toy Story film series. He currently resides in Northern California. He graduated in 2007 from the University of California, Los Angeles's School of Theater, Film & Television.
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John Napier Turner
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Johnny Carson
John William “Johnny” Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson for 30 years (1962–1992). Carson received six Emmy Awards including the Governor Award and a 1985 Peabody Award; he was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1987. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992, and received Kennedy Center Honors in 1993.
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Johnny Weissmuller
Johnny Weissmuller (born Johann Peter Weißmüller; June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was an Austro-Hungarian-born American swimmer and actor. Weissmuller was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s, winning five Olympic gold medals and one bronze medal. He won fifty-two US National Championships and set sixty-seven world records. After his swimming career, he became the sixth actor to portray Tarzan in films, a role he played in twelve motion pictures. Dozens of other actors have also played Tarzan, but Weissmuller is by far the best known. His character's distinctive, ululating Tarzan yell is still often used in films.
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Joross Gamboa
John Ross Sanchez Gamboa, better known by his screen name Joross Gamboa (born November 28, 1984 in Daet, Camarines Norte, Philippines), is a Filipino actor who is currently a GMA Network contract artist.
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Josef Fritzl
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Joseph Losey
Joseph Walton Losey (January 14, 1909, La Crosse, Wisconsin – June 22, 1984, London) was an American theater and film director. After studying in Germany with Bertolt Brecht, Losey returned to the United States, eventually making his way to Hollywood.
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Josh Harding
Josh Harding (born June 18, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender playing for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League.
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Julia Mancuso
Julia Mancuso (born March 9, 1984) is an alpine ski racer with the U.S. Ski Team. She was the gold medalist in the giant slalom at the 2006 Winter Olympics and the silver medalist in both downhill and combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics. She has also won three medals (a silver and two bronzes) at the World Ski Championships, although she has only won four races in regular World Cup competition. Her three Olympic medals are the most ever for a female American alpine skier.
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Julio Cortázar
Julio Cortázar, born Jules Florencio Cortázar, (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was an Argentine author of novels and short stories. He influenced an entire generation of Latin American writers from Mexico to Argentina, and most of his best-known work was written in France, where he established himself in 1951.
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June Duprez
June Duprez (14 May 1918 – 30 October 1984) was an English film actress.
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June Marlowe
June Marlowe (November 6, 1903 – March 10, 1984), was an American actress, who appeared in six Our Gang short subjects as the lovely schoolteacher Miss Crabtree.
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Junie Browning
Junie Allen Browning (born May 12, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist. He was a cast member of SpikeTV's .
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Júlia Liptáková
Júlia Liptáková (born April 8, 1984, Nová Dubnica, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia)) is a Slovak model.
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Kaio Almeida
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Karel Miljon
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Karl Wolff
Karl Friedrich Otto Wolff (13 May 1900 – 17 July 1984) was a high-ranking member of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), ultimately holding the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS. He became Chief of Personal Staff to the Reichsführer (Heinrich Himmler) and SS Liaison Officer to Hitler until his replacement in 1943.
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Kate Lang Johnson
Kate Lang Johnson (born September 7, 1984) is an American actress and model. She has acted in the feature films Fired Up and and she has guest starred on television shows such as Life and ER. She is currently a series regular on the NBC miniseries Persons Unknown.
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Katharine McPhee
Katharine Hope McPhee (born March 25, 1984) is an American pop singer, songwriter, actress, model, and television personality. She gained fame as a contestant on the fifth season of the Fox reality show American Idol in 2006, eventually finishing as the runner-up.
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Kathryn D. Sullivan
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Katrina Kaif
Katrina Kaif (Kashmiri: क़त्रीना कैफ़ (Devanagari), قطرینہ کیف (Nastaleeq)) (born 16 July 1984) is an actress and former model who appears in Indian films, mainly in the Hindi-language film industry. She has also appeared in Telugu, and Malayalam films.
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Katy Perry
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), better known by her stage name Katy Perry, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and actress. Perry was born in Santa Barbara, California, and raised by Christian pastor parents; she grew up listening to only gospel music and sang in church as a child. After earning a GED during her freshman year of high school, she began to pursue a music career. She released a self-titled gospel album in 2001 as Katy Hudson which failed with the closing of its record label that year. She recorded an album with production team The Matrix and completed most of a solo album from 2004–2005, neither of which was released.
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Kaycee Stroh
Kaycee Stroh (born May 29, 1984) is an American actress, singer and dancer, best known for her roles in the hit Disney Channel Original Movies, High School Musical, High School Musical 2 and . She was most recently a contestant in the VH1 reality show Celebrity Fit Club (U.S. TV series).
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Keiichiro Koyama
is a Japanese musician and member of the Johnny's Entertainment group NEWS.
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Keisha Buchanan
Keisha Kerreece Fayeanne Buchanan (born 30 September 1984) is an English singer-songwriter and was a founding member of the BRIT Award-winning girl group the Sugababes. With the Sugababes, Buchanan had seven number one singles, and two number one studio albums, making the Sugababes one of the most successful female acts of the 21st century. Buchanan was asked to leave the band in September 2009 and was replaced by Jade Ewen.
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Kelly Osbourne
Kelly Michelle Osbourne (born 27 October 1984) is a British media personality, fashion designer, singer, actress and model, known for being the daughter of Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. She was thrust into the limelight after appearing on the reality series The Osbournes with her family, for which they won a 2002 Emmy award for Outstanding Reality Programme. She has also appeared on Dancing with the Stars, in which she and professional dance partner Louis van Amstel took third place, and has made forays into music, acting, theatre, fashion, writing, and radio agony aunt and colomnist and television presenting.
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Kerry Bishé
Kerry Bishé is an American actress, best known for playing Lucy Bennett, the main character in season nine of medical comedy Scrubs. Bishé also starred as Billie Kashmiri in Fox's one-off sci-fi drama Virtuality, originally intended to be a full series.
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Kevin Zegers
Kevin Joseph Zegers (born September 19, 1984) is a Canadian actor and model. He is best known for his leading roles as Josh Framm in the Air Bud series.
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Khloé Kardashian
Khloé Kardashian Odom (née Khloé Alexandra Kardashian; born September 27, 1984) is an American television personality, radio host, model, and celebutante. She is best known for her appearances on Keeping Up with the Kardashians and Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami.
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Kid Cudi
Scott Ramon Seguro Mescudi (born January 30, 1984), better known by his stage name Kid Cudi (, ), sometimes stylized as KiD CuDi, is an American rapper, singer and actor. He first gained major attention after the release of his debut mixtape A Kid Named Cudi. In 2009, his single "Day 'n' Nite" reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs charts. "Day 'n' Nite" is part of Cudi's debut album .
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Kim Hyo Jin
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Kirsten Storms
Kirsten Renee Storms (born April 8, 1984) is an American actress. Her biggest break came when she was cast as Isabella "Belle" Black in the NBC soap opera Days of our Lives from 1999 to 2004.
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Konstantin Chernenko
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko (; 24 September 1911 – 10 March 1985) was a Soviet politician and the fifth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984 until his death thirteen months later, on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984 until his death.
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Koo Hye Sun
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Kris Britt
Kris Lynsey Britt (born 13 April 1984 in Canberra, Australia) is an Australian cricketer who debuted for the Australian women's cricket team in 2002 in the second test against England in Sydney. She is a right-handed batsman for the team. She currently plays and captains the ACT Meteors in the Women's National Cricket League, she has also played for South Australia. In 2009 Kris was a member of the winning West Torrens Eagles, a women's A grade team who won the premiership by beating arch rivals and old club Sturt in the final.
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Kyle Brodziak
Kyle Brodziak (born May 25, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently plays for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League. He was selected by in the 7th round of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, 214th overall by the Oilers after being passed over in the 2002 draft.
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Kyle Coetzer
Kyle Coetzer (born April 14, 1984 in Aberdeen) is a Scottish cricketer who has represented his country at all levels, captaining at Under-15, U-17 and U-19 levels including skippering in the 2004 U-19 Cricket World Cup in Bangladesh. His first game for the full Scotland team came in 2003 against Pakistan in a one-day match; he appeared in four National League matches later that season.
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Kyle Schmid
Kyle Schmid (born August 3, 1984 in Mississauga, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who starred as Henry Fitzroy in Lifetime's series Blood Ties. He has also guest starred in a number of television series including , Odyssey 5, The Zack Files and ''.
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Kyriakos Ioannou
MedalCountry|
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Lasse Gjertsen
Lasse Gjertsen (born 19 July 1984) is a Norwegian animator, musician, and videographer known on YouTube as lassegg. He is best known for his short pieces "Hyperactive" and "Amateur", which string together short clips of video to create a unique form of video akin to stop-motion animation. His "Hyperactive" video has over 16 million views and his "Amateur" video has over 12 million views.
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Laura Vandervoort
Laura Dianne Vandervoort (born September 22, 1984) is a Canadian actress best known for her roles as Kara Zor-El in the television series Smallville and Sadie Harrison in the television series Instant Star. She is currently starring as Lisa on the ABC series V.
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Lauren Bush
Lauren Pierce Bush (born June 25, 1984) is a fashion model, and designer. She is the daughter of Neil Bush and Sharon Bush (née Smith). A niece of former President George W. Bush, she is also a granddaughter of former President George H. W. Bush.
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Lauren Harris
:''Not to be confused with Lawren Harris the Canadian painter or Lauren Harries the child celebrity.
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Lauren London
Lauren Nicole London (born December 5, 1984) is an American film and television actress, model, and occasional music video actress. Beginning her career in music videos and later transitioning into film and television, London earned recognition for her performances in the film ATL as well as the television shows 90210 and Entourage. Along with her acting career, London is also a spokesmodel for the Sean John women's collection.
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LeBron James
LeBron Raymone James (; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "King James", he was a three-time "Mr. Basketball" of Ohio in high school, and was highly promoted in the national media as a future NBA superstar while a sophomore at St. Vincent – St. Mary High School. At just 18, he was selected with the number one pick in the 2003 NBA Draft by the Cleveland Cavaliers and signed a shoe contract with Nike before his professional debut. Listed as a small forward, James has set numerous youngest player records since joining the league. He was named the NBA Rookie of the Year in 2003–04, NBA Most Valuable Player in 2008–09 and 2009–10, and has been both All-NBA selection and an All-Star every season since 2005. In 2010, a much-publicized free agency process ended with James going to the Miami Heat. He became the third reigning NBA MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982.
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Lee Barnard
Lee James Barnard (born 18 July 1984) is an English footballer currently playing for Southampton.
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Lee Da Hae
Lee Da Hae (born Byun Da-hye, April 19, 1984), is a South Korean actress who has appeared in a number of Korean television series and dramas such as My Girl and Green Rose.
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Lee Thompson Young
Lee Thompson Young (born February 1, 1984) is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his teenage role as the title character on the Disney Channel television series The Famous Jett Jackson. Currently, he portrays Boston police detective Barry Frost on the TNT police drama series Rizzoli & Isles.
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Lena Katina
Elena Sergeevna Katina ( pronunciation: Yelyena Syergeyevna Katina), born October 4, 1984, better known as Lena Katina, is one half of the Russian music duo t.A.T.u., the other half being Yulia Volkova. She entered Russian show-business as an 8-year old girl, joining the Russian children act Avenue, and later Neposedi. In 1999, Katina was chosen by Ivan Shapovalov for his project, later becoming the most famous Russian group of all time, t.A.T.u. Katina became famous worldwide thanks to hits such as "All The Things She Said", "Not Gonna Get Us", and "All About Us". In 2009, it was announced that Katina would pursue a solo career.
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Leonard Rose
Leonard Rose (July 27, 1918 – November 16, 1984) was an American cellist and pedagogue.
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Leonard Rossiter
Leonard Rossiter (21 October 1926 – 5 October 1984) was an English actor with careers in film, television and theatre. He is known for his roles as Rupert Rigsby, in the British comedy television series Rising Damp (1974–78), and Reginald Iolanthe Perrin, in The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin (1976–79), as well as a series of Cinzano commercials (1978–1983), with Joan Collins.
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Lila Wallace
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Lillian Hellman
Lillian Florence “Lily” Hellman (June 20, 1905 - June 30, 1984) was an American playwright, linked throughout her life with many left-wing causes. She was romantically involved for 30 years with mystery and crime writer Dashiell Hammett (and was the inspiration for his character Nora Charles), and was also a long-time friend and literary executor of author Dorothy Parker.
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Lina Krasnoroutskaya
Lina Vladimirovna Krasnoroutskaya (Russian: Лина Красноруцкая; krahs-nah-ROOTS-kah-yuh; born April 29, 1984 in Obninsk, Russia) is a former Junior World Number 1 (1999) tennis player. In addition to gaining the coveted top spot, Lina won the US Open Junior title. She has however had a career blighted by injury to date.
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Lindsey Vonn
Lindsey Vonn (née Kildow, born October 18, 1984) is an American alpine ski racer. She won the gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in downhill, the first American woman to do so. She also won three consecutive overall World Cup championships (2008, 2009, 2010), the first American woman and second woman ever to accomplish this. Lindsey also won World Cup discipline championships in downhill (back-to-back) and Super G (the first American woman to do so).
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Luke Kelly
Luke Kelly (; 17 November 1940 - 30 January 1984) was an Irish singer and folk musician from Dublin, Ireland, notable as a founding member of the band The Dubliners.
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Luke Treadaway
Luke Treadaway (born 10 September 1984) is an English actor, best known for appearing in the film Brothers of the Head.
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Luo Xuejuan
Luo Xuejuan (; born January 26, 1984 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang) is a female Chinese swimmer, who competed mostly in the breaststroke. She is a former World Record holder in swimming, and in some meet results she is listed as "LUO Xue Juan".
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Luther Adler
Luther Adler (May 4, 1903 – December 8, 1984) was an American actor best known for his work in theatre, but who also worked in film and television. He also directed plays on Broadway.
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Mandy Moore
Amanda Leigh "Mandy" Moore (born April 10, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter, actress and fashion designer.
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Manny Lawson
Manny Lawson (born on July 3, 1984 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American football linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. Lawson was drafted 1st round (22nd overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft by the 49ers. He played college football at North Carolina State.
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Marco Airosa
Marco Ibraim de Sousa Airosa (born August 6, 1984 in Luanda) is an Angolan footballer who plays for Desportivo das Aves on loan from C.D. Nacional, as a right defender.
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Margaret Thatcher
Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, (née Roberts; born 13 October 1925) served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. Thatcher is the only woman to have held either post.
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Maria Riesch
Maria Riesch (, born 24 November 1984, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria, Germany) is a champion alpine ski racer. She won gold medals in both the super combined and the slalom competition at the 2010 Olympic Winter Games. At a height of 1.81 m (5' 11 ¼"), she is one of the tallest women on the World Cup circuit.
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Marian Rivera
Marian Rivera (born Marian Gracia Rivera on August 12, 1984 in Madrid, Spain) is a Filipina actress and occasional singer-dancer. Her first TV role came in 2005 via TAPE Inc.'s afternoon drama, Kung Mamahalin Mo Lang Ako in the lead that was aired in GMA Network. However, her breakout role did not come until 2007 when she was cast for the title role in the Philippine remake of MariMar. Marian Rivera is currently signed with GMA Network.
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Mariel Rodriguez
Mariel Rodriguez - Padilla (born Maria Erlinda Lucille Sazon Termulo in 1984) is a Filipino commercial model, endorser, TV host, former MTV VJ and actress. She first started as an MTV VJ. Currently, she co-hosts the noontime variety show Pilipinas Win Na Win; E Live, the Saturday entertainment show; and during its run, she has been a host for the reality franchise Pinoy Big Brother and noontime show Wowowee.
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Mark Wayne Clark
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Mark Zuckerberg
Mark Elliot "Zuck" Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is an American entrepreneur who co-founded the social networking site Facebook. Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook with fellow classmates Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, and Chris Hughes while attending Harvard. He is a billionaire due to his 24% share of Facebook. Zuckerberg has also made donations, including an undisclosed amount to Diaspora and $100 million to the Newark Public Schools.
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Marouane Chamakh
Marouane Chamakh (; born on 10 January 1984) is a French-born Moroccan footballer who currently plays for English club Arsenal in the Premier League. He plays in the striker position.
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Marshall Allman
Marshall Scot Allman (born April 5, 1984) is an American actor. He is known to television audiences for his role as L. J. Burrows on Fox's successful television series, Prison Break. He is also known for playing Tommy Mickens on True Blood.
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Martin Kaymer
Martin Kaymer (born 1984) is a German professional golfer.
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Martin Ryle
Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918 – 14 October 1984) was an English radio astronomer who developed revolutionary radio telescope systems (see e.g. aperture synthesis) and used them for accurate location and imaging of weak radio sources. In 1946 Ryle and Vonberg were the first people to publish interferometric astronomical measurements at radio wavelengths, although it is claimed that Joseph Pawsey from the University of Sydney had actually made interferometric measurements earlier in the same year. With improved equipment, Ryle observed the most distant known galaxies in the universe at that time. He was the first Professor of Radio Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, and founding director of the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory. He was Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982.
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Martin Škrtel
Martin Škrtel (; born 15 December 1984) is a Slovak football defender who plays for English Premier League club Liverpool.
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Marvin Gaye
Marvin Pentz Gaye, Jr. (April 2, 1939April 1, 1984), better known by his stage name Marvin Gaye, was an American singer-songwriter and instrumentalist with a three-octave vocal range. Starting as a member of the doo-wop group The Moonglows in the late fifties, he ventured into a solo career after the group disbanded in 1960 signing with the Tamla subsidiary of Motown Records. After starting off as a session drummer, Gaye ranked as the label's top-selling solo artist during the sixties.
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Marvin Mitchell
Marvin Mitchell (born October 21, 1984, in ) is an American football linebacker for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Saints in the seventh round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at Tennessee.
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Mary Hamman
Mary Hamman (2 August 1907 – 18 November 1984) was an American writer and editor. She was an editor for Pictorial Review, Good Housekeeping, Mademoiselle, the modern living editor for LIFE, editor in chief for Bride & Home.
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Matt Cain
Matthew Thomas Cain (born October 1, 1984 in ) is a starting pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He is tall and weighs .
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May McAvoy
May McAvoy (September 8, 1899 – April 26, 1984) was an American actress, who worked mainly during the silent film era. She starred in Hollywood's revolutionary part talking film, The Jazz Singer.
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Megan Ewing
Megan Christine Ewing (born September 30, 1984 in Abilene, Texas) is an American model who has worked for Abercrombie & Fitch and La Perla, but is perhaps best known as a Guess? model.
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Megan Quann
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Meghan McCain
Meghan Marguerite McCain (born October 23, 1984) is an American columnist, author, and blogger. She is the daughter of U.S. Senator John McCain and Cindy Hensley McCain. McCain first received media attention in 2007 for her blog, McCain Blogette, on which she documented life on the campaign trail and mused about fashion, music, and pop culture. In January 2009, she became a contributing author for The Daily Beast.
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Melissa Schuman
Melissa Amber Schuman (born August 21, 1984) is an American singer and actress. Schuman is best known for her role in the all girl teen band Dream. With Dream, she appeared in their two biggest hits, "He Loves U Not" and "This is Me". Schuman quit the band after their two hits to pursue her own solo career in singing. Schuman has never gained much fame in singing since her departure from Dream. She has gained some success in acting with appearances in such movies as ''Love Don't Cost a Thing, The Hollow and Silent Scream. Schuman has also appeared on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno and has even hosted TRL''.
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Melky Cabrera
Melky Astacio Cabrera (born August 11, 1984, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic) is an outfielder for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball.
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Melody Thornton
Melody Thornton (born September 28, 1984) is an American R&B; singer-songwriter, dancer, model, and television personality who rose to stardom as a member of the successful pop group the Pussycat Dolls. The youngest member of the group, Thornton assumed the second most prominent vocal role, after lead vocalist Nicole Scherzinger, and was distinguished for her melismatic vocal runs. According to Slant Magazine, she was often recognized as "the group's best vocalist". As of 2010, Thornton has departed the group.
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Melonie Diaz
Melonie Diaz (born April 25, 1984) is an American actress who was proclaimed queen of the 2008 Sundance Film Festival.
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Meredith Willson
Robert Meredith Willson (May 18, 1902 – June 15, 1984) was an American composer, songwriter, conductor and playwright best known for writing the book, music and lyrics for the hit Broadway musical The Music Man, which won the Tony Award for Best Musical in 1958. The cast recording of The Music Man won the first Grammy Award given for best cast album, and its 1962 film adaptation was a success.
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Micah Alberti
Micah Alberti (born August 19, 1984) is an American model and actor who played James Edward Martin on All My Children. He also guest starred on 8 Simple Rules and Smallville. He starred on the ABC Family series, Wildfire.
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Michael Ennis
Michael Ennis (born 16 March 1984 in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer for the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs of the National Rugby League. A New South Wales State of Origin representative hooker, he previously played for the Brisbane Broncos, St George Illawarra Dragons and the Newcastle Knights.
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Michael Witt
Michael Witt (born 1 January 1984 in Toowoomba, Queensland) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for the Crusaders in the Super League. He previously played in the National Rugby League competition and rugby union in the Air New Zealand Cup.
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Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault (), born Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 1926 – 25 June 1984), was a French philosopher, sociologist, and historian. He held a chair at the prestigious Collège de France with the title "History of Systems of Thought," and also taught at the University at Buffalo and the University of California, Berkeley.
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Michelle Ryan
Michelle Claire Ryan (born 22 April 1984) is an English actress.
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Mikiel Gonzi
Monsignor Sir Michael Gonzi, KBE, DD (Maltese Mikiel Gonzi) (13 May 1885 – 22 January 1984) was Roman Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Malta (Bishop before this Malta elevated to the status of archdiocese during his tenure). He had also been Bishop of Gozo and an elected Labour Senator in the Malta Legislative Assembly.
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Milorad Čavić
swimmer
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Mirai Moriyama
Mirai Moriyama (森山未來 Moriyama Mirai, born August 20, 1984 in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese actor. In the Japanese film Crying Out Love, In the Center of the World, he played a high school age hero trying to deal with his terminally-ill girlfriend. He also portrayed the character Kakuta on the 20th Century Boys live action movie. He often appears in Japanese men's style-magazines and was the cover-boy for the magazine "Men's Non-no" in spring 2006
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Miss America
The Miss America pageant is a long-standing competition which awards scholarships to young women from the 50 states plus the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. The winner of the national pageant is awarded the title of "Miss America" for one year.
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Moshé Feldenkrais
Moshé Pinchas Feldenkrais (May 6, 1904 – July 1, 1984) was an Israeli physicist and the founder of the Feldenkrais Method, designed to improve human functioning by increasing self-awareness through movement.
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MyAnna Buring
MyAnna Buring (born 22 September 1984) is a Swedish actress best known for appearing in the 2005 horror film The Descent.
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Naomi Uemura
was a Japanese adventurer. He was particularly well known for doing alone what had previously been achieved only with large teams. For example, he was the first person ever to reach the North Pole solo, the first ever to raft the Amazon solo, and the first ever to climb Mount McKinley solo.
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Natalie du Toit
Natalie du Toit (born January 29, 1984) is a South African swimmer. She is best known for the gold medals she won at the 2004 Paralympic Games as well as the Commonwealth Games. She was one of two Paralympians to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; the other being table tennis player Natalia Partyka. Du Toit became the first amputee ever to qualify for the Olympics, where she placed 16th in the 10K, "Marathon", swim.
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Natasha Melnick
Natasha Melnick (born April 10, 1984) is an American television and film actress. She may be best known for her portrayal of Cindy Sanders on the short-lived NBC dramedy Freaks and Geeks.
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Nate Salley
Nate Salley (born February 5, 1984 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida) is an American football safety for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. He was originally drafted by the Panthers in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Ohio State.
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Nicki Minaj
Onika Maraj (born December 8, 1984), better known by her stage name Nicki Minaj, is an American rapper and singer-songwriter. In August 2009, Minaj signed to Young Money Entertainment with distribution from Universal Motown.
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Niels Kaj Jerne
Niels Kaj Jerne, FRS (December 23, 1911 – October 7, 1994) was a Danish (English-born) immunologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. The citation read "For theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1984/]. He shared the prize with Georges J. F. Köhler and César Milstein.
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Nikki Sanderson
Nikki Ann Sanderson (born 28 March 1984 in Blackpool, Lancashire) is an English actress and glamour model who is best known for playing Candice Stowe in the television soap opera Coronation Street and Dawn Bellamy in ITV's Heartbeat. During her time at Coronation Street and since, she has also forged a career as a glamour model and television presenter on programmes such as , Junior Eurovision and Ministry of Mayhem.
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Nikolai Pokotylo
Nikolai Pokotylo (Rus: Николай Покотыло) (born May 25 1984 in Öskemen, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union (present Kazakhstan)) is a singer who rose to popularity after placing fifth in SuperStar KZ, the Kazakh version of Pop Idol, shown by Perviy Kanal Evraziya.
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Nomura Yuka
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Nuno Morais
Nuno Miguel Barbosa Morais (born January 29, 1984 in Penafiel) is a Portuguese footballer who plays for APOEL F.C. in Cyprus.
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Obafemi Martins
Obafemi Akinwunmi Martins (born October 28, 1984) is a Nigerian football player who plays as a forward for the Nigeria national team, and Russian side Rubin Kazan.
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Olivia Hallinan
Olivia Hallinan (born 20 January 1984) is an English actress best known for her role as Kim in the critically acclaimed Sugar Rush and Ellie in Girls in Love. She also stars as the main character, Laura Timmins in the BBC TV series Lark Rise to Candleford.
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Oskar Seidlin
Oskar Seidlin (February 17, 1911 — December 11, 1984); German-born American literary scholar, poet, and writer of children’s stories. He is also said to have co‑authored several detective novels or Kriminalromane in collaboration with Dieter Cunz and Richard Plant (1910–1998, his lover) under the collective pen‑name of Stefan Brockhoff.Cf. Stefan Brockhoff, Schuß auf die Bühne (Leipzig, Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, 1935); id., Musik im Totengässlein (Bern, etc., Goldmann, 1936); id., Drei Kioske am See (Leipzig, Goldmann, 1937); id., Begegnung in Zermatt (Munich, Goldmann, 1955). Another novel, entitled ‘Verwirrung um Veronika’, is said to have been serialized in the Zürcher Illustrierte in 1938. Cf. Angelika Jockers and Reinhard Jahn, eds., Lexikon der deutschsprachigen Krimi-Autoren (2nd ed., rev.; Munich, Verlag der Criminale, 2005). The present writer is unable independently to corroborate the attribution in question.
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Oussama Mellouli
Swimmer|
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P. W. Botha
Pieter Willem Botha (12 January 1916 – 31 October 2006), commonly known as "P. W." and Die Groot Krokodil (Afrikaans for "The Big Crocodile"), was the prime minister of South Africa from 1978 to 1984 and the first executive state president from 1984 to 1989.
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Palestinian people
The Palestinian people, (, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni) also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (, al-filasTīnīyyūn; , al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn), are an Arabic-speaking nation of Levantine people with family origins in Palestine. In the areas of Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, as of 2004, Arabs constitute 49% of all inhabitants, some of whom are internally displaced. The remainder, comprise what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, of whom more than half are stateless refugees, lacking citizenship in any country. Of the diaspora, about 1.9 million live in neighboring Jordan, one and a half million between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter million in Saudi Arabia, while Chile's half a million are the largest concentration outside the Arab world.
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Park Han-byul
Park Han-Byul (born November 17, 1984) is a South Korean actress and model.
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Patrick Stump
Patrick Vaughn Stump (born Patrick Martin Stumph) April 27, 1984 is a singer-songwriter, composer, record producer, and music critic. He is the composer, lead singer, and multi-instrumentalist for Fall Out Boy, an American alternative rock band from Wilmette, Illinois.(The band is currently on an indefinite hiatus.)
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Paul Dano
Paul Franklin Dano (born June 19, 1984) is a BAFTA award-nominated American actor and producer. He has appeared in films such as L.I.E. (2001), The Girl Next Door (2004), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), There Will Be Blood (2007), and Where the Wild Things Are (2009).
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Paul Dirac
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS ( ; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was a British theoretical physicist. Dirac made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last fourteen years of his life at Florida State University.
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Paul Felix Schmidt
Paul Felix Schmidt (20 August 1916, at Narva, Estonia – 11 August 1984, at Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA) was an Estonian–German-American chess International Master, chess writer, and chemist.
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Paul Francis Webster
Paul Francis Webster (December 20, 1907 – March 18, 1984) was an American lyricist who won three Academy Awards for Best Song and was nominated sixteen times for the award.
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Peggy Ann Garner
Peggy Ann Garner (February 3, 1932 – October 16, 1984) was an American actress.
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Peter Lawford
Peter Sydney Vaughn Aylen (September 7, 1923 – December 24, 1984), better known as Peter Lawford, was an English-American actor. He was a member of the "Rat Pack," and brother-in-law to President John F. Kennedy, perhaps more noted in later years for his off-screen activities as a celebrity than for his acting. In his earlier professional years (late 1930s through the 1950s) he had a strong presence in popular culture and starred in a number of highly-acclaimed films.
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Philippe Wynne
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Pierre Trudeau
Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, QC, MSRC (October 18, 1919 – September 28, 2000), usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and again from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984.
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Quinton Aaron
Quinton Aaron (born August 15, 1984) is an American actor. His first lead role was as Michael Oher in the 2009 film, The Blind Side.
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Quirino Cristiani
Quirino Cristiani (July 2, 1896 – August 2, 1984) was an Argentine animation director and cartoonist, responsible for the world's first two animated feature films as well as the first animated feature film with sound. He is also the first person to create animation solely using cardboard cutouts.
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Rachael Taylor
Rachael Taylor (born 11 July 1984) is an Australian actress and model. She made her leading role debut in the short-lived Australian program headLand. She then made the transition to Hollywood, appearing in the film Transformers and in Shutter alongside Joshua Jackson.
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Rahimuddin Khan
General Rahimuddin Khan (Pashto, ; born 21 July 1926) is a retired Pakistan Army officer who was the fourth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, the de-jure Supreme Commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces, from 1984 to 1987. He was also the Martial Law Administrator and longest-serving Governor of Balochistan, the largest province of Pakistan, from 1978 to when he resigned in 1984. He also briefly served as Governor of Sindh with emergency powers in 1988, from which he too resigned.
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Raica Oliveira
Raica Oliveira (born January 22, 1984) is a Brazilian model known for her work with numerous companies, including Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Yves Saint Laurent, Vogue, Chanel, Lancome, Victoria's Secret, Pepe Jeans, Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue, JLO, H&M;, Elle, Marie Claire, TNG, Ann Taylor and XOXO. As of 2008, she has been working as a fashion reporter for Jornal Record.
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Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Ratna Gandhi (; 20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991) was the 7th Prime Minister of the Republic of India, serving from his mother's death on 31 October 1984 until his resignation on 2 December 1989 following a general election defeat. He became the youngest Prime Minister of India when he took office at the age of 40. He was the elder son of Indira Gandhi and Feroze Gandhi.
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Rakesh Sharma
Rakesh Sharma (born January 13, 1949) is a former Indian Air Force test pilot and cosmonaut. Sharma was the first Indian and 138th person to travel in space.
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Randall Munroe
Randall Patrick Munroe (born October 4, 1984) is an American webcomic author and former NASA roboticist as well as a programmer, best known as the creator of the webcomic xkcd. He and the webcomic have developed a cult following, and he is one of a small but growing group of webcomic artists who are self-sufficient.
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Rashad McCants
Rashad Dion McCants (born September 25, 1984 in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent.
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Ray Kroc
Raymond Albert "Ray" Kroc (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was an American businessman who took over the small-scale McDonald's Corporation franchise in 1954 and built it into the most successful fast food operation in the world. Kroc was included in , and amassed a $500 million fortune during his lifetime. He was also the owner of the San Diego Padres baseball team starting in 1974.
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Raymond Felton
Raymond Bernard Felton Jr. (born June 26, 1984 in Marion, South Carolina) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Charlotte Bobcats.
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Richard Basehart
John Richard Basehart (August 31, 1914 – September 17, 1984) was an American actor. He starred in the 1960s television science fiction drama Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea, in the role of Admiral Harriman Nelson.
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Richard Brautigan
Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, 1935 – ca. September 14, 1984) was a 20th century American novelist, poet, and short story writer. His work often employs black comedy, parody, and satire. He is best known for his 1967 novel Trout Fishing in America.
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Richard Burton
Richard Burton, CBE (10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor. He was nominated seven times for an Academy Award (without ever winning) and was at one time the highest-paid actor in Hollywood. He remains closely associated in the public consciousness with his second wife, actress Elizabeth Taylor; the couple's turbulent relationship was rarely out of the news.
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Richard Gutierrez
Richard Kristian Rama Gutierrez, popularly known as Richard Gutierrez (born January 21, 1984 in Beverly Hills, California), is a Filipino film and television actor, and commercial model.
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Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974, having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.
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Richard Stone
Sir John Richard Nicholas Stone (30 August 1913 6 December 1991) was an eminent British economist who in 1984 received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for developing an accounting model that could be used to track economic activities on a national and, later, an international scale. While he was not the first economist to work in this field, he was the first to do so with double entry accounting. Double entry accounting basically states that every income item on one side of the balance sheet must be met by an expenditure item on the opposite side of the accounting sheet therefore creating a system of balance. This double entry system is the basis of nearly all modern accounting today. This allowed for a reliable way of tracking trade and wealth transfer on a global scale.
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Rick Nash
Rick Nash (born June 16, 1984) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger and captain of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL).
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Robbie Jones (actor)
Robbie Jones is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Quentin Fields in One Tree Hill. In 2010 he began filming the new series Hellcats, in which he portrays Lewis Flynn.
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Robert Goodman
#REDIRECTBobby Goodman
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Robert L. Stewart
Robert Lee Stewart is a retired Brigadier General of the United States Army and former NASA astronaut.
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Robert Muldoon
Sir Robert David "Rob" Muldoon, GCMG, CH (25 September 1921 – 5 August 1992) served as the 31st Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984, as leader of the governing National party.
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Robin Söderling
Robin Bo Carl Söderling (; born 14 August 1984 in Tibro) is a professional tennis player from Sweden who is currently ranked #5 in the ATP rankings. Söderling is best known for reaching successive French Open finals in 2009 and 2010. In both tournaments, he defeated the defending champion en route to the final—Rafael Nadal in 2009 (becoming the first and, to date, only player to defeat Nadal at the French Open), and Roger Federer in 2010 (ending Federer's record streak of 23 consecutive Grand Slam semifinals). But it was Federer and Nadal who beat Söderling in the 2009 and 2010 French Open finals respectively. He is coached by former world no.2 Magnus Norman.
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Robinho
Robson de Souza (born 25 January 1984 in São Vicente, Brazil), more commonly known as Robinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Serie A club AC Milan. He is also currently the captain of the Brazilian national team.
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Rocío Guirao Díaz
Rocío Guirao Díaz (born June 27, 1984, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine fashion model from Multitalent Agency.
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Roelof Frankot
Roelof Frankot (25 November 1911, Meppel, Drenthe - 1 December 1984, Raalte) was a Dutch painter. By education he was a photographer, but in 1930, he started painting. He later had a strong relation with the CoBrA movement, and his artworks are quite similar to some of the art from the CoBrA movement. They are very abstract and spontaneous paintings in strong colours. Oil on canvas was his preferred medium.
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
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Ross Taylor
Luteru Ross Poutoa Lote Taylor, abbreviated in cricket scorecards to LRPL Taylor, but more commonly known as Ross Taylor (born 8 March 1984 in Lower Hutt) is a New Zealand cricketer. He has captained the New Zealand Under-19 side in youth internationals. Taylor has a highest first-class score of 132* in the State Shield domestic one-day competition in 2003–04, and 217 in the State Championship in 2007–08.
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Ryan Eggold
Ryan James Eggold (born August 10, 1984) is an American film and television actor. He is best known for his role as Ryan Matthews on the The CW television series 90210.
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Ryan Kesler
Ryan James Elwin Kesler (born August 31, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey center and alternate captain for the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). Drafted in the first round, 23rd overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft, Kesler has spent his entire five-year NHL career with the Canucks. He is best known a two-way forward, having been named as a finalist for the Selke Trophy in 2009 and 2010, as well as for his agitating style of play.
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Sabrina Bryan
Reba Sabrina Hinojos (born September 16, 1984), better known by her stage name Sabrina Bryan,
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Sam Jaffe (actor)
Sam Jaffe (March 10, 1891 – March 24, 1984) was an American actor, teacher, musician and engineer. In 1951, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Asphalt Jungle (1950) and appeared in other classic films such as Ben-Hur (1959) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951). He may be best remembered for playing the title role in Gunga Din (1939), and the High Lama in Lost Horizon (1937).
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Sam Peckinpah
David Samuel "Sam" Peckinpah (February 21, 1925 – December 28, 1984) was an American filmmaker and screenwriter who achieved prominence following the release of the Western epic The Wild Bunch (1969). He was known for the innovative and explicit depiction of action and violence, as well as his revisionist approach to the Western genre.
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Sandara Park
Sandara Park (박산다라) (born November 12, 1984), better known as Dara (다라), is a Korean singer, dancer, actress, television host and model. She is best known as being a member of the Korean girl group 2NE1. She used to live in the Philippines.
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Santino Quaranta
Santino Quaranta (born October 14, 1984 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American soccer player who currently plays for D.C. United in Major League Soccer.
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Sara Jean Underwood
Sara Jean Underwood (born March 26, 1984) is an American model and actress who was chosen as the Playmate of the Month for the July 2006 issue of Playboy magazine and later became Playmate of the Year in 2007.
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Sara Lumholdt
Sara Helena Lumholdt (born 25 October 1984 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish pop singer.
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Sarah Roemer
Sarah Christine Roemer (born August 28, 1984) is an American actress and model. She is known for her roles in the films Disturbia, Asylum, and Fired Up. She is currently starring the NBC thriller The Event. It is her first television project.
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Sasha Cohen
MedalCountry |the
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Scott Olsen
Scott Matthew Olsen (born January 12, 1984, in Kalamazoo, Michigan) is a Major League Baseball starting pitcher for the Washington Nationals.
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Sean May
Sean Gregory May (born April 4, 1984) is an American professional basketball player who is currently a free agent. May was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in Bloomington, Indiana. He was a three-time all-state selection at Bloomington High School North, and was at one time a teammate of current NBA player Jared Jeffries. May was named to the 2002 McDonald's High School All-American team. He played in the 2002 McDonald's game with Raymond Felton and Rashad McCants, who would later team with May to win an NCAA Championship.
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September (singer)
September (born Petra Linnea Paula Marklund 12 September 1984) is a Swedish dance singer.
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Seung-hui Cho
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Shawn Roberts
Shawn Roberts (born April 2, 1984) is a Canadian actor.
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Shayne Ward
Shayne Thomas Ward (born 15 October 1984 in Manchester, England) is an English pop singer, who rose to fame as the winner of second series of The X Factor. He has had number one albums and singles in the UK and Ireland.
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Sherone Simpson
Sherone Simpson (born August 12, 1984) is a track and field sprint athlete, competing internationally for Jamaica. She is a gold medalist in the 4 x 100 meter relay from the 2004 Olympics and silver medalist in 2005 World Championships and now is the silver medalist in the individual event at the 2008 Summer Olympics after she tied for second with Kerron Stewart in a photo finish. With her personal best of 10.82 seconds in the 100 m, Simpson is ranked fourth among Jamaican women, behind Merlene Ottey, Shelly-Ann Fraser and Kerron Stewart. Simpson's 200 m personal best of 22.00 seconds ranks her sixth among Jamaican women behind Merlene Ottey, Grace Jackson, Juliet Cuthbert, Veronica Campbell-Brown and Kerron Stewart. She has run this time on two occasions. Simpson is coached by Stephen Francis in Kingston, Jamaica, where she attends the University of Technology. She is also a graduate of Manchester High.
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Simon van der Meer
Simon van der Meer (born 24 November 1925, The Hague, The Netherlands) is a Dutch accelerator physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Carlo Rubbia for contributions to the project which led to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.
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Sinhalese people
The Sinhalese are the majority ethnic group of Sri Lanka, constituting 74% of the Sri Lankan population. They speak Sinhala, an Indo-Aryan language, and number approximately 14 million in the world. They live mainly in central, south and west Sri Lanka. According to legend they are the descendants of the exiled Prince Vijaya who arrived from North-East India to Sri Lanka in 543 BCE. The Sinhalese identity is based on language, heritage and religion. The vast majority of Sinhalese are Theravada Buddhists.
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Sitti Navarro
Sitti Katrina Navarro also known as Sitti (born November 29, 1984 Las Piñas) is a Filipino bossa nova singer. After releasing her first album, Café Bossa, in 2006, other bossa nova acts in the Philippines followed. Navarro is also features in the segment "A.S.A.P. Sessionistas" of the variety show ASAP '09. She is of Maranao descent.
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Sportsperson
A sportsperson (gendered as sportsman or sportswoman) or athlete is a person trained to compete in a sport involving physical strength, speed or endurance. Sportspeople may be professional or amateur.
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Steve Goodman
Steve Goodman (July 25, 1948 – September 20, 1984) was an American folk music singer-songwriter from Chicago, Illinois. The writer of "City of New Orleans", made popular by Arlo Guthrie, Goodman won two Grammy Awards.
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Stéphanie Lapointe
Stéphanie Lapointe (born March 26, 1984 in Brossard, Quebec) is a Quebec singer, song writer, television and movie actress and humanitarian activist. She is best known as the winner of the second season of Star Académie, the Quebec version of Fame Academy.
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Sunil sharma
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Svetlana Savitskaya
Svetlana Yevgenyevna Savitskaya (; born August 8, 1948, in Moscow, Russian SFSR) is a former Soviet female aviator and cosmonaut who flew aboard Soyuz T-7 in 1982, becoming the second woman in space some 19 years after Valentina Tereshkova. She is the daughter of Soviet military commander Yevgeniy Savitskiy. She is married, with one child.
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Syed Rasel
Syed Rasel () (born 3 July 1984 in Jessore) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He is a left-handed medium-fast swing bowler who came up through the ranks of the under-19s, to the Bangladesh A team, to the full Bangladesh team, while playing for Khulna Division.
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Tamir Cohen
Tamir Cohen (; born 4 March 1984 in Tel Aviv) is an Israeli football midfielder who currently plays for Bolton Wanderers. He is the son of former Maccabi Tel Aviv and Liverpool player Avi Cohen.
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Tanith Belbin
MedalCountry|the
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Taylor Cole
: This page discusses the Summerland TV series actress named Taylor Cole, for the character also named Taylor Cole, see Cast members of Laguna Beach.''
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Taylor Handley
Taylor Laurence Handley (born June 1, 1984) is an American actor.
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Taylor Schilling
Taylor Schilling (born July 27, 1984) is an American actress.
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Tennessee Thomas
Tennessee Thomas (born 17 December 1984) is a British-born American drummer and actor. She is a founding member and drummer of the indie rock group The Like and was the touring drummer for She & Him during their 2008 tour.
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Theresa Fu
Theresa Fu Wing (born 22 September 1984) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer, film and television actress, and model.
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Tiffany Mulheron
Tiffany Rose Mulheron (born 18 December 1984) is a Scottish actress.
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Tigran Petrosian
Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (, ) (June 17, 1929 – August 13, 1984) was an Armenian World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "Iron Tigran" due to his playing style because of his almost impenetrable defence, which emphasised safety above all else. He was a Candidate for the World Championship on eight occasions (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1980). He won the world championship in 1963 (against Botvinnik), successfully defended it in 1966 (against Spassky), and lost it in 1969 (to Spassky). Thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship candidate in ten consecutive three-year cycles. He won the Soviet Championship four times (1959, 1961, 1969, and 1975). He was arguably the hardest player to beat in the history of chess.
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Tim Lincecum
Timothy Leroy Lincecum (; born June 15, 1984) is a baseball player who is a starting pitcher for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He is nicknamed "The Freak", and "The Franchise". He throws right-handed and bats left-handed. Lincecum is known for his long stride, unorthodox mechanics, and ability to generate high velocity despite his slight build of 5'11", 172 lbs. Lincecum has won the last two NL Cy Young Awards, and was the first second-year player to win the Cy Young since Dwight Gooden and Bret Saberhagen both won in 1985.
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Tim Macartney-Snape
Tim Macartney-Snape is a world renowned mountain climber and adventurer. On October 3, 1984 Macartney-Snape and Greg Mortimer were the first Australians to reach the summit of Mount Everest. They reached the summit, without oxygen, via a new route on the North Face (North Face to Norton Couloir). In 1990, Macartney-Snape became the first person to walk and climb from Sea Level to the top of Mount Everest which he writes about in his book Everest: From Sea to Summit. A film of the same name has won prizes in seven countries. Macartney-Snape is also the founder of the Sea to Summit range of outdoor and adventure gear and accessories.
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Tito Gobbi
Tito Gobbi (24 October 19135 March 1984) was an Italian operatic baritone with an international reputation.
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Todd Boeckman
Todd Boeckman (born June 8, 1984 in ) is an American football quarterback who is currently a free agent in the National Football League. He was signed by the Jaguars as an undrafted free agent on June 17, 2009. He played college football at Ohio State University.
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Toke Townley
Toke Antony Townley, born 6 November 1912 in Great Dunmow, died 27 September 1984 in Leeds, was an English actor.
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Tommy Cooper
Thomas Frederick "Tommy" Cooper (19 March 1921 – 15 April 1984) was a popular British prop comedian and magician.
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Toni Gonzaga
Celestine Cruz Gonzaga (known by her screen name Toni Gonzaga), is a Filipino actress, TV host, dancer and singer. She started her career with GMA Network but later moved ABS-CBN where she became a host of Pinoy Big Brother. She is a former host for the Saturday talk show Entertainment Live and the variety show ASAP and currently hosting the Sunday talk show The Buzz.
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Torrey DeVitto
Torrey Joel DeVitto (born June 8, 1984) is an American actress and former fashion model.
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Trent Cutler
Trent Cutler (born January 10, 1984 in Bankstown, New South Wales) is an Australian professional rugby league player and model. Cutler previously played for the Bulldogs in the National Rugby League (NRL) competition. He primarily plays on the wing.
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Trey Hill
Trey Hill (Guitarist, Vocalist, Musical Director, Songwriter, Producer) Born September 5, 1984 in Shelby, North Carolina. Trey began his career as a member of the very successful and Grammy-nominated band Sonicflood. They have sold over 2 million records. In 2008/2009, he recorded and toured with country/pop and film star, Jessica Simpson. He has been apart of tours featuring Taylor Swift. Rascal Flatts, Alan Jackson, Brooks & Dunn, Carrie Underwood. Currently, Trey tours with Kellie Pickler. He has also had success as a songwriter and studio musician.
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Trey Songz
Tremaine Aldon Neverson (born November 28, 1984), better known by his stage name Trey Songz, is an American recording artist, producer and actor. His debut album, I Gotta Make It, was released in 2005, while his second album, Trey Day, was released in 2007. His third album, Ready, was released in 2009 while his fourth studio album, Passion, Pain & Pleasure, was released on September 14, 2010.
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Truman Capote
Truman Capote (; September 30, 1924 – August 25, 1984) was an American author and comedian, many of whose short stories, novels, plays and nonfiction are recognized literary classics, including the novella ''Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958) and In Cold Blood'' (1965), which he labeled a "nonfiction novel." At least 20 films and television dramas have been produced from Capote novels, stories and screenplays.
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Tye'sha Fluker
'''Tye'sha Nicole Fluker''' (born December 27, 1984) is an American professional basketball player in the WNBA.
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Tyler Kyte
Jonathan Tyler "Ty" Kyte (born July 24, 1984; Lindsay, Ontario) began his acting career as a correspondent on the Canadian TV series Popular Mechanics for Kids alongside fellow Canadians Elisha Cuthbert and Vanessa Lengies. He later appeared on the TV series Goosebumps (1997) and Are You Afraid of the Dark? (1999).
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Tyson Griffin
Tyson Lee Griffin (born April 20, 1984) is an American mixed martial artist from Albany, California. Griffin currently fights as a Lightweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).
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Vanessa L. Williams
Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963) is an American singer and actress. In 1983, she became the first woman of African American descent to be crowned Miss America, but a scandal caused her to relinquish her title early. Williams rebounded by launching a career as an entertainer, earning Grammy, Emmy, and Tony Award nominations.
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Vanessa Lee Chester
Vanessa Lee Chester (born July 2, 1984) is an American television and film actress. She has worked on a variety of projects, most notable for her roles as Kelly in Steven Spielberg's (1997), and as Becky in Alfonso Cuarón's A Little Princess (1995). However, most recently Chester has worked mostly in television, appearing in Malcolm in the Middle and The West Wing.
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Vera Zvonareva
Vera Igorevna Zvonareva (, ; born September 7, 1984) is a professional tennis player from Russia. She was introduced to tennis at the age of six and turned professional in 2000. She has reached a career high and current ranking of World No. 3. Zvonareva has won ten WTA Tour singles titles and reached the finals of the 2008 WTA Tour Championships, 2010 Wimbledon Championships and 2010 US Open. She also was a bronze medalist at the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
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Vic Dickenson
Vic (Victor) Dickenson (August 6, 1906 - November 16, 1984) was an African-American jazz trombonist. Dickenson's career started out in the 1920s and led him through musical partnerships with such legends as Count Basie (1940-41), Sidney Bechet (1941) and Earl Hines . Also a soloist of wide acclaim, Vic Dickenson was known for the distinctive sound he coaxed out of the trombone.
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Vicente Aleixandre
Vicente Pío Marcelino Cirilo Aleixandre y Merlo (April 26, 1898 – December 13, 1984) was a Spanish poet who was born in Seville. Aleixandre was a Nobel Prize laureate for Literature in 1977. He was part of the Generation of '27. He died in Madrid in 1984.
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Victor Rasuk
Victor Rasuk (born January 15, 1984) is an American actor.
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Viktor Chukarin
Viktor Ivanovich Chukarin (, ; November 9, 1921 – August 25, 1984) was the first of the great Soviet gymnasts.
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Vincent J. McMahon
Vincent James "Vince" McMahon Sr., better known as Vince McMahon, Sr. (July 6, 1914–May 24, 1984) was an American professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wide Wrestling Federation, which is now known as World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent K. McMahon, Jr., now serves as chief executive officer and chairman of the board of directors.
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Vágner Love
Vágner Silva de Souza (born 11 June 1984 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), commonly known as Vágner Love, is a Brazilian football striker who currently plays for CSKA Moscow.
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Walter F. Mondale
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Walter Pidgeon
Walter Davis Pidgeon (September 23, 1897 – September 25, 1984) was a Canadian actor who lived most of his adult life in the United States. He starred in many motion pictures, including Mrs. Miniver, The Bad and the Beautiful, Forbidden Planet, Advise and Consent and Funny Girl.
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Walter Woolf King
Walter Woolf King (2 November 1899 – 24 October 1984) was an American singer, performer, and film actor
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Wesley Sneijder
Wesley Benjamin Sneijder () (born 9 June 1984) is a Dutch footballer playing as attacking midfielder for Internazionale. In 2004, Sneijder was awarded the Johan Cruijff Award for Young Player of the Year in the Netherlands.
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William Keighley
William Jackson Keighley (August 4, 1889, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - June 24, 1984, New York, New York) was an American stage actor and Hollywood film director.
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William M. Gibbons
William M. Gibbons (1919 – 1990-10-31) was a lawyer for 28 years, and would become the receiver and trustee of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad during the Rock Islands third and final bankruptcy. He was chosen receiver and trustee March 17, 1975, the day the Rock Island entered receivership for the bankruptcy, and he and the Kansas City Terminal Railway would be the power to oversee, and liquidate the entire railroad. His last day as the receiver and trustee was June 1, 1984, after all of the Rock Island's locomotives, cars, tracks and trackage rights were sold, dismantled and sold, or abandoned under an Interstate Commerce Commission directed service order. Gibbons was able to raise $500 million in the liquidation, paying off all the railroad's creditors with interest.
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William Penn
William Penn (October 14, 1644 – July 30, 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, and founder and "absolute proprietor" of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future U. S. State of Pennsylvania. He was an early champion of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
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William Powell
William Horatio Powell (July 29, 1892 – March 5, 1984) was an American actor, noted for his sophisticated, cynical portrayals.
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Witold Kiełtyka
Witold "Vitek" Kiełtyka (January 24, 1984 – November 2, 2007) was a Polish musician, the drummer and percussionist for the technical death metal band Decapitated, and younger brother of the musician Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka. He had been with the band ever since it was founded in 1996, when he was only twelve years of age. He also did work for the heavy metal bands Dies Irae and Panzer X.
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Xing Huina
Xing Huina (; born February 25, 1984 in Hanting, Weifang, Shandong) is a Chinese track and field athlete.
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Yan Zi (tennis)
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Yesung
Kim Jong-woon (born August 24, 1984), better known by his stage name Yesung, is a Korean pop singer and occasional actor. He is one of the four lead vocalists of the super boy band Super Junior. He was once a radio host for his own radio program, M.I.R.A.C.L.E for You, which ended its broadcast in September 2007. His stage name Yesung (Hanja: ) is translated to "art-like voice" and is derived from the phrase "예술가의 성대", meaning "vocal chords of an artist."
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Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin (, born Yigal Sukenik (Hebrew: יגאל סוקניק) on 21 March 1917, died 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, politician, and the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
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Yoon Eun Hye
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Yu Fengtong
Yu Fengtong (; born 15 December 1984 in Yichun, Heilongjiang) is a speed skater who has participated in the Olympics for the nation of China.
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Yua Aida
is an award-winning former Japanese model and AV idol.
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Yuri Andropov
Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (, Yury Vladimirovich Andropov; – 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 12 November 1982 until his death fifteen months later.
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Yury Prilukov
Yury Aleksandrovich Prilukov (; born 14 June 1984 in Sverdlovsk) is a freestyle swimmer from Russia, who specializes in long distance swimming.
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Yvonne Fletcher
WPC Yvonne Joyce Fletcher (1959 – 17 April 1984) was a police officer who was shot and killed in London's St James's Square while on duty during a protest outside the Libyan embassy. Her death resulted in a police siege of the embassy, which lasted for eleven days. The shooting also caused the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya. Her death was the third murder or manslaughter of an on-duty mainland British policewoman, only 18 months after the first.
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Zach Parise
Zachary Justin Parise (born July 28, 1984) is an American professional ice hockey left winger and an alternate captain of the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). Prior to turning pro, Parise played two seasons for the University of North Dakota, where he was twice nominated for the Hobey Baker Award given to the top men's collegiate hockey player. He played high school hockey for Shattuck-St. Mary's in Faribault, Minnesota. Parise was drafted by the Devils 17th overall in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He turned pro after his sophomore season, and spent one year playing for the Albany River Rats of the American Hockey League (AHL). Parise joined the Devils for the 2005–06 season. Parise's best NHL season was in 2008–09, when he was the league's third leading goal scorer (45) behind Jeff Carter with 46 and league leader Alexander Ovechkin with 56, while ranking fifth among all NHL players in points with 94.
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Zak Whitbread
Zak Benjamin Whitbread (born March 4, 1984) is an American soccer player who plays for Norwich City as a defender.
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Zakia Mrisho Mohamed
Zakia Mrisho Mohamed (born February 19, 1984) is a Tanzanian long distance runner who specialises in track and road running. She represented her country in the 5000 metres at the 2008 Olympic Games.
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Álvaro Parente
Álvaro Parente (born 4 October 1984 in Porto) is a Portuguese racecar driver. Parente's father was also a race driver.
http://wn.com/Álvaro_Parente
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Abbeystead
Abbeystead is a small, picturesque village located in the Forest of Bowland Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, in Lancashire, England. Abbeystead lies close to the Trough of Bowland but even in medieval times, was considered part of Wyresdale rather than within the domain of that powerful local magnate, the Lord of Bowland.
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Alfred A. Knopf, Sr.
Alfred Abraham Knopf, Sr. (September 12, 1892 – August 11, 1984) was a leading American publisher of the 20th century, and founder of Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.. His contemporaries included the likes of Bennett Cerf and Donald Klopfer, and (of the previous generation) Frank Nelson Doubleday, J. Henry Harper and Henry Holt. Knopf paid special attention to the quality of printing, binding, and design in his books, and earned a reputation as a purist in both content and presentation.
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Allo Mahar
Alo Mohar, also known as Allo Mahar Sharif, is a village and union council of Daska Tehsil, Sialkot District in Punjab, Pakistan. The village is located at 32°23'60N 74°25'0E and lies located 8 km to the west of Daska and 15 km southwest of the district capital - Sialkot. It contains the shrines of various Islamic saints and is an attractive and modern village of Punjab Province.
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Amritsar
:''This article is about the city. For the district see Amritsar district.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Barneveld, Wisconsin
Barneveld is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. It is the third most populous community in Iowa County. The population was 1,088 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area.
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Beirut
Beirut (, Bayrūt) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon with a population ranging from some 1 million to over 2 million as of 2007. Located on a peninsula at the midpoint of Lebanon's coastline with the Mediterranean sea, it serves as the country's largest and main seaport, and also forms the Beirut Metropolitan Area, which consists of the city and its suburbs. The first mention of this metropolis is found in the ancient Egyptian Tell el Amarna letters, dating to the 15th century BC, and the city has been continuously inhabited since.
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Bhopal
Bhopal (), ; is the capital of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of Bhopal District and Bhopal Division. The city was the capital of the former Bhopal state. Bhopal is also known as the Lake City (or City of Lakes) for its various natural as well as artificial lakes
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Bhopal Disaster
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Brunei
Brunei ( in English), officially the State of Brunei Darussalam or the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (, Jawi: بروني دارالسلام), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo, in Southeast Asia. Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, and in fact it is separated into two parts by Limbang, which is part of Sarawak. It is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo, with the remainder of the island belonging to Malaysia and Indonesia.
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Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso ( ; ) – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Egypt
Egypt (; , Miṣr, ; Egyptian Arabic: مصر, Maṣr, ; Coptic: , ; Greek: Αίγυπτος, Aiguptos; Egyptian:
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Israel
Israel (, ''Yisrā'el; , Isrā'īl), officially the State of Israel (Hebrew: , Medīnat Yisrā'el; , Dawlat Isrā'īl''), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and Gaza on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is the world's only predominantly Jewish state, and is defined as A Jewish and Democratic State by the Israeli government.
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Japan
Japan (日本 Nihon or Nippon), officially the State of Japan ( or Nihon-koku), is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin" (because it lies to the east of nearby countries), which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
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Johor
Johor (also known by its Arabic honorific, '''Darul Ta'zim, or "Abode of Dignity"), also known as Johore' in English, is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia. The state capital city and royal city of Johor is Johor Bahru, formerly known as Tanjung Puteri (Malay for Princess' Cape''). The old state capital is Johor Lama.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Dogri: कश्मीर; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Balti: کشمیر; Gojri: کشمیر; Poonchi/Chibhali: کشمیر; Shina: کشمیر; Uyghur: كەشمىر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range.
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Lancashire
Lancashire ( or, less commonly, ) is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in the North West of England. It takes its name from the city of Lancaster, and is sometimes known as the County of Lancaster. Although Lancaster is still considered to be the county town, Lancashire County Council is based in Preston. Lancashire is sometimes referred to by the abbreviation Lancs, originally used by the Royal Mail. The population of the county is 1,449,700. People from the county are known as Lancastrians.
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Lapland (Finland)
Lapland (; ; ) is one of the Regions of Finland. The municipalities in the province cooperate in a Regional Council. It borders the Region of North Ostrobothnia in the south. It also borders to the Gulf of Bothnia, Norrbotten County in Sweden, Finnmark County and Troms County in Norway and to Murmansk Oblast in Russia. In some parts of the world, particularly Britain, Ireland and Finland itself, it is considered the traditional home of Father Christmas (Joulupukki).
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Libya
Libya ( ; Libyan vernacular: Lībya ; Amazigh: ), officially the '''Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ( , also translated as Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya'''), is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
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Liverpool
Liverpool () is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880. Liverpool is the fourth largest city in the United Kingdom (third largest in England) and has a population of 435,500, and lies at the centre of the wider Liverpool Urban Area, which has a population of 816,216.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh (Hindī: मध्य प्रदेश, pronounced "Central Province"; abbreviated MP), often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Mauritania
Mauritania ( Mūrītāniyā; ; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; ), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in North Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, by Western Sahara in the north, by Algeria in the northeast, by Mali in the east and southeast, and by Senegal in the southwest. It is named after the Roman province of Mauretania, even though the modern state covers a territory far to the southwest of the old province. The capital and largest city is Nouakchott, located on the Atlantic coast.
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Mexico City
Mexico City (Spanish: Ciudad de México) is the capital and largest city in Mexico as well as the largest city in the Americas and the world's third largest metropolitan area by population, after Seoul and Tokyo. Mexico City is also the Federal District (Distrito Federal), the seat of the federal government. It is a federal entity within Mexico which is not part of any one of the 31 Mexican states but belongs to the federation as a whole. Mexico City is the most important political, cultural, and financial center in the country.
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Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
http://wn.com/Minnesota -
Mississippi
Mississippi () is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, which namesake is from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, and its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
http://wn.com/Mississippi -
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Nicaragua
Nicaragua ( ) officially the Republic of Nicaragua (, ), is a representative democratic republic. It is the largest country in Central America with an area of 130,373 km2. The country is bordered by Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the country, the Caribbean Sea to the east. The country's Caribbean coast is part of the Western Caribbean Zone. Falling within the tropics, Nicaragua sits between 11 degrees and 14 degrees north of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. Nicaragua's abundance of biologically significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a biodiversity hotspot. The capital city of Nicaragua is Managua. Roughly one quarter of the nation's population lives in the Nicaraguan capital, making it the second largest city and metropolitan area in Central America (following Guatemala City).
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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Operation Meghdoot
'Operation Meghdoot' was the name given to the attack launched by the Indian Military to capture the Siachen Glacier in the disputed Kashmir region, precipitating the Siachen Conflict. Launched on 13 April 1984, this military operation was unique as the first assault launched in the world's highest battlefield. The military action eventually resulted in Indian troops managing to gain control of the entire Siachen Glacier.
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Pakistan
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Pakistan -
Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 305,242 people in the four municipalities that make up the city proper, and a metro area population of 423,645 people in the Sarajevo Canton . It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton. Sarajevo is located in the Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated around the Miljacka river.
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SFRY
http://wn.com/SFRY -
Sindh
Sindh (pronounced : , ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhi people. It is also locally known as the "Mehran" (مهران) and "Bab-ul-Islam" (باب الاسلام) ("The Door to Islam"), (This title has never become a public phrases in Pakistan especially in Sindh. Historically it was used by the Arab conquers of Sindh for their entrance in South Asia, which later on used in the official curriculum and history readings by the government schools, madersahs and by Muslim clerics in Pakistan. ) Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh, including Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan from India upon independence, as well as immigrants from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the north, Gujarat and Rajasthan to the southeast and east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main language spoken is Sindhi. The name is derived from the Indus River that courses through it, and was known to the Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) as Sinda, to the Greeks as Sinthus, to the Romans as Sindus, to the Persians as Abisind, to the Arabs as Al-Sind, and to the Chinese as Sintow. To the Javanese the Sindhis have long been known as the Santri.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union () or Soviet Russia, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed on the territory of most of the former Russian Empire in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
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Sri Lanka
The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (commonly known as Sri Lanka (, , or ); ; , ) is a country and a sovereign state off souther coast of the Indian subcontinent. A island nation in South Asia, it was till 1972 known as Ceylon (, , or ). Sri Lanka is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait.
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Sweden
Sweden (pronounced , ), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: ), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and water borders with Denmark, Germany, and Poland to the south, and Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia to the east. Sweden is also connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
http://wn.com/Sydney -
The Bronx
http://wn.com/The_Bronx -
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa () is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-largest city in the United States. With an estimated population of 389,625 in 2009, it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 929,015 (2009) residents in the MSA and 979,721 (2009) in the CSA Tulsa's CSA is projected to reach one million between 2010 and 2012. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, and extends into Osage, Rogers, and Wagoner counties.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Vatican City
Vatican City or Vatican City State, officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (), which translates literally as "State of the City of the Vatican", is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, the capital city of Italy. It has an area of approximately , and a population of just over 800.
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Victoria, Seychelles
Victoria (sometimes called Port Victoria) is the capital city of the Seychelles (smallest African capital) and is situated on the north-eastern side of Mahé island, which is the main island of the archipelago. The city was first established as the seat of the British colonial government. As of 2009, the population is 25,000 (for Greater Victoria, which includes the suburbs), out of the population of 84,000. Victoria is served by Seychelles International Airport (completed in 1971.)
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House -
Yvonne Fletcher
WPC Yvonne Joyce Fletcher (1959 – 17 April 1984) was a police officer who was shot and killed in London's St James's Square while on duty during a protest outside the Libyan embassy. Her death resulted in a police siege of the embassy, which lasted for eleven days. The shooting also caused the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Libya. Her death was the third murder or manslaughter of an on-duty mainland British policewoman, only 18 months after the first.
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Zamboanga City
Zamboanga City ( Zamboangueño Chavacano or Chavacano/Spanish: Ciudad de Zamboanga) (Tagalog: Lungsod ng Zamboanga)is classified as a highly urbanized city and
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Şanlıurfa
Şanlıurfa (often simply known as Urfa in daily language, formerly cited as Edessa; or in Assyrian ܐܘܪܗܝ Urhoy or in Kurdish Riha ; or in Armenian Urhai, Arabic الرها ar-Ruhā) is a city with 482,323 inhabitants (2009 estimate in south-eastern Turkey, and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. Urfa is situated on a plain under big open skies, about eighty kilometres east of the Euphrates River. The climate features extremely hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters.
http://wn.com/Şanlıurfa
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What Have I Done to Deserve This? (1984)
"What Have I Done to Deserve This? (1984)" Actors
- Carmen Maura
- Luis Hostalot
- Ryo Hiruma
- Ángel De Andrés López
- Gonzalo Suárez
- Verónica Forqué
- Juan Martínez
- Chus Lampreave
- Kiti Manver
- Sonia Anabela Holimann
- Cecilia Roth
- Diego Caretti
- José Manuel Bello
- Pedro Almodóvar
- Fabio Mcnamara
"What Have I Done to Deserve This? (1984)" Director
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1984 George Orwell Movie Trailer (1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Published: 25 Mar 2008
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
New trailer for 1984(1984) starring John Hurt. Edited by Lectorsmith.
http://wn.com/1984_George_Orwell_Movie_Trailer_1984
1984 by George Orwell / Nineteen Eighty-Four / Film Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 107:31
- Published: 11 Jan 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
BBC Television's live production of George Orwell's "1984". Produced in 1954. Creative Commons license: Public Domain. Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic dystopian novel by English author George Orwell. Published in 1949, it is set in the eponymous year and focuses on a repressive, totalitarian regime. The story follows the life of one seemingly insignificant man, Winston Smith, a civil servant assigned the task of falsifying records and political literature, thus effectively perpetuating propaganda, who grows disillusioned with his meagre existence and so begins a rebellion against the system. The novel has become famous for its portrayal of surveillance and society's increasing encroachment on the rights of the individual. Since its publication the terms Big Brother and Orwellian have entered the popular vernacular. Orwell, who had "encapsulated the thesis at the heart of his novel" in 1944, wrote most of Nineteen Eighty-Four on the island of Jura, Scotland, during 19471948 while critically ill with tuberculosis. He sent the final typescript to his friends Secker and Warburg on 4 December 1948 and the book was published on 8 June 1949. Nineteen Eighty-Four has been translated into more than 50 languages. The novel's title, its terms, its language (Newspeak), and its author's surname are bywords for personal privacy lost to national state security. The adjective "Orwellian" denotes many things. It can refer to totalitarian action or organization, as well as governmental <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/1984_by_George_Orwell_/_Nineteen_Eighty-Four_/_Film_Movie
1984 Apple's Macintosh Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Published: 13 Dec 2005
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
This was the commercial that introduced the Apple Macintosh Computer to the world.
http://wn.com/1984_Apple's_Macintosh_Commercial
1984 The Movie - part1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Published: 01 Nov 2008
- Updated: 25 Mar 2012
1984 part 1
http://wn.com/1984_The_Movie__part1
Apple Mac 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:58
- Published: 07 Jan 2007
- Updated: 26 Mar 2012
Iconic Ridley Scott advert for the launch of the Apple Mac in 1984.
http://wn.com/Apple_Mac_1984
Eurythmics "Sex Crime" 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Published: 01 Mar 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
From the seriously under appreciated soundtrack album 1984 (For the Love of Big Brother) I do not own rights to this Video. All copyright holders shall be respected.
http://wn.com/Eurythmics_Sex_Crime_1984
DAVID BOWIE - 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 10 Feb 2008
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
David Bowie brings Soul Love to the United States with a live broadcast from New York during 1974.
http://wn.com/DAVID_BOWIE__1984
The Lost 1984 Video: young Steve Jobs introduces the Macintosh
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:11
- Published: 24 Jan 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
The Original 1984 Macintosh Introduction: the magic moment, when Steve Jobs unveils the Macintosh and releases it from its bag. We've found these historical lost videos in 2004 and restored and published them to the world on January 24., 2005, when the Mac became 21 years old. Read the story of this wonderful discovery here: www.mac-essentials.de Uploaded by TextLab, the original discoverers and restorers.
http://wn.com/The_Lost_1984_Video_young_Steve_Jobs_introduces_the_Macintosh
Apples 1984 Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:02
- Published: 02 Feb 2006
- Updated: 26 Mar 2012
Apples 1984 which aired at half-time of the Super Bowl, directed by Ridley Scott, this is the remake version made in 2004, added the ipod to it.
http://wn.com/Apples_1984_Commercial
Steve Jobs demos Apple Macintosh, 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:48
- Published: 07 Nov 2006
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
Demo of the first Apple Macintosh by Steve Jobs, January 1984, in front of 3000 people. Andy Hertzfeld captured the moment quite well in his retelling: "Pandemonium reigns as the demo completes. Steve has the biggest smile I've ever seen on his face, obviously holding back tears as he is overwhelmed by the moment. The ovation continues for at least five minutes before he quiets the crowd down."
http://wn.com/Steve_Jobs_demos_Apple_Macintosh,_1984
David Bowie - 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Published: 23 Feb 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
"1984" is a song by David Bowie, from his 1974 album Diamond Dogs. Written in late 1973, it was inspired by George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four and, like much of its parent album, originally intended for a never-produced stage musical based on the novel.
http://wn.com/David_Bowie__1984
Video SparkNotes: Orwell's 1984 Summary
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:37
- Published: 21 Oct 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
Check out George Orwell's 1984 Video SparkNote: Quick and easy 1984 synopsis, analysis, and discussion of major characters and themes in the novel. For more 1984 resources, go to www.sparknotes.com/lit/1984.
http://wn.com/Video_SparkNotes_Orwell's_1984_Summary
1983 Apple Keynote-The "1984" Ad Introduction
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:40
- Published: 02 Apr 2006
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
Here we see Steve Jobs at a keynote in 1983 showing for the first time ever the famous "1984" ad by Ridley Scott to an exclusive audience. The ad was shown on tv shortly after that only once during the 1984 Superbowl & never aired again & is considered to be one of the greatest ads of all time.
http://wn.com/1983_Apple_Keynote-The_1984_Ad_Introduction
Van Halen - 1984 - 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Published: 14 Nov 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
The 1st song from the 1984 album.
http://wn.com/Van_Halen__1984__1984
Bonanza Banzai - 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 08 Apr 2006
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
Bonanza Banzai was a popular group in Hungary. This song is inspired by George Orwell's novel, it has been released in 1991, on their 1984 album. This is the original version, but there are several remakes of it. Here's a translation for the lyrics (got from "Lirama" site): lirama.net (Background:) It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers imagined. A world of fear and treachery is torment, a world of trampling and being trampled upon, a world which will grow not less but more merciless as it refines itself. Progress in our world will be progress towards more pain. The old civilizations claimed that they were founded on love or justice. Ours is founded upon hatred. In our world there will be no emotions except fear, rage, triumph, and self-abasement. Everything else we shall destroy everything. Already we are breaking down the habits of thought which have survived from before the Revolution. Nineteen eighty-four Machines are shaking my dreams To prevent me from sleeping To make me always tired And to be interested in nothing, but nothing They disfigure your beauty To prevent you from excel You will be harmless to them Like all others refrain: I'm waiting for an angel to arrive And pay for the sin, if I sinned And if I have to go away from here, possible That you'll bury my body Your Big Brother watches you His voice warns you from walls He's at everywhere, you feel, But unable to see anywhere refrain refrain2: We're waiting for an <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Bonanza_Banzai__1984
Tin Pan Caravan: Anais Mitchell- 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Published: 09 Feb 2006
- Updated: 22 Mar 2012
1984 is a song that cleverly fuses George Orwell's novel "1984" with the times of today also adding to the punchline of Prince's 1999. Probably one of the most clever tunes I've heard in years. What a group of musicians. I shot this footage at Guilford College during a very intimate show. Sit back and enjoy some music that your mind will enjoy. Visit their site. tinpancaravan.com
http://wn.com/Tin_Pan_Caravan_Anais_Mitchell_1984
1984 by George Orwell-Full Length Movie (1954 BBC TV Version)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 107:31
- Published: 11 Dec 2010
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
BBC Television's live production of George Orwell's "1984". Produced in 1954. Creative Commons license: Public Domain. I've seen the 1956 and 1984 versions online, and I must say this is the best version available, both in terms of watch-ability and faithfulness to the text. This is a first rate production. So little of this periods drama has survived it is a pleasure to watch this. It is worth your time. Video and sound quality are first rate. I hope you enjoy it as much as I did. Nineteen Eighty-Four (sometimes written 1984) is a 1949 dystopian novel by George Orwell about an oligarchical, collectivist society. Life in the Oceanian province of Airstrip One is a world of perpetual war, pervasive government surveillance, and incessant public mind control. The individual is always subordinated to the state, and it is in part this philosophy which allows the Party to manipulate and control humanity. In the Ministry of Truth (Minitrue, in Newspeak), protagonist Winston Smith is a civil servant responsible for perpetuating the Party's propaganda by revising historical records to render the Party omniscient and always correct, yet his meagre existence disillusions him to the point of seeking rebellion against Big Brother, eventually leading to his arrest, torture, and reconversion. As literary political fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel of the social science fiction subgenre. Since its publication in 1949, many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/1984_by_George_Orwell-Full_Length_Movie_1954_BBC_TV_Version
Ghostbusters (Trailer 1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Published: 12 Feb 2008
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
my website: www.myxpitstop.com Three misfit parapsychology professors are booted out of their cushy jobs at New York City's Columbia University. Despite their relative lack of funding, they start an enterprise called Ghostbusters, a spectral investigation and removal service. One of the men has a plan to catch and contain supernatural entities, though it has never been properly tested. Undeterred, they obtain a former fire station as a base and begin advertising on local television. At first, their clients are few and far between, and the Ghostbusters have to depend on their individual talents to keep the business alive Dr. Egon Spengler is a scientific genius, Dr. Raymond "Ray" Stantz is an expert on paranormal history and metallurgy, and Dr. Peter Venkman has charm and business savvy, although he is in some ways a charlatan. Although he initially comes off as a bit of a goof and sleaze, Venkman eventually finds a subtly heroic side to himself when he learns that a creature called Zuul is haunting the apartment of Dana Barrett, a client who has become the object of his lustful intentions. Unfortunately, it soon becomes apparent to the Ghostbusters that the spike in paranormal events means they are headed toward a climactic confrontation with an entity ancient Sumerian God known as Gozer the Gozerian, whose presence was implied by bizarre occurrences such as the demonic Zuul appearing in Dana Barrett's apartment! The Ghostbusters are called on to save the Big Apple and <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Ghostbusters_Trailer_1984
Nena - 99 Luftballons 1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Published: 24 Nov 2006
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
Nena - 99 Luftballons (1984) German version. I love that song :)
http://wn.com/Nena__99_Luftballons_1984
Tech: Apple Lisa Demo (1984)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:33
- Published: 20 Nov 2006
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
www.Alfred.TV READ ME FIRST The intro is VERY long. Let it buffer for 5 minutes to skip directly to the Lisa demo. Filmed in 1984, Alfred (yes, that's me) demonstrates the $10000 Apple Lisa computer on a tri-state cable channel. This was a very early 'mass introduction' to a system that had a graphical user interface, icons, pull down menus, and a rodential input device called 'a mouse.' Ifyou'd like to receive alerts to interesting articles as well as updates on my latest videos and live webcasts, then please subscribe to my microblog on Twitter! www.twitter.com Bookmark my uStream page for future live webcasts www.uStream.tv If you'd like to Email me, use the link below www.alfred.tv Please visit my sponsors: www.SolidNutrition.com http Enjoy the time warp with this video! Warm regards, Alfred
http://wn.com/Tech_Apple_Lisa_Demo_1984
Mac vs PC (1984 vs. 2007) (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:19
- Published: 02 Mar 2009
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
Boot fight between an 1984 Mac and 2007 32bit-PC Laptop, and showing what sucks on todays PC´s. www.3d-taeuber.de Datenschutzerklärung Privacy www.3d-taeuber.de All mentioned Productnames/Brandnames/Logos belong to their respective owners and are protected by law.
http://wn.com/Mac_vs_PC_1984_vs_2007_HD
Worlds Best Ventriloquist - Dan Horn -1984
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:55
- Published: 02 Aug 2007
- Updated: 28 Mar 2012
My number one watched video performance to date. I produced this video in 1984 ,Before Jeff Dunham & Terry Fator were doing it ! A true pioneer in the art of Ventriloquism- Dan Horn remains -The Best I personally have ever seen. With a large cast of characters- Though he is not as widely known & famous on youtube as some? He is by far more technically skilled at the craft of ventriloquism ! These are all my video productions and aired on my variety television show- Dan Horn - still performs- mainly on cruise ships, but I expect you will be seeing more from him soon. Thank you for watching & enjoy my show! " Dan Horn & his first Orsen doing a rare comedy routine for my television show -Backstage In Arizona- joelsamuelpresents- a great story comes with this performance- Check out all my other great performance of Dan Horn & his cast of characters here and at: bscactus- my other channel on youtube. Please tell your friends & favorite these performances. Welcome to my show
http://wn.com/Worlds_Best_Ventriloquist__Dan_Horn_-1984
Rodney Mullen 1984 Japan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Published: 17 Oct 2006
- Updated: 27 Mar 2012
freestyle skateboarding Rodney Mullen from freestyle-sk8.com
http://wn.com/Rodney_Mullen_1984_Japan
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Creative Commons / Andy Dingley![Library, built in 1984 Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold](http://web.archive.org./web/20120404081655im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/6c/c9/a481ccabf13945c5a38c80304d9b_small.jpg "Library, built in 1984 Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold")
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![Library, built in 1984 Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold](http://web.archive.org./web/20120404081655/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/6c/c9/a481ccabf13945c5a38c80304d9b_medium.jpg "Library, built in 1984 Gütersloh (German pronunciation: [ˈɡyːtɐsloː]) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, in the area of Westphalia and the administrative region of Detmold")
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Tweet "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?" was Steve Jobs' legendary pitch some 30 years enticing John Sculley , then...
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- 1984 anti-Sikh riots
- 1984 Summer Olympics
- 1984 Winter Olympics
Indian Express
In five anti-Sikh riot cases originating from the same FIR filed against Sajjan Kumar, no witnesses were produced by police, resulting in the acquittal of the accused persons, the CBI informed a Delhi court on Tuesday. Advancing...(size: 1.5Kb)
1984 riots: ‘Acquittal due to lack of witness’
03 Apr 2012
Zeenews
New Delhi: CBI on Tuesday told a Delhi court, hearing a 1984 anti-Sikh riots case involving senior Congress leader Sajjan Kumar, that no eye witness was produced in the five other carnage cases by the police, which resulted in the acquittal of the persons who were accused in those cases. Advancing...(size: 3.6Kb)
Indian Express
A court hearing a 1984 anti-Sikh riots case against Congress leader Sajjan Kumar on Monday said that a two-minute silence should...(size: 0.8Kb)
Star Tribune
BOGOTA, Colombia - Academy Award-winning actor Tim Robbins says his experience directing a play based on George Orwell's...(size: 0.9Kb)
The Washington Post
BOGOTA, Colombia — Academy Award-winning actor Tim Robbins says his experience directing a play based on George Orwell’s “1984” has prompted a life choice as personal as it is political: He’s living...(size: 1.5Kb)
Zeenews
New Delhi: In an unusual decision, a Delhi court hearing a 1984 anti-Sikh riots case involving senior Congress leader Sajjan Kumar on Monday said a two-minute silence will be observed before commencement of everyday's proceedings in memory of the innocent people killed in the carnage. The court also...(size: 4.4Kb)
The New York Times
Keith Olbermann may have left the anchor desk again, but he once again leaves behind a channel that’s ready to embrace his edgier progressive persona, even if it doesn’t care for Mr. Olbermann himself, writes Brian Stelter. “Now, liberal journalists and pundits who were inspired by Mr. Olbermann’s...(size: 7.3Kb)
The Times of India
SHARE AND DISCUSSTweet NEW DELHI: The CBI on Saturday told a Delhi court hearing a case related to the 1984 anti-Sikh riots against Congress leader Sajjan Kumar that police kept their eyes closed...(size: 1.3Kb)
DNA India
The CBI on Saturday told a court here that the Delhi police, acting in a pre-planned manner during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, kept its "eyes closed" to the violence. Advancing final arguments in a 1984 anti-Sikh riots case, in which veteran Congress leader Sajjan Kumar has been accused of instigating...(size: 3.4Kb)
1984 (MCMLXXXIV) was a leap year that started on a Sunday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
__NOTOC__
January 1
* US Bell System is broken up.
* Brunei becomes a fully independent state.
January 3 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan meets with Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman and the Reverend Jesse Jackson at the White House, following Lieutenant Goodman's release from Syrian captivity.
January 7 – Brunei becomes the 6th member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
January 10
The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.
* Victoria Agreement signed.
January 16 - Duran Duran begin their Sing Blue Silver World Tour to the US, Euope and Japan.
January 18 – The Mitsui Miike coal mine explosion at Ōmuta, Fukuoka, Japan kills 83.
January 24 – The Apple Macintosh is introduced.
February 1 – Medicare comes into effect in Australia.
February 3
*Dr. John Buster and the research team at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center announce history's first embryo transfer, from one woman to another resulting in a live birth.
*STS-41-B: Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' is launched on the 10th space shuttle mission.
February 7 – Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.
February 8 – The 1984 Winter Olympics open in Sarajevo, SFRY.
February 13 – Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
February 19 – The 1984 Winter Olympics close in Sarajevo.
February 26 – United States Marines pull out of Beirut, Lebanon.
February 27 – Mauritania recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
February 29 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.
March 4 – The Republic of Upper Volta (subsequently known as Burkina Faso) recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
March 5 – Iran accuses Iraq of using chemical weapons; the United Nations condemns their use on March 30.
March 6 – A year-long strike action begins in the British coal industry (see UK Miners' Strike (1984-1985)).
March 14 – Sinn Féin's Gerry Adams and 3 others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the UVF.
March 16 – The CIA station chief in Beirut, William Francis Buckley, is kidnapped by Islamic Jihad and later dies in captivity.
March 20 - Renowned Screen Director and Poet Michael Hanson is born. He would later usher in a new era of global peace and prosperity.
March 22 – Teachers at the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the schoolchildren (the charges are later dropped as completely unfounded).
March 23 – General Rahimuddin Khan becomes the first man in Pakistan's history to rule over 2 of its provinces, after becoming interim Governor of Sindh.
April 2 – Indian Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma is launched into space, aboard the ''Soyuz T-11''.
April 4 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.
April 9 – The 56th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion.
April 12 – Palestinian gunmen take Israeli Bus Number 300 hostage. Israeli special forces storm the bus, freeing the hostages (1 hostage, 2 hijackers killed).
April 13 – India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.
April 15 – British comedian Tommy Cooper suffers a massive heart attack and dies while live on TV.
April 17 – WPC Yvonne Fletcher is shot and killed by a secluded gunman leading to a police siege of the Libyan Embassy in London.
April 19 – ''Advance Australia Fair'' is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
April 25 – The term of Sultan Ahmad Shah as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
April 26 – Sultan Iskandar, Sultan of Johor, becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May 2 – The Liverpool International Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.
May 5 – The Herreys win the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 for Sweden, with the song ''Diggi-Loo, Diggi-Ley''.
May 8
* The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
* Denis Lortie kills 3 government employees in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
May 11 – A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.
May 12 – The Louisiana World's Fair opens.
May 14 – The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.
May 23 – Methane gas explosion at Abbeystead water treatment works in Lancashire, England kills 16 people.
May 27 – An overnight flash flood rages through neighborhoods in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Nearly 15 inches of rain falls in some areas over a four-hour period. 14 people are killed.
May 31 – Mecklenburg Correctional Center - 6 inmates - including James and Linwood Briley escape from a death row facility, the first and only occasion this has ever happened in the US.
June 1 – William M. Gibbons is released as receiver and trustee of the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroad, after all of its debts and creditors are paid off by order of a federal bankruptcy court.
June 5 – The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
June 6 – Indian troops storm the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikhs' holiest shrine, killing an estimated 2,000 people.
June 8 – A deadly F5 tornado nearly destroys the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, killing 9 people, injuring nearly 200, and causing over $25,000,000 in damage.
June 20 – The biggest exam shake-up in the British education system in over 10 years is announced, with O-level and CSE exams to be replaced by a new exam, the GCSE.
June 22
* The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into Şanlıurfa.
* Virgin Atlantic Airways makes its inaugural flight.
June 27 – France beats Spain 2–0 to win the Euro 84.
June 28 – Richard Ramírez, aka the "Night Stalker," murders his first confirmed victim.
June 30 – John Napier Turner becomes Canada's 17th Prime Minister.
July 14 – New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.
July 18
* Beverly Lynn Burns becomes the first woman Boeing 747 captain in the world.
* In San Ysidro, California, 41-year-old James Oliver Huberty sprays a McDonald's restaurant with gunfire, killing 21 people before being shot and killed.
July 23 – Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in "Penthouse" magazine.
July 25 – ''Salyut 7'': Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.
July 28–August 12 – The 1984 Summer Olympics are held in Los Angeles, California.
August 1 – Australian banks are deregulated.
August 4 – The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.
August 11 – United States President Ronald Reagan, during a voice check for a radio broadcast remarks, "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes".
August 16 – John De Lorean is acquitted of all 8 charges of possessing and distributing cocaine.
August 17 – Peru recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
August 21 – Half a million people in Manila demonstrate against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos.
August 28 – Josef Fritzl drugs and incarcerates his daughter Elisabeth in a secret cellar, in Amstetten, Austria; she was released only after 24 years of sexual abuse and mental ordeal.
August 30 – ''STS-41-D'': The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' takes off on its maiden voyage.
September 2 – Seven people are shot and killed and 12 wounded in the Milperra massacre, a shootout between the rival motorcycle gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in Sydney.
September 4
* The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, wins 211 seats in the House of Commons, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history.
* The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.
September 5
* ''STS-41-D'': The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' lands after its maiden voyage.
* Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.
September 14 – P. W. Botha is inaugurated as the first executive State President of South Africa.
September 17 – Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.
September 18 – Joe Kittinger becomes the first person to cross the Atlantic, solo, in a hot air balloon.
September 20 – Hezbollah car-bombs the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut, killing 22 people.
September 26 – The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.
October 4 – Tim Macartney-Snape and Greg Mortimer become the first Australians to summit Mount Everest.
October 5 – ''STS-41-G'': Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.
October 11 – Aboard the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'', astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.
October 12 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing.
October 19 – Polish secret police kidnap Jerzy Popiełuszko, a Catholic priest who supports the Solidarity movement. His dead body is found in a reservoir 11 days later on October 30.
October 23 – The world learns from moving BBC News TV reports that a famine is plaguing Ethiopia, where thousands of people have already died of starvation due to a famine and as many as 10,000,000 more lives are at risk.
October 25 – The European Economic Community makes £1.8 million available to help combat the Ethiopian famine.
October 31 – Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her 2 Sikh security guards. Anti-Sikh riots break out. Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.
November 6 – United States presidential election, 1984: Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% victory in 1972. Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral college; Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.
November 9 – Cesar Chavez delivers his speech, "What The Future Holds For Farm Workers And Hispanics", at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco.
November 14 – Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a prominent critic of the government of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, is assassinated in his home city.
November 19 – A series of explosions at the PEMEX Petroleum Storage Facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec, in Mexico City, ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.
November 25
* An East Rail train derails between Sheung Shui and Fanling stations, Hong Kong.
* Band Aid records the charity single "Do They Know It's Christmas?" to raise money to combat the famine in Ethiopia.
November 28 – Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made Honorary Citizens of the United States.
November 29 – The Band Aid single is released.
November 30 – The Tamil Tigers begin the purge of the Sinhalese from North and East Sri Lanka; 127 are killed.
December – A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.
December 1 – Controlled Impact Demonstration: NASA crashes a remote controlled Boeing 720.
December 2 – Bob Hawke's government is re-elected in Australia with a reduced majority.
December 3
* Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, kills more than 8,000 people outright and injures over half a million (with more later dying from their injuries the death toll is now 23,000+) in the worst industrial disaster in history.
* British Telecom is privatised.
December 4 – Hezbollah militants hijack a Kuwait Airlines plane and kill 4 passengers.
December 14 – Nigeria recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
December 19 – The People's Republic of China and United Kingdom sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.
December 22
* Four African-American youths (Barry Allen, Troy Canty, James Ramseur, and Darrell Cabey) board an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City. They attempt to rob Bernhard Goetz, who shoots them. The event starts a national debate about urban crime in the United States.
* In Malta, Prime Minister Dom Mintoff resigns.
December 28 – A Soviet cruise missile plunges into Inarinjärvi lake in Finnish Lapland. Finnish authorities announce the fact in public on January 3, 1985.
Famine in Ethiopia begins and kills a million people by the end of 1984. (1984 Famine in Ethiopia).
Crack, a smokeable form of cocaine, is first introduced into the Los Angeles area and soon spreads across the United States in what becomes known as the Crack Epidemic.
Brothels are legalized in Jack Howarth.
January 1 – Michael Witt, Australian rugby league player
January 8 – Jeff Francoeur, American baseball player
January 10 – Marouane Chamakh, Moroccan football player
January 12 – Scott Olsen, American baseball player
January 13 – Eleni Ioannou, Greek martial artist (d. 2004)
January 15
*Megan Quann, American swimmer
*Victor Rasuk, American actor
January 16 – Craig Beattie, Scottish footballer
January 17 – Cassie Hager, American basketball player
January 18 – Seung-hui Cho, Korean-born American Virginia Tech massacre gunman (d. 2007)
January 19
* Thomas Vanek, Austrian Hockey player
* Trent Cutler, Australian rugby league player
* Zakia Mrisho Mohamed, Tanzanian long distance runner
* Felicity Jones, English actress
January 20
*Toni Gonzaga, Filipina actress and singer
*Olivia Hallinan, English actress
January 21 – Richard Gutierrez, Filipino actor
January 22 – Raica Oliveira, Brazilian supermodel
January 23 – Arjen Robben, Dutch footballer
January 24 – Witold Kiełtyka, Polish musician (d. 2007)
January 25
* Robinho, Brazilian footballer
* Stefan Kiessling, German football player
January 26 – Luo Xuejuan, Chinese swimmer
January 28 – Andre Iguodala, American basketball player
January 29
* Nuno Morais, Portuguese footballer
* Natalie du Toit, South African swimmer
January 30
*Chad Power, American actor
*Kid Cudi, American hip hop artist
February 1
* Lee Thompson Young, American actor
* Darren Fletcher, Scottish football player
February 5
* Nate Salley, American football player
* Carlos Tévez, Argentinian football player
February 6 – Darren Bent, English footballer
February 9
*Han Geng, Chinese singer in Korea (Super Junior)
*Logan Bartholomew, American actor
February 10 – Kim Hyo Jin, Korean actress
February 14 - Robbie Jones, American television and film actor
February 15 – Dorota Rabczewska, Polish singer and model
February 16 – Oussama Mellouli, Tunisian swimmer
February 17 – AB de Villiers, South African Cricketer
February 18 – Genelle Williams, Canadian actress
February 20 – Ben Lovejoy, American hockey player
February 21 – Karina, Japanese model and actress
February 25
* Filip Šebo, Slovak footballer
* Xing Huina, Chinese athlete
February 26
*Beren Saat, Turkish actress
*Emmanuel Adebayor, Togoleise footballer
February 28 – Karolína Kurková, Czech model
February 29
* Alicia Hollowell, American softball pitcher
* Cullen Jones, American swimmer
March 1
* Naima Mora, winner of ''America's Next Top Model'' cycle 4
* Claudio Bieler, Argentinian football player
March 3 – Hayley Marie Norman, American actress and model
March 4
* Tamir Cohen, Israeli footballer
* Ai Iwamura, Japanese actress
* Zak Whitbread, American soccer player
March 7 – Dani Woodward, American porn star
March 8
* Ross Taylor, New Zealand cricketer
* Nora Jane Noone, Irish actress
March 9 – Julia Mancuso, US Olympic medalist
March 10 – Olivia Wilde, American actress
March 12 - Jaimie Alexander, American actress
March 16
* Michael Ennis, Australian rugby league player
* Hosea Gear, New Zealand Rugby Union player
March 20
* Fernando Torres, Spanish football player
* Nomura Yuka, Japanese actress
* Christy Carlson Romano, American stage and film actress
March 24 – Chris Bosh, American basketball player
March 25 – Katharine McPhee, American Idol finalist
March 26
* Stéphanie Lapointe, Canadian singer
* Sara Jean Underwood, American model
March 28 – Nikki Sanderson, English actress
March 30 – Anna Nalick, American singer
April 2 - Shawn Roberts, Canadian actor
April 3 – Allana Slater, Australian gymnast
April 4 – Sean May, American basketball player
April 5
*Little Boots, English electropop singer-songwriter
*Marshall Allman, American actor
April 7 – Alex Smith, American football player
April 8
* Júlia Liptáková, Slovak model
* Kirsten Storms, American actress
April 9 – Adam Loewen, Canadian pitcher
April 10
* Mandy Moore, American singer and actress
* Cara DeLizia, American actress
* Natasha Melnick, American television and film actress
April 13 – Kris Britt, Australian cricketer
April 14 – Kyle Coetzer, Scottish cricketer
April 16 - Claire Foy, English actress
April 17
*Rosanna Davison, Irish model
*Chris Lowell, American actor
April 18 – America Ferrera, American actress
April 19 – Lee Da Hae, South Korean actress
April 20
* John Jairo Castillo, Colombian football player
* Tyson Griffin, American MMA fighter
April 22
* Michelle Ryan, English actress
*Amelle Berrabah, British singer (Sugababes)
April 23 – Alexandra Kosteniuk, Russian chess player
April 25 – Melonie Diaz, American actress
April 26 - Brett Novek, American male fashion model and actor
April 27 – Patrick Stump, American singer (Fall Out Boy)
April 29
* Taylor Cole, American actress and model
* Lina Krasnoroutskaya, Russian tennis player and commentator
* Pham Van Quyen, Vietnamese footballer
May 1
* Alexander Farnerud, Swedish footballer
* Keiichiro Koyama, Japanese singer (NEWS) and actor
* Kerry Bishé, American actress
May 3 - Cheryl Burke, American professional dancer
May 4 - Little Boots, English pop singer
May 8 - Martin Compston, Scottish actor and former professional footballer
May 11 – Andrés Iniesta, Spanish footballer
May 12 – Junie Browning, American MMA fighter
May 14
* Michael Rensing, German footballer
* Mark Zuckerberg, Founder and CEO of Facebook
* Gary Ablett Jr., Australian rules footballer
May 17
* Christine Robinson, Canadian water polo player
* Andreas Kofler, Austrian ski jumper
May 20 – Naturi Naughton, American singer and actress
May 24 – Sarah Hagan, American actress
May 25
* Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, "Miss Iceland", crowned Miss World in 2005
* Kyle Brodziak, Canadian ice hockey player
* Nikolai Pokotylo, Russian singer
May 27 – Darin Brooks, American actor
May 29
* Kaycee Stroh, American actress
* Carmelo Anthony, American basketball player
May 31
* Jason Smith, Australian actor
* Milorad Čavić, Serbian swimmer
June 1
* Oliver Tielemans, Dutch race-car driver
* Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar, Mongolian judoka
* Taylor Handley, American actor
June 4
*Rainie Yang, Taiwanese singer
*Jillian Murray, American Actress
June 7 – Ari Koivunen, Finnish singer
June 8
* Todd Boeckman, American football player
* Andrea Casiraghi, Prince of Monaco
* Javier Mascherano, Argentinian footballer
* Torrey DeVitto, American actress and former fashion model
June 9 – Wesley Sneijder, Dutch footballer
June 11 – Vágner Love, Brazilian footballer
June 13 – Bérengère Schuh, French archer
June 14 - Yury Prilukov, Russian swimmer
June 15 – Tim Lincecum, American baseball player
June 16 – Rick Nash, Canadian hockey player
June 17 – John Gallagher Jr., American actor, singer and dancer
June 19 - Paul Dano, American actor and producer
June 23 – Duffy, Welsh singer
June 24 – J. J. Redick, American basketball player
June 25 – Lauren Bush, American model
June 26
*Raymond Felton, American basketball player
*Lauren Harris, British vocalist
*Aubrey Plaza, American actress
June 27
* Emma Lahana, New Zealand actress
* Khloé Kardashian, Television personality
June 29 – Chris Egan, Australian actor
June 30 – Fantasia Barrino, American singer
July 1 – Donald Thomas, Bahamian high jumper
July 2 – Vanessa Lee Chester, American television and film actress
July 3
* Corey Sevier, Canadian actor
* Syed Rasel, Bangladeshi cricketer
* Manny Lawson, American Football player
*Sunil sharma, Nepalese true lover
July 4 – Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer (KAT-TUN) and actor
July 5 - Danay García, Cuban film actress
July 6 – Lauren Harris, English singer
July 9 - Hanna R. Hall, American actress
July 11
* Tanith Belbin, Canadian figure skater
* Joe Pavelski, American hockey player
* Rachael Taylor, Australian actress
July 12
* Gareth Gates, English singer
* Michael McGovern, Northern Irish footballer
July 16 – Katrina Kaif, Indian actress and model
July 17 – Asami Kimura, Japanese singer
July 18
* Lee Barnard, English footballer
* Josh Harding, Canadian hockey player
July 19
* Lasse Gjertsen, Norwegian videographer
* Diana Mocanu, Romanian swimmer
* Alessandra De Rossi, Italian-Filipina actress
July 21 – Paul Davis, American basketball player
July 23 – Brandon Roy, National Basketball Association player
July 24 – Tyler Kyte, Canadian actor/singer
July 26 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper
July 28 – Zach Parise, American hockey player
July 27 - Taylor Schilling, American actress
July 29 – Todd Bosley, American actor
July 30
* Anna Bessonova, Ukrainian rhythmic gymnast
* Gabrielle Christian, American actress
August 1 – Bastian Schweinsteiger, German football player
August 2 – Brandon Browner, National Football League player
August 3
*Carah Faye Charnow, American singer for the band Shiny Toy Guns
*Kyle Schmid, Canadian actor
August 6 – Marco Airosa, Angolan footballer
August 10
* Ryan Eggold, American film and television actor
* Mariel Rodriguez, Filipina actress & model
August 11 - Melky Cabrera, Major League Baseball outfielder for the Kansas City Royals
August 12
* Yua Aida, Japanese model and pornographic actress
* Marian Rivera, Filipina actress
* Sherone Simpson, Jamaican athlete
August 14
* Clay Buchholz, Major League Baseball Pitcher
* Robin Söderling, Swedish tennis player
August 15 - Quinton Aaron, American actor
August 17 – Garrett Wolfe, American pro football player
August 19 – Micah Alberti, American model and actor
August 20
* Mirai Moriyama, Japanese actor
* Tsokye Karchung, Bhutanese beauty queen, Miss Bhutan 2008
August 21
* Alizée Jacotey, French singer
* Melissa Schuman, American singer and actress
August 22 – Lee Camp, English footballer
August 24
* Kyle Schmid, Canadian actor
* Charlie Villanueva, American basketball player
* Yesung, Korean singer (Super Junior)
August 25 – Alvin Banks, American football player
August 27 – Josh Duhon, American actor
August 28 - Sarah Roemer, American model and actress
August 31
* Ryan Kesler, American ice hockey player
* Charl Schwartzel, South African golfer
September 2 – Danson Tang, Taiwanese actor, model, and singer
September 3 – Garrett Hedlund, American actor
September 5 – Trey Hill, Grammy-nominated musician
September 7
* Farveez Maharoof, Sri Lankan cricketer
* Vera Zvonareva, Russian tennis playeris
* Kate Lang Johnson, American actress and model
September 10 – Luke Treadaway, English actor
September 12 – September, Swedish singer and songwriter
September 14 – Adam Lamberg, American actor
September 15 – Prince Harry of Wales
September 16
* Sabrina Bryan, American actress and singer
* Katie Melua, Georgian singer
September 18 - Jack Carpenter (actor), American actor
September 19 – Kevin Zegers, Canadian actor
September 20
*Brian Joubert, French figure skater
*Holly Weber, American actress and model
September 22
* Theresa Fu, Hong Kong singer and actress
* Laura Vandervoort, Canadian actress
* MyAnna Buring, Swedish actress
September 23
*Anneliese van der Pol, Dutch-born actress
*Gabrielle Christian, American television and film actress and model
September 25
*Rashad McCants, National Basketball Association player
*Zach Woods, American actor and comedian
September 26 – Keisha Buchanan, British singer (Sugababes)
September 27 – Avril Lavigne, Canadian singer
September 28
* Melody Thornton, American singer (Pussycat Dolls)
* Helen Oyeyemi, British novelist
September 30 – Megan Ewing, American model
October 1 – Matt Cain, American baseball player
October 2 - John Morris, American actor
October 3
* Chris Marquette, American actor
* Ashlee Simpson, American singer and actress
* Anthony Le Tallec, French footballer
* Yoon Eun Hye, Korean singer, model, actress and entertainer
* Jessica Parker Kennedy, Canadian actress
October 4
* Lena Katina, Russian singer
* Álvaro Parente, Portuguese racing driver
* Dana Davis, American actress
October 5 – Glenn McMillan, Brazilian-Australian actor
October 7 – Ikuta Toma, Japanese drama actor
October 10
* Chiaki Kuriyama, Japanese actress
* Steve Turner, Australian rugby league player
October 14 – Santino Quaranta, American soccer player
October 16
* Ben Smith, Australian rugby league player
* Shayne Ward, British singer
October 17
* Chris Lowell, American actor
* Randall Munroe, American programmer and webcomic artist
October 18
* Holly Dunaway, American female boxer
* Lindsey Vonn, American alpine skier
October 19 – Kaio Almeida, Brazilian swimmer
October 21 – Marvin Mitchell, American football player
October 23 – Meghan McCain, Author and Daughter of Senator John McCain
October 24 - Emily Barclay, English-born New Zealand AFI award winning actress
October 25
* Sara Lumholdt, Swedish singer
* Katy Perry, American singer and actress
October 26 – Sasha Cohen, American figure skater
October 27
* Kelly Osbourne, English singer
* Brady Quinn, American football player
* Irfan Pathan, Indian cricketer
October 28 – Obafemi Martins, Nigerian footballer
October 29 – Eric Staal, Canadian hockey player
October 30 – Eva Marcille, American model
October 31 - Scott Clifton, American actor, musician, and video blogger
November 7 – Amelia Vega, Miss Universe 2003, from the Dominican Republic
November 9
* Beatrice Bofia, Cameroonian-American basketball player
* Delta Goodrem, Australian actress and singer
November 12
* Yan Zi, Chinese tennis player
* Sandara Park, South Korean girl-group member
November 17 – Park Han-byul, South Korean actress
November 22 – Scarlett Johansson, American actress
November 24
* Koo Hye Sun, South Korean actress
* Maria Riesch, German alpine skier
* Trey Songz, American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor
November 25
* Ian Lacey, Australian rugby league player
* Gaspard Ulliel, French actor
November 28
* Joross Gamboa, Filipino actor
* Mary Elizabeth Winstead, American actress
* Andrew Bogut, Australian basketball player
* Marc-André Fleury, Canadian hockey player
* Trey Songz, American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer and actor
November 29 – Sitti Navarro, Philippine bossa nova artist
November 30 – Alan Hutton, Scottish professional footballer
December 4 – Lauren London, American actress and model
December 7 – Robert Kubica, Polish Formula One racing driver
December 8
* Nicki Minaj, Trinidadian-American rapper and singer-songwriter
* Jennifer Grassman, American recording artist and journalist
December 12 – Daniel Agger, Danish football (soccer) player
December 14
*Chris Brunt, Northern Irish footballer
*Jackson Rathbone, American actor and singer
December 15
* Yu Fengtong, Chinese speed skater
* Martin Škrtel, Slovakian footballer
December 16 – Laura More (Muncey), British singer
December 17
*Asuka Fukuda, Japanese singer
*Shannon Marie Woodward, American actress
*Christina DeRosa, American actress
*Tennessee Thomas, British-born American drummer and actor
December 18 – Tiffany Mulheron, Scottish actress
December 20 – David Tavaré, Spanish singer
December 21 – Jackson Rathbone, American actor
December 22 – Jonas Altberg, Swedish Eurodance/Techno singer
December 27
* Tye'sha Fluker, American basketball player
* Rocío Guirao Díaz, Argentinian model
December 28
* Martin Kaymer, German golfer
* Festus, American professional wrestler
December 30 – LeBron James, American basketball player
January 1 – Alexis Korner, British blues musician and broadcaster (b. 1928)
January 6 – Ernest Laszlo, Hungarian-American cinematographer (b. 1898)
January 7 – Alfred Kastler, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
January 11 – Jack La Rue, American actor (b. 1902)
January 14
* Brooks Atkinson, American theater critic (b. 1894)
* Ray Kroc, American entrepreneur (b. 1902)
January 20 – Johnny Weissmuller, Austrian-born swimmer and actor (b. 1904)
January 21 – Jackie Wilson, American singer (b. 1934)
January 22 – Sir Count Michael Gonzi, Archbishop of Malta and past politician (b. 1885)
January 29 – Frances Goodrich, American screenwriter (b. 1890)
January 30 – Luke Kelly, Irish folk singer (b. 1940)
February 8 – Karel Miljon, Dutch boxer (b. 1903)
February 9 – Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (b. 1914)
February 10 – David Von Erich, American professional wrestler (b. 1958)
February 11 – John Comer, English actor (b. 1924)
February 12 – Julio Cortázar, Argentine writer (b. 1914)
February 13 – Naomi Uemura, Japanese adventurer (b. 1941)
February 15 – Ethel Merman, American singer and actress (b. 1908)
February 21 – Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
February 22
* Jessamyn West, American writer. (b. 1902)
* Syed Faiz-ul Hassan Shah a Pakistani religious leader,of Allo Mahar Shrif. (b. 1911)
March 1 – Jackie Coogan, American actor (b. 1914)
March 5
* Tito Gobbi, Italian operatic baritone (b. 1915)
* William Powell, American actor (b. 1892)
March 6 – Henry Wilcoxon, British actor (b. 1905)
March 10 – June Marlowe, American actress (b. 1903)
March 12 – Arnold Ridley, English playwright and actor (b. 1896)
March 16 – John Hoagland, American photographer (b. 1947)
March 18
* Charlie Lau, American baseball player (b. 1933)
* Paul Francis Webster, American lyricist (b. 1907)
March 24 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (b. 1891)
March 26 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, president of Guinea (b. 1922)
March 31 – Jack Howarth, English actor (b. 1896)
April 1 – Marvin Gaye, American singer (b. 1939)
April 5 – Arthur "Bomber" Harris, British air marshall. (b. 1892)
April 8 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1894)
April 11 – Edgar V. Saks, Estonian statesman and historian (b. 1910)
April 15
* Tommy Cooper, Welsh comedian and magician (b. 1921)
* Alexander Trocchi, Scottish writer (b. 1925)
April 17 – Mark Wayne Clark, American World War II General (b. 1896)
April 20 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer (b. 1943)
April 22 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (b. 1902)
April 26
* Count Basie, American musician and composer (b. 1904)
* May McAvoy, American actress (b. 1899)
May 2 – Jack Barry, American television host and producer (b. 1918)
May 4 – Diana Dors, English actress (b. 1931)
May 6 – Mary Cain, Mississippi newspaper editor and politician (b. 1904)
May 8 – Lila Wallace, American publisher (b. 1889)
May 16
* Andy Kaufman, American comedian (b. 1949)
* Irwin Shaw, American author (b. 1913)
May 19 – John Betjeman, English poet (b. 1906)
May 21
* Andrea Leeds, American actress (b. 1914)
* Ann Little, American actress (b. 1891)
May 22 – John Marley, American actor (b. 1907)
May 24 – Vincent J. McMahon, professional wrestling promoter WWF (b. 1914)
May 28 – Eric Morecambe, British comedian (b. 1926)
June 6 – Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, Sikh theologian, Most powerful Sikh leader of the 20th century (b. 1947)
June 11 – Enrico Berlinguer, Italian Communist politician (b. 1922)
June 13 – António Variações, Portuguese singer (b. 1944)
June 15 – Meredith Willson, American composer (b. 1902)
June 17 – Chet Allen, American actor (b. 1939)
June 18 – Alan Berg, American talk radio host (murdered) (b. 1934)
June 19 – Lee Krasner, American painter (b. 1908)
June 20 – Estelle Winwood, English actress (b. 1883)
June 22 – Joseph Losey, American film director (b. 1909)
June 24 – William Keighley, American film director (b. 1889)
June 25 – Michel Foucault, French philosopher (b. 1926)
June 26 – Carl Foreman, American screenwriter (b. 1914)
June 28 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician and Military Chief of Staff (b. 1917)
June 30
* Henri Fabre, pioneer French aviator & inventor (b. 1882)
* Lillian Hellman, American playwright (b. 1905)
July 1 – Moshé Feldenkrais, Ukrainian founder of the Feldenkrais Method (b. 1904)
July 4 – Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (b. 1949)
July 7 – Flora Robson, English actress (b. 1902)
July 8 – Brassaï, Hungarian-born photographer (b. 1899)
July 14 – Philippe Wynne, American musician (b. 1941)
July 17 – Karl Wolff, German Nazi SS Officer (b. 1900)
July 24 – Armando Morales Barillas, Nicaraguan guitarist (b. 1936)
July 25 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
July 26
* George Gallup, American statistician and opinion pollster (b. 1901)
* Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
July 27 – James Mason, British actor (b. 1909)
July 28 – Bess Flowers, American actress (b. 1898)
July 29 – Fred Waring, American bandleader (b. 1900)
August 2 – Quirino Cristiani, Argentine animated film director (b. 1896)
August 4 – Mary Miles Minter, American actress (b. 1902)
August 5 – Richard Burton, Welsh actor (b. 1925)
August 8 – Richard Deacon, American actor (b. 1921)
August 11
* Alfred A. Knopf, American publisher (b. 1892)
* Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian–German chess player (b. 1916)
August 12 – Christine Hargreaves, English actress (b. 1939)
August 13
* Clyde Cook, Australian actor (b. 1891)
* Tigran Petrosian, Georgian chess player (b. 1929)
August 14 – J. B. Priestley, English novelist and playwright (b. 1894)
August 25
* Truman Capote, American writer (b. 1924)
* Viktor Chukarin, Russian Olympic gymnast (b. 1921)
* Waite Hoyt, American baseball player (b. 1899)
August 27 – Bernard Youens, English actor (b. 1914)
August 29 – Mohammed Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (b. 1901)
September 3 – Arthur Schwartz, American composer (b. 1900)
September 5 – Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (b. 1917)
September 6 – Ernest Tubb, American singer (b. 1914)
September 8 – Frank Lowson English Test Cricketer 1951–1955 (b.1925)
September 14
* Richard Brautigan, American counter-culture author (suicide) (b. 1935)
* Janet Gaynor, American Academy Award-winning actress (b. 1906)
September 17 – Richard Basehart, American actor (b. 1914)
September 20 – Steve Goodman, American folk musician and songwriter (b. 1948)
September 24 – Neil Hamilton, American actor (b. 1899)
September 25 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (b. 1897)
September 27 – Toke Townley, English actor (b. 1912)
October 5 – Leonard Rossiter, British actor (b. 1926)
October 12 – Sir Anthony Berry, British politician (bombing) (b. 1925)
October 14 – Martin Ryle, English radio astronomer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1918)
October 16 – Peggy Ann Garner, American actress (b. 1932)
October 18 – Jon-Erik Hexum, American actor (b. 1957)
October 20
* Carl Ferdinand Cori, Austrian-born biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1896)
* Paul Dirac, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
October 21 – François Truffaut, French film director (b. 1932)
October 23
* David Gorcey, American actor (b. 1921)
* Oskar Werner, Austrian actor (b. 1922)
October 24 – Walter Woolf King, American singer and actor (b. 1899)
October 30 – June Duprez, English actress (b. 1918)
October 31 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (assassinated) (b. 1917)
November 6 – Gastón Suárez, Bolivian novelist and dramatist (b. 1929)
November 14 – Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician (assassinated) (b. 1916)
November 16
* Vic Dickenson, American trombonist (b. 1906)
* Leonard Rose, American cellist (leukemia) (b. 1918)
November 18 – Mary Hamman, American writer and editor, modern living editor ''LIFE'' and eidtor in chief ''Bride & Home'' (b. 1907)
November 21 - Arvids Jansons, Latvian conductor (heart attack) (b. 1914)
December 1 – Roelof Frankot, Dutch painter (b. 1911)
December 8 – Luther Adler, American actor (b. 1903)
December 11
* Oskar Seidlin, Silesian-born Jewish-American literary scholar (b. 1911)
* George Waggner, American film director (b. 1894)
December 14 – Vicente Aleixandre, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1898)
December 15 – Jan Peerce, American tenor (b. 1904)
December 16 – J. Roderick MacArthur, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1920)
December 20 – Gonzalo Márquez, Venezuelan Major League Baseball player (b. 1946)
December 24 – Peter Lawford, English actor (b. 1923)
December 28 – Sam Peckinpah, American film director (b. 1925)
December 29 – Leo Robin, American composer (b. 1900)
Physics – Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer
Chemistry – Robert Bruce Merrifield
Medicine – Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
Literature – Jaroslav Seifert
Peace – Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu
Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Richard Stone
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Deaths
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Nobel Prizes
Templeton Prize
Rev. Michael Bourdeaux, founder of the Keston Institute
References
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| name | George Orwell |
|---|---|
| alt | A photo showing head and shoulders of a middle-aged Caucasian man with a slim mustache. |
| pseudonym | George Orwell |
| birth name | Eric Arthur Blair |
| birth date | June 25, 1903 |
| birth place | Motihari, Bihar, British India |
| death date | January 21, 1950 |
| death place | University College Hospital, London, England, United Kingdom |
| resting place | Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom |
| occupation | Novelist, political writer and journalist |
| language | English |
| nationality | British |
| citizenship | British subject |
| alma mater | Eton College |
| period | 6 October 1928 – 1 January 1950 |
| genre | Dystopia, roman à clef, satire |
| subject | Anti-fascism and anti-Stalinist left, democratic socialism, literary criticism, news, polemic |
| notableworks | ''Homage to Catalonia'' (1938)''Animal Farm'' (1945)''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' (1949)essays |
| spouse | Eileen O'Shaughnessy (1935–1945, her death)Sonia Brownell (1949–1950, his death) |
| children | Richard Horatio Orwell |
| relatives | Richard Walmesley Blair (father)Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin) (mother)Marjorie (sister)Avril (sister) |
| influences | James Burnham, Charles Dickens, Henry Fielding, Gustave Flaubert, Aldous Huxley, James Joyce, Arthur Koestler, Jack London, W. Somerset Maugham, Upton Sinclair, Jonathan Swift, Leo Tolstoy, Leon Trotsky, H.G. Wells, Tom Wintringham, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Émile Zola |
| influenced | Margaret Atwood, Ray Bradbury, Anthony Burgess, Albert Camus, Noam Chomsky, Cory Doctorow, Johann Hari, Christopher Hitchens, Peter Hitchens, John King, Ignazio Silone, Kurt Vonnegut, Thomas Pynchon, Andrew Sullivan, Joe Sacco, Chris Hedges, Glenn Greenwald |
| awards | |
| signature | Orwell-Signature.svg|380px |
| signature alt | The signature of George Orwell, reading "Eric Blair / ('George Orwell') |
| website | }} |
Considered perhaps the 20th century's best chronicler of English culture, Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the dystopian novel ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' (1949) and the allegorical novella ''Animal Farm'' (1945), which together have sold more copies than any two books by any other 20th-century author. His book ''Homage to Catalonia'' (1938), an account of his experiences in the Spanish Civil War, is widely acclaimed, as are his numerous essays on politics, literature, language and culture. In 2008, ''The Times'' ranked him second on a list of "The 50 greatest British writers since 1945".
Orwell's influence on popular and political culture endures, and several of his neologisms, along with the term ''Orwellian'' — a byword for totalitarian or manipulative social practices — have entered the vernacular.
Biography
Early life and education
Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bihar, in India. His great-grandfather Charles Blair had been a wealthy country gentleman in Dorset who had married Lady Mary Fane, daughter of Thomas Fane, 8th Earl of Westmorland, and had income as an absentee landlord of slave plantations in Jamaica. His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman. Although the gentility was passed down the generations, the prosperity was not; Eric Blair described his family as "lower-upper-middle class". His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service. His mother, Ida Mabel Blair (née Limouzin), grew up in Moulmein, Burma where her French father was involved in speculative ventures. Eric had two sisters: Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger. When Eric was one year old, his mother took him to England.In 1904, Blair's mother settled at Henley-on-Thames. Thereafter, Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit, in the summer of 1907, he did not see his father again until 1912. His mother's diary from 1905 indicates a lively round of social activity and artistic interests. The family moved to Shiplake before the First World War, and Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially Jacintha Buddicom. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field, and on being asked why, he said, "You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up." Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry and dreamed of becoming famous writers. He told her that he might write a book in similar style to that of H. G. Wells's ''A Modern Utopia''. During this period, he enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacintha's brother and sister.
At the age of five, Eric Blair was sent as a day-boy to the convent school in Henley-on-Thames which Marjorie attended (a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursulines, exiled from France after religious education was banned there in 1903). His mother wanted him to have a public school education, but his family was not wealthy enough to afford the fees, making it necessary for him to obtain a scholarship. Ida Blair's brother Charles Limouzin, who lived on the South Coast of England, was asked to find the best possible school to prepare Eric for public school entrance, and he recommended St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne, East Sussex. Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, came into contact with the school and its headmaster at the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win the scholarship, and made a private financial arrangement which allowed Blair's parents to pay only half the normal fees. In September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprian's. He boarded at the school until he left going home only for school holidays. He knew nothing of the reduced-fee arrangement until his third year at the school, though he 'soon recognised that he was from a poorer home'. Blair hated the school and many years later based his posthumously published essay ''Such, Such Were the Joys'' on his time there. At St. Cyprian's, Blair first met Cyril Connolly, who himself became a noted writer and who, as the editor of ''Horizon'', published many of Orwell's essays. As part of his school work, Blair wrote two poems that were published in the ''Henley and South Oxfordshire Standard'', He came second to Connolly in the Harrow History Prize, had his work praised by the school's external examiner, and earned scholarships to Wellington College and Eton College. He left St Cyprian's in December 1916.
After Blair spent a term at Wellington in May 1917, a place became available for him as a King's Scholar at Eton which he took up, and he remained at Eton until December 1921 when he left aged eighteen and a half. Wellington, Orwell told his childhood friend Jacintha Buddicom, was 'beastly', but at Eton he said he was 'interested and happy'. His principal tutor was A. S. F. Gow, fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge who remained a source of advice later in his career. Blair was briefly taught French by Aldous Huxley who spent a short interlude teaching at Eton. Stephen Runciman, who was at Eton with Blair, noted that he and his contemporaries appreciated Huxley's use of words and phrases, but there is no evidence of contact between Orwell and Huxley at Eton outside the classroom. Cyril Connolly followed Blair to Eton, but because they were in separate years they did not associate with each other. Blair's academic performance reports suggest that he neglected his academic studies, but during his time at Eton, he worked with Roger Mynors to produce a college magazine, ''The Election Times'', joined in the production of other publications – ''College Days'', ''Bubble and Squeak'', – and participated in the Eton Wall Game. His parents could not afford to send him to university without another scholarship, and they concluded from his poor results that he would not be able to obtain one. However, Runciman noted that he had a romantic idea about the East and it was decided that Blair should join the Indian Police Service. To do this, it was necessary to pass an entrance examination. His father had retired to Southwold, Suffolk by this time and Blair was enrolled at a "crammer" there called Craighurst where he brushed up on his classics, English and History. Blair passed the exam, coming seventh out of the twenty-six candidates who exceeded the set pass mark.
Policing in Burma
Blair's grandmother lived at Moulmein, and with family connections in the area, his choice of posting was Burma. In October 1922 he sailed on board S.S. Herefordshire via the Suez Canal and Ceylon to join the Indian Imperial Police in Burma. A month later, he arrived at Rangoon and made the journey to Mandalay, the site of the police training school. After a short posting at Maymyo, Burma's principal hill station, he was posted to the frontier outpost of Myaungmya in the Irrawaddy Delta at the beginning of 1924. His imperial policeman's life gave him considerable responsibilities for a young man, while his contemporaries were still at university in England. When he was posted farther east in the Delta to Twante as a sub-divisional officer, he was responsible for the security of some 200,000 people. At the end of 1924 he was promoted to Assistant District Superintendent and posted to Syriam, which was closer to Rangoon. Syriam was the site of the refinery of the Burmah Oil Company, "the surrounding land a barren waste, all vegetation killed off by the fumes of sulphur dioxide pouring out day and night from the stacks of the refinery." Its proximity to Rangoon however, a cosmopolitan seaport, had its rewards: Blair went into the city as often as he could," to browse in a bookshop; to eat well-cooked food; to get away from the boring routine of police life." In September 1925 he went to Insein, the home of Insein Prison the second largest jail in Burma. In Insein, he had "long talks on every conceivable subject" with a woman named Elisa Maria Langford-Rae (later the wife of Kazi Lhendup Dorjee), who noted his "sense of utter fairness in minutest details".In April 1926 he moved to Moulmein, where his grandmother lived. At the end of that year, he went to Katha, in Upper Burma, where he contracted Dengue fever in 1927. He was entitled to a leave in England that year, and in view of his illness, was allowed to go home in July. While on leave in England and on holiday with his family in Cornwall in September 1927, he reappraised his life, decided not to return to Burma, and resigned from the Indian Imperial Police with the intention of becoming a writer. His Burma police experience yielded the novel ''Burmese Days'' (1934) and the essays "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936). In Burma, Orwell had acquired a reputation as someone who didn't fit in – he spent much of his time alone, reading or pursuing non-''pukka'' activities such as attending the churches of the ethnic Karen group. A colleague, Roger Beadon, recalled (in a 1969 recording for the BBC) that Orwell was adept at learning the language and that before he left Burma, "was able to speak fluently with Burmese priests in 'very high-flown Burmese.'" Orwell wrote later that he felt guilty for his role in the machine of empire and he "began to look more closely at his own country and saw that England also had its oppressed..." Physical marks left by Burma remained with Orwell throughout his life. "While in Burma, he acquired a moustache similar to those worn by officers of the British regiments stationed there. [He] also acquired some tattoos; on each knuckle he had a small untidy blue circle. Many Burmese living in rural areas still sport tattoos like this – they are believed to protect against bullets and snake bites."
London and Paris
In England, he settled back in the family home at Southwold, renewing acquaintance with local friends and attending an Old Etonian dinner. He visited his old tutor Gow at Cambridge for advice on becoming a writer. Early in the autumn of 1927 he moved to London. Ruth Pitter, a family acquaintance, helped him find lodgings, and by the end of 1927 he had moved into rooms in Portobello Road;(a blue plaque commemorates his residence there.) Pitter's association with the move "would have lent it a reassuring respectability in Mrs Blair's eyes." Pitter had a sympathetic interest in Blair's writing, pointed out weaknesses in his poetry, and advised him to write about what he knew. In fact he decided to write of "certain aspects of the present that he set out to know" and "ventured into the East End of London – the first of the occasional sorties he would make to discover for himself the world of poverty and the down-and-outers who inhabit it. He had found a subject. These sorties, explorations, expeditions, tours or immersions were made intermittently over a period of five years."Following the precedent of Jack London (and particularly ''The People of the Abyss''), a writer he admired, he started his exploratory expeditions slumming in the poorer parts of London. On his first outing he set out to Limehouse Causeway spending his first night in a common lodging house, possibly George Levy's 'kip'. For a while he "went native" in his own country, dressing like a tramp and making no concessions to middle class mores and expectations; he recorded his experiences of the low life for later use in "The Spike", his first published essay, and the latter half of his first book, ''Down and Out in Paris and London'' (1933). In the spring of 1928, he moved to Paris, where the comparatively low cost of living and bohemian lifestyle offered an attraction for many aspiring writers, and he lived in the Rue du Pot de Fer, a working class district in the Fifth Arrondissement. His Aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, if necessary, financial support. He worked on novels, including an early version of ''Burmese Days'' but nothing else survives from that activity. More successful as a journalist, he published articles in ''Monde'', a political/literary journal edited by Henri Barbusse, – his first article as a professional writer, ''La Censure en Angleterre'', appeared in this paper on 6 October 1928 – ''G. K.'s Weekly'' – where his first article to appear in England, ''A Farthing Newspaper'', was printed on 29 December 1928 – and ''Le Progrès Civique'' (founded by the left-wing coalition Le Cartel des Gauches). Three pieces appeared in successive weeks in ''Progrès Civique'', the first looked at unemployment, the next, a day in the life of a tramp, and the third, the beggars of London. "In one or another of its destructive forms, poverty was to become his obsessive subject – at the heart of almost everything he wrote until ''Homage to Catalonia''."
He fell seriously ill in February 1929 and was taken to the Hôpital Cochin in the Fifteenth arrondissement, a free hospital maintained for the teaching of medical students (the basis of his essay ''How the Poor Die'', published in 1946), and shortly afterwards had all his money stolen from the lodging house. Whether through necessity or simply to collect material, he undertook menial jobs like dishwashing in a fashionable hotel on the rue de Rivoli, providing experiences to be used in ''Down and Out in Paris and London''. In August 1929 he sent a copy of "The Spike" to ''New Adelphi'' magazine in London. This was owned by John Middleton Murry who had released editorial control to Max Plowman and Sir Richard Rees. Plowman accepted the work for publication.
Southwold
In December 1929, after a year and three quarters in Paris, Blair returned to England and went directly to his parents' house in Southwold, which was to remain his base for the next five years. The family was well established in the local community, and his sister Avril was running a tea house in the town. He became acquainted with many local people including a gym teacher at St Felix Girls' School, Southwold, Brenda Salkeld, the daughter of a clergyman. Although Salkeld rejected his offer of marriage she was to remain a friend and regular correspondent about his work for many years. He also renewed friendships with older friends such as Dennis Collings, whose girlfriend Eleanor Jacques was also to play a part in his life. In the spring he had a short stay in Bramley, Leeds with his sister Marjorie and her husband Humphrey Dakin, who was as unappreciative of Blair as when they knew each other as children. Blair was undertaking some review work for ''Adelphi'' and acting as a private tutor to a disabled child at Southwold. He followed this up by tutoring a family of three boys one of whom, Richard Peters, later became a distinguished academic. "His history in these years is marked by dualities and contrasts. There is Blair leading a respectable, outwardly eventless life at his parents' house in Southwold, writing; then in contrast, there is Blair as Burton (the name he used in his down-and-out episodes) in search of experience in the kips and spikes, in the East End, on the road, and in the hop fields of Kent." He went painting and bathing on the beach, and there he met Mabel and Francis Fierz who were later to influence his career. Over the next year he visited them in London often meeting their friend Max Plowman. Other homes available to him were those of Ruth Pitter and Richard Rees. These acted as places for him to "change" for his sporadic tramping expeditions where one of his jobs was to do domestic work at a lodgings for half a crown a day.Meanwhile, Blair now contributed regularly to ''Adelphi'', with "A Hanging" appearing in August 1931. From August to September 1931 his explorations of the lower depths continued, and extended to following the East End tradition of working in the Kent hop fields (an activity which his lead character in ''A Clergyman's Daughter'' also engages in), and he kept a diary covering the entire experience. At the end of this, he ended up in the Tooley Street kip, but could not stand it for long and with a financial contribution from his parents moved to Windsor Street where he stayed until Christmas. "Hop Picking", by Eric Blair, appeared in the October 1931 issue of ''New Statesman'', where Cyril Connolly was on the staff. Mabel Fierz put him in contact with Leonard Moore who was to become his literary agent.
At this time Jonathan Cape rejected ''A Scullion's Diary'', the first version of ''Down and Out''. On the advice of Richard Rees he offered it to Faber & Faber, whose editorial director, T. S. Eliot, also rejected it. To conclude the year Blair attempted another exploratory venture of getting himself arrested so that he could spend Christmas in prison, but the relevant authorities did not cooperate and he returned home to Southwold after two days in a police cell.
Teaching
In April 1932 Blair took a job teaching at The Hawthorns High School, a prep school for boys in Hayes, West London. This was a small school that provided private schooling for children of local tradesmen and shopkeepers and comprised only 20 boys and one other master. While at the school he became friendly with the local curate and became involved with the local church. Mabel Fierz had pursued matters with Moore, and at the end of June 1932, Moore told Blair that Victor Gollancz was prepared to publish ''A Scullion's Diary'' for a £40 advance, for his recently founded publishing house, Victor Gollancz Ltd, which was an outlet for radical and socialist works.At the end of the school summer term in 1932 Blair returned to Southwold, where his parents had been able to buy their own home as a result of a legacy. Blair and his sister Avril spent the summer holidays making the house habitable while he also worked on ''Burmese Days''. He was also spending time with Eleanor Jacques but her attachment to Dennis Collings remained an obstacle to his hopes of a more serious relationship. "Clink", an essay describing his failed attempt to get sent to prison, appeared in the August 1932 number of ''Adelphi''. He returned to teaching at Hayes and prepared for the publication of his work now known as ''Down and Out in Paris and London'' which he wished to publish under an assumed name in order to avoid potential embarrassment to his family for having been a tramp. In a letter to Moore (dated 15 November 1932) he left the choice of pseudonym to him and to Gollancz. Four days later, he wrote to Moore, suggesting the pseudonyms ''P. S. Burton'' (a name he used when tramping), ''Kenneth Miles'', ''George Orwell'', and ''H. Lewis Allways''. He finally adopted the ''nom de plume'' George Orwell because, as he told Eleanor Jacques, "It is a good round English name." ''Down and Out in Paris and London'' was published on 9 January 1933. He had little free time and was still working on ''Burmese Days''. ''Down and Out'' was successful and it was published by Harper and Brothers in New York.
In the summer of 1933 Blair finished at Hawthorns to take up a teaching job at Frays College, in Uxbridge, West London. This was a much larger establishment with 200 pupils and a full complement of staff. He acquired a motorcycle and took trips through the surrounding countryside. On one of these expeditions he became soaked and caught a chill which developed into pneumonia. He was taken to Uxbridge Cottage Hospital where for a time his life was believed to be in danger. When he was discharged in January 1934, he returned to Southwold to convalesce and, supported by his parents, never returned to teaching.
He was disappointed when Gollancz turned down ''Burmese Days'', mainly on the grounds of potential libel actions but Harpers were prepared to publish it in the United States. Meanwhile back at home Blair started work on the novel ''A Clergyman's Daughter'' drawing upon his life as a teacher and on life in Southwold. Eleanor Jacques was now married and had gone to Singapore and Brenda Salkield had left for Ireland, so Blair was relatively lonely in Southwold — pottering on the allotments, walking alone and spending time with his father. Eventually in October, after sending ''A Clergyman's Daughter'' to Moore, he left for London to take a job that had been found for him by his Aunt Nellie Limouzin.
Hampstead
This job was as a part-time assistant in "Booklovers' Corner", a second-hand bookshop in Hampstead run by Francis and Myfanwy Westrope who were friends of Nellie Limouzin in the Esperanto movement. The Westropes had an easy-going outlook and provided him with comfortable accommodation at Warwick Mansions, Pond Street. He was job sharing with Jon Kimche who also lived with the Westropes. Blair worked at the shop in the afternoons, having the mornings free to write and the evenings to socialise. These experiences provided background for the novel ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying'' (1936). As well as the various guests of the Westropes, he was able to enjoy the company of Richard Rees and the ''Adelphi'' writers and Mabel Fierz. The Westropes and Kimche were members of the Independent Labour Party although at this time Blair was not seriously politically aligned. He was writing for the ''Adelphi'' and dealing with pre-publication issues with ''A Clergymans Daughter'' and ''Burmese Days''.At the beginning of 1935 he had to move out of Warwick Mansions, and Mabel Fierz found him a flat in Parliament Hill. ''A Clergyman's Daughter'' was published on 11 March 1935. In the spring of 1935 Blair met his future wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy when his landlady, Rosalind Obermeyer, who was studying for a masters degree in psychology at University College London, invited some of her fellow students to a party. One of these students, the future translator of Chekhov and author of memoirs Elizaveta Fen, later recalled Orwell and his friend Richard Rees 'draped' at the fireplace, looking, she thought, 'moth-eaten and prematurely aged.' Around this time, Blair had started to write reviews for the ''New English Weekly''. In June, ''Burmese Days'' was published and following Connolly's review of it in the ''New Statesman'', the two re-established contact. In August Blair moved into a flat in Kentish Town which he shared with Michael Sayers and Rayner Heppenstall. The relationship was sometimes awkward, Orwell and Heppenstall even coming to blows, though they remained friends and later worked together on BBC broadcasts. He was working on ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying'', and also tried to write a serial for the ''News Chronicle'', which was an unsuccessful venture. By October 1935 his flat-mates had moved out, and he was struggling to pay the rent on his own. He remained until the end of January 1936 when he stopped working at ''Booklovers' Corner''.
''The Road to Wigan Pier''
At this time, Victor Gollancz suggested Orwell spend a short time investigating social conditions in economically depressed northern England. Two years earlier J. B. Priestley had written of England north of the Trent and this had stimulated an interest in reportage. Furthermore the depression had introduced a number of working-class writers from the North of England to the reading public.On 31 January 1936, Orwell set out by public transport and on foot via Coventry, Stafford, the Potteries and Macclesfield, reaching Manchester. Arriving after the banks had closed, he had to stay in a common lodging house. Next day he picked up a list of contact addresses sent by Richard Rees. One of these, trade union official Frank Meade, suggested Wigan, where Orwell spent February staying in dirty lodgings over a tripe shop. At Wigan, he gained entry to many houses to see how people lived, took systematic notes of housing conditions and wages earned, went down a coal mine, and spent days at the local public library consulting public health records and reports on working conditions in mines.
During this time he was distracted by dealing with libel and stylistic issues relating to ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying''. He made a quick visit to Liverpool and spent March in south Yorkshire, spending time in Sheffield and Barnsley. As well as visiting mines, including Grimethorpe, and observing social conditions, he attended meetings of the Communist Party and of Oswald Mosley – "''his speech the usual claptrap—The blame for everything was put upon mysterious international gangs of Jews''" – where he saw the tactics of the Blackshirts – "''one is liable to get both a hammering and a fine for asking a question which Mosley finds it difficult to answer.''" He punctuated his stay with visits to his sister at Headingley, during which he visited the Brontë Parsonage at Haworth, where he was "''chiefly impressed by a pair of Charlotte Brontë's cloth-topped boots, very small, with square toes and lacing up at the sides.''" His investigations gave rise to ''The Road to Wigan Pier'', published by Gollancz for the Left Book Club in 1937. The first half of this work documents his social investigations of Lancashire and Yorkshire. It begins with an evocative description of working life in the coal mines. The second half is a long essay on his upbringing and the development of his political conscience, which includes criticism of some of the groups on the left. Gollancz feared the second half would offend readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain.
Orwell needed somewhere where he could concentrate on writing his book, and once again help was provided by Aunt Nellie who was living in a cottage at Wallington, Hertfordshire. It was a very small cottage which had been built in the sixteenth century called the "Stores", with almost no modern facilities, in a tiny village some thirty-five miles north of London. Orwell took over the tenancy and moved in on 2 April 1936. He started work on ''Wigan Pier'' by the end of April and, as well as writing, spent hours working on the garden and investigated the possibility of reopening the Stores as a village shop. ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying'' was published by Gollancz on 20 April 1936. On 4 August Orwell gave a talk at the Adelphi Summer School held at Langham, entitled ''An Outsider Sees the Distressed Areas''; others who spoke at the School included John Strachey, Max Plowman, Karl Polanyi and Reinhold Niebuhr.
Orwell's research for ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' led to him being placed under surveillance by the Special Branch in 1936, for 12 years, until 1 year before the publication of 1984.
Orwell married Eileen O'Shaughnessy on 9 June 1936. Shortly afterwards, the political crisis began in Spain and Orwell followed developments there closely. At the end of the year, concerned by Francisco Franco's Falangist uprising, (supported by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy), Orwell decided to go to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War on the Republican side. Under the erroneous impression that he needed papers from some left-wing organisation to cross the frontier, on John Strachey's recommendation he applied unsuccessfully to Harry Pollitt, leader of the British Communist Party. Pollitt was suspicious of Orwell's political reliability; he asked him whether he would undertake to join the International Brigade and advised him to get a safe-conduct from the Spanish Embassy in Paris. Not wishing to commit himself until he'd seen the situation ''in situ'', Orwell instead used his Independent Labour Party contacts to get a letter of introduction to John McNair in Barcelona.
The Spanish Civil War and Catalonia
Orwell set out for Spain on about 23 December, dining with Henry Miller in Paris on the way. A few days later at Barcelona, he met John McNair of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) Office who quoted him: ''"I've come to fight against Fascism"''. Orwell stepped into a complex political situation in Catalonia. The Republican government was supported by a number of factions with conflicting aims, including the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM — Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista), the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia (a wing of the Spanish Communist Party, which was backed by Soviet arms and aid). The ILP was linked to the POUM and so Orwell joined the POUM.
After a time at the Lenin Barracks in Barcelona he was sent to the relatively quiet Aragon Front under Georges Kopp. By January 1937 he was at Alcubierre above sea level in the depth of winter. There was very little military action, and the lack of equipment and other deprivations made it uncomfortable. Orwell, with his Cadet Corps and police training was quickly made a corporal. On the arrival of a British ILP Contingent about three weeks later, Orwell and the other English militiaman, Williams, were sent with them to Monte Oscuro. The newly-arrived ILP contingent included Bob Smillie, Bob Edwards, Stafford Cottman and Jack Branthwaite. The unit was then sent on to Huesca.
Meanwhile, back in England, Eileen had been handling the issues relating to the publication of ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' before setting out for Spain herself, leaving Aunt Nellie Limouzin to look after The Stores. Eileen volunteered for a post in John McNair's office and with the help of Georges Kopp paid visits to her husband, bringing him English tea, chocolate and cigars. Orwell had to spend some days in hospital with a poisoned hand and had most of his possessions stolen by the staff. He returned to the front and saw some action in night attack on the Nationalist trenches where he chased an enemy soldier with a bayonet and bombed an enemy rifle position.
In April, Orwell returned to Barcelona. Wanting to be sent to the Madrid front, which meant he "must join the International Column", he approached a Communist friend attached to the Spanish Medical Aid and explained his case. "Although he did not think much of the Communists, Orwell was still ready to treat them as friends and allies. That would soon change." This was the time of the Barcelona May Days and Orwell was caught up in the factional fighting. He spent much of the time on a roof, with a stack of novels, but encountered Jon Kimche from his Hampstead days during the stay. The subsequent campaign of lies and distortion carried out by the Communist press, in which the POUM was accused of collaborating with the fascists, had a dramatic effect on Orwell. Instead of joining the International Brigades as he had intended, he decided to return to the Aragon Front. Once the May fighting was over, he was approached by a Communist friend who asked if he still intended transferring to the International Brigades. Orwell expressed surprise that they should still want him, because according to the Communist press he was a fascist. "No one who was in Barcelona then, or for months later, will forget the horrible atmosphere produced by fear, suspicion, hatred, censored newspapers, crammed jails, enormous food queues and prowling gangs of armed men."
After his return to the front, he was wounded in the throat by a sniper's bullet. Orwell was considerably taller than the Spanish fighters and had been warned against standing against the trench parapet. Unable to speak, and with blood pouring from his mouth, Orwell was carried on a stretcher to Siétamo, loaded on an ambulance and after a bumpy journey via Barbastro arrived at the hospital at Lleida. He recovered sufficiently to get up and on 27 May 1937 was sent on to Tarragona and two days later to a POUM sanatorium in the suburbs of Barcelona. The bullet had missed his main artery by the barest margin and his voice was barely audible. He received electrotherapy treatment and was declared medically unfit for service.
By the middle of June the political situation in Barcelona had deteriorated and the POUM — painted by the pro-Soviet Communists as a Trotskyist organisation — was outlawed and under attack. The Communist line was that the POUM were 'objectively' Fascist, hindering the Republican cause. " A particularly nasty poster appeared, showing a head with a POUM mask being ripped off to reveal a Swastika-covered face beneath. " Members, including Kopp, were arrested and others were in hiding. Orwell and his wife were under threat and had to lie low, although they broke cover to try to help Kopp.
Finally with their passports in order, they escaped from Spain by train, diverting to Banyuls-sur-Mer for a short stay before returning to England. In the first week of July 1937 Orwell arrived back at Wallington; on 13 July 1937 a deposition was presented to the ''Tribunal for Espionage & High Treason'', Valencia, charging the Orwells with 'rabid Trotskyism', and being agents of the POUM. The trial of the leaders of the POUM and of Orwell (in his absence) took place in Barcelona in October and November 1938. Observing events from French Morocco Orwell wrote that they were " - only a by-product of the Russian Trotskyist trials and from the start every kind of lie, including flagrant absurdities, has been circulated in the Communist press." Orwell's experiences in the Spanish Civil War gave rise to ''Homage to Catalonia'' (1938).
Rest and recuperation
Orwell returned to England in June 1937, and stayed at the O'Shaughnessy home at Greenwich. He found his views on the Spanish Civil War out of favour. Kingsley Martin rejected two of his works and Gollancz was equally cautious. At the same time, the communist ''Daily Worker'' was running an attack on ''The Road to Wigan Pier'', misquoting Orwell as saying "the working classes smell"; a letter to Gollancz from Orwell threatening libel action brought a stop to this. Orwell was also able to find a more sympathetic publisher for his views in Frederic Warburg of Secker & Warburg. Orwell returned to Wallington, which he found in disarray after his absence. He acquired goats, a rooster he called "Henry Ford", and a poodle puppy he called "Marx" and settled down to animal husbandry and writing ''Homage to Catalonia''.There were thoughts of going to India to work on the ''Pioneer'', a newspaper in Lucknow, but by March 1938 Orwell's health had deteriorated. He was admitted to Preston Hall Sanatorium at Aylesford, Kent, a British Legion hospital for ex-servicemen to which his brother-in-law Laurence O'Shaughnessy was attached. He was thought initially to be suffering from tuberculosis and stayed in the sanatorium until September. A stream of visitors came to see him including Common, Heppenstall, Plowman and Cyril Connolly. Connolly brought with him Stephen Spender, a cause of some embarrassment as Orwell had referred to Spender as a ''"pansy friend"'' some time earlier. ''Homage to Catalonia'' was published by Secker & Warburg and was a commercial flop. In the latter part of his stay at the clinic Orwell was able to go for walks in the countryside and study nature.
The novelist L.H. Myers secretly funded a trip to French Morocco for half a year for Orwell to avoid the English winter and recover his health. The Orwells set out in September 1938 via Gibraltar and Tangier to avoid Spanish Morocco and arrived at Marrakech. They rented a villa on the road to Casablanca and during that time Orwell wrote ''Coming Up for Air''. They arrived back in England on 30 March 1939 and ''Coming Up for Air'' was published in June. Orwell spent time in Wallington and Southwold working on a Dickens essay and it was in July 1939 that Orwell's father, Richard Blair, died.
World War II and ''Animal Farm''
On the outbreak of World War II, Orwell's wife Eileen started work in the Censorship Department in London, staying during the week with her family in Greenwich. Orwell also submitted his name to the Central Register for war effort but nothing transpired. He returned to Wallington, and in the autumn of 1939 he wrote material for ''Inside the Whale and Other Essays''. For the next year he was occupied writing reviews for plays, films and books for ''The Listener'', ''Time and Tide'' and ''New Adelphi''. At the beginning of 1940, the first edition of Connolly's ''Horizon'' appeared, and this provided a new outlet for Orwell's work as well as new literary contacts. In May the Orwells took lease of a flat in London at Dorset Chambers, Chagford Street, Marylebone. It was the time of the Dunkirk evacuation and the death in France of Eileen's brother Lawrence caused her considerable grief and long-term depression.Orwell was declared "unfit for any kind of military service" by the Medical Board in June, but soon afterwards found an opportunity to become involved in war activities by joining the Home Guard. He shared Tom Wintringham's socialist vision for the Home Guard as a revolutionary People's Militia. Sergeant Orwell managed to recruit Frederic Warburg to his unit. During the Battle of Britain he used to spend weekends with Warburg and his new friend Zionist Tosco Fyvel at Twyford, Berkshire. At Wallington he worked on "England Your England" and in London wrote reviews for various periodicals. Visiting Eileen's family in Greenwich brought him face-to-face with the effects of the blitz on East London.
Early in 1941 he started writing for the American ''Partisan Review'' and contributed to Gollancz' anthology ''The Betrayal of the Left'', written in the light of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (although Orwell referred to it as the Russo-German Pact and the Hitler-Stalin Pact). He also applied unsuccessfully for a job at the Air Ministry. In the Home Guard his mishandling of a mortar put two of his unit in hospital. Meanwhile he was still writing reviews of books and plays and at this time met the novelist Anthony Powell. He also took part in a few radio broadcasts for the Eastern Service of the BBC. In March the Orwells moved to St John's Wood in a 7th floor flat at Langford Court, while at Wallington Orwell was "digging for victory" by planting potatoes.
In August 1941, Orwell finally obtained "war work" when he was taken on full time by the BBC's Eastern Service. He supervised cultural broadcasts to India to counter propaganda from Nazi Germany designed to undermine Imperial links. This was Orwell's first experience of the rigid conformity of life in an office. However it gave him an opportunity to create cultural programmes with contributions from T. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, E. M. Forster, Ahmed Ali, Mulk Raj Anand, and William Empson among others.
At the end of August he had a dinner with H. G. Wells which degenerated into a row because Wells had taken offence at observations Orwell made about him in a ''Horizon'' article. In October Orwell had a bout of bronchitis and the illness recurred frequently. David Astor was looking for a provocative contributor for ''The Observer'' and invited Orwell to write for him — the first article appearing in March 1942. In spring of 1942 Eileen changed jobs to work at the Ministry of Food and Orwell's mother and sister Avril took war work in London and came to stay with the Orwells. In the summer, they all moved to a basement at Mortimer Crescent in Kilburn.
At the BBC, Orwell introduced ''Voice'', a literary programme for his Indian broadcasts, and by now was leading an active social life with literary friends, particularly on the political left. Late in 1942, he started writing for the left-wing weekly ''Tribune'' directed by Labour MPs Aneurin Bevan and George Strauss. In March 1943 Orwell's mother died and around the same time he told Moore he was starting work on a new book, which would turn out to be ''Animal Farm''.
In September 1943, Orwell resigned from the BBC post that he had occupied for two years. His resignation followed a report confirming his fears that few Indians listened to the broadcasts, but he was also keen to concentrate on writing ''Animal Farm''. At this time he was also discharged from the Home Guard.
In November 1943, Orwell was appointed literary editor at ''Tribune'', where his assistant was his old friend Jon Kimche. On 24 December 1943, ''Tribune'' published, under the authorship of "John Freeman" – possibly in reference to the British politician – the short essay "Can Socialists Be Happy?", which has since been widely attributed to Orwell; see Bibliography of George Orwell. Orwell was on staff until early 1945, writing over 80 book reviews as well as the regular column "As I Please". He was still writing reviews for other magazines, and becoming a respected pundit among left-wing circles but also close friends with people on the right like Powell, Astor and Malcolm Muggeridge. By April 1944 ''Animal Farm'' was ready for publication. Gollancz refused to publish it, considering it an attack on the Soviet regime which was a crucial ally in the war. A similar fate was met from other publishers (including T. S. Eliot at Faber and Faber) until Jonathan Cape agreed to take it.
In May the Orwells had the opportunity to adopt a child, thanks to the contacts of Eileen's sister Gwen O'Shaughnassy, then a doctor in Newcastle upon Tyne. In June a V-1 flying bomb landed on Mortimer Crescent and the Orwells had to find somewhere else to live. Orwell had to scrabble around in the rubble for his collection of books, which he had finally managed to transfer from Wallington, carting them away in a wheelbarrow.
Another bombshell was Cape's reversal of his plan to publish ''Animal Farm''. The decision followed his personal visit to Peter Smollett, an official at the Ministry of Information. Smollett was later identified as a Soviet agent.
The Orwells spent some time in the North East, near Carlton in County Durham, dealing with matters in the adoption of a boy whom they named Richard Horatio. In October 1944 they had set up home in Islington in a flat on the 7th floor of a block. Baby Richard joined them there, and Eileen gave up work to look after her family. Secker and Warburg had agreed to publish ''Animal Farm'', planned for the following March, although it did not appear in print until August 1945. By February 1945 David Astor had invited Orwell to become a war correspondent for the ''Observer''. Orwell had been looking for the opportunity throughout the war, but his failed medical reports prevented him from being allowed anywhere near action. He went to Paris after the liberation of France and to Cologne once it had been occupied by the Allies.
It was while he was there that Eileen went into hospital for a hysterectomy and died under anaesthetic on 29 March 1945. She had not given Orwell much notice about this operation because of worries about the cost and because she expected to make a speedy recovery. Orwell returned home for a while and then went back to Europe. He returned finally to London to cover the 1945 UK General Election at the beginning of July. ''Animal Farm: A Fairy Story'' was published in Britain on 17 August 1945, and a year later in the U.S., on 26 August 1946.
Jura and ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''
''Animal Farm'' struck a particular resonance in the post-war climate and its worldwide success made Orwell a sought-after figure.For the next four years Orwell mixed journalistic work — mainly for the ''Tribune'', the ''Observer'' and the ''Manchester Evening News'', though he also contributed to many small-circulation political and literary magazines — with writing his best-known work, ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', which was published in 1949. In the year following Eileen's death he published around 130 articles and was active in various political lobbying campaigns. He employed a housekeeper, Susan Watson, to look after his adopted son at the Islington flat, which visitors now described as "bleak". In September he spent a fortnight on the island of Jura in the Inner Hebrides and saw it as a place to escape from the hassle of London literary life. David Astor was instrumental in arranging a place for Orwell on Jura. Astor's family owned Scottish estates in the area and a fellow Old Etonian Robert Fletcher had a property on the island. During the winter of 1945 to 1946 Orwell made several hopeless and unwelcome marriage proposals to younger women, including Celia Kirwan (who was later to become Arthur Koestler's sister-in-law), Ann Popham who happened to live in the same block of flats and Sonia Brownell, one of Connolly's coterie at the ''Horizon'' office. Orwell suffered a tubercular haemorrhage in February 1946 but disguised his illness. In 1945 or early 1946, while still living at Canonbury Square, Orwell wrote an article on "British Cookery", complete with recipes, commissioned by the British Council. Given the post-war shortages, both parties agreed not to publish it. His sister Marjorie died of kidney disease in May and shortly after, on 22 May 1946, Orwell set off to live on the Isle of Jura.
Barnhill was an abandoned farmhouse with outbuildings near the northern end of the island, situated at the end of a five-mile (8 km), heavily rutted track from Ardlussa, where the owners lived. Conditions at the farmhouse were primitive but the natural history and the challenge of improving the place appealed to Orwell. His sister Avril accompanied him there and young novelist Paul Potts made up the party. In July Susan Watson arrived with Orwell's son Richard. Tensions developed and Potts departed after one of his manuscripts was used to light the fire. Orwell meanwhile set to work on ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. Later Susan Watson's boyfriend David Holbrook arrived. A fan of Orwell since school days, he found the reality very different, with Orwell hostile and disagreeable probably because of Holbrook's membership of the Communist Party. Susan Watson could no longer stand being with Avril and she and her boyfriend left.
Orwell returned to London in late 1946 and picked up his literary journalism again. Now a well-known writer, he was swamped with work. Apart from a visit to Jura in the new year he stayed in London for one of the coldest British winters on record and with such a national shortage of fuel that he burnt his furniture and his child's toys. The heavy smog in the days before the Clean Air Act 1956 did little to help his health about which he was reticent, keeping clear of medical attention. Meanwhile he had to cope with rival claims of publishers Gollancz and Warburg for publishing rights. About this time he co-edited a collection titled ''British Pamphleteers'' with Reginald Reynolds. As a result of the success of Animal Farm, Orwell was expecting a large bill from the Inland Revenue and he contacted a firm of accountants of which the senior partner was Jack Harrison. The firm advised Orwell to establish a company to own his copyright and to receive his royalties and set up a "service agreement" so that he could draw a salary. Such a company "George Orwell Productions Ltd" (GOP Ltd) was set up on 12 September 1947 although the service agreement was not then put into effect. Jack Harrison left the details at this stage to junior colleagues.
In April 1947 Orwell left London for good, ending the leases on the Islington flat and Wallington cottage. Back on Jura in gales and rainstorms he struggled to get on with ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' but through the summer and autumn made good progress. During that time his sister's family visited, and Orwell led a disastrous boating expedition which nearly led to loss of life whilst trying to cross the notorious gulf of Corryvreckan and gave him a soaking which was not good for his health. In December a chest specialist was summoned from Glasgow who pronounced Orwell seriously ill and a week before Christmas 1947 he was in Hairmyres hospital in East Kilbride, then a small village in the countryside, on the outskirts of Glasgow. Tuberculosis was diagnosed and the request for permission to import streptomycin to treat Orwell went as far as Aneurin Bevan, now Minister of Health. By the end of July 1948 Orwell was able to return to Jura and by December he had finished the manuscript of ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. In January 1949, in a very weak condition, he set off for a sanatorium in Gloucestershire, escorted by Richard Rees.
The sanatorium at Cranham consisted of a series of small wooden chalets or huts in a remote part of the Cotswolds near Stroud. Visitors were shocked by Orwell's appearance and concerned by the short-comings and ineffectiveness of the treatment. Friends were worried about his finances, but by now he was comparatively well-off. He was writing to many of his friends, including Jacintha Buddicom, who had "rediscovered" him, and in March 1949, was visited by Celia Kirwan. Kirwan had just started working for a Foreign Office unit, the Information Research Department, set up by the Labour government to publish anti-communist propaganda, and Orwell gave her a list of people he considered to be unsuitable as IRD authors because of their pro-communist leanings. Orwell's list, not published until 2003, consisted mainly of writers but also included actors and Labour MPs. Orwell received more streptomycin treatment and improved slightly. In June 1949 ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' was published to immediate critical and popular acclaim.
Final months and death
Orwell courted Sonia Brownell a second time during the summer, and they announced their marriage in September, shortly before he was removed to University College Hospital in London. Sonia took charge of Orwell's affairs and attended diligently in the hospital, causing concern to some old friends such as Muggeridge. In September 1949 Orwell invited his accountant Harrison to visit him in hospital, and Harrison claimed that Orwell then asked him to become director of GOP Ltd and to manage the company but there was no independent witness. Orwell's wedding took place in the hospital room on 13 October 1949, with David Astor as best man. Orwell was in decline and visited by an assortment of visitors including Muggeridge, Connolly, Lucian Freud, Stephen Spender, Evelyn Waugh, Paul Potts, Anthony Powell and his Eton tutor Anthony Gow. Plans to go to the Swiss Alps were mooted. Further meetings were held with his accountant at which Harrison and Mr and Mrs Blair were confirmed as directors of the company and at which Harrison claimed that the "service agreement" was executed, giving copyright to the company. Orwell's health was in decline again by Christmas. On the evening of 20 January 1950, Potts visited Orwell and slipped away on finding him asleep. However a later visit was made by Jack Harrison who claimed that Orwell gave him 25% of the company. Early on the morning of 21 January, an artery burst in his lungs, killing him at age 46.Orwell had requested to be buried in accordance with the Anglican rite in the graveyard of the closest church to wherever he happened to die. The graveyards in central London had no space, and fearing that he might have to be cremated, against his wishes, his widow appealed to his friends to see whether any of them knew of a church with space in its graveyard. David Astor lived in Sutton Courtenay, Oxfordshire and negotiated with the vicar for Orwell to be interred in All Saints' Churchyard there, although he had no connection with the village. His gravestone bore the simple epitaph: "Here lies Eric Arthur Blair, born 25 June 1903, died 21 January 1950"; no mention is made on the gravestone of his more famous pen-name.
Orwell's son, Richard Blair, was raised by an aunt after his father's death. He maintains a low public profile, though he has occasionally given interviews about the few memories he has of his father. Richard Blair worked for many years as an agricultural agent for the British government.
In 1979 Sonia brought a High Court action against Harrison who had in the meantime transferred 75% of the company's voting stock to himself and had dissipated much of the value of the company. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62.
Literary career
During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: ''Down and Out in Paris and London'' (describing a period of poverty in these cities), ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' (describing the living conditions of the poor in northern England, and the class divide generally) and ''Homage to Catalonia''. According to Irving Howe, Orwell was "the best English essayist since Hazlitt, perhaps since Dr Johnson."Modern readers are more often introduced to Orwell as a novelist, particularly through his enormously successful titles ''Animal Farm'' and ''Nineteen Eighty-Four''. The former is often thought to reflect degeneration in the Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalinism; the latter, life under totalitarian rule. ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' is often compared to ''Brave New World'' by Aldous Huxley; both are powerful dystopian novels warning of a future world where the state machine exerts complete control over social life. In 1984, ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' and Ray Bradbury's ''Fahrenheit 451'' were honoured with the Prometheus Award for their contributions to dystopian literature. In 2011 he received it again for ''Animal Farm''.
''Coming Up for Air'', his last novel before World War II is the most 'English' of his novels; alarums of war mingle with images of idyllic Thames-side Edwardian childhood of protagonist George Bowling. The novel is pessimistic; industrialism and capitalism have killed the best of Old England, and there were great, new external threats. In homely terms, Bowling posits the totalitarian hypotheses of Borkenau, Orwell, Silone and Koestler: "Old Hitler's something different. So's Joe Stalin. They aren't like these chaps in the old days who crucified people and chopped their heads off and so forth, just for the fun of it ... They're something quite new — something that's never been heard of before".
Literary influences
In an autobiographical piece that Orwell sent to the editors of ''Twentieth Century Authors'' in 1940, he wrote: "The writers I care about most and never grow tired of are: Shakespeare, Swift, Fielding, Dickens, Charles Reade, Flaubert and, among modern writers, James Joyce, T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence. But I believe the modern writer who has influenced me most is Somerset Maugham, whom I admire immensely for his power of telling a story straightforwardly and without frills." Elsewhere, Orwell strongly praised the works of Jack London, especially his book ''The Road''. Orwell's investigation of poverty in ''The Road to Wigan Pier'' strongly resembles that of Jack London's ''The People of the Abyss'', in which the American journalist disguises himself as an out-of-work sailor in order to investigate the lives of the poor in London. In his essay "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels" (1946) Orwell wrote: "If I had to make a list of six books which were to be preserved when all others were destroyed, I would certainly put ''Gulliver's Travels'' among them.".Other writers admired by Orwell included: Ralph Waldo Emerson, G. K. Chesterton, George Gissing, Graham Greene, Herman Melville, Henry Miller, Tobias Smollett, Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad and Yevgeny Zamyatin. He was both an admirer and a critic of Rudyard Kipling, praising Kipling as a gifted writer and a "good bad poet" whose work is "spurious" and "morally insensitive and aesthetically disgusting," but undeniably seductive and able to speak to certain aspects of reality more effectively than more enlightened authors.
Orwell as literary critic
Throughout his life Orwell continually supported himself as a book reviewer, writing works so long and sophisticated they have had an influence on literary criticism. He wrote in the conclusion to his 1940 essay on Charles Dickens,George Woodcock suggested that the last two sentences characterised Orwell as much as his subject.
Reactions to Orwell's works
Arthur Koestler mentioned Orwell's "uncompromising intellectual honesty [which] made him appear almost inhuman at times." Ben Wattenberg stated: "Orwell’s writing pierced intellectual hypocrisy wherever he found it." According to historian Piers Brendon, "Orwell was the saint of common decency who would in earlier days, said his BBC boss Rushbrook Williams, 'have been either canonised – or burnt at the stake'". However, Raymond Williams in Politics and Letters: Interviews with New Left Review describes Orwell as a "successful impersonation of a plain man who bumps into experience in an unmediated way and tells the truth about it." Christopher Norris declared that Orwell's "homespun empiricist outlook – his assumption that the truth was just there to be told in a straightforward common-sense way – now seems not merely naive but culpably self-deluding".Orwell's work has taken a prominent place in the school literature curriculum in England, with ''Animal Farm'' a regular examination topic at the end of secondary education (GCSE), and ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' a topic for subsequent examinations below university level (A Levels). Alan Brown noted that this brings to the forefront questions about the political content of teaching practices. Study aids, in particular with potted biographies, might be seen to help propagate the Orwell myth so that as an embodiment of human values he is presented as a "trustworthy guide", while examination questions sometimes suggest a "right ways of answering" in line with the myth.
Historian John Rodden stated: "John Podhoretz did claim that if Orwell were alive today, he’d be standing with the neo-conservatives and against the Left. And the question arises, to what extent can you even begin to predict the political positions of somebody who’s been dead three decades and more by that time?"
In ''Orwell's Victory'', Christopher Hitchens argues, "In answer to the accusation of inconsistency Orwell as a writer was forever taking his own temperature. In other words, here was someone who never stopped testing and adjusting his intelligence".
John Rodden points out the "undeniable conservative features in the Orwell physiognomy" and remarks on how "to some extent Orwell facilitated the kinds of uses and abuses by the Right that his name has been put to. In other ways there has been the politics of selective quotation." Rodden refers to the essay "Why I Write", in which Orwell refers to the Spanish Civil War as being his "watershed political experience", saying "The Spanish War and other events in 1936–37, turned the scale. Thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against totalitarianism and ''for'' Democratic Socialism as I understand it." (emphasis in original) Rodden goes on to explain how, during the McCarthy era, the introduction to the Signet edition of ''Animal Farm'', which sold more than 20 million copies, makes use of "the politics of ellipsis":
If the book itself, ''Animal Farm'', had left any doubt of the matter, Orwell dispelled it in his essay ''Why I Write'': 'Every line of serious work that I’ve written since 1936 has been written directly or indirectly against Totalitarianism ... dot, dot, dot, dot.' "For Democratic Socialism" is vaporised, just like Winston Smith did it at the Ministry of Truth, and that’s very much what happened beginning of the McCarthy era and just continued, Orwell being selectively quoted.
T.R. Fyvel wrote about Orwell: "His crucial experience ... was his struggle to turn himself into a writer, one which led through long periods of poverty, failure and humiliation, and about which he has written almost nothing directly. The sweat and agony was less in the slum-life than in the effort to turn the experience into literature."
Influence on language and writing
In his essay ''Politics and the English Language'' (1946), Orwell wrote about the importance of precise and clear language, arguing that vague writing can be used as a powerful tool of political manipulation because it shapes the way we think. In that essay, Orwell provides six rules for writers:Andrew N. Rubin argues, "Orwell claimed that we should be attentive to how the use of language has limited our capacity for critical thought just as we should be equally concerned with the ways in which dominant modes of thinking have reshaped the very language that we use."
- Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech which you are used to seeing in print.
- Never use a long word where a short one will do.
- If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
- Never use the passive where you can use the active.
- Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
- Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.
The adjective ''Orwellian'' connotes an attitude and a policy of control by propaganda, surveillance, misinformation, denial of truth, and manipulation of the past. In ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' Orwell described a totalitarian government that controlled thought by controlling language, making certain ideas literally unthinkable. Several words and phrases from ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' have entered popular language. ''Newspeak'' is a simplified and obfuscatory language designed to make independent thought impossible. ''Doublethink'' means holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously. The ''Thought Police'' are those who suppress all dissenting opinion. ''Prolefeed'' is homogenised, manufactured superficial literature, film and music, used to control and indoctrinate the populace through docility. ''Big Brother'' is a supreme dictator who watches everyone.
Orwell may have been the first to use the term ''cold war'', in his essay, "You and the Atom Bomb", published in ''Tribune'', 19 October 1945. He wrote:
We may be heading not for general breakdown but for an epoch as horribly stable as the slave empires of antiquity. James Burnham's theory has been much discussed, but few people have yet considered its ideological implications;— this is, the kind of world-view, the kind of beliefs, and the social structure that would probably prevail in a State which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of 'cold war' with its neighbours.
Personal life
Childhood
Jacintha Buddicom's account ''Eric & Us'' provides an insight into Blair's childhood. She quoted his sister Avril that "he was essentially an aloof, undemonstrative person" and said herself of his friendship with the Buddicoms "I do not think he needed any other friends beyond the schoolfriend he occasionally and appreciatively referred to as 'CC'". Cyril Connolly provides an account of Blair as a child in ''Enemies of Promise''. Years later, Blair mordantly recalled his prep school in the essay "Such, Such Were the Joys", claiming among other things that he "was made to study like a dog" to earn a scholarship, which he alleged was solely to enhance the school's prestige with parents. Jacintha Buddicom repudiated Orwell's schoolboy misery described in the essay, stating that "he was a specially happy child".Connolly remarked of him as a schoolboy, "The remarkable thing about Orwell was that alone among the boys he was an intellectual and not a parrot for he thought for himself". At Eton, John Vaughan Wilkes, his former headmaster's son recalled, "...he was extremely argumentative — about anything — and criticising the masters and criticising the other boys.... We enjoyed arguing with him. He would generally win the arguments — or think he had anyhow." Roger Mynors concurs: "Endless arguments about all sorts of things, in which he was one of the great leaders. He was one of those boys who thought for himself...."
Blair liked to carry out practical jokes. Buddicom recalls him swinging from the luggage rack in a railway carriage like an orangutan to frighten a woman passenger out of the compartment. At Eton he played tricks on John Crace, his Master in College, among which was to enter a spoof advertisement in a College magazine implying pederasty. Gow, his tutor, said he "made himself as big a nuisance as he could" and "was a very unattractive boy". Later Blair was expelled from the crammer at Southwold for sending a dead rat as a birthday present to the town surveyor. In one of his ''As I Please'' essays he refers to a protracted joke when he answered an advertisement for a woman who claimed a cure for obesity.
Blair had an enduring interest in natural history which stemmed from his childhood. In letters from school he wrote about caterpillars and butterflies, and Buddicom recalls his keen interest in ornithology. He also enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits, and conducting experiments as in cooking a hedgehog or shooting down a jackdaw from the Eton roof to dissect it. His zeal for scientific experiments extended to explosives — again Buddicom recalls a cook giving notice because of the noise. Later in Southwold his sister Avril recalled him blowing up the garden. When teaching he enthused his students with his nature-rambles both at Southwold and Hayes. His adult diaries are permeated with his observations on nature.
Relationships
Buddicom and Blair lost touch shortly after he went to Burma, and she became unsympathetic towards him. She wrote that it was because of the letters he wrote complaining about his life, but an addendum to ''Eric & Us'' by Venables reveals that he may have lost sympathy through an incident which was at best a clumsy seduction.Mabel Fierz, who later became his confidante, said "He used to say the one thing he wished in this world was that he'd been attractive to women. He liked women and had many girlfriends I think in Burma. He had a girl in Southwold and another girl in London. He was rather a womaniser, yet he was afraid he wasn't attractive."
Brenda Salkield (Southwold) preferred friendship to any deeper relationship and maintained a correspondence with Blair for many years, particularly as a sounding board for his ideas. She wrote "He was a great letter writer. Endless letters, And I mean when he wrote you a letter he wrote pages." His correspondence with Eleanor Jacques (London) was more prosaic, dwelling on a closer relationship and referring to past rendezvous or planning future ones in London and Burnham Beeches.
When Orwell was in the sanatorium in Kent his wife's friend Lydia Jackson visited. He invited her for a walk and out of sight "an awkward situation arose." Jackson was to be the most critical of Orwell's marriage to Eileen O'Shaughnessy but their later correspondence hints a complicity. Eileen at the time was more concerned about Orwell's closeness to Brenda Salkield. Orwell was to have an affair with his secretary at ''Tribune'' which caused Eileen much distress, and others have been mooted. In a letter to Ann Popham he wrote: 'I was sometimes unfaithful to Eileen, and I also treated her badly, and I think she treated me badly, too, at times, but it was a real marriage, in the sense that we had been through awful struggles together and she understood all about my work, etc.', Similarly he suggested to Celia Kirwan that they had both been unfaithful. There are several testaments that it was a well-matched and happy marriage
Orwell was very lonely after Eileen's death, and desperate for a wife, both as companion for himself and as mother for Richard. He proposed marriage to four women, and eventually Sonia Brownell accepted.
Religious views
Orwell was a communicant member of the Church of England, he attended holy communion regularly, and allusions to Anglican life are made in his book ''A Clergyman's Daughter''. At the same time he found the church to be a "selfish...church of the landed gentry" with its establishment "out of touch" with the majority of its communicants and altogether a pernicious influence on public life. Yet, he was married according to the rites of the Church of England in both his first marriage at the church at Wallington, and in his second marriage on his deathbed in University College Hospital, and he left instructions that he was to receive an Anglican funeral. In their 1972 study, ''The Unknown Orwell'', the writers Peter Stansky and William Abrahams note that at Eton Blair displayed a "sceptical attitude" to Christian belief, and that: "Shaw's preface to his recently published ''Androcles and the Lion'' in which an account of the gospels is set forth, very different in tone from what one would be likely to hear from an Anglican clergyman" was "much more to Blair's own taste." Crick observed that Orwell displayed "a pronounced anti-Catholicism".The ambiguity in his belief in religion mirrored the dichotomies between his public and private lives: Stephen Ingle wrote that it was as if the writer George Orwell "vaunted" his atheism while Eric Blair the individual retained "a deeply ingrained religiosity". Ingle later noted that Orwell did not accept the existence of an afterlife, believing in the finality of death while living and advocating a moral code based on Judeo-Christian beliefs.
Political views
Orwell liked to provoke argument by challenging the status quo, but he was also a traditionalist with a love of old English values. He criticised and satirised, from the inside, the various social milieus in which he found himself – provincial town life in ''A Clergyman's Daughter''; middle-class pretention in ''Keep the Aspidistra Flying''; preparatory schools in ''Such Such were the Joys''; colonialism in ''Burmese Days'', and some socialist groups in ''The Road to Wigan Pier''. In his ''Adelphi'' days he described himself as a "Tory-anarchist".In 1928, Orwell began his career as a professional writer in Paris. His first article, ''Censorship in England'', was an attempt to account for the 'extraordinary and illogical' suppression of plays and novels on the grounds of public decency, then practised in Britain. His own explanation was that the rise of the 'puritan middle class', who had stricter morals than the aristocracy, tightened the rules of censorship in the 19th century. Orwell's first article to be published in his home country, ''A Farthing Newspaper'', was a critique of the new French daily, the ''Ami de Peuple''. This paper was sold much more cheaply than most others, and was intended for ordinary people to read. However, Orwell pointed out that its proprietor François Coty also owned the right-wing dailies ''Le Figaro'' and ''Le Gaulois'', which the ''Ami de Peuple'' was supposedly competing against. Orwell suggested that cheap newspapers were no more than a vehicle for advertising and anti-leftist propaganda, and predicted that like India, France might soon see 'free newspapers' which would drive many legitimate dailies out of business.
The Spanish Civil War played the most important part in defining Orwell's socialism. He wrote to Cyril Connolly from Barcelona on 8 June 1937: "I have seen wonderful things and at last really believe in Socialism, which I never did before". Having witnessed the success of the anarcho-syndicalist communities, for example in Anarchist Catalonia, and the subsequent brutal suppression of the anarcho-syndicalists, anti-Stalin communist parties and revolutionaries by the Soviet Union-backed Communists, Orwell returned from Catalonia a staunch anti-Stalinist and joined the Independent Labour Party, his card being issued on 13 June 1938. Although he was never a Trotskyist, he was strongly influenced by the Trotskyist and anarchist critiques of the Soviet regime, and by the anarchists' emphasis on individual freedom. In Part 2 of ''The Road to Wigan Pier'', published by the Left Book Club, Orwell stated: "a real Socialist is one who wishes – not merely conceives it as desirable, but actively wishes – to see tyranny overthrown". Orwell stated in "Why I Write" (1946): "Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it." Orwell was a proponent of a federal socialist Europe, a position outlined in his 1947 essay "Toward European Unity", which first appeared in ''Partisan Review''. According to biographer John Newsinger,
the other crucial dimension to Orwell's socialism was his recognition that the Soviet Union was not socialist. Unlike many on the left, instead of abandoning socialism once he discovered the full horror of Stalinist rule in the Soviet Union, Orwell abandoned the Soviet Union and instead remained a socialist — indeed he became more committed to the socialist cause than ever."
In his 1938 essay "Why I joined the Independent Labour Party", published in the ILP-affiliated ''New Leader'', Orwell wrote:
For some years past I have managed to make the capitalist class pay me several pounds a week for writing books against capitalism. But I do not delude myself that this state of affairs is going to last forever ... the only régime which, in the long run, will dare to permit freedom of speech is a Socialist régime. If Fascism triumphs I am finished as a writer – that is to say, finished in my only effective capacity. That of itself would be a sufficient reason for joining a Socialist party.Towards the end of the essay, he wrote: "I do not mean I have lost all faith in the Labour Party. My most earnest hope is that the Labour Party will win a clear majority in the next General Election."
Orwell was opposed to rearmament against Nazi Germany — but he changed his view after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and the outbreak of the war. He left the ILP because of its opposition to the war and adopted a political position of "revolutionary patriotism". In December 1940 he wrote in ''Tribune'' (the Labour left's weekly): "We are in a strange period of history in which a revolutionary has to be a patriot and a patriot has to be a revolutionary." During the war, Orwell was highly critical of the popular idea that an Anglo-Soviet alliance would be the basis of a post-war world of peace and prosperity. In 1942, commenting on journalist E. H. Carr's pro-Soviet views, Orwell stated: "all the appeasers, e.g. Professor E. H. Carr, have switched their allegiance from Hitler to Stalin."
On anarchism, Orwell wrote in ''The Road to Wigan Pier'': "I worked out an anarchistic theory that all government is evil, that the punishment always does more harm than the crime and the people can be trusted to behave decently if you will only let them alone." He continued however and argued that "it is always necessary to protect peaceful people from violence. In any state of society where crime can be profitable you have got to have a harsh criminal law and administer it ruthlessly."
In his reply (dated 15 November 1943) to an invitation from the Duchess of Atholl to speak for the British League for European Freedom, he stated that he didn't agree with their objectives. He admitted that what they said was "more truthful than the lying propaganda found in most of the press" but added that he could not "associate himself with an essentially Conservative body" that claimed to "defend democracy in Europe" but had "nothing to say about British imperialism". His closing paragraph stated: "I belong to the Left and must work inside it, much as I hate Russian totalitarianism and its poisonous influence in this country."
Orwell joined the staff of ''Tribune'' as literary editor, and from then until his death, was a left-wing (though hardly orthodox) Labour-supporting democratic socialist. On 1 September 1944, about the Warsaw Uprising, Orwell expressed in ''Tribune'' his hostility against the influence of the alliance with the USSR over the allies: "Do remember that dishonesty and cowardice always have to be paid for. Do not imagine that for years on end you can make yourself the boot-licking propagandist of the sovietic regime, or any other regime, and then suddenly return to honesty and reason. Once a whore, always a whore." According to Newsinger, although Orwell "was always critical of the 1945–51 Labour government's moderation, his support for it began to pull him to the right politically. This did not lead him to embrace conservatism, imperialism or reaction, but to defend, albeit critically, Labour reformism." Between 1945 and 1947, with A. J. Ayer and Bertrand Russell, he contributed a series of articles and essays to ''Polemic'', a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater.
Writing in the spring of 1945 a long essay titled "Antisemitism in Britain", for the ''Contemporary Jewish Record'', Orwell stated that anti-Semitism was on the increase in Britain, and that it was "irrational and will not yield to arguments". He argued that it would be useful to discover why anti-Semites could "swallow such absurdities on one particular subject while remaining sane on others". He wrote: "For quite six years the English admirers of Hitler contrived not to learn of the existence of Dachau and Buchenwald. ... Many English people have heard almost nothing about the extermination of German and Polish Jews during the present war. Their own anti-Semitism has caused this vast crime to bounce off their consciousness." In ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'', written shortly after the war, Orwell portrayed the Party as enlisting anti-Semitic passions against their enemy, Goldstein.
Orwell publicly defended P.G. Wodehouse against charges of being a Nazi sympathiser, a defence based on Wodehouse's lack of interest in and ignorance of politics.
The British intelligence group Special Branch maintained a file on Orwell for more than 20 years of his life. The dossier, published by The National Archives, mentions that according to one investigator, Orwell had "advanced Communist views and several of his Indian friends say that they have often seen him at Communist meetings". MI5, the intelligence department of the Home Office, noted: "It is evident from his recent writings – 'The Lion and the Unicorn' – and his contribution to Gollancz's symposium ''The Betrayal of the Left'' that he does not hold with the Communist Party nor they with him."
Social interactions
Orwell was noted for very close and enduring friendships with a few friends, but these were generally people with a similar background or with a similar level of literary ability. Ungregarious, he was out of place in a crowd and his discomfort was exacerbated when he was outside his own class. Though representing himself as a spokesman for the common man, he often appeared out of place with real working people. His brother-in-law Humphrey Dakin, a "Hail fellow, well met" type, who took him to a local pub in Leeds, said that he was told by the landlord: "Don't bring that bugger in here again". Adrian Fierz commented "He wasn't interested in racing or greyhounds or pub crawling or shove ha'penny. He just did not have much in common with people who did not share his intellectual interests". Awkwardness attended many of his encounters with working-class representatives, as with Pollitt and McNair. but his courtesy and good manners were often commented on. Jack Common observed on meeting him for the first time, "Right away manners, and more than manners — breeding — showed through".In his tramping days, he did domestic work for a time. His extreme politeness was recalled by a member of the family he worked for; she declared that the family referred to him as "Laurel" after the film comedian. With his gangling figure and awkwardness, Orwell's friends often saw him as a figure of fun. Geoffrey Gorer commented "He was awfully likely to knock things off tables, trip over things. I mean, he was a gangling, physically badly co-ordinated young man. I think his feelings that even the inanimate world was against him..." When he shared a flat with Heppenstall and Sayer, he was treated in a patronising manner by the younger men. At the BBC, in the 1940s, "everybody would pull his leg", and Spender described him as having real entertainment value "like, as I say, watching a Charlie Chaplin movie". A friend of Eileen's reminisced about her tolerance and humour, often at Orwell's expense.
One biography of Orwell accused him of having had an authoritarian streak. In Burma, he struck out at a Burmese boy who while "fooling around" with his friends had "accidentally bumped into him" at a station, with the result that Orwell "fell heavily" down some stairs. One of his former pupils recalled being beaten so hard he could not sit down for a week. When sharing a flat with Orwell, Heppenstall came home late one night in an advanced stage of loud inebriation. The upshot was that Heppenstall ended up with a bloody nose and was locked in a room. When he complained, Orwell hit him a crack across the legs with a shooting stick and Heppenstall then had to defend himself with a chair. Years later, after Orwell's death, Heppenstall wrote a dramatic account of the incident called "The Shooting Stick" and Mabel Fierz confirmed that Heppenstall came to her in a sorry state the following day.
However, Orwell got on well with young people. The pupil he beat considered him the best of teachers, and the young recruits in Barcelona tried to drink him under the table — though without success. His nephew recalled Uncle Eric laughing louder than anyone in the cinema at a Charlie Chaplin film.
In the wake of his most famous works, he attracted many uncritical hangers-on, but many others who sought him found him aloof and even dull. With his soft voice, he was sometimes shouted down or excluded from discussions. At this time, he was severely ill; it was wartime or the austerity period after it; during the war his wife suffered from depression; and after her death he was lonely and unhappy. In addition to that, he always lived frugally and seemed unable to care for himself properly. As a result of all this, people found his circumstances bleak. Some, like Michael Ayrton, called him "Gloomy George", but others developed the idea that he was a "secular saint".
Lifestyle
Orwell was a heavy smoker, rolling his own cigarettes from strong shag tobacco, in spite of his bronchial condition. He undermined his health with a penchant for the rugged life which often put him in cold and damp situations both in the long term as in Catalonia and Jura, and short term, for example in motorcycling in the rain and a shipwreck of his own creation. His love of strong tea was legendary — he had Fortnum & Mason's tea brought to him in Catalonia and in 1946 published "A Nice Cup of Tea" on how to make it. He appreciated English beer, taken regularly and moderately, despised drinkers of lager and wrote about an imagined, ideal pub in his 1946 newspaper article "The Moon Under Water". Not being particular about food, he enjoyed the wartime "Victory Pie" extolled canteen food at the BBC and once ate the cat's dinner by mistake. However he preferred traditional English dishes such as roast beef and kippers and reports of his Islington days refer to the cosy afternoon tea table.His dress sense was unpredictable and usually casual. In Southwold he had the best cloth from the local tailor, but was equally happy in his tramping outfit. His attire in the Spanish Civil War, along with his size 12 boots was a source of amusement. David Astor described him as looking like a prep school master, while according to the Special Branch dossier, Orwell's tendency of clothing himself "in Bohemian fashion" revealed that the author was "a Communist".
Orwell's confusing approach to matters of social decorum—on the one hand expecting a working class guest to dress for dinner, and on the other hand slurping tea out of a saucer at the BBC canteen—helped stoke his reputation as an English eccentric.
Biographies
Orwell's will requested that no biography of him be written, and his wife Sonia Brownell repelled every attempt by those who tried to persuade her to let them write about him. Various recollections and interpretations were published in the 1950s and 1960s but Sonia saw the 1968 ''Collected Works'' as the record of his life. She did appoint Muggeridge as official biographer, but later biographers have seen this as deliberate spoiling as Muggeridge eventually gave up the work In 1973 American authors Stansky and Williams produced an unauthorised account of his early years which inevitably lacked Sonia Brownell's input. She then commissioned Bernard Crick, a left-wing professor of politics at the University of London to complete a biography and asked all Orwell's friends to co-operate. Crick collated a considerable amount of material in his work which was published in 1980, but his questioning of the literal truth of Orwell's first-person writings led to conflict with Sonia who tried unsuccessfully to suppress the book. Crick concentrated on the facts of Orwell's life rather than his character, and as a professor of politics presented primarily a political perspective on Orwell's life and work.After Sonia Brownell's death many more works were produced in the 1980s with 1984 being a particularly fruitful year for Orwelliana. These included collections of reminiscences by Coppard and Crick and Stephen Wadhams.
In 1991 a biography was produced by Michael Shelden, an American Professor of Literature. Shelden was more concerned with the literary nature of Orwell’s work seeking explanations for Orwell's character and treating his first person writings as autobiographical. Shelden introduced several new pieces of information correcting some of the errors and omissions in Crick's earlier work. Shelden attributed to Orwell an obsessive belief in his failure and inadequacy.
Peter Davison's production of the ''Complete Works of George Orwell'', completed in 2000 put most of the Orwell Archive in the public domain. Jeffrey Meyers, a prolific American biographer, was first to take advantage of this and produced a work that was more willing to investigate the darker side of Orwell and question the saintly image. ''Why Orwell Matters'' was published by Christopher Hitchens in 2002.
In 2003, the centenary of Orwell's birth resulted in the two most up-to-date biographies by Gordon Bowker and D. J. Taylor, both academics and writers in the United Kingdom. Taylor notes the stage management which surrounds much of Orwell's behaviour, and Bowker highlights the essential sense of decency which he considers to have been Orwell's main driver.
Bibliography
;Novels;Books based on personal experiences While the substance of many of Orwell's novels, particularly ''Burmese Days'', is drawn from his personal experiences, the following are works presented as narrative documentaries, rather than being fictionalised.
Notes
Further reading
External links
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| name | David Bowie |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | David Robert Jones |
| birth date | January 08, 1947 |
| birth place | Brixton, London, England |
| occupation | Musician, singer-songwriter,record producer, actor |
| years active | 1964–present |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar, saxophone, piano, keyboards, harpsichord, synthesizer, mellotron, harmonica, koto, drums, vibraphone, viola, cello |
| genre | Rock, glam rock, art rock, pop |
| associated acts | The Riot Squad, Arnold Corns, Tin Machine, The Hype, The Lower Third, The Konrads, Iggy Pop, Brain Eno |
| label | Deram, RCA, Virgin, EMI, ISO, Columbia, BMG, Pye |
| website | davidbowie.com }} |
Bowie first caught the eye and ear of the public in July 1969, when his song "Space Oddity" reached the top five of the UK Singles Chart. After a three-year period of experimentation he re-emerged in 1972 during the glam rock era with the flamboyant, androgynous alter ego Ziggy Stardust, spearheaded by the hit single "Starman" and the album ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''. Bowie's impact at that time, as described by biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture." The relatively short-lived Ziggy persona proved merely one facet of a career marked by continual reinvention, musical innovation and striking visual presentation.
In 1975, Bowie achieved his first major American crossover success with the number-one single "Fame" and the hit album ''Young Americans'', which the singer characterised as "plastic soul". The sound constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. He then confounded the expectations of both his record label and his American audiences by recording the minimalist album ''Low'' (1977)—the first of three collaborations with Brian Eno over the next two years. The so-called "Berlin Trilogy" albums all reached the UK top five and garnered lasting critical praise.
After uneven commercial success in the late 1970s, Bowie had UK number ones with the 1980 single "Ashes to Ashes", its parent album ''Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)'', and "Under Pressure", a 1981 collaboration with Queen. He then reached a new commercial peak in 1983 with ''Let's Dance'', which yielded several hit singles. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Bowie continued to experiment with musical styles, including blue-eyed soul, industrial, adult contemporary, and jungle. His last recorded album was ''Reality'' (2003), which was supported by the 2003–04 Reality Tour.
Buckley says of Bowie: "His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure." In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, Bowie was placed at number 29. Throughout his career, he has sold an estimated 140 million albums. In the UK, he has been awarded nine Platinum album certifications, 11 Gold and eight Silver, and in the US, five Platinum and seven Gold certifications. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' ranked him 39th on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", and 23rd on their list of the best singers of all-time.
Biography
1947–62: early years
David Bowie was born David Robert Jones in Brixton, London, on 8 January 1947. His mother, Margaret Mary "Peggy" (née Burns), of Irish descent, worked as a cinema usherette, while his father, Haywood Stenton "John" Jones was a promotions officer for Barnardo's. The family lived at 40 Stansfield Road, located near the border of the south London areas of Brixton and Stockwell. A neighbour recalled that "London in the forties was the worst possible place, and the worst possible time for a child to grow up in." Bowie attended Stockwell Infants School until he was six years old, acquiring a reputation as a gifted and single-minded child—and a defiant brawler.In 1953 the family moved to the suburb of Bromley, where, two years later, Bowie progressed to Burnt Ash Junior School. His voice was considered "adequate" by the school choir, and his recorder playing judged to demonstrate above-average musical ability. At the age of nine, his dancing during the newly introduced music and movement classes was strikingly imaginative: teachers called his interpretations "vividly artistic" and his poise "astonishing" for a child. The same year, his interest in music was further stimulated when his father brought home a collection of American 45s by artists including Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers, The Platters, Fats Domino, Elvis Presley and Little Richard. Upon listening to "Tutti Frutti", Bowie would later say, "I had heard God". Presley's impact on him was likewise emphatic: "I saw a cousin of mine dance to ... 'Hound Dog' and I had never seen her get up and be moved so much by anything. It really impressed me, the power of the music. I started getting records immediately after that." By the end of the following year he had taken up the ukelele and tea-chest bass and begun to participate in skiffle sessions with friends, and had started to play the piano; meanwhile his stage presentation of numbers by both Presley and Chuck Berry—complete with gyrations in tribute to the original artists—to his local Wolf Cub group was described as "mesmerizing ... like someone from another planet." Failing his eleven plus exam at the conclusion of his Burnt Ash Junior education, Bowie joined Bromley Technical High School.
It was an unusual technical school, as biographer Christopher Sandford writes:
Bowie studied art, music, and design, including layout and typesetting. After Terry Burns, his half-brother, introduced him to modern jazz, his enthusiasm for players like Charles Mingus and John Coltrane led his mother to give him a plastic alto saxophone in 1961; he was soon receiving lessons from a local musician. He received a serious injury at school in 1962 when his friend George Underwood, wearing a ring on his finger, punched him in the left eye during a fight over a girl. Doctors feared he would lose the sight of the eye, and he was forced to stay out of school for a series of operations during a four-month hospitalisation. The damage could not be fully repaired, leaving him with faulty depth perception and a permanently dilated pupil (the latter producing Bowie's appearance of having different coloured eyes, though each iris has the same blue colour). Despite their fisticuffs, Underwood and Bowie remained good friends, and Underwood went on to create the artwork for Bowie's early albums.
1962–68: the Konrads to the Riot Squad
Graduating from his plastic saxophone to a real instrument in 1962, Bowie formed his first band at the age of 15. Playing guitar-based rock and roll at local youth gatherings and weddings, the Konrads had a varying line-up of between four and eight members, Underwood among them. When Bowie left the technical school the following year, he informed his parents of his intention to become a pop star. His mother promptly arranged his employment as an electrician's mate. Frustrated by his band-mates' limited aspirations, Bowie left the Konrads and joined another band, the King Bees. He wrote to the newly successful washing-machine entrepreneur John Bloom inviting him to "do for us what Brian Epstein has done for the Beatles—and make another million." Bloom did not respond to the offer, but his referral to Dick James's partner Leslie Conn led to Bowie's first personal management contract.Conn quickly began to promote Bowie. The singer's debut single, "Liza Jane", credited to Davie Jones and the King Bees, had no commercial success. Dissatisfied with the King Bees and their repertoire of Howlin' Wolf and Willie Dixon blues numbers, Bowie quit the band less than a month later to join the Manish Boys, another blues outfit, who incorporated folk and soul — "I used to dream of being their Mick Jagger", Bowie was to recall. "I Pity the Fool" was no more successful than "Liza Jane", and Bowie soon moved on again to join the Lower Third, a blues trio strongly influenced by The Who. "You've Got a Habit of Leaving" fared no better, signalling the end of Conn's contract. Declaring that he would exit the pop world "to study mime at Sadler's Wells", Bowie nevertheless remained with the Lower Third. His new manager, Ralph Horton, later instrumental in his transition to solo artist, soon witnessed Bowie's move to yet another group, the Buzz, yielding the singer's fifth unsuccessful single release, "Do Anything You Say". While with the Buzz, Bowie also joined the Riot Squad; their recordings, which included a Bowie number and Velvet Underground material, went unreleased. Ken Pitt, introduced by Horton, took over as Bowie's manager.
Dissatisfied with his stage name as Davy (and Davie) Jones, which in the mid-1960s invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th century American frontiersman Jim Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, "The Laughing Gnome", utilising sped-up Chipmunk-style vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, ''David Bowie'', an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It would be his last release for two years.
Bowie's fascination with the bizarre was fuelled when he met dancer Lindsay Kemp: "He lived on his emotions, he was a wonderful influence. His day-to-day life was the most theatrical thing I had ever seen, ever. It was everything I thought Bohemia probably was. I joined the circus." Kemp, for his part, recalled, "I didn't really teach him to be a mime artiste but to be more of himself on the outside, ... I enabled him to free the angel and demon that he is on the inside." Studying the dramatic arts under Kemp, from avant-garde theatre and mime to commedia dell'arte, Bowie became immersed in the creation of personae to present to the world. Satirising life in a British prison, meanwhile, the Bowie-penned "Over the Wall We Go" became a 1967 single for Oscar; another Bowie composition, "Silly Boy Blue", was released by Billy Fury the following year. After Kemp cast Bowie with Hermione Farthingale for a poetic minuet, the pair began dating; they soon moved into a London flat together. Playing acoustic guitar, she formed a group with Bowie and bassist John Hutchinson; between September 1968 and early 1969, when Bowie and Farthingale broke up, the trio gave a small number of concerts combining folk, Merseybeat, poetry and mime.
1969–73: psychedelic folk to glam rock
''Space Oddity'' to ''Hunky Dory''
Because of his lack of commercial success, Bowie was forced to try to earn a living in different ways. He featured in a Lyons Maid ice cream commercial, but was rejected for another by Kit Kat. Intended as a vehicle to promote the singer, a 30-minute film featuring performances from his repertoire, ''Love You till Tuesday'', was made. Although not released until 1984, the filming sessions in January 1969 led to unexpected success when Bowie told the producers, "That film of yours—I've got a new song for it." He then demoed the song that would provide his commercial breakthrough. "Space Oddity" was released later in the year to coincide with the first moon landing. Breaking up with Farthingale shortly after completion of the film, Bowie moved in with Mary Finnigan as her lodger. Continuing the divergence from rock and roll and blues begun by his work with Farthingale, Bowie joined forces with Finnigan, Christina Ostrom and Barrie Jackson to run a folk club on Sunday nights at the Three Tuns pub in Beckenham High Street. This soon morphed into the Beckenham Arts Lab, and became extremely popular. The Arts Lab hosted a free festival in a local park, later immortalised by Bowie in his song "Memory of a Free Festival". "Space Oddity" was released on 11 July, five days ahead of the Apollo 11 launch, to become a UK top five hit. Bowie's second album, ''Space Oddity'', followed in November; originally issued in the UK as ''David Bowie'', it caused some confusion with its predecessor of the same name, and the early US release was instead titled ''Man of Words/Man of Music''. Featuring philosophical post-hippie lyrics on peace, love and morality, its acoustic folk rock occasionally fortified by harder rock, the album was not a commercial success at the time of its release.Bowie met Angela Barnett in April 1969. They would marry within a year. Her impact on him was immediate, and her involvement in his career far-reaching, leaving Pitt with limited influence. Having established himself as a solo artist with "Space Oddity", Bowie now began to sense a lack: "a full-time band for gigs and recording—people he could relate to personally". The shortcoming was underlined by his artistic rivalry with Marc Bolan, who was at the time acting as his session guitarist. A band was duly assembled. John Cambridge, a drummer Bowie met at the Arts Lab, was joined by Tony Visconti on bass and Mick Ronson on electric guitar. Known as The Hype, the band members created characters for themselves and wore elaborate costumes that prefigured the glam style of The Spiders From Mars. After a disastrous opening gig at the London Roundhouse, they reverted to a configuration presenting Bowie as a solo artist. Their initial studio work was marred by a heated disagreement between Bowie and Cambridge over the latter's drumming style; matters came to a head when Bowie, enraged, accused, "You're fucking up my album." Cambridge summarily quit and was replaced by Mick Woodmansey. Not long after, in a move that would result in years of litigation, at the conclusion of which Bowie would be forced to pay Pitt compensation, the singer fired his manager, replacing him with Tony Defries.
The studio sessions continued and resulted in Bowie's third album, ''The Man Who Sold the World'' (1970). Characterised by the heavy rock sound of his new backing band, it was a marked departure from the acoustic guitar and folk rock style established by ''Space Oddity''. To promote it in the United States, Mercury Records financed a coast-to-coast publicity tour in which Bowie, between January and February 1971, was interviewed by radio stations and the media. Exploiting his androgynous appearance, the original cover of the UK version unveiled two months later would depict the singer wearing a dress: taking the garment with him, he wore it during interviews—to the approval of critics, including ''Rolling Stone''s John Mendelsohn who described him as "ravishing, almost disconcertingly reminiscent of Lauren Bacall"—and in the street, to mixed reaction including laughter and, in the case of one male pedestrian, producing a gun and telling Bowie to "kiss my ass". During the tour Bowie's observation of two seminal American proto-punk artists led him to develop a concept that would eventually find form in the Ziggy Stardust character: a melding of the persona of Iggy Pop with the music of Lou Reed, producing "the ultimate pop idol". A girlfriend recalled his "scrawling notes on a cocktail napkin about a crazy rock star named Iggy or Ziggy", and on his return to England he declared his intention to create a character "who looks like he's landed from Mars".
''Hunky Dory'' (1971) found Visconti, Bowie's producer and bassist, supplanted in both roles, by Ken Scott and Trevor Bolder respectively. The album saw the partial return of the fey pop singer of "Space Oddity", with light fare such as "Kooks", a song written for his son, Duncan Zowie Haywood Jones, born on 30 May. (His parents chose "his kooky name"—he would be known as Zowie for the next 12 years—after the Greek word ''zoe'', life.) Elsewhere, the album explored more serious themes, and found Bowie paying unusually direct homage to his influences with "Song for Bob Dylan", "Andy Warhol", and "Queen Bitch", a Velvet Underground pastiche. It was not a significant commercial success at the time but was ranked No.16 by voters in the All Time Top 1000 Albums.
''Ziggy Stardust''
With his next venture, Bowie, in the words of biographer David Buckley, "challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day" and "created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture". Dressed in a striking costume, his hair dyed red, Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with the Spiders from Mars—Ronson, Bolder and Woodmansey—at the Toby Jug pub in Tolworth on 10 February 1972. The show was hugely popular, catapulting him to stardom as he toured the UK over the course of the next six months and creating, as described by Buckley, a "cult of Bowie" that was "unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom." ''The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars'' (1972), combining the hard rock elements of ''The Man Who Sold the World'' with the lighter experimental rock and pop of ''Hunky Dory'', was released in June. "Starman", issued as an April single ahead of the album, was to cement Bowie's UK breakthrough: both single and album charted rapidly following his July ''Top of the Pops'' performance of the song. The album, which would remain in the chart for two years, was soon joined there by the six-month-old ''Hunky Dory''. At the same time the non-album single "John, I’m Only Dancing", and "All the Young Dudes", a song he wrote and produced for Mott the Hoople, became UK hits. The Ziggy Stardust Tour continued to the United States.Bowie contributed backing vocals to Lou Reed's 1972 solo breakthrough ''Transformer'', co-producing the album with Mick Ronson. His own ''Aladdin Sane'' (1973) topped the UK chart, his first number one album. Described by Bowie as "Ziggy goes to America", it contained songs he wrote while travelling to and across the United States during the earlier part of the Ziggy tour, which now continued to Japan to promote the new album. ''Aladdin Sane'' spawned the UK top five singles "The Jean Genie" and "Drive-In Saturday".
Bowie's love of acting led his total immersion in the characters he created for his music. "Offstage I'm a robot. Onstage I achieve emotion. It's probably why I prefer dressing up as Ziggy to being David." With satisfaction came severe personal difficulties: acting the same role over an extended period, it became impossible for him to separate Ziggy Stardust—and, later, the Thin White Duke—from his own character offstage. Ziggy, Bowie said, "wouldn't leave me alone for years. That was when it all started to go sour ... My whole personality was affected. It became very dangerous. I really did have doubts about my sanity." His later Ziggy shows, which included songs from both ''Ziggy Stardust'' and ''Aladdin Sane'', were ultra-theatrical affairs filled with shocking stage moments, such as Bowie stripping down to a sumo wrestling loincloth or simulating oral sex with Ronson's guitar. Bowie toured and gave press conferences as Ziggy before a dramatic and abrupt on-stage "retirement" at London's Hammersmith Odeon on 3 July 1973. Footage from the final show was released in 1983 for the film ''Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars''.
After breaking up the Spiders from Mars, Bowie attempted to move on from his Ziggy persona. His back catalogue was now highly sought: ''The Man Who Sold the World'' had been re-released in 1972 along with ''Space Oddity''. "Life on Mars?", from ''Hunky Dory'', was released in June 1973 and made number three in the UK singles chart. Entering the same chart in September, Bowie's novelty record from 1967, "The Laughing Gnome", would reach number four. ''Pin Ups'', a collection of covers of his 1960s favourites, followed in October, producing a UK number three hit in "Sorrow" and itself peaking at number one, making David Bowie the best-selling act of 1973 in the UK. It brought the total number of Bowie albums currently in the UK chart to six.
1974–76: soul, funk and the Thin White Duke
Bowie moved to the United States in 1974, initially staying in New York City before settling in Los Angeles. ''Diamond Dogs'' (1974), parts of which found him heading towards soul and funk, was the product of two distinct ideas: a musical based on a wild future in a post-apocalyptic city, and setting George Orwell's ''1984'' to music. The album went to number one in the UK, spawning the hits "Rebel Rebel" and "Diamond Dogs", and number five in the US. To promote it, Bowie launched the Diamond Dogs Tour, visiting cities in North America between June and December 1974. Choreographed by Toni Basil, and lavishly produced with theatrical special effects, the high-budget stage production was filmed by Alan Yentob. The resulting documentary, ''Cracked Actor'', featured a pasty and emaciated Bowie: the tour coincided with the singer's slide from heavy cocaine use into addiction, producing severe physical debilitation, paranoia and emotional problems. He later commented that the accompanying live album, ''David Live'', ought to have been titled "David Bowie Is Alive and Well and Living Only In Theory". ''David Live'' nevertheless solidified Bowie's status as a superstar, charting at number two in the UK and number eight in the US. It also spawned a UK number ten hit in Bowie's cover of "Knock on Wood". After a break in Philadelphia, where Bowie recorded new material, the tour resumed with a new emphasis on soul.The fruit of the Philadelphia recording sessions was ''Young Americans'' (1975). Biographer Christopher Sandford writes, "Over the years, most British rockers had tried, one way or another, to become black-by-extension. Few had succeeded as Bowie did now." The album's sound, which the singer identified as "plastic soul", constituted a radical shift in style that initially alienated many of his UK devotees. ''Young Americans'' yielded Bowie's first US number one, "Fame", co-written with John Lennon, who contributed backing vocals, and Carlos Alomar. Lennon would call Bowie's work as "great, but just rock and roll with lipstick on". Earning the distinction of being one of the first white artists to appear on the US variety show ''Soul Train'', Bowie mimed "Fame", as well as "Golden Years", his October single, and that it was offered to Elvis Presley to perform, but Presley declined it. ''Young Americans'' was a commercial success in both the US and the UK, and a re-issue of the 1969 single "Space Oddity" became Bowie's first number one hit in the UK a few months after "Fame" achieved the same in the US. Despite his by now well established superstardom, Bowie, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "for all his record sales (over a million copies of ''Ziggy Stardust'' alone), existed essentially on loose change." In 1975, in a move echoing Ken Pitt's acrimonious dismissal five years earlier, Bowie fired his manager. At the culmination of the ensuing months-long legal dispute, he watched, as described by Sandford, "millions of dollars of his future earnings being surrendered" in what were "uniquely generous terms for Defries", then "shut himself up in West 20th Street, where for a week his howls could be heard through the locked attic door." Michael Lippman, Bowie's lawyer during the negotiations, became his new manager; Lippman in turn would be awarded substantial compensation when Bowie fired him the following year.
''Station to Station'' (1976) introduced a new Bowie persona, the "Thin White Duke" of its title track. Visually, the character was an extension of Thomas Jerome Newton, the extraterrestrial being he portrayed in the film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'' the same year. Developing the funk and soul of ''Young Americans'', ''Station to Station'' also prefigured the Krautrock and synthesiser music of his next releases. The extent to which drug addiction was now affecting Bowie was made public when Russell Harty interviewed the singer for his London Weekend Television talk show in anticipation of the album's supporting tour. Shortly before the satellite-linked interview was scheduled to commence, the death of the Spanish dictator General Franco was announced. Bowie was asked to relinquish the satellite booking, to allow the Spanish Government to put out a live newsfeed. This he refused to do, and his interview went ahead. In the ensuing conversation with Harty, as described by biographer David Buckley, "the singer made hardly any sense at all throughout what was quite an extensive interview. [...] Bowie looked completely disconnected and was hardly able to utter a coherent sentence." His sanity—by his own later admission—had become twisted from cocaine; he overdosed several times during the year, and was withering physically to an alarming degree.
''Station to Station''s January 1976 release was followed in February by a three-and-a-half-month concert tour of Europe and North America. Featuring a starkly lit set, the Isolar – 1976 Tour highlighted songs from the album, including the dramatic and lengthy title track, the ballads "Wild Is the Wind" and "Word on a Wing", and the funkier "TVC 15" and "Stay". The core band that coalesced around this album and tour—rhythm guitarist Alomar, bassist George Murray, and drummer Dennis Davis—would continue as a stable unit for the remainder of the 1970s. The tour was highly successful but mired in political controversy. Bowie was quoted in Stockholm as saying that "Britain could benefit from a Fascist leader", and detained by customs on the Russian/Polish border for possessing Nazi paraphernalia. Matters came to a head in London in May in what became known as the "Victoria Station incident". Arriving in an open-top Mercedes convertible, the singer waved to the crowd in a gesture that some alleged was a Nazi salute, which was captured on camera and published in ''NME''. Bowie said the photographer simply caught him in mid-wave. He later blamed his pro-Fascism comments and his behaviour during the period on his addictions and the character of the Thin White Duke. "I was out of my mind, totally crazed. The main thing I was functioning on was mythology ... that whole thing about Hitler and Rightism ... I'd discovered King Arthur ...". According to playwright Alan Franks, writing later in ''The Times'', "he was indeed 'deranged'. He had some very bad experiences with hard drugs."
1976–79: the Berlin era
Bowie moved to Switzerland in 1976, purchasing a chalet in the hills to the north of Lake Geneva. In the new environment, his cocaine use increased; so too did his interest in pursuits outside his musical career. He took up painting, producing a number of post-modernist pieces. When on tour, he took to sketching in a notebook, and photographing scenes for later reference. Visiting galleries in Geneva and the Brücke Museum in Berlin, Bowie became, in the words of biographer Christopher Sandford, "a prolific producer and collector of contemporary art. [...] Not only did he become a well-known patron of expressionist art: locked in Clos des Mésanges he began an intensive self-improvement course in classical music and literature, and started work on an autobiography".Before the end of 1976, Bowie's interest in the burgeoning German music scene, as well as his drug addiction, prompted him to move to West Berlin to clean up and revitalise his career. Working with Brian Eno while sharing an apartment in Schöneberg with Iggy Pop, he began to focus on minimalist, ambient music for the first of three albums, co-produced with Tony Visconti, that would become known as his Berlin Trilogy. During the same period, Iggy Pop, with Bowie as a co-writer and musician, completed his solo album debut, ''The Idiot'', and its follow-up, ''Lust for Life'', touring the UK, Europe, and the US in March and April 1977. ''Low'' (1977), partly influenced by the Krautrock sound of Kraftwerk and Neu!, evidenced a move away from narration in Bowie's songwriting to a more abstract musical form in which lyrics were sporadic and optional. It received considerable negative criticism upon its release—a release which RCA, anxious to maintain the established commercial momentum, did not welcome, and which Bowie's ex-manager, Tony Defries, who still maintained a significant financial interest in the singer's affairs, tried to prevent. Despite these forebodings, ''Low'' yielded the UK number three single "Sound and Vision", and its own performance surpassed that of ''Station to Station'' in the UK chart, where it reached number two. Leading contemporary composer Philip Glass described ''Low'' as "a work of genius" in 1992, when he used it as the basis for his ''Symphony No. 1 "Low"''; subsequently, Glass used Bowie's next album as the basis for his 1996 ''Symphony No. 4 "Heroes"''. Glass has praised Bowie's gift for creating "fairly complex pieces of music, masquerading as simple pieces".
Echoing ''Low''s minimalist, instrumental approach, the second of the trilogy, ''"Heroes"'' (1977), incorporated pop and rock to a greater extent, seeing Bowie joined by guitarist Robert Fripp. Like ''Low'', ''"Heroes"'' evinced the zeitgeist of the Cold War, symbolised by the divided city of Berlin. Incorporating ambient sounds from a variety of sources including white noise generators, synthesizers and koto, the album was another hit, reaching number three in the UK. Its title track, though only reaching number 24 in the UK singles chart, gained lasting popularity, and within months had been released in both German and French. Towards the end of the year, Bowie performed the song for Marc Bolan's television show ''Marc'', and again two days later for Bing Crosby's televised Christmas special, when he joined Crosby in "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy", a version of "The Little Drummer Boy" with a new, contrapuntal verse. Five years later, the duet would prove a worldwide seasonal hit, charting in the UK at number three on Christmas Day, 1982.
After completing ''Low'' and ''"Heroes"'', Bowie spent much of 1978 on the Isolar II world tour, bringing the music of the first two Berlin Trilogy albums to almost a million people during 70 concerts in 12 countries. By now he had broken his drug addiction; biographer David Buckley writes that Isolar II was "Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. [...] Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends." Recordings from the tour made up the live album ''Stage'', released the same year.
The final piece in what Bowie called his "triptych", ''Lodger'' (1979), eschewed the minimalist, ambient nature of the other two, making a partial return to the drum- and guitar-based rock and pop of his pre-Berlin era. The result was a complex mixture of New Wave and World Music, in places incorporating Hejaz non-Western scales. Some tracks were composed using Eno and Peter Schmidt's Oblique Strategies cards: "Boys Keep Swinging" entailed band members swapping instruments, "Move On" used the chords from Bowie's early composition "All the Young Dudes" played backwards, and "Red Money" took backing tracks from "Sister Midnight", a piece previously composed with Iggy Pop. The album was recorded in Switzerland. Ahead of its release, RCA's Mel Ilberman stated, "It would be fair to call it Bowie's ''Sergeant Pepper'' [...] a concept album that portrays the Lodger as a homeless wanderer, shunned and victimized by life's pressures and technology." As described by biographer Christopher Sandford, "The record dashed such high hopes with dubious choices, and production that spelt the end—for fifteen years—of Bowie's partnership with Eno." ''Lodger'' reached number 4 in the UK and number 20 in the US, and yielded the UK hit singles "Boys Keep Swinging" and "DJ". Towards the end of the year, Bowie and Angela initiated divorce proceedings, and after months of court battles the marriage was ended in early 1980.
1980–89: from superstar to megastar
''Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)'' (1980) produced the number one hit "Ashes to Ashes", featuring the textural work of guitar-synthesist Chuck Hammer and revisiting the character of Major Tom from "Space Oddity". The song gave international exposure to the underground New Romantic movement when Bowie visited the London club "Blitz"—the main New Romantic hangout—to recruit several of the regulars (including Steve Strange of the band Visage) to act in the accompanying video, renowned as one of the most innovative of all time. While ''Scary Monsters'' utilised principles established by the Berlin albums, it was considered by critics to be far more direct musically and lyrically. The album's hard rock edge included conspicuous guitar contributions from Robert Fripp, Pete Townshend, Chuck Hammer and Tom Verlaine. As "Ashes to Ashes" hit number one on the UK charts, Bowie opened a three-month run on Broadway on 24 September, starring in ''The Elephant Man''. The same year, he made a cameo appearance in the German film ''Christiane F.'', a real-life story of teenage drug addiction in 1970s Berlin. The soundtrack, in which Bowie's music featured prominently, was released as ''Christiane F.'' a few months later.Bowie paired with Queen in 1981 for a one-off single release, "Under Pressure". The duet was a hit, becoming Bowie's third UK number one single. Bowie was given the lead role in the BBC's 1981 televised adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's play ''Baal''. Coinciding with its transmission, a five-track EP of songs from the play, recorded earlier in Berlin, was released as ''David Bowie in Bertolt Brecht's Baal''. In March 1982, the month before Paul Schrader's film ''Cat People'' came out, Bowie's title song, "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)", was released as a single, becoming a minor US hit and entering the UK top 30.
Bowie reached a new peak of popularity and commercial success in 1983 with ''Let's Dance''. Co-produced by Chic's Nile Rodgers, the album went platinum in both the UK and the US. Its three singles became top twenty hits in both countries, where its title track reached number one. "Modern Love" and "China Girl" made number two in the UK, accompanied by a pair of acclaimed promotional videos that, as described by biographer David Buckley, "were totally absorbing and activated key archetypes in the pop world. 'Let's Dance', with its little narrative surrounding the young Aborigine couple, targeted 'youth', and 'China Girl', with its bare-bummed (and later partially-censored) beach lovemaking scene (a homage to the film ''From Here to Eternity''), was sufficiently sexually provocative to guarantee heavy rotation on MTV. By 1983, Bowie had emerged as one of the most important video artists of the day. ''Let's Dance'' was followed by the Serious Moonlight Tour, during which Bowie was accompanied by guitarist Earl Slick and backing vocalists Frank and George Simms. The world tour lasted six months and was extremely popular. Stevie Ray Vaughan was guest guitarist playing solo on "Let's Dance".
''Tonight'' (1984), another dance-oriented album, found Bowie collaborating with Tina Turner and, once again, Iggy Pop. It included a number of cover songs, among them the 1966 Beach Boys hit "God Only Knows". The album bore the transatlantic top ten hit "Blue Jean", itself the inspiration for a short film that won Bowie a Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video, "Jazzin' for Blue Jean". Bowie performed at Wembley in 1985 for Live Aid, a multi-venue benefit concert for Ethiopian famine relief. During the event, the video for a fundraising single was premièred, Bowie's duet with Mick Jagger. "Dancing in the Street" quickly went to number one on release. The same year, Bowie worked with the Pat Metheny Group to record "This Is Not America" for the soundtrack of ''The Falcon and the Snowman''. Released as a single, the song became a top 40 hit in the UK and US.
Bowie was given a role in the 1986 film ''Absolute Beginners''. It was poorly received by critics, but Bowie's theme song rose to number two in the UK charts. He also appeared as Jareth, the Goblin King, in the 1986 Jim Henson film ''Labyrinth'', for which he wrote five songs. His final solo album of the decade was 1987's ''Never Let Me Down'', where he ditched the light sound of his previous two albums, instead offering harder rock with an industrial/techno dance edge. Peaking at number six in the UK, the album yielded the hits "Day-In, Day-Out" (his 60th single), "Time Will Crawl", and "Never Let Me Down". Bowie later described it as his "nadir", calling it "an awful album". Supporting ''Never Let Me Down'', and preceded by nine promotional press shows, the 86-concert Glass Spider Tour commenced on 30 May. Bowie's backing band included Peter Frampton on lead guitar. Critics maligned the tour as overproduced, saying it pandered to the current stadium rock trends in its special effects and dancing.
1989–91: Tin Machine
Bowie shelved his solo career in 1989, retreating to the relative anonymity of band membership for the first time since the early 1970s. A hard-rocking quartet, Tin Machine came into being after Bowie began to work experimentally with guitarist Reeves Gabrels. The line-up was completed by Tony and Hunt Sales, whom Bowie had known since the late 1970s for their contribution, on drums and bass respectively, to Iggy Pop's 1977 album ''Lust For Life''.Though he intended Tin Machine to operate as a democracy, Bowie dominated, both in songwriting and in decision-making. The band's album debut, ''Tin Machine'' (1989), was initially popular, though its politicised lyrics did not find universal approval: Bowie described one song as "a simplistic, naive, radical, laying-it-down about the emergence of neo-Nazis"; in the view of biographer Christopher Sandford, "It took nerve to denounce drugs, fascism and TV [...] in terms that reached the literary level of a comic book." EMI complained of "lyrics that preach" as well as "repetitive tunes" and "minimalist or no production". The album nevertheless reached number three in the UK. Tin Machine's first world tour was a commercial success, but there was growing reluctance—among fans and critics alike—to accept Bowie's presentation as merely a band member. A series of Tin Machine singles failed to chart, and Bowie, after a disagreement with EMI, left the label. Like his audience and his critics, Bowie himself became increasingly disaffected with his role as just one member of a band. Tin Machine began work on a second album, but Bowie put the venture on hold and made a return to solo work. Performing his early hits during the seven-month Sound+Vision Tour, he found commercial success and acclaim once again.
In October 1990, a decade after his divorce from Angela, Bowie and Somali-born supermodel Iman were introduced by a mutual friend. Bowie recalled, "I was naming the children the night we met ... it was absolutely immediate." They would marry in 1992. Tin Machine resumed work the same month, but their audience and critics, ultimately left disappointed by the first album, showed little interest in a second. ''Tin Machine II''s arrival was marked by a widely publicised and ill-timed conflict over the cover art: after production had begun, the new record label, Victory, deemed the depiction of four ancient nude Kouroi statues, judged by Bowie to be "in exquisite taste", "a show of wrong, obscene images", requiring air-brushing and patching to render the figures sexless. Tin Machine toured again, but after the live album ''Tin Machine Live: Oy Vey, Baby'' failed commercially, the band drifted apart, and Bowie, though he continued to collaborate with Gabrels, resumed his solo career.
1992–99: electronica
In April 1992 Bowie appeared at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, following the Queen frontman's death the previous year. As well as performing "Heroes" and "All the Young Dudes", he was joined on "Under Pressure" by Annie Lennox, who took Mercury's vocal part. Four days later, Bowie and Iman were married in Switzerland. Intending to move to Los Angeles, they flew in to search for a suitable property, but found themselves confined to their hotel, under curfew: the 1992 Los Angeles riots began the day they arrived. They settled in New York instead.1993 saw the release of Bowie's first solo offering since his Tin Machine departure, the soul, jazz and hip-hop influenced ''Black Tie White Noise''. Making prominent use of electronic instruments, the album, which reunited Bowie with ''Let's Dance'' producer Nile Rodgers, confirmed Bowie's return to popularity, hitting the number one spot on the UK charts and spawning three top 40 hits, including the top 10 song "Jump They Say". Bowie explored new directions on ''The Buddha of Suburbia'' (1993), a soundtrack album of incidental music composed for the TV series adaptation of Hanif Kureishi's novel. It contained some of the new elements introduced in ''Black Tie White Noise'', and also signalled a move towards alternative rock. The album was a critical success but received a low-key release and only made number 87 in the UK charts.
Reuniting Bowie with Eno, the quasi-industrial ''Outside'' (1995) was originally conceived as the first volume in a non-linear narrative of art and murder. Featuring characters from a short story written by Bowie, the album achieved US and UK chart success, and yielded three top 40 UK singles. In a move that provoked mixed reaction from both fans and critics, Bowie chose Nine Inch Nails as his tour partner for the Outside Tour. Visiting cities in Europe and North America between September 1995 and February the following year, the tour saw the return of Gabrels as Bowie's guitarist.
Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996. Incorporating experiments in British jungle and drum 'n' bass, ''Earthling'' (1997) was a critical and commercial success in the UK and the US, and two singles from the album became UK top 40 hits. Bowie's song "I'm Afraid of Americans" from the Paul Verhoeven film ''Showgirls'' was re-recorded for the album, and remixed by Trent Reznor for a single release. The heavy rotation of the accompanying video, also featuring Reznor, contributed to the song's 16-week stay in the US ''Billboard'' Hot 100. The Earthling Tour took in Europe and North America between June and November 1997. Bowie reunited with Visconti in 1998 to record "(Safe in This) Sky Life" for ''The Rugrats Movie''. Although the track was edited out of the final cut, it would later be re-recorded and released as "Safe" on the B-side of Bowie's 2002 single "Everyone Says 'Hi'". The reunion led to other collaborations including a limited-edition single release version of Placebo's track "Without You I'm Nothing", co-produced by Visconti, with Bowie's harmonised vocal added to the original recording.
1999–present: neoclassicist Bowie
Bowie created the soundtrack for ''Omikron'', a 1999 computer game in which he and Iman also appeared as characters. Released the same year and containing re-recorded tracks from Omikron, his album '''Hours...''' featured a song with lyrics by the winner of his "Cyber Song Contest" Internet competition, Alex Grant. Making extensive use of live instruments, the album was Bowie's exit from heavy electronica. Sessions for the planned album ''Toy'', intended to feature new versions of some of Bowie's earliest pieces as well as three new songs, commenced in 2000, but the album was never released. Bowie and Visconti continued their collaboration, producing a new album of completely original songs instead: the result of the sessions was the 2002 album ''Heathen''. Alexandria Zahra Jones, Bowie and Iman's daughter, was born on 15 August.In October 2001, Bowie opened The Concert for New York City, a charity event to benefit the victims of the September 11 attacks, with a minimalist performance of Simon & Garfunkel's "America", followed by a full band performance of "Heroes". 2002 saw the release of ''Heathen'', and, during the second half of the year, the Heathen Tour. Taking in Europe and North America, the tour opened at London's annual ''Meltdown'' festival, for which Bowie was that year appointed artistic director. Among the acts he selected for the festival were Philip Glass, Television and The Polyphonic Spree. As well as songs from the new album, the tour featured material from Bowie's ''Low'' era. ''Reality'' (2003) followed, and its accompanying world tour, the A Reality Tour, with an estimated attendance of 722,000, grossed more than any other in 2004. Onstage in Oslo, Norway, on 18 June, Bowie was hit in the eye with a lollipop thrown by a fan; a week later he suffered chest pain while performing at the Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel, Germany. Originally thought to be a pinched nerve in his shoulder, the pain was later diagnosed as an acutely blocked artery, requiring an emergency angioplasty in Hamburg. The remaining 14 dates of the tour were cancelled.
Since recuperating from the heart surgery, Bowie has reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio. He sang in a duet of his 1972 song "Changes" with Butterfly Boucher for the 2004 animated film ''Shrek 2''. During a relatively quiet 2005, he recorded the vocals for the song "(She Can) Do That", co-written with Brian Transeau, for the film ''Stealth''. He returned to the stage on 8 September 2005, appearing with Arcade Fire for the US nationally televised event Fashion Rocks, and performed with the Canadian band for the second time a week later during the CMJ Music Marathon. He contributed back-up vocals on TV on the Radio's song "Province" for their album ''Return to Cookie Mountain'', made a commercial with Snoop Dogg for XM Satellite Radio, and joined with Lou Reed on Danish alt-rockers Kashmir's 2005 album ''No Balance Palace''.
Bowie was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award on 8 February 2006. In April, he announced, "I’m taking a year off—no touring, no albums." He made a surprise guest appearance at David Gilmour's 29 May concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London. The event was recorded, and a selection of songs on which he had contributed joint vocals were subsequently released. He performed again in November, alongside Alicia Keys, at the Black Ball, a New York benefit event for Keep a Child Alive, a performance that marks the last time Bowie performed his music on stage.
Bowie was chosen to curate the 2007 High Line Festival, selecting musicians and artists for the Manhattan event, and performed on Scarlett Johansson's 2008 album of Tom Waits covers, ''Anywhere I Lay My Head''. On the 40th anniversary of the July 1969 moon landing—and Bowie's accompanying commercial breakthrough with "Space Oddity"—EMI released the individual tracks from the original eight-track studio recording of the song, in a 2009 contest inviting members of the public to create a remix. ''A Reality Tour'', a double album of live material from the 2003 concert tour, was released in January 2010.
In late March 2011, ''Toy'', Bowie's previously unreleased album from 2001, was leaked onto the internet, containing material used for ''Heathen'' and most of its single B-sides, as well as unheard new versions of his early back catalogue.
Acting career
Biographer David Buckley writes, "The essence of Bowie's contribution to popular music can be found in his outstanding ability to analyse and select ideas from outside the mainstream—from art, literature, theatre and film—and to bring them inside, so that the currency of pop is constantly being changed." Buckley says, "Just one person took glam rock to new rarefied heights and invented character-playing in pop, marrying theatre and popular music in one seamless, powerful whole." Bowie's career has also been punctuated by various roles in film and theatre productions, earning him some acclaim as an actor in his own right.The beginnings of his acting career predate his commercial breakthrough as a musician. Studying avant-garde theatre and mime under Lindsay Kemp, he was given the role of Cloud in Kemp's 1967 theatrical production ''Pierrot in Turquoise'' (later made into the 1970 television film ''The Looking Glass Murders''). In the black-and-white short ''The Image'' (1969), he played a ghostly boy who emerges from a troubled artist's painting to haunt him. The same year, the film of Leslie Thomas's 1966 comic novel ''The Virgin Soldiers'' saw Bowie make a brief appearance as an extra. Bowie starred in ''The Hunger'' (1983), a revisionist vampire film, with Catherine Deneuve and Susan Sarandon. In Nagisa Oshima's film the same year, ''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'', based on Laurens van der Post's novel ''The Seed and the Sower'', Bowie played Major Jack Celliers, a prisoner of war in a Japanese internment camp. Bowie had a cameo in ''Yellowbeard'', a 1983 pirate comedy created by Monty Python members, and a small part as Colin, the hitman in the 1985 film ''Into the Night''. He declined to play the villain Max Zorin in the James Bond film ''A View to a Kill'' (1985).
''Absolute Beginners'' (1986), a rock musical based on Colin MacInnes's 1959 novel about London life, featured Bowie's music and presented him with a minor acting role. The same year, Jim Henson's dark fantasy ''Labyrinth'' found him with the part of Jareth, the king of the goblins. Two years later he played Pontius Pilate in Martin Scorsese's 1988 film ''The Last Temptation of Christ''. Bowie portrayed a disgruntled restaurant employee opposite Rosanna Arquette in ''The Linguini Incident'' (1991), and the mysterious FBI agent Phillip Jeffries in David Lynch's ''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' (1992). He took a small but pivotal role as Andy Warhol in ''Basquiat'', artist/director Julian Schnabel's 1996 biopic of Jean-Michel Basquiat, and co-starred in Giovanni Veronesi's Spaghetti Western ''Il Mio West'' (1998, released as ''Gunslinger's Revenge'' in the US in 2005) as the most feared gunfighter in the region. He played the ageing gangster Bernie in Andrew Goth's ''Everybody Loves Sunshine'' (1999), and appeared in the TV horror serial of ''The Hunger''. In ''Mr. Rice's Secret'' (2000), he played the title role as the neighbour of a terminally ill twelve-year-old, and the following year appeared as himself in ''Zoolander''.
Bowie portrayed physicist Nikola Tesla in the Christopher Nolan film, ''The Prestige'' (2006), which was about the bitter rivalry between two magicians in the late 19th century. He voice-acted in the animated film ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' as the powerful villain Maltazard, and lent his voice to the character Lord Royal Highness in the ''SpongeBob's Atlantis SquarePantis'' television film. In the 2008 film ''August'', directed by Austin Chick, he played a supporting role as Ogilvie, alongside Josh Hartnett and Rip Torn, with whom he had worked in 1976 for ''The Man Who Fell to Earth''.
Sexual orientation
Buckley writes, "If Ziggy confused both his creator and his audience, a big part of that confusion centred on the topic of sexuality." Bowie declared himself bisexual in an interview with Michael Watts of ''Melody Maker'' in January 1972, a move coinciding with the first shots in his campaign for stardom as Ziggy Stardust.In a 1983 interview with ''Rolling Stone'', Bowie said his public declaration of bisexuality was "the biggest mistake I ever made", and on other occasions he said his interest in homosexual and bisexual culture had been more a product of the times and the situation in which he found himself than his own feelings; as described by Buckley, he said he had been driven more by "a compulsion to flout moral codes than a real biological and psychological state of being".
Asked in 2002 by ''Blender'' whether he still believed his public declaration was the biggest mistake he ever made, he replied: }}
Buckley's view of the period is that Bowie, "a taboo-breaker and a dabbler ... mined sexual intrigue for its ability to shock", and that "it is probably true that Bowie was never gay, nor even consistently actively bisexual ... he did, from time to time, experiment, even if only out of a sense of curiosity and a genuine allegiance with the 'transgressional'." Biographer Christopher Sandford says that according to Mary Finnigan, with whom Bowie had an affair in 1969, the singer and his first wife Angie "lived in a fantasy world [...] and they created their bisexual fantasy." Sandford tells how, during the marriage, Bowie "made a positive fetish of repeating the quip that he and his wife had met while 'fucking the same bloke' [...] Gay sex was always an anecdotal and laughing matter. That Bowie's actual tastes swung the other way is clear from even a partial tally of his affairs with women."
Musicianship
From the time of his earliest recordings in the 1960s, Bowie has employed a wide variety of musical styles. His early compositions and performances were strongly influenced not only by rock and rollers like Little Richard and Elvis Presley but also by the wider world of show business. He particularly strove to emulate the British musical theatre singer-songwriter and actor Anthony Newley, whose vocal style he frequently adopted, and made prominent use of for his 1967 debut release, ''David Bowie'' (to the disgust of Newley himself, who destroyed the copy he received from Bowie's publisher). Bowie's music hall fascination continued to surface sporadically alongside such diverse styles as hard rock and heavy metal, soul, psychedelic folk and pop.Musicologist James Perone observes Bowie's use of octave switches for different repetitions of the same melody, exemplified in his commercial breakthrough single, "Space Oddity", and later in the song "Heroes", to dramatic effect; Perone notes that "in the lowest part of his vocal register [...] his voice has an almost crooner-like richness."
Voice instructor Jo Thompson describes Bowie's vocal vibrato technique as "particularly deliberate and distinctive". Schinder and Schwartz call him "a vocalist of extraordinary technical ability, able to pitch his singing to particular effect." Here, too, as in his stagecraft and songwriting, the singer's chamaeleon-like nature is evident: historiographer Michael Campbell says that Bowie's lyrics "arrest our ear, without question. But Bowie continually shifts from person to person as he delivers them [...] His voice changes dramatically from section to section."
Bowie plays many instruments, among them electric, acoustic, and twelve-string guitar, alto, tenor and baritone saxophone, keyboards including piano, synthesizers and Mellotron, harmonica, Stylophone, xylophone, vibraphone, koto, drums and percussion, and string instruments including viola and cello.
Legacy
Bowie's innovative songs and stagecraft brought a new dimension to popular music in the early 1970s, strongly influencing both its immediate forms and its subsequent development. A pioneer of glam rock, Bowie, according to music historians Schinder and Schwartz, has joint responsibility with Marc Bolan for creating the genre. At the same time, he inspired the innovators of the punk rock music movement—historian Michael Campbell calls him "one of punk's seminal influences". While punk musicians trashed the conventions of pop stardom, Bowie moved on again—into a more abstract style of music making that would in turn become a transforming influence. Biographer David Buckley writes, "At a time when punk rock was noisily reclaiming the three-minute pop song in a show of public defiance, Bowie almost completely abandoned traditional rock instrumentation." Bowie's record company sought to convey his unique status in popular music with the slogan, "There is old wave, there is new wave, and there is Bowie..." Musicologist James Perone credits him with having "brought sophistication to rock music", and critical reviews frequently acknowledge the intellectual depth of his work and influence.Buckley writes that, in an early 1970s pop world that was "Bloated, self-important, leather-clad, self-satisfied, ... Bowie challenged the core belief of the rock music of its day." As described by John Peel, "The one distinguishing feature about early-70s progressive rock was that it didn't progress. Before Bowie came along, people didn't want too much change." Buckley says that Bowie "subverted the whole notion of what it was to be a rock star", with the result that "After Bowie there has been no other pop icon of his stature, because the pop world that produces these rock gods doesn't exist any more. ... The fierce partisanship of the cult of Bowie was also unique—its influence lasted longer and has been more creative than perhaps almost any other force within pop fandom." Buckley concludes that "Bowie is both star and icon. The vast body of work he has produced ... has created perhaps the biggest cult in popular culture. ... His influence has been unique in popular culture—he has permeated and altered more lives than any comparable figure."
Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1996. Through perpetual reinvention, he has seen his influence continue to broaden and extend: music reviewer Brad Filicky writes that over the decades, "Bowie has become known as a musical chameleon, changing and dictating trends as much as he has altered his style to fit", influencing fashion and pop culture.". Biographer Thomas Forget adds, "Because he has succeeded in so many different styles of music, it is almost impossible to find a popular artist today that has not been influenced by David Bowie."
Awards and recognition
Bowie's 1969 commercial breakthrough, the song "Space Oddity", won him an Ivor Novello Special Award For Originality. For his performance in the 1976 science fiction film ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'', he won a Saturn Award for Best Actor. In the ensuing decades he has been honoured with numerous awards for his music and its accompanying videos, receiving, among others, two Grammy Awards and two BRIT Awards.
In 1999, Bowie was made a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French government. He received an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music the same year. He declined the royal honour of Commander of the British Empire in 2000, and turned down a knighthood in 2003, stating: "I would never have any intention of accepting anything like that. I seriously don't know what it's for. It's not what I spent my life working for."
Throughout his career he has sold an estimated 250 million albums. In the United Kingdom, he has been awarded 9 Platinum, 11 Gold and 8 Silver albums, and in the United States, 5 Platinum and 7 Gold. In the BBC's 2002 poll of the 100 Greatest Britons, he was ranked 29. In 2004, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine ranked him 39th on their list of the 100 Greatest Rock Artists of All Time and the 23rd best singer of all time. Bowie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 17 January 1996.
Discography
Filmography
As Actor
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9; |- align="center" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes |- | 1967 | ''The Image'' | The Boy | short film |- | 1969 | ''The Virgin Soldiers'' | Soldier |(extra) |- | 1970 | ''Pierrot in Turquoise or The Looking Glass Murders'' | Cloud | television film |- | 1976 | ''The Man Who Fell to Earth'' | Thomas Jerome Newton | Saturn Award for Best Actor |- | 1978 | ''Just a Gigolo'' | Paul Ambrosius von Przygodski | |- | 1981 | ''Christiane F. (''Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo)'' | Himself | cameo |- |rowspan="2"| 1982 | ''The Snowman'' | Narrator | re-released version |- | ''Baal'' | Baal | television film |- |rowspan="3"| 1983 | ''Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence'' | Maj. Jack 'Strafer' Celliers | |- | ''The Hunger'' | John | |- | ''Yellowbeard'' | The Shark | cameo (uncredited) |- | 1985 | ''Into the Night'' | Colin Morris | cameo |- |rowspan="2"| 1986 | ''Labyrinth'' | Jareth the Goblin King | |- | ''Absolute Beginners'' | Vendice Partners | |- | 1988 | ''The Last Temptation of Christ'' | Pontius Pilate | cameo |- | 1991 | ''The Linguini Incident'' | Monte | |- | 1991 | ''Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me'' | Phillip Jeffries | cameo |- | 1996 || ''Basquiat'' || Andy Warhol || |- | 1998 || ''Gunslinger's Revenge'' (''Il mio West'') || Jack Sikora || |- | 1999 || ''Everybody Loves Sunshine'' || Bernie || |- | 2000 || ''Mr. Rice's Secret'' || William Rice || |- | 2001 || ''Zoolander'' || Himself || cameo (nominated for MTV Movie Award) |- | 2006 || ''The Prestige'' || Nikola Tesla || |- | 2007 || ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' || Emperor Maltazard || voice: English version |- | 2008 || ''August'' || Cyrus Ogilvie || cameo |- | 2008 || ''Spongebob Squarepants'' || L.R.H || guest voice |- | 2009 || ''Bandslam'' || Himself || cameo |- |}
As Musician
As Producer
Documentaries
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1947 births Category:Actors from London Category:Bisexual actors Category:Bisexual musicians Category:Brit Award winners Category:Columbia Records artists Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Category:Decca Records artists Category:EMI Records artists Category:English film actors Category:English male singers Category:English multi-instrumentalists Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English record producers Category:English rock musicians Category:English singer-songwriters Category:Glam rock Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:LGBT musicians from the United Kingdom Category:LGBT people from England Category:Living people Category:Musicians from London Category:People from Brixton Category:RCA Victor artists Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Singers from London Category:Saturn Award winners Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Androgyny Category:Tin Machine members
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| name | Steve Jobs |
|---|---|
| birth name | Steven Paul Jobs |
| birth date | February 24, 1955 |
| birth place | |
| death date | October 05, 2011 |
| death place | Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| nationality | American |
| occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc., Co-founder and CEO, Pixar, Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| years active | 1974–2011 |
| boards | The Walt Disney Company, Apple Inc. |
| religion | Zen Buddhism |
| spouse | Laurene Powell(1991–2011, his death) |
| children | 4 – Lisa Brennan-Jobs, Reed, Erin, Eve |
| relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| signature | Steve Jobs signature.svg |
| signature size | 120px }} |
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar. He was credited in ''Toy Story'' (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006, making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.
After difficulties developing a new Mac OS, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X. As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Facing near bankruptcy at the time of his return, Jobs quickly improved the company's fortunes and returned it to profitability in 1998. Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store. The enormous success of these products and services, providing years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable company in 2011. The reinvigoration of the company is regarded as one of the greatest business turnaround stories in history.
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined. On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011. He continues to receive honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries.
Early life and education
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on 24 February 1955, to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (), who were both unmarried at the time. Jandali who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship. He was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986). Clara's maiden name was Hagopian. When asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents." He later stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%." His biological parents subsequently married (December 1955), had a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorced in 1962.The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old. Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul Jobs, a machinist for a company that made lasers, taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands. Clara was an accountant who taught him to read before he went to school. Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.
Jobs attended Monta Loma Elementary, Mountain View, Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California. He frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee. Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester, he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends' rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple. Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."
Early career
In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California. He traveled to India in mid-1974 to visit Neem Karoli Baba at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973. Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.Jobs left India after staying for seven months and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke, with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing. During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life". He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US, considered taking up monastic residence, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen. He later said that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.
Jobs returned to Atari and was assigned to create a circuit board for the game ''Breakout''. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest in or knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. According to Wozniak, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350. Wozniak did not learn about the bonus until ten years later, but said that had Jobs told him about it and said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.
Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975. He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and explicitly modeled his own career after that of Land's.
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters. Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel. The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994. In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store, MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.The first film produced by the partnership, ''Toy Story'', with Jobs credited as executive producer, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits ''A Bug's Life'' (1998); ''Toy Story 2'' (1999); ''Monsters, Inc.'' (2001); ''Finding Nemo'' (2003); ''The Incredibles'' (2004); ''Cars'' (2006); ''Ratatouille'' (2007); ''WALL-E'' (2008); ''Up'' (2009); and ''Toy Story 3'' (2010). ''Finding Nemo'', ''The Incredibles'', ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'', ''Up'' and ''Toy Story 3'' each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.
In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock. Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee. Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.
Return to Apple
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996, bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became ''de facto'' chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September. In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company." Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO. Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".
Inventions and designs
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey. His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied., Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions). He has 43 issued US patents on inventions. The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.
Philanthropy
Arik Hesseldahl of ''BusinessWeek'' magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts. Jobs said (in 1985) that he does charitable acts privately. After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially. Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the single largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.
Personal life
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim, taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957, they had a daughter Mona together. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter. Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985 and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on ''60 Minutes'', Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me." Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson, who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles. When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more." Jandali stated in an interview with the ''The Sun'' in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated: :I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter. For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter. Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998. The family lives in Palo Alto, California.
In the unauthorized biography, ''The Second Coming of Steve Jobs,'' author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, ''iCon: Steve Jobs'' by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on ''60 Minutes'', he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people. Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." He was a pescetarian.Jobs's car was a silver 2008 Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new identical SL every six months.
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me."
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $19,000 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.
Health issues
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer, and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas. The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor; Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor. Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months, instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death". According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined." "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004." He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.
Death
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer, He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
Jobs is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship. His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait. Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts. Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Shortly after his death was announced, ABC, CBS, and NBC interrupted scheduled programming to broadcast this news. Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister David Cameron, Microsoft founder Bill Gates, and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. ''Wired News'' collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family. Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages. Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California. On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance include Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses. Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.
Major media published commemorative works. ''Time'' published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in ''Rolling Stone'' in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of ''Time''. The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, ''Steve Jobs''.
''Bloomberg Businessweek'' also published a commemorative issue. The cover of the magazine features Apple-style simplicity, with a black-and-white, up-close photo of Jobs and his years of birth and death. The issue was published without advertisements. It featured extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson.
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman dissented from the prevailing hagiographic views of Jobs to draw attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died". Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, ''Los Angeles Times'' media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor. Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star."
Honors and public recognition
After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When ''Time'' named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor), and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the ''Samuel S. Beard Award'') in 1987. On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by ''Fortune'' magazine. On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement, having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by ''Inc. magazine''. On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by ''Fortune'' magazine.
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on ''Forbes'': The World's Most Powerful People. In December 2010, the ''Financial Times'' named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'". The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius
Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs' charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project. Tribble claimed that the term came from ''Star Trek''. Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs' keynote speeches.
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs' ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs' so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs' sway over the public, particuarly regarding new product announcements.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater
Books
''The Little Kingdom'' (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer. ''The Second Coming of Steve Jobs'' (2001), by Alan Deutschman ''iCon: Steve Jobs'' (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon ''Steve Jobs'' (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson. ''Inside Apple'' (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries
''The Machine That Changed the World'' Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called ''The Paperback Computer'', prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple. ''Triumph of the Nerds'' a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer. ''Nerds 2.0.1'' a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to ''Triumph of the Nerds'') which chronicles the development of the Internet. ''iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World'' a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman. ''Steve Jobs: One Last Thing'' a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions. A slightly shortened and localized version of the show was broadcast in the United Kingdom the following day titled, ''Steve Jobs: iChanged the World'' on Channel 4. In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.
Films
''Pirates of Silicon Valley'' a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.
Theater
''The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs'' - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.
References
Further reading
Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7. Chapter 28
External links
"Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April, 2010. Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg Steve Jobs Profile at ''Forbes'' Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community. The only remaining tribute on the Apple website.. Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles
Interviews
Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, ''Rolling Stone'' 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL April 20, 1995. The Seed of Apple's Innovation, ''BusinessWeek'' October 12, 2004. How Big Can Apple Get?, ''Fortune'' February 21, 2005. ''Newsweek'', October 15, 2006.Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007. Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008 Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in ''Al Hayat'' and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
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This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| birth name | Rodney Mullen |
|---|---|
| birth date | August 17, 1966 |
| birth place | Gainesville, Florida, U.S. |
| website | rodneymullen.net |
| sport | Skateboarding |
| country | }} |
At age six, Mullen was diagnosed with pigeon toe and had to wear leg braces to fix the condition. He began skateboarding on January 1, 1977 at age 10, when his father (who had opposed his son's wishes to practice the sport) finally agreed to give Rodney a skateboard on condition that he would always wear pads, and with the understanding that if he were to ever get hurt, he would have to quit. He describes his interest in skateboarding: "I fell in love with skateboarding because it was individual. There were no teams, there were no captains ... it was completely opposite of what I saw in so many sports: It was creative. I could walk around with my skateboard at the skate park. "I love skateboarding."
Rodney began practicing in full pads. He spent time with his sister's surfer friends who would skateboard on the week days. In 1978, having owned a skateboard for less than a year, Rodney placed 4th out of a group of older and more experienced professional skateboarders.
Early career
Throughout the 1980s, he invented the majority of skating's ollie and flip tricks, including the flatground ollie, the Kickflip, the Darkslide, the Heelflip, and the 360 flip. The tricks are an essential part of modern vertical and street skateboarding. Despite Alan Gelfand's justifiable fame for inventing the ollie air (Gelfand's maneuver being primarily a vert or pool oriented trick) Mullen is responsible for the invention and development of the street ollie. The ability to pop the board off of the ground and land back on the board while moving has quite likely been the most significant development in modern skateboarding. This invention alone would rank Mullen the most important skateboarder of all time.As the popularity of freestyle skateboarding declined, Mullen was often urged to move his style toward street skating. This is hinted at in the World Industries video ''Rubbish Heap'', where Mullen's sequence ends with team member Jeremy Klein breaking Rodney's freestyle skateboard, and handing him a note from Steve Rocco, symbolizing the end of freestyle.
Fame
In 1991 Mullen joined the high-profile skateboarding team Plan B. Mike Ternasky, the owner of Plan B, influenced Rodney to transition from freestyle to street skating, and showcased the results in the 1992 Plan B video ''Questionable''. Mullen's segment begins with traditional freestyle tricks done on flat ground, but quickly accelerates across public terrain to shift into standard street skating. In relation to obstacles, he sequences tricks, mixes flip tricks with grinds and board slides. In the video, Mullen introduced two newly invented tricks, the Kickflip Underflip and the Casper slide.
Mullen's ''Questionable'' performance may have marked the beginning of a new era in street skateboarding. His reluctant departure from freestyle to become a street skater was a symbol that legitimized the technical direction street skating had taken over the previous few years. Mullen specialized at this progression in subsequent Plan B videos; noteworthy is 1993's ''Virtual Reality'' where Mullen showcases the newly-mastered Darkslide.
Mullen's participation in Plan B dissolved after Mike Ternasky died unexpectedly in 1994. In 1997, Mullen started another company, A-Team, with the intent of forming a super team with the defection of Plan B from the World Industries empire. Rodney talked to friend and fellow pro Daewon Song to plan the video ''Rodney vs. Daewon'', which featured each skater competing in segments from trick to trick.
Since 1999, Rodney Mullen has appeared in most of the console games of the Tony Hawk's Pro Skater series, Tony Hawk Underground, Tony Hawk Underground 2 ,Tony Hawk American Wasteland, Tony Hawks Proving Ground, and the last game he was in was Tony Hawk: Ride
The A-Team folded in 2000 and Mullen went from company founder to company rider under former Maple rider Marc Johnson, who started Enjoi Skateboards. Mullen left Enjoi to head Almost Skateboards with Daewon Song, the company which he still helms and skates for. Mullen's role at Almost includes research and development on new designs and technologies, including Tensor truck in 2000 and experimental and composite deck constructions for Dwindle brands.
In 2002 the World Industries companies, under the holding name Kubic Marketing, were bought out by Globe International for $46 million. Kubic's management remained intact and Mullen began working for Globe International under the Dwindle Distribution brand.
In 2003, Mullen wrote and released his autobiography, entitled ''The Mutt: How to skateboard and not kill yourself''. In late 2003 he was voted as the all-time greatest action sports athlete on the Extreme Sports Channel's ''Legends of the Extreme'' countdown.
From 2007 to 2009, Mullen worked to erase his riding stance, allowing him to move from regular stance to goofy stance. In an interview with Tony Hawk, Mullen explained that he had developed problems in his right hip joint and that his transition between stances came out of an effort to favor his leg. He goes on to describe that scar tissue had built up in his joint as a result of habitually hyper-extending his leg while skating. Mullen stated that through extensive and consistent stretching he was able to tear away the scar tissue.
In December 2010 Mullen stated in an interview that he is preparing to film a part for the upcoming Almost video.
Filmography
References
Further reading
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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