Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
Agency name	The Security Service
Nativename	MI5
Seal	Mi5 crest and logotype.svg
Seal width	260 px
Seal caption	MI5 Logo.
Formed	1909 as the Secret Service Bureau
Jurisdiction	Government of the United Kingdom
Headquarters	Thames House, London, England, United Kingdom
Employees	3,800
Minister1 name	The Rt. Hon. Theresa May MP
Minister1 pfo	Home Secretary
Chief1 name	Jonathan Evans
Chief1 position	Director General
Parent agency	Home Office
Website
Footnotes	}}

The Security Service, commonly known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of the intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS or MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS). All come under the direction of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). The service has a statutory basis in the Security Service Act 1989 and the Intelligence Services Act 1994. Its remit includes the protection of British parliamentary democracy and economic interests, counter-terrorism and counter-espionage within the UK. Although mainly concerned with internal security, it does have an overseas role in support of its mission. Conversely, to ensure that the Home Secretary is responsible for intelligence operations within the UK, the Service may act on behalf of SIS and GCHQ even if the operation is outside its own functions (SIS and GCHQ report to the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs).

The service has had a national headquarters at Thames House on Millbank in London since 1995, drawing together personnel from a number of locations into a single HQ facility. Thames House is shared with the Northern Ireland Office and is also home to the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre, a subordinate organisation to the Security Service. The service has nine offices across the United Kingdom including an HQ in Northern Ireland, and it is claimed that one is to be in Glasgow. Within the civil service community the service is colloquially known as ''Box 500'' (after its official wartime address of PO Box 500; its current address is PO Box 3255, London SW1P 1AE). One is also in Greater Manchester. It was accidentally revealed by the firm who built it. Repeated claims that the regional offices were instigated as a result of the "7/7" bombings in London in July 2005 are inaccurate, since the Manchester Evening News announced the plan to open the local office in February 2005.

Command, control and organisation

The Security Service comes under the authority of the Home Secretary within the Cabinet. The service is headed by a Director General at the grade of a Permanent Secretary of the British Civil Service who is directly supported by an internal security organisation, secretariat, legal advisory branch and information services branch. The Deputy DG is responsible for the operational activity of the service, being responsible for four branches; international counter-terrorism, National Security Advice Centre (counter proliferation and counter espionage), Irish and domestic counter-terrorism and technical and surveillance operations.

The service is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee for intelligence operational priorities and liaises with the SIS, GCHQ, DIS and a number of other bodies within the British government and industrial base. The service is overseen by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Members of Parliament, directly appointed by the Prime Minister, and by the Interception of Communications Commissioner and the Intelligence Services Commissioner. Judicial oversight of the service's conduct is excerised by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.

Operations of the service are required to be proportionate and compliant with British legislation including Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, Data Protection Act 1998 and various other items of legislation. Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000.

The current Director General is Jonathan Evans, who succeeded Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller on 8 April 2007.

The service has marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history, written by Professor Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Cambridge University, published in hardback in October 2009 by Allen Lane, an imprint of Penguin Books.

History

Early years

The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909 in a national climate of pre-war paranoia and possibly influenced by invasion literature to control secret intelligence operations in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign target espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised prior to 1914 and the beginning of World War I, with the two sections undergoing a number of administrative changes and the home section becoming Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5), the name by which it is known in popular culture to this very day.

The founding head of the Army section was Captain Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment, who remained in that role until the early part of the Second World War. Its role was originally quite restricted; existing purely to ensure national security through counter-espionage. With a small staff and working in conjunction with the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police, the service was responsible for overall direction and the identification of foreign agents, whilst Special Branch provided the manpower for the investigation of their affairs, arrest and interrogation.

On the day after the declaration of war, the Home Secretary Reginald McKenna announced that "within the last twenty-four hours no fewer than twenty-one spies, or suspected spies, have been arrested in various places all over the country, chiefly in important military or naval centres, some of them long known to the authorities to be spies", a reference to arrests directed by the service. These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy. According to the official history of MI5, the actual number of agents identified was 22 and Kell had started sending out letters to local police forces on 29 July giving them advance warning of arrests to be made as soon as war was declared. Portsmouth Constabulary jumped the gun and arrested one on 3 August, and not all of the 22 were in custody by the time that McKenna made his speech, but the official history regards the incident as a devastating blow to Imperial Germany which deprived them of their entire spy ring, and specifically upset the Kaiser.

This view has been challenged by Nicholas Hiley who has asserted that it is a complete fabrication of the truth. In 2006 his article "Entering the Lists" was published in the journal Intelligence and National Security outlining the products of his research into recently opened files. Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history and objected to the retelling of the story. He later wrote another article, "Re-entering the Lists", which asserted that the list of those arrested published in the official history was concocted from later case histories.

Inter-war period

After this auspicious start, the history of MI5 becomes darker. It was consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and the 1920s in its core counter-espionage role. Germany continued to attempt to infiltrate Britain throughout the war, but using a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail, MI5 was able to identify most of, if not all of, the agents dispatched. In post-war years attention turned to attempts by the Soviet Union and the Comintern to surreptitiously support revolutionary activities within Britain, and MI5's expertise combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets meant the bureau was successful once more in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities.

However, in the meantime MI5's role had been substantially enlarged. Due to the spy hysteria, MI5 was formed with far more resources than it actually needed to track down German spies. As is common within governmental bureaucracies, this meant it expanded its role in order to use its spare resources. MI5 acquired many additional responsibilities during the war. Most significantly, its strict counter-espionage role was considerably blurred. It became a much more political role, involving the surveillance not merely of foreign agents but of pacifist and anti-conscription organisations, and organised labour. This was justified on the basis of the common (but mistaken) belief that foreign influence was at the root of these organisations. Thus by the end of the war, MI5 was a fully-fledged secret police (although it never had the powers of arrest), in addition to being a counter-espionage agency.

This expansion of its role continued after a brief post-war power struggle with the head of the Special Branch, Sir Basil Thomson. MI5 also managed to acquire responsibility for security operations not only in Great Britain but throughout the British Empire, and with the decline in the Empire the Security Officers based in the British High Commissions returned to London and joined the Service, which gave it a significant role in Ireland. MI5 now has a role similar to sections of the United States' Federal Bureau of Investigation, if not as extensive, which includes counter terrorism and counter-espionage. This expansion had happened almost entirely without supervision; MI5 had no responsibility to Parliament, and was often able to act with considerable independence even from the Cabinet and Prime Minister. Since 1994, MI5 activities have been subject to scrutiny by Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee.

MI5's operations during the Irish War of Independence were an unmitigated disaster. Due to MI5's penchant for sharing intelligence with the Dublin Metropolitan Police, its Irish operations were easily penetrated by the Irish Republican Army. Using D.M.P. Detectives Ned Broy and David Nelligan, Michael Collins was able to learn the names and lodgings of the MI5 agents of the Cairo Gang. On Bloody Sunday (1920), Collins ordered his private death squad to assassinate 14 MI5 agents at their lodgings throughout Dublin. That afternoon, a mixed force of the British Army the Royal Irish Constabulary, and the Black and Tans retaliated by shooting up a Gaelic Football match at Croke Park.

In the aftermath, MI5 ceased sharing intelligence with the D.M.P. In response, Collins persuaded Detective Nelligan to let himself be recruited into MI5. Although MI5's agents were shocked that a Catholic Irishman desired to work for them, Nelligan was formally sworn into the British Secret Service. He then memorized the oaths, codes, and lodgings of his fellow agents and passed the information on to Collins. Nelligan further delivered falsified reports stating that the IRA was far more numerous and better supplied with guns and ammunition than was actually the case. Nelligan would later recall in his memoirs that Collins was planning another Bloody Sunday style purge at the time a ceasefire ended the War. Ironically, Nelligan's misinformation about the IRA's numbers and supplies played a major role in the British Cabinet's decision to grant independence to the Irish Free State.

MI5 operated in Italy during inter-war period. MI5 helped Benito Mussolini get his start in politics with the £100 weekly wage.

MI5's decline in counter-espionage efficiency began in the 1930s. It was to some extent a victim of its own success; it was unable to break the ways of thinking it had evolved in the 1910s and 1920s, in particular, to adjust to the new methods of the Soviet intelligence services the NKVD and GRU. It continued to think in terms of agents who would attempt to gather information simply through observation or bribery, or to agitate within labour organisations or the armed services, while posing as ordinary citizens.

The NKVD, however, had evolved more sophisticated methods; it began to recruit agents from within the British nobility, most notably from Cambridge University, who were seen as a long-term investment. They succeeded in gaining positions within the Government (and, in Kim Philby's case, within British intelligence itself), from where they were able to provide the NKVD with sensitive information. The most successful of these agents—Harold "Kim" Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross—went undetected until after the Second World War, and were known as the Cambridge Five. See also Melita Norwood and Klaus Fuchs.

Second World War

MI5 experienced further failure during the Second World War. It was chronically unprepared, both organisationally and in terms of resources, for the outbreak of war, and utterly unequal to the task which it was assigned—the large-scale internment of enemy aliens in an attempt to uncover enemy agents. The operation was poorly handled and contributed to the near-collapse of the agency by 1940.

One of the earliest actions of Winston Churchill on coming to power in early 1940 was to sack the agency's long-term head, Vernon Kell. He was replaced initially by the ineffective Brigadier A.W.A. Harker, as Acting Director General. Harker in turn was quickly replaced by David Petrie, an SIS man, with Harker as his deputy. With the ending of the Battle of Britain and the abandonment of invasion plans (correctly reported by both SIS and the Bletchley Park Ultra project), the spy scare eased, and the internment policy was gradually reversed. This eased pressure on MI5, and allowed it to concentrate on its major wartime success, the so-called "double-cross" system.

This was a system based on an internal memo drafted by an MI5 officer in 1936, which criticised the long-standing policy of arresting and sending to trial all enemy agents discovered by MI5. Several had offered to defect to Britain when captured; before 1939, such requests were invariably turned down. The memo advocated attempting to "turn" captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies. This suggestion was turned into a massive and well-tuned system of deception during the Second World War.

Beginning with the capture of an agent named Owens, codenamed Snow, MI5 began to offer enemy agents the chance to avoid prosecution (and thus the possibility of the death penalty) if they would work as British double-agents. Agents who agreed to this were supervised by MI5 in transmitting bogus "intelligence" back to the German secret service, the Abwehr. This necessitated a large-scale organisational effort, since the information had to appear valuable but actually be misleading. A high-level committee, the Wireless Board, was formed to provide this information. The day-to-day operation was delegated to a subcommittee, the Twenty Committee (so called because the Roman numerals for twenty, XX, form a double cross).

The system was extraordinarily successful. A postwar analysis of German intelligence records found that of the 115 or so agents targeted against Britain during the war, all but one (who committed suicide) had been successfully identified and caught, with several "turned" to become double agents. The system played a major part in the massive campaign of deception which preceded the D-Day landings, designed to give the Germans a false impression of the location and timings of the landings (see Operation Fortitude).

All foreigners entering the country were processed at the London Reception Centre (LRC) at the Royal Patriotic School which was operated by MI5 subsection B1D, 30,000 were inspected at LRC. Captured enemy agents were taken to Camp 020, Latchmere House, for interrogation. This was commanded by Colonel Robin Stephens. There was a Reserve Camp, Camp 020R, at Huntercombe which was used mainly for long term detention of prisoners.

Post-war the troubles in Northern Ireland

The Prime Minister's personal responsibility for the Service was delegated to the Home Secretary Maxwell-Fyfe in 1952, with a directive issued by the Home Secretary setting out the role and objectives of the Director-General. The service was subsequently placed on a statutory basis in 1989 with the introduction of the Security Service Act. This was the first government acknowledgement of the existence of the service.

The post-war period was a difficult time for the Service with a significant change in the threat as the Cold War began, being challenged by an extremely active KGB and increasing incidence of the Northern Ireland conflict and international terrorism. Whilst little has yet been released regarding the successes of the service there have been a number of intelligence failures which have created embarrassment for both the service and the government.

In 1983 one of its officers, Michael Bettaney, was caught trying to sell information to the KGB. He was subsequently convicted of espionage. During the The Troubles in Northern Ireland Republicans, nationalists and the Irish Government accused MI5 and MI6 with supplying both the UVF and the UDA with intelligence and weapons; they both denied these accusations. Loyalist groups claim the Provisional Irish Republican Army was supplied by the CIA with weapons and intelligence to bomb and murder UVF and UDA members. They also claim the FBI turned a blind eye when Republicans came to the US for arms and failed to stop Irish Americans supplying them. The CIA and FBI both denied this, including many US presidents and Senators

Following the Michael Bettaney case, Sir Philip Woodfield was appointed as a staff counsellor for the security and intelligence services. His role was to be available to be consulted by any member or former member of the security and intelligence services who had "anxieties relating to the work of his or her service" that it had not been possible to allay through the ordinary processes of management-staff relations, including proposals for publications.

The Service was instrumental in breaking up a large Soviet spy ring at the start of the 1970s, with 105 Soviet embassy staff known or suspected to be involved in intelligence activities being expelled from the country in 1971.

One episode involving MI5 and the BBC came to light in the mid-1980s. MI5 officer, Brigadier Ronnie Stonham, had an office in the BBC and took part in vetting procedures. See also Michael Rosen and Isabel Hilton [See Mark Hollingsworth and Richard Norton-Taylor Blacklist: The Inside Story of Political Vetting, 1988, Hogarth Press, p. 104. The relevant extract (Chapter 5) is online].

Controversy arose when it was alleged that the service was monitoring trade unions and left-wing politicians. A file was kept on Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson from 1945, when he became an MP, although the agency's official historian, Christopher Andrew maintains that his fears of MI5 conspiracies and bugging were unfounded. As Home Secretary the Labour MP Jack Straw discovered the existence of his own file dating from his days as a student radical.

One of the most significant and far reaching failures was an inability to conclusively detect and apprehend the "Cambridge Five" spy ring which had formed in the inter-war years and achieved great success in penetrating the government, and the intelligence agencies themselves. Related to this failure were suggestions of a high-level penetration within the service, Peter Wright (especially in his controversial book ''Spycatcher'') and others believing that evidence implicated the former Director-General himself, Roger Hollis. The Trend inquiry of 1974 cleared Hollis of that accusation, but it was later corroborated by the former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky. Another spy ring, the Portland Spy Ring, exposed after a tip-off by Soviet defector Michael Goleniewski, led to an extensive MI5 surveillance operation. The Special Branch of Scotland Yard played no part other than the physical apprehension of the suspects, despite some fanciful claims by Superintendent George Smith.

The Security Service's role in counter-terrorism

The end of the Cold War resulted in a change in emphasis for the operations of the service, assuming responsibility for the investigation of all Irish republican activity within Britain and increasing the effort countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of Islamist extremism.

The service has been attributed with a number of successes in breaking up and monitoring extremist Islamist networks since 2001.

It is also attributed with successfully infiltrating the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA), with operations in conjunction with Special Branch from various police forces leading to 21 convictions for terrorism-related offenses between 1992 and 1999.

Whilst the British security forces in Northern Ireland have provided support in the countering of both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups since the early 1970s, republican sources have often accused these forces of collusion with loyalists. In 2006, an Irish government committee inquiry found that there was widespread collusion between British security forces and loyalist terrorists in the 1970s, which resulted in eighteen deaths.

The Security Service took responsibility for all security intelligence work in Northern Ireland from 2007 from the Police Service of Northern Ireland. Both Nuala O'Loan, the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland, and Al Hutchinson, the Oversight Commissioner of the Police Service of Northern Ireland, have expressed reservations. During April 2010 the Real IRA detonated a 120 lb. car bomb outside palace barracks in County Down which is the headquarters of MI5 in N. Ireland & also home to the 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment.

With the emergence of other terrorist threats in the United Kingdom the service has increased its resource commitment to the detection and prevention of these activities. Numerous raids against suspected militants, and the internment of key suspects in HM Prison Belmarsh in London, have been credited to Security Service intelligence. It has been reported that Security Service officers have been involved in interrogation of British citizens interned at the United States' Guantanamo Bay facility in Cuba.

Executive Liaison Groups enable MI5 to safely share secret, sensitive, and often raw intelligence with the police, on which decisions can be made about how best to gather evidence and prosecute suspects in the courts. Each organization works in partnership throughout the investigation, but MI5 retain the lead for collecting, assessing and exploiting intelligence. The police take lead responsibility for gathering evidence, obtaining arrests and preventing risks to the public.

Serious crime

In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime. Tasking was reactive, acting at the request of law enforcement bodies such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), for whom MI5 agents performed electronic surveillance and eavesdropping duties during Operation Trinity. It was later revealed that a "traffic light" system operates:

Green: active—about 10% of files

Amber: enquiries prohibited, further information may be added—about 46% of files.

Red: enquiries prohibited, substantial information may not be added—about 44% of files

Directors-General of the Security Service

1909–1940: Sir Vernon Kell (from 1919, Sir Vernon Kell) (b. 1873–d. 1942)

1940–1941: Brigadier Oswald Allen Harker

1941–1946: Sir David Petrie (b. 1879–d. 1961)

1946–1953: Sir Percy Sillitoe (b. 1888–d. 1962)

1953–1956: Sir Dick White (from 1955, Sir Dick White) (b. 1906–d. 1993)

1956–1965: Sir Roger Hollis (from 1960, Sir Roger Hollis) (b. 1905–d. 1973)

1965–1972: Sir Martin Furnival Jones (from 1967, Sir Martin Furnival Jones) (b. 1912–d. 1997)

1972–1979: Sir Michael Hanley (from 1974, Sir Michael Hanley) (b. 1918–d. 2001)

1979–1981: Sir Howard Smith (b. 1919–d. 1996)

1981–1985: Sir John Jones (b. 1923–d. 1998)

1985–1988: Sir Antony Duff (b. 1920–d. 2000)

1988–1992: Sir Patrick Walker (from 1990, Sir Patrick Walker) (b. 1932)

1992–1996: Dame Stella Rimington (from 1996, Dame Stella Rimington) (b. 1935)

1996–2002: Sir Stephen Lander (from 2000, Sir Stephen Lander) (b. 1947)

2002–2007: Dame Eliza Manningham-Buller (now Baroness Manningham-Buller; b. 1948)

2007–present: Jonathan Evans

Historical names of the Security Service

Although commonly referred to as "MI5", this was the Service's official name for only thirteen years (1916–29). However, as an acknowledgment of popular thought, "MI5" is used as a sub-title on the various pages of the official Security Service website (see links, below).

October 1909: Founded as the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau.

April 1914: Became a subsection of the War Office Directorate of Military Operations, section 5 (MO5)—MO5(g).

September 1916: Became Military Intelligence section 5—MI5.

1929: Renamed the Defence Security Service.

1931: Renamed the Security Service.

See also

Counter Terrorism Command, Scotland Yard

GCHQ

Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre

Lucy spy ring—alleged to have been a British/Ultra operation to the USSR

MI6

''Spooks''—a BBC television drama about the work of a group of MI5 officers (renamed ''MI-5'' in the United States)

Special Branch

Club de Berne

References

Further reading

Published in the USA on November 2009 by Knopf as ''Defend the Realm. The Authorised History of MI5''. ISBN 9780307263636.

External links

Records of the Security Service on The National Archives' website.

UK Intelligence Community On Line

Category:1909 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Buildings and structures in Westminster Category:Counter-intelligence agencies Category:Intelligence services of World War II Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom Category:United Kingdom intelligence agencies

ar:المكتب الخامس az:MI5 cv:MI5 da:MI5 de:Security Service et:MI5 es:MI5 eo:MI5 eu:MI5 fr:Security Service ko:MI5 it:MI5 he:MI5 jv:MI5 ka:MI5 lt:MI5 nl:Security Service ja:イギリス情報局保安部 no:MI5 pl:Security Service pt:MI5 ro:Security Service ru:MI5 sq:MI5 sl:MI5 sr:MI5 fi:Security Service sv:Security Service tr:MI5 uk:MI5 vi:MI5 zh:軍情五處

Annie Machon (born 1968) is a former British Security Service (MI5) intelligence officer who left the Service at the same time as David Shayler, her partner at the time, to help him blow the whistle about criminality within the intelligence agencies. By doing this, they had to give up their careers, go on the run across Europe, live in hiding for a year, and then spend the next two years in exile in Paris. They, and many of their friends, family, supporters and journalists, were intimidated, arrested, and put on trial.

In 2005, Machon published her first book, ''Spies, Lies and Whistleblowers: MI5, MI6 and the Shayler Affair'' in which she offers criticism of the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service based on her observations of the two whilst in the employment of MI5.

Early life

Machon read Classics at Cambridge University and after her academic years started a career in publishing.

MI5

In 1991 she was recruited by MI5 where she was posted to their counter-subversion department, officially known 'F2'. It was there she met Shayler. She then spent two years working in 'T' Branch, investigating Irish terrorism, before being reposted to the international counter-terrorist division, known as 'G Branch'. In 1996 she and Shayler resigned to blow the whistle on a series of crimes committed by the spies. These include:

MI5 files held on government ministers.

Illegal MI5 phone taps.

Lying to government.

IRA bombs that should and could have been prevented.

The 1994 bombing of the Israeli embassy in London, when two innocent people were wrongfully convicted.

The illegal MI6 assassination attempt against Colonel Gadaffi of Libya

After MI5

Drawing on her varied experiences, she is now a intelligence expert, author, journalist, international tour and event organiser, political campaigner, media trainer, and PR consultant. She is also a recognised international public speaker on a variety of intelligence-related and civil liberties issues.

In 2006 Machon ended her relationship with Shayler due to his alleged use of hallucinogenics and his claims that he is the Messiah. Machon is featured in ''Last Man Out'', a 90-minute documentary movie by Jonathan Kerr-Smith about Rodriguez.

She is a part of the 9/11 Truth movement and believes that the September 11 attacks were conducted by the US government to provide a pretense for war . She also calls for a new enquiry into 9/11.

References

External links

Machon, A. (2005). ''Spies, Lies and Whistleblowers: MI5 and the David Shayler Affair''. Book Guild Ltd. ISBN 185776952X

"The spy who loved me"; Stuart Jeffries; The Guardian, 15 November 2002. Retrieved on 8 April 2008.

"No place to hide"; Sabine Durrant; The Guardian, 3 April 2000. Retrieved on 8 April 2008.

"International speaker"

"David Shayler's former partner reveals: How the bullying State crushed him"; Annie Machon; The Daily Mail, 11 August 2007. Retrieved on 8 April 2008.

MI5 whistleblower and his girl split up; Jason Lewis; The Daily Mail, 6 January 2007. Retrieved on 8 April 2008.

Anniemachon.com

Category:1968 births Category:British activists Category:Living people Category:MI5 personnel

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Jimmy Carr
birth name	James Anthony Patrick Carr
birth date	September 15, 1972
birth place	Hounslow, Greater London, England
medium	Stand-up, television, film, radio
nationality	British/Irish
active	2000–present
genre	Satire, deadpan, black comedy, blue comedy, cringe comedy
subject	Current events, sex, politics, celebrities, obesity, self-deprecation, relationships
influences	Denis Leary, Paul Merton, Emo Philips, Mark Lamarr, George Carlin
domesticpartner	Karoline Copping(2001-present)
notable work	''8 Out of 10 Cats'' ''Distraction'' ''The Big Fat Quiz of the Year''''10 O'Clock Live''
website

}} James Anthony Patrick "Jimmy" Carr (born 15 September 1972) is an English-Irish comedian and humourist with both British and Irish citizenship. He is known for his deadpan delivery and dark humour. He is also a writer, actor and presenter of radio and television.

Carr moved to a career in comedy in 2000. After becoming established as a stand-up comedian, Carr began to appear in a number of Channel 4 television shows, most notably as the host of the panel show ''8 out of 10 Cats''.

Early life

Carr holds dual British-Irish citizenship, as his parents were from Limerick: Patrick James "Jim" (born March 1945), a Roman Catholic, and Nora Mary (née Lawlor, 19 September 1943 – 7 September 2001), who died of pancreatitis in St Thomas' Hospital, London, aged 57. His parents married in 1970, separated in 1994, but never divorced. His father married Natasha in 2003. Carr has an older brother, Colin, and a younger brother, Patrick. He attended Burnham Grammar School, Buckinghamshire and Royal Grammar School, High Wycombe, along with rugby player Matt Dawson, before gaining a place at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a 2:1 degree in Political Sciences. Carr was a marketing executive for Shell in the late 1990s.

Career

Television

Whilst working at JC Productions with his father, Carr made his first television pilot / short film at Pinewood starring Craig Charles, Roy Dotrice and himself. The mockumentary, ''The Colour of Funny'' was essentially a vanity project for Carr.

Hosting

Carr has hosted Channel 4 game shows ''Distraction'' and ''Your Face or Mine?''. He has also presented the ''100s'' series of programmes for Channel 4: ''100 Worst Pop Records'', ''100 Worst Britons'', ''100 Greatest Cartoon Characters'', ''100 People Who Look Most Like Jimmy Carr'' (a spoof) and ''100 Scary Moments''. Carr has also presented a series of ''Commercial Breakdown''.

From 2004 to 2006, Carr hosted a United States version of ''Distraction'' for Comedy Central. He was also nominated for the 2006 Rose d'Or award for Best Game Show Host. Carr presents the ''Big Fat Quiz of the Year'' on Channel 4, having presented the first 7 shows each December (2004–2010). He also currently hosts the quiz show ''8 out of 10 Cats''.

In April 2010, Carr hosted the first British version of a comedy roast show, Channel 4's ''A Comedy Roast''. On 6 May 2010, he was a co-host of Channel 4's ''Alternative Election Night'', along with David Mitchell, Lauren Laverne, and Charlie Brooker. He joined the three presenters again for 10 O'Clock Live, a Channel 4 comedy current affairs show, which started airing on 20 January 2011.

Writing

Carr is also a writer as well as performer, with writing credits including ''Bo' Selecta!'' (C4), ''Meet Ricky Gervais'' (C4) and material for Lily Savage and Frank Skinner.

Guest appearances

Carr was a guest presenter for one edition of ''Have I Got News For You''; later he joined Ian Hislop's team in the edition of the show first shown 23 November 2007, chaired by Ann Widdecombe with whom he “flirted” outrageously. Widdecombe later vowed "I will never appear on ''Have I Got News for You'' again."

Carr has appeared on ''Never Mind The Buzzcocks'' twice, as well as multiple times on ''QI''.

During a guest appearance on the BBC motoring show ''Top Gear'', Carr set a new celebrity test track lap record on the 'Star in a Reasonably Priced Car' segment. He was described as "the worst driver we've ever had" and "the luckiest man alive" by ''Top Gear'''s test driver The Stig. His re-appearance on ''Top Gear'' in May 2006 placed him last in the brand new Reasonably Priced Car, with the slowest time ever (due to the fact that he spun off on his timed lap). Carr also hosted a highlights edition of the show, and on the Top Gear Live World Tour of 2009/10 he hosted the section 'Carmageddon' in which The Stig successfully attempted a 'gear change'.

In the United States, Carr has appeared on ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' twice and ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'' three times. Carr has also appeared on the Irish news comedy show ''The Panel''.

In 2003, Carr was in the music video for the song "Proper Crimbo".

Carr appears at the end credits of Ross Noble's ''Randomist'' DVD, where he punches Noble on his way back to the dressing room. Noble had joked in his show that Carr only performed for a "weak" 1 hour 20 minutes, as opposed to Noble's 2 and a half hour show. Carr can also be seen for a few seconds in the audience for Dara Ó Briain's live DVD.

In January 2008, Carr appeared on E4 show ''Big Brother Celebrity Hijack'' as a hijacker for the day.

Carr appeared on the Royal Variety Performance in December 2008.

Radio

Carr is a regular guest and interviewer on ''Loose Ends'' (BBC Radio 4) and ''The Fred MacAulay Show'' (BBC Radio Scotland). In January 2005, Carr hosted 'It's Been a Terrible Year' — a comedy review of 2004, on BBC Radio 2. Up until July 2006, he had a Sunday morning radio show on XFM, with the mercurial comedian Iain Morris. The show had a strong emphasis on toilet humour.

Features, of varying popularity, have included:

Goth Classics — Item lasting about four weeks in which The Sisters of Mercy track 'This Corrosion' was played twice.

Now That's What I Call A Jukebox — Long running item invented by Iain Morris where a number of songs are selected from a Now That's What I Call Music album, and are put to a vote. The song with the most votes is played.

The Songs You Should Like And The Songs You Do Like (But You Like The Song You Should Like As Well) — This catchy-titled item consists of playing in sequence one credible but underrated or overlooked song (The first was 'Touch Sensitive' by The Fall) and one guilty pleasure (Liberty X's 'Just A Little Bit' followed) On 9 July 2006, the item was renamed 'A Song to Patronise, A Song To Sanitise.' Traditionally, items are carried out with little professionalism, presumably to match the rest of the show content.

In January 2006, Carr made a joke on Radio 4's Loose Ends, the punchline of which implied that Gypsy women smelled. Although the BBC issued an apology, Carr refused to, and continues to use the joke during his acts.

Carr appeared in 2 episodes of the radio series of Flight Of The Conchords in 2005.

On 22 January 2009, he covered Zane Lowe's evening show on BBC Radio 1 between 7 and 9pm.

Stand-up comedy

Carr does stand-up tours continuously over the course of the year, taking only five weeks off between them. In 2003 he sold out an entire month's performances of his Edinburgh Festival show ''Charm Offensive'' by the second day of the festival, and received 5-star reviews from four major newspapers. In 2004 he performed sold out solo shows at Dublin's Vicar Street, Leicester's Comedy Festival, Glasgow Festival, Kilkenny Cat Laughs and the Galway Festival along with appearances at The Bloomsbury Theatre where he filmed his first live DVD. Also in 2004 he threatened to sue fellow comedian Jim Davidson for using a joke that Carr considered 'his'. The matter was dropped when it became apparent that the joke in question was an old one used for decades by many different comedians. He toured the country with his show, ''A Public Display of Affection'', starting on 9 April 2005 at the Gulbenkian Theatre in Canterbury and ending on the 14 January 2006 at the Gielgud Theatre in London's West End. He also appeared at the EICC during the Edinburgh Festival in August 2005 with his ''Off The Telly'' show. Later on in the year, in late November, he released his second DVD "Jimmy Carr: Stand Up".

In August 2006, he commenced a new tour, ''Gag Reflex'', for which he won the 2006 British Comedy Award for "Best Live Stand up". He released his third DVD, ''Jimmy Carr: Comedian'' in November 2007. He also performed at the 2006 Just for Laughs festival in Montreal, as well as making a return visit to the Newbury Comedy Festival. In 2003, he was listed in ''The Observer'' as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. In 2007, a poll on the Channel 4 website for 100 Greatest Stand Ups Jimmy Carr was the 12th. A new national tour commenced in autumn 2007 named ''Repeat Offender'', which began at the Edinburgh Festival that year. In Autumn 2008, Carr began touring his new show, entitled ''Joke Technician''. As with his previous tour, he performed many shows at the Edinburgh Festival, even adding an extra date due to ticket demand.

On 23 April 2009, the dates for Carr's 2009/10 tour, entitled ''Rapier Wit'', were announced. The tour opened on 20 August 2009 with 9 shows at the Edinburgh Festival before touring the country.

On Twitter, Carr released details about his new DVD entitled ''Jimmy Carr: Telling Jokes''. The DVD was released on the 2 November 2009.

In July 2009, Carr revealed that he is currently touring with Las Vegas band The Killers. Killers frontman Brandon Flowers explained that it was part of his vision for his band’s shows to become more of a Las Vegas-style spectacle. Flowers, who grew up in Vegas, said: “We had met Jimmy before, at a Comic Relief gig, then we bumped into him again at a party a couple of weeks later. “We were just throwing ideas around and having a comedian as part of the show sounded like a Las Vegas thing to do — it used to be common in the Sixties and Seventies – “Jimmy seemed to like it so we are giving it a go.”

Carr's sixth Live DVD, ''Jimmy Carr: Making People Laugh'', was released on 8 November 2010.

Carr's 2010/11 tour, entitled ''Laughter Therapy'', was announced on 8 April 2010. The tour will start with a run at the Edinburgh Festival before touring the country.

Carr will also be appearing at the Just For Laughs Festival in Montreal in July 2011. At which he will be performing his 2010/11 tour show 'Laughter Therapy'. He is due to appear at the Gesu Theatre from July 21 – 30.

Carr's latest stand up DVD is due out on November 21st with the title of ''Jimmy Carr: Being Funny''.

DVD releases

!Title	!Released	!Notes
''Live''	8 November 2004	Live at London's Bloomsbury Theatre
''Stand Up''	7 November 2005	Live at London's Bloomsbury Theatre
''Comedian''	5 November 2007	Live at London's Bloomsbury Theatre
''In Concert''	3 November 2008	Live at London's Bloomsbury Theatre
''Telling Jokes''	2 November 2009	Live at London's Bloomsbury Theatre
''Making People Laugh''	8 November 2010	Live at Glasgow's Clyde Auditorium
''Being Funny''	21 November 2011

Second Life

On 21 December 2006, Carr announced plans to become the first major comedian to perform in the virtual reality world of ''Second Life''. This was confirmed on his MySpace webpage on 3 January 2007, and a competition launched to choose a select audience from the list of his MySpace friends.

Carr's ''Second Life'' show took place on 3 February 2007 at 7pm, at Adam Street Bar and Members Club in central London. Fifty MySpace friends made up his live audience, with 100 virtual attendees in ''Second Life'' itself. The show was enjoyed by both sets of audiences, with excellent feedback received on both Carr's MySpace profile and within ''Second Life''.

Carr hinted at the show that he may perform future shows in ''Second Life''.

In March 2007, Laura Jackson from the Guinness Book of World Records confirmed that Carr had obtained the world record for being the first comedian in cyberspace, following on from his ''Second Life'' show.

Criticism

Detractors of Carr's humour include Conservative politician Ann Widdecombe, who — following an appearance with him on BBC One panel show ''Have I Got News For You'' — wrote in the ''Daily Express'' that "His idea of wit is a barrage of filth and the sort of humour most men grow out of in their teens".

Veteran comedian Arthur Smith was quoted in the ''Sunday Mirror'' in 2005 as saying "He has a terrible act. There I've said it and already I feel better". Smith has gone on to criticise Carr on other occasions. In a 2009 interview with ''The Times'' he said: "He (Carr) makes jokes like little clocks. He has no interest in their context or meaning, only that they cause an explosion of laughter. I want a comedian to have a hinterland. The best comedians are interested in jazz, poetry, and the world".

In October 2009, Carr received criticism from several Sunday tabloid newspapers for a joke he made about British soldiers who had lost limbs in battle in Iraq and Afghanistan. The newspapers themselves came under criticism for falsely claiming the audience reacted with stunned silence when the joke was told. Carr himself has defended the joke as "totally acceptable" in an interview with ''The Guardian'', in which the interviewer noted his tendencies to make jokes about disabilities and rape. Carr would go on to describe the interview, with ''Guardian'' journalist Stephen Moss in the paper's G2 section, on his Twitter account as about "[selling] my DVD to the liberal elite."

Personal life

Carr currently lives in North London with his girlfriend, Karoline Copping, a commissioning editor for Five, whom he has been with since 2001.

In March 2004, Carr's father Jim, a self-made millionaire, was arrested by the Metropolitan Police after Carr and his brother Colin accused their father of harassment. The father was later acquitted of all charges and awarded costs by the Court. His acquittal was followed by a written apology from the CPS. Later the Metropolitan Police also apologised and paid him substantial damages in an out of court settlement of the false arrest and false prosecution charge.

During an appearance on BBC's ''Would I Lie to You?'' (Series 1, Episode 3), Jimmy Carr revealed that he had been a Catholic until his mid-twenties, and remained a virgin until the age of 26 due to his faith. Carr became aware of the writings of Richard Dawkins and renounced his religion, becoming an atheist. He stated that he felt religion limited people's desires to live their own lives.

Awards

LAFTA Awards 2008: Best Stand Up

LAFTA Awards 2007: Funniest Man

British Comedy Awards 2006 – Best Live Stand Up

Rose D'Or Nomination 2006: Best Game Show, 'Distraction'

LAFTA Awards 2005: Funniest Man

Rose D'Or Nomination 2004: Best Presenter, 'Distraction'

Loaded Lafta Award 2004 – Best Stand Up

Royal Television Society Award Winner: Best On-Screen Newcomer 2003

Perrier Award Nominee: 2002

Time Out Award Winner: Best Stand Up 2002

Filmography

! Year !! Film !! Role
rowspan="3"		Gary's manager
	Antony
	John Crawford
		Video Store Guy
		Gentleman

References

External links

Jimmy Carr on Chortle, including forthcoming tour dates

Official website

Official Twitter Feed

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century actors Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:Antitheists Category:English atheists Category:English comedians Category:English film actors Category:English game show hosts Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English stand-up comedians Category:English television personalities Category:Former Christians Category:Irish comedians Category:Old Wycombiensians Category:People educated at Burnham Grammar School Category:People from Buckinghamshire Category:People from Hounslow

da:Jimmy Carr de:Jimmy Carr es:Jimmy Carr fr:Jimmy Carr ga:Jimmy Carr it:Jimmy Carr nl:Jimmy Carr simple:Jimmy Carr fi:Jimmy Carr sv:Jimmy Carr

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Stella Rimington
allegiance	United Kingdom
service	MI5
rank	Director-General of MI5
award	DCB
birth name	Stella Whitehouse
birth date	May 13, 1935
birth place	South London, England, UK
nationality	British
spouse	John Rimington
occupation	Intelligence officer, author
alma mater	University of Edinburgh
signature	}}

Dame Stella Rimington, DCB (born 13 May 1935) is a British author, who was the Director General of MI5 from 1992 to 1996. She was the first female DG of MI5, and the first DG whose name was publicised on appointment. In 1993, Stella Rimington became the first DG of MI5 to pose openly for cameras at the launch of a brochure outlining the organisation's activities.

Early life

Born Stella Whitehouse in south London, England, Rimington's family moved from South Norwood to Essex in 1939, due to the danger of living in London during World War II. Her father got a job as chief draughtsman at a steel works in Barrow-in-Furness in Cumbria, and the family moved there after spending some time in Wallasey. When her father got a job in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, the family moved to the Midlands, where Stella attended Nottingham High School for Girls. She spent her last summer of secondary school working as an ''au pair'' in Paris, France, before enrolling at the University of Edinburgh in 1954 to study English. By chance, she met her future husband, John Rimington, whom she had known from Nottingham.

Completing her degree in 1958, she studied archive administration at the University of Liverpool, before beginning work as an archivist at the County Record Office in Worcester in 1959. In 1961, she married John Rimington and moved to London, where she successfully applied for a position at the India Office Library.

In 1965, her husband was offered an overseas posting as First Secretary (Economic) for the British High Commission in New Delhi, India, and the couple sailed to India in September.

India and MI5

In 1967, after two years in India, Rimington was asked to assist one of the First Secretaries at the High Commission with his office work. She agreed, and when she began, discovered that he was the representative in India of the British Security Service (MI5). Gaining her security clearance, Rimington worked in the MI5 office for nearly two years, until the she and her husband returned to London in 1969, where she decided to apply for a permanent position at MI5.

Between 1969 and 1990, Rimington worked in all three branches of the Security Service: counter espionage, counter subversion, and counter terrorism. In 1984, she and her husband John separated, with Stella retaining custody of their two daughters. In 1990, she was promoted to one of the Service's two Deputy Director-General positions, where she oversaw MI5's move to Thames House. In December 1991, she made a visit to Moscow to make the first friendly contact between the British intelligence services and their old enemies, now allies, the KGB. On her return from Russia, she was told she had been promoted to Director-General.

Director-General

In her first months as Director-General, Rimington was subject to a determined campaign by the British press to identify her. The ''New Statesman'' and ''The Independent'' had obtained and published covert photographs of her, despite which Rimington oversaw a (largely successful) public relations campaign to improve the openness of the Service and increase public transparency. On 16 July 1993, MI5 (with the reluctant approval of the British Government) published a 36-page booklet titled ''The Security Service'', which revealed publicly, for the first time, details of MI5's activities, operations and duties, as well as the identity and even photographs of Rimington as Director-General.

Stella Rimington retired from MI5 in 1996. She was made a Dame Commander of Order of the Bath (DCB) in the New Year Honours List in 1996.

Post-MI5

Rimington's work after leaving MI5 has been as a non-executive director for companies such as Marks & Spencer and BG Group.

Rimington controversially continued her policy of openness about the Service by publishing full and frank memoirs titled ''Open Secret'' in 2001. In July 2004, her first novel, ''At Risk'', about a female intelligence officer, was published. Her other novels are ''Secret Asset'' (August 2006), ''Illegal Action'' (August 2007), ''Dead Line'' (October 2008), and ''Present Danger'' (September 2009). Her novels are part of a new trend of "insider" spy fiction appearing in both the U.K. and in the U.S.A.

In 2004, she continued her interest in archives, fostered by her early career, through involvement with the Archives Task Force, where she visited a number of archives through the country and contributed to the report for the future strategy of archives in the UK.

In November, 2005 she spoke out against national ID cards. She has also described the U.S. response to the 9/11 attacks as a "huge overreaction." In remarks reported in 2009, Rimington expressed concerns that the Brown administration was not "recognizing that there are risks, rather than frightening people in order to be able to pass laws which restrict civil liberties, precisely one of the objects of terrorism: that we live in fear and under a police state.”

On 5 October 2009 the BBC broadcast a statement from Rimington who claimed that certain MI5 files collected by her predecessors had been destroyed, but without clarifying whether this took place during her appointment as Director-General, or as part of her later involvement with the Archives Task Force.

In 2009, Stella received an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Social Science from Nottingham Trent University in recognition of her support for openness about the work of the secret service.

In November 2010 it was revealed that she would be chairing the 2011 ''Man Booker Prize''.

Publications

At Risk

At Risk is the first novel by Stella Rimington, the former Director General of MI5, and brings her knowledge of spy operations to the thriller genre. Her heroine, 34-year-old Liz Carlyle, an MI5 intelligence officer, receives information that a terrorist threat is imminent, and that it will be assisted by an "invisible," a young British woman who can easily blend into the background and cross borders easily. Liz must not only deal with the impending crisis, but she must put up with the patronizing sexist attitude from her MI6 partner. Danger lurks constantly for both Liz and the "invisible" woman as their paths come closer to each other. At Risk has received positive reviews with The Telegraph saying, "At Risk is breezily told, seldom pompous, and the plot, though every bit as hokey as you'd expect, winds its threads together very entertainingly."

Autobiography

Novels

References

External links

ABC.Net.au, Stella Rimington talks about her life and writing spy fiction.

BBC.co.uk, 1993: Secret Service goes public.

TrashOtron.com, Stella Rimington Interview at The Agony Column Podcast with Rick Kleffel on 25 July 2008

Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Category:Alumni of the University of Liverpool Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the Bath Category:Directors-General of MI5 Category:English spy fiction writers Category:Honorary Fellows of Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge Category:People from Barrow-in-Furness Category:English archivists Category:People educated at Nottingham High School for Girls

da:Stella Rimington (forfatter) de:Stella Rimington pl:Stella Rimington ur:سٹیلا ریمنگٹن

Coordinates	6°8′0″N102°15′0″N
name	Diana
title	Princess of Wales; Duchess of Rothesay; Duchess of Cornwall (more)
spouse	Charles, Prince of Wales (29 July 1981, div. 1996)
issue	Prince William, Duke of CambridgePrince Harry of Wales
full name	Diana Frances
house	House of Windsor
birth date	July 01, 1961
birth place	Park House, Sandringham, Norfolk
father	John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer
mother	Frances Shand Kydd
place of christening	St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, Norfolk
death date	August 31, 1997
death place	Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
burial date	6 September 1997
place of burial	Althorp, Northamptonshire }}

Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Frances;|name="sur" |group="N"}} ''née'' Spencer; 1 July 1961 31 August 1997) was an international personality of the late 20th century as the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, whom she married on 29 July 1981. The wedding, held at St. Paul's Cathedral, was televised and watched by a global audience of over 750 million people. The marriage produced two sons: Princes William and Harry, currently second and third in line to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms, respectively.

A public figure from the announcement of her engagement to Prince Charles, Diana was born into an old, aristocratic English family with royal ancestry, and remained the focus of worldwide media scrutiny before, during and after her marriage, which ended in divorce on 28 August 1996. This media attention continued following her death in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997, and in the subsequent display of public mourning a week later. Diana also received recognition for her charity work and for her support of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines. From 1989, she was the president of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children.

Early life

Diana Spencer was born in the late afternoon on 1 July 1961, in Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the third child born to John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and Frances Ruth Burke Roche, Viscountess Althorp (later known as Frances Shand Kydd). While her family was overjoyed, there was no hiding that the fact that the entire Spencer family was hoping for a male heir to carry on the Spencer name. The Spencer family is one of Great Britain's oldest and most important families. They have been closely allied with the royal family for over five hundred years. Since they were initially expecting a boy, the family had no name chosen when she was first born. A week later they settled on Diana Frances, after a Spencer ancestress and her mother. Diana was the sister of Lady Sarah McCorquodale, Jane Fellowes, Baroness Fellowes, and Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer. Diana was baptized at Sandringham church, with normal commoners as god parents. While her baby brother, Charles, was baptized at Westminster Abbey with Queen Elizabeth II as principal god parent. She also had another brother, John, who died a year before she was born. According to Andrew Morton's biography about the Princess of Wales, he was so deformed and sick that he only survived ten hours after he was born. This initially put strain on John and Frances' marriage. Lady Frances Althorp was sent to Harley Street clinics in London, after older members of the Spencer family questioned why she could only give birth to girls. The experience was described as "humiliating", with Charles Spencer, the current Earl Spencer saying: "It was a dreadful time for my parents and probably the root of their divorce because I don't think they ever got over it." While young, Diana caught the pitch of her family's frustration. She considered herself a nuisance, and later felt an overwhelming load of guilt over it. These feelings she later learned to accept and recognize. Diana grew up in Park House which was situated near to the Sandringham estate.

Diana's parents separated when she was only seven years of age. They divorced because her mother, Frances, had an affair with Peter Shand Kydd. In Morton's book, he described how she remembered her father packing suitcases, her mother crunching across the gravel forecourt, and driving away through the gates of Park House. Shortly after, her father, John Spencer, won custody of both her and her three siblings. She was first educated at Riddlesworth Hall, and later attended boarding school at The New School at West Heath. In 1973, John Spencer began a relationship with Raine Legge, the Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of Alexander McCorquodale and Barbara Cartland. Lord Spencer and Lady Dartmouth were married at Caxton Hall, London, on 14 July 1976. As Countess Spencer, Raine was unpopular with her stepdaughter Lady Diana Spencer. However, media reports have suggested that at the time of her death, Diana was reconciled with her stepmother, while her relationship with her mother Frances Shand Kydd, had become strained. Diana received the title of Lady after her father inherited the title of Earl Spencer in 1975. Diana was often noted for her shyness while growing up, but she did take an interest in both music and dancing. She also had a great interest in children. After attending finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Switzerland, she moved to London. She began working with children, eventually becoming a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School. Diana had apparently played with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex as a child while her family rented Park House, an estate owned by Queen Elizabeth II.

Education

At the age of seven, Diana was sent to Riddlesworth Hall, an all-girls boarding school. While she was young, she attended a local public school. It was common practice for upper-class families to send their children to boarding schools at around age eight. Initially very homesick, Diana fell into the common boarding school routine. She did not shine academically, and was moved to West Heath Girls' School (later reorganised as The New School at West Heath) in Sevenoaks, Kent, where she was regarded as a poor student, having attempted and failed all of her O-levels twice. However, she showed a particular talent for music as an accomplished pianist. Her outstanding community spirit was recognised with an award from West Heath. In 1977, at the age of 16, she left West Heath and briefly attended Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland. At about that time, she first met her future husband, who was then dating her eldest sister, Lady Sarah. Diana reportedly excelled in swimming and diving, and longed to be a professional ballerina with the Royal Ballet. She studied ballet for a time, but then grew to 5'10", far too tall for the profession.

Diana moved to London before she turned seventeen, living in her mother's flat, as her mother then spent most of the year in Scotland. Soon afterwards, an apartment was purchased for £50,000 as an 18th birthday present, at Coleherne Court in Earls Court. She lived there until 1981 with three flatmates.

In London, she took an advanced cooking course at her mother's suggestion, although she never became an adroit cook, and worked as a dance instructor for youth, until a skiing accident caused her to miss three months of work. She then found employment as a playgroup (pre-preschool) assistant, did some cleaning work for her sister Sarah and several of her friends, and worked as a hostess at parties. Diana also spent time working as a nanny for an American family living in London.

Relationship

Prince Charles had previously been linked to Diana's elder sister Sarah, and in his early thirties he was under increasing pressure to marry. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, royals forfeit their succession rights to the Throne if they marry "papists" (Roman Catholics). Diana's Church of England faith, native Englishness, and lack of an obvious "past" appeared to render her a suitable royal bride both legally and socially.

Prince Charles had known Diana for several years, but he first took a serious interest in her as a potential bride during the summer of 1980, when they were guests at a country weekend, where she watched him play polo. The relationship developed as he invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes aboard the royal yacht Britannia, followed by an invitation to Balmoral (the Royal Family's Scottish residence) to meet his family. There, Diana was well received by Queen Elizabeth II, by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and by the Queen Mother. The couple subsequently courted in London. The Prince proposed on 6 February 1981, and Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks.

Engagement and wedding

thumb|right|Charles and Diana's wedding commemorated on a 1981 British [[Crown (British coin)|Crown]] Their engagement became official on 24 February 1981, after Diana selected a large £30,000 ring, £85,700 in today's terms, consisting of 14 diamonds surrounding a sapphire, similar to her mother's engagement ring. The ring was made by the then crown jewellers Garrard but, unusually for a member of the Royal Family, the ring was not unique and was, at the time, featured in Garrard's jewellery collection. The ring was later used in 2010 as the engagement ring of Kate Middleton, the wife of Diana's elder son Prince William.

Twenty-year-old Diana became The Princess of Wales when she married Charles on 29 July 1981 at St Paul's Cathedral, which offered more seating than Westminster Abbey, generally used for royal nuptials. It was widely billed as a "fairytale wedding", watched by a global television audience of 750 million while 600,000 people lined the streets to catch a glimpse of Diana en route to the ceremony. At the altar Diana accidentally reversed the order of Charles's first two names, saying ''Philip Charles Arthur George'' instead. She did not say that she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused some comment at the time. Diana wore a dress valued at £9000 with a 25-foot (8-metre) train. The couple's wedding cake was created by Belgian pastry chef S. G. Sender, who was known as the "cakemaker to the kings."

Children

On 5 November 1981, Diana's first pregnancy was officially announced, and she frankly discussed her pregnancy with members of the press corps. In the private Lindo Wing of St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, on 21 June 1982, Diana gave birth to her and Prince Charles's first son and heir, William Arthur Philip Louis. Amidst some media criticism, she decided to take William, still a baby, on her first major tours of Australia and New Zealand, but the decision was popularly applauded. By her own admission, Diana had not initially intended to take William until it was suggested by Malcolm Fraser, the Australian prime minister.

A second son, Henry Charles Albert David, was born about two years after William, on 15 September 1984. Diana asserted that she and Prince Charles were closest during her pregnancy with "Harry", as the younger prince was known. She was aware their second child was a boy, but did not share the knowledge with anyone else, including Prince Charles.

She was regarded by a biographer as a devoted and demonstrative mother. She rarely deferred to Prince Charles or to the Royal Family, and was often intransigent when it came to the children. She chose their first given names, dismissed a royal family nanny and engaged one of her own choosing, selected their schools and clothing, planned their outings and took them to school herself as often as her schedule permitted. She also negotiated her public duties around their timetables. from the mid-1980s, the Princess of Wales became increasingly associated with numerous charities. As Princess of Wales she was expected to visit hospitals, schools, etc., in the 20th-century model of royal patronage. Diana developed an intense interest in serious illnesses and health-related matters outside the purview of traditional royal involvement, including AIDS and leprosy. In addition, the Princess was the patroness of charities and organisations working with the homeless, youth, drug addicts and the elderly. From 1989, she was President of Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children. She also worked street corners to pay for food and for her children.

During her final year, Diana lent highly visible support to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, a campaign that went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1997 after her death.

Problems and separation

During the early 1990s, the marriage of Diana and Charles fell apart, an event at first suppressed, then sensationalised, by the world media. Both the Prince and Princess of Wales allegedly spoke to the press through friends, each blaming the other for the marriage's demise.

The chronology of the break-up identifies reported difficulties between Charles and Diana as early as 1985. During 1986 Diana began an affair with Major James Hewitt, while Prince Charles turned to his former girlfriend, Camilla Shand, who had become Camilla Parker-Bowles, wife of Andrew Parker-Bowles. These affairs were exposed in May 1992 with the publication of ''Diana: Her True Story'', by Andrew Morton. The book, which also laid bare Diana's allegedly suicidal unhappiness, caused a media storm. This publication was followed during 1992 and 1993 by leaked tapes of telephone conversations which negatively reflected on both the royal antagonists. Transcripts of taped intimate conversations between Diana and James Gilbey were published by the ''Sun'' newspaper in Britain in August 1992. The article's title, "Squidgygate", referenced Gilbey's affectionate nickname for Diana. The next to surface, in November 1992, were the leaked "Camillagate" tapes, intimate exchanges between Charles and Camilla, published in ''Today'' and the ''Mirror'' newspapers.

In the meantime, rumours had begun to surface about Diana's relationship with James Hewitt, her former riding instructor. These would be brought into the open by the publication in 1994 of ''Princess in Love''.

In December 1992, Prime Minister John Major announced the Wales's "amicable separation" to the House of Commons, and the full Camillagate transcript was published a month later in the newspapers, in January 1993. On 3 December 1993, Diana announced her withdrawal from public life. Charles sought public understanding via a televised interview with Jonathan Dimbleby on 29 June 1994. In this he confirmed his own extramarital affair with Camilla, saying that he had only rekindled their association in 1986, after his marriage to the Princess of Wales had "irretrievably broken down."

While she blamed Camilla Parker-Bowles for her marital troubles due to her previous relationship with Charles, Diana at some point began to believe Charles had other affairs. In October 1993 Diana wrote to a friend that she believed her husband was now in love with Tiggy Legge-Bourke and wanted to marry her. Legge-Bourke had been hired by Prince Charles as a young companion for his sons while they were in his care, and Diana was extremely resentful of Legge-Bourke and her relationship with the young princes.

Divorce

Diana was interviewed for the BBC current affairs show ''Panorama'' by journalist Martin Bashir; the interview was broadcast on 20 November 1995. In it, Diana asserted of Hewitt, "Yes, I loved him. Yes, I adored him." Of Camilla, she claimed "There were three of us in this marriage." For herself, she said "I'd like to be a queen of people's hearts." On Charles's suitability for kingship, she said: "Because I know the character I would think that the top job, as I call it, would bring enormous limitations to him, and I don't know whether he could adapt to that."

In December 1995, the Queen asked Charles and Diana for "an early divorce", as a direct result of Diana's ''Panorama'' interview. This followed shortly after Diana's accusation that Tiggy Legge-Bourke had aborted Charles's child, after which Legge-Bourke instructed Peter Carter-Ruck to demand an apology. Two days before this story broke, Diana's secretary Patrick Jephson resigned, later writing Diana had "exulted in accusing Legge-Bourke of having had an abortion".

On 20 December 1995, Buckingham Palace publicly announced the Queen had sent letters to Charles and Diana advising them to divorce. The Queen's move was backed by the Prime Minister and by senior Privy Counsellors, and, according to the BBC, was decided after two weeks of talks. Prince Charles immediately agreed with the suggestion. In February Diana announced her agreement after negotiations with Prince Charles and representatives of the Queen, irritating Buckingham Palace by issuing her own announcement of a divorce agreement and its terms.

The divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996.

Diana received a lump sum settlement of around £17 million along with a clause standard in royal divorces preventing her from discussing the details.

Days before the decree absolute of divorce, Letters Patent were issued with general rules to regulate royal titles after divorce. In accordance, as she was no longer married to the Prince of Wales, Diana lost the style ''Her Royal Highness'' and instead was styled ''Diana, Princess of Wales''. Buckingham Palace issued a press release on the day of the decree absolute of divorce was issued, announcing Diana's change of title, but made it clear that Diana continued to be a British princess.

Almost a year before, according to Tina Brown, Prince Philip had warned Diana: "If you don't behave, my girl, we'll take your title away." Diana is said to have replied: "My title is a lot older than yours, Philip".

Buckingham Palace stated that Diana was still a member of the Royal Family, as she was the mother of the second- and third-in-line to the throne. This was confirmed by the Deputy Coroner of the Queen's Household, Baroness Butler-Sloss, after a pre-hearing on 8 January 2007: "I am satisfied that at her death, Diana, Princess of Wales continued to be considered as a member of the Royal Household." This appears to have been confirmed in the High Court judicial review matter of ''Al Fayed & Ors v Butler-Sloss''. In that case, three High Court judges accepted submissions that the "very name ‘Coroner to the Queen's Household’ gave the appearance of partiality in the context of inquests into the deaths of two people, ''one of whom was a member of the Family'' and the other was not."

Personal life after divorce

After the divorce, Diana retained her double apartment on the north side of Kensington Palace, which she had shared with Prince Charles since the first year of their marriage, and it remained her home until her death.

Diana dated the respected heart surgeon Hasnat Khan, from Jhelum, Pakistan, who was called "the love of her life" after her death by many of her closest friends, for almost two years, before Khan ended the relationship. Khan was intensely private and the relationship was conducted in secrecy, with Diana lying to members of the press who questioned her about it. Khan was from a traditional Pakistani family who expected him to marry from a related Muslim clan, and their differences, which were not just religious, became too much for Khan. According to Khan's testimonial at the inquest for her death, it was Diana herself, not Khan, who ended their relationship in a late-night meeting in Hyde Park, which adjoins the grounds of Kensington Palace, in June 1997.

Within a month Diana had begun dating Dodi Al-Fayed, son of her host that summer, Mohamed Al-Fayed. Diana had considered taking her sons that summer on a holiday to the Hamptons on Long Island, New York, but security officials had prevented it. After deciding against a trip to Thailand, she accepted Fayed's invitation to join his family in the south of France, where his compound and large security detail would not cause concern to the Royal Protection squad. Mohamed Al-Fayed bought a multi-million pound yacht, the Jonikal, a 60-metre yacht belonging to Mohammed al-Fayed on which to entertain the princess and her sons.

Landmines

In January 1997, pictures of the Princess touring an Angolan minefield in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide. It was during this campaign that some accused the Princess of meddling in politics and declared her a 'loose cannon'. In August 1997, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia with Jerry White and Ken Rutherford of the Landmine Survivors Network. Her interest in landmines was focused on the injuries they create, often to children, long after a conflict is over.

She is believed to have influenced the signing, though only after her death, of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines. Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:

All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.

The United Nations appealed to the nations which produced and stockpiled the largest numbers of landmines (United States, China, India, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia) to sign the Ottawa Treaty forbidding their production and use, for which Diana had campaigned. Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), said that landmines remained "a deadly attraction for children, whose innate curiosity and need for play often lure them directly into harm's way". ''

Death

On 31 August 1997, Diana was fatally injured in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, which also caused the death of her boyfriend, Dodi Fayed and their driver, Henri Paul, acting security manager of the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Millions of people watched the princess' funeral.

Conspiracy theories and inquest

The initial French judicial investigation concluded that the accident was caused by Henri Paul's drunken loss of control. From February 1999, Dodi's father, Mohamed Al-Fayed (the owner of the Paris Ritz, for which Paul had worked) maintained that the crash had been planned, accusing MI6 as well as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Inquests in London during 2004 and 2007 finally attributed the accident to grossly negligent driving by Henri Paul and to the pursuing paparazzi. The following day Al-Fayed announced he would end his 10-year campaign for the sake of the late Princess of Wales's children.

Tribute, funeral, and burial

The sudden and unexpected death of a very popular royal figure Diana, a British princess brought statements from senior figures worldwide and many tributes by members of the public. People left public offerings of flowers, candles, cards and personal messages outside Kensington Palace for many months.

Diana's funeral took place in Westminster Abbey on 6 September 1997. The previous day Queen Elizabeth II had paid tribute to her in a live television broadcast. Her sons, the Princes William and Harry, walked in the funeral procession behind her coffin, along with the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh, and with Diana's brother, Charles Spencer, 9th Earl Spencer. Lord Spencer said of his sister: "She proved in the last year that she needed no royal title to continue to generate her particular brand of magic.".

Memorials

Immediately after her death, many sites around the world became briefly ''ad hoc'' memorials to Diana, where the public left flowers and other tributes. The largest was outside the gates of Kensington Palace. Permanent memorials include:

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Gardens in Regent Centre Gardens Kirkintilloch

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in Hyde Park, London, opened by Queen Elizabeth II.

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground in Kensington Gardens, London.

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk, a circular path between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park and St. James's Park, London

In addition, there are two memorials inside Harrods department store, at the time owned by Dodi Al-Fayed's father Mohamed Al-Fayed, in London. The first memorial consists of photos of the two behind a pyramid-shaped display that holds a wine glass still smudged with lipstick from Diana's last dinner as well as an 'engagement' ring Dodi purchased the day before they died. The second, unveiled in 2005 and titled "Innocent Victims", is a bronze statue of the two dancing on a beach beneath the wings of an albatross. The Flame of Liberty, erected in 1989 on the Place de l'Alma in Paris, above the entrance to the tunnel in which the fatal crash later occurred, has become an unofficial memorial to Diana.

Memorabilia

Following Diana's death, the Diana Memorial Fund was granted intellectual property rights over her image. In 1998, after refusing the Franklin Mint an official license to produce Diana merchandise, the fund sued the company, accusing it of illegally selling Diana dolls, plates and jewellery. In California, where the initial case was tried, a suit to preserve the ''right of publicity'' may be filed on behalf of a dead person, but only if that person is a Californian. The Memorial Fund therefore filed the lawsuit on behalf of the estate and, upon losing the case, were required to pay the Franklin Mint's legal costs of £3 million which, combined with other fees, caused the Memorial Fund to freeze their grants to charities.

In 1998, Azermarka issued postage stamps with both Azeri and English captions, commemorating Diana. The English text reads "Diana, Princess of Wales. The Princess that captured people's hearts".

In 2003, the Franklin Mint counter-sued; the case was eventually settled in 2004, with the fund agreeing to an out-of-court settlement, which was donated to mutually agreed charitable causes.

Today, pursuant to this lawsuit, two California companies continue to sell Diana memorabilia without the need for any permission from Diana's estate: the Franklin Mint and Princess Ring LLC.

Diana in contemporary art

Diana has been depicted in contemporary art since her death. Some of the artworks have referenced the conspiracy theories, as well as paying tribute to Diana's compassion and acknowledging her perceived victimhood.

In July 1999, Tracey Emin created a number of monoprint drawings featuring textual references about Diana's public and private life, for ''Temple of Diana'', a themed exhibition at The Blue Gallery, London. Works such as ''They Wanted You To Be Destroyed'' (1999) related to Diana's bulimia, while others included affectionate texts such as ''Love Was On Your Side'' and Diana's ''Dress with puffy sleeves''. Another text praised her selflessness - ''The things you did to help other people'', showing Diana in protective clothing walking through a minefield in Angola - while another referenced the conspiracy theories. Of her drawings, Emin maintained "They're quite sentimental . . . and there's nothing cynical about it whatsoever."

In 2005 Martin Sastre premiered during the Venice Biennial the film Diana: The Rose Conspiracy. This fictional work starts with the world discovering Diana alive and enjoying a happy undercover new life in a dangerous favela on the outskirts of Montevideo. Shot on a genuine Uruguayan slum and using a Diana impersonator from São Paulo, the film was selected among the Venice Biennial's best works by the Italian Art Critics Association.

In 2007, following an earlier series referencing the conspiracy theories, Stella Vine created a series of Diana paintings for her first major solo exhibition at Modern Art Oxford gallery. Vine intended to portray Diana's combined strength and vulnerability as well as her closeness to her two sons. The works, all completed in 2007, included ''Diana branches'', ''Diana family picnic'', ''Diana veil'' and ''Diana pram'', which incorporated the quotation "I vow to thee my country". Immodesty Blaize said she had been entranced by ''Diana crash'', finding it "by turns horrifying, bemusing and funny". Vine asserted her own abiding attraction to "the beauty and the tragedy of Diana's life".

Later events

On 13 July 2006 Italian magazine ''Chi'' published photographs showing the princess amid the wreckage of the car crash, despite an unofficial blackout on such photographs being published. The editor of ''Chi'' defended his decision by saying that he published the photographs simply because they had not been previously seen, and that he felt the images are not disrespectful to the memory of the Princess. Fresh controversy arose over the issue of these photographs when Britain's Channel 4 broadcast them during a documentary in June 2007.

1 July 2007 marked a concert at Wembley Stadium. The event, organised by the Princes William and Harry, celebrated the 46th anniversary of their mother's birth and occurred a few weeks before the 10th anniversary of her death on 31 August.

The 2007 docudrama ''Diana: Last Days of a Princess'' details the final two months of her life.

On an October 2007 episode of ''The Chaser's War on Everything'', Andrew Hansen mocked Diana in his "Eulogy Song", which immediately created considerable controversy in the Australian media.

Contemporary opinions

From her engagement to the Prince of Wales in 1981 until her death in 1997, Diana was an iconic presence on the world stage, often described as the ''world's most photographed woman''. She was noted for her compassion, style, charisma, and high-profile charity work, as well as her difficult marriage to Prince Charles.

Diana was revealed to be a major source behind Andrew Morton's ''Diana: Her True Story'', which had portrayed her as being wronged by the House of Windsor. Morton instanced Diana's claim that she attempted suicide while pregnant by falling down a series of stairs and that Charles had left her to go riding. Tina Brown opined that it was not a suicide attempt because she would not intentionally have tried to harm the unborn child.

Royal biographer Sarah Bradford commented, "The only cure for her (Diana's) suffering would have been the love of the Prince of Wales, which she so passionately desired, something which would always be denied her. His was the final rejection; the way in which he consistently denigrated her reduced her to despair." Diana herself commented, "My husband made me feel inadequate in every possible way that each time I came up for air he pushed me down again ..."

Diana herself admitted to struggling with depression, self-injury, and bulimia, which recurred throughout her adult life. One biographer suggested that Diana suffered from borderline personality disorder.

In 2007, Tina Brown wrote a biography about Diana as a "restless and demanding shopaholic who was obsessed with her public image" as well as being a "spiteful, manipulative, media-savvy neurotic." Brown also claims that Diana married Charles for his power and had a romantic relationship with Dodi Fayed to anger the royal family, with no intention of marrying him.

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Name	The Princess of Wales (before her divorce)
Dipstyle	Her Royal Highness
Offstyle	Your Royal Highness
Altstyle	Ma'am }}

Titles and styles

1 July 1961 – 9 June 1975: ''The Honourable'' Diana Frances Spencer

9 June 1975 – 29 July 1981: ''The Lady'' Diana Frances Spencer

29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Princess of Wales

*''in Scotland'': 29 July 1981 – 28 August 1996: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Duchess of Rothesay

28 August 1996 – 31 August 1997: Diana, Princess of Wales

Posthumously, as in life, she is most popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", a title she never held. Still, she is sometimes referred to (according to the tradition of using maiden names after death) in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer", or simply as "Lady Di". After Tony Blair's famous speech she was also often referred to as the ''People's Princess''.

Diana's full title, while married, was ''Her Royal Highness The Princess Charles Philip Arthur George, Princess of Wales & Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland''.

Before her divorce and until her death Diana, Princess of Wales continued to be a Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland without the style Royal Highness. As the mother of the future Sovereign, she was accorded the same precedence she enjoyed whilst being married to the Prince of Wales. This situation made the Princess the first non royal British princess of all history.

Honours

British honours

Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II

Foreign honours

Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, bestowed by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands in 1982

Arms

Notes	As the wife of the Prince of Wales, Diana used his arms impaled (side by side) with those of her father.
Crest	Coronet of the Prince of Wales
Escutcheon	Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent overall an escutcheon of Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales, the whole differenced with a label of three points argent; impaled with a shield quarterly 1st and 4th Argent 2nd and 3rd Gules a fret Or overall a bend Sable charged with three escallops Argent.
Supporters	Dexter a lion rampant gardant Or crowned with the coronet of the Prince of Wales Proper, sinister a griffin winged and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or
Motto	DIEU DEFEND LE DROIT''(God defends the right)''
Previous versions	After her divorce and before her death, Diana used the arms of her father, undifferenced, crowned by a royal coronet. }}

Legacy

Diana's interest in supporting and helping young people led to the establishment of the Diana Memorial Award, awarded to youths who have demonstrated the unselfish devotion and commitment to causes advocated by the Princess.

In 2002, Diana was ranked 3rd in the 100 Greatest Britons poll, outranking Queen Elizabeth II and other British monarchs.

On 30 August 2007 Peruvian photographer Mario Testino announced that on 20 November he would auction a signed photo of Diana for the benefit of the Peru earthquake (in London by Phillips de Pury & Co). The photo appeared in a 1997 ''Vanity Fair'' issue, and shows Diana wearing a black dress. The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Playground was erected in Kensington Gardens at a cost of £1.7 million.

The Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk was dedicated to the memory of Diana, Princess of Wales. It stretches between Kensington Gardens, Green Park, Hyde Park and St. James's Park.

On 6 July 2004 Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain. It is located in the south-west corner of Hyde Park in London.

In 1999 the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Award for Inspirational Young People was established.

Diana's family announced in 2010 they would auction art and horse-drawn carriages that once belonged to Althorp House. Fashion designers David and Elizabeth Emanuel, responsible for much of Diana's clothes, including her wedding dress, announced in May 2010 they were auctioning 30 lots of clothing, measurements, and related items.

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Diana, Princess of Wales |2= 2. John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer |3= 3. Frances Roche |4= 4. Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer |5= 5. Cynthia Hamilton |6= 6. Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy |7= 7. Ruth Sylvia Gill |8= 8. Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer |9= 9. Margaret Baring |10= 10. James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn |11= 11. Rosalind Cecilia Bingham |12= 12. James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy |13= 13. Frances Ellen Work |14= 14. William Smith Gill |15= 15. Ruth Littlejohn |16= 16. Frederick Spencer, 4th Earl Spencer |17= 17. Adelaide Horatia Seymour |18= 18. Edward Baring, 1st Baron Revelstoke |19= 19. Louisa Emily Bulteel |20= 20. James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn |21= 21. Maria Anna Curzon-Howe |22= 22. Charles Bingham, 4th Earl of Lucan |23= 23. Cecilia Catherine Gordon-Lennox |24= 24. Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy |25= 25. Elizabeth Caroline Boothby |26= 26. Franklin H. Work |27= 27. Ellen Wood |28= 28. Alexander Ogston Gill |29= 29. Barbara Smith Marr |30= 30. David Littlejohn |31= 31. Jane Crombie }}

Issue

29 April 2011 15 September 1984

style="background:#708090;"	Name !! style="background:#708090;">Birth !! style="background:#708090;" colspan="2"	Marriage	Issue
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge	21 June 1982	|	Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge>Catherine Middleton
Prince Harry of Wales	|

See also

Burrell affair

Concert for Diana

Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund

Diana, Princess of Wales: Tribute

Diana - The People's Princess (exhibition)

Squidgygate

The New School at West Heath (Mr Al-Fayed's memorial to Diana)

Elisabeth of Bavaria

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Concert for Diana

Diana "Princess Di" Spencer at Find A Grave

Princess Diana: The Best Photos — slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Trampling on Diana's grave: Outrage as C4 to show image of princess dying

DIANA – The crash investigator and the mystery driver

9th Earl Spencer's Eulogy for Princess Diana Text, audio, video at American Rhethoric

Prince Harry's Memorial Remarks on the 10 Year Anniversary of Diana's Death Text, audio, video at American Rhethoric

Funeral and Eulogies for Princess Diana at Internet-esq.com.

Prince Harry's eulogy to Princess Diana delivered on 8/31/07

theworkcontinues.org – Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund official website of Theworkcontinues.org.

"Diana Remembered" at People magazine

H.M. Coroner of Surrey: The Official Inquest Into The Deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales & Dodi Al Fayed at Surreycoroner.info.

(Scott Baker) Inquests into the deaths of Diana, Princess of Wales and Dodi Al Fayed at Scottbaker-inquests.gov.uk.

Lord Stevens' Operation Paget Report Into The Death of Diana, Princess of Wales—published 14 December 2006 at Police.uk.

The Goddess of Domestic Tribulations by Theodore Dalrymple Essay on the cultural significance of Princess Diana. Theodore Dalrymple. ''City Journal'' at City-journal.com.

Public Tribute and Memorial website. Lastingtribute.com – Lasting Tribute

Memorial Page on Find a Grave Findagrave.com

"Ten Years On: Why Princess Diana Mattered". ''TIME''.

BBC mini-site Diana One Year On pictures of Diana, Panorama interview video extracts, coverage of the funeral, how the UK newspapers reported her death

Diana: timeline at mykensington.co.uk

Category:British princesses by marriage Category:British duchesses by marriage Category:British countesses Category:British baronesses Category:Princesses of Wales Category:British humanitarians Category:Daughters of British earls Category:English Anglicans Category:Mine action Category:House of Windsor Category:Mountbatten-Windsor family Category:People from King's Lynn and West Norfolk (district) Category:People from Northamptonshire Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Netherlands) Category:Road accident deaths in France Category:Spencer-Churchill family Category:1961 births Category:1997 deaths Category:Folk saints

af:Diana, Prinses van Wallis ar:ديانا أميرة ويلز ast:Diana Spencer az:Diana, Uels şahzadəsi bn:ডায়ানা, প্রিন্সেস অফ ওয়েলস be:Дыяна, прынцэса Уэльская bcl:Prinsesa Diana bs:Diana Spencer bg:Даяна Спенсър ca:Diana de Gal·les cv:Диана, Уэльс принцесси cs:Princezna Diana cy:Diana, Tywysoges Cymru da:Prinsesse Diana de:Diana Spencer et:Diana Frances Mountbatten-Windsor el:Νταϊάνα, πριγκίπισσα της Ουαλίας es:Diana de Gales eo:Diana Spencer eu:Diana Galeskoa fa:دیانا فرانسس اسپنسر fr:Diana Spencer fy:Diana, Prinses fan Wales ga:Diana, Banphrionsa na Breataine Bige gl:Diana de Gales gan:戴安娜王妃 ko:웨일스 공작 부인 다이애나 hy:Դիաննա Սփենսեր hi:राजकुमारी डायना hr:Diana, velška princeza io:Diana Spenser id:Diana Spencer is:Díana prinsessa it:Diana Spencer he:דיאנה, הנסיכה מוויילס jv:Diana Spencer ka:პრინცესა დაიანა la:Diana Francisca Spencer lv:Princese Diāna lt:Velso princesė Diana hu:Diána walesi hercegné mk:Дијана (принцеза од Велс) mr:डायाना (राजकुमारी) ms:Diana, Puteri Wales my:ဒိုင်ယာနာ nl:Diana Spencer ja:ダイアナ (プリンセス・オブ・ウェールズ) no:Diana, fyrstinne av Wales nn:Prinsesse Diana av Wales uz:Diana Frances Spencer pnb:لیڈی ڈیانہ pms:Dian-a Frances Spencer pl:Diana, księżna Walii pt:Diana, Princesa de Gales ksh:Diana Spencer ro:Diana, Prințesă de Wales ru:Диана, принцесса Уэльская se:Diana (Walesa prinseassa) sa:डायना राजकुमारी sq:Diana, Princesha e Wells-it simple:Diana, Princess of Wales sk:Diana Frances Mountbattenová-Windsorová sl:Diana Spencer sr:Дајана, принцеза од Велса sh:Diana, Princeza od Walesa fi:Walesin prinsessa Diana sv:Diana, prinsessa av Wales ta:டயானா, வேல்ஸ் இளவரசி kab:Diana th:ไดอานา เจ้าหญิงแห่งเวลส์ tr:Diana Spencer uk:Діана, принцеса Уельська vi:Diana (Công nương xứ Wales) zh-classical:威爾斯王妃黛安娜 war:Diana, Prinsesa han Wales wuu:戴安娜王妃 zh-yue:戴安娜王妃 zh:戴安娜 (威爾斯王妃)