National Anthem of Singapore- "Majulah Singapura"
Singapore (Listeni/ˈsɪŋɡəpɔːr/), officially the
Republic of Singapore, and often referred to as the
Lion City, the
Garden City, and the Red Dot, is a global city and sovereign state in
Southeast Asia and the world's only
island city-state. It lies one degree (
137 km) north of the equator, at the southernmost tip of continental
Asia and peninsular
Malaysia, with
Indonesia's
Riau Islands to the south. Singapore's territory consists of the diamond-shaped main island and 62 islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its total size by 23% (130 km2), and its greening policy has covered the densely populated island with tropical flora, parks and gardens.
The islands were settled from the second century AD by a series of local empires. In 1819,
Sir Stamford Raffles founded modern Singapore as a trading post of the
East India Company; after the company collapsed, the islands were ceded to
Britain and became part of its
Straits Settlements in 1826. During
World War II, Singapore was occupied by
Japan. It gained independence from Britain in
1963, by uniting with other former
British territories to form Malaysia, but was expelled two years later over ideological differences. After early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an
Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its human capital.
Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub. Its standings include: "easiest place to do business" (
World Bank) for ten consecutive years, most "technology-ready" nation (
WEF), top International-meetings city (
UIA), city with "best investment potential" (BERI), 2nd-most competitive country (WEF), 3rd-largest foreign exchange centre, 3rd-largest financial centre, 3rd-largest oil refining and trading centre and one of the top two busiest container ports since the
1990s. Singapore's best known global brands include
Singapore Airlines and
Changi Airport, both amongst the most-awarded in their industry;
SIA is also rated by
Fortune surveys as Asia's "most admired company". For the past decade, it has been the only
Asian country with the top
AAA sovereign rating from all major credit rating agencies, including
S&P;,
Moody's and Fitch.
Singapore ranks high on its national social policies, leading Asia and 11th globally, on the
Human Development Index (UN), notably on key measures of education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, housing. Although income inequality is high, 90% of citizens own their homes, and the country has one of the highest per capita incomes, with low taxes. The cosmopolitan nation is home to
5.5 million residents, 38% of whom are permanent residents and other foreign nationals.
Singaporeans are mostly bilingual in a mother-tongue language and
English as their common language. Its cultural diversity is reflected in its extensive ethnic "hawker" cuisine and major festivals—
Chinese,
Malay,
Indian,
Western—which are all national holidays. In
2015,
Lonely Planet and
The New York Times listed Singapore as their top and 6th best world destination to visit respectively.
The nation's core principles are meritocracy, multiculturalism and secularism. It is noted for its effective, pragmatic and incorrupt governance and civil service, which together with its rapid development policies, is widely cited as the "
Singapore model".
Gallup polls shows 84% of its residents expressed confidence in the national government, and 85% in its judicial systems—one of the highest ratings recorded. Singapore has significant influence on global affairs relative to its size, leading some analysts to classify it as a middle power. It is ranked as Asia's most influential city and 4th in the world by
Forbes.
Singapore is a unitary, multiparty, parliamentary republic, with a
Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government.
The People's
Action Party has won every election since self-government in
1959. One of the five founding members of the
ASEAN, Singapore is also the host of the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (
APEC)
Secretariat, and a member of the
East Asia Summit,
Non-Aligned Movement, and the
Commonwealth of Nations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore