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• 
  

• 
  Akademie der Künste
  The Akademie der Künste, Berlin (Academy of the Arts, Berlin) is an arts institution in Berlin, Germany. It was founded in 1696 by Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg as the Prussian Academy of Arts, an academic institution where members could meet and discuss and share ideas. As early as 1699, the academy served as the arts council to the government and since 1931 has been exclusively tasked with this function. The academics arm ultimately developed into the Universität der Künste Berlin (Berlin University of the Arts) of today. The Academy is used to promote art, as well as advise and support the states of Germany.
  The Akademie der Künste, Berlin was set up in 1696 by crown-prince Frederick III of Brandenburg, later king Frederick I of Prussia as an "Academy of Painterly, Sculptural and Architectural Art", providing a model of the learned society for the "Prussian Royal Academy of Art and Mechanical Sciences" (1704–1790) and the "Royal Academy of Berlin for Fine Arts and Mechanical Sciences" (1790–1809). Later renamed the Academy of Arts, Frederick's first academy later became the "Royal Prussian Academy of Arts" (1809–1882), the "Royal Academy of Arts" (1882) and finally the "Prussian Academy of Arts" (1926–1945). In its current form it was set up on 1 October 1993 by merging the "German Academy of Arts in [East] Berlin (set up in 1950 and renamed the "Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic" in 1972 then the "Berlin Academy of Arts" from 1990 to 1993) and the "German Academy of Arts in [West] Berlin" (founded in 1954).
  
  wn.com/Akademie_der_Künste
• 
  Deutsche Grammophon
  Deutsche Grammophon is a German classical record label which was the foundation of the future corporation to be known as PolyGram. It is now part of Universal Music Group (UMG) since its acquisition and absorption of PolyGram in 1999, and it is also UMG's oldest active label. It is also the oldest surviving established record company.
  Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft was founded in 1898 by German-born United States citizen Emile Berliner as the German branch of his Berliner Gramophone Company. Based in the city of Hannover (the founder's birthplace), the company had links with the U.S. Victor Talking Machine Company and the British Gramophone Company, but those links were severed at the onset of World War I.
  In 1941 Deutsche Grammophon was purchased by the Siemens & Halske electronics company.
  In 1949, Deutsche Grammophon sold the German rights of the His Master's Voice trademark to the Electrola Records unit of EMI. The dog and gramophone were replaced by the crown of tulips, designed by Siemens advertising consultant Hans Domizlaff.
  
  wn.com/Deutsche_Grammophon
• 
  High Tor State Park
  High Tor State Park is a state park located on the northern edge of the Town of Clarkstown in Rockland County, New York in the USA. High Tor State Park is located on South Mountain. According to the book, "50 Hikes In The Lower Hudson Valley", by Stella Green and H. Neil Zimmerman, the mountain is labeled as 'South Mountain' on the Long Path trail map, an example of which can be found on page 110 of the book. South Mountain has two tors named High Tor and Little Tor. Its' highest peak, High Tor, is at an elevation of 832 feet (254 m).
  The park is for day use during the Summer months only. The park offers picnic tables, a pool and showers, hiking, and a food concession. The Long Path passes through the park.
  Coordinates: 41°11′16″N 73°59′20″W / 41.1877°N 73.989°W / 41.1877; -73.989
  
  
  
  wn.com/High_Tor_State_Park
• 
  Nazi Germany
  The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
  
  wn.com/Nazi_Germany
• 
  New Jersey
  New Jersey (ⁱ/nuː ˈdʒɜrzi/) is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the U.S. state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, and on the southwest by Delaware. New Jersey is the 4th least extensive, but the 11th most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies mostly within the sprawling metropolitan areas of New York City and Philadelphia. It is also the third wealthiest by 2009–2010 median household income.
  The area was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, with historical tribes such as the Lenape along the coast. In the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. The British later seized control of the region, naming it the Province of New Jersey. It was granted as a colony to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton. At this time, it was named after the largest of the British Channel Islands, Jersey, Carteret's birthplace. New Jersey was the site of several decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War.
  
  wn.com/New_Jersey
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  Switzerland
  Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
  Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km² (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
  The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
  
  wn.com/Switzerland
• 
  United States
  The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
  At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
  
  wn.com/United_States

• Adolph Green
  Adolph Green (December 2, 1914  – October 23, 2002) was an American lyricist and playwright who, with long-time collaborator Betty Comden, penned the screenplays and songs for some of the most beloved movie musicals, particularly as part of Arthur Freed's production unit at MGM, during the genre's heyday. Many people thought the pair were married; they were not, but they shared a unique comic genius and sophisticated wit that enabled them to forge a six-decade-long partnership that produced some of Hollywood and Broadway's greatest hits.
  Green was born in The Bronx to Hungarian-Jewish immigrants Daniel and Helen Weiss Green. After high school, he worked as a runner on Wall Street while he tried to make it as an actor. He met Comden through mutual friends in 1938 while she was studying drama at New York University. They formed a troupe called the Revuers, which performed at the Village Vanguard, a club in Greenwich Village. Among the members of the company was a young comedian named Judy Tuvim, who later changed her name to Judy Holliday, and Green's good friend, a young musician named Leonard Bernstein, frequently accompanied them on the piano. The act's success earned them a movie offer and the Revuers traveled west in hopes of finding fame in Greenwich Village, a 1944 movie starring Carmen Miranda and Don Ameche, but their roles were so small they barely were noticed, and they quickly returned to New York.
  
  wn.com/Adolph_Green
• Al Carmines
  Reverend Alvin Allison "Al" Carmines, Jr. (July 25, 1936 – August 9, 2005) was a key figure in the expansion of Off-Off-Broadway theatre in the 1960s.
  Carmines was born in Hampton, Virginia. Although his musical talent appeared early, he decided to enter the ministry, attending Swarthmore College, majoring in English and philosophy, and then Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, earning a bachelor of divinity in 1961 and a master of sacred theology in 1963.
  Carmines was hired by Howard Moody as an assistant minister at Judson Memorial Church on Washington Square Park, New York, to found a theater in the sanctuary of the Greenwich Village church in conjunction with playwright Robert Nichols. He began composing in 1962 and acted as well. His Bible study group grew into the Rauschenbusch Memorial Church of Christ, with Carmines as pastor.
  Carmines taught at Union Theological Seminary and received the Vernon Rice Award for his performance and the Drama Desk Award for Lyrics and Music and was awarded the Obie award for Life Time Achievements.
  
  wn.com/Al_Carmines
• Alan Jay Lerner
  Alan Jay Lerner (August 31, 1918 – June 14, 1986) was an American lyricist and librettist. In collaboration with Frederick Loewe, he created some of the world's most popular and enduring works of musical theatre for both the stage and on film. He won three Tony Awards and three Academy Awards, among other honors.
  Born in New York City, he was the son of Edith Adelson Lerner and Joseph Jay Lerner, whose brother, Samuel Alexander Lerner, was founder and owner of the Lerner Stores, a chain of dress shops. One of Lerner's cousins was the radio comedian/television game show panelist Henry Morgan. Alan Jay Lerner was educated at Bedales School in England, The Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall) in Wallingford, Connecticut, (where he wrote "The Choate Marching Song") and Harvard. He attended both Camp Androscoggin and Camp Greylock. At both Choate and Harvard, Lerner was a classmate of John F. Kennedy; at Choate they had worked together on the yearbook staff. Like Cole Porter at Yale and Richard Rodgers at Columbia, his career in musical theater began with his collegiate contributions, in Lerner's case to the annual Harvard Hasty Pudding musicals. During the summers of 1936 and 1937, Lerner studied at Juilliard. While attending Harvard, he lost his sight in his left eye due to an accident in the boxing ring. In 1957, Lerner and Leonard Bernstein, another of Lerner's college classmates, collaborated on "Lonely Men of Harvard," a tongue-in-cheek salute to their alma mater.
  
  wn.com/Alan_Jay_Lerner
• 
  Alban Berg
  Alban Maria Johannes Berg (February 9, 1885 – December 24, 1935) was an Austrian composer. He was a member of the Second Viennese School with Arnold Schoenberg and Anton Webern, and produced compositions that combined Mahlerian Romanticism with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.
  Berg was born in Vienna, the third of four children of Johanna and Conrad Berg. His family lived comfortably until the death of his father in 1900.
  He was more interested in literature than music as a child and did not begin to compose until he was fifteen, when he started to teach himself music. In late February or early March 1902 he fathered a child with Marie Scheuchl, a servant girl in the Berg family household. His daughter, Albine, was born on December 4, 1902.
  Berg had little formal music education before he became a student of Arnold Schoenberg in October 1904. With Schoenberg he studied counterpoint, music theory, and harmony. By 1906, he was studying music full-time; by 1907, he began composition lessons. His student compositions included five drafts for piano sonatas. He also wrote songs, including his Seven Early Songs (Sieben Frühe Lieder), three of which were Berg's first publicly performed work in a concert that featured the music of Schoenberg's pupils in Vienna that year. The early sonata sketches eventually culminated in Berg's Piano Sonata, Op. 1 (1907–1908); it is one of the most formidable "first" works ever written.
  
  wn.com/Alban_Berg
• 
  Amanda Palmer
  Amanda MacKinnon Gaiman Palmer (born April 30, 1976), sometimes known as Amanda Fucking Palmer, is an American performer who first rose to prominence as the lead singer, pianist, and lyricist/composer of the duo The Dresden Dolls. She has since started a solo career, and is also one half of the duo Evelyn Evelyn.
  Palmer was born in New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital, and grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts. She attended Lexington High School, where she was involved in the drama department, and attended Wesleyan University where she was a member of the Eclectic Society. She staged performances based on work by the Legendary Pink Dots, an early influence, and was involved in the Legendary Pink Dots electronic mailing list, Cloud Zero.^{[citation needed]} She then formed the Shadowbox Collective, devoted to street theatre and putting on theatrical shows (such as the 2002 play, Hotel Blanc, which she directed).
  With an interest in the performing arts, both in music and in theatre, Palmer spent time busking as a living statue called "The Eight Foot Bride" in Harvard Square, Cambridge; Edinburgh, Scotland; Australia (where she met Jason Webley); as well as many other locations. She references this line of work on The Dresden Dolls' self-titled CD, with the song "The Perfect Fit":
  
  wn.com/Amanda_Palmer
• 
  Ann Miller
  Johnnie Lucille Collier, better known as Ann Miller (April 12, 1923 – January 22, 2004) was an American dancer, singer and actress. She is remembered for her work in Hollywood musical films of the 1940s and '50s.
  Miller was born in Chireno, Texas to Clara Emma (née Birdwell) and John Alfred Collier, a criminal lawyer who represented the Barrow Gang, Machine Gun Kelly, and Baby Face Nelson, among others. Miller's maternal grandmother was Cherokee. Miller's father insisted on the name Johnnie because he had wanted a boy, but she was often called Annie. She took up dancing to exercise her legs to help her rickets. She was considered a child dance prodigy. In an interview featured in a "behind the scenes" documentary on the making of the compilation film That's Entertainment III, she said that Eleanor Powell was an early inspiration.
  At the age of 13 Miller had been hired as a dancer in the "Black Cat Club" in San Francisco (she reportedly told them she was 18). It was there she was discovered by Lucille Ball and talent scout/comic Benny Rubin. This led Miller to be given a contract with RKO in 1936 at the age of 13 (she had also told them she was 18) and she remained there until 1940. The following year, Miller was offered a contract at Columbia Pictures. She finally hit her mark in MGM musicals such as Easter Parade (1948), On the Town (1949) and Kiss Me Kate (1953).
  
  wn.com/Ann_Miller
• Anna Ritter
  Anna Ritter (Feb. 23, 1865 – Oct. 31, 1921) was a German poet and writer.
  Ritter was born Anna Nuhn in Coburg, Bavaria (then part of the dutchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) on February, 23, 1865, but she was only a young child when her father, an export trader, moved the family to New York City. The young Anna returned to Europe in 1869 to attend boarding schools in Kassel and at a Moravian boarding school in the hamlet of Montmirail in the French-speaking canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. She completed her education in Kassel where she married a future civil servant, Rudolf Ritter in 1884.
  The couple moved first to Cologne and later to Berlin and Münster. Her husband died in 1893, and the widow moved to the spa town of Bad Frankenhausen in Thuringia. She published her first collection of poetry in 1898 and a second collection followed in 1900. In that same year she found employment with the weekly journal, Die Gartenlaube, which had previously published her poetry. She published a novel, Margharita in 1902 followed by a travel diary. Her most famous poem is "Denkt euch, ich habe das Christkind geseh'n" (I think I saw the Christ Child).
  
  wn.com/Anna_Ritter
• 
  Anne Sofie von Otter
  Anne Sofie von Otter (born 9 May 1955) is a Swedish mezzo-soprano.
  Von Otter was born in Stockholm, Sweden. Her father was the diplomat Göran von Otter and she grew up in Bonn, London and Stockholm. After studying in Stockholm and Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London, she was engaged by the Basel Opera, where she made her operatic début in 1983 as Alcina in Haydn's Orlando paladino. She made her Royal Opera House, Covent Garden début in 1985 and her La Scala debut in 1987. Her Metropolitan Opera début was in 1988 as Cherubino.
  She has had notable success in roles of Mozart, Handel, and Monteverdi. In recitals, she excels in the music of Mahler, Brahms, Grieg, Wolf and Sibelius. In 2001 she released an album with Elvis Costello, for which she won an Edison Award. Among the conductors she has worked with repeatedly are William Christie, Marc Minkowski, Claudio Abbado, John Eliot Gardiner, and Myung-Whun Chung. Most of her recitals and many of her recordings have been collaborations with Swedish pianist Bengt Forsberg. In 2003 Von Otter was awarded a Rolf Schock Prize in the musical arts category.
  
  wn.com/Anne_Sofie_von_Otter
• 
  Anton Webern
   Anton Webern (help·info) (3 December 1883 – 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer and conductor. He was a member of the Second Viennese School. As a student and significant follower of Arnold Schoenberg, he became one of the best-known exponents of the twelve-tone technique; in addition, his innovations regarding schematic organization of pitch, rhythm and dynamics were formative in the musical technique later known as total serialism.
  Webern was born in Vienna, Austria, as Anton Friedrich Wilhelm von Webern. He was the only surviving son of Carl von Webern, a civil servant, and Amelie (née Geer) who was a competent pianist and accomplished singer — the only obvious source of the future composer's talent. He never used his middle names and dropped the von in 1918 as directed by the Austrian government's reforms after World War I. After spending much of his youth in Graz and Klagenfurt, Webern attended Vienna University from 1902. There he studied musicology with Guido Adler, writing his thesis on the Choralis Constantinus of Heinrich Isaac. This interest in early music would greatly influence his compositional technique in later years by employing palindromic form on both the micro- and macro-scale and the economical use of musical materials.
  
  wn.com/Anton_Webern
• 
  Arno Holz
  Arno Holz (* Rastenburg 26 April 1863 – † Berlin 24 October 1929) was a German naturalist poet and dramatist. He is best known for his poetry collection Phantasus (1898).
  Holz was born in Rastenburg as the son of pharmacist Hermann Holz and Franziska neé Werner. The family moved to Berlin in 1895. After his schooling, Holz worked in 1881 as a journalist but chose a living as a freelance writer. He was beset with financial difficulties for much of his life. He established contacts with the Berlin naturalist club Durch where he met famed writer Gerhart Hauptmann. In 1885 his poetry collection, Buch der Zeit (book of time) won the Schiller Prize. Around this time, Holz was fascinated by Darwinism.
  From 1888 onward Holz lived and worked together with translator and writer Johannes Schlaf. Together they developed a theory of "consistent naturalism" in their programmatic text, Art: its Nature and its Laws, wherein they aimed to provide art an exact description and incorporated colloquial elements. They tried, in their description, to eliminate subjectivity from art, to the extent it was scientifically possible, summarized in Holz's formula,
  
  wn.com/Arno_Holz
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  Arnold Schoenberg
   Arnold Schoenberg (help·info) (pronounced [ˈaːɐ̯nɔlt ˈʃøːnbɛɐ̯k]; 13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian composer and painter, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. He used the spelling Schönberg until after his move to the United States in 1934 (Steinberg 1995, 463), whereupon he altered it to Schoenberg "in deference to American practice" (Foss 1951, 401), though one writer claims he made the change a year earlier (Ross 2007, 45).
  Schoenberg's approach, both in terms of harmony and development, is among the major landmarks of 20th-century musical thought; at least three generations of composers in the European and American traditions have consciously extended his thinking or, in some cases, passionately reacted against it. During the rise of the Nazi Party in Austria, his music was labeled, alongside jazz, as degenerate art^{[citation needed]}.
  Schoenberg was widely known early in his career for his success in simultaneously extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic styles of Brahms and Wagner. Later, his name would come to personify pioneering innovations in atonality (although Schoenberg himself detested the term "atonality" as inaccurate in describing his intentions) that would become the most polemical feature of 20th-century art music. In the 1920s, Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone technique, a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. He also coined the term developing variation, and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motifs without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea.
  
  wn.com/Arnold_Schoenberg
• Arthur Siegel
  Arthur Siegel (December 31, 1923 - September 13, 1994) was an American songwriter.
  Born on December 31, 1923 in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, he grew up in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Siegel studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and studied music at the Juilliard School.
  Hits he composed included "Monotonous" (written in collaboration with June Carroll, famously performed by Eartha Kitt), "Penny Candy", "Love is a Simple Thing" and "I Want You to Be the First One to Know".^{[dead link]}His work was featured prominently in the Leonard Sillman-produced revues New Faces of 1952, New Faces of 1956 and New Faces of 1962. Siegel released several recordings of him performing his own music, including 1992's Arthur Siegel Sings Arthur Siegel and 1995's Live at the Ballroom.
  Siegel died at the age of 70 on September 13, 1994, at his home in Manhattan due to heart failure.
  
  wn.com/Arthur_Siegel
• 
  August Strindberg
  Johan August Strindberg ( pronounced (help·info); 22 January 1849 – 14 May 1912) was a Swedish playwright, novelist, poet, essayist and painter. A prolific writer who often drew directly on his personal experience, Strindberg's career spanned four decades, during which time he wrote over 60 plays and more than 30 works of fiction, autobiography, history, cultural analysis, and politics. A bold experimenter and iconoclast throughout, he explored a wide range of dramatic methods and purposes, from naturalistic tragedy, monodrama, and history plays, to his anticipations of expressionist and surrealist dramatic techniques. From his earliest work, Strindberg developed forms of dramatic action, language, and visual composition so innovative that many were to become technically possible to stage only with the advent of film. He is considered the "father" of modern Swedish literature and his The Red Room (1879) has frequently been described as the first modern Swedish novel.
  
  wn.com/August_Strindberg
• 
  Bebe Neuwirth
  Beatrice "Bebe" Neuwirth ( /ˌbiːətrɪs ˌbiːbiː ˈnjuːwɜrθ/; born December 31, 1958) is an American actress, musician and dancer. She has worked in television and is known for her portrayal of Dr. Lilith Sternin, Dr. Frasier Crane's wife (later ex-wife), on both the TV sitcom Cheers (in a starring role), and its spin-off Frasier (in a recurring guest role). On stage, she is also known for originating the role of Nickie in the revival of Sweet Charity, the role of Velma Kelly in the revival of Chicago (for both of which she earned a Tony award) and for the role of Morticia Addams in The Addams Family musical.
  Neuwirth was born in Princeton, New Jersey, the daughter of Sydney Anne, a painter, and Lee Paul Neuwirth, a mathematician. She has an older brother Peter, an actuary. Neuwirth is Jewish and attended Chapin School in New Jersey as well as Princeton Day School (New Jersey) of Princeton, but graduated from Princeton High School (a public school) in 1976. She began to study ballet at the age of five, and chose it as her field of concentration when she attended Juilliard in New York City in 1976 and 1977. During this period, she performed with the Princeton Ballet Company in Peter and the Wolf, The Nutcracker, and Coppélia and appeared in community theater musicals. Neuwirth always dreamed of becoming a ballet dancer; the only other career she seriously contemplated was being a veterinarian.
  
  wn.com/Bebe_Neuwirth
• Ben Bagley
  Ben Bagley (October 18, 1933 – March 21, 1998) was an American musical theatre and record producer.
  Born in Burlington, Vermont, Bagley moved to New York City during the early 1950s, and in 1955, at age 22, he produced his first hit, Shoestring Revue, starring (among others) Beatrice Arthur and Chita Rivera (and, later, Jane Connell), and with songs by Charles Strouse, Lee Adams, June Carroll, and Sheldon Harnick.
  The glowing notices from Shoestring enabled him to mount a more lavish and sophisticated revue, The Littlest Revue Off-Broadway in 1956. This revue featured the young, unknown Joel Grey, Larry Storch, and Charlotte Rae, as well as Tammy Grimes making her Off-Broadway debut. Contributing lyricists and composers included Vernon Duke, John Latouche, Ogden Nash and others. Particularly memorable was a snappy number by Sammy Cahn and Vernon Duke, called "Good Little Girls." Performed by flame-haired newcomer Beverly Bozeman, this song had originally been written for Bette Davis in a 1952 musical revue, "Two's Company." Resurrecting unused and forgotten songs by major songwriters eventually became a hallmark of Bagley shows and recordings. The Littlest Revue closed after 32 performances, possibly because its venue, the Phoenix Theatre at 2nd Avenue and 12th Street, was too inaccessible for the casual theatergoer. Critics noted the revue's pleasant songs and dull, overlong sketches.
  
  wn.com/Ben_Bagley
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  Bertolt Brecht
  Bertolt Brecht (German: [ˈbɛɐ̯tɔlt ˈbʁɛçt] ( listen); born  Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (help·info); 10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956) was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director.
  An influential theatre practitioner of the 20th century, Brecht made equally significant contributions to dramaturgy and theatrical production, the latter particularly through the seismic impact of the tours undertaken by the Berliner Ensemble – the post-war theatre company operated by Brecht and his wife, long-time collaborator and actress Helene Weigel.
  Bertolt Brecht was born in Augsburg, Bavaria, (about 50 miles (80 km) north-west of Munich) to a conventionally-devout Protestant mother and a Catholic father (who had been persuaded to have a Protestant wedding). His father worked for a paper mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would impact on his writing throughout his life. From her, too, came the "dangerous image of the self-denying woman" that recurs in his drama. Brecht's home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied. At school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership, Neher designing many of the sets for Brecht's dramas and helping to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre.
  
  wn.com/Bertolt_Brecht
• Betty Comden
  Betty Comden (May 3, 1917 – November 23, 2006) was one-half of the musical-comedy duo Comden and Green, who provided lyrics, libretti, and screenplays to some of the most beloved and successful Hollywood musicals and Broadway shows of the mid-20th century. Her writing partnership with Adolph Green lasted for six decades, during which time they collaborated with other leading entertainment figures such as the famed "Freed Unit" at MGM, Jule Styne and Leonard Bernstein.
  Betty Comden was born Basya Cohen in New York City, attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn, and studied drama at New York University. In 1938, mutual friends introduced her to Adolph Green, an aspiring actor. Along with the young Judy Holliday and Leonard Bernstein, Comden and Green formed a troupe called the Revuers, which performed at the Village Vanguard, a club in Greenwich Village. Due to the act's success, the Revuers appeared in the 1944 film Greenwich Village, but their roles were so small they barely were noticed, and they quickly returned to New York.
  
  wn.com/Betty_Comden
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  Bobby Darin
  Bobby Darin (born Walden Robert Cassotto; May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973) was an American singer who performed in a range of music genres, including pop, rock, jazz, folk, and country.
  He started as a songwriter for Connie Francis, and recorded his own first million-seller "Splish Splash" in 1958. This was followed by "Dream Lover", "Mack the Knife" and "Beyond the Sea", which brought him world fame. In 1962, he won a Golden Globe for his first film Come September, co-starring his wife Sandra Dee.
  Through the 1960s he became more political, and worked on Bobby Kennedy's presidential campaign, being present on the night of his assassination. This affected him and sent him into a period of seclusion.
  Although he made a successful television comeback, his health was starting to fail, as he had always expected, following bouts of rheumatic fever in childhood. This knowledge had always spurred him on to exploit his musical talent while still young. He died at 37, following a heart operation in Los Angeles.
  
  wn.com/Bobby_Darin
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  Bruno Walter
  Bruno Walter (September 15, 1876 – February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor. Born in Berlin, he lived in several countries between 1933 and 1939, before finally settling in the United States in 1939. Though he was born Bruno Schlesinger, he began using Walter as his surname in 1896, and officially changed his surname to Walter upon becoming a naturalised Austrian in 1911. Walter was active as a composer for many years, but his works have not entered the repertoire.
  Born near Alexanderplatz in Berlin to a middle-class Jewish family as Bruno Schlesinger, he began his musical education at the Stern Conservatory at the age of eight, making his first public appearance as a pianist when he was nine. However, following visits to one of Hans von Bülow's concerts in 1889 and to Bayreuth in 1891, he changed his mind and decided upon a conducting career. He made his conducting début at the Cologne Opera with Albert Lortzing's Der Waffenschmied in 1894. Later that year he left for the Hamburg Opera to work as a chorus director. There he first met and worked with Gustav Mahler, whom he idolized and with whose music he later became strongly identified.
  
  wn.com/Bruno_Walter
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  Burt Bacharach
  Burt F. Bacharach ( /ˈbækəræk/ BAK-ə-rak; born May 12, 1928) is an American pianist, composer and music producer. He is known for his popular hit songs and compositions from the mid-1950s through the 1980s, with lyrics written by Hal David. Many of their hits were produced specifically for, and performed by, Dionne Warwick. Following on with the initial success of this collaboration, Bacharach went on to produce hits with Dusty Springfield, Bobbie Gentry, Jackie DeShannon and others.
  As of 2006^[update], Bacharach had written 70 Top 40 hits in the U.S., and 52 Top 40 hits in the UK.
  Burt Bacharach was born in Kansas City, Missouri, but grew up in the Forest Hills section of New York City, graduating from Forest Hills High School in 1946. He is the son of Irma (née Freeman) and Bert Bacharach, a well-known syndicated newspaper columnist, and is of German-Jewish descent. Bacharach studied music at McGill University, under Helmut Blume, at the Mannes School of Music, and at the Music Academy of the West in Montecito, California. His composition teachers included Darius Milhaud, Henry Cowell, and Bohuslav Martinů. Following service in the Army, Bacharach worked as a pianist, both as a solo player and as an accompanist for singers such as Vic Damone, Polly Bergen, Steve Lawrence, the Ames Brothers and Paula Stewart (who became his first wife). For some years he was musical arranger for Marlene Dietrich as well as touring with her.
  
  wn.com/Burt_Bacharach
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  Carla Bley
  Carla Bley, née Borg (born May 11, 1936), is an American jazz composer, pianist, organist and band leader. An important figure in the free jazz movement of the 1960s, she is perhaps best known for her jazz opera Escalator Over The Hill (released as a triple LP set), as well as a book of compositions that have been performed by many other artists, including Gary Burton, Jimmy Giuffre, George Russell, Art Farmer and her ex-husband Paul Bley.
  Bley was born in Oakland, California. Her father, a piano teacher and church choirmaster, encouraged her to sing and to learn to play the piano. After giving up the church to immerse herself in roller skating at the age of fourteen, she moved to New York at seventeen and became a cigarette girl at Birdland, where she met jazz pianist Paul Bley, whom she married in 1957. He encouraged her to start composing. The couple later divorced.
  A number of musicians began to record her compositions: George Russell recorded "Bent Eagle" on his 1960 release Stratusphunk in 1960; Jimmy Giuffre recorded "Ictus" on his album Thesis; and Paul Bley's Barrage consisted entirely of her compositions.
  
  wn.com/Carla_Bley
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  Charlie Haden
  Charles Edward Haden (born August 6, 1937) is an American jazz musician. He is a double bassist, probably best known for his long association with saxophonist Ornette Coleman. Haden is also known for his signature lyrical bass lines.
  Haden was born in Shenandoah, Iowa, and raised in a musical family, which often performed together on the radio playing country music and American folk songs. Haden made his professional debut as a singer when he was two years old, and continued singing with his family until he contracted a mild form of polio when he was 15. The polio damaged his throat muscles and vocal cords, and as a result, Haden was unable to control his pitch while singing. A few years before contracting polio, Haden had become interested in jazz, and began playing his older brother's double bass. Eventually he set his sights on Los Angeles, and to save money for the trip took a job as house bassist for ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee in Springfield, Missouri.
  Haden moved to Los Angeles in 1957. His first recordings were made that year with Paul Bley. He began recording with Ornette Coleman shortly after, including the important The Shape of Jazz to Come. Haden's folk-influenced style complemented the microtonal, Texas blues elements of Coleman. Haden would enter Keith Jarrett's trio and his 'American Quartet' from 1967 to 1976 with Paul Motian and Dewey Redman. He also played in the collective Old and New Dreams.
  
  wn.com/Charlie_Haden
• Charlie Smalls
  Charlie Smalls (October 25, 1943 in Queens, New York – August 27, 1987 in Belgium) was an African-American composer and songwriter, best known for writing the music for the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz.
  A musical prodigy, Smalls attended the Juilliard School at age eleven in 1954, staying until 1961. In 1968, he appeared on the "Some Like It Lukewarm" episode of The Monkees (episode #56, original airdate March 4, 1968), chatting at a piano with singer Davy Jones. He wrote a song for John Cassavetes's 1968 film Faces called "Never Felt Like This Before". He also wrote the score for the 1976 film, Drum. He also wrote the song "From Me To You" for the Hugh Masekela 1966 albumHugh Masekela's Next Album.
  After graduating from the High School of Performing Arts, Smalls toured as a member of the New York Jazz Repertory Company before beginning work on The Wiz. An African-American retelling of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The Wiz was adapted into a feature film, starring Diana Ross and Michael Jackson, by Motown Productions and Universal Pictures in 1978.
  
  wn.com/Charlie_Smalls
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  Chita Rivera
  Chita Rivera (born January 23, 1933) is an American actress, dancer, and singer best known for her roles in musical theater. She is the first Hispanic woman to receive a Kennedy Center Honors award (December 2002). She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.
  Rivera (birth name: Dolores Conchita Figueroa del Rivero) was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Katherine, a government clerk, and Pedro Julio Figueroa del Rivero, a clarinetist and saxophonist for the United States Navy Band. Her father was Puerto Rican and her mother was of Scottish and Italian descent. Rivera was seven years old when her mother was widowed and went to work for The Pentagon.
  In 1944, Rivera's mother enrolled her in the Jones-Haywood School of Ballet (now the Jones Haywood School of Dance). Later, when she was 15, a teacher from George Balanchine's School of American Ballet visited their studio and Rivera was one of two students picked to audition in New York City; she was accompanied to the audition by Doris Jones, one of the people who ran the Jones-Haywood School. Rivera's audition was successful and she was accepted into the school and given a scholarship
  
  wn.com/Chita_Rivera
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  Claudio Arrau
  Claudio Arrau León (February 6, 1903 – June 9, 1991) was a Chilean-American pianist known for his interpretations of a vast repertoire spanning from the baroque to 20th-century composers, especially Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, Brahms and Debussy. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth century.
  Arrau was born in Chillán, Chile, the son of Carlos Arrau, an ophthalmologist who died when Claudio was only a year old, and Lucrecia León Bravo de Villalba, a piano teacher. He belonged to an old, prominent family of Southern Chile. His ancestor Lorenzo de Arrau, a Spanish engineer, was sent to Chile by King Carlos III of Spain. Through his great-grandmother, María del Carmen Daroch del Solar, Arrau was a descendant of the Campbells of Glenorchy, a Scottish noble family.^{[citation needed]}
  Arrau was a child prodigy, giving his first concert at age five. When he was 6 he auditioned in front of several congressmen and President Pedro Montt, who became so impressed as to start arrangements for his future education. At age 8 he was sent on a 10-year long grant from the Chilean government to study in Germany, travelling in the company of his mother and sister Lucrecia. He was admitted at the Stern Conservatory of Berlin where he eventually became a pupil of Martin Krause, who had studied under Franz Liszt. At the age of 11 he could play Liszt's Transcendental Etudes, considered to be one of the most difficult sets of works ever written for the piano, and also Brahms's Paganini Variations. Arrau's first recordings were made on Aeolian Duo-Art player piano music rolls. Krause died after five years of teaching Arrau, who at fifteen was devastated at the loss of his mentor.
  
  wn.com/Claudio_Arrau
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  Clifford Odets
  Clifford Odets (July 18, 1906 – August 14, 1963) was an American playwright, screenwriter, and director.
  Odets was born in Philadelphia to Louis Odets (born Gorodetsky) and Pearl Geisinger, Russian- and Romanian-Jewish immigrants, and raised in Philadelphia and the Bronx, New York. He dropped out of high school after two years to become an actor. In 1931, he became a founding member of the Group Theatre, a highly influential New York theatre company that utilized an acting technique new to the United States. This technique was based on the system devised by the Russian actor and director Constantin Stanislavski. It was further developed by Group Theatre director Lee Strasberg and became known as The Method. Odets eventually became the Group's primary playwright.
  Odets pursued acting with great passion and ingenuity. At the age of 19 he struck out on his own, billing himself as ″The Rover Reciter.″ Under this moniker he procured bookings as a radio elocutionist. He moved away from his parents, to Greenwich Village, where he acted with the Poet's Theatre under the direction of Village legend Harry Kemp. Odets claimed to have become America's first real disc jockey at about this time, at radio station WBNY, as well as a drama critic. In this capacity he saw the 1926 Broadway production of Sean O'Casey's Juno and the Paycock. O'Casey's work would prove to be a powerful influence on Odets.
  
  wn.com/Clifford_Odets
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  Cole Porter
  Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. Born to a wealthy family in Indiana, he defied the wishes of his domineering grandfather and took up music as a profession. Classically trained, he was drawn towards musical theatre. After a slow start, he began to achieve success in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage. Unlike most successful Broadway composers, Porter wrote both the lyrics and the music for his songs.
  After a serious horseback riding accident in 1937, Porter was left disabled and in constant pain, but he continued to work. His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the lasting hits of his best work of the 1920s and 30s, but in 1948 he made a triumphant comeback with his most successful musical, Kiss Me, Kate.
  Porter's other musicals include Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady, Anything Goes and Can-Can, and his numerous hit songs include "Night and Day", "I Get a Kick out of You", "Well, Did You Evah!" and "I've Got You Under My Skin". He also composed scores for films from the 1930s to the 1950s. He was noted for his sophisticated, suggestive lyrics, clever rhymes and complex forms.
  
  wn.com/Cole_Porter
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  Dagmar Krause
  Dagmar Krause (born 4 June 1950) is a German singer, best known for her work with avant-rock groups like Slapp Happy, Henry Cow and Art Bears. She is also noted for her coverage of songs by Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill and Hanns Eisler. Her unusual singing style makes her voice instantly recognisable and has defined the sound of many of the bands with whom she has worked.
  Dagmar Krause was born in Hamburg, Germany on 4 June 1950. She began her professional career at the age of 14 as a singer in Hamburg clubs on the Reeperbahn. In 1968 she was invited to join The City Preachers, a contemporary folk/protest she once half-jokingly described as a German version of The Mamas & the Papas. She contributed vocals to their 1968 album Der Kürbis, das Transportproblem und die Traumtänzer (The Pumpkin, the Problem of Transport and the Dream-dancers), a spin-off from a German TV show. The City Preachers broke up in 1969, but their lead singer Inga Rumpf and Krause reunited in 1970 to record I.D. Company, the name of a studio project where each vocalist sung lead on and determined the direction of one side of the LP (Krause's side indicated her future direction with its avant-garde slant).
  
  wn.com/Dagmar_Krause
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  Darius Milhaud
  Darius Milhaud (French pronunciation: [daʁjys mijo]; 4 September 1892 – 22 June 1974) was a French composer and teacher. He was a member of Les Six—also known as The Group of Six—and one of the most prolific composers of the 20th century. His compositions are influenced by jazz and make use of polytonality. Darius Milhaud is to be counted among the modernist composers.
  Born in Marseilles to a Jewish family from Aix-en-Provence, Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met his fellow group members Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre. He studied composition under Charles Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gedalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. As a young man he worked for a while in the diplomatic entourage of Paul Claudel, the eminent poet and dramatist, who was serving as French ambassador to Brazil.
  On a trip to the United States in 1922, Darius Milhaud heard "authentic" jazz for the first time, on the streets of Harlem, which left a great impact on his musical outlook. The following year, he completed his composition "La création du monde" ("The Creation of the World"), using ideas and idioms from jazz, cast as a ballet in six continuous dance scenes.
  
  wn.com/Darius_Milhaud
• David Atherton
  David Atherton OBE, (born 3 January 1944) is an English conductor.
  Atherton was born in Blackpool, Lancashire in a musical family. He was educated at Blackpool Grammar School. His father, Robert Atherton, was the Music Master at St Joseph's College, Blackpool and was also a conductor. His mother was a singer.
  Atherton studied music at Fitzwilliam College at the University of Cambridge.
  In 1967 Atherton was co-founder of the London Sinfonietta and, as its Music Director, a position he held until 1973, gave the first performance of many important contemporary works. Also in 1967 he was invited to join the music staff of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, by Sir Georg Solti. In 1968 he became the youngest conductor ever to appear there, conducting Il Trovatore. He spent twelve years as Resident Conductor giving over 150 performances. Also in 1968 he was the youngest conductor in the history of the BBC Proms Concerts and subsequently appeared in thirty contiguous seasons.
  In 1976 he conducted for the first time at La Scala in Milan, Italy. In 1978 he conducted at the War Memorial Opera House, San Francisco, California in the United States. Then in 1980 he was appointed Music Director of the San Diego Symphony, a post he held until 1987 and Principal Conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic. In 1989 he founded the Mainly Mozart Festival in San Diego and was appointed Music Director of the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, a post he held until 2000. In recognition of his services to the music of Hong Kong, he was awarded the OBE and the title of Conductor Laureate of the orchestra.
  
  wn.com/David_Atherton
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  Dee Dee Bridgewater
  Dee Dee Bridgewater (born May 27, 1950) is an American Jazz singer. She is a three-time Grammy Award winning singer-songwriter, as well as a Tony Award - winning stage actress and host of National Public Radio's syndicated radio show JazzSet with Dee Dee Bridgewater. She is a United Nations Ambassador for the Food and Agriculture Organization.
  Born Denise Eileen Garrett in Memphis, Tennessee, she grew up in Flint, Michigan. Her father, Matthew Garrett, was a jazz trumpeter and teacher at Manassas High School, and through his playing, Denise was exposed to jazz early on. At the age of sixteen, she was a member of a rock and rhythm'n'blues trio, singing in clubs in Michigan. At 18, she studied at the Michigan State University before she went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. With their jazz band, she toured the Soviet Union in 1969. The next year, she met trumpeter Cecil Bridgewater, and after their marriage, they moved to New York City, where Cecil played in Horace Silver's band.
  
  wn.com/Dee_Dee_Bridgewater
• Duke Special
  Duke Special, real name Peter Wilson, is a songwriter and performer based in Belfast, Northern Ireland. A piano-based songwriter with a romantic style and a warm, distinctly accented voice, he has distinctive long dreadlocks, eyeliner and outfits he describes as "hobo chic". His live performances have a theatrical style inspired by Vaudeville and music hall, and often incorporate 78s played on an old-fashioned gramophone, or sound effects from a transistor radio. He is most often accompanied by percussionist "Temperance Society" Chip Bailey, who plays cheese graters and egg whisks, a Stumpf fiddle and a Shruti box, as well as the more typical drums and cymbals. Other musicians who perform with Wilson from time to time include Paul "Pilot" Wilkinson (guitar), Réa Curran (trumpet, backing vocals, accordion), Ben Castle (clarinet, saxophone), Ben Hales (bass guitar), Gareth Williams, "Professor" Ger Eaton (keyboards), Dan Donnelly (mandoline, backing vocals) and Serge Archibald III (saxophone, "ethereal background sounds", vibes).
  
  wn.com/Duke_Special
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  Elia Kazan
  Elia Kazan (IPA: [eˈlia kaˈzan]; September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was an American director, producer, writer and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history". He was born in Istanbul, Ottoman Empire, to Greek parents. After studying acting at Yale, he acted professionally for eight years, later joining the Group Theater in 1932, and co-founded the Actors Studio in 1947. With Lee Strasberg, he introduced Method acting to the American stage and cinema as a new form of self-expression and psychological "realism". Kazan acted in only a few films, including City for Conquest (1940).
  Kazan introduced a new generation of unknown young actors to the movie audiences, including Marlon Brando and James Dean. Noted for drawing out the best dramatic performances from his actors, he directed 21 actors to Oscar nominations, resulting in nine wins. He became "one of the consummate filmmakers of the 20th century" after directing a string of successful films, including, A Streetcar Named Desire (1951), On the Waterfront (1954), and East of Eden (1955). During his career, he won two Oscars as Best Director and received an Honorary Oscar, won three Tony Awards, and four Golden Globes. Among the other actors he introduced to movie audences were Warren Beatty, Carroll Baker, Julie Harris, Andy Griffith, Lee Remick, Rip Torn, Eli Wallach, Eva Marie Saint, Martin Balsam, Fred Gwynne, and Pat Hingle.
  
  wn.com/Elia_Kazan
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  Elmer Rice
  Elmer Rice (28 September 1892 – 8 May 1967) was an American playwright. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his 1929 play, Street Scene.
  
  wn.com/Elmer_Rice
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  Elvis Costello
  Elvis Costello (born Declan Patrick MacManus, 25 August 1954) is an English singer-songwriter. He came to prominence as an early participant in London's pub rock scene in the mid-1970s and later became associated with the punk/New Wave genre. Steeped in word play, the vocabulary of Costello's lyrics is broader than that of most popular songs. His music has drawn on many diverse genres; one critic described him as a "pop encyclopaedia", able to "reinvent the past in his own image".
  Costello has won multiple awards in his career, including a Grammy Award, and has twice been nominated for the Brit Award for Best British Male. In 2003, Elvis Costello & the Attractions were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Costello number 80 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
  Costello was born Declan Patrick MacManus in St Mary's Hospital, London, the son of Lilian Alda (née Ablett, b. 1927, Liverpool) and Ross MacManus (1927–2011), a musician and bandleader. He is of Irish heritage. Costello lived in Twickenham, attending Hounslow Secondary Modern School, which is now St Mark's Catholic Secondary School, in neighbouring Hounslow. With a musically inclined father (who was a jazz trumpeter and sang with The Joe Loss Orchestra), Costello's first broadcast recording was alongside his dad in a television commercial for R. White's Lemonade (I'm a Secret Lemonade Drinker). His father wrote and sang the song; Costello provided backing vocals. The advertisement won a silver award at the 1974 International Advertising Festival.
  
  wn.com/Elvis_Costello
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  Erich Kästner
  Emil Erich Kästner (German pronunciation: [ˈʔeːʁɪç ˈkɛstnɐ]) (23 February 1899 – 29 July 1974) was a German author, poet, screenwriter and satirist, known for his humorous, socially astute poetry and children's literature.
  Kästner was born in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony. He grew up in the Königsbrücker Straße of Dresden's Äußere Neustadt. Close by, the Erich Kästner Museum is located on the ground floor of Kästner's uncle Franz Augustin's former villa on Antonstraße next to the Albertplatz.
  Kästner's father Emil was a master saddlemaker. His mother Ida, née Augustin, was a maidservant and housewife, and in her thirties trained to be a hairstylist in order to supplement her husband's income. Kästner had a particularly close relationship with his mother. While he lived in Leipzig and Berlin, he wrote her fairly intimate daily letters and postcards. His novels, too, seem to be pervaded by overbearing mothers. It was rumored that Erich Kästner's natural father was not Emil Kästner, but rather the Jewish family doctor, Emil Zimmermann (1864–1953). These rumors never were substantiated. Kästner wrote about his childhood in his 1957 autobiography When I Was a Little Boy. According to Kästner, he did not suffer from being an only child, had many friends, and was not lonely or over-indulged.
  
  wn.com/Erich_Kästner
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  Ernst Cassirer
  Ernst Cassirer (German pronunciation: [kaˈsiːʁəʁ]; July 28, 1874 – April 13, 1945) was a German philosopher. Trained within the Neo-Kantian Marburg School, he followed his mentor Hermann Cohen in attempting to supply an idealistic philosophy of science, but after Cohen's death he developed a theory of symbolism, and used it to expand phenomenology of knowledge into a more general philosophy of culture. He is one of the leading C20th advocates of philosophical idealism.
  Cassirer was born in Breslau (Wrocław), Silesia, into a Jewish family. He studied literature and philosophy at the University of Berlin. After working for many years as a Privatdozent at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin, he was elected in 1919 to the Philosophy chair at the newly-founded University of Hamburg, where he lectured until 1933, supervising amongst others the doctoral thesis of Leo Strauss. Because he was Jewish, he left Germany when the Nazis came to power.
  After leaving Germany he taught for a couple of years in Oxford, before becoming a professor at Gothenburg University. When Cassirer considered Sweden too unsafe, he applied for a post at Harvard, but was rejected because thirty years earlier he had rejected a job offer from them. In 1941 he became a visiting professor at Yale University, before moving to Columbia University in New York City, where he lectured from 1943 until his death in 1945.
  
  wn.com/Ernst_Cassirer
• Ernst Hardt
  Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Hardt (May 9, 1876 – January 3, 1947), born Ernst Stöckhardt,, was a German playwright, poet, and novelist.
  Hardt was born in Graudenz, West Prussia (now Grudziądz, Poland).
  He is the author of Priester des Todes (1898), Bunt ist das Leben (1902), An den Toren des Lebens (1904), and the plays Der Kampf ums Rosenrote (1903), Nipon von Lenclos (1905), Tantris der Narr (1907), Gudrun (1911), and Konig Salomo (1915). He was director of the National Theater in Weimar (1919-24), State Theater in Cologne (1925), and the West German Broadcasting Co. (1926-1933).
  Hardt died in Ichenhausen.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Ernst_Hardt
• Estelle Parsons
  Estelle Margaret Parsons (born November 20, 1927) is an American theatre, film and television actress and occasional theatrical director.
  After studying law, Parsons became a singer before deciding to pursue a career in acting. She worked for the television program Today and made her stage debut in 1961. During the 1960s, Parsons established her career on Broadway before progressing to film. She received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Blanche Barrow in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), and was also nominated for her work in Rachel, Rachel (1968).
  Parsons worked extensively in film and theatre during the 1970s and later directed several Broadway productions. More recently her television work included a role in the sitcom Roseanne. Nominated on four occasions for a Tony Award, in 2004 Parsons was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame.
  Parsons was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, in the Lynn Hospital, the daughter of Elinor Ingebore (née Mattsson), who was a native of Sweden, and Eben Parsons. She attended the Oak Grove School for Girls in Maine. After graduating from Connecticut College in 1949, Parsons initially studied law at Boston University, and then worked as a singer with a band before settling on an acting career in the early 1950s.
  
  wn.com/Estelle_Parsons
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  Fantômas
  Fantômas (French pronunciation: [fɑ̃to'mas]) is a fictional character created by French writers Marcel Allain (1885–1969) and Pierre Souvestre (1874–1914).
  One of the most popular characters in the history of French crime fiction, Fantômas was created in 1911 and appeared in a total of 32 volumes written by the two collaborators, then a subsequent 11 volumes written by Allain alone after Souvestre's death. The character was also the basis of various film, television, and comic book adaptations. In the history of crime fiction, he represents a transition from Gothic novel villains of the 19th century to modern-day serial killers.
  The books and movies that came out in quick succession anticipate current production methods of Hollywood, in two respects: First, the authors distributed the writing among themselves; their "working method was to draw up the general plot between them and then go off and write alternate chapters independently of each other, meeting up to tie the two halves of the story together in the final chapter." This approach allowed the authors to produce almost one novel per month. Second, the movie rights to the books were immediately snapped up. Such a system ensured that the film studio could produce sequels reliably.
  
  wn.com/Fantômas
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  Ferruccio Busoni
  Ferruccio (Dante Michelangelo Benvenuto) Busoni (April 1, 1866 – July 27, 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, editor, writer, piano and composition teacher, and conductor.
  Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy, the only child of two professional musicians. His father, Ferdinando, was a clarinetist and man-about-town. Though his mother, Anna, had a German surname (Weiss) she was an Italian from Trieste, and a pianist. They were often touring during his childhood, and he was brought up in Trieste for the most part.
  Busoni was a child prodigy. He made his public debut on the piano with his parents, at the age of seven. A couple of years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna where he heard Franz Liszt play, and met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.
  Busoni had a brief period of study in Graz with Wilhelm Mayer (who used the pseudonym of W. A. Rémy and also taught Felix Weingartner) and was also helped by Wilhelm Kienzl, who enabled him to conduct a performance of his own composition 'Stabat Mater' when he was twelve years old, before leaving for Leipzig in 1886 where he studied with Carl Reinecke (a former pupil of Felix Mendelssohn and Robert Schumann). He subsequently held several teaching posts, the first in 1888 at Helsinki, where he met his wife, Gerda Sjöstrand, the daughter of Swedish sculptor Carl Eneas Sjöstrand, and began a lifelong friendship with Jean Sibelius. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 31a. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.
  
  wn.com/Ferruccio_Busoni
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  Francis Scott Key
  Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer, author, and amateur poet, from Georgetown, who wrote the lyrics to the United States' national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner".
  Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain John Ross Key at the family plantation Terra Rubra in what was Frederick County and is now Carroll County, Maryland. His father John Ross Key was a lawyer, a judge and an officer in the Continental Army. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner, both born in London, England, immigrated to Maryland in 1726.
  He studied law at St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland and also learned under his uncle Philip Barton Key.
  During the War of 1812, Key, accompanied by the American Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel John Stuart Skinner, dined aboard the British ship HMS Tonnant, as the guests of three British officers: Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn, and Major General Robert Ross. Skinner and Key were there to negotiate the release of prisoners, one being Dr. William Beanes. Beanes was a resident of Upper Marlboro, Maryland and had been captured by the British after he placed rowdy stragglers under citizen's arrest with a group of men. Skinner, Key, and Beanes were not allowed to return to their own sloop: they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and with the British intent to attack Baltimore. As a result of this, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore on the night of September 13–14, 1814.
  
  wn.com/Francis_Scott_Key
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  Franz Werfel
  Franz Viktor Werfel (10 September 1890 – 26 August 1945) was an Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet whose career spanned World War I, the Interwar period, and World War II. He is primarily known as the author of The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (1933, English tr. 1934, 2012), a novel based on events that took place during the Armenian Genocide of 1915, and The Song of Bernadette (1941), a novel about the life and visions of the French Catholic saint Bernadette Soubirous, which was made into a Hollywood film of the same name.
  Born in Prague (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), Werfel was the first of three children of a wealthy Jewish manufacturer of gloves and leather goods, Rudolf Werfel. His mother, Albine Kussi, was the daughter of a mill owner. His two sisters were Hanna (born 1896) and Marianne Amalie (born 1899). As a child, Werfel was raised by his Czech Catholic governess, Barbara Šimunková, who often took him to mass in Prague’s main cathedral. Like the children of other progressive German-speaking Jews in Prague, Werfel was educated at a Catholic school run by the Piarists, a teaching order that allowed for a rabbi to instruct Jewish students for their Bar Mitzvahs. This, along with his governess’s influence, gave Werfel an early interest (and expertise) in Catholicism, which soon branched out to other faiths, including Theosophy and Islam, such that reading his fiction, as well as his nonfiction, can be an exercise in comparative religion.
  
  wn.com/Franz_Werfel
• Fred Ebb
  Fred Ebb (April 8, 1928 – September 11, 2004) was an American musical theatre lyricist who had many successful collaborations with composer John Kander. The Kander and Ebb team frequently wrote for such performers as Liza Minnelli and Chita Rivera.
  Ebb was born in Manhattan to a Jewish family, the son of Anna Evelyn (née Gritz) and Harry Ebb. He worked during the early 1950s bronzing baby shoes, as a trucker's assistant, and was also employed in a department store credit office and at a hosiery company. He graduated from New York University with a bachelor’s degree in English Literature, and also earned his Master’s Degree in English from Columbia University.
  One of his early collaborators was Phil Springer, and a song they wrote together ("I Never Loved Him Anyhow") was recorded by Carmen McRae in 1956. Another song Ebb wrote with Springer was "Heartbroken" (1953), which was recorded by Judy Garland, the mother of his future protégée, Liza Minnelli. Other Springer-Ebb tunes include "Moonlight Gambler" and "Nevertheless I Never Lost the Blues". "Don't Forget", which he wrote with Norman Leyden, was recorded by singer Eddy Arnold in 1954.
  
  wn.com/Fred_Ebb
• Frederick Loewe
  Frederick Loewe (/ˈloʊ/, originally German Friedrich (Fritz) Löwe [ˈløːvə]; June 10, 1901 – February 14, 1988), was an Austrian-American composer. He collaborated with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner on the long running Broadway musicals My Fair Lady and Camelot, with book and lyrics by Lerner, both of which were made into films.
  Loewe was born in Berlin, Germany, to Viennese parents Edmond and Rosa Loewe. His father was a noted Jewish operetta star who performed throughout Europe and in North and South America; he starred as Count Danilo in the original production of The Merry Widow.
  Frederick Loewe grew up in Berlin and attended a Prussian cadet school from the age of five until he was thirteen. At an early age Loewe learned to play piano by ear and helped his father rehearse, and he began composing songs at age seven. He eventually attended a music conservatory in Berlin, one year behind virtuoso Claudio Arrau, and studied with Ferruccio Busoni and Eugene d'Albert. He won the coveted Hollander Medal awarded by the school and gave performances as a concert pianist while still in Germany. At 13, he was the youngest piano soloist ever to appear with the Berlin Philharmonic.
  
  wn.com/Frederick_Loewe
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  Fritz Busch
  Fritz Busch (13 March 1890 - 14 September 1951) was a German conductor.
  Busch was born in Siegen, Province of Westphalia. He held posts conducting opera at Aachen, Stuttgart and Dresden. In 1933 he was dismissed from his post at Dresden because of his opposition to the new Nazi government of Germany. He went on to work in South America and Scandinavia before becoming the music director of Glyndebourne Festival Opera in England in 1934. He remained at Glyndebourne until the outbreak of World War II. After this he focused on work in South America and at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. From 1934 to 1951 he was principal guest conductor of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra in Copenhagen. He resumed the Glyndebourne musical directorship in 1950.
  
  He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.
  Busch was the brother of the distinguished violinist Adolf Busch and of the cellist Hermann Busch. He died in London in 1951.
  Source: Fritz Busch discography (in German) [1]
  
  wn.com/Fritz_Busch
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  Fritz Lang
  Friedrich Christian Anton "Fritz" Lang (December 5, 1890 – August 2, 1976) was an Austrian-American filmmaker, screenwriter, and occasional film producer and actor. One of the best known émigrés from Germany's school of Expressionism, he was dubbed the "Master of Darkness" by the British Film Institute. His most famous films are the groundbreaking Metropolis (the world's most expensive silent film at the time of its release) and M, made before he moved to the United States, his iconic precursor to the film noir genre.
  Lang was born in Vienna as the second son of Anton Lang (1860–1940), an architect and construction company manager, and his wife Pauline "Paula" Lang née Schlesinger (1864–1920). Fritz Lang himself was baptized on 28 December 1890 at the Schottenkirche in Vienna.
  Lang's parents were of Moravian^{[citation needed]} descent and practicing Roman Catholics. His mother was born Jewish, but had converted to Catholicism when Fritz was ten. His mother took this conversion seriously and was dedicated to raising Fritz as a Catholic. Lang never had an interest in his Jewish heritage and identified himself as Catholic. Although he was not a particularly devout Catholic, he "regularly used Catholic images and themes [in] his films".
  
  wn.com/Fritz_Lang
• Galt MacDermot
  Galt MacDermot (born December 18, 1928) is a Canadian composer, pianist and writer of musical theatre. He won a Grammy Award for the song "African Waltz" in 1960. His most successful musicals have been Hair (1967; its cast album also won a Grammy) and Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971). MacDermot has also written music for film soundtracks, jazz and funk albums, and classical music, and his music has been sampled in hit hip-hop songs and albums.
  MacDermot was born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of a Canadian diplomat. He was educated at Upper Canada College and Bishop's University (Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada). He received a Bachelor of Music from Cape Town University, South Africa and made a study of African music his specialty. He also studied the piano privately with Neil Chotem.
  MacDermot won his first Grammy Award for the Cannonball Adderley recording of his song "African Waltz" (the title track of the album of the same name) in 1960. He moved to New York City in 1964 where, three years later, he wrote the music for the hit musical Hair, which he later adapted for the 1979 film. Its Broadway cast album won a Grammy Award in 1969. His next musicals were Isabel's a Jezebel (1970) and Who the Murderer Was (1970), which featured British progressive rock band Curved Air. MacDermot had another hit with the musical Two Gentlemen of Verona (1971), which won the Tony Award for Best Musical. For that show, MacDermot was nominated for a Tony for best music and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music. His later musicals, however, including Dude and Via Galactica (both 1973) and The Human Comedy (1984), have not been successful on Broadway.
  
  wn.com/Galt_MacDermot
• Gary Bertini
  Gary Bertini (Hebrew: גארי ברתיני) (born 1 May 1927; died 18 March 2005) was an Israeli conductor.
  Gary Bertini was born Shloyme Golergant in Bricheva, Bessarabia, then in Romania, now in Donduşeni District, Moldova. His father, K. A. Bertini (Arn Golergant), was a poet and translator of the Russian (Leonid Andereyev) and Yiddish (A.Sutzkever, H. Leivick) literature into Hebrew, and of the Hebrew works into Yiddish. His mother Berta Golergant was a physician and biologist. They immigrated to Palestine in 1946. Gary studied music at the Music Teachers' College in Tel Aviv and then in Milan, Italy, and at the Paris Conservatoire.
  Upon returning to Israel, Gary Bertini established Rinat (the Israel Chamber Choir) in 1955. He was musical advisor to the Batsheva Dance Company. He founded the Israel Chamber Orchestra in 1965 and was its conductor until 1975. He was conductor of the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra from 1978 to 1986. He was artistic director of the New Israeli Opera from 1994 until his death. He promoted Israeli music and helped shape it.
  
  wn.com/Gary_Bertini
• Georg Kaiser
  Friedrich Carl Georg Kaiser, called Morder Kaiser, (November 25, 1878 – June 4, 1945) was a German dramatist.
  Kaiser was born at Magdeburg.
  He was highly prolific and wrote in a number of different styles. An Expressionist dramatist, he was, along with Gerhart Hauptmann, the most frequently performed playwright in the Weimar Republic. Georg Kaiser's plays include The Burghers of Calais (1913), From Morn to Midnight (1912), and a trilogy, comprising The Coral (1917), Gas (1918), Gas II (1920).
  He died at Ascona, Switzerland, and was buried in Morcote near Lugano.
  The Burghers of Calais (Die Bürger von Calais), written in 1913, was not performed until 1917. It was Kaiser's first success. The play is very dense linguistically, with its dialogue comprising numerous emotive monologues influenced by the Telegramstil poetics of August Stramm. Like Kaiser's other works of the period, it bears the mark of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy, calling upon the modern individual to transcend mediocrity through extraordinary actions; the Expressionist 'New Man' became a commonplace of the genre.
  
  wn.com/Georg_Kaiser
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  Georg Wilhelm Pabst
  Georg Wilhelm Pabst (25 August 1885 – 29 May 1967) was an Austrian film director.
  Pabst was born in Raudnitz, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary (today's Roudnice nad Labem, Czech Republic), the son of a railroad employee.
  Returning from the United States, he was in France when World War I began. He was interned there near Brest until 1919.
  Some of his most famous films concern the plight of women in German society, including The Joyless Street (1925) with Greta Garbo and Asta Nielsen, Geheimnisse einer Seele (1926) with Lili Damita, The Loves of Jeanne Ney (1927) with Brigitte Helm, Pandora's Box (1928), and Diary of a Lost Girl (1929), the last two starring American actress Louise Brooks. He also co-directed with Arnold Fanck a mountain film entitled The White Hell of Pitz Palu (1929) starring Leni Riefenstahl.
  After the coming of sound he made a trilogy of films that secured his reputation: Westfront 1918 (1930), The Threepenny Opera (1931) with Lotte Lenya (based on the Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill musical), and Kameradschaft (1931). Pabst also filmed three versions of Pierre Benoit's novel L'Atlantide in 1932, in German, English, and French, titled Die Herrin von Atlantis, The Mistress of Atlantis, and L'Atlantide, respectively. In 1933, Pabst directed Don Quixote, once again in German, English, and French versions.
  
  wn.com/Georg_Wilhelm_Pabst
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  Germans
  The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
  Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
  Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
  
  wn.com/Germans
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  Gianluigi Trovesi
  Gianluigi Trovesi (born in 1944) is an Italian jazz saxophonist, clarinetist and composer.
  A native of Nembro near Bergamo in Lombardy, he studied harmony and counterpoint under Vittorio Fellegara. Since then he has been a major player in the Italian and European (free) jazz scene. He also teaches clarinet and saxophone in Italy. He has won various Italian jazz awards.
  In 1978 Trovesi won the first prize in the Italian jazz competition for saxophone and clarinet, landing a permanent job in the Milan Radio Big band (until 1993). After a concert in Bergamo with Giorgio Gaslini's Sextet, the influential European producer Joachim-Ernst Berendt called him for his Clarinet Summit production, an all-star group with clarinet soloists, John Carter, Perry Robinson, Theo Jörgensmann and Ernst Ludwig Petrowsky.
  In the 1990s he formed his renowned octet, with Pino Minafra on trumpet. The first record of the group (From G To G, 1992) won the Italian Top Jazz poll and five stars in Down Beat. The octet's Les Hommes Armès (1996) was voted Best Record of the Year and the Trovesi Octet best Italian Jazz Group in the Musica Jazz Italian Top Jazz Poll (1993, 1996; Trovesi already won in 1988 as best musician). Those records are characterized by the meeting of the learned classical and contemporary music, from Renaissance music to serialism, and the Italian folk, in a context of jazz improvisation. During the years the Octet went through important changes in the lineup.
  
  wn.com/Gianluigi_Trovesi
• Gianni Coscia
  Gianni Coscia is an Italian jazz accordionist. Originally a lawyer, Coscia began focusing full time on jazz music. Expresses an interest in developing "the remote values of cultural and popular tradition through the language of jazz." Has toured widely on the international jazz circuit. Of interest: the liner notes to his first CD were written Umberto Eco and he collaborated with Luciano Berio in the writing of the music of a stage show against antisemitism. Since 2006 he has been a member of the Council of the Chigiana Music Academy in Siena.
  
  
  
  wn.com/Gianni_Coscia
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  Gisela May
  Gisela May (born May 31, 1924 in Wetzlar, Rhine Province) is a distinguished German character actress of theatre and a singer, critically acclaimed for performing the songs written by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill. She also appeared as a film and TV actress in a number of movies between 1951 and 1991.
  May studied at the drama school in Leipzig. She was employed for nine years at various theatres, including the State Theatre of Schwerin and the State Theatre in Halle. From 1951 she was engaged at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, Max Reinhardt's former workplace. She played a variety of roles from the classics to modern.
  In 1962, May moved to Bertolt Brecht's theatre group, the Berliner Ensemble, to which she belonged for 30 years. Here she played many roles including Madame Cabet in The Days of the Commune, Mrs Peachum in The Threepenny Opera and "Mrs Kopecka in Schweik in the Second World War. The theatrical highlight in Brecht's stage work was her personification of Mother Courage. This performance was for about 13 years until the end of 1992 central to the repertoire of the Berliner Ensemble. Since 1992, the artist has been freelance, often working at Berlin's Renaissance Theatre.
  
  wn.com/Gisela_May
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  Gustav Mahler
  Gustav Mahler (German pronunciation: [ˈɡʊstaf ˈmaːlɐ]; 7 July 1860 – 18 May 1911) was a late-Romantic Austrian composer and one of the leading conductors of his generation. He was born in the village of Kalischt, Bohemia, in what was then the Austrian Empire, now Kaliště in the Czech Republic. Then his family moved to nearby Iglau (now Jihlava) where Mahler grew up.
  As a composer, he acted as a bridge between the 19th century Austro-German tradition and the modernism of the early 20th century. While in his lifetime his status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 the music was discovered and championed by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.
  Born in humble circumstances, Mahler displayed his musical gifts at an early age. After graduating from the Vienna Conservatory in 1878, he held a succession of conducting posts of rising importance in the opera houses of Europe, culminating in his appointment in 1897 as director of the Vienna Court Opera (Hofoper). During his ten years in Vienna, Mahler—who had converted to Catholicism from Judaism to secure the post—experienced regular opposition and hostility from the anti-Semitic press. Nevertheless, his innovative productions and insistence on the highest performance standards ensured his reputation as one of the greatest of opera conductors, particularly as an interpreter of the stage works of Wagner and Mozart. Late in his life he was briefly director of New York's Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic.
  
  wn.com/Gustav_Mahler
• Hal Willner
  Hal Willner (born 1957, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American music producer working in recording, films, TV and live events. He is best known for assembling tribute albums and events featuring a wide variety of artists and musical styles (jazz, classical, rock, Tin Pan Alley). His first tribute album was Amarcord Nino Rota in 1981.
  In the late 1970s he worked under record producer Joel Dorn, credited as Associate Producer on Leon Redbone's albums Double Time and Champagne Charlie, and The Neville Brothers' Fiyo on the Bayou. Willner was music supervisor of Saturday Night Live from 1981–1990, occasionally returning in subsequent years. He was also a producer of the TV program Sunday Night hosted by David Sanborn.
  Willner has produced albums for Marianne Faithfull, Lou Reed, Bill Frisell, William S. Burroughs, Gavin Friday, Lucinda Williams, Laurie Anderson and Allen Ginsberg, among others. He produced a live tribute concert to Tim Buckley, that ultimately launched the career of Tim's son Jeff. He has released one album under his own name: Whoops, I'm an Indian, which featured audio samples from 78 rpm records from the early-mid 20th century.
  
  wn.com/Hal_Willner
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  Hanns Eisler
  Hanns Eisler (6 July 1898 – 6 September 1962) was an Austrian/German composer.
  Eisler was born in Leipzig, the son of Marie (née Fischer) and Rudolf Eisler, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig. His father was Jewish and his mother was Lutheran. In 1901, the family moved to Vienna.
  His brother was the journalist and Communist Gerhart Eisler, who was believed to be a major Comintern agent. His sister was Ruth Fischer (Elfriede Eisler), a leader of the German Communist Party (KPD) during the 1920s, author of several books, and from 2010, confirmed to have been a CIA spy.^{[dead link]}
  During World War I Hanns Eisler served as a front-line soldier in the Austro-Hungarian army and was wounded several times in combat. Returning to Vienna after Austria's defeat, he studied from 1919 to 1923 under Arnold Schoenberg. Eisler was the first of Schoenberg's disciples to compose in the twelve-tone or serial technique. He married Charlotte Demant in 1920; they separated in 1934.
  In 1925 Eisler moved to Berlin—then a hothouse of experimentation in music, theater, film, art and politics. There he became a member of the Communist Party of Germany and became involved with the November Group. In 1928, he taught at the Marxist Worker's School in Berlin and his son Georg Eisler, who would grow up to become an important painter, was born.
  
  wn.com/Hanns_Eisler
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  Hans Knappertsbusch
  Hans Knappertsbusch (12 March 1888 – 25 October 1965) was a German conductor, best known for his performances of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Richard Strauss.
  Knappertsbusch was born in Elberfeld, today's Wuppertal. He studied philosophy at Bonn University and conducting at the Cologne Conservatory with Fritz Steinbach. For a few summers, he assisted Siegfried Wagner and Hans Richter at Bayreuth. He began his career with conducting jobs in Elberfeld (1913-1918), Leipzig (1918-1919) and Dessau (1919-1922). When Bruno Walter left Munich for New York, Knappertsbusch succeeded him as General Music Director of the Bavarian State Orchestra and the Bavarian State Opera, with a lifelong contract. Knappertsbusch later refused to join the Nazi party.
  He incurred the wrath of Goebbels by asking a German diplomat in the Netherlands whether he was a "Muss-Nazi" (someone who was forced to join the Nazi Party for career reasons): as a result his Munich contract was revoked. Hitler himself was involved in the decision to dismiss him. In 1936 Sir Thomas Beecham invited him to Covent Garden to conduct but his permit to leave Germany was withheld. In the late 1930s he went to Vienna to conduct at the Wiener Staatsoper, thus ignoring the Nazis' policy of not allowing German artists to work in Austria. At the same time he became one of the emerging artists of the Salzburg Festival. Knappertsbusch continued to appear in Vienna and Salzburg during the German occupation of Austria.
  
  wn.com/Hans_Knappertsbusch
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  Harry Morgan
  Harry Morgan (born Harry Bratsberg, often spelled Harry Bratsburg; April 10, 1915 – December 7, 2011) was an American actor. He was widely known for his roles as Pete Porter in both December Bride (1954–1959) and Pete and Gladys (1960–1962); Officer Bill Gannon on Dragnet (1967–1970); Amos Coogan on Hec Ramsey (1972–1974); and Colonel Sherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H (1975–1983) and AfterMASH (1983–1984). Additionally, Morgan appeared in more than 100 films.
  Morgan was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Hannah and Henry Bratsberg, who were of Swedish and Norwegian heritage. Morgan's Norwegian family surname was Bratsberg, as he spelled it in his interview with the Archive of American Television. However, many sources, including some family records, list the spelling as "Bratsburg." According to one source, when Morgan's father Henry registered at junior high school, "the registrar spelled it Bratsburg instead of Bratsberg. Bashful Henry did not demur."
  Morgan was raised in Muskegon, Michigan, and graduated from Muskegon High School in 1933, where he achieved distinction as a statewide debating champion. He originally aspired to a law degree, but began acting while a junior at the University of Chicago in 1935.
  
  wn.com/Harry_Morgan
• Henry Jolles
  Henry Jolles (November 28, 1902-July 16, 1965), born Heinz-Frederic Jolles, was a German pianist and composer. Uprooted from his native Germany by the rise of Nazism, he spent his last quarter-century in Brazil.
  Jolles was born in Berlin to Dr. Oscar Jolles and his wife, Gertrude, née Sternberg. She, at least, was Jewish. The family evidently was prosperous; Oscar, who had received a degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Jena University in 1886, was president and majority owner of the large printing and publishing company H. Berthold AG, and near the end of World War I the Kingdom of Württemberg would honor him with the Wilhelmkreuz, a recently-created civilian decoration for merit in the war effort, for his management of that company’s metals business. Henry Jolles at age six played for the celebrated virtuoso and composer Eugen d’Albert, who subsequently greatly influenced the boy’s musical development. After studying piano with Artur Schnabel and Edwin Fischer and composition with Paul Juon and, privately, with Kurt Weill, Jolles began to develop a successful performing career in the 1920s. His academic career also flourished, bringing appointment as professor at the Cologne Music Academy in 1928, at which point he moved from Berlin-Charlottenburg to Cologne.
  
  wn.com/Henry_Jolles
• Howard Da Silva
  Howard Da Silva (May 4, 1909 – February 16, 1986) was an American actor.
  He was born Howard Silverblatt in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Bertha (née Sen) and Benjamin Silverblatt, a dress cutter. His parents were both Yiddish speaking Jews born in Russia. He had a job as a steelworker before beginning his acting career on the stage. He changed his surname to the Portuguese Da Silva, despite not having any relationship with Portugal or Brazil (the name is sometimes misspelled Howard De Silva).
  Da Silva appeared in a number of Broadway musicals, including the role of "Larry Foreman" in the legendary first production of Marc Blitzstein's musical, The Cradle Will Rock (1937). Later, he costarred in the original 1943 stage production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, playing the role of the psychopathic "Jud Fry". He was the easygoing Ben who opposed Tammany Hall in the Pulitzer winning musical Fiorello!. In 1969, he originated the role of Benjamin Franklin in the musical 1776 and played him in the 1972 film version as well. During the show's run on Broadway, he suffered a minor heart attack, and was unable to appear on the cast recording. While Da Silva recuperated, his understudy, Rex Everhart, took over the role.
  
  wn.com/Howard_Da_Silva
• Howard Dietz
  Howard Dietz (September 8, 1896 – July 30, 1983) was an American publicist, lyricist, and librettist.
  Dietz was born in New York City and studied journalism at Columbia University. He also served as publicist/director of advertising for Goldwyn Pictures and later MGM and is often credited with creating Leo the Lion, its lion mascot, and choosing their slogan Ars Gratia Artis. In 1942, he was made MGM's Vice President in Charge of Publicity. He held that position until his retirement in 1957.
  He began a long association with composer Arthur Schwartz when they teamed up for the Broadway revue The Little Show in 1929. They would continue to work on and off over the next 30 or so years. Dietz served in the US Navy in World War I and became editor of their magazine, Navy Life. During World War II, he assisted the U.S. Treasury Department with the publicity and promotion of War Bonds and created stage shows for the Coast Guard with composer Vernon Duke. He appears as a recurring character in the mystery novels of John Dandola which involve a sleuthing MGM publicity girl.
  
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  Igor Stravinsky
  Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky (sometimes spelled Strawinsky or Stravinskii; Russian: Игорь Фёдорович Стравинский, transliterated: Igorʹ Fëdorovič Stravinskij; Russian pronunciation: [ˌiɡərʲ ˌfʲjodɐrɐvʲɪtɕ strɐˈvʲinskʲɪj]; 17 June [O.S. 5 June] 1882 – 6 April 1971) was a Russian, and later French and American composer, pianist and conductor. He is acknowledged by many as one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century.
  Stravinsky's compositional career was notable for its stylistic diversity. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Sergei Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911) and The Rite of Spring (1913). The Rite of Spring, which provoked a riot during its premiere, transformed the way in which subsequent composers thought about rhythmic structure and was largely responsible for Stravinsky's enduring reputation as a musical revolutionary who pushed the boundaries of musical design. His so-called Russian phase was followed in the 1920s by a period in which he turned to neoclassical music. The works from this period tended to make use of traditional musical forms (concerto grosso, fugue and symphony). They frequently concealed a vein of intense emotion beneath a surface appearance of detachment or austerity and often paid tribute to the music of earlier masters, for example J.S. Bach and Tchaikovsky. In the 1950s, Stravinsky adopted serial procedures. His compositions of this period shared traits with examples of his earlier output: rhythmic energy, the construction of extended melodic ideas out of a few two- or three-note cells and clarity of form, of instrumentation and of utterance.
  
  wn.com/Igor_Stravinsky
• Ira Gershwin
  Ira Gershwin (December 6, 1896 – August 17, 1983) was an American lyricist who collaborated with his younger brother, composer George Gershwin, to create some of the most memorable songs of the 20th century.
  With George he wrote more than a dozen Broadway shows, featuring songs such as "I Got Rhythm", "Embraceable You", "The Man I Love" and "Someone to Watch Over Me". He was also responsible, along with DuBose Heyward, for the libretto to George's opera Porgy and Bess.
  The success the brothers had with their collaborative works has often overshadowed the creative role that Ira played. However, his mastery of songwriting continued after the early death of George. He wrote additional hit songs with composers Jerome Kern ("Long Ago (and Far Away)"), Kurt Weill and Harold Arlen.
  His critically acclaimed book Lyrics on Several Occasions of 1959, an amalgam of autobiography and annotated anthology, is an important source for studying the art of the lyricist in the golden age of American popular song.
  
  wn.com/Ira_Gershwin
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  Irving Berlin
  Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989) was an American composer and lyricist of Jewish heritage, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. He published his first song, "Marie from Sunny Italy", in 1907 and had his first major international hit, "Alexander's Ragtime Band" in 1911.
  "Alexander's Ragtime Band" sparked an international dance craze in places as far away as Berlin's native Russia, which also "flung itself into the ragtime beat with an abandon bordering on mania." Over the years he was known for writing music and lyrics in the American vernacular: uncomplicated, simple and direct, with his aim being to "reach the heart of the average American" whom he saw as the "real soul of the country."
  He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which made him "a legend" before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including "Easter Parade", "White Christmas", "Happy Holiday", "This is the Army, Mr. Jones", and "There's No Business Like Show Business". His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, with Ronald Reagan, had Kate Smith singing Berlin's "God Bless America" which was first performed in 1938. Smith still performed the song on her 1960 CBS television series, The Kate Smith Show. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it #1 on the charts.
  
  wn.com/Irving_Berlin
• Irwin Shaw
  Irwin Shaw (February 27, 1913 – May 16, 1984) was a prolific American playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and short-story author whose written works have sold more than 14 million copies. He is best known for his novel, The Young Lions (1948) about the fate of three soldiers during World War II that was made into a film starring Marlon Brando. Though Shaw's work received widespread critical acclaim, the success of his commercial fiction ultimately diminished his literary reputation.
  Shaw was born Irwin Gilbert Shamforoff in the South Bronx, New York City, to Russian-Jewish immigrants. His parents were Rose and Will. His younger brother, David Shaw (died 2007), became a noted Hollywood producer. Shortly after Irwin's birth, the Shamforoffs moved to Brooklyn. Irwin changed his surname upon entering college. He spent most of his youth in Brooklyn, where he graduated from Brooklyn College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934. Shaw died in Davos, Switzerland on May 16, 1984, aged 71, after undergoing treatment for prostate cancer.
  
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  Jacques Loussier
  Jacques Loussier (born 26 October 1934, Angers) is a French pianist and composer. He is well known for his jazz interpretations in trio formation of many of Johann Sebastian Bach's works, such as the Goldberg Variations.
  Loussier's gift manifested itself at an early age. He started piano lessons aged ten, in Angers, and after three months encountered his first J.S.Bach - the little G-minor Prelude. It was a piece he fell in love with, he has said, and he played it 'tens, hundreds of times', sometimes adding a note, missing another, and so changing a bit the spirit of the music. He developed quickly and at 13, was taken to Paris to meet one of France's leading piansts, Yves Nat. Every three months he went to Paris playing the music Nat wanted him to play, given advice, and then another programme for three months later to come back to play. He began composing music while studying at the Conservatoire National de Musique, having moved then to Paris, under Professor Yves Nat, from the age of sixteen.
  
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  Jean Cocteau
  Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ kɔkto]; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, novelist, dramatist, designer, playwright, artist and filmmaker. Cocteau is best known for his novel Les Enfants terribles (1929), and the films Blood of a Poet (1930), Les Parents terribles (1948), Beauty and the Beast (1946), and Orpheus (1949). His circle of associates, friends and lovers included Kenneth Anger, Pablo Picasso, Jean Hugo, Jean Marais, Henri Bernstein, Marlene Dietrich, Coco Chanel, Erik Satie, María Félix, Édith Piaf and Raymond Radiguet.
  Cocteau was born in Maisons-Laffitte, Yvelines, a village near Paris, to Georges Cocteau and his wife, Eugénie Lecomte; a socially prominent Parisian family. His father was a lawyer and amateur painter who committed suicide when Cocteau was nine. He left home at fifteen. He published his first volume of poems, Aladdin's Lamp, at nineteen. Cocteau soon became known in Bohemian artistic circles as The Frivolous Prince, the title of a volume he published at twenty-two. Edith Wharton described him as a man "to whom every great line of poetry was a sunrise, every sunset the foundation of the Heavenly City..."
  
  wn.com/Jean_Cocteau
• Jerry Bock
  Jerrold Lewis "Jerry" Bock (November 23, 1928 – November 3, 2010) was an American musical theater composer. He received the Tony Award for Best Musical and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama with Sheldon Harnick for their 1959 musical Fiorello! and the Tony Award for Best Composer and Lyricist for the 1964 musical Fiddler on the Roof with Harnick.
  Born in New Haven, Connecticut and raised in Flushing, Queens, New York, Bock studied the piano as a child. He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he wrote the musical Big As Life, which toured the state and enjoyed a run in Chicago. After graduation he spent three summers at the Tamiment Playhouse in the Poconos and wrote for early television revues with lyricist Larry Holofcener.
  He made his Broadway debut in 1955 when he and Lawrence Holofcener contributed songs to Catch a Star. The following year the duo collaborated on the musical Mr. Wonderful, designed for Sammy Davis, Jr., after which they worked on Ziegfeld Follies of 1956, which closed out-of-town.
  
  wn.com/Jerry_Bock
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  Jerry Herman
  Jerry Herman (born July 10, 1931) is an American composer and lyricist, known for his work in Broadway musical theater. He composed the scores for the hit Broadway musicals Hello, Dolly!, Mame, and La Cage aux Folles. He has been nominated for the Tony Award five times, and won twice, for Hello, Dolly! and La Cage aux Folles. In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He is a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors.
  
  wn.com/Jerry_Herman
• Joe Darion
  Joe Darion, (30 January 1917 - 6 June 2001) was an American musical theatre lyricist, most famous for Man of La Mancha.
  Darion was born in New York City and died in Lebanon, New Hampshire.
  
  
  
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  John Eliot Gardiner
  Sir John Eliot Gardiner CBE FKC (born 20 April 1943, Fontmell Magna, Dorset, England) is an English conductor. He founded the Monteverdi Choir (1964), the English Baroque Soloists (1975) and the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique (1989). Gardiner has recorded over 250 albums with these and other musical ensembles, most of which have been published by Deutsche Grammophon and Philips Classics. Gardiner is most famous for his interpretations of Baroque music on period instruments with the Monteverdi Choir and the English Baroque Soloists, but his repertoire and discography are not limited to early music. With the Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique Gardiner has performed a wide range of Classical and Romantic music, including many works of Hector Berlioz and all of Beethoven's symphonies. A recording of the third symphony of the latter was used in a dramatisation by the BBC of Beethoven's writing of that symphony. Gardiner has served as chief conductor of the North German Radio Symphony Orchestra and has appeared as guest conductor with such major orchestras as the Berlin Philharmonic, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra, Philharmonia, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, and Vienna Philharmonic.
  
  wn.com/John_Eliot_Gardiner
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  John Garfield
  John Garfield (March 4, 1913 – May 21, 1952) was an American actor adept at playing brooding, rebellious, working-class character roles. He grew up in poverty in Depression-era New York City and in the early 1930s became an important member of the Group Theater. In 1937 he moved to Hollywood, eventually becoming one of Warner Bros.' major stars. Called to testify before the U.S. Congressional House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC), he denied Communist affiliation and refused to "name names", effectively ending his film career. Some have claimed that the stress of this incident led to his premature death at 39 from a heart attack. Garfield is acknowledged as a predecessor of such Method actors as Montgomery Clift, Marlon Brando, and James Dean.
  Jacob Garfinkle was born in a small apartment on Rivington Street in Manhattan's Lower East Side, to David and Hannah Garfinkle, Russian Jewish immigrants. In early infancy a middle name—Julius—was added, and for the rest of his life those who knew him well called him Julie. His father, a clothes presser and part time cantor, struggled to make a living and to provide even marginal comfort for his small family. When Garfield was five, his brother Max was born and their mother never fully recovered from what was described as a "difficult" pregnancy. She died two years later and the young boys were sent to live with various relatives, all poor, scattered across the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens and the Bronx. Several of these relatives lived in tenements in a section of East Brooklyn called Brownsville and there Garfield lived in one house and slept in another. At school he was judged a poor reader and speller, deficits that were aggravated by irregular attendance. He would later say of his time on the streets there, that he learned "all the meanness, all the toughness it's possible for kids to acquire."
  
  wn.com/John_Garfield
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  John Gay
  John Gay (30 June 1685 – 4 December 1732) was an English poet and dramatist and member of the Scriblerus Club. He is best remembered for The Beggar's Opera (1728), a ballad opera. The characters, including Captain Macheath and Polly Peachum, became household names.
  Gay was born in Barnstaple, England and was educated at the town's grammar school. On leaving school he was apprenticed to a silk mercer in London, but being weary, according to Samuel Johnson, "of either the restraint or the servility of his occupation", he soon returned to Barnstaple, where he was educated by his uncle, the Rev. John Hanmer, the Nonconformist minister of the town. He then returned to London.
  The dedication of his Rural Sports (1713) to Alexander Pope was the beginning of a lasting friendship. In 1714, Gay wrote The Shepherd's Week, a series of six pastorals drawn from English rustic life. Pope had urged him to undertake this task in order to ridicule the Arcadian pastorals of Ambrose Philips, who had been praised by a short-lived contemporary publication The Guardian, to the neglect of Pope's claims as the first pastoral writer of the age and the true English Theocritus. Gay's pastorals achieved this goal and his ludicrous pictures of the English country lads and their loves were found to be entertaining on their own account.
  
  wn.com/John_Gay
• John Kander
  John Harold Kander (born March 18, 1927) is the American composer of a number of musicals as part of the songwriting team of Kander and Ebb.
  Kander was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the son of Bernice (née Aaron) and Harold S. Kander. Kander attended The Pembroke Country-Day School and Oberlin College before earning a Master's degree at Columbia University where he was a protégé of Douglas Moore and studied composition with Jack Beeson.
  Kander began his Broadway career as substitute rehearsal pianist for West Side Story. The stage manager for West Side Story then asked Kander to play the auditions for her next show, Gypsy. During the auditions, Kander met the choreographer, Jerome Robbins, who suggested that Kander compose the dance music for the show in 1959. After that experience, he wrote dance arrangements for Irma la Douce in 1960.
  His first produced musical was A Family Affair, written with James and William Goldman. He met lyricist Fred Ebb in 1962 and began a songwriting collaboration that would last for more than four decades. Later that year rising star Barbra Streisand recorded two of the duo's songs, "My Coloring Book" and "I Don't Care Much." In 1965, Kander and Ebb landed their first show on Broadway, Flora the Red Menace, produced by Hal Prince, directed by George Abbott, and with book by George Abbott and Robert Russell,^{[disambiguation needed ]} in which Liza Minnelli made her initial Broadway appearance. Kander and Ebb have since been associated with writing material for both Liza Minnelli and Chita Rivera, and have produced special material for their appearances live and on television.
  
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  John Zorn
  John Zorn (born September 2, 1953 in New York City) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. Zorn is a prolific artist: he has hundreds of album credits as performer, composer, or producer. He has had experience with a variety of genres including jazz, rock, hardcore punk, classical, extreme metal, klezmer, film, cartoon, popular, and improvised music. Zorn brings these styles to his work, which he refers to with the label avant-garde/experimental.
  Zorn has stated: "All the various styles are organically connected to one another. I'm an additive person - the entire storehouse of my knowledge informs everything I do. People are so obsessed with the surface that they can't see the connections, but they are there."
  Zorn has led the punk jazz band Naked City and the klezmer-influenced quartet Masada, composed Masada Songbooks (written concert music for classical ensembles), and has produced music for film and documentary.
  Zorn established himself within the New York City downtown music movement in the mid 1970s and has since composed and performed with a wide range of musicians working in diverse musical areas. By the early 1990s Zorn was working extensively in Japan, attracted by that culture's openness about borrowing and remixing ingredients from elsewhere, before returning to New York as a permanent base in the mid-1990s. Zorn has undertaken many tours of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, often performing at festivals with varying ensembles to display his diverse output.
  
  wn.com/John_Zorn
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  Judy Collins
  Judith Marjorie "Judy" Collins (born May 1, 1939) is an American singer and songwriter, known for her eclectic tastes in the material she records (which has included folk, show tunes, pop, rock and roll and standards); and for her social activism. She is an alumna of the University of Colorado.
  Collins was born and raised in Seattle, Washington. As a child, Collins studied classical piano with Antonia Brico, making her public debut at age 13, performing Mozart's Concerto for Two Pianos. Dr. Brico took a dim view, both then and later, of Collins's developing interest in folk music, which led her to the difficult decision to discontinue her piano lessons. Years later, when Collins had become internationally known through her music, she invited Dr. Brico to one of her concerts in Denver. When they met after the performance, Brico took both of Judy's hands in hers, looked wistfully at her fingers and said, "Little Judy—you really could have gone places." Still later, Collins discovered that Brico herself had made a living when she was younger playing jazz and ragtime piano (Singing Lessons, pp. 71–72). She also had the fortune of meeting many musicians through her blind father, a Seattle radio program host.
  
  wn.com/Judy_Collins
• Jule Styne
  Jule Styne (December 31, 1905 – September 20, 1994) was a British-born American songwriter especially famous for a series of Broadway musicals, which included several very well known and frequently revived shows.
  Styne was born in London, England as Julius Kerwin Stein of Jewish immigrants from Ukraine. At the age of eight he moved with his family to Chicago, where at an early age he began taking piano lessons. He proved to be a prodigy and performed with the Chicago, St. Louis, and Detroit Symphonies before he was ten years old.
  Styne attended Chicago Musical College, but before then he had already attracted attention of another teenager, Mike Todd, later a successful film producer, who commissioned him to write a song for a musical act that he was creating. It would be the first of over 1,500 published songs Styne would compose in his career.
  Styne established his own dance band, which brought him to the notice of Hollywood, where he was championed by Frank Sinatra and where he began a collaboration with lyricist Sammy Cahn, with whom he wrote many songs for the movies, including "It's Been a Long, Long Time" (#1 for 3 weeks for Harry James and His Orchestra in 1945), "Five Minutes More," and the Oscar-winning "Three Coins in the Fountain". He collaborated on the score for the 1955 musical film My Sister Eileen with Leo Robin. Ten of his songs were nominated for the Oscar, many written with Cahn, including "I've Heard That Song Before" (#1 for 13 weeks for Harry James and His Orchestra in 1943), "I'll Walk Alone", "It's Magic" (a #2 hit for Doris Day in 1948) and "I Fall in Love Too Easily".
  
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  Julia Ward Howe
  Julia Ward Howe (May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was a prominent American abolitionist, social activist, and poet, most famous as the author of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic".
  Born Julia Ward in New York City, she was the fourth child of banker Samuel Ward and occasional poet Julia Rush Cutler. Among her siblings was Samuel Cutler Ward. Her father was a well-to-do banker. Her mother, granddaughter of William Greene (August 16, 1731 – November 30, 1809), Governor of Rhode Island and his wife Catharine Ray, died when Julia was five after having borne seven children by the age of 27.
  In 1843, she married Samuel Gridley Howe (1801 – 1876), a physician and reformer who founded the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts. They announced their engagement quite suddenly on February 21; though Howe had courted Julia for a time, he had more recently shown an interest in her sister Louisa.
  Her book, Passion-Flowers, was published in December 1853. The book collected intensely personal poems and was written without the awareness of her husband, who was then editing the Free Soil newspaper The Commonwealth.
  
  wn.com/Julia_Ward_Howe
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  Kazik Staszewski
  Kazik Staszewski (born 12 March 1963) is a Polish lead singer, songwriter, and leader of the band Kult.
  Kazik founded Kult in 1982. Their latest album, Hurra, was released in September 2009.
  In 1991, he launched a solo career as Kazik with what may be the first Polish rap album "Spalam się" ("I'm burning" or "I'm getting stoned"). Kazik's latest album is Los się musi odmienić ("Fate Must Change"), released in 2005.
  Kazik is an immensely popular and somewhat controversial artist thanks to his famous criticism of politics — Poland's politics in particular. His songs often comment on daily life, whether that life be of a typical man, a Pole, or the artist. Hits such as "Polska" ("Poland"), "Hej, czy nie wiecie" ("Hey, don't you know"), "Wódka" ("Vodka"), etc. deal with life in Poland, its government and issues. Another notable song, titled "100 milionów" (or "100 million") was a critical take on Lech Wałęsa's election promises, and was publicly commented on by Lech Wałęsa himself. Song "Komandor Tarkin" is a critic of taxation and privileges of authorities and expression of libertarian views. What is distinctive of Kazik's lyrics is that they typically contain a lot of references to pop culture, high culture, current events; as well as self-references (inside jokes, such as quotes or allusions to his earlier works), often cryptically conveyed and sometimes seemingly random.
  
  wn.com/Kazik_Staszewski
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  Kurt Weill
  Kurt Julian Weill (March 2, 1900 – April 3, 1950) was a German-Jewish composer, active from the 1920s, and in his later years in the United States. He was a leading composer for the stage who was best known for his fruitful collaborations with Bertolt Brecht. With Brecht, he developed productions such as his most well known work The Threepenny Opera, a Marxist critique of capitalism, which included the ballad "Mack the Knife". Weill was a socialist^{[unreliable source?]} who held the ideal of writing music that served a socially useful purpose. He also wrote a number of works for the concert hall, as well as several Judaism-themed pieces.
  Kurt Julian Weill was born on March 2, 1900, the third of four children to Albert Weill (1867–1950) and Emma Weill née Ackermann (1872–1955). He grew up in a religious Jewish family in the "Sandvorstadt", the Jewish quarter in Dessau, Germany, where his father was a cantor. At the age of twelve, Kurt Weill started taking piano lessons and made his first attempts at writing music; his earliest preserved composition was written in 1913 and is titled Mi Addir. Jewish Wedding Song.
  
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  Langston Hughes
  James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "the negro was in vogue" which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue".
  Both of Hughes' paternal and maternal great-grandmothers were African-American, his maternal great-grandfather was white and of Scottish descent. A paternal great-grandfather was of European Jewish descent. Hughes's maternal grandmother Mary Patterson was of African-American, French, English and Native American descent. One of the first women to attend Oberlin College, she first married Lewis Sheridan Leary, also of mixed race. Lewis Sheridan Leary subsequently joined John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 and died from his wounds.
  In 1869 the widow Mary Patterson Leary married again, into the elite, politically active Langston family. Her second husband was Charles Henry Langston, of African American, Native American, and Euro-American ancestry. He and his younger brother John Mercer Langston worked for the abolitionist cause and helped lead the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society in 1858. Charles Langston later moved to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans. Charles and Mary's daughter Caroline was the mother of Langston Hughes.
  
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  Lion Feuchtwanger
  Lion Feuchtwanger (7 July 1884 – 21 December 1958) was a German-Jewish novelist and playwright. A prominent figure in the literary world of Weimar Germany, he influenced contemporaries including playwright Bertolt Brecht.
  Feuchtwanger's fierce criticism of the Nazi Party—years before it assumed power—ensured that he would be a target of government-sponsored persecution after Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Following a brief period of internment in France, and a harrowing escape from Continental Europe, he sought asylum in the United States, where he died in 1958.
  Feuchtwanger is often praised for his efforts to expose the brutality of the Nazis and occasionally criticized for his failure to acknowledge supposed brutality of the Soviets and the Communist Party under Joseph Stalin.
  Feuchtwanger's ancestors originated from the Middle Franconian city of Feuchtwangen which, following a pogrom in 1555, expelled all its resident Jews. Some of the expellees subsequently settled in Fürth where they were called the Feuchtwangers, meaning those from Feuchtwangen. Feuchtwanger's grandfather Elkan moved to Munich in the middle of 19th century. Lion Feuchtwanger was born in 1884 to Orthodox Jewish margarine manufacturer Sigmund Feuchtwanger and his wife Johanna née Bodenheim. He was the oldest in a family of nine siblings of which two, Martin and Ludwig became authors; Ludwig's son is the London-based historian Edgar Feuchtwanger.
  
  wn.com/Lion_Feuchtwanger
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  Lionel Bart
  Lionel Bart (1 August 1930 – 3 April 1999) was a writer and composer of British pop music and musicals, best known for creating the book, music and lyrics for Oliver!
  Bart was born Lionel Begleiter the youngest of seven surviving children in East London to Galician Jews, and grew up in Stepney. His father worked as a tailor in a garden shed in London E1. The family had escaped the deadly pogroms against Jews by Ukrainian cossacks in Galicia, which was then part of the Austrian Empire.
  Lionel changed his name to Bart, derived from when he passed by St. Barts' hospital on the top deck of a bus after he had completed his National Service with the Royal Air Force.
  As a young man he was an accomplished painter. At the age of six a teacher told his parents that he was a musical genius. His parents gave him an old violin, but he did not apply himself and the lessons stopped.
  At the age of 14 he obtained a Junior Art Scholarship to St Martin's School of Art. One Friday afternoon, he was suspended for "mischievousness" with another student, John Groom, for making a noise with the rest of the class, involving set squares and other paraphernalia. On the following Monday, he returned to School with a long explanation of his peripheral involvement in the disturbance and was re-instated. After St Martin's, he gave up his ambition to be a painter and took jobs in silk-screen printing works and commercial art studios. He never learned to read or write musical notation; this did not stop him from becoming a significant personality in the development of British rock and pop music.
  
  wn.com/Lionel_Bart
• London Sinfonietta
  The London Sinfonietta is an English chamber orchestra founded in 1968 and based in London. The ensemble specialises in contemporary music and works across a wide range of genres, performing modern classics alongside world premieres, and includes music by electronica artists as well as folk and jazz musicians. Through regular collaborations with choreographers, video artists and film-makers, the ensemble places new music at the heart of contemporary culture, reaching out to new audiences and embracing the technical challenges of pushing musical boundaries.
  Nicholas Snowman and David Atherton founded the orchestra in 1968. Atherton was its first Music Director, from 1968-1973. Michael Vyner served as the Artistic Director from 1972-1989. Paul Crossley took over and served from 1988-1994. Markus Stenz served as Music Director from 1994-1998. The composer Oliver Knussen was Music Director from 1998–2002 and is now the Sinfonietta's Conductor Laureate. The Artistic Director of the ensemble from 1998-2006 was Gillian Moore following 10 years as the ensemble's Education Officer.
  
  wn.com/London_Sinfonietta
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  Lotte Lenya
  Lotte Lenya (18 October 1898 – 27 November 1981) was an Austrian singer, diseuse, and actress. In the German-speaking and classical music world she is best remembered for her performances of the songs of her husband, Kurt Weill. In English-language film she is remembered for her Academy Award-nominated role in The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) and as the sadistic and vengeful Rosa Klebb in the James Bond movie From Russia with Love (1963).
  Lenya was born as Karoline Wilhelmine Charlotte Blamauer to working class parents in Vienna. She moved to study in Zürich in 1914, taking up her first job at the Schauspielhaus using the stage name Lotte Lenja. She moved to Berlin to seek work in 1921.
  In 1922 Lenya was seen by her future husband, the German composer Kurt Weill, during an audition for his first stage score Zaubernacht, but because of his position behind the piano, she did not see him. She was cast, but owing to her loyalty to her voice teacher who was not, she declined the role. She accepted the part of Jenny in the first performance of The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper) in 1928 and the part became her breakthrough role. During the last years of the Weimar Republic, she was busy in film and theatre, and especially in Brecht-Weill plays. She also made several recordings of Weill's songs.^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/Lotte_Lenya
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  Lou Reed
  Lewis Allan "Lou" Reed, born March 2, 1942, is an American rock musician, songwriter, and photographer. He is best known as guitarist, vocalist, and principal songwriter of The Velvet Underground, and for his solo career, which has spanned several decades. Though the Velvet Underground were a commercial failure in the late 1960s, the group has gained a considerable cult following in the years since its demise and has gone on to become one of the most widely cited and influential bands of the era. As the Velvet Underground's principal songwriter, Reed wrote about subjects of personal experience that rarely had been examined so openly in rock and roll, including sexuality and drug culture.
  After his departure from the group, Reed began a solo career in 1971. He had a hit the following year with "Walk on the Wild Side", although he subsequently lacked the mainstream commercial success its chart status seemed to indicate. Reed's work as a solo artist frustrated critics wishing for a return of the Velvet Underground. In 1975, Reed released a double album of feedback loops, Metal Machine Music, upon which he later commented, "No one is supposed to be able to do a thing like that and survive."
  
  wn.com/Lou_Reed
• 
  Louis Armstrong
  Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), nicknamed Satchmo or Pops, was an American jazz trumpeter and singer from New Orleans, Louisiana.
  Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an "inventive" cornet and trumpet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the music's focus from collective improvisation to solo performance. With his instantly recognizable deep and distinctive gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also greatly skilled at scat singing (vocalizing using sounds and syllables instead of actual lyrics).
  Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong's influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to "cross over," whose skin-color was secondary to his music in an America that was severely racially divided. It allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society that were highly restricted for a black man. While he rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, he was privately a strong supporter of the Civil Rights movement in America.^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/Louis_Armstrong
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  Marianne Faithfull
  Marianne Evelyn Faithfull (born 29 December 1946) is an English singer, songwriter and actress whose career has spanned five decades.
  Her early work in pop and rock music in the 1960s was overshadowed by her struggle with drug abuse in the 1970s. During the first two-thirds of that decade, she produced only two little-noticed studio albums. After a long commercial absence, she returned late in 1979 with the highly acclaimed album, Broken English. Faithfull's subsequent solo work, often critically acclaimed, has at times been overshadowed by her personal history.
  From 1966 to 1970, she had a highly publicised romantic relationship with Rolling Stones' lead singer, Mick Jagger. She co-wrote "Sister Morphine", which is featured on the Stones' Sticky Fingers album.
  Faithfull was born in Hampstead, London. Her father, Major Robert Glynn Faithfull, was a British military officer and professor of psychology. Her mother, Eva von Sacher-Masoch, Baroness Erisso, was originally from Vienna, with aristocratic roots in the Habsburg Dynasty and Jewish ancestry on her maternal side. Erisso was a ballerina for the Max Reinhardt Company during her early years, and danced in productions of works by the German theatrical duo Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill. Faithfull's maternal great great uncle was Leopold von Sacher-Masoch, the nineteenth-century Austrian nobleman whose erotic novel, Venus in Furs, spawned the word "masochism". In regard to her roots in nobility, Faithfull commented in March 2007 prior to beginning the European leg of her tour, "I'm even going to Budapest, which is nice because I'm half English and half Austro Hungarian. I've inherited the title Baroness Sacher-Masoch—it comes from one of my great uncles who gave his name to masochism."
  
  wn.com/Marianne_Faithfull
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  Mark Twain
  Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "the Great American Novel."
  Twain grew up in Hannibal, Missouri, which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer. He apprenticed with a printer. He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion's newspaper. After toiling as a printer in various cities, he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River, before heading west to join Orion. He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism. While a reporter, he wrote a humorous story, "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County", which became very popular and brought nationwide attention. His travelogues were also well-received. Twain had found his calling.
  He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker. His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
  
  wn.com/Mark_Twain
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  Marlene Dietrich
  Marlene Dietrich (German pronunciation: [maɐˈleːnə ˈdiːtʁɪç]; 27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German-American actress and singer.
  Dietrich remained popular throughout her long career by continually re-inventing herself, professionally and characteristically. In the Berlin of the 1920s, she acted on the stage and in silent films. Her performance as "Lola-Lola" in The Blue Angel, directed by Josef von Sternberg, brought her international fame and provided her a contract with Paramount Pictures in the US. Hollywood films such as Shanghai Express and Desire capitalised on her glamour and exotic looks, cementing her stardom and making her one of the highest-paid actresses of the era. Dietrich became a US citizen in 1939, and throughout World War II she was a high-profile frontline entertainer. Although she still made occasional films in the post-war years, Dietrich spent most of the 1950s to the 1970s touring the world as a successful show performer.
  In 1999, the American Film Institute named Dietrich the ninth-greatest female star of all time.
  
  wn.com/Marlene_Dietrich
• Maurice Abravanel
  Maurice Abravanel (January 6, 1903 – September 22, 1993) was a Swiss-American Jewish conductor of classical music. He is remembered as the conductor of the Utah Symphony Orchestra for over 30 years.
  Abravanel was born in the Greek Macedonian city of Salonika (now Thessaloniki, Greece), then within the Ottoman Empire. He came from an illustrious Sephardic Jewish family, which was expelled from Spain in 1492 (see Isaac Abrabanel). Abravanel's ancestors settled in Salonika in 1517, and his parents were both born there. In 1909, the Abravanel family moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, where the father, Edouard de Abravanel, was a successful pharmacist.
  For several years, the Abravanels lived in the same house as Ernest Ansermet, the conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande. The young Abravanel played four-hand piano arrangements with Ansermet, began to compose, and met composers such as Darius Milhaud and Igor Stravinsky. He was passionate about music and knew he wanted a career as a musician. He became the pianist for the municipal theatre and music critic for the city's daily newspaper.
  
  wn.com/Maurice_Abravanel
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  Max Dessoir
  Max Dessoir (8 February 1867 – 19 July 1947) was a German philosopher, psychologist and theorist of aesthetics.
  Dessoir was born in Berlin. He earned doctorates from the universities of Berlin (philosophy, 1889) and Würzburg (medicine, 1892). He was a professor at Berlin from 1897 until 1933, when the Nazis forbade him to teach.
  In 1889, in an article in the German periodical Sphinx, Dessoir coined the term 'parapsychology' (actually in its German equivalent, 'Parapsychologie'): "If one ... characterizes by para- something going beyond or besides the ordinary, than one could perhaps call the phenomena that step outside the usual process of the inner life parapsychical, and the science dealing with them parapsychology. The word is not nice, yet in my opinion it has the advantage to denote a hitherto unknown fringe area between the average and the pathological states; however, more than the limited value of practical usefulness such neologisms do not demand."
  Considered a Neo-Kantian philosopher Max Dessoir founded the Zeitschift für Ästhetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft, which he edited for many years, and published the work Ästhetik und allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft in which he formulated five primary aesthetic forms: the beautiful, the sublime, the tragic, the ugly, and the comic. He died in Königstein im Taunus.
  
  wn.com/Max_Dessoir
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  Max Raabe
  Max Raabe (born Matthias Otto, December 12, 1962, Lünen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German singer. He is particularly noted as the founder and leader of the Palast Orchester.
  Raabe developed an interest in the sound of German dance and film music of the 1920s and 1930s, such as the songs of the Comedian Harmonists, from seeing old films on television and from his parents' record collection. He formally studied music at the Berlin University of the Arts, intending originally to become a baritone opera singer. He and 11 other students formed the Palast Orchester in 1985. The ensemble initially used music arrangements that Raabe found whilst shopping at various flea markets. The orchestra worked for one year on learning these arrangements without any public engagements or performances. The orchestra gave its first public performance at the 1987 Berlin Theaterball, in the lobby as a secondary act, but with such success that the audience left the ballroom to hear the orchestra's performance in the lobby. Raabe and the Palast Orchester had a hit with his 1992 original, Schlager-styled song "Kein Schwein ruft mich an" ("No One Ever Calls, No One Has a Care for Me"; literal translation "No pig calls me"), a pop song in 1920s' style.
  
  wn.com/Max_Raabe
• Maxwell Anderson
  James Maxwell Anderson (15 December 1888 – 28 February 1959) was an American playwright, author, poet, journalist and lyricist.
  Anderson was born in Atlantic, Pennsylvania, the second of eight children to William Lincoln "Link" Anderson, a Baptist minister, and Charlotte Perrimela Stephenson, both of Scots and Irish descent. His family initially lived on his maternal grandmother Sheperd's farm in Atlantic, then moved to Andover, Ohio, where his father became a railroad fireman while studying to become a minister. They moved often, to follow their father's ministerial posts, and Maxwell was frequently sick, missing a great deal of school. He used his time sick in bed to read voraciously, and both his parents and Aunt Emma were storytellers, which contributed to Anderson's love of literature.
  During a visit to his grandmother's house in Atlantic, at age 11, he met the first love of his life, Hallie Loomis, a slightly older girl from a wealthier family. His autobiographical tale, Morning, Winter and Night told of rape, incest and sadomasochism on the farm. It was published under a pseudonym, John Nairne Michealson, to prevent offending family. The Andersons bounced between Andover, Ohio, Richmond Center, Ohio, Townville, Pa., Edinboro, Pa., McKeesport, Pa., New Brighton, Pa., Harrisburg, Pa., to Jamestown, North Dakota in 1907, where Anderson attended Jamestown High School, graduating in 1908.
  
  wn.com/Maxwell_Anderson
• Mitch Leigh
  Mitch Leigh (born January 30, 1928) is an American musical theatre composer and theatrical producer best known for the musical Man Of La Mancha.
  Leigh was born in Brooklyn, New York) as Irwin Michnick. He graduated from Yale in 1951 with a Bachelor of Music, and in 1952 received his Master of Music under Paul Hindemith.
  He began his career as a jazz musician and writing commercials for radio and television. In 1965 he teamed with lyricist Joe Darion and writer Dale Wasserman to write a musical based on Wasserman's 1959 television play, I, Don Quixote. The resulting show, the musical Man Of La Mancha opened on Broadway in 1965 and in its original engagement ran for 2,328 performances.
  Leigh's next show was Chu Chem. This show followed Man of La Mancha by exactly one year, but closed on the road. Produced by Leigh, it opened on Broadway in 1989 for 68 performances.
  Cry for Us All, based on the play, Hogan's Goat, opened on Broadway in 1970 but ran for 9 performances. Leigh was the producer as well as composer. His next musical was Home Sweet Homer, starring Yul Brynner, which opened on Broadway officially in January 1976 but closed after 1 performance. He produced as well as was the composer for Saravà which ran for 101 performances in 1979. Leigh both produced and directed the 1985 revival of The King and I starring Yul Brynner. Lee Adams asked Leigh to collaborate on a musical, entitled Mike, about producer Mike Todd, but it closed on its pre-Broadway tryout in 1988. After renaming it Ain't Broadway Grand!, the show made it to Broadway, but closed after 25 performances in 1993.
  
  wn.com/Mitch_Leigh
• Nell Carter
  Nell Carter (September 13, 1948 – January 23, 2003) was an American singer, and film, stage, and television actress. She won a Tony Award for her performance in the Broadway musical Ain't Misbehavin', as well as an Emmy Award for her reprisal of the role on television. She also received Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for her starring role in the long-running 1980s’ sitcom Gimme a Break!.
  Born Nell Ruth Hardy to Horace and Edna Mae Hardy in Birmingham, Alabama, Carter was one of nine children. She overcame adversity and personal hardships before finding success as an actress. Her father died in an accident with a power line. Carter was raped when she was 16, and she became pregnant from the attack, giving birth to a daughter, Tracey.
  She was in the 1971 rock opera Soon, which closed after three performances. She was the Music Director for the 1974 Westbeth Playwrights Feminist Collective's production of "What Time of Night It Is". Carter appeared alongside Bette Davis in the 1974 stage musical Miss Moffat, based on Davis' earlier film The Corn Is Green. The show closed before making it to Broadway. She broke into stardom in the musical Ain't Misbehavin, for which she won a Tony Award in 1978. She also won an Emmy for the same role in a televised performance in 1982. Additional Broadway credits included Dude and Annie.
  
  wn.com/Nell_Carter
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  Nick Cave
  Nicholas Edward "Nick" Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional film actor.
  He is best known for his work as a frontman of the critically acclaimed rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, established in 1983, a group known for its eclectic influences and musical styles. Before that, he had fronted the group The Birthday Party in the early 1980s, a band renowned for its highly gothic, challenging lyrics and violent sound influenced by free jazz, blues, and post-punk. In 2006, he formed the garage rock band Grinderman that released its debut the following year. Cave's music is generally characterised by emotional intensity, a wide variety of influences and lyrical obsessions with religion, death, love and violence.
  Upon Cave's induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame, ARIA Awards committee chairman Ed St John said, “Nick Cave has enjoyed—and continues to enjoy—one of the most extraordinary careers in the annals of popular music. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, beyond dispute."
  
  wn.com/Nick_Cave
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  Nikolaus Lenau
  Nikolaus Lenau was the nom de plume of Nikolaus Franz Niembsch Edler von Strehlenau (25 August 1802, Schadat, near Temesvár, Hungary – 22 August 1850, Oberdöbling, near Vienna), a German language Austrian poet.
  He was born at Schadat, now Lenauheim, Romania. His father, a Habsburg government official, died in 1807 in Budapest, leaving his children in the care of their mother, who remarried in 1811. In 1819 Nikolaus went to the University of Vienna; he subsequently studied Hungarian law at Pozsony (Bratislava) and then spent the next four years qualifying himself in medicine. Unable to settle down to any profession, he began writing verse. The disposition to sentimental melancholy inherited from his mother, stimulated by disappointments in love and by the prevailing fashion of the romantic school of poetry, descended into gloom after his mother's death in 1829.
  Soon afterwards, however, a legacy from his grandmother enabled him to devote himself wholly to poetry. His first published poems appeared in 1827, in Johann Gabriel Seidl's Aurora. In 1831 he moved to Stuttgart, where he published a volume of Gedichte (1832) dedicated to the Swabian poet, Gustav Schwab. He also made the acquaintance of Ludwig Uhland, Justinus Kerner, Karl Mayer and others. His restless spirit longed for change, and he determined to seek peace and freedom in America.
  
  wn.com/Nikolaus_Lenau
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  Nikos Skalkottas
  Nikos Skalkottas (Greek: Nίκος Σκαλκώτας) (21 March 1904 – 19 September 1949) was one of the most important Greek composers of 20th-century classical music. A member of the Second Viennese School, he drew his influences from both the classical repertoire and the Greek tradition.
  
  wn.com/Nikos_Skalkottas
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  Nina Simone
  Eunice Kathleen Waymon (February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003), better known by her stage name Nina Simone /ˈniːnə sɨˈmoʊn/, was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, arranger, and civil rights activist widely associated with jazz music. Simone aspired to become a classical pianist while working in a broad range of styles including classical, jazz, blues, folk, R&B, gospel, and pop.
  Born the sixth child of a preacher's family in North Carolina, Simone aspired to be a concert pianist as a child. Her musical path changed direction after she was denied a scholarship to the prestigious Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, despite a well-received audition. Simone was later told by someone working at Curtis that she was rejected because she was black. She then began playing in a small club in Philadelphia to fund her continuing musical education to become a classical pianist and was required to sing as well. She was approached for a recording by Bethlehem Records, and her rendition of "I Loves You Porgy" became a smash hit in the United States in 1958. Over the length of her career, Simone recorded more than 40 albums, mostly between 1958 — when she made her debut with Little Girl Blue — and 1974.
  
  wn.com/Nina_Simone
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  Oscar Hammerstein II
  Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein II ( /ˈhæmərstaɪn/; July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was an American librettist, theatrical producer, and (usually uncredited) theatre director of musicals for almost forty years. Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards and was twice awarded an Academy Award for "Best Original Song". Many of his songs are standard repertoire for singers and jazz musicians. He co-wrote 850 songs. Hammerstein was the lyricist and playwright in his partnerships; his collaborators wrote the music. Hammerstein collaborated with composers Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, Rudolf Friml and Sigmund Romberg, but his most famous collaboration was with Richard Rodgers.
  Hammerstein was born Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein in New York City, the son of Alice (née Nimmo) and William Hammerstein. His grandfather was German-born Jewish theater impresario Oscar Hammerstein I, and his mother was the daughter of Scottish and English parents. Hammerstein was raised an Episcopalian.^{[citation needed]}
  
  wn.com/Oscar_Hammerstein_II
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  Otto Klemperer
  Otto Klemperer (14 May 1885 – 6 July 1973) was a German conductor and composer. He is widely regarded as one of the leading conductors of the 20th century. His son, Werner Klemperer, became famous for his role as Colonel Klink on the CBS television sitcom, Hogan's Heroes.
  Otto Klemperer was born in Breslau, Silesia Province, then in Germany (now Wrocław, Poland), as a son of Nathan Klemperer, a native of Prague, Bohemia (today's Czech Republic). Klemperer studied music first at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, and later at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin under James Kwast and Hans Pfitzner. He followed Kwast to three institutions and credited him with the whole basis of his musical development. In 1905 he met Gustav Mahler while conducting the off-stage brass at a performance of Mahler's Symphony No. 2, 'Resurrection'. He also made a piano reduction of the second symphony. The two men became friends, and Klemperer became conductor at the German Opera in Prague in 1907 on Mahler's recommendation. Mahler wrote a short testimonial, recommending Klemperer, on a small card which Klemperer kept for the rest of his life. Later, in 1910, Klemperer assisted Mahler in the premiere of his Symphony No. 8, Symphony of a Thousand.
  
  wn.com/Otto_Klemperer
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  Paul Hindemith
  Paul Hindemith (16 November 1895 – 28 December 1963) was a German composer, violist, violinist, teacher, music theorist and conductor.
  Born in Hanau, near Frankfurt am Main, Hindemith was taught the violin as a child. He entered Frankfurt's Hoch’sche Konservatorium, where he studied violin with Adolf Rebner, as well as conducting and composition with Arnold Mendelssohn and Bernhard Sekles. At first he supported himself by playing in dance bands and musical-comedy groups. He became deputy leader of the Frankfurt Opera Orchestra in 1914, and was promoted to leader in 1917. He played second violin in the Rebner String Quartet from 1914. In 1921 he founded the Amar Quartet, playing viola, and extensively toured Europe.
  In 1922, some of his pieces were played in the International Society for Contemporary Music festival at Salzburg, which first brought him to the attention of an international audience. The following year, he began to work as an organizer of the Donaueschingen Festival, where he programmed works by several avant garde composers, including Anton Webern and Arnold Schoenberg. From 1927 he taught composition at the Berliner Hochschule für Musik in Berlin. Hindemith wrote the music for Hans Richter's 1928 avant-garde film Ghosts Before Breakfast (Vormittagsspuk), although the score was subsequently lost, and he also acted in the film.
  
  wn.com/Paul_Hindemith
• Philipp Jarnach
  Philipp Jarnach (26 July 1892, Noisy-le-Sec – 17 December 1982, Börnsen) was considered in the 1920s to be one of the most important composers of modern music.
  Jarnach was the son of a Spanish sculptor and a Flemish mother. Until 1914 he lived in Paris, where he studied piano under Édouard Risler and harmony under Albert Lavignac at the Conservatoire de Paris. During the First World War he was a student of Ferruccio Busoni in Zürich. He later completed the opera Doktor Faust which Busoni had left unfinished on his death in 1924.
  In the 1920s Jarnach worked in Berlin as a pianist, conductor and composer. In 1927 he became a teacher in composition at the Hochschule für Musik Köln. In 1949 he founded the Hamburger Musikhochschule (Hamburg Music Academy) which he directed until 1959 and at which he taught until 1970. Some of his students include Kurt Weill, Otto Luening, Wilhelm Maler, Bernd Alois Zimmermann, Jürg Baur, Eberhard Werdin and Nikos Skalkottas.
  Jarnach composed a Sinfonia brevis, a prelude for large orchestra, a quartet and a quintet for strings, further chamber music, especially for violin and piano, and vocal works.
  
  wn.com/Philipp_Jarnach
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  PJ Harvey
  Polly Jean Harvey (born 9 October 1969) is an English musician, singer-songwriter, composer and occasional artist. Primarily known as a vocalist and guitarist, she is also proficient with a wide range of instruments including piano, organ, bass, saxophone, harmonica, and most recently, the autoharp.
  Harvey began her career in 1988 when she joined local band Automatic Dlamini, whose vocalist and saxophone player, John Parish, would become her long-term collaborator. In 1991, she formed an eponymous trio and subsequently began her professional career. The trio released two studio albums, Dry (1992) and Rid of Me (1993) before disbanding, after which Harvey continued as a solo artist. Since 1995, she has released a further six studio albums with collaborations from various musicians including John Parish, former bandmate Rob Ellis, Mick Harvey, and Eric Drew Feldman and has also worked extensively with record producer Flood.
  Among the accolades she has received are the 2001 and 2011 Mercury Prize for Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea (2000) and Let England Shake (2011) respectively—the only artist to have been awarded the prize twice—eight BRIT Award nominations, six Grammy Award nominations and two further Mercury Prize nominations. Rolling Stone awarded her 1992's Best New Artist and Best Singer Songwriter and 1995's Artist of the Year, and listed Rid of Me and To Bring You My Love (1995) on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list. In 2011, she was awarded for Outstanding Contribution To Music at the NME Awards.
  
  wn.com/PJ_Harvey
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  Rainer Maria Rilke
  René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (German pronunciation: [ˈʁaɪnɐ maˈʁiːa ˈʁɪlkə]; 4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian-Austrian poet. He is considered one of the most significant poets in the German language. His haunting images focus on the difficulty of communion with the ineffable in an age of disbelief, solitude, and profound anxiety: themes that tend to position him as a transitional figure between the traditional and the modernist poets.
  He wrote in both verse and a highly lyrical prose. Among English-language readers, his best-known work is the Duino Elegies; his two most famous prose works are the Letters to a Young Poet and the semi-autobiographical Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge. He also wrote more than 400 poems in French, dedicated to his homeland of choice, the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
  
  wn.com/Rainer_Maria_Rilke
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  Richard Dehmel
  Richard Fedor Leopold Dehmel (18 November 1863 in Wendisch-Hermsdorf, Prussia – 8 February 1920 in Blankenese, Germany) was a German poet and writer.
  A forester's son, Richard Dehmel was born in Wendisch-Hermsdorf (now a part of Münchehofe) in the Brandenburg Province of the Prussian Kingdom.
  Expelled from a Berlin gymnasium after conflicting with his teachers, he finished his schooling in Danzig and studied the natural sciences, economics, literature, and philosophy at university, where he submitted a thesis in economics. Subsequently employed as a secretary at a fire insurance association, he remained in the same occupation until beginning to write full time after the publication of his second volume of poetry.
  In 1889, he married Paula Oppenheimer, sister of Franz Oppenheimer. He became active as a writer, and was co-founder of the PAN magazine in 1894.
  Dehmel divorced Paula in 1899 and traveled around Europe with Ida Auerbach (née Coblentz), who was formerly engaged to Dehmel's rival Stefan George. Dehmel married Ida in 1901, and settled in Hamburg in the same year.
  
  wn.com/Richard_Dehmel
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  Richard Rodgers
  Richard Charles Rodgers (June 28, 1902 – December 31, 1979) was an American composer of music for more than 900 songs and for 43 Broadway musicals. He also composed music for films and television. He is best known for his songwriting partnerships with the lyricists Lorenz Hart and Oscar Hammerstein II. His compositions have had a significant impact on popular music down to the present day, and have an enduring broad appeal.
  Rodgers was the first person to win what are considered the top show business awards in television, recording, movies and Broadway—an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar, and a Tony—now known collectively as an EGOT. He has also won a Pulitzer Prize, making him one of two people (Marvin Hamlisch is the other) to receive each award.
  Born into a prosperous ethnic German Jewish family in Arverne, Queens, New York City, Rodgers was the son of Mamie Levy and Dr. William Abrahams Rodgers, a prominent physician who had changed the family name from Abrahams. Richard began playing the piano at age six. He attended P.S. 10, Townsend Harris Hall and DeWitt Clinton High School. Rodgers spent his early teenage summers in Camp Wigwam (Waterford, Maine) where he composed some of his first songs.
  
  wn.com/Richard_Rodgers
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  Robert Desnos
  Robert Desnos (French pronunciation: [dɛsnos]; 4 July 1900 – 8 June 1945), was a French surrealist poet who played a key role in the Surrealist movement of his day.
  Robert Desnos was born in Paris on 4 July 1900, the son of a licensed dealer in game and poultry at the Halles market. Desnos attended commercial college, and started work as a clerk. After that he worked as a literary columnist for the newspaper Paris-Soir.
  The first poems by Desnos to appear in print were published in 1917 in La Tribune des Jeunes (Platform for Youth) and in 1919 in the avant-garde review, Le Trait d’union (HYPHEN), and also the same year in the Dadaist magazine Littérature. In 1922 he published his first book, a collection of surrealistic aphorisms, with the title Rrose Sélavy (based upon the name (pseudonym) of the popular French artist Marcel Duchamp).
  In 1919, he met the poet Benjamin Péret who introduced him to the Paris Dada group and André Breton, with whom he soon became friends. While working as a literary columnist for Paris-Soir, Desnos was an active member of the Surrealist group and developed a particular talent for "automatic writing". He, together with writers such as Louis Aragon and Paul Éluard, would form the literary vanguard of surrealism. André Breton included two photographs of Desnos sleeping in his surrealist novel Nadja. Although he was praised by Breton in his 1924 Manifeste du Surréalisme for being the movement's "prophet", Desnos disagreed with Surrealism's involvement in communist politics, which caused a rift between him and Breton. Desnos continued work as a columnist.
  
  wn.com/Robert_Desnos
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  Robert Frost
  Robert Lee Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963) was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. One of the most popular and critically respected American poets of his generation, Frost was honored frequently during his lifetime, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.
  Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, California, to journalist William Prescott Frost, Jr., and Isabelle Moodie. His mother was of Scottish descent, and his father descended from Nicholas Frost of Tiverton, Devon, England, who had sailed to New Hampshire in 1634 on the Wolfrana.^{[citation needed]}
  Frost's father was a teacher and later an editor of the San Francisco Evening Bulletin (which later merged with the San Francisco Examiner), and an unsuccessful candidate for city tax collector. After his death on May 5, 1885, the family moved across the country to Lawrence, Massachusetts, under the patronage of (Robert's grandfather) William Frost, Sr., who was an overseer at a New England mill. Frost graduated from Lawrence High School in 1892. Frost's mother joined the Swedenborgian church and had him baptized in it, but he left it as an adult.
  
  wn.com/Robert_Frost
• Roger Rees
  Roger Rees (born 5 May 1944) is a Welsh actor. He is best known to American audiences for playing the characters Robin Colcord on the American television sitcom show Cheers and Lord John Marbury on the American television drama The West Wing. He won a Tony Award for his performance as the lead in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby.
  Rees was born in Aberystwyth, Wales, the son of Doris Louise (née Smith), a shop clerk, and William John Rees, a police officer.
  Rees started his career with the Royal Shakespeare Company and attended the Slade School of Fine Arts. He played Malcolm in the acclaimed Trevor Nunn 1976 stage and 1978 television production of Macbeth. Rees created the title role in the original production of the play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, winning both an Olivier Award and a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play in 1982. He also starred in the original production of The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard in London in 1984.
  Rees began to work in television during the 1970s, appearing opposite Laurence Olivier in The Ebony Tower (1984). From 1988 to 1991 he starred in the late 80s/early 90s British sitcom Singles, with actress and co-star Judy Loe. From 1989 to 1991 and in 1993, he also appeared intermittently on the long-running American TV series Cheers as the English tycoon Robin Colcord. Later television appearances include My So-Called Life as substitute teacher Mr Racine, British Ambassador Lord John Marbury on The West Wing and James MacPherson on Warehouse 13.
  
  wn.com/Roger_Rees
• 
  Samuel Francis Smith
  Samuel Francis Smith (October 21, 1808 – November 16, 1895), Baptist minister, journalist and author, is best known for having written the lyrics to "My Country, 'Tis of Thee", which he entitled America.
  Samuel Francis Smith was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 21, 1808, and his earliest education was at the Eliot School. After graduating from Boston Latin School in 1825, Smith attended Harvard from 1825 to 1829, and was a classmate of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. He did translations from various foreign languages into English and wrote magazine and newspaper articles to raise funds for his tuition. He received many honors on his graduation in 1829, and at first went into journalism before deciding to become a minister, with an interest in church music. One melody in particular caught his attention. The German lyrics were a German patriotic hymn of some sort. Instead of translating it, Smith decided to write an American patriotic hymn, so he sat down and in thirty minutes had written My Country, 'Tis of Thee, to go along with the melody. He had never heard the tune before and had no idea of its derivation or associations with the British national anthem, God Save the Queen.
  
  wn.com/Samuel_Francis_Smith
• 
  Sarah Slean
  Sarah Hope Slean (born 21 June 1977) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, musician, poet, and occasional actress from Pickering, Ontario. She has released eleven albums to date (including EPs and live albums).
  Slean recorded her first EP Universe (1997) at the age of nineteen. It was followed by Blue Parade in 1998. Night Bugs was her first major label album, co-produced by Slean and Hawksley Workman, and released by WEA in Canada and Atlantic Records in the United States. It was heavily inspired by cabaret music.
  On 28 September 2004, Slean released her fourth album, Day One. Here Slean's piano takes a less important spot for the first time in her career. The focus is more on beats, rhythms and guitar, which is evident in the album's first single, "Lucky Me". The up-tempo title track "Day One", and "Mary", a song about Slean's grandmother, were released as the second and third singles.
  In October 2006, Slean released a mostly-live album, Orphan Music, which consists of songs recorded live at Toronto's Harbourfront Theatre and the Vancouver East Cultural Centre. Other new tracks featuring Slean and the piano were recorded at DNA Recording Facility in Toronto and Kensaltown Studios in the UK.
  
  wn.com/Sarah_Slean
• 
  Sheldon Harnick
  Sheldon Harnick (born April 30, 1924) is an American lyricist best known for his collaborations with composer Jerry Bock on hit musicals such as Fiddler on the Roof.
  Harnick began his career writing words and music to comic songs in musical revues. One of these, "The Merry Minuet", was popularized by the Kingston Trio. It is in the caustic style usually associated with Tom Lehrer and is sometimes incorrectly attributed to him.
  Harnick began writing music while still in Carl Schurz High School. After his Army service, he graduated from the Northwestern University School of Music (1946-1949) with a Bachelor of Music Degree, and worked with various orchestras in the Chicago area. He then moved to New York City and wrote for many musicals and revues.
  Around 1956, Harnick met Jerry Bock, forming "what is arguably the most important musical partnership of the '60s." Their first musical was The Body Beautiful, running for only 60 performances in 1958, but Fiorello! (1959) ran for 795 performances and won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Fiddler on the Roof (1964) "became one of the most cherished of all Broadway musicals."
  
  wn.com/Sheldon_Harnick
• Stefan Wolpe
  Stefan Wolpe (August 25, 1902 – April 4, 1972) was a German-born composer.
  Wolpe was born in Berlin. He attended the Klindworth-Scharwenka Conservatory from the age of fourteen, and the Berlin Hochschule für Musik in 1920-1921. He studied composition under Franz Schreker and was also a pupil of Ferruccio Busoni. He also studied at the Bauhaus and met some of the dadaists, setting Kurt Schwitters's poem Anna Blume to music.
  In 1928, Wolpe's first opera, Zeus und Elida, premiered in Berlin. This soon was followed by two more operas in 1929, Schöne Geschichten and Anna Blume. The music Wolpe was writing between 1929 and 1933 was atonal, using Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. However, possibly influenced by Paul Hindemith's concept of Gebrauchsmusik (music that serves a social function) and, as an avid socialist, he wrote a number of pieces for worker's unions and communist theatre groups. For these he made his style more accessible, incorporating elements of jazz and popular music. His songs became popular, rivaling those of Hanns Eisler.
  
  wn.com/Stefan_Wolpe
• Stephen Sondheim
  Stephen Joshua Sondheim ( /ˈsɒnd.haɪm/) (born March 22, 1930) is an American composer and lyricist known for his contributions to musical theatre. He is the winner of an Academy Award, eight Tony Awards (more than any other composer) including the Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre, multiple Grammy Awards, a Pulitzer Prize and the Laurence Olivier Award. Described by Frank Rich of the New York Times as "the greatest, and perhaps best-known artist working in musical theatre", his most famous works include (as composer/lyricist) A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, Company, Follies, A Little Night Music, Sweeney Todd, Sunday in the Park with George and Into the Woods. He also wrote the lyrics for West Side Story and Gypsy.
  Sondheim has also written material for movies, including the 1981 Warren Beatty film Reds, contributing the song "Goodbye For Now". He also wrote five songs for the 1990 movie Dick Tracy, including "Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man)", which won the Academy Award for Best Song.
  
  wn.com/Stephen_Sondheim
• Tammy Grimes
  Tammy Lee Grimes (born January 30, 1934) is an American actress and singer.
  Grimes was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the daughter of Eola Willard (née Niles), a naturalist and spiritualist, and Nicholas Luther Grimes, an innkeeper, country-club manager, and farmer. She attended high school at the then-all girls school, Beaver Country Day School, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. She attended Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, and then studied acting at New York City's prestigious Neighborhood Playhouse.
  Grimes made her debut on the New York stage at the Neighborhood Playhouse in May 1955 in Jonah and the Whale. She made her Broadway stage debut as an understudy for Kim Stanley in the starring role in Bus Stop in June 1955. In 1956, she appeared in the off-Broadway production, The Littlest Revue, and in 1959 had the lead role in the Broadway production of Noël Coward's play Look After Lulu!, after she was discovered in a nightclub by the playwright.
  She starred in the 1960 musical comedy The Unsinkable Molly Brown for which she won a Tony Award (Best Featured Actress in a Musical) for what The New York Times called her "buoyant" performance as a rough-hewn Colorado social climber. She portrayed the title character, a Western mining millionairess who survived the sinking of the Titanic. In 1964, she appeared in the episode "The He-She Chemistry" of Craig Stevens's CBS drama Mr. Broadway. She made two separate appearances on the early '60s TV series Route 66.
  
  wn.com/Tammy_Grimes
• 
  Teresa Stratas
  Teresa Stratas, OC (born May 26, 1938, Toronto, Ontario), is a retired Canadian operatic soprano of Greek descent. She is especially well known for her award-winning recording of Alban Berg's Lulu.
  Stratas was born Anastasia Stratakis to a struggling immigrant Cretan family in Toronto, Ontario. At age 13, she performed Greek pop songs on the radio. She graduated from The Royal Conservatory of Music in Toronto. At age 20, Stratas made her professional opera debut as Mimì in La bohème at the Toronto Opera Festival. One year later in 1959, she co-won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, appearing later that year with the Metropolitan Opera as Poussette in Manon. She created the title role in Peggy Glanville-Hicks' Nausicaa at the Herod Atticus Theatre in Athens in 1961, made her Covent Garden debut as Mimì that same year and in 1962, she made her La Scala debut as Isabella in Manuel de Falla's L'Atlántida. She continued her career with the Metropolitan Opera, moved into leading roles and performed with leading opera houses around the world, including the Bolshoi, Vienna State, Berlin, Bavarian State (Munich), Paris and San Francisco Operas as well as the Salzburg Festival.
  
  wn.com/Teresa_Stratas
• The Young Gods
  The Young Gods (TYG) are a Swiss post-industrial band. The band's lineup has generally consisted of a vocalist, a sampler operator and a drummer. Their instrumentation often includes sampled electric guitars, drums, keyboards, and other samples. The lyrics are depicted in English, French and German.
  Their name is taken from an early EP by the no wave/noise rock band Swans. Artists influenced by The Young Gods include Mike Patton, Sepultura, The Edge (as stated in U2 by U2), Devin Townsend, Econoline Crush and David Bowie; asked in 1995 if his album Outside was influenced by Nine Inch Nails, Bowie answered: "The band that I was actually quite taken with was three guys from Switzerland call The Young Gods... I’d been aware of them previous to knowing about Nine Inch Nails."
  Roli Mosimann of Swans has worked with the group as a producer. In 2007 they did a Take-Away Show acoustic video session. Notable hits are: "Did You Miss Me?", "Envoyé!", "Longue Route", "Skinflowers", and "Kissing the Sun".
  
  wn.com/The_Young_Gods
• 
  Todd Rundgren
  Todd Harry Rundgren (born June 22, 1948) is an American multi-instrumentalist, songwriter and record producer. Hailed in the early stage of his career as a new pop-wunderkind, supported by the certified gold solo double LP Something/Anything? in 1972, Todd Rundgren's career has produced a diverse range of recordings as solo artist, and during the seventies and eighties with the band Utopia. He has also been prolific as a producer and engineer on the recorded work of other musicians.
  During the 1970s and 1980s, Rundgren engineered and/or produced many notable albums for other acts, including Straight Up by Badfinger, Stage Fright by The Band, We're an American Band by Grand Funk Railroad, Bat Out of Hell by Meat Loaf, and Skylarking by XTC. In the 1980s and 1990s his interest in video and computers led to Rundgren's "Time Heals" being the eighth video played on MTV, and "Change Myself" was animated by Rundgren on commercially available Amiga Computers.
  His best-known songs include "Hello It's Me" and "I Saw the Light" which have heavy rotation on classic rock radio stations, and "Bang the Drum All Day" featured in many sports arenas, commercials, and movie trailers. Although lesser known, "Couldn't I Just Tell You" has had a major influence on artists in the power pop musical genre.
  
  wn.com/Todd_Rundgren
• 
  Tom Waits
  Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car." With this trademark growl, his incorporation of pre-rock music styles such as blues, jazz, and vaudeville, and experimental tendencies verging on industrial music, Waits has built up a distinctive musical persona. He has worked as a composer for movies and musical plays and has acted in supporting roles in films including Paradise Alley and Bram Stoker's Dracula; he also starred in the 1986 film Down by Law. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his soundtrack work on One from the Heart.
  Lyrically, Waits' songs frequently present atmospheric portrayals of grotesque, often seedy characters and places—although he has also shown a penchant for more conventional ballads. He has a cult following and has influenced subsequent songwriters despite having little radio or music video support. His songs are best-known through cover versions by more commercial artists: "Jersey Girl", performed by Bruce Springsteen, "Ol' '55", performed by the Eagles, and "Downtown Train", performed by Rod Stewart. Although Waits' albums have met with mixed commercial success in his native United States, they have occasionally achieved gold album sales status in other countries. He has been nominated for a number of major music awards and has won Grammy Awards for two albums, Bone Machine and Mule Variations. In 2011, Waits was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
  
  wn.com/Tom_Waits
• 
  Ute Lemper
  Ute Lemper (born 4 July 1963) is a German chanteuse and actress renowned for her interpretation of the work of Kurt Weill.
  Born in Münster, Germany, Ute Gertrude Lemper was raised in a Roman Catholic family. She joined the punk music group known as the Panama Drive Band at the age of 16. Later, she graduated from the Dance Academy in Cologne and the Max Reinhardt Seminary Drama School in Vienna.
  Her diverse credits include musicals, such as her breakthrough role in the original Viennese cast of Cats, the title role in Peter Pan, a recreation of the Marlene Dietrich-created Lola in The Blue Angel, the original European Sally Bowles in a Paris production of Cabaret, and Velma Kelly in Chicago (Lemper has played the role of Velma Kelly in Chicago in both London and New York. She won the Laurence Olivier Award for her performance in London). She also dubbed the singing voice of Ariel in Disney's The Little Mermaid for German-speaking audiences. The movie has since been redubbed for a second run in theaters in 1998, and was never released on DVD in its original German dub.
  
  wn.com/Ute_Lemper
• 
  Walt Whitman
  Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. His work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.
  Born on Long Island, Whitman worked as a journalist, a teacher, a government clerk, and – in addition to publishing his poetry – was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War. Early in his career, he also produced a temperance novel, Franklin Evans (1842). Whitman's major work, Leaves of Grass, was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person with an American epic. He continued expanding and revising it until his death in 1892. After a stroke towards the end of his life, he moved to Camden, New Jersey, where his health further declined. He died at age 72 and his funeral became a public spectacle.
  
  wn.com/Walt_Whitman
• Walter Mehring
  Walter Mehring (29 April 1896 – 3 October 1981) was a German author and one of the most prominent satirical authors in the Weimar Republic. He was banned during the Third Reich, and fled the country.
  Walter Mehring was the son of the translator and writer Sigmar Mehring. His literary career began with the Sturm and Berliner Dada movements. Beginning in the 1920s he published lyric poetry and satirical prose in various magazines and newspapers, for example the famous Weltbühne or the Tage-Buch. He fought against militarism and antisemitism and considered himself an anarchist. He also wrote songs for some of the best cabarets in Berlin: Max Reinhardt's Schall und Rauch, Rosa Valetti’s Café Größenwahn and for Trude Hesterberg's Wilde Bühne. Artists like George Grosz became close friends. From 1921 to 1928 he lived and worked in Paris. He was persecuted by the Nazis, particularly by Joseph Goebbels, and consequently fled the country. On 10 May 1933 his books were burnt during the Nazi book burnings.
  
  wn.com/Walter_Mehring
• Wikipedia Persondata
  wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata
• 
  Will Geer
  Will Geer (born William Aughe Ghere; March 9, 1902 – April 22, 1978) was an American actor and social activist. He is known for his portrayal of Grandpa Zebulon Tyler Walton in the 1970s TV series, The Waltons.
  Geer was born in Frankfort, Indiana, the son of Katherine (née Aughe), a teacher, and A. Roy Ghere, a postal worker. He was deeply influenced by his grandfather, who taught him the botanical names of the plants in his native state. Geer started out to become a botanist, studying the subject and obtaining a master's degree at the University of Chicago. While at Chicago he also became a member of Lambda Chi Alpha Fraternity.
  He began his acting career touring in tent shows and on river boats. He worked on several left-oriented documentaries, including narrating Sheldon Dick's Men and Dust, about silicosis among miners.
  Geer was also the lover of gay activist Harry Hay. In 1934, Hay met Geer at the Tony Pastor Theatre, where Geer worked as an actor. They became lovers, and Hay credited Geer as his political mentor. Hay and Geer participated in a milk strike in Los Angeles, where Hay was first exposed to radical gay activism in the person of "Clarabelle," a drag queen who held court in the Bunker Hill neighborhood, who hid Hay from police. Later that year, Hay and Geer performed in support of the San Francisco General Strike.
  
  wn.com/Will_Geer
• Yvan Goll
  Yvan Goll, born Isaac Lange (Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, 29 March 1891 - Neuilly-sur-Seine, 27 February 1950), was a French-German poet who was perfectly bilingual and wrote in both French and German. He had close ties to both to German expressionism and to French surrealism.
  Born in the Vosges, his father was a cloth merchant from a Jewish family from Rappoltsweiler in Alsace. After his father's death when he was six years old, his mother joined relatives in Metz, then a major town of Lorraine in the 1871 German Empire (after 1918 the area was claimed by France). In this predominantly Lorraine/French-speaking western part of Alsace-Lorraine, high school education inevitably involved German. Later he went to Strasbourg and studied at the university there, as well as in Freiburg and Munich, where he and graduated in 1912. At the outbreak of World War I he escaped to Switzerland to avoid conscription, and became friends with the dadaists of Zurich's Cabaret Voltaire, in particular Hans Arp. He wrote many war poems, the most famous being "Requiem for the Dead of Europe," as well as several plays, including The Immortal One (1918).
  
  wn.com/Yvan_Goll

• Act I: Ain't It Awful, the Heat
• Act I: I Got a Marble and a Star
• Act I: Gossip Trio: Get a Load of That
• Act I: When a Woman Has a Baby
• Act I: Scene: Somehow I Never Could Believe
• Act I: Ice Cream Sextet
• Act I: Let Things Be Like They Always Was
• Act I: Lonely House
• Act I: What Good Would the Moon Be?
• Act I: Remember That I Care
• Act II, Scene 1: Entr'acte: There'll Be Trouble
• Act II, Scene 1: A Boy Like You
• Act II, Scene 1: We'll Go Away Together
• Act II, Scene 1: The Woman Who Lived Up There
• Act II, Scene 2: Interlude: Lullaby
• Act II, Scene 2: I Loved Her Too
• Act II, Scene 2: Don't Forget the Lilac Bush; Ain't It Awful, the Heat

• Act I: I'm on My Way
• Act I: Rumson
• Act I: What's Goin' On Here?
• Act I: I Talk to the Trees
• Act I: They Call the Wind Maria
• Act I: I Still See Elisa
• Act I: How Can I Wait?
• Act I: In Between
• Act I: Whoop-Ti-Ay!
• Act I: Carino Mio
• Act I: There's a Coach Comin' In
• Act II: Hand Me Down That Can o' Beans
• Act II: Another Autumn
• Act II: All for Him
• Act II: Wand'rin' Star
• Wand'rin' Star
• I Talk to the Trees
• Green-Up Time
• Love Song
• Economics
• Here I'll Stay
• Progress
• Susan's Dream
• Mr. Right

• Prologue
• Bilbao Song
• Lieutenants of the Lord
• March Ahead
• Time in a Shot Glass
• The Sailor's Tango
• Act 2 entr'acte
• The Sailor's Tango (reprise)
• Brother Give Yourself a Shove
• Song of the Bigshot
• Don't Be Afraid
• In Our Childhood's Bright Endeavor
• The Liquor Dealor's Dream
• Mandelay Song
• Goddamn It
• Surabaya Johnny
• The Heist
• Ballad of the Lily of Hell
• Song of the Bigshot (reprise)
• In Our Childhood's Bright Endeavor (reprise)
• Epilogue
• Bows

• Vom Tod im Wald, Op. 23
• Konzert für Violine und Blasorchester, Op. 12: I. Andante con moto
• Konzert für Violine und Blasorchester, Op. 12: IIa. Notturno
• Konzert für Violine und Blasorchester, Op. 12: IIb. Cadenze
• Konzert für Violine und Blasorchester, Op. 12: IIc. Serenata
• Konzert für Violine und Blasorchester, Op. 12: III. Allegro molto, un poco agitato
• Das Berliner Requiem: Großer Dankchoral. Sostenuto
• Das Berliner Requiem: Ballade vom entrunkenen Mädchen. Lento
• Das Berliner Requiem: Marterl. Andante moderato
• Das Berliner Requiem: Erster Bericht über den Unbekannten Soldaten unter dem Triumphbogen. Moderato assai
• Das Berliner Requiem: Zweiter Bericht über den Unbekannten Soldaten unter dem Triumphbogen. Rezitativ
• Das Berliner Requiem: Großer Dankchoral. Da Capo

• Die sieben Todsünden: Prolog
• Die sieben Todsünden: Faulheit
• Die sieben Todsünden: Stolz
• Die sieben Todsünden: Zorn
• Die sieben Todsünden: Völlerei
• Die sieben Todsünden: Unzucht
• Die sieben Todsünden: Habsucht
• Die sieben Todsünden: Neid
• Die sieben Todsünden: Epilog
• Complainte de la Seine
• Youkali
• Nannas Lied
• Wie lange noch
• Es regnet
• Berlin im Licht-Song

• Symphony No. 2: I. Sostenuto - Allegro molto
• Symphony No. 2: II. Largo
• Symphony No. 2: III. Allegro vivace
• Symphony No. 1
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: Andante misterioso 'My Ship'
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: 'Girl of the Moment'
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: Bolero 'This Is New'
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: Allegro alla marcia
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: 'Dance of the Tumblers'
• Lady in the Dark - Symphonic Nocturne: 'The Saga of Jenny'

• Introduction
• Over in France
• Democracy Advancing
• Up Chickamuga Hill / The Battle of San Juan Hill
• Johnny's Melody
• Aggie's Song
• Oh Heart of Love
• Farewell Goodbye
• The West-Pointer Song
• The Sergeant's Chant
• Captain Valentine's Song
• Army Interlude
• Farewell, Goodbye (Interlude)
• Song of the Goddess
• Song of the Wounded Frenchmen
• The Tea Song
• Oh the Rio Grande / Cowboy Song
• Johnny's Dream
• Song of the Guns
• Music of the Stricken Redeemer
• Mon Ami, My Friend
• The Allied High Command
• The Laughing Generals
• The Battle
• In Times of War and Tumults
• In No Man's Land
• Johnny's Homecoming
• The Psychiatry Song
• Asylum Chorus
• A Hymn to Peace
• Asylum Chorus (instrumental)
• Johnny's Song

• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Ah, ah"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Wir haben die Erde überrannt"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Wir müssen aber Orangeade trinken!"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: [Ballett]
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Ich will Dejaniren essen"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Ihr kennt die Frauen nicht"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Teile die Orange des Himmels in vier"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Ich brauche dich"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: [Film]
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Kamelien meine Augenlider"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Ich schenke dir die ewige Natur"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Arme Werber! Traurige Liebhaber!"
• Royal Palace, Op. 17: "Dejanira, Janirade" (Tanz der Wasserfrau)
• Der neue Orpheus, Op. 16

• Knickerbocker Holiday: September Song (Walter Huston)
• Knickerbocker Holiday: September Song (Frank Sinatra)
• Knickerbocker Holiday: The scars (Walter Houston)
• Ulysses Africanus: Lost in the stars (Walter Huston)
• Ulysses Africanus: Lover man (Lotte Lenya)
• One touch of Venus: I'm a stranger here myself (One Touch of Venus Orchestra feat. conductor: Maurice Abravanel)
• One touch of Venus: Westwind (One Touch of Venus Orchestra feat. conductor: Maurice Abravanel)
• One touch of Venus: Foolish heart (One Touch of Venus Orchestra feat. conductor: Maurice Abravanel)
• One touch of Venus: Speak now (One Touch of Venus Orchestra feat. conductor: Maurice Abravanel)
• One touch of Venus: That's him (One Touch of Venus Orchestra feat. conductor: Maurice Abravanel)
• Lady in the Dark: One Life to Live (Danny Kaye)
• Lady in the Dark: The Princess of Pure Delight (Danny Kaye)
• Lady in the Dark: Tchaikovsky (and other Russians) (Danny Kaye)
• Lady in the Dark: The Saga of Jenny (Danny Kaye)
• Lady in the Dark: My Ship (Danny Kaye)
• Lady in the Dark: One Life to Live (Gertrude Lawrence)
• Lady in the Dark: The Saga of Jenny (Hildegarde)
• Lady in the Dark: The Saga of Jenny (Gertrude Lawrence)
• Lady in the Dark: My Ship (Gertrude Lawrence)
• Mine eyes have seen the glory: Battle hymn of the republic (Helen Hayes)
• Mine eyes have seen the glory: The star spangled banner (Helen Hayes)
• Mine eyes have seen the glory: America: Pledge to the flag (Helen Hayes)
• Mine eyes have seen the glory: Beat! Beat! Drums! (Helen Hayes)

• Moritat
• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Liebeslied
• Kanonensong
• Seeräuber Jenny
• Finale
• Barbarasong
• Eifersuchtsduett
• Abschied
• 2. Finale
• Zuhälterballade
• Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Moritat / Schlußchoral
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny
• Der Bilbao Song
• Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Ballade von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens

• Scene 6: Abraham and Isaac
• Scene 7: Jacob and the Angel
• Scene 8: Jacob and Rachel
• Scene 16: The Death of Jacob
• Scene 17: In Egypt / Miriam and Moses
• Scene 20: Moses Receives the Commandments / Dance Around the Golden
• Scene 21: The Beam, Moses
• Scene 22: Moses Addresses the People
• Scene 23: Moses Gives the Commandments / The Death of Moses
• Scene 24: Naomi and Ruth
• Scene 24: Ruth and Boaz
• Scene 32: Isaiah and Jeremiah
• Scene 33: The Streets of Jerusalem
• Scene 34: Jeremiah
• Scenes 35 & 36: Chananiah the False Prophet / The Mob Attacks / Jeremiah
• Scene 40: Transformation / Finale

• Overture und Moritat von MacKie Messer
• Seeräuberjenny
• Kanonensong
• Liebeslied
• Barbara Song
• Erstes Dreigroschen-Finale
• Abschied
• Zuhälterballade
• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Eifersuchtsduett
• Zweites Dreigroschen-Finale
• Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit des menschlichen Strebens
• Moritat und Schlusschoral
• Wie Man sich bettet (MAHAGONNY)
• Alabama Song (MAHAGONNY)
• Das Nachtgespenst (BERLIN 1930)
• Peter (BERLIN 1930)
• Guck doch nicht immer nach dem Tangogeiger hin (BERLIN 1930)
• Jonny (BERLIN 1930)
• Vom Seeman Kuttel Daddeldu (BERLIN 1930)
• Chant des Canons (L'OPERA DE QUAT'SOUS)
• Chant D'Amour (L'OPERA DE QUAT'SOUS)
• Tangoballade (L'OPERA DE QUAT'SOUS)
• Ballade De La Vie Agreable (L'OPERA DE QUAT'SOUS)

• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 1 "Gesucht werden Leokadja Begbick"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 1 "Sie soll sein wie ein Netz"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 2 "Rasch wuchs" / "Oh, show us the way"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 3 "Die Nachricht"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 4 "In den nächsten Tagen"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 5 "Damals kam unter anderen"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 5 "Heraus, ihr Schönen von Mahagonny"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 5 "Ach, bedenken sie"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 6 "Ich habe gelernt"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 7 "Alle großen Unternehmungen"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 7 "Auch ich bin einmal"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 8 "Alle wahrhaft Suchenden"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 8 "Aber etwas fehlt"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 9 Klaviersolo / "Das ist die ewige Kunst"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 9 "Sieben Jahre"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 10 "Ein Taifun!"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 11 "In dieser Nacht des Entsetzens"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 11 "Nein, jetzt sage ich"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt I. Nr. 11 "So tuet nur, was euch beliebt"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt II. Nr. 12 "Hurrikan bewegt"
• Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny: Akt II. Nr. 12 "O wunderbare Lösung!"

• Ouvertüre
• Mein Saal wäre euch zur Verfügung
• Henry, meine zärtliche Taube
• Deine Nachsicht erschlägt mich
• Jetzt schiesst schon neues Feuer in mich
• Seid Ihr - uns gefolgt?
• Ihr seht ihn vor euch
• Deckt mir den Tisch
• Die erste Pantomime
• Ei, ei...
• Ich habe meine Prügel, ihr Eure küsse
• Mit Auftrag des Herzogs an Euch bin ich mein zweites Mal hier
• Die zweite Pantomime
• Über mir das Glück
• Ein Artzt
• Geht! Und sagt dem Herzog, Eurem Herrn

• The Hills of Ixopo
• Thousands of Miles
• The Train to Johannesburg / Reprise: Thousands of Miles / The Search
• The Little Gray House
• Who'll Buy / Trouble Man
• Murder in Parkwold / Fear
• Lost in the Stars
• O Tixo, Tixo, Help Me
• Stay Well
• Cry, the Beloved Country
• Big Mole / Chapel Scene
• Bird of Passage / Reprise: Thousands of Miles

• Vorspiel
• Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Morgenchoral des Peachum
• Der Anstatt-Dass-Song
• Bill Lawgen und Mary Syer
• Die Seeräuber-Jenny
• Der Kanonensong
• Siehst du den Mond über Soho
• Einst glaubte ich, als ich noch unschuldig war
• Die Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit
• Erstes Dreigroschenfinale: Über die Unsicherheit menschlicher Verhältnisse
• Hübsch als es währte / Die Liebe dauert oder dauert nicht
• Die Zuhälterballade
• Die Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Eifersuchtsduett
• Zweites Dreigroschenfinale: Erst kommt das Fressen, dann kommt die Moral
• Die Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit, 2. Teil
• Das Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Salomo-Song
• Ballade, in der Macheath jedermann Abbitte leistet
• Drittes Dreigroschenfinale: Verfolgt das Unrecht nicht zu sehr
• Die Moritat von Mackie Messer (Schluss)

• Die sieben Todsünden: Prolog: "Meine Schwester und ich stammen aus Louisiana"
• Die sieben Todsünden: I. Faulheit: "Hoffentlich nimmt sich unsre Anna auch zusammen"
• Die sieben Todsünden: II. Stolz: "Als wir aber ausgestattet waren"
• Die sieben Todsünden: III. Zorn: "Das geht nicht vorwärts"
• Die sieben Todsünden: IV: Völlerei "Da ist ein Brief aus Philadelphia"
• Die sieben Todsünden: V. Unzucht: "Und wir fanden einen Mann in Boston"
• Die sieben Todsünden: VI. Habsucht: "Wie hier in der Zeitung steht, ist Anna"
• Die sieben Todsünden: VII. Neid: "Und die letzte Stadt der Reise war San Francisco"
• Die sieben Todsünden: Epilog: "Darauf kehrten wir zurück nach Louisiana"
• Lady in the Dark: My Ship
• Lady in the Dark: One Life to Live
• Buddy on the Nightshift
• Nannas Lied
• Happy End: Bilbao-Song
• Happy End: Surabaya-Johnny
• Happy End: Das Lied von der harten Nuss
• Je ne t'aime pas
• Schickelgruber
• Der Abschiedsbrief
• One Touch of Venus: Foolish Heart
• One Touch of Venus: Speak Low
• One Touch of Venus: I'm a Stranger Here Myself

• Die Dreigroschenoper: Ouvertüre
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Morgenchoral des Peachum
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Anstatt-daß-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Moritat als Motiv
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Hochzeitslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Seeräuberjenny
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Kanonensong
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Liebeslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Kanonensong für Orchester
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Barbarasong
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Erstes Dreigroschenfinale
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Melodram
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Die Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Liebeslied für Orchester
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Zuhälterballade
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Zuhälterballade für Orchester
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Ballade vom angenehmen Leben

• Glamour Dream: Oh, Fabulous One
• Glamour Dream: Huxley
• Glamour Dream: One Life to Live
• Glamour Dream: Girl of the Moment
• Wedding Dream: Liza, Liza
• Wedding Dream: Mapleton High Chorale
• Wedding Dream: This Is New
• Wedding Dream: The Princess of Pure Delight
• Wedding Dream: The Woman at the Altar
• Wedding Dream: Overture
• Circus Dream: The Greatest Show on Earth
• Circus Dream: Dance of the Tumblers
• Circus Dream: The Best Years of His Life
• Circus Dream: Tschaikovsky
• Circus Dream: The Saga of Jenny
• Childhood Dream: My Ship
• Childhood Dream: Exit Music

• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Prolog
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Faulheit
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Stolz
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Zorn
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Völlerei
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Unzucht
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Habsucht
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Neid
• Die sieben Todsünden (1933) - Epilog
• Symphony No.2 (1934): (1) Sostenuto - Allegro molto
• Symphony No.2 (1934): (2) Largo
• Symphony No.2 (1934): (3) Allegro vivace - Alla marcia

• Ouvertüre
• Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Morgenchoral
• Anstatt-daß-Song
• Hochzeitslied
• Seeräuber-Jenny
• Kanonen-Song
• Liebeslied
• Barbara-Song
• Erstes Dreigroschenfinale
• Melodram
• Pollys Lied
• [dialogue] "Also, wenn Ihr Mackie Messer …"
• Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit
• Zuhälterballade
• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Eifersuchts-Duett
• Arie der Lucy
• Zweites Dreigroschenfinale
• Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Salomon-Song
• Ruf aus der Gruft
• Grabschrift
• Drittes Dreigroschenfinale

• Mack the Knife
• Barbara's Song
• Pirate Jenny
• Surabaya Johnny
• I Wait for My Ship
• My Ship
• How Can You Tell an American
• Progress
• I'm a Stranger Here Myself
• Mon Ami My Friend
• September Song
• Brack's Song
• Lonely House
• It Never Was You
• What Good Would the Moon Be?
• Johnny's Song

• Introduction: A History of New York
• Clickety Clack
• The Entrance of the Council
• It Never Was You
• One Touch of Alchemy
• September Song
• Act One Finale: All Hail the Political Honeymoon
• Prologue to Scene Two: There's Nowhere to Go but Up
• To War!
• The Scars
• September Song (reprise)
• Finale Ultimo: That's How You Tell an American

• Act 1: The Hills of Ixopo
• Act 1: Thousands of Miles
• Act 1: Train to Johannesburg
• Act 1: Little Tin God
• Act 1: The Search
• Act 1: Intro: Little Gray House
• Act 1: Little Gray House
• Act 1: Who'll Buy
• Act 1: Trouble Man
• Act 1: Murder in Parkwold
• Act 1: Fear
• Act 1: "Lost in the Stars"
• Act 2: Entr'Acte
• Act 2: The Wild Justice
• Act 2: Soliliquy: O Tixo: Tixo: Help Me!
• Act 2: Stay Well
• Act 2: The Wild Justice (reprise)
• Act 2: Cry: The Beloved Country
• Act 2: Big Mole
• Act 2: A Bird of Passage
• Act 2: Four O'Clock
• Act 2: Finale

• Die sieben Todsünden: Prolog
• Die sieben Todsünden: I. Faulheit
• Die sieben Todsünden: II. Stolz
• Die sieben Todsünden: III. Zorn
• Die sieben Todsünden: IV. Völlerei
• Die sieben Todsünden: V. Unzucht
• Die sieben Todsünden: VI. Habsucht
• Die sieben Todsünden: VII. Neid
• Die sieben Todsünden: Epilog
• Mahagonny Songspiel, I. Teil (Prolog) Nr. 1: Auf nach Mahagonny
• Mahagonny Songspiel, I. Teil (Prolog) Nr. 2: Alabama Song
• Mahagonny Songspiel, II. Teil (Das Leben in Mahagonny) Nr. 3a: Vivace / Nr. 3: Wer in Mahagonny blieb
• Mahagonny Songspiel, II. Teil (Das Leben in Mahagonny) Nr. 4a: Vivace assai / Nr. 4: Benares Song
• Mahagonny Songspiel, II. Teil (Das Leben in Mahagonny) Nr. 5a: Sostenuto: Choral / Nr. 5: Gott in Mahagonny
• Mahagonny Songspiel, III. Teil (Revolution in Mahagonny) Nr. 6: Largo / Aber dieses ganze Mahagonny

• Epitaph (The Berlin Requiem)
• Fennimore's Song (Silverlake)
• Barbara Song (The Threepenny Opera)
• Is It Him or Is It Me? (Love Life)
• Berlin im Licht
• Alabama Song (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny)
• My Ship (Lady in the Dark)
• Song of the Big Shot (Happy End)
• J'attends un navire (Marie Galante)
• Je ne t'aime pas
• Remember That I Care (Street Scene)

• Street Scene: Act I. No. 1a Introduction
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 1b "Ain't it awful, the heat?"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 2 Blues "I got a marble and a star"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 3a "Come in, come in"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 3b "Get a load of that"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 4 "When a woman has a baby"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 5a Scene
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 5b "Somehow I could never believe"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 6a Scene
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 6b Quartet
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 7 Ice-cream Sextet
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 8 "Let things be like they always was"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 9a "Hail to the school"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 9b "Wrapped in a ribbon"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 10 "Lonely house"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 11 "Wouldn't you like to be on Broadway?"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 12 "What good would the moon be?"
• Street Scene: Act I. No. 13 "Moon-faced, starry-eyed"

• Alabama-Song
• Tango Angèle
• Die Muschel von Margate
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Bilbao-Song
• Matrosensong
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Der Song von Mandelay
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Alabama-Song
• Denn wie man sich bettet
• Querschnitt aus der Oper "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny" (medley)
• Das Lied vom Schlaraffenland
• Der Bäcker backt ums Morgenrot
• Lost in the Stars
• Lover Man
• J'attends un navire
• Complainte de la Seine
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Denn wie man sich bettet
• Und was bekam des Soldaten Weib?
• Wie lange noch?

• Die Dreigroschenoper: Overture (Lewis Ruth Band)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Moritat (Mack, the Knife) (feat. Kurt Gerron)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Ballad of the Agreeable Life (feat. Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Love Duet (feat. Erika Helmke, Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Cannon Song (feat. Kurt Gerron, Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Pirate Jenny (feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Act I Finale (feat. Lotte Lenya, Erika Helmke, Erich Ponto)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Barbara Song (feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Jealousy Song (feat. Lotte Lenya, Erika Helmke)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Farewell (feat. Erika Helmke, Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Act II Finale (feat. Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Procurer's Ballad (feat. Lotte Lenya, Willy Trenk-Trebitsch)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Inadequacy of Life (feat. Erich Ponto)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Moritat, Reprise (feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Final Chorus (Lewis Ruth Band feat. conductor: Theo Mackeben)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Moritat von Mackie Messer (Theo Mackeben's Jazz Band, feat. Berthold Brecht)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Song of the Inadequacy of Life (Theo Mackeben's Jazz Band, feat. Berthold Brecht)
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik: Moritat (Mack, the Knife) (Berlin State Opera Orchestra feat. conductor: Otto Klemperer)
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik: Ballade (Berlin State Opera Orchestra feat. conductor: Otto Klemperer)
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik: Tango-Ballade (Berlin State Opera Orchestra feat. conductor: Otto Klemperer)
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik: Kanonensong (Berlin State Opera Orchestra feat. conductor: Otto Klemperer)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Complainte de Mackie (Moritat) (feat. Mme. Damia, conductor: P. Chagnon)
• Mahagonny: Alabama Song (The Three Admirals, feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Mahagonny: As You Make Your Bed (Theo Mackeben's Orchestra, feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Mahagonny: Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, Selections (Chorus and Orchestra of the Kurfurstendamn Theatre, Berlin, feat. Lotte Lenya)
• Happy End: Bilbao Song (feat. Lotte Lenya)

• Der Lindberghflug: Prolog
• Der Lindberghflug: Erstens-Aufforderung an jedermann, den Ozean zu überfliegen
• Der Lindberghflug: Zweitens-Vorstellung des Fliegers
• Der Lindberghflug: Drittens-Aufbruch des Fliegers nach New York zu senem Fluge nach Europa
• Der Lindberghflug: Viertens-Die Stadt New York befragt die Schiffe
• Der Lindberghflug: Fünftens-Fast wärend seines ganzes Fluges hatte der Flieger mit Nebel zu kämpfen
• Der Lindberghflug: Sechstens-In der Nacht kam ein Schneesturm
• Der Lindberghflug: Siebentens-Schlaf
• Der Lindberghflug: Achtens-Wärend des ganzen Fluges sprachen alle amerikanischen Zeitungen unaufhörlich von des Fliege
• Der Lindberghflug: Neuntens-Die Gedanken des Glücklichen
• Der Lindberghflug: Zehntens schrieben die französischen Zeitungen-So fliegt er,um sich das Meer,unter sich den Schatte
• Der Lindberghflug: Elftens-Des Fliegers Gespräch mit seinem Motor
• Der Lindberghflug: Zwölftens-Endlich, unweit Schottlands, sichtet der Flieger Fischer
• Der Lindberghflug: Dreizehntens-Auf dem Flugplatz Le Bourget bei Paris erwartet in der Nacht des 21.Mai 1927 abends 10
• Der Lindberghflug: Vierzehntens-Ankunft des Fliegers auf dem Flughafen Le Bourget bei Paris
• Der Lindberghflug: Fünfzehntens-Bericht über das Unerreichbare
• The Ballad of Magna Carta
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.1 Aufforderung an die amerikanischen Flieger, den Ozean zu überfliegen
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.2 Vorstellung des Fliegers Ch.Lindberg
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.3 Aufbruch des Fliegers Ch.Lindberg in NY zu seinem Flug nach Europa
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.5 Fast während seines ganzen Fluges hatte der Flieger mit Nebel zu kämpfen
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.6a In der Nacht kam ein Schneesturm
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.8 Lindhberg kämpft mit Schlaf
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.11 Lindhberg spricht mit seinem Motor
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.13 Endlich, unweit Schottlands, wird Lindhberg von Fischern gesichtet
• Der Lindberghflug (first radio recording, Berlin 1930): No.13 Auf dem Flugplatz Le Bourget bei Paris erwartet in der Nacht des 21.Mai 1927 abends

• I'm a Stranger Here Myself
• Havanna-Lied
• Surabaya-Johnny
• Foolish Heart
• Ich bin eine arme Verwandte (Fennimore's Song)
• One Life to Live
• J'attends un navire
• Das Lied von der harten Nuss
• Lonely House
• Le Roi d'Aquitaine
• Denn wie man sich bettet
• Le Train du ciel
• Das Lied von der Unzulanglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• It Never Was You
• Der kleine Leutnant des lieben Gottes

• Berlin im Licht
• Slow Fox and algi-song
• Klopslied
• Ach, wär mein Lieb ein Brünnlein kalt
• Frauentanz, Op. 10
• Bastille Musik
• Öl-Musik
• Suite panaméenne
• Cowboy-Song
• Captain Valentine's-Song
• Die stille Stadt

• The Seven Deadly Sins: Prologue (Andante Sostenuto)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 1 - Sloth (Allegro Vivace)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 2 - Pride (Allegretto, Quasi Andantino)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 3 - Anger (Molto Agitato)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 4 - Gluttony (Largo)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 5 - Lust (Moderato)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 6 - Avarice (Allegro Giusto)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: No. 7 - Envy (Allegro Non Troppo)
• The Seven Deadly Sins: Epilogue - (Andante Sostenuto)
• The Berlin Requiem: 1. - Great Hymn of Thanksginving
• The Berlin Requiem: 2. - Ballad of the Drowned Girl
• The Berlin Requiem: 3. - Epitaph
• The Berlin Requiem: 4. - Legend of the Unknown Soldier Beneath the Triumphal Arch
• The Berlin Requiem: 5. - Second Poem on the Unknown Soldier Beneath the Triumphal Arch
• The Berlin Requiem: 6. - Great Hymn of Thanksgiving

• Die Dreigroschenoper, Vorspiel: Ouvertüre
• Die Dreigroschenoper, Vorspiel: Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Der Morgenchoral des Peachum
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Der Anstatt-daß-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Hochzeitslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Seeräuber-Jenny
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Kanonen-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Liebeslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Barbara-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Dialog
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 1. Akt: Erstes Dreigroschen-Finale
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Melodram
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Pollys Lied
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Zuhälter-Ballade
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Insert: Seeräuber-Jenny
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Eifersuchts-Duett
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Arie der Lucy
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Dialog
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 2. Akt: Zweites Dreigroschen-Finale
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Salomon-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Ruf aus der Gruft
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Grabschrift
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Gang zum Galgen
• Die Dreigroschenoper, 3. Akt: Drittes Dreigroschen-Finale

• Die sieben Todsünden: 1. Prolog: Andante sostenuto, "Meine Schwester und ich stammen aus Louisiana" (Anna)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 2. Faulheit: Allegro vivace, "Hoffentlich nimmt sich unsre Anna auch zusammen" (Familie)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 3. Stolz: Allegretto, quasi andantino - Schneller Walzer, "Als wir aber ausgestattet waren" (Anna)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 4. Zorn: Molto agitato, "Das geht nicht vorwärts"(Familie) - "Jetzt geht es vorwärts" (Anna)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 5. Völlerei: Largo, "Da ist ein Brief aus Philadelphia" (Familie)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 6. Unzucht: Moderato, "Und wir fanden einen Mann in Boston" (Anna)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 7. Habsucht: Allegro giustoso, "Wie hier in der Zeitung steht" (Familie)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 8. Neid: Allegro non troppo - Alla marcia, un poco tenuto, "Und die letzte Stadt der Reise war San Fransisco" (Anna)
• Die sieben Todsünden: 9. Epilog: Andante sostenuto, "Darauf kehrten wir zurück nach Louisiana" (Anna)
• Mahagonny Songspiel: Erster Teil: Prologue - No. 1 Allegro non troppo, "Auf nach Mahagonny!"
• Mahagonny Songspiel: Kleiner Marsch: Poco meno
• Mahagonny Songspiel: No 2. Moderato, "Oh show us the way to the next whisky bar" (Alabama Song - Jessie, Bessie)
• Mahagonny Songspiel: Zweiter Teil: Das Leben in Mahagonny / Nr 3a Vivace
• Mahagonny Songspiel: Nr 3: Allegro un poco moderato, "Wer in Mahagonny blieb"
• Mahagonny Songspiel: IVa. Vivace assai
• Mahagonny Songspiel: 4. Moderato assai, "There is no whisky in this town"
• Mahagonny Songspiel: 5a. Sostenuto (Choral)
• Mahagonny Songspiel: 5. Lento, "An einem grauen Vormittag"
• Mahagonny Songspiel: Dritter Teil: Finale Nr 6 Largo "Aber dieses ganze Mahagonny"

• Moritat
• Kanonensong
• Der Mensch lebt nur von Missetat allein
• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Die Seeräuberjenny
• Barbara-Song
• Die Songs der Dreigroschenoper
• Kanonensong
• Zuhälterballade
• Die Seeräuberjenny
• Barbara-Song / Eifersuchtsduett
• Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Tango-Ballade
• Kanonensong
• Moritat / Choral
• Tango-Ballade und Kanonensong
• Chant de Barbara (Barbara-Song)
• Fiancée du pirate (Die Seeräuberjenny)
• Chant des canons (Kanonensong)
• Jomfru Dilemma (Barbara-Song)
• Moritat (Slow-Fox)
• Tanz-Potpourri aus "Die Dreigroschenoper" (Slow-Fox)

• Concerto for Violin and Wind Orchestra, Op. 12 - Andante Con Moto
• Concerto for Violin and Wind Orchestra, Op. 12 - Notturno, Cadenza, Serenata
• Concerto for Violin and Wind Orchestra, Op. 12 - Allegro molto, un poco agitato
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Overture
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Anstatt-dass Song
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Die Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Pollys Lied
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Tango-Ballade
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Kanonen-Song
• Kleine Dreigroschenmusik - Dreigroschen-Finale

• Prelude
• Moon-Faced, Starry-Eyed
• Ain't It Awful, the Heat
• Blues: I Got a Marble and a Star
• Gossip Trio: Get a Load of That
• Arietta: When a Woman Has a Baby
• Aria: Somehow I Never Could Believe
• Wrapped in a Ribbon and Tied in a Bow
• Arioso: Lonely Home
• Scene and Song: Wouldn't You Like to Be on Broadway?
• Cavatina: What Good Would the Moon Be?
• Duet: Remember That I Care
• Introduction: Morning
• Children's Game
• Song: A Boy Like You
• Duet: We'll Go Away Together
• Choral Scene and Lament: The Woman Who Lived Up There
• Lullaby
• Finale: I Loved Her Too
• Farewell Duet: Don't Forget the Lilac Bush

• Three Preludes: I
• Three Preludes: II.
• Three Preludes: III.
• Old Folks at Home
• From the Canebrake
• Hexapoda: Gut Bucket Gus
• Hexapoda: Jane Shakes Her Hair
• Hexapoda: Betty and Harold Close Their Eyes
• Hexapoda: Jim Jives
• Hexapoda: Till Dawn Sunday
• Jeannie With the Light Brown Hair
• Porgy and Bess: Summertime
• Porgy and Bess: A Woman Is a Sometime Thing
• Porgy and Bess: My Man's Gone Now
• Porgy and Bess: It Ain't Necessarily So
• Porgy and Bess: Tempo di Blues
• Porgy and Bess: Bess, You Is My Woman Now
• A La Valse
• Jamaican Rumba
• Florida Night Song
• Deep River
• Levee Dance
• Gweedore Brae (arr. Crowther)
• Moderato Assai
• White Christmas
• Lullaby
• Where My Caravan Has Rested

• Die Dreigroschenoper: Ouvertüre
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Die Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Der Morgenchoral des Peachum
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Anstatt-Dass Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Hochzeitslied für ärmere Leute
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Kanonensong
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Liebeslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Der Song von Nein und Ja (Barbara-Song)
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt I. Die Unsicherheit menschlicher Verhältnisse
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Der Pferdestall
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Pollys Abschiedslied
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Zwischenspiel
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Die Ballade von der sexuellen Hörigkeit
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Die Seeräuber-Jenny oder Träume eines Küchenmädchens
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Die Zuhälterballade
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Die Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Das Eifersuchtsduett
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Kampf um das Eigentum
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt II. Ballade über die Frage: "Wovon lebt der Mensch?"
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Das Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Salomon-Song
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Ruf aus der Gruft
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Ballade in der Macheath jedermann Abbitte leistet
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Der reitende Bote
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Dreigroschen-Finale
• Die Dreigroschenoper: Akt III. Die Schluss-Strophen der Moritat

• I'm a Stranger Here Myself
• Forty Minutes for Lunch-Ballet

• The Threepenny Opera: [introduction]
• The Threepenny Opera: Overture
• The Threepenny Opera: The Ballad of Mack the Knife
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: [scene 1 dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Peachum's Morning Hymn
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: The Rather Than Song
• The Threepenny Opera: [scene 2 dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Wedding Song
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Pirate Jenny
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: The Army Song
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Wedding Song (reprise)
• The Threepenny Opera: Love Song
• The Threepenny Opera: [scene 3 dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: The No Song
• The Threepenny Opera: [dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Certain Things Make Our Life Impossible
• The Threepenny Opera: [scene 4 dialogue]
• The Threepenny Opera: Goodbye
• The Threepenny Opera: Polly's Song

• Intro
• Overture
• Scene
• Oh, Fabulous One in Your Ivory Tower
• One Life to Live
• Scene
• Commercial Break
• Entr'acte
• Scene
• The Saga of Jenny
• Comercial Break
• Entr'acte
• Scene
• My Ship
• Scene
• My Ship (reprise)
• End Credits

• Prologue
• Overture
• The Ballad of Mack the Kinife
• Morning Anthem
• Instead-of Song
• Wedding Song
• Pirate Jenny
• Army Song
• Love Song
• Ballad of Dependency
• Melodrama and Polly's Song
• Ballad of the Easy Life
• The World is Mean
• Barbara Song
• Tango-Ballad
• Jealousy Duet
• How To Survive
• Useless Song
• Solomon Song
• Call From The Grave
• Death Message
• Finale: The Mounted Messanger

• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Wovon lebt der Mensch?
• Songs der Dreigroschenoper
• Ouverture
• Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Liebeslied
• Kanonensong
• Seeräuber-Jenny
• Ernster Dreigroschenfinale
• Barbarasong
• Eifersuchtsduett
• Abschied...Zweiter Dreigroschenfinale
• Zuhälterballade
• Lied von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Moritat
• Schlusschoral
• Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Lieder von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Strebens
• Moritat von Mackie Messer
• Die Ballade vom angenehmen Leben
• Tango Ballade
• Kanonensong
• Bilbao-Song
• Alabama-Song
• Mahagonny
• Das Lied vom Schlaraffenland
• Der Bäcker bäckt ums Morgenrot
• September-Song

Born: 1900-03-02

Died: 1950-04-03