- published: 10 Mar 2012
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- author: Gabe Wyner
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel (
/ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republici/ˈtoʊɡoʊ/, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east, and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi) with a population of approximately 6.7 million.
Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. The official language is French, with many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, and there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
From the 11th to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions. From the 16th century to the 18th century, the coastal region was a major trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared Togoland a protectorate. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained its independence from France in 1960.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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Ian Maddieson
Ian Maddieson is a linguist at UC Berkeley, an Adjunct Professor Emeritus at the University of New Mexico, Vice-President of the International Phonetic Association, and Secretary of the Association for Laboratory Phonology. He wrote the books Patterns of Sounds and Sounds of the World's Languages.
wn.com/Ian_Maddieson -
Khitan large script
The Khitan large script was one of two Khitan writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th centuries by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the large script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan small script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
Abaoji of the Yelü clan, founder of the Khitan, or Liao, Dynasty, introduced the original Khitan script in 920 CE. “Large script”, or “big characters" (大字), as it was referred to in some Chinese sources, was established to keep the record of the new Khitan state. The Khitan script was based on the idea of the Chinese script.
wn.com/Khitan_large_script -
Khitan small script
The Khitan small script was one of two Khitan writing systems used for the now-extinct Khitan language. It was used during the 10th-12th century by the Khitan people, who had created the Liao Empire in north-eastern China. In addition to the small script, the Khitans simultaneously also used a functionally independent writing system known as the Khitan large script. Both Khitan scripts continued to be in use to some extent by the Jurchens for several decades after the fall of the Liao Dynasty, until the Jurchens fully switched to a script of their own. Examples of the scripts appeared most often on epitaphs and monuments, although other fragments sometimes surface.
The Khitan small script was invented in about 924 or 925 CE by a scholar named Yelü Diela. He drew his inspiration from “the Uyghur language and script,” which he was shown by a visiting Uyghur ambassador at the Khitan court. For this reason, Khitan small script was originally thought to be a daughter script of the Old Uyghur alphabet.
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Kpelle syllabary
The Kpelle syllabary was invented circa 1935 by Chief Gbili of Sanoyie, Liberia. It was intended for writing the Kpelle language, a member of the Mande group of Niger-Congo languages spoken by about 490,000 people in Liberia and around 300,000 people in Guinea.
The syllabary consists of 88 graphemes and is written from left to right in horizontal rows. Many of the glyphs have more than one form.
It was used to some extent by speakers of Kpelle in Liberia and Guinea during the 1930s and early 1940s but never achieved popular acceptance. It has been classed as a failed script.
Today Kpelle is written with a version of the Latin alphabet.
wn.com/Kpelle_syllabary -
Luciano Canepari
Luciano Canepari [luˈtʃaːno ˌkaneˈpaːri] (b. 19 January 1947 in Venice), is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Venice. He received his academic training at that university. He developed a phonetic transcription system called canIPA ([kaˈniːpa]), based on the official IPA. The canIPA consists of 500 basic, 300 complementary and 200 supplementary symbols. It is a work in progress, intended to permit the transcription of all world languages in more exact detail than the official IPA.
He has also published a number of workbooks and recordings used in connection with these books.
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Nico Castel
Nico Castel (born August 1, 1931) is a comprimario tenor and well-known language and diction coach, as well as a prolific translator of libretti and writer of books on singing diction.
Castel was born in Lisbon, Portugal, and raised in Venezuela by multilingual parents and a German nanny and attended a French school. He is the descendant of a Sephardic Jewish family with roots in 15th century Castile. He moved to New York City at the age of 16 to pursue a singing career. In 1958, he became the first winner of the "Joy in Singing" award, which launched his career with a New York Town Hall debut recital. In June 1958 he made his debut with the Santa Fe Opera as Fenton in Verdi Falstaff. On the following July 16 he portrayed Joseph in the world premiere of Carlisle Floyd's Wuthering Heights in Santa Fe. Soon afterwards he made his debut with the New York City Opera, and then the Metropolitan Opera in 1969, where he has sung for over 35 years and has served for over 25 years as staff diction coach. A polyglot, Castel speaks Portuguese, German, French, Spanish, Italian and English with native or near-native fluency. Castel is an internationally known language and diction coach and teacher.
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Paul Passy
Paul Édouard Passy (13 January 1859, Versailles – 21 March 1940, Bourg-la-Reine) was a French linguist, founder of the International Phonetic Association in 1886. He took part in the elaboration of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Paul Passy was born into a notable French family: his father Frédéric, a noted economist and politician, was the first recipient (along with Henry Dunant) of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901. Passy mastered English, German, and Italian as a child, and studied Sanskrit and Gothic Latin at the École des Hautes Études. He graduated from university at 19 and spent ten years as a language teacher (English and German) in public schools as an alternative to military service. Around this time he also became a committed Christian.
Passy was largely self-taught in phonetics; his interest was prompted by his dissatisfaction with the methods of language teaching at the time. In 1886, Passy founded the Phonetic Teachers' Association, which later became the International Phonetic Association; his friend Otto Jespersen was an early member of the association.
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Peter Ladefoged
Nielsen Peter Ladefoged ( /ˈlædɪfoʊɡɪd/; September 17, 1925 – January 24, 2006) was an English-American linguist and phonetician who traveled the world to document the distinct sounds of endangered languages and pioneered ways to collect and study data [1]. He was active at the universities of Edinburgh, Scotland and Ibadan, Nigeria 1953–61 [2]. At Edinburgh he studied phonetics with David Abercrombie, who himself had studied with Daniel Jones and was thus connected to Henry Sweet.
At the time of his death, he was Professor of Phonetics Emeritus at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he taught from 1962 to 1991. His book A Course in Phonetics is a common introductory text in phonetics, and The Sounds of the World's Languages (co-authored with Ian Maddieson) is widely regarded as a standard phonetics reference. Ladefoged also wrote several books on the phonetics of African languages.
Peter Ladefoged was born on September 17, 1925, in Sutton (then in Surrey, now in Greater London), England to Niels, an importer of Danish bacon and cheese, and his wife, Marie Frances. He attended Haileybury College from 1938–43, and Caius College, a constituent college of Cambridge University from 1943–44. His university education was then interrupted by service in the Royal Sussex Regiment during World War II from 1944–47. He resumed his education at the University of Edinburgh, intending to study English literature but soon became fascinated by the sounds of speech. He received an M.A. (1951) and a Ph.D. (1959) in Phonetics.
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Semyon Novgorodov
Semyon Andreyevich Novgorodov (Sakha: Семен Андреевич Новгородов, Semen Andreyevich Novgorodov, the older orphography Sakha: Сэмэн Ноҕоруодап, Səmən Noğoruodap, Russian: Семён Андреевич Новогородов; February 13, 1892 – 28 February 1924) was a Yakut politician and linguist, the creator of a Yakut written language.
Semyon Andreyevich Novgorodov was born in the 2nd Khatlinsky nasleg of Boturus Ulus (now Boltoginsky nasleg of Churapchinsky Ulus of Sakha). His father was poor, but later acquired some wealth. He taught his son to read Old Church Slavonic. Later, Novgorodov studied under sexton Andrey Vinokurov, who taught him Russian and arithmetic. Then he visited the private school of exiled I. T. Tsypenko in Churapcha. As Semyon was a brilliant pupil, in 1905 he entered Yakutsk Realschule (Реальное училище). During his time at the college, Novgorodov read widely. Novgorodov started to collect Yakut folklore, his works were published in the first Yakut literature magazine Saqa sanata, which was published in 1912–1913.
wn.com/Semyon_Novgorodov -
Victoria Fromkin
Victoria Fromkin (May 16, 1923 – January 19, 2000) was an American linguist who taught at UCLA. She studied slips of the tongue, mishearing, and other speech errors and applied this to phonology, the study of how the sounds of a language are organized in the mind.
Fromkin was born in Passaic, New Jersey as Victoria Alexandra Landish on May 16, 1923. She earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the University of California at Berkeley in 1944. She married Jack Fromkin, a childhood friend from Passaic, in 1948, and they settled in Los Angeles, California. Their son, Mark, was born in 1950 and died in a car accident in 1966.
Fromkin was active in the Communist Party USA, reaching positions of party leadership in California, but she resigned from membership shortly after the revelations of Stalinist crimes by Nikita Krushchev in 1956. She decided to head back to school to study linguistics in her late 30s. She enrolled at UCLA, received her master's in 1963 and her Ph.D in 1965; her thesis was entitled, "Some phonetic specifications of linguistic units: an electromyographic investigation".
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Pronunciation Tutorial 1: English Pronunciation and IPA: Voicing and Place
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:35
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
A video tutorial about the International Phonetic Alphabet and the English language. This is the first in a series of several videos that will help you understand English pronunciation so that you can learn another language's pronunciation. Here we cover consonants, specifically the concepts of voicing and place. www.towerofbabelfish.com Second Video (Consonants Place): www.youtube.com Third Video (Vowels): www.youtube.com Anki Deck: www.towerofbabelfish.com @TowerBabelfish: t.co
http://wn.com/Pronunciation_Tutorial_1_English_Pronunciation_and_IPA_Voicing_and_Place
A video tutorial about the International Phonetic Alphabet and the English language. This is the first in a series of several videos that will help you understand English pronunciation so that you can learn another language's pronunciation. Here we cover consonants, specifically the concepts of voicing and place. www.towerofbabelfish.com Second Video (Consonants Place): www.youtube.com Third Video (Vowels): www.youtube.com Anki Deck: www.towerofbabelfish.com @TowerBabelfish: t.co
Brewing a Falconer's Flight IPA... With Joe! (And maybe some bloopers at the end...)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:15
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Immolateus was kind enough to send me some Falconer's Flight hops, and I wanted an IPA--so that's exactly what I made! Here's the recipe I brewed in this video: 12lbs Two-Row 1lb Crystal 40L 1oz Torrified Wheat Mashed for 1 hour 15 minutes at 152-154F 1.5oz Chinook Hops boiled for 60 minutes 1 oz Falconer's Flight Hops boiled for 15 minutes 1 oz Falconer's Flight Hops boiled for 5 minutes Nottingham Yeast pitched at 74F, fermented for 2 weeks at 68-70F Aged for... who knows! :-) Batch size: 5 US Gallons Starting Gravity: 1.071 Thanks again for sending all those hops my way Immo--I can't wait to give this a taste!
http://wn.com/Brewing_a_Falconer's_Flight_IPA_With_Joe!_And_maybe_some_bloopers_at_the_end
Immolateus was kind enough to send me some Falconer's Flight hops, and I wanted an IPA--so that's exactly what I made! Here's the recipe I brewed in this video: 12lbs Two-Row 1lb Crystal 40L 1oz Torrified Wheat Mashed for 1 hour 15 minutes at 152-154F 1.5oz Chinook Hops boiled for 60 minutes 1 oz Falconer's Flight Hops boiled for 15 minutes 1 oz Falconer's Flight Hops boiled for 5 minutes Nottingham Yeast pitched at 74F, fermented for 2 weeks at 68-70F Aged for... who knows! :-) Batch size: 5 US Gallons Starting Gravity: 1.071 Thanks again for sending all those hops my way Immo--I can't wait to give this a taste!
- published: 05 Oct 2011
- views: 24173
- author: terpsichoreankid
How to Pronounce the IPA Vowels Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:46
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
In the first part, we take a look at the most common vowels found among the world's languages. I explain in which languages or language groups you're most likely to find these sounds. Glossika Language Training blog on Facebook has many more language resources published there. www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/How_to_Pronounce_the_IPA_Vowels_Part_1
In the first part, we take a look at the most common vowels found among the world's languages. I explain in which languages or language groups you're most likely to find these sounds. Glossika Language Training blog on Facebook has many more language resources published there. www.facebook.com
- published: 23 Nov 2009
- views: 26665
- author: Glossika
Interactive Phonetic chart for English Pronunciation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
We have produced this interactive phonetic chart to help people studying English as a foreign language to practice pronunciation and to become more familiar with the sounds of English that they may not be accustomed to.
http://wn.com/Interactive_Phonetic_chart_for_English_Pronunciation
We have produced this interactive phonetic chart to help people studying English as a foreign language to practice pronunciation and to become more familiar with the sounds of English that they may not be accustomed to.
- published: 01 Mar 2011
- views: 275899
- author: EngLanguageClub
American English Consonants - IPA - Pronunciation - International Phonetic Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:32
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Learn the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for American English. www.RachelsEnglish.com -- along with more videos and exercises to improve your spoken English / American English pronunciation. Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ / 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
http://wn.com/American_English_Consonants_IPA_Pronunciation_International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Learn the International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for American English. www.RachelsEnglish.com -- along with more videos and exercises to improve your spoken English / American English pronunciation. Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ / 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
- published: 25 Jul 2011
- views: 63766
- author: rachelsenglish
How to Install Cracked IPA files GAMES and APPS on your iPhone, iPad or iTouch for FREE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
If you want to READ this tutorial (illustrated) then you can do so at my site: www.iphonetechie.com The IPA download site is Apptrackr.org... www.apptrackr.org For those of you who managed to Jailbreak your iPhone iPad or iPod Touch running the latest iOS 4 then this video is for you. AppSync 4.0, 3.2, 3.1 is now available for you to install through Cydia. So you have Jailbroken your iPhone and now trying to figure out how to install Apps and Games on your iPhone without using App Store or Cydia... This article will show you how to install cracked IPA files for all firmware versions including the latest one iOS 4 As we all know many iPhone games and applications have been cracked in the past and people are still cracking them as you read this article. Basically, you can get 2 types of files. The "normal" .app file, and the cracked ipa file. The normal .app file is obtained through iTunes or App store so there is nothing to talk about. Now here is the other method, the most popular one, to install cracked .ipa files such as games and Applications on your iPhone or iPod Touch. The Cracked Applications and Games are IPA files This video will show you how to get this accomplished on iPad, iPhone or iPod Touch.
http://wn.com/How_to_Install_Cracked_IPA_files_GAMES_and_APPS_on_your_iPhone,_iPad_or_iTouch_for_FREE
If you want to READ this tutorial (illustrated) then you can do so at my site: www.iphonetechie.com The IPA download site is Apptrackr.org... www.apptrackr.org For those of you who managed to Jailbreak your iPhone iPad or iPod Touch running the latest iOS 4 then this video is for you. AppSync 4.0, 3.2, 3.1 is now available for you to install through Cydia. So you have Jailbroken your iPhone and now trying to figure out how to install Apps and Games on your iPhone without using App Store or Cydia... This article will show you how to install cracked IPA files for all firmware versions including the latest one iOS 4 As we all know many iPhone games and applications have been cracked in the past and people are still cracking them as you read this article. Basically, you can get 2 types of files. The "normal" .app file, and the cracked ipa file. The normal .app file is obtained through iTunes or App store so there is nothing to talk about. Now here is the other method, the most popular one, to install cracked .ipa files such as games and Applications on your iPhone or iPod Touch. The Cracked Applications and Games are IPA files This video will show you how to get this accomplished on iPad, iPhone or iPod Touch.
- published: 05 Aug 2010
- views: 392842
- author: maxski414
Brewing Mr. Beer American Devil IPA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
This short video from Cryptobrewology.com shows you how to get started with Mr. Beer, with options to help you step it up a notch using glass bottles, and an alternate priming method for more consistent carbonation. A good introduction for those who are just getting into homebrewing and want to try out a Mr. Beer kit first. For more informaiton check out this Mr. Beer article and discussion: cryptobrewology.com
http://wn.com/Brewing_Mr_Beer_American_Devil_IPA
This short video from Cryptobrewology.com shows you how to get started with Mr. Beer, with options to help you step it up a notch using glass bottles, and an alternate priming method for more consistent carbonation. A good introduction for those who are just getting into homebrewing and want to try out a Mr. Beer kit first. For more informaiton check out this Mr. Beer article and discussion: cryptobrewology.com
- published: 25 Jan 2010
- views: 34701
- author: Cryptobrewology
IPA Rory Sutherland on behavioural economics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:58
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
IPA President Rory Sutherland explains why he is championing behavioural economics We need to broaden the definition of what we do to reflect the new reality of the market place because if we dont create a new model based on human understanding, then we are in danger of using 1950s packaged goods persuasive techniques to solve todays communications problems! With behavioural economics we can align ourselves to a recognizable science and not be held hostage to the media budget. It gives us a framework that will refresh our thinking and our talent pool and with it we can use ideas to turn human understanding into business and social advantage.
http://wn.com/IPA_Rory_Sutherland_on_behavioural_economics
IPA President Rory Sutherland explains why he is championing behavioural economics We need to broaden the definition of what we do to reflect the new reality of the market place because if we dont create a new model based on human understanding, then we are in danger of using 1950s packaged goods persuasive techniques to solve todays communications problems! With behavioural economics we can align ourselves to a recognizable science and not be held hostage to the media budget. It gives us a framework that will refresh our thinking and our talent pool and with it we can use ideas to turn human understanding into business and social advantage.
- published: 04 Aug 2009
- views: 9739
- author: The IPA
Home Brew - Coopers IPA with Hop Tea Tasting plus update.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Here we finally taste my Coopers IPA that I brewed with additional hops added via boiling the hops into a tea and adding them to the Coopers beer kit.
http://wn.com/Home_Brew_Coopers_IPA_with_Hop_Tea_Tasting_plus_update
Here we finally taste my Coopers IPA that I brewed with additional hops added via boiling the hops into a tea and adding them to the Coopers beer kit.
- published: 25 Apr 2011
- views: 14318
- author: CraigTube
solved Installous 4 and appcake error Invalid IPA/Installation Failed ALL IDEVICES
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
this the link where you can download the app to your PC or laptop apptrackr.org if you guys like this video please hit on like button and subscribe to my channel. thanks for watching :) :) :)
http://wn.com/solved_Installous_4_and_appcake_error_Invalid_IPA_Installation_Failed_ALL_IDEVICES
this the link where you can download the app to your PC or laptop apptrackr.org if you guys like this video please hit on like button and subscribe to my channel. thanks for watching :) :) :)
- published: 22 Jan 2012
- views: 18940
- author: Paras Parmar
American English Conversation with IPA: Breakfast! -- Pronunciation Exercise
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
ESL exercise - American English conversation study. www.RachelsEnglish.com -- See more videos and exercises to improve your American English pronunciation. Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
http://wn.com/American_English_Conversation_with_IPA_Breakfast!_-_Pronunciation_Exercise
ESL exercise - American English conversation study. www.RachelsEnglish.com -- See more videos and exercises to improve your American English pronunciation. Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
- published: 24 Jun 2011
- views: 26154
- author: rachelsenglish
Texts in IPA Phonetic Transcription 0001 - Vowels and Consonants
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
English phonemes in diagrams, pictures, male-female voice recording: 7 short vowels, 4 long vowels, 24 consonants, 70 triphthongs (Reading: Metin-Sevgi Yurtbaşı)
http://wn.com/Texts_in_IPA_Phonetic_Transcription_0001_Vowels_and_Consonants
English phonemes in diagrams, pictures, male-female voice recording: 7 short vowels, 4 long vowels, 24 consonants, 70 triphthongs (Reading: Metin-Sevgi Yurtbaşı)
- published: 12 Nov 2010
- views: 65740
- author: metinulkan
Beer Review: Dogfish Head 90 Min IPA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:05
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Thanks to Brian aka Testercustoms for sending this beer. The website is www.dogfish.com if you wish to checkout their beers. And don't forget the new craft beer show Sundays on the Discovery Channel. We are very quickly coming up on our 100th show on Stickam.com/abqtrucker. Please stop by and join us Tuesday's 7 pm eastern.
http://wn.com/Beer_Review_Dogfish_Head_90_Min_IPA
Thanks to Brian aka Testercustoms for sending this beer. The website is www.dogfish.com if you wish to checkout their beers. And don't forget the new craft beer show Sundays on the Discovery Channel. We are very quickly coming up on our 100th show on Stickam.com/abqtrucker. Please stop by and join us Tuesday's 7 pm eastern.
- published: 22 Nov 2010
- views: 12328
- author: jjdaven
Pronunciation Tutorial 2: English Pronunciation and IPA: Manner
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:50
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
First Video: youtu.be Second Video (Consonants: Place): www.youtube.com Third Video (Vowels): www.youtube.com A video tutorial about the International Phonetic Alphabet and the English language. This is the second in a series of several videos that will help you understand the IPA and English pronunciation so that you can learn another language's pronunciation. Here we cover consonants, specifically manner, and how it combines with voicing and place to make each consonant. Some Links: The main website: www.towerofbabelfish.com Specific language resources for most of the commonly learned languages www.towerofbabelfish.com Anki Deck: www.towerofbabelfish.com Wiki's article on IPA: en.wikipedia.org English Phonology: en.wikipedia.org Place of Articulation: en.wikipedia.org @TowerBabelfish: t.co
http://wn.com/Pronunciation_Tutorial_2_English_Pronunciation_and_IPA_Manner
First Video: youtu.be Second Video (Consonants: Place): www.youtube.com Third Video (Vowels): www.youtube.com A video tutorial about the International Phonetic Alphabet and the English language. This is the second in a series of several videos that will help you understand the IPA and English pronunciation so that you can learn another language's pronunciation. Here we cover consonants, specifically manner, and how it combines with voicing and place to make each consonant. Some Links: The main website: www.towerofbabelfish.com Specific language resources for most of the commonly learned languages www.towerofbabelfish.com Anki Deck: www.towerofbabelfish.com Wiki's article on IPA: en.wikipedia.org English Phonology: en.wikipedia.org Place of Articulation: en.wikipedia.org @TowerBabelfish: t.co
- published: 02 Apr 2012
- views: 16987
- author: Gabe Wyner
Brewing Dogfish Head 60 Minute IPA (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:29
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
This is a video of CJ and I brewing a batch of Dogfish Head 60 Minute IPA. We use the continual-hopping process and we utilize the yeast that I made in the previous video. Recipe is from Sam Calagione's book, Extreme Brewing: www.amazon.com Please note that near the end of the video where I say '9 hours since pitching the yeast', I should have said '15 hours'
http://wn.com/Brewing_Dogfish_Head_60_Minute_IPA_Part_1
This is a video of CJ and I brewing a batch of Dogfish Head 60 Minute IPA. We use the continual-hopping process and we utilize the yeast that I made in the previous video. Recipe is from Sam Calagione's book, Extreme Brewing: www.amazon.com Please note that near the end of the video where I say '9 hours since pitching the yeast', I should have said '15 hours'
- published: 14 Feb 2008
- views: 35116
- author: John Watson
How To Make Home Brew IPA - HD Video Part 7 of 8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
www.HomeBrewVideos.com Click To Learn How To Homebrew The Fast And Easy Way! Have you always wanted to learn how to make beer at home but don't know where to start? Well you're in luck! At HomeBrewVideos.com we show you step-by-step in complete HD video series exactly how to brew beer at home in easy-to-follow instructional videos. We have over 200 HD videos that show 6 different beers brewed from start to finish, including a Double IPA, Chocolate Stout and Spicy Holiday Ale to name a few. This HD homebrew video is part 13 in a 32-video series where I brew an IPA from a standard homebrewing kit from start to finish. This series includes everything from reviewing the ingredients in the kit, to discussing and showing exactly what equipment is required, to brewing the beer, the full cycle of fermentation, to bottling the beer, calculating the ABV%, and of course, pouring one out and tasting it! Our resource library also features detailed videos explaining everything from equipment, to ingredients, to designing your very own beer recipes. Also included are printable guides, checklists and cheat sheets to get you to brewing as quickly and as easily as possible, and saving you time and money by making sure you don't ruin your entire batch of beer. Drop by right now and pick up your FREE Homebrewing Crash Course, and see why we are the ultimate homebrewing resource on the Internet. http
http://wn.com/How_To_Make_Home_Brew_IPA_HD_Video_Part_7_of_8
www.HomeBrewVideos.com Click To Learn How To Homebrew The Fast And Easy Way! Have you always wanted to learn how to make beer at home but don't know where to start? Well you're in luck! At HomeBrewVideos.com we show you step-by-step in complete HD video series exactly how to brew beer at home in easy-to-follow instructional videos. We have over 200 HD videos that show 6 different beers brewed from start to finish, including a Double IPA, Chocolate Stout and Spicy Holiday Ale to name a few. This HD homebrew video is part 13 in a 32-video series where I brew an IPA from a standard homebrewing kit from start to finish. This series includes everything from reviewing the ingredients in the kit, to discussing and showing exactly what equipment is required, to brewing the beer, the full cycle of fermentation, to bottling the beer, calculating the ABV%, and of course, pouring one out and tasting it! Our resource library also features detailed videos explaining everything from equipment, to ingredients, to designing your very own beer recipes. Also included are printable guides, checklists and cheat sheets to get you to brewing as quickly and as easily as possible, and saving you time and money by making sure you don't ruin your entire batch of beer. Drop by right now and pick up your FREE Homebrewing Crash Course, and see why we are the ultimate homebrewing resource on the Internet. http
- published: 10 Jan 2012
- views: 19015
- author: HomeBrewVideos
How-to Make Homemade Beer - West Coast IPA Partial Grain Kit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:56
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Making beer is easy,Making beer/filming and Live broadcasting all at the same time proved to be rather difficult,It is what it is,hope you enjoy,Cheers! Steve's 1820 IPA video: youtu.be
http://wn.com/How-to_Make_Homemade_Beer_West_Coast_IPA_Partial_Grain_Kit
Making beer is easy,Making beer/filming and Live broadcasting all at the same time proved to be rather difficult,It is what it is,hope you enjoy,Cheers! Steve's 1820 IPA video: youtu.be
- published: 23 Jan 2012
- views: 7088
- author: jakeanddar
How To Install Cracked Apps (.ipa) Onto Jailbroken iPhone/iPod Touch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:04
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Step by step tutorial on how to install cracked .ipa files onto your iPhone/iPod/iPad. Read the full tutorial on my blog: www.technouz.com
http://wn.com/How_To_Install_Cracked_Apps_ipa_Onto_Jailbroken_iPhone_iPod_Touch
Step by step tutorial on how to install cracked .ipa files onto your iPhone/iPod/iPad. Read the full tutorial on my blog: www.technouz.com
- published: 29 Jan 2011
- views: 11989
- author: zmanblog
Amy Winehouse- Valerie Reggae Remix (Presented by Ipa-Soundz)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Hey Guys this is a Valerie Reggae Remix presented by Ipa-Soundz if u want to listen to more Remixes or Complete Dancehall Mixtapes like us @ facebook: www.ipa-soundz.de (look for Ipa-Soundz) or follow us @ twitter or myspace Greetz Ipa-Soundz
http://wn.com/Amy_Winehouse_Valerie_Reggae_Remix_Presented_by_Ipa-Soundz
Hey Guys this is a Valerie Reggae Remix presented by Ipa-Soundz if u want to listen to more Remixes or Complete Dancehall Mixtapes like us @ facebook: www.ipa-soundz.de (look for Ipa-Soundz) or follow us @ twitter or myspace Greetz Ipa-Soundz
- published: 01 Mar 2012
- views: 42591
- author: IpaSoundz
75 Minute IPA : Dogfish Head : With Sam Calagione of Dogfish Head
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:09
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
This week we journey out to Delaware and visit the orginal brewpub that started it all for Dogfish Head. We are joined by the man himself, Sam Calagione, as we talk about craft beer, Dogfish's history & future and the wonderousness that is Randall, the Enamel Animal ...
http://wn.com/75_Minute_IPA_Dogfish_Head_With_Sam_Calagione_of_Dogfish_Head
This week we journey out to Delaware and visit the orginal brewpub that started it all for Dogfish Head. We are joined by the man himself, Sam Calagione, as we talk about craft beer, Dogfish's history & future and the wonderousness that is Randall, the Enamel Animal ...
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 6182
- author: New Brew Thursday
American English Vowels - IPA - Pronunciation - Interntional Phonetic Alphabet
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:20
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
ESL: International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for the vowels of American English. Get acquainted with the symbols! It helps as you study pronunciation. TRANSCRIPT: www.RachelsEnglish.com Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ / 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
http://wn.com/American_English_Vowels_IPA_Pronunciation_Interntional_Phonetic_Alphabet
ESL: International Phonetic Alphabet symbols for the vowels of American English. Get acquainted with the symbols! It helps as you study pronunciation. TRANSCRIPT: www.RachelsEnglish.com Cải thiện nói tiếng Anh Mỹ / 음성 미국 영어를 향상 / 話されているアメリカ英語を向上させる / Улучшение говорил американский вариант английского языка / Meningkatkan berbicara bahasa Inggris Amerika / Melhorar a fala Inglês Americano / Mejorar el habla Inglés Americano / 提高口语的美式英语 / बात अमेरिकी अंग्रेजी में सुधार / تحسين يتحدث اللغة الإنجليزية الأميركية ...with Rachel's English! subscribe: www.YouTube.com website: www.RachelsEnglish.com
- published: 07 Jul 2011
- views: 40274
- author: rachelsenglish
How to Install apps(.ipa files) with i-FunBox from Mac to iOS device (iPhone/iPad/iPod touch)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:38
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Installing .ipa files with i-FunBox from Mac to iPhone/iPad For this to work you need Jailbroken iOS device(iPhone /iPad/iPod touch) Download i-FunBox to your Mac Connect iOS device to you Mac Click the following Raw File System..... var..... mobile.....Documents......Installous....... Downloads Then drag the .ipa file from Mac to Downloads folder This will transfer .ipa file to Installous folder on jailbroken iOS device Now tap .ipa file in Installous download folder on your iOS device to install it to your iOS device Have fun
http://wn.com/How_to_Install_appsipa_files_with_i-FunBox_from_Mac_to_iOS_device_iPhone_iPad_iPod_touch
Installing .ipa files with i-FunBox from Mac to iPhone/iPad For this to work you need Jailbroken iOS device(iPhone /iPad/iPod touch) Download i-FunBox to your Mac Connect iOS device to you Mac Click the following Raw File System..... var..... mobile.....Documents......Installous....... Downloads Then drag the .ipa file from Mac to Downloads folder This will transfer .ipa file to Installous folder on jailbroken iOS device Now tap .ipa file in Installous download folder on your iOS device to install it to your iOS device Have fun
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- views: 6045
- author: sgrd345
Quick Sip Clips by Dogfish Head: 120 Minu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
Created on May 21, 2009 using FlipShare.
http://wn.com/Quick_Sip_Clips_by_Dogfish_Head_120_Minu
photo: AP / Juan Karita
04 Jan 2013
Argentine President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner has released a public letter urging the United Kingdom to relinquish its control over the disputed Falkland Islands. ... The veterans delivered a letter addressed to the British Ambassador in Argentina, John Freeman, criticising the British government for refusing to discuss the sovereignty of the islands with the Argentine government ... 508 Source.. Al Jazeera and agencies. Share....(size: 19.6Kb)
photo: WN / Imran Nissar
06 Jan 2013
ISLAMABAD - The Pakistani military is accusing forces from neighboring India of crossing the boundary between the two sides' forces in Kashmir and attacking a Pakistani border post, killing a soldier. The military's public relations office said in a statement Sunday that another Pakistani soldier was critically wounded in the incident early Sunday. They said troops are still exchanging gunfire in the area ... All rights reserved ... Parker ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
06 Jan 2013
LONDON -- They have barely 3,000 inhabitants and far more sheep than people. They are more than 8,700 miles from London. For much of the year, they are bitterly cold and wind-swept, with only open sea and ice between them and Antarctica ... But the Falkland Islands, the focus of a short war between Britain and Argentina in 1982, have been in the headlines again recently ... Their arguments suggest what has long been evident ... Ms ... Mr ... Cameron said....(size: 5.1Kb)
photo: WN / Bhaskar Mallick
05 Jan 2013
Tweet. New Delhi, Jan 5 (ANI). The male friend of the 23-year-old medical student, who was gang-raped and left unclothed and bleeding in the street and later died in hospital two weeks after she was attacked on December 16 on a private bus in New Delhi, has said that things would have gone differently if someone had stopped to help ... "It would have been a very different scenario today, had even one person come to our help that day ... (ANI)....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
05 Jan 2013
Syrian government forces have bombarded several rebel strongholds in the suburbs of Damascus to quell the fighters battling the regime of President Bashar al-Assad from reaching the capital. Activists on Saturday said troops leveled their bombardment campaign on the districts of Hajar al-Aswad and Qaboun in southern Damascus while they continued to shell the suburbs of Daraya, Beit Hahm, Zibdeen, Maadamiya and Jisteen ... 445 Source. ... ....(size: 19.0Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
07 Jan 2013
Lincoln (DreamWorks, 11/9, PG-13, trailer) AFI, IPA, PGA, SAG, WGA, HFPA, BFCA, ADG. Argo (Warner Bros., 10/12, R, trailer) AFI, IPA, PGA, SAG, WGA, HFPA, BFCA, ADG. Les Misérables (Universal, 12/25, PG-13, trailer) AFI, IPA, PGA, SAG, HFPA, BFCA, ADG ... Zero Dark Thirty (Sony, 12/19, R, trailer) NBR, NYFCC, BSFC, NYFCO, DCAC, AFI, IPA, PGA, WGA, IPA, HFPA, BFCA, ADG ... Skyfall (Sony, 11/9, PG-13, trailer) IPA, PGA, ADG ... Flight IPA....(size: 27.6Kb)
Jakarta Post
06 Jan 2013
Paper Edition . Page. 1. Good teachers that encourage children to fully absorb knowledge are few and far between ... Even then, money is not everything ... The latest ministry effort to improve education is redefining natural and social sciences (locally known as IPA and IPS, respectively) in the elementary education curriculum commencing this year ... “The biggest problem in Indonesian education is the teaching method....(size: 3.9Kb)
Sun Star
06 Jan 2013
GOOD news alang sa mga kawani sa Kapitolyo!. Madawat na nila karong adlawa ang P30,000 nga bonus isip pinaskohan gikan sa kagamhanan sa lalawigan sa Sugbo ... Ang pag-release sa mga tseke subay sa kamanduan ni Acting Governor Agnes Magpale ... Tinguha niya nga ipa-audit ang tinuoray nga kahimtang sa panudlanan sa probinsya isip kabahin sa iyang pag-asumir sa puwesto human gisuspenso og unom ka buwan si Gob ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
LA Weekly
05 Jan 2013
Flickr/Lauren ManningIn which we highlight the past week in food, either at home or abroad. "'I cannot run two houses,' Laguerre told us by phone this morning." TiGeorges' Chicken Closing the End of January ... Decisions, Decisions ... Scotch & Lime ... "Lack of official recognition, however, does not make the triple IPA any less formidable." Top 5 Triple IPAs of 2012 ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
StreetInsider
04 Jan 2013
AllCare IPA (Modesto) — Randy Winter, M.D., president and board chairman; and Matt Coury, CEO AltaMed Health Services Corporation (Los Angeles) — Castulo de la Rocha, president and CEO; Martin Serota, M.D., chief medical officer Catholic Health Initiatives (Englewood, CO) — Stephen V ... director Santa Clara County IPA (SCCIPA) (Foster City) — J....(size: 3.3Kb)
noodls
04 Jan 2013
The Examiner
04 Jan 2013
The Examiner
04 Jan 2013
What I look for in a good bar is a good vibe when you first hit the inside of the place ... Take your thirst and your hunger to this spot; located at 3025 El Cajon Blvd because therein you’ll find brews from Coronado Orange Avenue Wheat and Ale Smith Speedway Stout, Russian River IPA, Avery Ellie’s Brown Ale and many more local craft beers ... TTT ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Sun Star
04 Jan 2013
Fox News
04 Jan 2013
iStock. Beer? Check. Big comfy sofa? Check. Game in high-definition? Check. Wait, there's something missing though ... Whatever wings you decide to make though, to ensure success at every step, be sure to read up on How to Make Perfect Hot Wings ... Honey-Sriracha Glazed Buffalo Wings. Randy Clemens, author of The Sriracha Cookbook and creator of this addictive recipe, suggests serving "an aggressive, hoppy beer like an IPA" with these wings ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Buffalo News
04 Jan 2013
Strolling along the stirring Hertel Avenue strip, my friends and I stopped into the Sidebar, where the sounds of classic rock ’n’ roll, clinking drinks and laughter signaled that we had chosen the perfect spot ... We all ordered mixed drinks ... Draft beers range in price from $2.50 to $5.50 and feature seven drafts that often rotate seasonally such as Flying Bison, Southern Tier IPA, Goose Island, PBR, Blue Light and Guinness....(size: 3.4Kb)
Indianapolis Star
04 Jan 2013
Indianapolis Colts Grille. 110 W. Washington, 631-2007, www.indianapoliscoltsgrille.com. With 66 TVs and named after our own home team, the bar will open up an hour early at 10 a.m. on Sunday ... Drink specials include $1 off 24 oz ... 7035 E ... W ... The taps will be flowing at Triton on Sunday! Watch the game on four TVs and enjoy local drafts such as the Gingerbread Brown, Sin Bin Belgian Pale Ale, Fieldhouse Wheat, Midnight Rail Black IPA and more....(size: 5.0Kb)
The Examiner
03 Jan 2013
JANUARY SPECIALS ... View slideshow ... to 3 p.m ... Burger and craft beer pairing choices at Smashburger include Classic Burger with Amber Ale, Mushroom Swiss Burger and Santo beer, BBQ, Bacon and Cheddar Burger with Brown Ale, Avocado Club Burger and Weedwacker, Texas Burger and Amber Ale, Spicy Baja Burger with Weedwacker and the Spinach, Crispy Buffalo Chicken Sandwich with Elissa IPA and Goat Cheese Chicken Sandwich and Fancy Lawnmower. ....(size: 5.0Kb)
Not to be confused with NATO phonetic alphabet.
"IPA" redirects here. For other uses, see IPA (disambiguation).
| This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. |
For usage of IPA in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:IPA or Wikipedia:IPA/Introduction
| International Phonetic Alphabet |
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|---|---|
 |
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| Type | Alphabet , partially featural |
| Languages | Used for phonetic and phonemic transcription of any language |
| Time period | since 1888 |
| Parent systems |
Romic alphabet
|
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)[note 1] is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.[1] The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, Speech-Language Pathologists, singers, actors, lexicographers, constructed language creators (conlangers), and translators.[2][3]
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in spoken language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables.[1] To represent additional qualities of speech such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.[2]
IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter ⟨t⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t̺ʰ], depending on how precise one wishes to be.[4] Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could refer to, either [t̺ʰ] or [t] depending on the context and language.
Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of 2008, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of the IPA
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers, led by the French linguist Paul Passy, formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association (in French, l’Association phonétique internationale).[5] Their original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet, but in order to make it usable for other languages, the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language.[6] For example, the sound [ʃ] (the sh in shoe) was originally represented with the letter ⟨c⟩ in English, but with the letter ⟨x⟩ in French.[5] However, in 1888, the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages, thus providing the base for all future revisions.[5][7]
Since its creation, the IPA has undergone a number of revisions. After major revisions and expansions in 1900 and 1932, the IPA remained unchanged until the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989. A minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for mid-central vowels[2] and the removal of letters for voiceless implosives.[8] The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a labiodental flap.[9] Apart from the addition and removal of symbols, changes to the IPA have consisted largely in renaming symbols and categories and in modifying typefaces.[2]
Extensions to the alphabet are relatively recent; "Extensions to the IPA" was created in 1990 and officially adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994.[10]
Description[link]
For a guide to pronouncing IPA transcriptions of English words, see IPA chart for English dialects.
The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound (speech segment).[11] This means that it does not use combinations of letters to represent single sounds, the way English does with ⟨sh⟩ and ⟨ng⟩, or single letters to represent multiple sounds the way ⟨x⟩ represents /ks/ or /ɡz/ in English. There are no letters that have context-dependent sound values, as ⟨c⟩ does in English and other European languages, and finally, the IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them, a property known as "selectiveness".[2][note 2]
Among the symbols of the IPA, 107 letters represent consonants and vowels, 31 diacritics are used to modify these, and 19 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length, tone, stress, and intonation.[note 3]
Letterforms[link]
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet.[note 4] For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters that are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ⟨ʔ⟩, has the form of a dotless question mark, and derives originally from an apostrophe. A few letters, such as that of the voiced pharyngeal fricative, ⟨ʕ⟩, were inspired by other writing systems (in this case, the Arabic letter ﻉ, `ain).[8]
Despite its preference for harmonizing with the Latin script, the International Phonetic Association has occasionally admitted other letters. For example, before 1989, the IPA letters for click consonants were ⟨ʘ⟩, ⟨ʇ⟩, ⟨ʗ⟩, and ⟨ʖ⟩, all of which were derived either from existing IPA letters, or from Latin and Greek letters. However, except for ⟨ʘ⟩, none of these letters was widely used among Khoisanists or Bantuists, and as a result they were replaced by the more widespread symbols ⟨ʘ⟩, ⟨ǀ⟩, ⟨ǃ⟩, ⟨ǂ⟩, and ⟨ǁ⟩ at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989.[12] Although the IPA diacritics are fully featural, there is little systemicity in the letter forms. A retroflex articulation is consistently indicated with a right-swinging tail, as in ⟨ɖ ʂ ɳ⟩, and implosion by a top hook, ⟨ɓ ɗ ɠ⟩, but other pseudo-featural elements are due to haphazard derivation and coincidence. For example, all nasal consonants but uvular ⟨ɴ⟩ are based on the form ⟨n⟩: ⟨m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ⟩. However, the similarity between ⟨m⟩ and ⟨n⟩ is a historical accident, ⟨ɲ⟩ and ⟨ŋ⟩ are derived from ligatures of gn and ng, and ⟨ɱ⟩ is an ad hoc imitation of ⟨ŋ⟩. In none of these is the form consistent with other letters that share these places of articulation.[citation needed]
Some of the new letters were ordinary Latin letters turned upside-down, such as ɐ ɔ ə ɟ ɥ ɯ ɹ ᴚ ʇ ʌ ʍ ʎ (turned a c e f h m r ʀ t v w y). This was easily done with mechanical typesetting machines, and had the advantage of not requiring the casting of special type for IPA symbols.
Symbols and sounds[link]
The International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, using as few non-Latin forms as possible.[5] The Association created the IPA so that the sound values of most consonant letters taken from the Latin alphabet would correspond to "international usage".[5] Hence, the letters ⟨b⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨f⟩, (hard) ⟨ɡ⟩, (non-silent) ⟨h⟩, (unaspirated) ⟨k⟩, ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, (unaspirated) ⟨p⟩, (voiceless) ⟨s⟩, (unaspirated) ⟨t⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨w⟩, and ⟨z⟩ have the values used in English; and the vowel letters from the Latin alphabet (⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩) correspond to the (long) sound values of Latin: [i] is like the vowel in machine, [u] is as in rule, etc. Other letters may differ from English, but are used with these values in other European languages, such as ⟨j⟩, ⟨r⟩, and ⟨y⟩.
This inventory was extended by using capital or cursive forms, diacritics, and rotation. There are also several symbols derived or taken from the Greek alphabet, though the sound values may differ. For example, ⟨ʋ⟩ is a vowel in Greek, but an only indirectly related consonant in the IPA. Three of these (⟨β⟩, ⟨θ⟩ and ⟨χ⟩) are used unmodified in form; for others (including ⟨ɣ⟩, ⟨ɛ⟩, ⟨ɸ⟩, and ⟨ʋ⟩) subtly different glyph shapes have been devised, which may be encoded in Unicode separately from their "parent" letters.
The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters.[13] For example, letters with a rightward-facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex consonants; and small capital letters usually represent uvular consonants. Apart from the fact that certain kinds of modification to the shape of a letter generally correspond to certain kinds of modification to the sound represented, there is no way to deduce the sound represented by a symbol from its shape (unlike, for example, in Visible Speech).
Beyond the letters themselves, there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription. Diacritic marks can be combined with IPA letters to transcribe modified phonetic values or secondary articulations. There are also special symbols for suprasegmental features such as stress and tone that are often employed.
Brackets and phonemes[link]
There are two principal types of brackets used to set off IPA transcriptions:
- [square brackets] are used for phonetic details of the pronunciation, possibly including details that may not be used for distinguishing words in the language being transcribed, but which the author nonetheless wishes to document.
- /slashes/ are used to mark off phonemes, all of which are distinctive in the language, without any extraneous detail.
For example, while the /p/ sounds of pin and spin are pronounced slightly differently in English (and this difference would be meaningful in some languages), the difference is not meaningful in English. Thus phonemically the words are /pɪn/ and /spɪn/, with the same /p/ phoneme. However, to capture the difference between them (the allophones of /p/), they can be transcribed phonetically as [pʰɪn] and [spɪn].
Two other conventions are less commonly seen:
- Double slashes //...//, pipes |...|, double pipes ||...||, or braces {...} may be used around a word to denote its underlying structure, more abstract even than that of phonemes. See morphophonology for examples.
- Angle brackets are used to clarify that the letters represent the original orthography of the language, or sometimes an exact transliteration of a non-Latin script, not the IPA; or, within the IPA, that the letters themselves are indicated, not the sound values that they carry. For example, ⟨pin⟩ and ⟨spin⟩ would be seen for those words, which do not contain the ee sound [i] of the IPA letter ⟨i⟩. Italics are perhaps more commonly used for this purpose when full words are being written (as pin, spin above), but this convention may not be considered sufficiently clear for individual letters and digraphs. The true angle brackets ⟨...⟩ (U+27E8, U+27E9) are not supported by many non-mathematical fonts as of 2010. Therefore chevrons ‹...› (U+2039, U+203A) are sometimes used in substitution, as are the less-than and greater-than signs <...> (U+003C, U+003E).
Handwritten forms[link]
IPA letters have handwritten forms designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes; they are occasionally seen in publications when the printer did not have fonts that supported IPA, and the IPA was therefore filled in by hand.
Usage[link]
Further information: Phonetic transcription
Although the IPA offers over a hundred and sixty symbols for transcribing speech, only a relatively small subset of these will be used to transcribe any one language. It is possible to transcribe speech with various levels of precision. A precise phonetic transcription, in which sounds are described in a great deal of detail, is known as a narrow transcription. A coarser transcription which ignores some of this detail is called a broad transcription. Both are relative terms, and both are generally enclosed in square brackets.[1] Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details, or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand, and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions, but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language.
For example, the English word little may be transcribed broadly using the IPA as [ˈlɪtəl], and this broad (imprecise) transcription is an accurate (approximately correct) description of many pronunciations. A more narrow transcription may focus on individual or dialectical details: [ˈɫɪɾɫ] in General American, [ˈlɪʔo] in Cockney, or [ˈɫɪːɫ] in Southern US English.
It is customary to use simpler letters, without many diacritics, in phonemic transcriptions. The choice of IPA letters may reflect the theoretical claims of the author, or merely be a convenience for typesetting. For instance, in English, either the vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as /i/ (for the pairs /pik, piːk/ or /pɪk, pik/), and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word pique which is also generally transcribed /i/. That is, letters between slashes do not have absolute values, something true of broader phonetic approximations as well. A narrow transcription may, however, be used to distinguish them: [pʰɪk], [pʰiːk], [pik].
Linguists[link]
Although IPA is popular for transcription by linguists, it is also common to use Americanist phonetic notation or IPA together with some nonstandard symbols, for reasons including reducing the error rate on reading handwritten transcriptions or avoiding perceived awkwardness of IPA in some situations. The exact practice may vary somewhat between languages and even individual researchers, so authors are generally encouraged to include a chart or other explanation of their choices.[14]
Language study[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130107025957/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
This section requires expansion. |
File:English-2nd grade-Vereshchagina-Russian-textbook-page 39.png
A page from an English language textbook used in Russia. The IPA is used to teach the different pronunciations of the digraph ⟨th⟩ (/θ/, /ð/) and to show the pronunciation of newly introduced words polite, everything, always, forget.
Some language study programs use the IPA to teach pronunciation. For example, in Russia (and earlier in the Soviet Union), mainland China, and Taiwan[citation needed], textbooks for children[15] and adults[16] for studying English and French consistently use the IPA.
Dictionaries[link]
English[link]
Many British dictionaries, including learner's dictionaries such as the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary and the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary, now use the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the pronunciation of words.[17] However, most American (and some British) volumes use one of a variety of pronunciation respelling systems, intended to be more comfortable for readers of English. For example, the respelling systems in many American dictionaries (such as Merriam-Webster) use ⟨y⟩ for IPA [j] and ⟨sh⟩ for IPA [ʃ], reflecting common representations of those sounds in written English,[18] using only letters of the English Roman alphabet and variations of them. (In IPA, [y] represents the sound of the French ⟨u⟩ (as in tu), and [sh] represents the pair of sounds in grasshopper.)
Other languages[link]
The IPA is also not universal among dictionaries in languages other than English. Monolingual dictionaries of languages with generally phonemic orthographies generally do not bother with indicating the pronunciation of most words, and tend to use respelling systems for words with unexpected pronunciations. Dictionaries produced in Israel use the IPA rarely and sometimes use the Hebrew script for transcription of foreign words. Monolingual Hebrew dictionaries use pronunciation respelling for words with unusual spelling; for example, Even-Shoshan Dictionary respells תָּכְנִית as תּוֹכְנִית because this word uses kamatz katan. Bilingual dictionaries that translate from foreign languages into Russian usually employ the IPA, but monolingual Russian dictionaries occasionally use pronunciation respelling for foreign words; for example, Ozhegov's dictionary adds нэ́ in brackets for the French word пенсне (pince-nez) to indicate that the е doesn't iotate the н.
The IPA is more common in bilingual dictionaries, but there are exceptions here too. Mass-market bilingual Czech dictionaries, for instance, tend to use the IPA only for sounds not found in the Czech language.[19]
Standard orthographies and capital variants[link]
Main article: Case variants of IPA letters
IPA letters have been incorporated into the alphabets of various languages, notably in Sub-Saharan Africa: Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, Lingala, etc. This has created the need for capital variants. For example, Kabiyé of northern Togo has Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʃ ʃ, Ʊ ʊ (or Ʋ ʋ):
- MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.
These, and others, are supported by Unicode, but appear in Latin ranges other than the IPA extensions.
Classical singing[link]
IPA has widespread use among classical singers for preparation, especially among English-speaking singers who are expected to sing in a variety of foreign languages. Opera librettos are authoritatively transcribed in IPA, such as Nico Castel's volumes[20] and Timothy Cheek's book Singing in Czech.[21] Opera singers' ability to read IPA was recently used by the Visual Thesaurus, which employed several opera singers "to make recordings for the 150,000 words and phrases in VT's lexical database. ...for their vocal stamina, attention to the details of enunciation, and most of all, knowledge of IPA."[22]
Letters[link]
The International Phonetic Alphabet organizes its letter symbols into three categories: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels.[23][24] Each character is assigned a number, to prevent confusion between similar letters (such as ɵ and θ), for example in printing manuscripts. Different categories of sounds are assigned different ranges of numbers.
Consonants[link]
Main article: Consonant
|
IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audio |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Place → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | Glottal | |||||||||||||||||||
| ↓ Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalv. | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||||||||||
| Nasal | m̥ | m | ɱ | n̪ | n̥ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ̥ | ɲ | ŋ̊ | ŋ | ɴ | |||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | p̪ | b̪ | t̪ | d̪ | t | d | ʈ | ɖ | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | q | ɢ | ʡ | ʔ | ||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | f | v | θ | ð | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | ʂ | ʐ | ç | ʝ | x | ɣ | χ | ʁ | ħ | ʕ | ʜ | ʢ | h | ɦ |
| Approximant | ʋ | ɹ | ɻ | j | ɰ | |||||||||||||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ɽ͡r | ʀ | я * | |||||||||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ⱱ̟ | ⱱ | ɾ | ɽ | ɢ̆ | ʡ̯ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fric. | ɬ | ɮ | ɭ˔̊ | ʎ̥˔ | ʟ̝̊ | ʟ̝ | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | l | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral flap | ɺ | ɺ̠ | ʎ̯ | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Clicks | ʘ | ǀ | ǃ | ǂ | ǁ | ||
| ʘ̃ | ʘ̃ˀ | ʘ͡q | ʘ͡qʼ | ||||
| Implosives | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | ᶑ | ɠ | ʛ | |
| Ejectives | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | ʈʼ | kʼ | qʼ | |
| fʼ | θʼ | sʼ | ɬʼ | xʼ | χʼ | ||
| tsʼ | tɬʼ | cʎ̝̥ʼ | tʃʼ | ʈʂʼ | kxʼ | kʟ̝̊ʼ | |
| p̪f | b̪v | ts | dz | tʃ | dʒ | tɕ | dʑ | ʈʂ | ɖʐ |
| tɬ | dɮ | cç | ɟʝ | cʎ̥˔ | kʟ̝̊ |
| Fricatives | ɕ | ʑ | ɧ | |
| Approximants | ʍ | w | ɥ | ɫ |
| Stops | k͡p | ɡ͡b | ŋ͡m | |
| These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants. |
| Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. |
| * Symbol not defined in IPA. |
- Notes
- Asterisks (*) indicate unofficial IPA symbols for attested sounds. See the respective articles for ad hoc symbols found in the literature.
- In rows where some letters appear in pairs (the obstruents), the letter to the right represents a voiced consonant (except breathy-voiced [ɦ]). However, [ʔ] cannot be voiced, and the voicing of [ʡ] is ambiguous.[25] In the other rows (the sonorants), the single letter represents a voiced consonant.
- Although there is a single letter for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives, when dealing with a particular language, the letters may be treated as specifically dental, alveolar, or post-alveolar, as appropriate for that language, without diacritics.
- Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible.
- The letters [ʁ, ʕ, ʢ] represent either voiced fricatives or approximants.
- In many languages, such as English, [h] and [ɦ] are not actually glottal, fricatives, or approximants. Rather, they are bare phonation.[26]
- It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives [ʃ ʒ], [ɕ ʑ], and [ʂ ʐ].
- The labiodental nasal [ɱ] is not known to exist as a phoneme in any language.[27]
Pulmonic consonants[link]
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis (the space between the vocal cords) or oral cavity (the mouth) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs. Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA, as well as in human language. All consonants in the English language fall into this category.[28]
The pulmonic consonant table, which includes most consonants, is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation, meaning how the consonant is produced, and columns that designate place of articulation, meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced. The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation.
Co-articulated consonants[link]
Co-articulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation (are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract). In English, the [w] in "went" is a coarticulated consonant, because it is pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue. Other languages, such as French and Swedish, have different coarticulated consonants.
- Note
- [ɧ] is described as a "simultaneous [ʃ] and [x]".[29] However, this analysis is disputed. (See voiceless palatal-velar fricative for discussion.)
Affricates and double articulated consonants[link]
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two letters joined by a tie bar, either above or below the letters.[30] The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures, though this is no longer official IPA usage,[1] because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way. Alternatively, a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates, for example tˢ for t͡s, paralleling kˣ ~ k͡x. The letters for the palatal plosives c and ɟ, are often used as a convenience for t͡ʃ and d͡ʒ or similar affricates, even in official IPA publications, so they must be interpreted with care.
| View this table as an image. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Tie bar | Ligature | Description |
| t͡s | ʦ | voiceless alveolar affricate |
| d͡z | ʣ | voiced alveolar affricate |
| t͡ʃ | ʧ | voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| d͡ʒ | ʤ | voiced postalveolar affricate |
| t͡ɕ | ʨ | voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate |
| d͡ʑ | ʥ | voiced alveolo-palatal affricate |
| t͡ɬ | – | voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
| k͡p | – | voiceless labial-velar plosive |
| ɡ͡b | – | voiced labial-velar plosive |
| ŋ͡m | – | labial-velar nasal stop |
- Note
- On browsers that use Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better due to a bug in that font: ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.
Non-pulmonic consonants[link]
Non-pulmonic consonants are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Swahili) and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).
| View this table as an image | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clicks | Implosives | Ejectives | |||
| ʘ | Bilabial | ɓ | Bilabial | ʼ | For example: |
| ǀ | Laminal alveolar ("dental") | ɗ | Alveolar | pʼ | Bilabial |
| ǃ | Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex") | ʄ | Palatal | tʼ | Alveolar |
| ǂ | Laminal postalveolar ("palatal") | ɠ | Velar | kʼ | Velar |
| ǁ | Lateral coronal ("lateral") | ʛ | Uvular | sʼ | Alveolar fricative |
- Notes
- Clicks are double articulated and have traditionally been described as having a forward 'release' and a rear 'accompaniment', with the click letters representing the release. Therefore all clicks would require two letters for proper notation: ⟨k͡ǂ, ɡ͡ǂ, ŋ͡ǂ, q͡ǂ, ɢ͡ǂ, ɴ͡ǂ⟩ etc., or ⟨ǂ͡k, ǂ͡ɡ, ǂ͡ŋ, ǂ͡q, ǂ͡ɢ, ǂ͡ɴ⟩. When the dorsal articulation is omitted, a [k] may usually be assumed. However, recent research disputes the concept of 'accompaniment'.[31] In these approaches, the click letter represents both articulations, with the different letters representing different click 'types', there is no velar-uvular distinction, and the accompanying letter represents the manner, phonation, or airstream contour of the click: ⟨ǂ, ᶢǂ, ᵑǂ⟩ etc.
- Letters for the voiceless implosives ⟨ƥ, ƭ, ƈ, ƙ, ʠ⟩ are no longer supported by the IPA, though they remain in Unicode. Instead, the IPA typically uses the voiced equivalent with a voiceless diacritic: ⟨ɓ̥, ʛ̥⟩, etc..
- Although not confirmed as contrastive in any language, and therefore not explicitly recognized by the IPA, a letter for the retroflex implosive, ⟨ᶑ⟩, is supported in the Unicode Phonetic Extensions Supplement, added in version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard, or can be created as a composite ⟨ɗ̢⟩.
- The ejective diacritic often stands in for a superscript glottal stop in glottalized but pulmonic sonorants, such as [mˀ], [lˀ], [wˀ], [aˀ]. These may also be transcribed as creaky [m̰], [l̰], [w̰], [a̰].
Vowels[link]
Main article: Vowel
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • chart with audio • view |
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The IPA defines a vowel as a sound which occurs at a syllable center.[32] Below is a chart depicting the vowels of the IPA. The IPA maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue.
The vertical axis of the chart is mapped by vowel height. Vowels pronounced with the tongue lowered are at the bottom, and vowels pronounced with the tongue raised are at the top. For example, [ɑ] (said as the "a" in "palm") is at the bottom because the tongue is lowered in this position. However, [i] (said as the vowel in "meet") is at the top because the sound is said with the tongue raised to the roof of the mouth.
In a similar fashion, the horizontal axis of the chart is determined by vowel backness. Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth (such as [ɛ], the vowel in "met") are to the left in the chart, while those in which it is moved to the back (such as [ʌ], the vowel in "but") are placed to the right in the chart.
In places where vowels are paired, the right represents a rounded vowel (in which the lips are rounded) while the left is its unrounded counterpart.
Diphthongs[link]
Diphthongs are typically specified with a non-syllabic diacritic, as in ⟨aɪ̯⟩. However, sometimes a tie bar is used, especially if it is difficult to tell if the vowel is characterized by an on-glide or an off-glide: ⟨a͡ɪ⟩ or ⟨a͜ɪ⟩.
- Notes
- ⟨a⟩ officially represents a front vowel, but there is little distinction between front and central open vowels, and ⟨a⟩ is frequently used for an open central vowel.[14] However, if disambiguation is required, the retraction diacritic or the centralized diacritic may be added to indicate an open central vowel, as in ⟨a̠⟩ or ⟨ä⟩.
[edit] Diacritics
Diacritics are small markings which are placed around the IPA letter in order to show a certain alteration or more specific description in the letter's pronunciation.[33] Sub-diacritics (markings normally placed below a letter) may be placed above a letter having a descender (informally called a tail), e.g. ŋ̊, ȷ̈.[33]
The dotless i, ⟨ı⟩, is used when the dot would interfere with the diacritic. Other IPA letters may appear as diacritic variants to represent phonetic detail: tˢ (fricative release), bʱ (breathy voice), ˀa (glottal onset), ᵊ (epenthetic schwa), oʊ (diphthongization). Additional diacritics were introduced in the Extensions to the IPA, which were designed principally for speech pathology.
| View the diacritic table as an image | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Syllabicity diacritics | |||||
| ◌̩ | ɹ̩ n̩ | Syllabic | ◌̯ | e̯ ʊ̯ | Non-syllabic |
| Consonant-release diacritics | |||||
| ◌ʰ | tʰ | Aspirated[a] | ◌̚ | d̚ | No audible release |
| ◌ʱ | dʱ | ||||
| ◌ⁿ | dⁿ | Nasal release | ◌ˡ | dˡ | Lateral release |
| Phonation diacritics | |||||
| ◌̥ | n̥ d̥ | Voiceless | ◌̬ | s̬ t̬ | Voiced |
| ◌̤ | b̤ a̤ | Breathy voiced[b] | ◌̰ | b̰ a̰ | Creaky voiced |
| Articulation diacritics | |||||
| ◌̪ | t̪ d̪ | Dental | ◌̼ | t̼ d̼ | Linguolabial |
| ◌̺ | t̺ d̺ | Apical | ◌̻ | t̻ d̻ | Laminal |
| ◌̟ | u̟ t̟ | Advanced | ◌̠ | i̠ t̠ | Retracted |
| ◌̈ | ë ä | Centralized | ◌̽ | e̽ ɯ̽ | Mid-centralized |
| ◌̝ | e̝ ɹ̝ | Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar nonsibilant fricative) | |||
| ◌˔ | ˔ | ||||
| ◌̞ | e̞ β̞ | Lowered (β̞ = bilabial approximant) | |||
| ◌˕ | ˕ | ||||
| Co-articulation diacritics | |||||
| ◌̹ | ɔ̹ x̹ | More rounded | ◌̜ | ɔ̜ x̜ʷ | Less rounded |
| ◌ʷ | tʷ dʷ | Labialized or labio-velarized | ◌ʲ | tʲ dʲ | Palatalized |
| ◌ˠ | tˠ dˠ | Velarized | ◌ˤ | tˤ aˤ | Pharyngealized |
| ◌ᶣ | tᶣ dᶣ | Labio-palatalized | ◌̴ | ɫ z̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized |
| ◌̘ | e̘ o̘ | Advanced tongue root | ◌̙ | e̙ o̙ | Retracted tongue root |
| ◌̃ | ẽ z̃ | Nasalized | ◌˞ | ɚ ɝ | Rhotacized |
- Notes
- a^ With aspirated voiced consonants, the aspiration is also voiced. Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice.
- b^ Some linguists restrict this breathy-voice diacritic to sonorants, and transcribe obstruents as bʱ.
The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed with diacritics. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis phonation are:
| Open glottis | [t] | voiceless |
|---|---|---|
| [d̤] | breathy voice, also called murmured | |
| [d̥] | slack voice | |
| Sweet spot | [d] | modal voice |
| [d̬] | stiff voice | |
| [d̰] | creaky voice | |
| Closed glottis | [ʔ͡t] | glottal closure |
Suprasegmentals[link]
These symbols describe the features of a language above the level of individual consonants and vowels, such as prosody, tone, length, and stress, which often operate on syllables, words, or phrases: that is, elements such as the intensity, pitch, and gemination of the sounds of a language, as well as the rhythm and intonation of speech.[34] Although most of these symbols indicate distinctions that are phonemic at the word level, symbols also exist for intonation on a level greater than that of the word.[34]
| View this table as an image | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Length, stress, and rhythm | ||||||
| ˈa | Primary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) |
ˌa | Secondary stress (symbol goes before stressed syllable) |
|||
| aː kː | Long (long vowel or geminate consonant) |
aˑ | Half-long | |||
| ə̆ | Extra-short | a.a | Syllable break | |||
| s‿a | Linking (absence of a break) | |||||
| Intonation | ||||||
| | | Minor (foot) break | ‖ | Major (intonation) break | |||
| ↗ | Global rise | ↘ | Global fall | |||
| Tone diacritics and tone letters | ||||||
| ŋ̋ e̋ | e˥ | Extra high / top | ꜛke | Upstep | ||
| ŋ́ é | e˦ | High | ŋ̌ ě | Rise | ||
| ŋ̄ ē | e˧ | Mid | ||||
| ŋ̀ è | e˨ | Low | ŋ̂ ê | Fall | ||
| ŋ̏ ȅ | e˩ | Extra low / bottom | ꜜke | Downstep | ||
Finer distinctions of tone may be indicated by combining the tone diacritics and letters shown here, though not many fonts support this. The primary examples are high (mid) rising ɔ᷄, ɔ˧˥; low rising ɔ᷅, ɔ˩˧; high falling ɔ᷇, ɔ˥˧; low (mid) falling ɔ᷆, ɔ˧˩; peaking ɔ᷈, ɔ˧˥˧; and dipping ɔ᷉, ɔ˧˩˧. A work-around for diacritics sometimes seen when a language has more than one rising or falling tone, and the author does not wish to completely abandon the IPA, is to restrict generic rising ɔ̌ and falling ɔ̂ for the higher-pitched of the rising and falling tones, ɔ˥˧ and ɔ˧˥, and to use the non-standard subscript diacritics ɔ̗ and ɔ̖ for the lower-pitched rising and falling tones, ɔ˩˧ and ɔ˧˩. When a language has four level tones, the two mid tones are sometimes transcribed as high-mid ɔ̍ (non-standard) and low-mid ɔ̄.
Obsolete and nonstandard symbols[link]
The IPA inherited alternate symbols from various traditions, but eventually settled on one for each sound. The other symbols are now considered obsolete. An example is ⟨ɷ⟩ which has been standardized to ⟨ʊ⟩. Several letters indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that such things should be indicated with diacritics: ⟨ƍ⟩ for ⟨zʷ⟩ is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series ⟨ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ⟩ has been dropped; they are now written ⟨ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥⟩ or ⟨pʼ↓ tʼ↓ cʼ↓ kʼ↓ qʼ↓⟩. A rejected competing proposal for transcribing clicks, ⟨ʇ, ʗ, ʖ⟩, is still sometimes seen, as the official letters ⟨ǀ, ǃ, ǁ⟩ may cause problems with legibility, especially when used with brackets, the letter ⟨l⟩, or the prosodic marks ⟨|, ‖⟩.[35]
There are also unsupported or ad hoc letters from local traditions that find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA. This is especially common with affricates such as the "barred lambda" ⟨ƛ⟩ for [t͜ɬ].
IPA extensions[link]
Main article: Extensions to the IPA
The "Extensions to the IPA," often abbreviated as "extIPA," and sometimes called "Extended IPA," are symbols whose original purpose was to accurately transcribe disordered speech. At the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989, a group of linguists drew up the initial extensions.[36] The extensions were first published in 1990, then modified, and published again in 1994 in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association, when they were officially adopted by the ICPLA.[37] While the original purpose was to transcribe disordered speech, linguists have used the extensions to designate a number of unique sounds within standard communication, such as hushing, gnashing teeth, and smacking lips. The extensions have also been used to record certain peculiarities in an individual's voice, such as nasalized voicing.[2]
The Extensions to the IPA do not include symbols used for voice quality (VoQS), such as whispering.
Segments without letters[link]
The remaining blank cells on the IPA chart can be filled without too much difficulty if the need arises. Some ad hoc letters have appeared in the literature for the retroflex lateral flap, the voiceless lateral fricatives, the epiglottal trill, and the labiodental plosives. (See the grey letters in the PDF chart.) Diacritics can supply much of the remainder, which would indeed be appropriate if the sounds were allophones.[38]
Consonants[link]
Representations of consonant sounds outside of the core set are created by adding diacritics to letters with similar sound values. The Spanish bilabial and dental approximants are commonly written as lowered fricatives, [β̞] and [ð̞] respectively. Similarly, voiced lateral fricatives would be written as raised lateral approximants, [ɭ˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝]. A few languages such as Banda have a bilabial flap as the preferred allophone of what is elsewhere a labiodental flap. It has been suggested that this be written with the labiodental flap letter and the advanced diacritic, [ⱱ̟].[39]
Similarly, a labiodental trill would be written [ʙ̪] (bilabial trill and the dental sign), and labiodental stops [p̪ b̪] rather than with the ad hoc letters sometimes found in the literature. Other taps can be written as extra-short plosives or laterals, e.g. [ɟ̆ ɢ̆/ʀ̆ ʟ̆], though in some cases the diacritic would need to be written below the letter. A retroflex trill can be written as a retracted [r̠], just as retroflex fricatives sometimes are. The remaining consonants, the uvular laterals (ʟ̠ etc.) and the palatal trill, while not strictly impossible, are very difficult to pronounce and are unlikely to occur even as allophones in the world's languages.
Vowels[link]
The vowels are similarly manageable by using diacritics for raising, lowering, fronting, backing, centering, and mid-centering.[40] For example, the unrounded equivalent of [ʊ] can be transcribed as mid-centered [ɯ̽], and the rounded equivalent of [æ] as raised [ɶ̝]. True mid vowels are lowered [e̞ ø̞ ɘ̞ ɵ̞ ɤ̞ o̞], while centered [ɪ̈ ʊ̈] and [ä] are near-close and open central vowels, respectively. The only known vowels that cannot be represented in this scheme are vowels with unexpected roundedness, which would require a dedicated diacritic, such as [ʏ̫] and [u͍] or [ʏʷ] and [uᵝ].
Symbol names[link]
An IPA symbol is often distinguished from the sound it is intended to represent, since there is not necessarily a one-to-one correspondence between letter and sound in broad transcription, making articulatory descriptions such as 'mid front rounded vowel' or 'voiced velar stop' unreliable. While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association states that no official names exist for its symbols, it admits the presence of one or two common names for each.[41] The symbols also have nonce names in the Unicode standard. In some cases, the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree. For example, IPA calls ɛ "epsilon", but Unicode calls it "small letter open E".
The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are usually used for unmodified letters.[note 5] Letters which are not directly derived from these alphabets, such as [ʕ], may have a variety of names, sometimes based on the appearance of the symbol, and sometimes based on the sound that it represents. In Unicode, some of the letters of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA; the others use the letters from the Greek section.
For diacritics, there are two methods of naming. For traditional diacritics, the IPA notes the name in a well known language; for example, é is acute, based on the name of the diacritic in English and French. Non-traditional diacritics are often named after objects they resemble, so d̪ is called bridge.
Pullum and Ladusaw list a variety of names in use for IPA symbols, both current and retired, in addition to names of many other non-IPA phonetic symbols.[8] Their collection is extensive enough that the Unicode Consortium used it in the development of Unicode.
ASCII and keyboard transliterations[link]
Several systems have been developed that map the IPA symbols to ASCII characters. Notable systems include Kirshenbaum, Arpabet, SAMPA, and X-SAMPA. The usage of mapping systems in on-line text has to some extent been adopted in the context input methods, allowing convenient keying of IPA characters that would be otherwise unavailable on standard keyboard layouts.
See also[link]
- Articulatory phonetics
- Index of phonetics articles
- International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
- ICAO spelling alphabet
- IPA chart for English dialects
- List of international common standards
- Luciano Canepari
- Phonetic transcription
- Semyon Novgorodov – inventor of IPA-based Yakut alphabet
- TIPA provides IPA support for LaTeX
- Unicode Phonetic Symbols
- Wikipedia:IPA for English
- English Phonetic Alphabet
Notes[link]
- ^ "The acronym 'IPA' strictly refers [...] to the 'International Phonetic Association'. But it is now such a common practice to use the acronym also to refer to the alphabet itself (from the phrase 'International Phonetic Alphabet') that resistance seems pedantic. Context usually serves to disambiguate the two usages." (Laver 1994:561)
- ^ For instance, flaps and taps are two different kinds of articulation, but since no language has (yet) been found to make a distinction between, say, an alveolar flap and an alveolar tap, the IPA does not provide such sounds with dedicated letters. Instead, it provides a single letter (in this case, [ɾ]) for both. Strictly speaking, this makes the IPA a partially phonemic alphabet, not a purely phonetic one.
- ^ There are five basic tone diacritics and five basic tone letters, both sets of which are compounded for contour tones.
- ^ "The non-roman letters of the International Phonetic Alphabet have been designed as far as possible to harmonize well with the roman letters. The Association does not recognize makeshift letters; It recognizes only letters which have been carefully cut so as to be in harmony with the other letters." (IPA 1949)
- ^ For example, [p] is called "Lower-case P" and [χ] is "Chi." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 171)
References[link]
- ^ a b c d International Phonetic Association (IPA), Handbook.
- ^ a b c d e f MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation". In P. T. Daniels and W. Bright (eds.). The World's Writing Systems. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 821–846. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
- ^ Wall, Joan (1989). International Phonetic Alphabet for Singers: A Manual for English and Foreign Language Diction. Pst. ISBN 1-877761-50-8. http://www.amazon.com/International-Phonetic-Alphabet-Singers-Language/dp/1877761508.
- ^ The inverted bridge under the ⟨t⟩ specifies it as apical (pronounced with the tip of the tongue), and the superscript h shows that it's aspirated (breathy), both qualities which cause the English [t] to sound different from the French or Spanish [t], which is a laminal (pronounced with the blade of the tongue) and unaspirated [t̻]. ⟨t̺ʰ⟩ and ⟨t̻⟩ are thus two different IPA symbols for two different, though similar, sounds.
- ^ a b c d e International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 194–196
- ^ "Originally, the aim was to make available a set of phonetic symbols which would be given different articulatory values, if necessary, in different languages." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 195–196)
- ^ Passy, Paul (1888). "Our revised alphabet". The Phonetic Teacher: 57–60.
- ^ a b c Pullum and Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide, pp. 152, 209
- ^ Nicolaidis, Katerina (September 2005). "Approval of New IPA Sound: The Labiodental Flap". International Phonetic Association. http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/flap.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-17.
- ^ International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 186
- ^ “From its earliest days...the International Phonetic Association has aimed to provide ‘a separate sign for each distinctive sound; that is, for each sound which, being used instead of another, in the same language, can change the meaning of a word’.” (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 27)
- ^ Laver, Principles of Phonetics,pp. 174–175
- ^ "The new letters should be suggestive of the sounds they represent, by their resemblance to the old ones." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 196)
- ^ a b Sally Thomason (January 2, 2008). "Why I Don't Love the International Phonetic Alphabet". Language Log. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005287.html.
- ^ For example, the English school textbooks by I. N. Vereshagina, K. A. Bondarenko and T. A. Pritykina.
- ^ For example, "Le Français à la portée de tous" by K. K. Parchevsky and E. B. Roisenblit (1995) and "English Through Eye and Ear" by L.V. Bankevich (1975).
- ^ "Phonetics". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. 2002. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
- ^ "Merriam-Webster Online Pronunciation Symbols". http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/pronsymbols.html. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
Agnes, Michael (1999). Webster's New World College Dictionary. New York, NY: Macmillan USA. xxiii. ISBN 0-02-863119-6.
Pronunciation respelling for English has detailed comparisons. - ^ (Czech) Fronek, J. (2006) (in Czech). Velký anglicko-český slovník. Praha: Leda. ISBN 80-7335-022-X. "In accordance with long-established Czech lexicographical tradition, a modified version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is adopted in which letters of the Czech alphabet are employed."
- ^ "Nico Castel's Complete Libretti Series". Castel Opera Arts. http://www.castelopera.com/libretti.htm. Retrieved 2008-09-29.
- ^ Cheek, Timothy (2001). Singing in Czech. The Scarecrow Press. p. 392. ISBN 0-8108-4003-0 ISBN 978-0-8108-4003-4. http://scarecrowpress.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=%5EDB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0810840030.
- ^ Zimmer, Benjamin (2008-05-14). "Operatic IPA and the Visual Thesaurus". Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=155. Retrieved 2009-09-29.
- ^ "Segments can usefully be divided into two major categories, consonants and vowels." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 3)
- ^ International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 6.
- ^ Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §2.1.
- ^ Ladefoged and Maddieson, 1996, Sounds of the World's Languages, §9.3.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. p 18
- ^ Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert (1998) [1974]. An Introduction to Language (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-018682-X.
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson (1996). The sounds of the world's languages. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ It is traditional to place the tie bar above the letters. It may be placed below to avoid overlap with ascenders or diacritic marks, or simply because it is more legible that way, as in Niesler, Louw, & Roux (2005) [Phonetic analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu using South African speech databases http://www.ajol.info/index.php/salas/article/viewFile/6562/13287]
- ^ Amanda L. Miller et al., "Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu lingual stops". Submitted to the Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
- ^ International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 10.
- ^ a b International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 14–15.
- ^ a b International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 13.
- ^ "John Wells's phonetic blog". Phonetic-blog.blogspot.com. 2009-09-09. http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2009/09/click-symbols.html. Retrieved 2010-10-18.
- ^ "At the 1989 Kiel Convention of the IPA, a sub-group was established to draw up recommendations for the transcription of disordered speech." ("Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart" in International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 186.)
- ^ "Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart" in International Phonetic Association, Handbook, pp. 186–187.
- ^ "Diacritics may also be employed to create symbols for phonemes, thus reducing the need to create new letter shapes." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 27)
- ^ Olson, Kenneth S.; & Hajek, John. (1999). The phonetic status of the labial flap. Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), pp. 101–114.
- ^ "The diacrtics...can be used to modify the lip or tongue position implied by a vowel symbol." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 16)
- ^ "...the International Phonetic Association has never officially approved a set of names..." (International Phonetic Association, Handbook, p. 31)
Further reading[link]
- Ball, Martin J.; John H. Esling & B. Craig. Dickson (1995). "The VoQS system for the transcription of voice quality". Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 25 (2): 71–80. DOI:10.1017/S0025100300005181.
- Duckworth, M.; G. Allen, M.J. Ball (December 1990). "Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for the transcription of atypical speech". Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics 4 (4): 273–280. DOI:10.3109/02699209008985489.
- Hill, Kenneth C.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William (March 1988). "Review of Phonetic symbol guide by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw". Language 64 (1): 143–144. DOI:10.2307/414792. JSTOR 414792.
- International Phonetic Association (1989). "Report on the 1989 Kiel convention". Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 19 (2): 67–80.
- International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb).
- Jones, Daniel (1988). English pronouncing dictionary (revised 14th ed.). London: Dent. ISBN 0-521-86230-2. OCLC 18415701.
- Ladefoged, Peter (September 1990). "The revised International Phonetic Alphabet". Language 66 (3): 550–552. DOI:10.2307/414611. JSTOR 414611.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Morris Hale (September 1988). "Some major features of the International Phonetic Alphabet". Language 64 (3): 577–582. DOI:10.2307/414533. JSTOR 414533.
- Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45031-4 (hb); ISBN 0-521-45655-X (pb).
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; William A. Laduslaw (1986). Phonetic symbol guide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-68532-2.
- Skinner, Edith; Timothy Monich, and Lilene Mansell (1990). Speak with Distinction. New York, NY: Applause Theatre Book Publishers. ISBN 1-55783-047-9.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: International Phonetic Alphabet |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: IPA charts |
- The International Phonetic Association web site
- York University IPA Interactive Flash Charts
- Video recordings of the sounds of IPA by The University of Sheffield
- Information on IPA by Omniglot
- IPA Chart in Unicode and XHTML/CSS
- IPA copy & paste charts, keyboards, etc by IPA.Webstuff.org
- Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
- Various resources including a glossary by Peter Roach.
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart
- Using IPA fonts with Mac OS X: The Comprehensive Guide, an article explaining how to install and use freeware fonts and keyboard layouts to type in the International Phonetic Alphabet on OS X
- Visual Thesaurus
- IPA – Introduction This site was especially designed to act as an introduction to the International Phonetic Alphabet as used for English.
Education[link]
- Interactive Saggital Section
- Phonetics: the Sounds of English and Spanish Note: requires Flash 7 or higher.
- IPA Charts with an interactive chart of all IPA letters with their sounds (Flash)
IPA font downloads[link]
- Charis SIL, a very complete international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman, italic, and bold typefaces that includes tone letters and pre-composed tone diacritics on IPA vowels, the new labiodental flap, and many non-standard phonetic symbols. Based on Bitstream Charter, this font suffers from extremely bad hinting when rendered by FreeType on Linux.
- DejaVu fonts Sourceforge.net have full Unicode IPA support. Sourceforge.net
- Doulos SIL, a Times/Times New Roman style font. It contains the same characters as Charis SIL, but only in a single face, roman.
- Gentium, a professionally designed international font (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) in roman and italic typefaces that includes the IPA, but not yet tone letters or the new labiodental flap. For bold typefaces but only the most basic IPA letters, Gentium Basic may be used.
- TIPA, a font and system for entering IPA phonetic transcriptions in LaTeX documents.
Keyboard input[link]
- Extended IPA keyboard layout for Microsoft Windows: for Unicode IPA input
- Complete Guide: Beginners’ guide to using IPA on Windows, Mac OS and Linux, covering many office applications and browsers
- Downloadable IPA keyboard layout for Microsoft Windows for Unicode IPA input
- Downloadable IPA-SIL keyboard layout for Mac OS X for Unicode IPA input
- IPA Character Picker Web-based input method
- IPAPalette is the Mac OS X input method on which IPACharMap is based.
- IPACharMap (scroll down to see it) is an on-screen keyboard for point and click character entry, which can then be copied and pasted into a Unicode-aware word processor. Based on IPA Palette.
- IPATotal keyboard – This free UNICODE based keyboard encodes the whole character and diacritics charts of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), designed to represent all the sounds of speech in any language.
- IPA Writer: The IPA Writer. Online tool to write IPA.
- Microsoft Template – Creates a Toolbar for Microsoft Word. (This uses macros)
- Online keyboard[dead link]
- IPAEdit Unicode-compliant Transcription Editor for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows from the University of Marburg
- PhonPad online IPA editor.
- Lenz Windows program that allows typing IPA symbols directly into other programs.
- Online Smart IPA Keyboard quickly type IPA phonetics without memorizing symbol codes
- IPANow! - Automatic Foreign Language IPA Transcription : IPANow! is shareware that automatically creates phonetic transcriptions of texts in Latin, Italian, German, and French.
- PhoTransEdit - English Phonetic Transcription Editor : PhoTransEdit is an on-line and off-line application created to make typing phonetic transcriptions easier. It includes automatic phonemic transcription (in RP and General American) of English texts and an IPA phonetic keyboard to edit them. The transcription can be pasted into other editors (e.g. Microsoft Word) or exported to use it in HTML pages.
Sound files[link]
- An introduction to the sounds of languages
- Complete IPA chart with sound samples, including English diphthongs
- IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA letters on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
- IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
- Peter Ladefoged's Course in Phonetics (with sound files)
Unicode charts[link]
- International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode
- Unicode chart for main IPA lettersPDF (246.8 KB)
- Unicode chart for IPA modifier lettersPDF (203 KB)
- Unicode chart including IPA diacriticsPDF (231.2 KB)
- IPA with Unicode superimposedPDF (1.6 MB) from the University of Marburg
- MySQL Unicode collation chart for IPA and other phonetic blocks
- Unicode-HTML codes for IPA symbols: Tables of symbol names, character entity references and/or numeric character references at Penn State.
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Technical note[link]Most IPA symbols are not included in the most widely used form of Times New Roman (though they are included in the version provided with Windows Vista), the default font for Latin scripts in Internet Explorer for Windows. To properly view IPA symbols in that browser, you must set it to use a font which includes the IPA extensions characters. Such fonts include Lucida Sans Unicode, which comes with Windows XP; Gentium, Charis SIL, Doulos SIL, DejaVu Sans, or TITUS Cyberbit, which are freely available; or Arial Unicode MS, which comes with Microsoft Office. On this page, we have forced Internet Explorer to use such a font by default, so it should appear correctly, but this has not yet been done to all the other pages containing IPA. This also applies to other pages using special symbols. Bear this in mind if you see error symbols such as "" in articles. Special symbols should display properly without further configuration with Mozilla Firefox, Konqueror, Opera, Safari and most other recent browsers. |
http://wn.com/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Internationales Phonetisches Alphabet
http://es.wn.com/Alfabeto Fonético Internacional
http://ru.wn.com/Международный фонетический алфавит
http://cs.wn.com/Mezinárodní fonetická abeceda
http://pt.wn.com/Alfabeto fonético internacional
http://pl.wn.com/Międzynarodowy alfabet fonetyczny
http://hi.wn.com/अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय ध्वन्यात्मक वर्णमाला
http://it.wn.com/Alfabeto fonetico internazionale
http://id.wn.com/Alfabet Fonetis Internasional
http://nl.wn.com/Internationaal Fonetisch Alfabet
http://fr.wn.com/Alphabet phonétique international
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Full name | Rory Sutherland |
| Born | (1982-02-08) 8 February 1982 (age 30) Canberra, Australia |
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Weight | 78 kg (170 lb) |
| Team information | |
| Current team | UnitedHealthcare |
| Discipline | Road |
| Role | Rider |
| Amateur team(s) | |
| 2001–2002 | Rabobank Amateur Team |
| Professional team(s) | |
| 2003–2005 2007– |
Rabobank Health Net-Maxxis |
| Infobox last updated on 7 May 2012 |
|
Rory Sutherland (born 8 February 1982[1]) is a professional road bicycle racer from Canberra, Australia, riding for UCI Professional Continental team UnitedHealthcare. In 2007, he won both stages 2 and 3 of the Redlands Bicycle Classic, and also finished 2nd in the Australian National Time Trial Championships.[2]
Sutherland began racing at the age of 14 and previously rode in Europe with the Rabobank Team from 2001 to 2005. He tested positive for Clomiphene, which according to some medical experts is not a performance enhancing drug although it is on the WADA's banned substance list. Sutherland was given a 9 month conditional suspension by the Belgian Cycling Federation which whom he holds a racing licence.[3]
Palmarès[link]
- 2004
- 1st
U-23 National Road Race Champion
2005
- 3rd Overall Danmark Rundt
- 1st Youth Classification
- 2nd Stage 3
- 2007
- 1st USA Cycling National Racing Calendar Overall Individual Standings
- 2nd Australian National Time Trial Championships
- 2008
- 1st Prologue Redlands Bicycle Classic
- 1st Overall Nature Valley Grand Prix
- 1st Stage 5
- 1st Overall Joe Martin Stage Race
- 1st Prologue
- 1st Overall Mount Hood Cycling Classic
- 1st Stage 3
- 2nd Australian National Time Trail Championships
- 3rd Australian National Road Race Championships
- 9th Overall Jayco Bay Cycling Classic
- 9th Overall Tour de Georgia
- 2009
- 1st Overall Joe Martin Stage Race
- 1st Overall Nature Valley Grand Prix
- 6th Overall Redlands Bicycle Classic
- 2010
- 1st Overall Cascade Cycling Classic
- 1st Overall Nature Valley Grand Prix
- 7th Overall Tour of California
- 2011
- 1st Stage 1 Nature Valley Grand Prix
- 1st Stage 6 Nature Valley Grand Prix
- 6th Overall Settimana internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
- 7th Overall Tour of California
- 10th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
- 2012
- 1st Overall Tour of the Gila
- 1st Stage 1
References[link]
- ^ "Profile". Health Net Pro Cycling. http://www.teamhealthnet.com/team/rorysutherland.htm.
- ^ "2007 Results". Scody Australian Open Road Championships. http://www.aorcc.com/?id=results.
- ^ "An interview with Rory Sutherland". Cyclingnews.com. 14 March 2006. http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2006/interviews/?id=rory_sutherland06.
External links[link]
|
|||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Sutherland, Rory |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Racing cyclist |
| Date of birth | 1982-02-8 |
| Place of birth | Canberra, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This biographical article relating to Australian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Rory_Sutherland
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Rory Sutherland
http://de.wn.com/Rory Sutherland
http://nl.wn.com/Rory Sutherland
http://es.wn.com/Rory Sutherland
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_Sutherland
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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Wiki Summary
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. The IPA is used by foreign language students and teachers, linguists, Speech-Language Pathologists, singers, actors, lexicographers, constructed language creators (conlangers), and translators.
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are distinctive in spoken language: phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.
IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter ⟨t⟩ may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t̺ʰ], depending on how precise one wishes to be. Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could refer to, either [t̺ʰ] or [t] depending on the context and language.
