Kettles in a modern Trappist brewery

A brewery is a dedicated building for the making of beer, though beer can be made at home, and has been for much of beer's history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company.

The diversity of size in breweries is matched by the diversity of processes, degrees of automation, and kinds of beer produced in breweries. A brewery is typically divided into distinct sections, with each section reserved for one part of the brewing process.

History[link]

A 16th-century brewery.

The oldest brewery in the world is believed to be the German state-owned Weihenstephan brewery in the city of Freising, Bavaria. It can trace its history back to 1040 AD (this is disputed by the nearby Weltenburg Abbey brewery, who can trace back its beer-brewing tradition to at least 1050 AD, claiming the Weihenstephan document is at least controversial. The Zatec brewery in the Czech Republic claims it can prove that it paid a beer tax in 1004 AD).

The industrialization of the brewery[link]

Beer, in some form, can be traced back almost 5000 years to Mesopotamian writings describing daily rations of beer and bread to workers. Before the rise of production breweries, the production of beer took place at home and was the domain of women, as baking and brewing were seen as "women's work". Breweries, as production facilities reserved for making beer, did not emerge until monasteries and other Christian institutions started producing beer not only for their own consumption but also to use as payment. This industrialization of brewing shifted the responsibility of making beer to men.

Early breweries were almost always built on multiple stories, with equipment on higher floors used earlier in the production process, so that gravity could assist with the transfer of product from one stage to the next. This layout often is preserved in breweries today, but mechanical pumps allow more flexibility in brewery design.

Early breweries typically used large copper vats in the brewhouse, and fermentation and packaging took place in lined wooden containers. Such breweries were common until the Industrial Revolution, when better materials became available, and scientific advances led to a better understanding of the brewing process. Today, almost all brewery equipment is made of stainless steel.

Major technological advances[link]

19th century brewery installations

A handful of major breakthroughs have led to the modern brewery and its ability to produce the same beer consistently.

The steam engine, vastly improved in 1765 by James Watt, brought automatic stirring mechanisms and pumps into the brewery. It gave brewers the ability to mix liquids more reliably while heating, particularly the mash, to prevent scorching, and a quick way to transfer liquid from one container to another. Almost all breweries now use electric-powered stirring mechanisms and pumps. The steam engine also allowed the brewer to make greater quantities of beer, as human power was no longer a limiting factor in moving and stirring.

Carl von Linde, along with others, is credited with developing the refrigeration machine in 1871. Refrigeration allowed beer to be produced year-round, and always at the same temperature. Yeast is very sensitive to temperature, and, if a beer were produced during summer, the yeast would impart unpleasant flavors onto the beer. Most brewers would produce enough beer during winter to last through the summer, and store it in underground cellars, or even caves, to protect it from summer's heat.

The discovery of microbes by Louis Pasteur was instrumental in the control of fermentation. The idea that yeast was a microorganism that worked on wort to produce beer led to the isolation of a single yeast cell by Emil Christian Hansen. Pure yeast cultures allow brewers to pick out yeasts for their fermentation characteristics, including flavor profiles and fermentation ability. Some breweries in Belgium, however, still rely on "spontaneous" fermentation for their beers (see lambic).

The modern brewery[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Finished bottles being cased at a modern brewery

Breweries today are made predominantly of stainless steel, although vessels often have a decorative copper cladding for a nostalgic look. Stainless steel has many favorable characteristics that make it a well-suited material for brewing equipment. It imparts no flavor in beer, it reacts with very few chemicals, which means almost any cleaning solution can be used on it (concentrated chlorine [bleach] being a notable exception) and it is very sturdy. Sturdiness is important, as most tanks in the brewery have positive pressure applied to them as a matter of course, and it is not unusual that a vacuum will be formed incidentally during cleaning.

Heating in the brewhouse usually is achieved through pressurized steam, although direct-fire systems are not unusual in small breweries. Likewise, cooling in other areas of the brewery is typically done by cooling jackets on tanks, which allow the brewer to control precisely the temperature on each tank individually, although whole-room cooling is also common.

Today, modern brewing plants perform myriad analyses on their beers for quality control purposes. Shipments of ingredients are analyzed to correct for variations. Samples are pulled at almost every step and tested for [oxygen] content, unwanted microbial infections, and other beer-aging compounds. A representative sample of the finished product often is stored for months for comparison, when complaints are received.

Brewing process[link]

The entrance of the Karlsruhe Moninger brewery, Germany. An old boil kettle has been placed outside as decoration.

Work in the brewery is typically divided into 9 steps: Malting, Milling, Mashing, Lautering, Boiling, Fermenting, Conditioning, Filtering, and Filling.

Mashing is the process of mixing milled grain (typically malted grain) with water, and heating this mixture up with rests at certain temperatures to allow enzymes in the malt to break down the starch in the grain into sugars, typically maltose.

Lautering is the separation of the extracts won during mashing from the spent grain to create wort. It is achieved in either a lauter tun, a wide vessel with a false bottom, or a mash filter, a plate-and-frame filter designed for this kind of separation. Lautering has two stages: first wort run-off, during which the extract is separated in an undiluted state from the spent grains, and sparging, in which extract that remains with the grains is rinsed off with hot water.

Boiling the wort ensures its sterility, and thus prevents infections. During the boil, hops are added, which contribute their bitterness, aroma and flavor compounds to the beer. Along with the heat of the boil, they cause proteins in the wort to coagulate and the pH of the wort to fall, and they inhibit the later growth of certain bacteria. Finally, the vapors produced during the boil volatilize off-flavors, including dimethyl sulfide precursors.

The boil must be conducted so that it is even and intense. The boil lasts between 60 and 120 minutes, depending on its intensity, the hop addition schedule, and volume of wort the brewer expects to evaporate.

Fermenting[link]

Royal Brewery in Moss Side, Manchester, UK – with steel fermentation vessels.

Fermentation, as a step in the brewing process, starts as soon as yeast is added to the cooled wort. This is also the point at which the product is first called beer. It is during this stage that fermentable sugars won from the malt (maltose, maltotriose, glucose, fructose and sucrose) are metabolized into alcohol and carbon dioxide. Fermentation tanks come in all sorts of forms, from enormous cylindroconical vessels that can look like storage silos, to five gallon glass carboys in a homebrewer's closet.

Most breweries today use cylindroconical vessels, or CCVs, which have a conical bottom and a cylindrical top. The cone's aperture is typically around 70°, an angle that will allow the yeast to flow smoothly out through the cone's apex at the end of fermentation, but is not so steep as to take up too much vertical space. CCVs can handle both fermenting and conditioning in the same tank. At the end of fermentation, the yeast and other solids that have fallen to the cone's apex can be simply flushed out through a port at the apex.

Open fermentation vessels are also used, often for show in brewpubs, and in Europe in wheat beer fermentation. These vessels have no tops, which makes harvesting top-fermenting yeasts very easy. The open tops of the vessels make the risk of infection greater, but with proper cleaning procedures and careful protocol about who enters fermentation chambers, the risk can be well-controlled.

Fermentation tanks are typically made of stainless steel. If they are simple cylindrical tanks with beveled ends, they are arranged vertically, as opposed to conditioning tanks, which are usually laid out horizontally.

A very few breweries still use wooden vats for fermentation but wood is difficult to keep clean and infection-free and must be repitched more or less yearly.

After high kraeusen, a bung device (German: Spundapparat) is often put on the tanks to allow the CO₂ produced by the yeast to naturally carbonate the beer. This bung device can be set to a given pressure to match the type of beer being produced. The more pressure the bung holds back, the more carbonated the beer becomes.

Conditioning[link]

When the sugars in the fermenting beer have been almost completely digested, the fermentation slows down and the yeast cells will naturally start to die off and begin to settle toward the bottom of the tank at an accelerated rate.

At this stage, esp if the beer is cooled to around freezing, most of the remaining live yeast cells will quickly go into a dormant state and will also begin to settle out along with the heavier protein chains due simply to gravity and molecular dehydration.

If the fermentation tanks have cooling jackets on them, as opposed to the whole fermentation cellar being cooled, conditioning can take place in the same tank as fermentation. Otherwise, separate tanks (in a separate cellar) must be employed.

On the other hand, oftentimes beers from the brewpubs will barely be conditioned if at all, what with an active yeast culture from a on-going batch simply being added to the next boil after chilling to 80 or so deg F being all that is really needed when the major objective happens to be to rapidly produce a fresh and highly palatable beer that can be easily duplicated in mass quantity.

Filtering[link]

The Hook Norton brewery is one of Britain's last working tower breweries (April 2006).

Filtering the beer stabilizes flavor, and gives beer its polished shine and brilliance.

Not all beer will be actively filtered after the conditioning stage, as not all conditioning will even involve an actual temperature drop.

For instance, most home brewers and probably even a majority of craft breweries consider the natural gravitational settlement and coagulation of organic impurities that occurs during the (sometimes prolonged) conditioning stage to be entirely sufficient.

In localities where a tax assessment is collected by government pursuant to local laws, any additional filtration will typically be done using an active filtering system, the filtered product finally passing into a calibrated vessel for measurement just after any cold conditioning and prior to final packaging.

Filters come in many types. Many use pre-made filtration media such as sheets or candles, while others use a fine powder made of, for example, diatomaceous earth, also called kieselguhr, which is introduced into the beer and recirculated past screens to form a filtration bed.

Filters range from rough filters that remove much of the yeast and any solids (e.g., hops, grain particles) left in the beer, to filters tight enough to strain color and body from the beer. Used filtration ratings are normally divided into rough, fine, and sterile. Rough filtration leaves some cloudiness in the beer, but it is noticeably clearer than unfiltered beer. Fine filtration gives a glass of beer that you could read a newspaper through, with no noticeable cloudiness. Finally, as its name implies, sterile filtration is fine enough that almost all microorganisms in the beer are removed during the filtration process.

Filling[link]

Filling (a.k.a. "packaging") is putting the beer into the containers in which it will leave the brewery. The containers are usually bottles, cans, or kegs; sometimes bulk tanks are used for high-volume customers.

Brewing companies[link]

Brewing companies range widely in the volume and variety of beer produced, ranging from small breweries, such as Ringwood Brewery, to massive multinational conglomerates, like SABMiller in London or Anheuser-Busch InBev, that produce hundreds of millions of barrels annually. The biggest brewer in the world is the Belgian company Anheuser-Busch InBev. Some commonly used descriptions of breweries are:

• Microbrewery–A late-20th-century name for a small brewery. The term started to be replaced with craft brewer at the start of the 21st century.^{[citation needed]}
• Brewpub–A brewery whose beer is brewed primarily on the same site from which it is sold to the public, such as a pub or restaurant. If the amount of beer that a brewpub distributes off-site exceeds 75%, it may also be described as a craft or microbrewery.
• Contract brewing company or contract brewery–A business that hires another brewery to produce its beer. The contract brewing company generally handles all of the beer's marketing, sales, and distribution, while leaving the brewing and packaging to the producer-brewery (which confusingly is also sometimes referred to as a contract brewer).
• Regional brewery–An established term for a brewery that supplies beer in a fixed geographical location.

Yuengling Brewery, a regional brewery in Pottsville, Pennsylvania

• Craft brewer–A term that is replacing microbrewery. A craft brewery is a brewery that does not use adjuncts and/or is considered to make craft beer.
• Macrobrewery or Megabrewery–Terms for a large brewery, which sometimes carry a negative connotation.
• A brewmaster, or formerly braumeister, is a person who is in charge of the production of beer. The major breweries employ engineers with a Chemistry/Biotechnology background. The title of Brewmaster is given to a person after 2½ years of extra study in the art of brewing thus earning a degree equivalent to a Master's degree.

There are organisations that assist the development of brewing, such as the Seibel Institute of Technology in the USA and the Institute of Brewing and Distilling in the UK.

See also[link]

Beer portal

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Breweries

• ISBN 3-921690-49-8: Technology Brewing and Malting, Wolfgang Kunze, 2004, 3rd revised edition, VLB Berlin. Available at their website
• Beertown.org Craft Brewery definitions at the bottom of the page.^{[dead link]}
• Straub Brewery By John Schlimm, Arcadia Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-7385-3843-4

Kenneth McLeod Duncan (born 20 December 1954) OAM is a photographer from Wamberal, Central Coast, New South Wales, Australia.^[1] He is regarded as one of Australia's most acclaimed landscape photographers,^[2] and gained prominence for his pioneering work with panoramic landscapes and limited edition photographic prints.

Early years[link]

Ken Duncan was born in Mildura, Victoria, on Australia's Murray River, and lived most of his early life in country towns.^[3] He became interested in photography in his early teens. After leaving school, he eventually became senior technical representative for Australia's leading photographic supply house.^[4] His particular interest with panoramic shots began when the company imported the Widelux camera, which had the ability to produce panoramic shots of his favorite landscapes. In 1981, at the age of 26, he moved to Sydney.

Career[link]

In 1982, he left Sydney to travel around Australia and to photograph its famed landscapes.^[4] In five years he produced more than 80,000 images.

Although the panoramic format is considered his most popular, Ken Duncan has also utilized many other different formats and media. He has produced several books and has been awarded for his work.^[5] His first major publication was a pictorial book called The Last Frontier — Australia Wide published in 1987 by Weldon publishers. More than 65,000 copies have been sold.

In the late 1990s he produced a book called America Wide,^[6] which features landscapes of many U.S. states. It was completed a few days before the World Trade Center attacks in New York City in 2001. He published a sequel, Spirit of America, in 2006. In 2003 Ken Duncan released 3D Australia — popularizing 3D printing.

On Australia Day (26 January 2009), Ken was honoured nationally when he was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) by the Australian Government for his services to the arts as a landscape photographer and publisher, and for his service to the Central Coast community.

Beliefs[link]

Ken Duncan is a Christian and a creationist.^[3] Through his photography he sees himself as an interpreter of God's creation,^[4] and the vision statement of his company is "To show the beauty of God's creation."

Other work[link]

Art styles before his influence were focused more on paintings, abstract, lyrical, expressive and postmodern art.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Prentis, Malcolm. "Great Australian Presbyterians: The Game". Uniting Church in Australia. Archived from the original on 2006-12-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20061211164227/http://nsw.uca.org.au/presbyterian100/greataussies.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-07. 

External links[link]

• KenDuncan.com
• Click! Goes creation (Award-winning nature photographer Ken Duncan specializes in dazzling scenes of creation)

Paul Rudd
Rudd at Hollywood Life magazine's 8th Annual Breakthrough Awards, December 2007
Born	Paul Stephen Rudd (1969-04-06) April 6, 1969 (age 43) Passaic, New Jersey, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, screenwriter, producer
Years active	1992–present
Spouse	Julie Yaeger (m. 2003) «start: (2003)»"Marriage: Julie Yaeger to Paul Rudd" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Paul_Rudd)

Paul Stephen Rudd (born April 6, 1969) is an American actor, comedian and screenwriter. He has primarily appeared in comedies, and is known for his roles in the films Clueless, Wet Hot American Summer, Anchorman, Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, Knocked Up, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Dinner for Schmucks, The Object of My Affection, Role Models, I Love You, Man, and Our Idiot Brother. In television, he appeared on the NBC sitcom Friends, playing Mike Hannigan, Phoebe Buffay's boyfriend and later husband, and is commonly featured on the Tim and Eric show.

Early life[link]

Rudd was born in Passaic, New Jersey.^[1] His parents, both natives of London (England), were Jewish, and were descended from immigrants from Russia and Poland;^[2][3] the family's original surname, "Rudnitzky", was changed by his grandfather to "Rudd".^[4][5] Rudd had a bar mitzvah.^[6] His father, Michael, was a historical tour guide who was formerly the vice president of World Airways, while his mother, Gloria, was a sales manager at the television station KSMO-TV.^[7][8] When he was ten, Rudd's family moved to Overland Park, Kansas, where he was raised; his family also spent three years living in Anaheim, California, because of his father's occupation.^[9][10][11] He attended high school at Shawnee Mission West and college at the University of Kansas,^[12] where he was a member of the Nu Chapter of Sigma Nu.^[13] He spent three months studying Jacobean drama at the British American Drama Academy based in Oxford, U.K.^[14][15]

Career[link]

Rudd made his breakout performance in the 1995 film Clueless, which turned him into a minor teen idol. Additional early-career credits include Wet Hot American Summer, Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers, The Cider House Rules, William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet, and The Object of My Affection. He also garnered recognition with a recurring role on the television sitcom Friends as Mike Hannigan, who married Phoebe Buffay. Rudd's Broadway acting credits include The Last Night of Ballyhoo (1997), Twelfth Night (1998), and Three Days of Rain (2006). He guest-starred as a has-been 1990s rock star, Desmond Fellows, on the television series, Veronica Mars, in an episode titled "Debasement Tapes". He voiced the audiobook recordings of John Hodgman's books The Areas of My Expertise and More Information Than You Require. In 2006, he appeared in several episodes of Reno 911! as "Guy Gerricault" (pronounced "jericho"), the coach of a lamaze class, and portrayed a drug lord in the film Reno 911!: Miami. In 2012 he signed to appear on three episodes of NBC's Parks and Recreation as Bobby Newport, a candidate for City Council and a rival of Amy Poehler's character Leslie Knope.

Rudd became a full-fledged comedy star with his roles in Judd Apatow pictures The 40-Year-Old Virgin (directed by Apatow) and Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (produced by Apatow). In 2007, he starred as frustrated husband Pete in Knocked Up, his third collaboration with Apatow and Seth Rogen. That year he also starred in both The Oh in Ohio and The Ten, which reunited him with David Wain and Michael Showalter. The former film was a box-office and critical disappointment as was his next starring vehicle, Over Her Dead Body with Eva Longoria. He bounced back with a memorable supporting role as Kunu (Hawaiian for "Chuck"), the drug-addled surf instructor in Nicholas Stoller's Forgetting Sarah Marshall. The film was a hit, as was his next comedy Role Models, where he and co-star Seann William Scott portrayed energy-drink salesmen forced to perform community service in a child mentoring program. Rudd also made cameo appearances in Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story, Year One and Night at the Museum.

Rudd (right) with I Love You, Man co-stars Jason Segel and Rashida Jones at the premiere in March 2009

In 2009, Rudd again appeared with Jason Segel in I Love You Man. He lent his voice to the Dreamworks computer-animated hit movie Monsters Vs. Aliens. In 2010, he reunited with Steve Carell for the first time since Knocked Up for the Jay Roach-directed comedy Dinner for Schmucks.

Rudd has become one of the most popular and marketable stars of Apatow films and the like, often starring with other regulars like Seth Rogen (four films), Jonah Hill (three films), Leslie Mann (three films), Kristen Wiig (three films), Jason Segel (three films), Steve Carell (four films), Elizabeth Banks (five films), and Joe Lo Truglio (seven films).

Running gags on television[link]

As part of a running gag during his appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien and Conan, Rudd has brought a clip from the film Mac and Me, where the wheelchair-using Eric (Jade Calegory) flies off a cliff while Mac watches on, instead of showing clips from the actual film he is there to promote.^[16][17] He also has appeared on stage for Conan O'Brien's live tour.

Rudd also has a running gag on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in which Rudd and Jimmy Fallon appear to be setting up a clip from a film Rudd is appearing in. The clip that follows, however, is a clip from Late Show with David Letterman in which Rudd, in an earlier appearance, and David Letterman set up the clip verbatim to how Rudd and Fallon appeared to set up the clip.

Personal life[link]

In 2003, Rudd married his girlfriend of five^{[citation needed]} years, Julie Yaeger; they have a son, Jack Sullivan (b. 2006), and a daughter, Darby. Rudd frequently travels to Overland Park, Kansas, where he attended high school.^[18] He is a fan of Major League Baseball's Kansas City Royals and National Football League's Kansas City Chiefs, for whom he narrated the 2007 HBO special Hard Knocks. He also frequents University of Kansas basketball games and is a big fan of the Jayhawks.

Filmography[link]

Rudd at the SUNDANCE 2011: Inside The Cosmopolitan Lounge at The Sundance Channel HQ House

Film[link]

Television[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paul Rudd

• Paul Rudd at the Internet Movie Database
• Paul Rudd at the Internet Broadway Database
• Paul Rudd on National Public Radio

Greg Koch (born June 14, 1955 in Bethesda, Maryland) is a former American football tackle and guard who played eleven seasons in the National Football League, mainly with the Green Bay Packers. In 2010, Koch was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.^[1] Koch was also inducted into the University of Arkansas Sports Hall of Honor. He is a licensed attorney and a part time radio personality on SportsTalk 790 KBME in Houston, Texas

College career[link]

Koch was a four year letterman at the University of Arkansas. He was a starter for the Arkansas Razorbacks were he was part of the offensive line that blocked for the school record 3,523 rushing yards in 1975. That same season Koch was a First-team All-SWC. Koch played in the All-America Bowl in Tampa, Flida after the 1976 season. Koch was named the Razorback 1970s All-Decade team with offensive linemen R. C. Thielemann, Leotis Harris George Stewart and Greg Kolenda. No one is quite sure whether the urban legend that Koch and Thielemann rode with outlaw motorcycle clubs during the summer while attending Arkansas is in fact true. The two did however, own and operate a tattoo parlor long before it became fashionable.

Professional career[link]

Green Bay Packers[link]

A second-round draft choice in 1977 from the University of Arkansas, Koch played nine seasons (1977–85) in Green Bay, appearing in 133 games. A fixture at right tackle almost immediately upon his arrival, he was a Second-team All-Pro selection following the 1982 season and was part of one of the greatest offenses in club history when the Packers amassed 6,172 yards in 1983, the second-best output ever in club annals.

Miami Dolphins[link]

Koch played his final two seasons with Miami in 1986 and the 1st game of 1987 at his customary right tackle spot. Rumor has it, while he was with the Dolphins, Koch lost an epic drinking battle with Andre the Giant. Some reports have the match lasting upwards of 15 hours. After the strike in 1987, his former Packer offensive coordinator Bob Schnelker traded two draft choices for him in Minnesota..

Minnesota Vikings[link]

He played right guard for the Vikings in 1987 where the made it to the NFC Championship game, eventually losing to the Washington Redskins. Despite being wanted back by the Vikings in 1988, he then went to law school and has been a practicing attorney and part-time radio host in Houston Texas since 1992. He was also known in Minnesota for his avid gardening skills and prolific poetry.

References[link]

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