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![Black Box Ride on Time [ 1989 ] HD version](http://web.archive.org./web/20120909003703im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/4lOb799cTxM/0.jpg "\"Ride on Time\" is a 1989 song recorded by band Black Box. It was later released on their debut LP Dreamland. The song achieved a great success in many countries, such as UK and Ireland where it was a number-one hit. The song was written and produced by the Italian production team Groove Groove Melody, consisting of DJ Daniel Davoli, programmer Mirko Limoni and musician Valerio Semplici. The team worked with model Catherine Quinol (aka Katrin), who was the face of Black Box. In the video and in live performances she lip-synced to the original vocals. The song sampled Loleatta Holloway's 1980 disco hit \"Love Sensation\" and attracted some controversy for the uncredited use of Holloway's vocals from that song. Holloway's counsel engaged in a press attack on Black Box, successfully securing a settlement that paid the singer an undisclosed sum; the group had legally cleared the samples with Salsoul Records, who had released the original track, but Holloway was in arrears for advances from the label and thus was not recompensed by Salsoul. For the re-release of the song, M People singer Heather Small recorded the vocals. The song's title derives from a sample of Holloway singing the lyrics \"thank you baby, 'cause you're right on time\". The altered title is a consequence of \"flapping\", which makes American T's sound like D's to people who do not speak American English. //text source: en.wikipedia.org")
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Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
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Armenia
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Australia
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http://wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan ( ; ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (), is one of the six independent Turkic states in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south.
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Barents Sea
Barents Sea (, ) is a part of the Arctic Ocean located north of Norway and Russia. Known in the Middle Ages as the Murman Sea, the sea takes its current name from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. It is a rather deep shelf sea (average depth and maximum depth ), bordered by the shelf edge towards the Norwegian Sea in the west, the island of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya (Arkhangelsk Oblast) in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. Significant fossil fuel energy resources exist in the Barents Sea region.
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Beijing
{| style="float:right;"
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Beirut
http://wn.com/Beirut -
Bensonhurst
http://wn.com/Bensonhurst -
Berlin Wall
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http://wn.com/Berlin_Wall -
Bhopal Disaster
http://wn.com/Bhopal_Disaster -
Bogotá
http://wn.com/Bogotá -
Bond University
Bond University is a private university located in Robina, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It was the first private university established in Australia. Bond also differs from other Australian universities as it schedules three semesters each year, commencing in January, May and September, allowing a six-semester degree to be completed in two years, instead of three, without increasing semester workloads.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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Brooklyn
Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough with approximately 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area.
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Bucharest
http://wn.com/Bucharest -
Budapest
http://wn.com/Budapest -
Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chumphon Province
Chumphon ( ([http://www.forvo.com/word/Chumphon#th Pronunciation])) is one of the southern provinces (changwat) of Thailand, at the shore of the Gulf of Thailand. Neighboring provinces are (from north clockwise) Prachuap Khiri Khan, Surat Thani and Ranong. To the west it also borders Myanmar.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Cornell University
Cornell University (, {{respell|kor-) is an Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is a private land-grant university which receives funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions.
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Cuba
The Republic of Cuba (; , ) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos.
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Czechoslovakia
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Deal, Kent
Deal is a town in Kent, England. It lies on the English Channel eight miles north-east of Dover and eight miles south of Ramsgate. It is a former fishing, mining and garrison town. Closely associated with Deal are the villages of Kingsdown, Sholden and Walmer, the latter being where Julius Caesar first arrived in Britain (best guess by historians).
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East Germany
The German Democratic Republic (GDR; German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or DDR), informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany, had an area of 107,771 km2. (41,610 mi.2), bordering Czechoslovakia in the south, West Germany (officially: Federal Republic of Germany) in the south and west, the Baltic Sea to the north, and Poland in the east.
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Epcot
Epcot is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort, located near Orlando, Florida. The park is dedicated to international culture and technological innovation. The second park built at the resort, it opened on October 1, 1982 and was named EPCOT Center until 1994.
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Ethiopia
{{Infobox country
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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Florida
Florida () is a state of the United States. It is located in the Southeastern United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the north. Much of the state's land mass is a large peninsula with the Gulf of Mexico to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Caribbean to the south. Florida was admitted as the 27th U.S. state in 1845, after a three hundred year period of European colonization.
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Georgia (country)
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
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Helsinki
Helsinki (; , ) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the southern part of Finland, in the region of Uusimaa/Nyland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, by the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is (), making it the most populous municipality in Finland by a wide margin. Helsinki is located some east of Stockholm, Sweden, west of St. Petersburg, Russia and north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close connections with these three cities.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Hungary
http://wn.com/Hungary -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Ireland
Ireland (,; , ; Ulster Scots: Airlann) is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is Great Britain, separated from it by the Irish Sea. The island is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.2 million people. Just under 4.5 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
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Kabul
http://wn.com/Kabul -
Kosovo
http://wn.com/Kosovo -
Latvia
Latvia (; ), officially the Republic of Latvia () is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), and to the southeast by Belarus (141 km). Across the Baltic Sea to the west lies Sweden. The territory of Latvia covers and it has a temperate seasonal climate.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Leningrad oblast
http://wn.com/Leningrad_oblast -
Libya
http://wn.com/Libya -
Lithuania
Lithuania (, U.S. usually ; ), officially the Republic of Lithuania () is a country in Northern Europe, the southernmost of the three Baltic states. Situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, it shares borders with Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland, and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad to the southwest.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Malta
Malta , officially the Republic of Malta (), is a southern European country and consists of an archipelago situated centrally in the Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily and 288 km east of Tunisia, with the Strait of Gibraltar 1,826 km to the west and Alexandria 1,510 km to the east.
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Marchioness disaster
The 'Marchioness disaster' occurred on the River Thames in London, in the early hours of 20 August 1989. The pleasure boat Marchioness sank after being run down by the dredger Bowbelle, near Cannon Street Railway Bridge. There were 131 people on the Marchioness crewing, waiting and attending a private birthday party; fifty-one of them drowned.
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Montreal
http://wn.com/Montreal -
Nanjing
http://wn.com/Nanjing -
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( ; ), also called the "(North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
http://wn.com/Netherlands -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nigeria
Nigeria (), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
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Norway
http://wn.com/Norway -
Oakland, California
Oakland () is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of California. It is a major West Coast port, located on San Francisco Bay, about 8 miles (13 km) east of San Francisco. Oakland is a major hub city for the Bay Area subregion collectively called the East Bay, and it is the county seat of Alameda County. Based on United States Census Bureau estimates for 2010, Oakland is the 41st-largest city in the USA with a population of 446,901.
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Pan Am flight 103
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Pan-European Picnic
The Pan-European Picnic (; ) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near the town of Sopron on 19 August 1989, an important event in political developments which led to the fall of the Iron Curtain and the reunification of Germany.
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Panama
Panama (), officially the Republic of Panama (; ), is the southernmost country of Central America. Situated on the isthmus connecting North and South America, it is bordered by Costa Rica to the northwest, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. The capital is Panama City.
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Paraguay
http://wn.com/Paraguay -
Pasadena, Texas
Pasadena () is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the metropolitan area. It is the second-largest city in Harris County, 17th-largest in Texas, and 162nd largest in the United States. The area was founded in 1893 by John H. Burnett of Galveston.
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Pavia
Pavia (; Lombard: Pavia), the ancient Ticinum, is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It is the capital of the province of Pavia. It has a population of c. 71,000. The city achieved its greatest political importance between 568 and 774, as the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Pikk Hermann
Pikk Hermann (Tall Hermann) is a tower of the Toompea Castle, on Toompea hill in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The first part was built 1360-70. It was rebuilt (height brought to 45,6 m) in the 16th century. A staircase with 215 steps leads to the top of the tower.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Prague
http://wn.com/Prague -
Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound off the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.
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PS Lady Elgin
{|
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
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Riyadh
http://wn.com/Riyadh -
Romania
Romania ( ; dated: Rumania; ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, north of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova to the northeast, and Bulgaria to the south.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sandusky, Ohio
Sandusky pronounced [suhn-duhs-kee, san-] is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County. It is located in northern Ohio and is situated on the shores of Lake Erie, almost exactly half-way between Toledo to the west and Cleveland to the east.
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Saudi Arabia
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland includes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
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Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Sioux City, Iowa
Sioux City () is a city in Plymouth and Woodbury counties in the western part of the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 85,013 at the 2000 census; census estimates showed a slight decline to 82,807 by 2008. Sioux City is the primary city of the four-county Sioux City, IA–NE–SD Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), with a population of 144,360 in 2000 and a slight decrease to an estimated 143,157 in 2008. The Sioux City-Vermillion, IA-NE-SD Combined Statistical Area has an estimated population of 156,762 as of 2008. It is the county seat of Woodbury County, in which the large majority of the city lies.
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South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
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South Carolina
South Carolina () is a state in the United States that borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by British King Charles II in honor of his father Charles I of England, as Carolus is Latin for Charles. South Carolina was the first state to vote to secede from the Union and was the founding state of the Confederate States of America. According to an estimate by the United States Census Bureau, the state's population in 2009 was 4,561,242 and ranked 24th among the U.S. states. South Carolina contains 46 counties and its capital is Columbia.
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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Southwark Bridge
Southwark Bridge is an arch bridge for traffic linking Southwark and the City across the River Thames, in London, England. It was designed by Ernest George and Basil Mott. It was built by Sir William Arrol & Co. and opened in 1921. The bridge is owned and maintained by City Bridge Trust, a charitable trust overseen by the City of London Corporation.
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Soviet
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Soviet Union
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Stockton massacre
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Stockton, California
Stockton, the county seat of San Joaquin County, is the 13th-largest city in California in population and one of the largest in area in the Central Valley. Stockton has an estimated population of 290,141, making it about the 61st largest city in the U.S. The city is located in Northern California south of the state capital of Sacramento and north of Modesto.
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Stonehenge
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury. One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
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Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Syria
Syria ( ; ' or '), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Tbilisi
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Texas
Texas () is the second-largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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TimiÅŸoara
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Toronto
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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Ufa
Ufa (; ) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Ufa is the capital and the administrative, political, economic, scientific and cultural center of the republic. Ufa is one of the largest cities in Russia. The population is 1,038,100 (2010 est.); 1,042,437 (2002 Census). In terms of ethnic composition, it is dominated by Russians, Tatars and Bashkirs. An inhabitant of the city is called an "ufimets". Ufa is famous for its oil, gas, minerals, and Bashkir honey.
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Ufa train disaster
The Ufa train disaster happened on June 4, 1989 at 1:15 (local time) near the town of Asha in the Soviet Union on the Kuybyshev Railway. (Ufa is a much larger and commonly known city, which is situated not far from Asha). A liquefied petroleum gas explosion killed 575 and wounded 623 (some sources claim that up to 645 were killed and more than 700 wounded), making it the most deadly railway accident in Soviet history, as two trains passing each other threw sparks near a leaky pipeline. Both trains were carrying children; one returning from a holiday break on the Black Sea, one taking children there. The explosion was so powerful it blew out windows in Asha, eight miles (13 km) from the epicenter. The explosion is said to have been equal to 10 kilotons of TNT, almost as powerful as the Hiroshima explosion. Three hours before the explosion, engineers noticed a drop in the pressure, but they turned up the pressure back to normal instead of checking for leaks.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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University of Utah
The University of Utah, also known as the U or the U of U, is a public, coeducational research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret, making it Utah's oldest institution of higher education. It received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. It is one of ten institutions that make up the Utah System of Higher Education.
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USS Iowa (BB-61)
{|
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Venezuela
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Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Voronezh
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West German
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West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
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Western Australia
Western Australia is a state of Australia, occupying the entire western third of the Australian continent. Australia's largest state and the second largest subnational entity in the world, it has 2.2 million inhabitants (10% of the national total), 85% of whom live in the south-west corner of the state.
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Yugoslavia
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Ürümqi
http://wn.com/Ürümqi
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A. Bartlett Giamatti
Angelo Bartlett "Bart" Giamatti (; April 4, 1938–September 1, 1989) was the President of Yale University, and later, the seventh Commissioner of Major League Baseball. Giamatti agreed to the deal that terminated the Pete Rose betting scandal by permitting Rose to voluntarily withdraw from the sport, avoiding further punishment.
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Abbie Hoffman
Abbot Howard "Abbie" Hoffman (November 30, 1936 – April 12, 1989) was an American social and political activist who co-founded the Youth International Party ("Yippies").
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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Agnieszka Radwańska
http://wn.com/Agnieszka_Radwańska -
Ahmadou Ahidjo
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Ahmed Abdallah
Ahmed Abdallah Abderemane (, Ahmad Abd Allah Abd ar-Rahman, 12 June 1919 – 26 November 1989) was a Comorian politician. He was President of the Comoros from 25 October 1978 until his death.
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Aileen Pringle
Aileen Pringle (July 23, 1895 – December 16, 1989) was an American stage and film actress during the silent film era.
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Aimee Teegarden
Aimee Teegarden (born October 10, 1989) is an American actress. She currently stars as Julie Taylor in the NBC series Friday Night Lights.
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Alan Civil
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Alexandra Stan
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Alexandre Pato
Football biography 2
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Alfred Herrhausen
Alfred Herrhausen (30 January 1930, Essen - 30 November 1989) was a German banker and Chairman of Deutsche Bank. From 1971 onwards he was a member of the bank's board of directors.
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Alia Shawkat
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Alvin Ailey
Alvin Ailey, Jr. (January 5, 1931 – December 1, 1989) was an American choreographer and activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater in New York. Ailey is credited with popularizing modern dance and revolutionizing African-American participation in 20th century concert dance. His company gained the nickname "Cultural Ambassador to the World" because of its extensive international touring. Ailey's choreographic masterpiece Revelations is believed to be the best-known and most often seen modern dance performance.
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Alyson Michalka
Alyson Renae Michalka (born March 25, 1989), often credited as Aly, is an American actress, singer-songwriter, musician and dancer. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Keely Teslow in the Disney Channel original series Phil of the Future, Charlotte Barnes in the feature film Bandslam, Taylor Callum in the Disney Channel Original Movie Cow Belles. She is also known as one-half of the musical duo 78violet (formerly Aly & AJ) with her sister Amanda Michalka. She stars as Marti Perkins in the CW television series Hellcats.
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Amanda Blake
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Anastasia Baranova
Anastasia Baranova (; born January 23, 1989) is a Russian-American actress, best known for her starring role as Jennifer "Scout" Lauer on the television series ''Scout's Safari''.
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Andreas Papandreou
Andreas G. Papandreou (); February 5, 1919 - June 23, 1996) was a Greek economist, a socialist politician and a dominant figure in Greek politics. He served two terms as Prime Minister of Greece (21 October 1981, to 2 July 1989, and 13 October 1993, to 22 January 1996). In 1999, Papandreou was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star.
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Andrei Gromyko
http://wn.com/Andrei_Gromyko -
Andrei Sakharov
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Andrew Peacock
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Ann George
Ann George (5 March 1903 - 8 September 1989) was a British actress most famous for her role as Amy Turtle in the television soap opera Crossroads.
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Anthony Quayle
Sir John Anthony Quayle, CBE (7 September 1913 – 20 October 1989) was an English actor and director.
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Anton Diffring
Anton Diffring (born Alfred Pollack; October 20, 1918 – May 20, 1989) was a German actor.
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Anton Yelchin
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Anya Kop
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Arci Muñoz
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Ashley Benson
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August Koern
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Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (; ; born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese opposition politician and a former General Secretary of the National League for Democracy. In the 1990 general election, Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy party won 59% of the national votes and 80% (392 of 492) of the seats in Parliament. Some people claim that this implies Suu Kyi was elected Prime Minister. She had, however, already been detained under house arrest before the elections. She has remained under house arrest in Myanmar for almost 14 out of the past 20 years.
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
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Avicii
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Ayatollah Khomeini
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Barry Sadler
Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – September 8, 1989) was an American author and musician. Sadler served as a Green Beret medic and Staff Sergeant in the U.S. Army during the Vietnam War. Most of his works have military themes, and he billed himself under his military rank as SSgt Barry Sadler.
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Bayani Casimiro
Bayani Casimiro, Sr. (July 16, 1918 – January 27, 1989) was a Filipino dancer who was among the leading stars of bodabil (vaudeville) in the 1930s and 1940s. He also appeared in musical films and later in life, in comedic roles. A tap dancer, he was frequently dubbed as the "Fred Astaire of the Philippines".
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Beatrice Lillie
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Behati Prinsloo
Behati Prinsloo (born May 16, 1989) is a Namibian model. She is known for her work as spokesmodel for the Victoria's Secret sub-brand Pink.
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Beijing
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Belinda PeregrÃn
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Bensonhurst
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Bernard Blier
Bernard Blier (11 January 1916 – 29 March 1989) was a French character actor. His rotund features and premature baldness allowed him to often play cuckolded husbands in his early career. He proved to be one of France's most versatile and sought-after character actors, performing interchangeably in comedies and dramas. He often worked in Italian films, particularly in the last decade of his life.
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Bette Davis
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Bill Kaulitz
Bill Kaulitz (born 1 September 1989 in Leipzig, Germany) is a German singer, songwriter, voice actor, designer and model. He is best known for his work from 2001 to the present as the lead singer of the band Tokio Hotel.
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Billy Martin
Alfred Manuel "Billy" Martin, Jr. (May 16, 1928–December 25, 1989) was an American second baseman and manager in Major League Baseball. He is best known as the manager of the New York Yankees, a position he held five different times. As Yankees manager, he led the team to consecutive American League pennants in and ; the Yankees were swept in the 1976 World Series by the Cincinnati Reds but triumphed over the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games in the 1977 World Series. He also had notable managerial tenures with several other AL squads, leading four of them to division championships.
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Blake Griffin
Blake Austin Griffin (born March 16, 1989) is an American basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association. Griffin was selected first overall in the 2009 NBA Draft.
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Bob Hawke
Robert James Lee "Bob" Hawke AC GCL (born 9 December 1929) was the 23rd Prime Minister of Australia and longest serving Australian Labor Party Prime Minister.
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Bond Corporation
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Brandon Jennings
Brandon Jennings (born September 23, 1989 in Compton, California) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) who plays at point guard.
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Brandon Mychal Smith
Brandon Mychal Smith (born May 29, 1989) is an actor, comedian, singer and rapper, best known for his roles as Li'l Danny Dawkins in Phil of the Future, Nico Harris in Sonny With a Chance and Stubby in Starstruck. He was born in Los Angeles, California and attended Billy Mitchell Elementary School. He has been home-schooled since his elementary years. For his senior year of high school, Smith attended and graduated from University High School in Los Angeles.
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Breanna Conrad
Breanna Christine Conrad (born August 23, 1989) is featured on season three of MTV's . She is the younger sister of Lauren Conrad, who was featured in the first two seasons of the show and in the MTV spin-off reality series The Hills.
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Brie Larson
Brie Larson (born Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers; October 1, 1989) is an American actor and pop rock singer/songwriter. She is best known for her roles in United States of Tara, Sleepover and Remember The Daze. Her debut album Finally Out of P.E. was released in October 2005.
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Bruna Tenório
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Bugs Bunny
Bugs Bunny is an American fictional character who starred in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated films produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, which became Warner Bros. Cartoons in 1944. In 2002, he was named by TV Guide as the greatest cartoon character of all time. Bugs starred in 163 shorts in the Golden Age of American animation, and made cameos in three others along with a few appearances in non-animated films.
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C. C. Beck
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C. L. R. James
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Caitlin Wachs
Caitlin Elizabeth Wachs (pronounced "wax"; born March 15, 1989) is an American actress who has acted in several films and TV series. She acted alongside Ally Walker and Robert Davi in Profiler. She played the president's daughter, Rebecca Calloway, on the series Commander in Chief.
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Calvin Goldspink
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Camilo Jose Cela
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Carl Stuart Hamblen
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Carlos Arias Navarro
http://wn.com/Carlos_Arias_Navarro -
Carlos Pena, Jr.
http://wn.com/Carlos_Pena_Jr -
Carlos Vela
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Carly McKillip
Carly McKillip (born February 13, 1989) is a Canadian actress and musician known for her title role in television series Alice, I Think. She is also the former lead vocalist in the Vancouver band Borderline. She was occasionally miscredited as Carly McKillup. Additionally, she also provided the voice of Sakura Kinomoto, the main character of the Nelvana dubbed hit TV Anime Series, "Cardcaptors".
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Cassie Steele
Cassandra Rae "Cassie" Steele (born December 2, 1989) is a Canadian actress and singer-songwriter best known for portraying Manny Santos on .
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Charles I of Austria
:"Karl I" redirects here. For the Prince of Liechtenstein, see Karl I of Liechtenstein.
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Charles J. Pedersen
Charles John Pedersen (October 3, 1904 – October 26, 1989) was an American organic chemist best known for describing methods of synthesizing crown ethers. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1987 with Donald J. Cram and Jean-Marie Lehn. His Japanese first name was .
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Charles Keating
Charles Humphrey Keating Jr. (born December 4, 1923) is an American athlete, lawyer, real estate developer, banker, and financier, most known for his role in the savings and loan scandal of the late 1980s.
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Charles Vanel
Charles-Marie Vanel, known as Charles Vanel (21 August 1892 in Rennes, France - 15 April 1989, in Cannes, France) was a French director and actor.
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Charlotte Arnold
Charlotte Arnold is a Canadian film actress and television actress best known as the character of Holly J. Sinclair in (later changed to just Degrassi) and Sadie Hawthorne in the Canadian TV series Naturally, Sadie.
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Chloe Agnew
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Chris Herd
Christopher "Chris" Herd (born 4 April 1989 in Perth, Western Australia) is a professional footballer who currently plays for Aston Villa.
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Chris Perry-Metcalf
Chris Perry-Metcalf (born 11 January 1989 in Liverpool) is a former child actor who is best known for playing a Year 11 pupil at Grange Hill, called Patrick 'Togger' Johnson. His character receives the nickname 'Togger' by the other classmates. His hobbies include football, (he supports Liverpool FC) and enjoys boxing, for which he trains several times a week. His favourite TV programmes are the OC and The Bill.
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Christina Broccolini
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Christine Jorgensen
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Cody Linley
Cody Martin Linley (born November 20, 1989) is an American actor. He is best known for his recurring role as Jake Ryan in the television series Hannah Montana and for being a contestant on the seventh season of Dancing With The Stars, in which he was partnered with Julianne Hough. Linley is originally from Lewisville, Texas.
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Colby O'Donis
http://wn.com/Colby_O'Donis -
Corazon C. Aquino
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Corbin Bleu
Corbin Bleu Reivers (born February 21, 1989), better known as Corbin Bleu, is an American actor, model, dancer, and singer. He is perhaps best known for his roles in the High School Musical film series, the Discovery Kids television series Flight 29 Down, and the Disney Channel Original Movie Jump In!. He also pursued a solo career and released his debut album Another Side on May 1, 2007. The album debuted at number thirty-six on the U.S. Billboard 200, selling 18,000 copies in its first week. Bleu released his second album, Speed of Light, on March 10, 2009 in the U.S.
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Cornel Wilde
Cornelius Louis Wilde (October 13, 1912 – October 16, 1989) was an American actor and film director.
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Cristine Reyes
Ara Cristine Pascual Reyes (born February 5, 1989 in Marikina City, Metro Manila, Philippines) known professionally as Cristine Reyes, is a Filipina actress. She has starred the reality TV show Starstruck. On 2008, Reyes transferred to ABS-CBN. She is best known on television shows such as Banana Split, Kahit Isang Saglit and Eva Fonda.
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Cyril Rioli
Cyril Rioli (born 14 July 1989) is a professional Australian rules footballer currently playing with the Hawthorn Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Primarily a small forward, Rioli also spends time in the midfield, being tall and weighing .
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Dahn Ben-Amotz
Dahn Ben-Amotz (, born Moshe Tehilimzeigger on April 13, 1924, died October 20, 1989) was an Israeli radio broadcaster, journalist, playwright, and author, as well as a former Palmah member. Despite having immigrated from Poland in 1938, he was often considered the epitome of the "Sabra", a native born Israeli Jew.
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Daisy Lowe
Daisy Rebecca Lowe (born 27 January 1989) is an English fashion model who has modelled for editorial photo shoots and commercial advertising campaigns and has worked as a runway model. She is the daughter of Pearl Lowe, the singer/songwriter turned textile and fashion designer, and Gavin Rossdale, the front man for the band Bush.
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Dalai Lama
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Daniel Radcliffe
Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989) is an English actor who rose to prominence playing the titular character in the Harry Potter film series adapted from the book series of the same name. Radcliffe has also made appearances in stage productions and a number of TV shows and films, including the ITV film My Boy Jack and the stage show Equus, for which he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award.
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Daniella Monet
Daniella Monet (born March 1, 1989) is an American actress, best known for playing various TV guest roles and most recently, starring as Trina Vega, in the Nickelodeon sitcom Victorious.
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Danielle Harmer
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Danita Paner
http://wn.com/Danita_Paner -
Daphne du Maurier
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David Dinkins
David Norman Dinkins (born July 10, 1927) is a former politician from New York City. He was the Mayor of New York City from 1990 through 1993, and is to date the only African American to hold that office.
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David Henrie
David Clayton Henrie (born July 11, 1989) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Larry on ''That's So Raven, and Justin Russo on Wizards of Waverly Place''.
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Diana Vreeland
Diana Vreeland (July 29, 1903, Paris, France – August 22, 1989, New York City) was a noted columnist and editor in the field of fashion. She worked for the fashion magazines ''Harper's Bazaar and Vogue'' and the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
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Dik Browne
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Dmitry Abakumov
Dmitry Nikolayevich Abakumov (; born July 8, 1989) is a Russian professional association football player. As of September 2009, he plays in the Russian First Division for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny. He made his professional debut on April 30, 2009 in a Russian First Division game for FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny against FC Vityaz Podolsk.
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Dogus Balbay
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Don the Beachcomber
http://wn.com/Don_the_Beachcomber -
Donald Barthelme
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Donald Voorhees
Donald Voorhees (July 26, 1903, Allentown, Pennsylvania–January 10, 1989, Cape May Court House, New Jersey) was an American composer and conductor who received an Emmy Award nomination for "Individual Achievements in Music" for his work on the television series, The Bell Telephone Hour.
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Donnie Moore
Donnie Ray Moore (February 13, 1954 – July 18, 1989) was an American relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for the Chicago Cubs (1975, 1977-79), St. Louis Cardinals (1980), Milwaukee Brewers (1981), Atlanta Braves (1982-84) and California Angels (1985-88).
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Dvora Netzer
Dvora Netzer (, born Dvora Nosovistzky on 1 May 1897, died 4 January 1989) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Mapai, the Labor Party and the Alignment between 1949 and 1969.
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Dámaso Pérez Prado
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Dániel Gyurta
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Edgar Sanabria
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Edward Abbey
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Edward Underdown
Edward Underdown (3 December 1908–15 December 1989) was an English actor. He was born in London.
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Egon Krenz
Egon Krenz (born 19 March 1937) is a former politician from East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), and that country's last Communist leader. He succeeded Erich Honecker as leader of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) and head of state in October 1989, but was ousted just under three months later amid the collapse of the communist regime.
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Elaine de Kooning
Elaine de Kooning (March 12, 1918- February 1, 1989) was an Abstract Expressionist, Figurative Expressionist painter in the post-World War II era and editorial associate for the Art News magazine. On December 9, 1943, she married artist Willem de Kooning, who was a highly influential artist in the Abstract Expressionism movement.
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Eldar Gasimov
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Elena CeauÅŸescu
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Elisa Izquierdo
Elisa Izquierdo (February 11, 1989 – November 22, 1995) was a six-year-old girl who became a symbol of child abuse in the USA after being beaten to death by her mother Awilda Lopez, a New York City drug addict, in 1995. Her story first made city and then national headlines when it became clear that New York City's Child Welfare System (now the Administration for Children's Services) missed many opportunities to intervene with her family and to save her life.
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Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, born 21 April 1926) is the reigning queen and head of state of 16 independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. In addition, as Head of the Commonwealth, she is the figurehead of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations and, as the British monarch, she is the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
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Emiliano Insúa
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Emilio G. Segrè
http://wn.com/Emilio_G_Segrè -
Emma Rigby
Emma Catherine Rigby (born 2 October 1989), is an English actress, best known for her role in Hollyoaks as Hannah Ashworth.
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Emperor of Japan
The of Japan is the Japanese head of state. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion. Under Japan's present constitution, the Emperor is the "symbol of the state and the unity of the people," and is a ceremonial figurehead in a constitutional monarchy (see Politics of Japan).
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Emperor ShÅ?wa
http://wn.com/Emperor_ShÅ?wa -
Erich Honecker
http://wn.com/Erich_Honecker -
Erin Heatherton
Erin Heatherton, born Erin Heather Bubley, (born March 4, 1989) is an American fashion model from Skokie, Illinois.
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Ernie Morrison
Ernest "Ernie" Fredric Morrison (December 20, 1912 – July 24, 1989) was an American child actor who performed under the stage name "Sunshine Sammy". Morrison was the only black member of the East Side Kids, and was also an original Our Gang kid, a sidekick to Harold Lloyd and Snub Pollard, a silent screen comedian, a vaudevillian, and a dancer and band leader.
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F. W. de Klerk
http://wn.com/F_W_de_Klerk -
F.W. de Klerk
http://wn.com/FW_de_Klerk -
Ferdinand Marcos
http://wn.com/Ferdinand_Marcos -
Forrest H. Anderson
http://wn.com/Forrest_H_Anderson -
Fran Allison
Fran Allison (November 20, 1907–June 13, 1989) was an American television and radio comedian, personality and singer. She is best known for her starring role on the daily NBC-TV puppet show Kukla, Fran and Ollie, which ran from 1947 to 1957, occasionally returning to the air until the mid 1980s. The trio also hosted ''The CBS Children's Film Festival'', introducing international children's films, from 1967–77.
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Frances Bavier
Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American stage and television actress. Originally from the New York theatre, Bavier worked in film and television from the 1950s. She played the continuing role of Aunt Bee on The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. from 1960 to 1970, and won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Comedy Actress for the role in 1967.
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Frank Adams
http://wn.com/Frank_Adams -
Franklin Schaffner
http://wn.com/Franklin_Schaffner -
Franziska Liebing
Franziska Liebing (25 April 1901 - 4 August 1989) was a Swedish-born actress who for most of her career was based in West Germany.
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Freddie Freeman
Frederick Charles Freeman (born September 12, 1989 in ) is a first baseman in the Atlanta Braves organization, who played for the Triple-A Gwinnett Braves for the majority of the 2010 season. He was called up to the Atlanta Braves on September 1, 2010. He was the Braves' fifth best prospect heading into the 2009 season according to Baseball America, and the 11th best prospect overall in their midseason top 25.
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Freddie Sears
Frederick David "Freddie" Sears (born 27 November 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for West Ham United.
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Freddy Adu
Fredua Koranteng "Freddy" Adu (born June 2, 1989) is an American soccer player who plays for Aris in Greece.
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Gaby Kennard
Gaby Kennard (born 1944, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) was the first Australian woman to circumnavigate the globe by airplane. In 1989, she began her journey, following Amelia Earhart's route as much as possible. The trip took 99 days and covered 29,000 nautical miles (54,000 km). In recognition of this achievement, she received the Harmon Trophy.
http://wn.com/Gaby_Kennard -
Gareth Bale
Gareth Frank Bale (born 16 July 1989) is a Welsh footballer who plays as a left back or left winger for Tottenham Hotspur and the Wales national team.
http://wn.com/Gareth_Bale -
George Adamson
http://wn.com/George_Adamson -
George Cakobau
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George Coulouris
http://wn.com/George_Coulouris -
George H. W. Bush
http://wn.com/George_H_W_Bush -
George MacLeod
George Fielden MacLeod, Baron MacLeod of Fuinary, MC (17 June 1895 – 27 June 1991) was a Scottish soldier and clergyman; he was one of the best known, most influential and unconventional Church of Scotland ministers of the 20th century. He was the founder of the Iona Community.
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George O'Hanlon
http://wn.com/George_O'Hanlon -
George Robledo
:"Jorge Robledo" redirects here. For the conquistador, see Jorge Robledo (conquistador).
http://wn.com/George_Robledo -
George Wells Beadle
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American scientist in the field of genetics, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel laureate who with Edward Lawrie Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells.
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Gerald Anderson
Gerald Randolph Anderson, Jr. (born March 7, 1989, in Subic Bay, Zambales, Philippines) is a Filipino American actor who was a former housemate on the first season edition of the Philippine reality television show . He rose to fame through the Filipino teleseryes Sana Maulit Muli, My Girl, Tayong Dalawa and currently, ''Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo''.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Anderson -
Gerald Flood
Gerald Flood (21 April 1927 - 12 April 1989) was a British actor of stage and television.
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Gilda Radner
http://wn.com/Gilda_Radner -
Giovani dos Santos
http://wn.com/Giovani_dos_Santos -
Glenna Collett-Vare
Glenna Collett Vare (June 20, 1903 - February 3, 1989) was an American Hall of Fame golfing champion whom the Hall calls the greatest female golfer of her day, and who dominated American women's golf in the 1920s.
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Goddess of Democracy
http://wn.com/Goddess_of_Democracy -
Graham Chapman
http://wn.com/Graham_Chapman -
Gregory Tyree Boyce
Gregory Tyree Boyce (born 5 December 1989) is an American actor who made his first known appearance in the film adaptation of Twilight. He spent most of his childhood living in Southern California.
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Gubby Allen
http://wn.com/Gubby_Allen -
Guildford Four
http://wn.com/Guildford_Four -
Günter Schabowski
http://wn.com/Günter_Schabowski -
Hai Teng
http://wn.com/Hai_Teng -
Hans Hartung
Hans Hartung (21 September 1904 – 8 December 1989) was a German-French painter, known for his gestural abstract style. He was also a decorated World War II veteran of the French Foreign Legion.
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Harold E. Varmus
Harold Elliot Varmus (born December 18, 1939) is an American Nobel prize winning scientist and President Barack Obama's appointee to be Director of the National Cancer Institute. He was a co-recipient (along with J. Michael Bishop) of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
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Harry Andrews
http://wn.com/Harry_Andrews -
Harry Corbett
http://wn.com/Harry_Corbett -
Hayden Panettiere
Hayden Leslie Panettiere (; born August 21, 1989) is an American actress and singer. She came to professional prominence at the age of eleven with her portrayal of Sheryl Yoast in Disney's Remember the Titans, although for half of her life immediately before that, Panettiere had held roles in two soap operas. She portrayed Sarah Roberts on One Life to Live from 1994-1997, and Lizzie Spaulding on Guiding Light from 1996-2000. Panettiere reached a wider audience with her starring role as cheerleader Claire Bennet on the NBC television series Heroes.
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Haystacks Calhoun
http://wn.com/Haystacks_Calhoun -
Helmut Kohl
http://wn.com/Helmut_Kohl -
Herbert von Karajan
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Hibari Misora
was an award winning Japanese enka singer and actress. and was the first woman in Japan to receive the ''People's Honour Award'', which was awarded posthumously for her notable contributions to the music industry. Misora recorded 1,200 songs, and sold 68 million records. After she died, consumer demand for her recordings grew significantly, and by 2001 she had sold more than 80 million records. Her swan-song is often performed by numerous artists and orchestras as a tribute to her, including notable renditions by The Three Tenors, Teresa Teng, and Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlan.
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Hilmar Baunsgaard
Hilmar Baunsgaard () (26 February 1920, Slagelse – 2 July 1989) was a Danish politician. He was a member of Det Radikale Venstre, a social liberal party. He was the Prime Minister of Denmark from February 15, 1968, when his party gained power, ending 15 years of government by the Social Democrats, until October 9, 1971, when the Social Democrats regained power. He was preceded and succeeded by the Social Democratic leader of that time, Jens Otto Krag.
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Hirohito
http://wn.com/Hirohito -
Hong Kong
Hong Kong () is one of two special administrative regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the other being Macau. Situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour. With a land mass of and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Hong Kong's population is 95 percent ethnic Chinese and 5 percent from other groups. Hong Kong's Han Chinese majority originate mainly from the cities of Guangzhou and Taishan in the neighbouring Guangdong province.
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Horace Alexander
Horace Gundry Alexander (July 30, 1889 – September 30, 1989) was an English Quaker teacher and writer, pacifist and ornithologist. He was the youngest of four sons of Joseph Gundry Alexander
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Howard Charles Green
Howard Charles Green, PC (November 5, 1895 – June 26, 1989) was a Canadian politician and parliamentarian.
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Hu Yaobang
http://wn.com/Hu_Yaobang -
Hugo del Carril
Pierre Bruno Hugo Fontana otherwise known as Hugo del Carril (30 November 1912 - 13 August 1989 in Buenos Aires) was an Argentine film actor, film director and tango singer of the classic era.
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Hui people
http://wn.com/Hui_people -
Hyoyeon
Kim Hyo-yeon (born September 22, 1989), better known by her stage name Hyoyeon, is a South Korean recording artist and entertainer. She is a member of Korean girl group Girls' Generation, formed by SM Entertainment in 2007.
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Ignacio MartÃn-Baró
http://wn.com/Ignacio_MartÃn-Baró -
Imogen Poots
Imogen Gay Poots (born 5 June 1989) is an English actress, best known for playing "Tammy" in the 2007 film 28 Weeks Later.
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Imre Nagy
http://wn.com/Imre_Nagy -
Ion Iliescu
Ion Iliescu (; born March 3, 1930) served as President of Romania from 1990 until 1996, and from 2000 until 2004. From 1996 to 2000 and from 2004 until his retirement in 2008, Iliescu was a Senator for the Social Democratic Party (PSD), whose honorary president he remains.
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Irving Berlin
Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888September 22, 1989) was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in history.
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Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
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J. Michael Bishop
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Harold E. Varmus) and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize . He currently serves as an active faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco.
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Jack Buetel
Jack Beutel (September 5, 1915 – June 27, 1989) was an American film and television actor.
http://wn.com/Jack_Buetel -
Jack Haig
Jack Haig (5 January 1913 – 4 July 1989) was a British actor who specialised in supporting roles, mainly in TV comedy.
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Jake Livermore
Jake Cyril L. Livermore (born 14 November 1989, Enfield) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ipswich Town on loan from Tottenham Hotspur.
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James D. Watkins
Admiral James David Watkins (born on March 7, 1927) is a retired United States Navy officer and former Chief of Naval Operations who also served as U.S. Secretary of Energy during the George H. W. Bush Administration and chaired U.S. government commissions on HIV/AIDS and ocean policy. Watkins has also served on the boards of various companies and other nongovernmental organizations. Currently, Admiral Watkins serves as the co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative.
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James Harry Lacey
Squadron Leader James Harry "Ginger" Lacey DFM & Bar (1 February 1917 in Wetherby, near Leeds, Yorkshire, England – 30 May 1989) was one of the top scoring Royal Air Force fighter pilots of the Second World War and was the second highest scoring British RAF fighter pilot of the Battle of Britain, behind P/O Eric Lock of No. 41 Squadron RAF. Lacey was credited with 28 enemy aircraft destroyed, five probables and nine damaged.
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James Kirkwood, Jr.
http://wn.com/James_Kirkwood_Jr -
Jamie Waylett
Jamie Waylett (born 21 July 1989 in Kilburn, London) is an English actor known for his portrayal of Vincent Crabbe in six of the Harry Potter films. He has yet to appear in any other production.
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Jammu Siltavuori
http://wn.com/Jammu_Siltavuori -
Jared Smith
Jared Smith is an American amateur singer specializing in Spanish. His singing career achieved some notoriety in the mid-1990s when his brothers Colin and Ian of Freeverse Software combined a recording of his singing with an animated smiley face. The resulting program was intended to be their mother's birthday gift.
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Jason Derulo
http://wn.com/Jason_Derulo -
Jean-Hilaire Aubame
http://wn.com/Jean-Hilaire_Aubame -
Jeremy Sumpter
Jeremy Robert Myron Sumpter (born February 5, 1989) is an American actor. He is known for playing the title role in the 2003 live-action film Peter Pan and the recurring role of J. D. McCoy in the NBC series Friday Night Lights from 2008 - 2010.
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Jessie Buckley
Jessie Buckley (born 28 December 1989, in Killarney, County Kerry) is an Irish singer and actress who came second place in the BBC talent show-themed television series ''I'd Do Anything'', and subsequently played Anne Egermann in the West End revival of Stephen Sondheim's A Little Night Music.
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Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin (born August 17, 1926, in Yangzhou, Jiangsu) is the "core of the third generation" of Communist Party of China leaders, serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2004.
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Jim Backus
James Gilmore "Jim" Backus (February 25, 1913 – July 3, 1989) was a radio, television, film, and voice actor. Among his most famous roles are the voice of Mr. Magoo, the rich Hubert Updike, III on the Alan Young radio show, Joan Davis's character's husband (a domestic court judge) on TV's I Married Joan, James Dean's character's father in Rebel Without a Cause and Thurston Howell, III on the 1960s hit sitcom ''Gilligan's Island. He also starred in his own show of one season, The Jim Backus Show, also known as Hot off the Wire''.
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Joan Kirner
Joan Elizabeth Kirner AM (born 20 June 1938), Australian politician, was the 42nd Premier of Victoria, the first woman to hold the position, which she held for two years prior to a landslide election defeat.
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Jock Mahoney
http://wn.com/Jock_Mahoney -
Joe Jonas
Joseph Adam "Joe" Jonas (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer, musician, actor and dancer. He shares the lead singer role with his younger brother Nick of the Jonas Brothers, a pop-rock band made up of him and his two brothers, Nick and Kevin. He currently stars as Joseph Lucas in the Disney Channel original series Jonas.
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Joe Morrison
Joseph R. Morrison (August 21, 1937 – February 5, 1989) was an American football player in the National Football League for the New York Giants and a coach best known as the head coach at the University of South Carolina.
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Joe Raposo
http://wn.com/Joe_Raposo -
Joe Spinell
http://wn.com/Joe_Spinell -
John Cassavetes
http://wn.com/John_Cassavetes -
John Cipollina
John Cipollina (August 24, 1943 - May 29, 1989) was a guitarist best known for his role as a founder and the lead guitarist of the prominent San Francisco rock band Quicksilver Messenger Service. After leaving Quicksilver he formed the band Copperhead with early Quicksilver member Jim Murray (musician) (who was soon to leave for Maui, Hi.), former Stained Glass member Jim McPherson, drummer David Weber, Gary Phillipet (AKA Gary Phillips (keyboardist) later a member of Bay Area bands Earthquake and The Greg Kihn Band) and Pete Sears. Sears after leaving to work with the Jefferson Starship was replaced by James Hutchinson (musician). Now a prominent studio musician and long time bassist with Bonnie Raitt.
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John Clyne
John Valentine Clyne, CC (February 14, 1902 - August 22, 1989) was a Canadian lawyer and former Justice of the British Columbia Supreme Court.
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John Hicks
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John Howard
John Winston Howard, AC SSI (born 26 July 1939) was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longest serving Australian Prime Minister after Sir Robert Menzies.
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John Matuszak
John Daniel "Tooz" Matuszak (October 25, 1950June 17, 1989) was an American football defensive lineman in the National Football League who later became an actor. He was the first draft pick of 1973 and played most of his career with the Oakland Raiders until he retired after winning his second Super Bowl in 1981. Matuszak participated in the 1978 World's Strongest Man competition, where he placed ninth. As an actor, he is probably most remembered as deformed Sloth in the 1985 movie The Goonies and Tonda in Caveman.
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John McCain
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from Arizona. He was the Republican nominee for president in the 2008 United States election.
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John Ogdon
John Andrew Howard Ogdon (27 January 1937 – 1 August 1989) was an English pianist and composer.
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John Tower
http://wn.com/John_Tower -
Johnny Green
http://wn.com/Johnny_Green -
Jordin Sparks
Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989) is an American pop/R&B; singer, songwriter, humanitarian, and actress from Glendale, Arizona who rose to fame as the winner of the sixth season of American Idol. Sparks won when she was 17 years old, making her the youngest winner. She followed her American Idol victory with the release of her self-titled debut album in 2007, which has gone platinum and has sold over 2 million copies worldwide. Sparks' second single, "No Air", which features Chris Brown, is the song with the most paid downloads by any American Idol contestant, selling about 4 million digital copies worldwide. Due to the success of her debut album and its four top 20 singles, she has won an American Music Award in 2008 and received her first Grammy nomination in 2009.
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Joris Ivens
Joris Ivens (18 November 1898, Nijmegen – 28 June 1989, Paris) was a Dutch documentary filmmaker and committed communist.
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Joseph LaShelle
Joseph LaShelle, A.S.C. (July 9, 1900 - August 20, 1989) was a Los Angeles born film cinematographer.
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José López Rega
http://wn.com/José_López_Rega -
Jozy Altidore
http://wn.com/Jozy_Altidore -
Jung Su-yeon
http://wn.com/Jung_Su-yeon -
Ján Cikker
http://wn.com/Ján_Cikker -
János Kádár
http://wn.com/János_Kádár -
Kaitlin Howell
Kaitlin Howell (born January 2, 1989) is a Canadian actress who began acting in 2003 and has since then been cast as one of the major roles in the animated series Jacob Two-Two. She plays Emma on the Canadian series which is currently being broadcast by YTV. In September 2006 she will begin reporting, for local entertainment news in the Orangeville and Caledon region.
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Karen Rodriguez
http://wn.com/Karen_Rodriguez -
Karl Skytte
Karl Skytte (March 31, 1908 – June 9, 1986), was a Danish politician, member of Folketinget for the Social Liberal Party 1947-1978, and farmer. As Minister for Agriculture 1957-1964, he had only limited success in resisting the pressure for structural development of the sector resulting in the abandonment of many small farms. Back then small farmers constituted an important part of the Social Liberal electorate. As party leader, Skytte was eventually sidelined by Hilmar Baunsgaard who had a much stronger TV appeal. When the latter formed his cabinet in 1968, Skytte became Speaker of Folketinget. He retired from Danish politics in 1978.
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Kateryna Lahno
http://wn.com/Kateryna_Lahno -
Katie Griffiths
Katie Griffiths (born 6 April 1989 in Chigwell, Essex), is a British actress, best known for playing Chlo Grainger in the BBC1 drama Waterloo Road.
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Kazimierz Sabbat
Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbat (27 February 1913 - 19 July 1989), was President of Poland in Exile from 8 April 1986 until his death, 19 July 1989, after serving (from 1976) as Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile.
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Kei Nishikori
(born 29 December 1989 in Shimane, Japan) is a Japanese tennis player. He began playing tennis at the age of five and on 17 July 2007 he qualified for his first ATP main draw event at the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles, California at the age of 17.
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Keith Whitley
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Khleo Thomas
Khaleed Leon Thomas or simply Khleo (born January 30, 1989) is an American actor, rapper and singer, best known for his role as Zero in Holes.
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Kirill Mazurov
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Konosuke Matsushita
was a Japanese industrialist, the founder of Panasonic, a company based in the suburb of Kadoma (on the Keihan line), Osaka in Japan. For many Japanese, he is known as "the god of management". A biography of Matsushita's life called Matsushita Leadership was written by American business management specialist John Kotter in 1998.
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Konrad Lorenz
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (November 7, 1903 in Vienna – February 27, 1989 in Altenberg, Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, animal psychologist, and ornithologist. He shared the 1973 Nobel Prize with Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl von Frisch. He is often regarded as one of the founders of modern ethology, developing an approach that began with an earlier generation, including his teacher Oskar Heinroth. Lorenz studied instinctive behavior in animals, especially in greylag geese and jackdaws. Working with geese, he rediscovered the principle of imprinting (originally described by Douglas Spalding in the 19th century) in the behavior of nidifugous birds.
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Kosta Koufos
Konstantine Demetrios "Kosta" Koufos (Greek: or , born on February 24, 1989 in Canton, Ohio, United States) is a Greek-American professional basketball player for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was selected by the Utah Jazz with the 23rd overall pick in the 2008 NBA Draft. Koufos played college basketball for Ohio State University's team the Ohio State Buckeyes for one year before declaring for the 2008 NBA Draft.
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Kurt Böhme
http://wn.com/Kurt_Böhme -
Kwon Yu-ri
http://wn.com/Kwon_Yu-ri -
KÅ?hei Uchimura
http://wn.com/KÅ?hei_Uchimura -
Lauren Bennett
http://wn.com/Lauren_Bennett -
Laurence Olivier
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Lee Calhoun
Lee Quincy Calhoun (February 23, 1933 – June 22, 1989) was an American athlete, a double winner of 110 m hurdles at the Olympic Games.
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Lee Sang-Hwa
:This is about current female speed skater; for the poet during 1920s-1940s, see Yi Sang-hwa.
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Lee Soon-Kyu
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Lee Van Cleef
Lee Van Cleef (January 9, 1925 – December 16, 1989) was an American film actor who appeared mostly in Western and action pictures. His sharp features and piercing eyes led to his casting as a villain in scores of films, though in later years he was often a film's protagonist, such as with his co-lead role as a former colonel in For a Few Dollars More.
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Lennox Berkeley
Sir Lennox Randal Francis Berkeley (May 12, 1903 – December 26, 1989) was an English composer.
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Lil Mama
Niatia Jessica Kirkland (born October 4, 1989), better known by her stage name "Lil Mama", is an American rapper, dancer and singer-songwriter.
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Lindsay Crosby
Lindsay Harry Crosby (January 5, 1938 - December 11, 1989) was an American actor and singer.
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Lindsey Shaw
Lindsey Marie Shaw (born May 10, 1989) is an American actress. She is known for her starring television roles as Jennifer "Moze" Mosely on ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, Claire Tolchuck on Aliens in America, and Kat Stratford on 10 Things I Hate About You''.
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Lisa Tucker (singer)
:This article is about the singer and American Idol finalist. For the American author, see Lisa Tucker (author).
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Liu Zige
Liu Zige (, born March 31, 1989 in Benxi, Liaoning) is a world record holding swimmer from China. She swam for China at the 2008 Olympics, where she won the women's 200 butterfly in a new world record (2:04.18).
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Logan Henderson
Logan Phillip Henderson (born September 14, 1989) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his starring role on the Nickelodeon series, Big Time Rush, as well as being a member of the Big Time Rush band itself. His character's name is Logan Mitchell, the genius of the band and is good at getting them out of trouble. He also appeared in Season 2, episode 12 of Friday Night Lights, titled "Who Do You Think You Are". Henderson was born in North Richland Hills, Texas (near Dallas), and had a small role as a bully on the television program Friday Night Lights before moving to California at the age of 18 to pursue his acting career. Big Time Rush is his breakthrough role. Big Time Rush's first album will also be released October 11, 2010, via Sony and Columbia Records
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Louie Espinoza
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Louis Wade Sullivan
Louis Wade Sullivan (born November 3, 1933) is an American physician and businessman. He served as the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under President George H. W. Bush and founded the Morehouse School of Medicine.
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Lucille Ball
http://wn.com/Lucille_Ball -
Lucy Hale
:For Lucy Lambert Hale see John P. Hale.
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Luis Carlos Galán
http://wn.com/Luis_Carlos_Galán -
Lynn Bari
http://wn.com/Lynn_Bari -
M. King Hubbert
Marion King Hubbert (October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was a geoscientist who worked at the Shell research lab in Houston, Texas. He made several important contributions to geology, geophysics, and petroleum geology, most notably the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory (a basic component of Peak oil), with important political ramifications. He was often referred to as "M. King Hubbert" or "King Hubbert".
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Mackenzie Rosman
Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American Actress and Singer. She is best known for her television role as Ruthie Camden on The WB's longest-running show 7th Heaven.
http://wn.com/Mackenzie_Rosman -
Madison Ivy
http://wn.com/Madison_Ivy -
Manuel Noriega
Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (; born February 11, 1934) is a Panamanian politician and soldier. He was military dictator of Panama from 1983 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Manuel_Noriega -
Marc Lépine
http://wn.com/Marc_Lépine -
Margaret Thatcher
http://wn.com/Margaret_Thatcher -
Martti Talvela
http://wn.com/Martti_Talvela -
Maurice Colbourne
Maurice Colbourne (24 September 1939 – 4 August 1989) was a British stage and television actor.
http://wn.com/Maurice_Colbourne -
May Allison
http://wn.com/May_Allison -
Mel Blanc
http://wn.com/Mel_Blanc -
Menahem Stern
http://wn.com/Menahem_Stern -
Merritt Butrick
Merritt R. Butrick (September 3, 1959 – March 17, 1989) was an American actor who was known for his role as Captain James T. Kirk's son David Marcus in the movies ' and '. He also appeared in the episode "Symbiosis". Earlier in his career he starred as "Johnny Slash" Ulasewicz in the sitcom Square Pegs. He also appeared in the 1982 comedy Zapped! and the cult film Fright Night II (1988), and as Barbara Hershey's hillbilly son in the 1987 drama Shy People.
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Mia Wasikowska
Mia Wasikowska ( ; born 14 October 1989) is an Australian actress. After starting her career in Australian shorts and feature-length films, she first became known to a wider audience following her critically acclaimed work on the HBO television series In Treatment. She gained worldwide prominence in 2010 after starring as Alice in Tim Burton's $1-billion grossing Alice in Wonderland and appearing in the Sundance Film Festival hit The Kids Are All Right. In 2011, she will star in Gus Van Sant's Restless and portray the title character in Sin Nombre director Cary Fukunaga's adaptation of Jane Eyre.
http://wn.com/Mia_Wasikowska -
Michael Beasley
Michael Paul Beasley Jr. (born January 9, 1989 in Frederick, Maryland) is an American professional basketball player for the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. Listed at 6 feet 10 inches, he was in fact measured at 6 feet 8 inches in shoes. He plays both forward positions, and shoots his jump shot left-handed, though he is also ambidextrous. Beasley played college basketball for Kansas State University for one year before declaring for the NBA draft on April 14, 2008.
http://wn.com/Michael_Beasley -
Michael Sundin
Michael Sundin (1 March 1961 – 23 July 1989) was a television presenter, actor, dancer and trampolinist, who is best remembered for his short time as a Blue Peter presenter (1984-85).
http://wn.com/Michael_Sundin -
Michael van Gerwen
Michael van Gerwen (born April 25, 1989 in Boxtel, Netherlands) is a Dutch professional darts player, nicknamed Mighty Mike. In January 2007, van Gerwen became the youngest player ever to compete at the BDO version of the World Professional Darts Championship at the age of 17 years, 257 days. He was seeded third but lost to Gary Robson in the first round.
http://wn.com/Michael_van_Gerwen -
Michel Aoun
Michel Naim Aoun (), born 30 September 1933 in Haret Hreik, Lebanon, is a Lebanese politician and former military commander. From 22 September 1988 to 13 October 1990, he served as Prime Minister and acting President of one of two rival governments that contended for power. He was defeated by Syria in the war of liberation and forced into exile. He returned to Lebanon on May 7, 2005, eleven days after the withdrawal of Syrian troops. Known as "General," Aoun is currently a Parliament Member. He leads the "Free Patriotic Movement" party which has 27 representatives in the 128 member Lebanese parliament.
http://wn.com/Michel_Aoun -
Michele Lupo
Michele Lupo (4 December 1932 – 27 June 1989), was an Italian film director. He directed 23 films between 1962 and 1982.
http://wn.com/Michele_Lupo -
Michelle Wie
http://wn.com/Michelle_Wie -
Mickey Leland
George Thomas "Mickey" Leland (November 27, 1944 – August 7, 1989), was an anti-poverty activist and later became a congressman from the Texas 18th District and chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. He was a Democrat.
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Mikako Tabe
is a Japanese stage and film actress who is from Tokyo. She has played the role of Yaten Kou in the Sailor Moon musicals. She also starred in the comedy series Yasuko to Kenji.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov ; born 2 March 1931) was the sixth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
http://wn.com/Mikhail_Gorbachev -
Mikhail Katukov
Marshal of the Armored Troops Mikhail Efimovich Katukov (September 17, 1900 - June 8, 1976) () served as a commander of armored troops in the Red Army during and following World War II. He is viewed as one of the most talented Soviet armor commanders.
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Milton Frome
http://wn.com/Milton_Frome -
Minoru Genda
http://wn.com/Minoru_Genda -
Moshe Unna
Moshe Unna (, born 22 November 1902, died 21 February 1989) was an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for the United Religious Front, Hapoel HaMizrachi and the National Religious Party between 1949 and 1969.
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Moshe Ziffer
Moshe Ziffer (; born 24 April 1902, died 9 April 1989) was an Israeli artist and sculptor.
http://wn.com/Moshe_Ziffer -
Mátyás Szűrös
http://wn.com/Mátyás_Szűrös -
Nadia Di Cello
http://wn.com/Nadia_Di_Cello -
Nanjing
http://wn.com/Nanjing -
Nastia Liukin
Anastasia Valeryevna "Nastia" Liukin (; born October 30, 1989) is a Russian American artistic gymnast and occasional actress. She is the 2008 Olympic individual all-around gold medalist, the 2005 and 2007 World Champion on the balance beam, and the 2005 World Champion on the uneven bars. With nine World Championships medals, seven of them individual, Liukin is tied with Shannon Miller as the American gymnast having won the most World Championship medals. Liukin has also tied Miller's record as the American gymnast having won the most medals in a single non-boycotted Olympic Games.
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Nicholas Hoult
Nicholas Caradoc Hoult (born 7 December 1989) is an English actor, best known for the role as Marcus Brewer in the 2002 film, About a Boy, and as Tony Stonem in the E4 television series, Skins.
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Nicholas Megalis
Nicholas Megalis (born April 8, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer.
http://wn.com/Nicholas_Megalis -
Nicolae CeauÅŸescu
http://wn.com/Nicolae_CeauÅŸescu -
Nina Dobrev
http://wn.com/Nina_Dobrev -
Noel Callahan
Noel Callahan (born July 25, 1989 in White Rock, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian actor who is best known for his role as Louis Testaverde-Miller on the hit Nickelodeon show Romeo! He made his acting debut on Stargate SG-1 in 2001. Noel has graduated at St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is currently studying at Simon Fraser University Vancouver, British Columbia. In 2006, he did the voice of Sage in an animated film starring Tony Hawk called Tony Hawk in Boom Boom Sabotage.
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Norma Varden
http://wn.com/Norma_Varden -
Norman F. Ramsey
http://wn.com/Norman_F_Ramsey -
Ondrej Nepela
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Ondrej_Nepela -
Osamu Tezuka
was a Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine. Born in Osaka Prefecture, he is best known as the creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack. He is often credited as the "Godfather of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who served as a major inspiration during his formative years. His prolific output, pioneering techniques, and innovative redefinitions of genres earned him such titles as "the father of manga", "the god of comics" and "kamisama of manga". His grave is located in Tokyo's Souzen-ji Temple Cemetery.
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Park Tae-Hwan
http://wn.com/Park_Tae-Hwan -
Paul Oswald Ahnert
http://wn.com/Paul_Oswald_Ahnert -
Paula DeAnda
Paula Dacia DeAnda (born November 3, 1989) is an American pop singer-songwriter and actress. She first came to prominence with her first single "Doing Too Much" that became a minor hit in the Southwest. She then got the opportunity to audition for Clive Davis who signed her to Arista Records on the spot. Her debut album, Paula DeAnda was released in 2006 and contained the Billboard Hot 100 top twenty song, "Walk Away (Remember Me)".
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Pedro Vargas
Pedro Vargas Mata (San Miguel Allende, 29 April 1906 - Mexico City on 30 October 1989) was a Mexican singer and actor, from the golden age of Mexican cinema. He was known as the "Nightingale of the Americas".
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Penny Lernoux
Penny Lernoux (January 6, 1940 – October 9, 1989) was an American journalist and author.
http://wn.com/Penny_Lernoux -
Petar Mladenov
http://wn.com/Petar_Mladenov -
Pete Rose
Peter Edward Rose (born April 14, 1941) is a former Major League Baseball player and manager. Rose played from 1963 to 1986, and managed from 1984 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Pete_Rose -
Peter Scott
http://wn.com/Peter_Scott -
Phoebe Tonkin
Phoebe Jane Elizabeth Tonkin (born 12 July 1989) is an Australian actress and model. She is best known for portraying Cleo Sertori in the television program .
http://wn.com/Phoebe_Tonkin -
Raul Seixas
http://wn.com/Raul_Seixas -
Ray McAnally
http://wn.com/Ray_McAnally -
Ray Morehart
Raymond Anderson Morehart (December 2, 1899 - January 13, 1989) was an American major league baseball player.
http://wn.com/Ray_Morehart -
Rebecca Adlington
Rebecca (Becky) Adlington, OBE, (born 17 February 1989) is an English freestyle swimmer. She won two gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in the 400 m and 800 m, breaking the 19 year-old world record of Janet Evans in the 800 m final. Adlington is Britain's first Olympic swimming champion since 1988, the first British swimmer to win two Olympic gold medals since 1908 and Great Britain's most successful Olympic swimmer in 100 years.
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Rebecca Schaeffer
Rebecca Lucile Schaeffer (November 6, 1967 – July 18, 1989) was an American actress best known for her role in the sitcom My Sister Sam. Schaeffer was stalked and then murdered by an obsessed fan, prompting the passage of anti-stalking laws in California.
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Reina Tanaka
is one of the sixth generation members of the J-pop group Morning Musume. Her professional first name is spelled in hiragana to distinguish her from the Japanese actress Rena Tanaka, whose name is spelt using the same kanji (though with a slightly different reading), who is similarly from Fukuoka Prefecture.
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Rene Moawad
http://wn.com/Rene_Moawad -
Renee Olstead
Rebecca Renee Olstead (born June 18, 1989) is an American actress and singer. Active since childhood as an actress, she appeared in the TV sitcom Still Standing as Lauren Miller, and several bit parts in various TV shows and movies. In addition, she has recorded five studio albums, primarily of jazz music.
http://wn.com/Renee_Olstead -
René Moawad
http://wn.com/René_Moawad -
Richard C. Duncan
Richard Duncan is chief author of the Olduvai theory, a prediction of rapidly declining world energy production. He has an MS in Electrical Engineering (1969) and a PhD in Systems Engineering (1973) from the University of Washington. He has taught engineering, worked for Lear Jet and Boeing, and worked in power system engineering. In 1992 he founded the Institute on Energy and Man.
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Richard Quine
http://wn.com/Richard_Quine -
Rob Gronkowski
Rob Gronkowski (born May 14, 1989 in ) is an American football tight end for the New England Patriots of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Patriots in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Arizona.
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Robert B. Anderson
http://wn.com/Robert_B_Anderson -
Robert Dorning
http://wn.com/Robert_Dorning -
Robert Lacoste
http://wn.com/Robert_Lacoste -
Robert Mapplethorpe
http://wn.com/Robert_Mapplethorpe -
Robert Penn Warren
http://wn.com/Robert_Penn_Warren -
Robert Webber
Robert L. Webber (October 14, 1924 - May 19, 1989) was an American actor who starred as Juror #12 in the 1957 movie 12 Angry Men.
http://wn.com/Robert_Webber -
Rochelle Wiseman
Rochelle Eulah Wiseman (born 21 March 1989) is an English singer, actress and television presenter. She is best known for her work in pop groups S Club 8 and The Saturdays. Wiseman has achieved six Top 10 hits with her first band, S Club 8 and seven Top 10 hits with girl group, The Saturdays.
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Rodrigo Possebon
http://wn.com/Rodrigo_Possebon -
Roland Winters
Roland Winters (1904-1989) was an American actor who portrayed Charlie Chan in six films.
http://wn.com/Roland_Winters -
Romeo Miller
Percy Romeo Miller, Jr. (born August 19, 1989), better known by his stage name Romeo (previously '''Lil' Romeo'), is an American entertainer, actor, and basketball player. He is the son of entertainment mogul and entrepreneur Master P and nephew of C-Murder and Silkk the Shocker. He has so far released five studio albums and two compilation albums. His sixth album Get Low LP'' was released on March 3, 2009. He attended Beverly Hills High School in Beverly Hills, California. He was awarded a full athletic scholarship to play basketball at the University of Southern California.
http://wn.com/Romeo_Miller -
Ron Field
Ronald Field (1934 – February 6, 1989) was an American choreographer, director, and dancer.
http://wn.com/Ron_Field -
Ronald David Laing
http://wn.com/Ronald_David_Laing -
Ronald Reagan
http://wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Ronald Syme
Sir Ronald Syme, OM, FBA (11 March 1903 – 4 September 1989) was a New Zealand-born historian and classicist. Long associated with Oxford University, he is considered one of the twentieth century's greatest historians of ancient Rome.
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Rory Culkin
Rory Hugh Culkin (born July 21, 1989) is an American actor and is the younger brother of Macaulay Culkin and Kieran Culkin.
http://wn.com/Rory_Culkin -
Rory McIlroy
Rory McIlroy (born 4 May 1989) is a professional golfer from Northern Ireland. He has represented Ireland as both an amateur and a professional.
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Rotimi Fani-Kayode
Oluwarotimi (Rotimi) Adebiyi Wahab Fani-Kayode (April 1955 - December 21, 1989) was a Nigerian photographer working principally in Britain. He explored the tensions created by sexuality, race and culture through stylised portraits and compositions. The main body of his work was between 1982-1989.
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Roy Eldridge
Roy David Eldridge (January 30, 1911 – February 26, 1989), nicknamed "Little Jazz" was an American jazz trumpet player. His sophisticated use of harmony, including the use of tritone substitutions, his virtuosic solos and his strong influence on Dizzy Gillespie mark him as one of the most exciting musicians of the swing era and a precursor of bebop.
http://wn.com/Roy_Eldridge -
Ruhollah Khomeini
http://wn.com/Ruhollah_Khomeini -
Ryan Sheckler
MedalCountry|
http://wn.com/Ryan_Sheckler -
Ryne Sanborn
Ryne Andrew Sanborn (pronounced Rine; born February 3, 1989) is an American actor.
http://wn.com/Ryne_Sanborn -
Sabine Lisicki
Sabine Katharina Lisicki (born 22 September 1989 in Troisdorf) is a professional German tennis player. She achieved her career high rank of #22 on 3 August 2009. She lives in Berlin and Bradenton, Florida. Lisicki is the daughter of first-generation Polish immigrants.
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Salman Rushdie
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (lang-ur| ; born 19 June 1947) is a British-Indian novelist and essayist. He achieved notability with his second novel, ''Midnight's Children'' (1981), which won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. His style is often classified as magical realism mixed with historical fiction, and a dominant theme of his work is the story of the many connections, disruptions and migrations between the Eastern and Western worlds.
http://wn.com/Salman_Rushdie -
Salvador DalÃ
http://wn.com/Salvador_Dalà -
Sam Gagner
Sam William Gagner (born August 10, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing with the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).
http://wn.com/Sam_Gagner -
Sammy Fain
http://wn.com/Sammy_Fain -
Samuel Beckett
Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) was an Irish avant-garde writer, dramatist and poet, writing in English and French. Beckett's work offers a bleak outlook on human culture and both formally and philosophically became increasingly minimalist in his later career.
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Sayumi Michishige
is a sixth generation member of the J-pop group Morning Musume.
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Scott O'Dell
'''Scott O'Dell''' (May 23, 1898 – October 15, 1989) was an American children's author who wrote 26 novels for youngsters, along with three adult novels and four nonfiction books. He was most famously the author of the children's novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960), which won the 1961 Newbery Medal and the 1963 Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis as well as a number of other awards. Other award winning books by O'Dell include ''The King's Fifth (1966), Black Star, Bright Dawn (1988), The Black Pearl (1967), and Sing Down the Moon'' (1970); which were all also Newbery Honor award books. O'Dell wrote primarily historical fiction. Many of his children's novels are about historical California and Mexico.
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Scott Safran
Scott Safran (February 3, 1967 - March 27, 1989) was an American video gamer noted for setting the world record score on the arcade game Asteroids which stood for 27 years.
http://wn.com/Scott_Safran -
Scott Sinclair
Scott Andrew Sinclair (born 25 March 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a winger for Swansea City. He made his league debut for Chelsea on 6 May 2007, when he came off the bench to replace Shaun Wright-Phillips for the final ten minutes of the game against Arsenal.
http://wn.com/Scott_Sinclair -
Scout Taylor-Compton
Scout Taylor-Compton (born February 21, 1989) is an American actress and singer. She has appeared in numerous small television roles and in feature films that range from dramas to those in the horror genre. Recently, Taylor-Compton has gained notoriety in the horror genre, which has garnered her the title of "scream queen".
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Sean Flynn-Amir
http://wn.com/Sean_Flynn-Amir -
Sean Malto
Sean Malto (born September 9th, 1989. in Leavenworth, Kansas) is a professional skateboarder living in downtown Kansas City, Missouri.
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Segundo Montes
http://wn.com/Segundo_Montes -
Seinfeld
Seinfeld is an American television sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5, 1989, to May 14, 1998, lasting nine seasons, and is now in syndication. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a fictionalized version of himself. Set predominantly in an apartment block on Manhattan's Upper West Side (but shot mainly in Los Angeles), the show features a host of Jerry's friends and acquaintances, including George Costanza, Elaine Benes and Cosmo Kramer. Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed in association with Columbia Pictures Television and Columbia TriStar Television; Sony Pictures Television has distributed the series since 2002. It was largely co-written by David and Seinfeld with input from numerous script writers, including Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman, Gregg Kavet, Andy Robin, Carol Leifer, David Mandel, Jeff Schaffer, Steve Koren, Jennifer Crittenden, Tom Gammill, Max Pross, Charlie Rubin, Alec Berg, and Spike Feresten.
http://wn.com/Seinfeld -
Sergey Fesikov
Sergey Vasilyevich Fesikov (), (born January 21, 1989) is a Russian swimmer from St. Petersburg. Fesikov is the current world record holder for the 100 m individual medley (short course).
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Sergio Leone
Sergio Leone (; January 3, 1929 – April 30, 1989) was an Italian film director, producer and screenwriter most associated with the "Spaghetti Western" genre.
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Shanghai
http://wn.com/Shanghai -
Shareeka Epps
Shareeka Epps (born July 11, 1989) is an American actress. She starred in the 2006 film Half Nelson, alongside Ryan Gosling.
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Shelley Buckner
Shelley Buckner (born June 7, 1989; Dallas, Texas) is an American actress. She has had recurring roles in television shows such as Summerland and the Nickelodeon series Just for Kicks. She has also guest-starred on Center of the Universe, Life on a Stick, Method & Red, Still Standing and ''That's So Raven''.
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Shenae Grimes
Shenae Sonya Grimes (; born October 24, 1989) is a Canadian actress. She currently portrays the role of Annie Wilson in 90210, a spinoff of Beverly Hills, 90210. Prior to that she played Darcy Edwards on . She was also a recurring guest star on the series Naturally, Sadie where she played Arden Allcott. Recently she also participated on YouTuber Freddie Wong's video, "Gun Size Matters".
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Shinji Kagawa
is a Japanese football player. He plays for German Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund.
http://wn.com/Shinji_Kagawa -
Sidney Altman
Sidney Altman is a Canadian molecular biologist, who is currently the Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Chemistry at Yale University. In 1989 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Thomas R. Cech for their work on the catalytic properties of RNA.
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Sigbjørn Eriksen
http://wn.com/Sigbjørn_Eriksen -
Silvana Mangano
Silvana Mangano (21 April 1930 – 16 December 1989) was an Italian actress.
http://wn.com/Silvana_Mangano -
Sourou Migan Apithy
http://wn.com/Sourou_Migan_Apithy -
Sparky Adams
http://wn.com/Sparky_Adams -
Stanley Pons
Stanley Pons (born 1943) is an American-born French electrochemist known for his work with Martin Fleischmann on cold fusion in the 1980s and '90s.
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Stefano Langone
http://wn.com/Stefano_Langone -
Stefano Okaka
Stefano Chuka Okaka (born 9 August 1989 in Castiglione del Lago, Perugia) is an Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Roma.
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Steliana Nistor
Steliana Nistor (born September 15, 1989 in Sibiu, Romania) is a Romanian gymnast. She is an Olympic and a world bronze medalist with the team. Individually, she is a world all around and beam silver medalist and a multiple European medalist on beam and uneven bars. Her best events were the uneven bars, the beam and the all around. She was a valuable member of the Romanian team between 2006 and 2008, often contributing to the team final score with the highest marks among all her colleagues.
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Stephanie Hwang
http://wn.com/Stephanie_Hwang -
Sugar Ray Robinson
http://wn.com/Sugar_Ray_Robinson -
Svetlana Raznatovic
http://wn.com/Svetlana_Raznatovic -
T.E.B. Clarke
http://wn.com/TEB_Clarke -
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
http://wn.com/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki -
Taeyeon
Taeyeon (; born March 9, 1989), real name Kim Tae-yeon, is a South Korean singer, and leader of the nine-member girl group Girls' Generation, formed by SM Entertainment in 2007.
http://wn.com/Taeyeon -
Taylor Swift
Taylor Alison Swift (born December 13, 1989) is an American country pop singer-songwriter and actress.
http://wn.com/Taylor_Swift -
Ted Bundy
http://wn.com/Ted_Bundy -
Tenzin Gyatso
http://wn.com/Tenzin_Gyatso -
Terry Butcher
Terence Ian "Terry" Butcher is a former professional football player where he made his name as an uncompromising defender with Ipswich Town and Rangers in the 1980s. He was also a captain of England and won 77 caps in a ten-year international career. He has subsequently had a lengthy managerial career and is currently with Inverness Caledonian Thistle in the Scottish Premier League.
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Tessa Virtue
Figure skater
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The Ready Set
The Ready Set is the alias of American musician Jordan Witzigreuter.
http://wn.com/The_Ready_Set -
Theo Walcott
Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is an English footballer who plays for Arsenal and the England national team. Although his main position is a striker, he has played more regularly as a winger.
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Thomas Müller
http://wn.com/Thomas_Müller -
Thomas R. Cech
http://wn.com/Thomas_R_Cech -
Tim Corcoran
Timothy Hugh Corcoran (born April 15, 1978 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a Major League Baseball pitcher, who is in the Los Angeles Dodgers system. Corcoran's brother, Roy Corcoran, is a pitcher for the Houston Astros Triple A team the Round Rock Express.
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Tim Richmond
Tim Richmond (June 7, 1955 - August 13, 1989) was an American race car driver from Ashland, Ohio. He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR's Winston Cup Series (now Sprint Cup Series). Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock cars full-time, which has since become an industry trend. He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight NASCAR seasons.
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Timoci Bavadra
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Todor Zhivkov
Todor Hristov Zhivkov (; ) (7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was a communist politician and leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
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Tommy Searle
Tommy Searle (born June 13, 1990 in Pembury) is a British motocross racer who competed in the MX2-GP Motocross World Championship with the KTM Redbull team, managed by former world champion Stefan Everts, between 2006 and 2008 . From 2009 onwards, Searle will take part in the AMA MX Lites series in the U.S.A., riding for the KTM North America team.
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Trace Cyrus
Trace Dempsey Cyrus (born February 24, 1989) is an American musician. He was a guitarist, songwriter and vocalist in the band Metro Station before the band broke up. He is the owner of a clothing company called From Backseats to Bedrooms. Cyrus is the adopted son of country singer Billy Ray Cyrus. He is the older brother of Miley Cyrus, Braison Cyrus, and Noah Cyrus, and the younger brother of Brandi Cyrus.
http://wn.com/Trace_Cyrus -
Trey Wilson
http://wn.com/Trey_Wilson -
Trisha Meili
http://wn.com/Trisha_Meili -
Tristan Wilds
Tristan Paul Mack Wilds (born July 15, 1989) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Michael Lee on the HBO original drama series The Wire, and as Dixon Wilson on the CW drama series 90210.
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Trygve Haavelmo
Trygve Magnus Haavelmo (13 December 1911 – 28 July 1999), born in Skedsmo, Norway, was an influential economist with main research interests centered on the fields of econometrics and economics theory. During World War II he worked with Nortraship in the Statistical Department in New York City. He received his Ph.D. in 1946 for his work on The Probability Approach in Econometrics.
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Tyreke Evans
Tyreke Jamir Evans (born September 19, 1989 in Chester, Pennsylvania) is an American professional basketball player with the Sacramento Kings of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the University of Memphis, and was selected by the Sacramento Kings as the 4th overall pick in the 2009 NBA Draft.
http://wn.com/Tyreke_Evans -
Tzannis Tzannetakis
Tzannis Tzannetakis () (13 September 1927 – 1 April 2010) was a Greek politician who was briefly Prime Minister of Greece during the political crisis of 1989.
http://wn.com/Tzannis_Tzannetakis -
Vic Perrin
Vic Perrin (April 26, 1916 – July 4, 1989) was an American actor and voice artist. He is best remembered as the "Control Voice" in the original version of the TV series The Outer Limits (1963 – 1965).
http://wn.com/Vic_Perrin -
Victor Davis
http://wn.com/Victor_Davis -
Victor French
Victor Edwin French (December 4, 1934 - June 15, 1989) was an American actor and director.
http://wn.com/Victor_French -
Victoria Azarenka
Viktoriya Fiodorovna Azarenka, also known as Victoria Azarenka (, ; born 31 July 1989) is a Belarusian professional tennis player. Her career high ranking is World No. 6, which she achieved on October 26, 2009. As of October 4, 2010, Azarenka is ranked World No. 10.
http://wn.com/Victoria_Azarenka -
Viktoria Rebensburg
Viktoria Rebensburg (born October 4, 1989, in Kreuth, Germany) is an alpine ski racer. She competed for Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics in women's super-G and giant slalom.
http://wn.com/Viktoria_Rebensburg -
Vincent Crane
Vincent Crane (21 May 1943 – 14 February 1989) was a self-taught pianist, who studied theory and composition at Trinity College of Music, and graduated in 1964. He was best known as the organist for The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown and Atomic Rooster.
http://wn.com/Vincent_Crane -
Virgil Thomson
http://wn.com/Virgil_Thomson -
Vladimir Horowitz
Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (; ) (October 1, 1903 – November 5, 1989) was a Russian-American classical virtuoso pianist and minor composer. His technique and use of tone color and the excitement of his playing were and remain legendary. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century.
http://wn.com/Vladimir_Horowitz -
Václav Havel
http://wn.com/Václav_Havel -
William Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
http://wn.com/William_Shockley -
Wojciech Jaruzelski
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (pronounced ; born 6 July 1923) was the last commander-in-chief of the communist Polish People's Army (LWP) and the chairman of the Polish United Workers Party from 1981 to 1989, Prime Minister from 1981 to 1985 and the country's head of state from 1985 to 1990. He was the country's last communist leader and dictator and resigned from power after the Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989 led to democratic elections in Poland.
http://wn.com/Wojciech_Jaruzelski -
Wu Chia-ching
Wu Chia-ching (), (b. February 9, 1989 in Taiwan) is a professional pool player. He is nicknamed the "Taisun" ("Little Genius").
http://wn.com/Wu_Chia-ching -
Yani Tseng
Yani Tseng () (born 23 January 1989) is a professional golfer from Taiwan currently playing on the LPGA Tour. She is the youngest player in LPGA history to win three career major championships.
http://wn.com/Yani_Tseng -
Yasmien Kurdi
'''
http://wn.com/Yasmien_Kurdi -
Yasuji Miyazaki
http://wn.com/Yasuji_Miyazaki -
Yohan Blake
Yohan Blake (born December 26, 1989) is a Jamaican sprinter and World Junior bronze medallist. He holds the national junior record for the 100 metres, and tied Seun Ogunkoya as the youngest sprinter to have broken the 10-second barrier (at 19 years, 197 days). Blake's personal best of 9.89 seconds makes him the fourth fastest Jamaican runner, after Nesta Carter, Asafa Powell and Usain Bolt. He is coached by Glen Mills, and is training partners with Bolt and Daniel Bailey.
http://wn.com/Yohan_Blake -
Yohan Mollo
http://wn.com/Yohan_Mollo -
Yusef Hawkins
Yusef Hawkins (also spelled as Yusuf Hawkins, March 19, 1973 - August 23, 1989) was a 16-year-old African American youth who was shot to death on August 23, 1989 in Bensonhurst, a heavily Italian American working-class neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Hawkins and three friends were attacked by a crowd of 10 to 30 white youths, with at least seven of them wielding baseball bats. One, armed with a handgun, shot Hawkins twice in the chest, killing him.
http://wn.com/Yusef_Hawkins -
Yıldırım Akbulut
http://wn.com/Yıldırım_Akbulut -
Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang (17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005) was a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China (PRC). He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
http://wn.com/Zhao_Ziyang
karaoke
Well, I'm afraid of that picture
From 1989
Faded colours, and worn out texture
From 1989
Well I've been young and I've been stupid
But it's left behind
I regret the things that I did
And I feel fine
We can't go on like this
Don't go on yourself like this
We can't go on like it's
1989
Let's go back, I'll be your angel
I'll make a deal with time
But I don't know if that would change you
Or give you peace of mind
1989,1989,1989,1989
1989,1989,1989,1989
We can't go on, we've gotta move on
We've gotta move on now
We can't go on, we've gotta move on
We've gotta move on now
Let me give you some insight into my insides
I haven't been this confused in such a long time
you can't believe I've spent just losing my mind
I can't believe that 10 years have really gone by
it's been a long time
Had a plan for every year I've been alive
a million more I've built up inside of me
there's a million more that I have bottled up
and that I've fucked up
do you feel like the hard times are mountains you've climbed lying awake
it still feels like it's '89 it's been along time
those mindless days the plans that I've made
the countless mistakes all the times I've changed
through the years I faced all that's kept me sane
every single day
Goodbye 1989
I wanna be the one in control
Rock my white shoes, polo tie
The next big thing for five years running
It's not your turn
It's not your turn yet
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
My act is just getting old
Goodbye 1989
I wanna be the one in control
Rock my white shoes, polo tie
The next big thing for five years running
It's not your turn
It's not your turn yet
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
My act is just getting old
Some babies wanna get down like this
We eat what we like
Some babies wanna get down like this
We eat what we like
Back off you little shits
Gnawing at my fists
I see they breed you by the boatload
Back off you little whores
Get 'em on all fours
And let me beat you to the fucking punch bowl
My body's not even cold
My act is just getting old
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1989 #1 songs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 15 Feb 2009
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
32 songs hit #1 in the US in 1989. Clips of the number ones are shown in chronological order...
http://wn.com/1989_1_songs
1989 Tiananmen Square Protests
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Published: 17 Sep 2005
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
A Chinese man stands alone to block a line of tanks heading east on Beijing's Cangan Blvd. in Tiananmen Square on June 5, 1989.
http://wn.com/1989_Tiananmen_Square_Protests
The Rakes - 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 05 Mar 2009
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
The official video for The Rakes' new single '1989' from their third album KLANG
http://wn.com/The_Rakes_1989
The Dark Knight 1989 Style
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:07
- Published: 19 Dec 2007
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
I took the audio from The Dark Knight preview and put video clips from Tim Burton's Batman. None of the dialogue really matches up obviously. It got a little difficult at the end.
http://wn.com/The_Dark_Knight_1989_Style
Black Box Ride on Time [ 1989 ] HD version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 01 Jun 2009
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
"Ride on Time" is a 1989 song recorded by band Black Box. It was later released on their debut LP Dreamland. The song achieved a great success in many countries, such as UK and Ireland where it was a number-one hit. The song was written and produced by the Italian production team Groove Groove Melody, consisting of DJ Daniel Davoli, programmer Mirko Limoni and musician Valerio Semplici. The team worked with model Catherine Quinol (aka Katrin), who was the face of Black Box. In the video and in live performances she lip-synced to the original vocals. The song sampled Loleatta Holloway's 1980 disco hit "Love Sensation" and attracted some controversy for the uncredited use of Holloway's vocals from that song. Holloway's counsel engaged in a press attack on Black Box, successfully securing a settlement that paid the singer an undisclosed sum; the group had legally cleared the samples with Salsoul Records, who had released the original track, but Holloway was in arrears for advances from the label and thus was not recompensed by Salsoul. For the re-release of the song, M People singer Heather Small recorded the vocals. The song's title derives from a sample of Holloway singing the lyrics "thank you baby, 'cause you're right on time". The altered title is a consequence of "flapping", which makes American T's sound like D's to people who do not speak American English. //text source: en.wikipedia.org
http://wn.com/Black_Box_Ride_on_Time_1989_HD_version
Frank Zappa on Crossfire 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:37
- Published: 17 Sep 2011
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Frank talks about the National Endowment for the Arts and defends its position on how it should be supported and how the tax payers money should be used to fund operas, orchestras, ballet, choral music etc. He speaks with Bob Beckel, Pat Buchanan, Congressman William Dannemeyer. Both Pat and William had a steady position on the issue that NEA should not be funded at all and on the other side Frank and Bob talk about the fact that NEA should be funded properly and problems in the allocation of US budget. Frank speaks for the artists and very swiftly avoids arguments and small talk as he proves to be the smarter person by talking about real issues rather than side talk. This video contains CNN material and they have the copyright. DISCLAIMER: All rights reserved to the production companies and music labels that distributed and produced the music and performance respectively. I do not own the rights to the music nor the footage. I only uploaded this video as an entertainment and creative purposes with no financial gain. Copyright infringement not intended.
http://wn.com/Frank_Zappa_on_Crossfire_1989
Nov. 9, 1989: The Berlin Wall Falls
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Published: 05 Nov 2009
- Updated: 04 Sep 2012
Special Report: Peter Jennings delivers "astonishing news" out of Germany.
http://wn.com/Nov_9,_1989_The_Berlin_Wall_Falls
Metallica - Master Of Puppets live Seattle 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:47
- Published: 03 Jan 2007
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
An awsome clip of master of puppets live that I took from my Seattle 1989 dvd.
http://wn.com/Metallica_Master_Of_Puppets_live_Seattle_1989
ABC 1989 World Series Game 3 Earthquake
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Published: 11 Feb 2010
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
So what does it take to shut Tim McCarver up? An earthquake.
http://wn.com/ABC_1989_World_Series_Game_3_Earthquake
Liverpool 0-2 Arsenal - League Decider (1989) - Live Footage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:42
- Published: 29 Jun 2008
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
CAUTION: Not suitable for Liverpool or Tottenham fans! :) One of my all time greatest footy matches, I was only 8 years old at the time but remember it like yesterday. Alan Smith got the first, and Michael Thomas got the crucial second goal late on in the game, what a night that was! "Thomas charging through the midfield, Thomas, It's up for grabs now, Thomassss" Commentary by Brian Moore and David Pleat.
http://wn.com/Liverpool_0-2_Arsenal_League_Decider_1989_Live_Footage
Sinead O'Connor - Mandinka (1989 Grammy's)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:11
- Published: 10 Feb 2006
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
i dunno
http://wn.com/Sinead_O'Connor_Mandinka_1989_Grammy's
1989 Tour de France Final Time Trial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:15
- Published: 24 Nov 2006
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Full version available at: www.atomicmall.com 1989 Tour de France Final Time Trial. Lemond and Fignon battle for yellow jersey.
http://wn.com/1989_Tour_de_France_Final_Time_Trial
BBC News - June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square Massacre
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Published: 17 Aug 2006
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre and the June 4th Incident, or colloquially, Six-four (Chinese: 六四) by the Chinese public, and as the Political Turmoil between Spring and Summer of 1989 by the government of the People's Republic of China, were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989.
http://wn.com/BBC_News_June_4,_1989,_Tiananmen_Square_Massacre
the pillows / 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Published: 26 Jan 2011
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
www.pillows.jp 2009年6月3日リリースのBESTALBUM「Rock stock&too smoking the pillows」収録曲でバンド結成時のことを歌った曲
http://wn.com/the_pillows_1989
USSR-Greece 80-81 (Eurobasket 1989 semi) Last 2 minutes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Published: 25 May 2010
- Updated: 23 Aug 2012
To download full game www.megaupload.com June 24, 1989 Zagreb, Yugoslavia GREECE 4 N. GALIS 45 5 C. PATAVOUKAS 0 6 P. GIANNAKIS 6 7 A. KABOURIS 2 8 D. STERGAKOS 9 9 C. ANGELIDIS 0 11 N. FILIPOU 0 12 L. ANDRITSOS 0 13 P. FASSOULAS 7 14 D. PAPADOPOULOS 0 15 T. CHRISTODOULOU 12 SOVIET UNION 4 G. VETRA 2 5 T. SOKK 2 6 V. BEREJNOI 0 7 C. MARICHULIONIS 11 8 A. VOLKOV 11 9 V. TIKHONENKO 22 10 R. KURTINAITIS 0 11 A. SABONIS 19 12 E. GADACHEV 0 13 V. KHOMITCHUS 7 14 A. BIELOSIENNY 6 15 V. GOBOROV 0
http://wn.com/USSR-Greece_80-81_Eurobasket_1989_semi_Last_2_minutes
Pet Sematary Trailer (1989)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:17
- Published: 17 Nov 2006
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Trailer for Pet Sematary (1989). Taken from an Aussie CIC VHS video. I don't think Paramount included this trailer with the DVD releases. Notice the Amityville theme at the beginning?
http://wn.com/Pet_Sematary_Trailer_1989
Band Aid II - Do They Know It's Christmas?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:59
- Published: 14 Jun 2008
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
Music Video by Band Aid II (2) performing the UK #1 hit, Do They Know It's Christmas?, produced by Stock, Aitken and Waterman. (C) 1989 PWL (Pete Waterman Ltd)
http://wn.com/Band_Aid_II_Do_They_Know_It's_Christmas?
1989 NBA Slam Dunk Competition
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Published: 03 Mar 2007
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
JUMP 8-16 INCHES HIGHER! Dunkers.741.com Guaranteed. BEST VERTICAL WORKOUTS. VIST dunkers.741.com! Vist www.dunkers.741.com The 1989 NBA Slam Dunk Contest! Winner: Kenny Walker Dunkers: Kenny Walker, Spud Webb, Clyde Drexler, Shelton Jones, Tim Perry, Jerome Kersey, Ron Harper, Chris Morris Vist www.dunkers.741.com
http://wn.com/1989_NBA_Slam_Dunk_Competition
Macintosh Portable (1989)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 16 Feb 2009
- Updated: 01 Sep 2012
www.cchronicles.com Watch the full episode at the link above. They weren't quite "notebook" computers yet, but laptops were replacing "luggables" in the portable computer category during the late 1980's. This program looks at the state of the art in portables including the Atari Portfolio, the GridPad, the Poqet PC, the Dynabook 286, the NEC Color Portable, Toshiba's T3200SX, IBM's P70 386, and the new Mac Portable. Average price for one of these laptops was about $5000. Guests include Traveling Software CEO Mark Eppley.
http://wn.com/Macintosh_Portable_1989
David Hasselhoff at Berlin Wall 1989
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:26
- Published: 24 Jan 2008
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
More info about this historic event: news.bbc.co.uk David Hasselhoff singing Looking for freedom at Berlin Wall 31 december 1989. Firecracker almost hits David at 3:22.
http://wn.com/David_Hasselhoff_at_Berlin_Wall_1989
1989 Bat Car
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:07
- Published: 05 Jul 2010
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Designed and built by Casey Putsch, this is the world's best performing Batmobile emulation built thus far and is registered to drive on the street in the US This is a private project built only as a personal engineering exercise.
http://wn.com/1989_Bat_Car
Nov. 10, 1989: Celebration at the Berlin Wall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 05 Nov 2009
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
"World News": Peter Jennings reports live from Berlin.
http://wn.com/Nov_10,_1989_Celebration_at_the_Berlin_Wall
Metallica - Whiplash ( Seattle 1989 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Published: 22 Nov 2008
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Want to support me? (Read on! :D) Click on one or more of these links: d0e8a877.goneviral.com (Google) http (Facebook) 8cc77b35.goneviral.com (YouTube) http (Twitter) 77fc43ab.goneviral.com (Yahoo) Subscribe for more videos. All rights property of their owner. Credit to Metallica.
http://wn.com/Metallica_Whiplash_Seattle_1989_
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Retro Active: Pet Sematary (1989)
07 Sep 2012
IMDb
by Nick Schager [This week's "Retro Active" pick is inspired by the resurrected-undead horror sequel [Rec] 3: Genesis.] For Stephen King, places often have...(size: 1.0Kb)
Countdown to our 50th anniversary: 1989 – 90
06 Sep 2012
noodls
Countdown to our 50th anniversary: 1989 - 90 6 September 2012 Our 26th Annual Report was a bumper one, covering an 18-month period from mid-1989 to December 1990 which saw the wall between East and West Berlin come down, and Germany reunified under the Chancellorship of Helmut Kohl. In equally...(size: 3.1Kb)
Countdown to our 50th anniversary: 1988 – 1989
06 Sep 2012
noodls
Countdown to our 50th anniversary: 1988 - 1989 6 September 2012 1988 saw a dramatic fall in egg sales following a statement by Health Minister, Edwina Currie that the majority of British eggs were infected with the salmonella bacteria. Cracking on, our 50 year retrospective reveals that in 1988 we...(size: 3.6Kb)
BBC News
A former policeman has said he is "so pleased" a rapist has been jailed for attacking a teenage girl 23 years ago. Shaun Harrison, 46, of Orchard Road, Plymouth, was jailed for eight years at...(size: 1.3Kb)
Yahoo Music
Courtesy Erin Everly official siteMore than two decades ago--1989, to be exact--a soaring love ballad by the unlikeliest of bands hit No. 1 on the charts and won a Video Music Award for Best Heavy Metal Video. The tune was "Sweet Child O' Mine" by notorious bad boys Guns N' Roses, an...(size: 4.8Kb)
2012 is not 1989: Chidambaram
04 Sep 2012
The Siasat Daily
September 04: Dismissing any comparison between coal block allocation issue and Bofors pay-offs controversy, Finance Minister P Chidambaram on Monday said “2012 is not 1989�. “2012 is not 1989. Do not draw such comparisons�, Chidambaram said at the AICC media briefing when asked whether the...(size: 2.7Kb)
Sun Sentinel
...(size: 3.2Kb)
Rabbitohs turning back clock to 1989
31 Aug 2012
The Daily Telegraph Australia
"IT wasn't pretty but it is a win." With that simple statement Greg Inglis perfectly summed up South Sydney's 18-6 win over Newcastle last night that secured the club's first top four finish since 1989. In any other year, the old Rabbitohs would have thrown in the towel last night -...(size: 3.6Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
Newcastle 6 South Sydney 18 MATCH STATS SOUTH SYDNEY secured a top-four berth with victory against the Newcastle Knights at Hunter Stadium...(size: 0.9Kb)
Mirage of 1989 on the horizon of 2014
30 Aug 2012
The Hindu
The year 2012 has begun to increasingly resemble the tumultuous months before the countdown began to the 1989 general election. Then too, as now, there was disenchantment and resentment simmering against the ruling party accused of corruption and inspiring political formations to harness these...(size: 7.3Kb)
 |
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) |
This article is about the year 1989.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1950s 1960s 1970s – 1980s – 1990s 2000s 2010s |
| Years: | 1986 1987 1988 – 1989 – 1990 1991 1992 |
| 1989 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1989 MCMLXXXIX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2742 |
| Armenian calendar | 1438 Ô¹Õ? ՌՆԼԸ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6739 |
| Bahá'à calendar | 145–146 |
| Bengali calendar | 1396 |
| Berber calendar | 2939 |
| British Regnal year | 37 Eliz. 2 – 38 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2533 |
| Burmese calendar | 1351 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7497–7498 |
| Chinese calendar | æˆ?è¾°å¹´å??一月廿四日 (4625/4685-11-24) — to —
己巳年å??二月åˆ?四日(4626/4686-12-4) |
| Coptic calendar | 1705–1706 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1981–1982 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5749–5750 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2045–2046 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1911–1912 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5090–5091 |
| Holocene calendar | 11989 |
| Iranian calendar | 1367–1368 |
| Islamic calendar | 1409–1410 |
| Japanese calendar | ShÅ?wa 64Heisei 1 (å¹³æˆ?元年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4322 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 78 民國78年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2532 |
| Unix time | 599616000–631151999 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1989 |
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday. It is the 1989th year of the Common Era, or A.D.; the 989th year of the 2nd millennium; the 89th year of the 20th century; and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade. It was a historical turning point for the wave of revolutions that swept the Eastern Bloc, starting in Poland. Collectively known as the Revolutions of 1989, they heralded the dissolution of the Soviet Union two years later and the beginning of the post–Cold War period which is characterized by the dominance of the United States in world affairs.
Contents |
Events[link]
January[link]
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- January 4 – Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 "Floggers" are engaged and shot down by 2 US Navy F-14 Tomcats.
- January 7 – Hirohito (posthumous name: Emperor ShÅ?wa) died.
- January 8 – Kegworth Air Disaster: A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, leaving 47 dead.
- January 17 – Stockton massacre: Patrick Edward Purdy kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.
- January 18 – The Polish United Workers Party votes to legalize Solidarity.
- January 20 – George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the United States of America.
- January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.
- January 29 – Thomas and Friends television show begins in U.S.
February[link]
- February 1 – Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.
- February 2
- Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.
- Satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe.
- February 3
- A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.
- After a stroke, Pieter Willem Botha resigns his party's leadership and the presidency of South Africa.
- February 7 – The Los Angeles, California City Council bans the sale or possession of semiautomatic firearms.
- February 10 – Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.
- February 11 – Barbara Clementine Harris is consecrated as the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.
- February 14
- Union Carbide agrees to pay USD $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.
- Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini encourages Muslims to kill The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit.
- February 15 – Soviet war in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.
- February 16 – Pan Am flight 103: Investigators announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player.
- February 17 – Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) formed.
- February 23 – After protracted testimony, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11–9, President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense.
- February 24
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini places a US $3-million bounty on the head of The Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie.
- After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.
- February 27 – Venezuela is rocked by the Caracazo, a wave of protests and looting.
March[link]
- March 1
- The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.
- A curfew is imposed in Kosovo, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the Serb minority.
- Louis Wade Sullivan and James D. Watkins start terms of office as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and U.S. Secretary of Energy respectively.
- The Politieke Partij Radicalen, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, Communistische Partij Nederland and the Evangelical People's Party amalgamate to form Netherlands political party GroenLinks (GL, GreenLeft).
- March 2 – Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.
- March 3
- Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two 8-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.
- Portugal wins the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Nigeria on the final by 2–0 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- March 4
- Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner.
- The Purley Station rail crash in London leaves 5 dead and 94 injured.
- The first ACT (Australian Capital Territory) elections are held.
- March 7 – Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's The Satanic Verses.
- March 9 – A strike forces financially troubled Eastern Air Lines into bankruptcy.
- March 13 – A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Québec power grid. Six million people are left without power for 9 hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.
- March 14
- Gun control: U.S. President George H. W. Bush bans the importation of certain guns deemed assault weapons into the United States.
- Christian General Michel Aoun declares a 'War of Liberation' to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.
- March 17 – The Civic Tower of Pavia, built in the 14th century, crumbles down.
- March 20 – Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.
- March 22
- Clint Malarchuk of the NHL Buffalo Sabres suffers an almost fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.
- Asteroid 4581 Asclepius approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometers.
- March 23 – Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce that they have achieved cold fusion at the University of Utah.
- March 24 – Exxon Valdez oil spill: In Alaska's Prince William Sound the Exxon Valdez spills 240,000 barrels (38,000 m3) of oil after running aground.
- March 27 – The first contested elections for the Soviet parliament result in losses for the Communist Party.
- March 29 – The 61st Academy Awards are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with Rain Man winning Best Picture.
April[link]
- April 1 – Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Poll tax, is introduced in Scotland.
- April 4 – In Brussels, Belgium, NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary.
- April 6 – National Safety Council of Australia chief executive John Friedrich is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235 million.
- April 7 – The Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 41.
- April 9 – Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Red Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally; 20 citizens are killed, many injured.
- April 14 – The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, CA Lincoln Savings and Loan Association; Charles Keating (for whom the Keating Five were named – John McCain among them) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s Savings and Loan Crisis which costs U.S. taxpayers nearly $200 billion in bailouts, and many people their life savings.[1]
- April 15 – The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the life of 96 Liverpool supporters.
- April 17 – Poland, Solidarity was again legalized and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.
- April 19
- Trisha Meili is attacked while jogging in New York City's Central Park; as her identity remains secret for years, she becomes known as the "Central Park Jogger."
- A gun turret explodes on the U.S. battleship Iowa, killing 47 crew members.
- April 20 – NATO debates modernising short range missiles; although the U.S. and U.K. are in favour, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl obtains a concession deferring a decision.
- April 21 – Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square.
- April 25
- The term of Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail as the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.
- Motorola introduces the Motorola MicroTAC Personal Cellular Telephone, then the world's smallest mobile phone.
- April 26 – Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
May[link]
- May 1 – Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World opens to the public for the first time.
- May 2 – The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles 150 miles (240 km) of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.
- May 6
- Yugoslavia wins the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne with the song Rock me performed by Riva.
- Magnum XL-200 opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.
- May 9 – Andrew Peacock deposes John Howard as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.
- May 11 – The ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.
- May 14 – Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since the 1960s.
- May 15 – Australia's first private tertiary institution, Bond University, opens on the Gold Coast.
- May 16 – Ethiopia Coup Attempt: Senior military officers staged a coup attempt in Ethiopia hours after President Mengistu Haile Mariam left on a visit to East Germany.
- May 19
- 1989 Ürümqi unrest: Uyghur and Hui Muslim protesters rioted in front of the government building in Ürümqi.
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Zhao Ziyang meets the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.
- May 20 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.
- May 22 – The Nordland Days in Leningrad region (Leningrad oblast) open.
- May 30
- Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10 m (33 ft) high Goddess of Democracy statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.
- An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogotá, Colombia is committed by members of the MedellÃn Cartel, who kill 4 and injure 37.
June[link]
- June 3
- The SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) is opened in Toronto.
- The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran.
- June 4
- The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing on the army's approach to the square, and the final stand-off in the square is covered live on television.
- Solidarity's victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989.
- Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 645 as 2 trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.
- June 7 – Surinam Airways Flight PY764 crashes, killing 176.
- June 12 – The Corcoran Gallery of Art removes Robert Mapplethorpe's gay photography exhibition.
- June 13 – The wreck of the German battleship Bismarck, which was sunk in 1941, is located 600 miles (970 km) west of Brest, France.
- June 16 – A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister who had been executed in 1958.
- June 21 – British police arrest 250 people for celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.
- June 22 – Ireland's first universities established since independence in 1922, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, open.
- June 24 – Jiang Zemin becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.
July[link]
- July 2 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns; a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis.
- July 5 – The television show Seinfeld premieres.
- July 9–July 12 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.
- July 14 – France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution.
- July 14–July 16 – At the annual G-7 Summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.
- July 18 – Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.
- July 19 – United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112; 184 on board survive.
- July 20 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest.
- July 21 – The beginning of a total blockade of Armenia and NKAO by Azerbaijan.
- July 26 – A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
- July 31 – Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.
August[link]
- August 7
- U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.
- Federal Express purchases Flying Tiger Line for approximately 800 million U.S. dollars.
- August 8 – STS-28: Space Shuttle Columbia takes off on a secret 5-day military mission.
- August 9 – The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first asteroid directly imaged by radar from Arecibo.
- August 13 – A hot air balloon accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills 13.
- August 14 – The Sega Genesis is released in North America.
- August 15 – F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
- August 16–August 17 – Woodstock '89 festival.
- August 18 – Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Galán is assassinated near Bogotá in Colombia.
- August 19
- Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-communist in power in 42 years.
- The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border.
- August 20
- In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.
- Fifty-one people die when the Marchioness pleasure boat collides with a barge on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge.
- August 23
- Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, then still occupied by the Soviet Union, join hands to demand freedom and independence, forming an uninterrupted 600 km human chain called the Baltic Way.
- Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.
- All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to sack and sue them over a dispute.
- August 23 – Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.
- August 24
- Record-setting baseball player Pete Rose agrees to a lifetime ban from the sport following allegations of illegal gambling, thereby preventing his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.
- Indonesia's first privately owned television station, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia, (RCTI) begins broadcasting.
- August 25 – Voyager 2 passes the planet Neptune and its moon Triton.
September[link]
- September 5 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush holds up a bag of cocaine purchased across the street at Lafayette Park, in his first televised speech to the nation.
- September 6
- South African general election, 1989: the last held under apartheid returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.
- England holds Sweden to a 0–0 draw in Sweden, qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game becomes famous after Terry Butcher sustains a deep cut to his forehead early in the game. He receives stitches but plays on the entire game. By the end of the game, the front of Butcher's white shirt and shorts are almost entirely covered in blood.
- September 10 – The Hungarian government opens the country's western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic.
- September 14 – An agreement of cooperation between Leningrad oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbjørn Eriksen.
- September 20 – F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.
- September 21 – Hurricane Hugo makes landfall in South Carolina, causing $7 billion in damage.
- September 22 – 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 dead and 22 injured.
October[link]
- October 9
- An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.
- In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalization of opposition groups and democratic reforms.
- October 13 – Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses.
- October 17 – The Loma Prieta earthquake, measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale, strikes the San Francisco–Oakland region of Northern California, killing 67 people and delaying the 1989 World Series for ten days
- October 18 – The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems.
- October 19
- The Guildford Four are freed after 14 years.
- The Wonders of Life pavilion opens at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Florida.
- October 21 – The Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth's main priorities.
- October 23
- The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic).
- The Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas kills 23 and injures 314 others.
- October 31 – The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut Özal as the eighth President of Turkey.
November[link]
- November 2 – North Dakota and South Dakota celebrate their 100th Birthdays.
- November 4 – Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.
- November 6 – Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.
- November 7
- Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia governor's race, becoming the first elected African American governor in the United States.
- David Dinkins becomes the first African American mayor of New York City.
- Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains head of state.
- November 9
- Yıldırım Akbulut, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (47th government)
- Cold War: Günter Schabowski accidentally states in live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect "immediately". East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades (November 17 celebrates Germans began tearing the wall down).
- November 10
- After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
- Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly non-stop around the world.
- CKO (a Canadian national all-news radio network) suddenly terminates all broadcasting during the newscast at noon (Eastern time), due to financial losses (the station began broadcasting on July 1, 1977).
- November 11 – Louie Espinoza inaugurated as WBO World Featherweight Champion.
- November 12 – Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.
- November 16
- Six Jesuit priests—among them Ignacio EllacurÃa, Segundo Montes, and Ignacio MartÃn-Baró—their housekeeper, and her teenage daughter, are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. For more information see Murdered scholars of UCA
- South African President F.W. de Klerk announces the scrapping of the Separate Amenities Act.
- UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference.
- November 17 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).
- November 20 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.
- November 22 – In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad and kills him.
- November 28 – Cold War – Velvet Revolution: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than 40 years).
- November 30 – Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder).
December[link]
- December 1
- Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated SED its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign 2 days later.
- A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino, ending by December 9.
- December 3 – Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end.
- December 6 – École Polytechnique Massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc Lépine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the École Polytechnique in Montreal.
- December 10 – Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second oldest communist country into a democratic society.
- December 14 – Chile holds its first free election in 16 years.
- December 15 – Drug baron José Gonzalo RodrÃguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police.
- December 17
- The Romanian Revolution begins in TimiÅŸoara when rioters break into the Committee Building and cause extensive vandalism. Their attempts to set the buildings on fire are foiled by military units.
- Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years; Fernando Collor de Mello wins.
- The first full-length episode of The Simpsons, "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", is shown on Fox.
- December 19 – Workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the communist regime.
- December 20 – Operation Just Cause is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.
the Barrio El Chorrillo in fire, the morning of the USA invasion to Panama
- December 21 – Nicolae Ceausescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party HQ in Bucharest. The crowd begin to protest against Ceausescu and he orders in the army to attack the protesters.
- December 22
- After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae CeauÅŸescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter to escape inevitable execution after the palace was invaded by rioters. The Romanian troops, who the day before had followed Ceausescu's orders to attack the demonstrators, change sides and join the uprising.
- Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, Australia, killing 35.
- December 23 – Nicolae and Elena Ceauşescu are captured in Târgoviște.
- December 25
- Romanian leader Nicolae CeauÅŸescu and his wife Elena are executed by military troops after being found guilty of crimes against humanity.
- Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the bubble economy.
- December 28 – A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people.
- December 29
- Václav Havel is elected president of Czechoslovakia.
- Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.
- Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.
Date unknown[link]
- Alan Bond's Bond Corporation goes into receivership with the largest debt in Australian history.
- Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Western Australia.
- Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors.
- The Alize propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy.
- The first national park in the Netherlands is established in Schiermonnikoog.
- Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois closes down after an incident on one of the slides.
- Soviet submarine K-173 (Chelyabinsk) is commissioned.
- The wreck of the Lady Elgin is discovered off Highland Park, Illinois by Harry Zych.
- Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.
- The NIOS board is established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India.
- The Museum of Jurassic Technology is founded in Culver City, California by David and Diana Wilson.
- The last Golden Toad is seen, the species is now classified extinct.
- The Japan Fantasy Novel Award is established.
- The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 ppm (parts per million) by volume.
Births[link]
January[link]
- January 2 – Kaitlin Howell, Canadian actress
- January 3
- Alex D. Linz, American actor
- Anya Kop, American fashion model
- KÅ?hei Uchimura, Japanese gymnast
- January 6 – James Durbin (singer), American Idol contestant
- January 7 – Emiliano Insúa, Argentine footballer
- January 9
- Michael Beasley, American basketball player
- Nina Dobrev, Bulgarian-Canadian actress
- January 10 – Emily Meade, American film and television actress
- January 11 – Chris Perry-Metcalf, British actor
- January 12 – Arci Muñoz, Filipina actress & model
- January 14 – Frankie Sandford, British singer
- January 19 – Yani Tseng, Taiwanese golfer
- January 20 – Nadia Di Cello, Argentine actress
- January 21
- Katie Griffiths, English actress
- Dogus Balbay, American Basketball player
- Sergey Fesikov, Russian swimmer
- January 22 – Jared Smith, American singer
- January 24 – Calvin Goldspink, British actor
- January 25
- Mikako Tabe, Japanese stage and film actress
- Yasmien Kurdi, Filipino actress and singer
- January 26 – Emily Hughes, American figure skater
- January 27 – Daisy Lowe, British model
- January 30 – Khleo Thomas, American actor and rapper
February[link]
- February 3 – Ryne Sanborn, American actor
- February 4 – Larissa Ramos, Brazilian Miss Earth 2009 winner
- February 5
- Jeremy Sumpter, American actor
- Cristine Reyes, Filipina actress
- February 7 – Louisa Lytton, English actress
- February 8 – Danielle Harmer, English actress
- February 9 – Wu Chia-ching, Taiwanese pool player
- February 11 – Elisa Izquierdo, American murder victim (d. 1995)
- February 13
- Rodrigo Possebon, Brazilian footballer
- Carly McKillip, Canadian actress
- February 16 – Zivanna Letisha Siregar, Indonesian model
- February 17 – Rebecca Adlington, British swimmer
- February 21
- Corbin Bleu, American actor and singer
- Kristin Herrera, American actress
- Scout Taylor-Compton, American actress
- February 24
- Kosta Koufos, Greek-American basketball player
- Trace Cyrus, American musician
- February 25 – Lee Sang-Hwa, South Korean speed skater
- February 27
- Kelly Breeding, American singer
- Stefano Langone, American singer
March[link]
- March 1
- Daniella Monet, American actress
- Carlos Vela, Mexican footballer
- March 4 – Erin Heatherton, American fashion model
- March 5
- Sterling Knight, American actor
- Jake Lloyd, American actor
- March 6 – Agnieszka Radwańska, Polish tennis player
- March 7 – Gerald Anderson, Filipino-American actor
- March 9
- Christina Broccolini, Canadian TV presenter
- Kim Tae-yeon, Korean singer SNSD
- March 11 – Anton Yelchin, Russian actor
- March 14 – Colby O'Donis, American singer
- March 15 – Caitlin Wachs, American actress
- March 16
- Peaches Geldof, British performer
- Blake Griffin, American basketball player
- Theo Walcott, English footballer
- March 17 – Shinji Kagawa, Japanese football player
- March 21
- Rochelle Wiseman, British singer (S Club Juniors & The Saturdays)
- Labrinth, English singer-songwriter and record producer
- March 22 – Karen Rodriguez, American singer
- March 24 – Aziz Shavershian, Australian bodybuilder (d. 2011)
- March 25
- Scott Sinclair, English footballer
- Alyson Michalka, American actress and singer
- March 31 – Liu Zige, Chinese swimmer
April[link]
- April 2 – Danita Paner, Filipina actress
- April 4 – Chris Herd, Australian footballer who currently plays for Premier League team Aston Villa
- April 8
- Nicholas Megalis, American singer-songwriter
- Hitomi Takahashi, Japanese singer
- April 18
- Alia Shawkat, American actress
- Jung Su-yeon, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- April 22 – Thomas James Longley, British actor
- April 23
- Anastasia Baranova, Russian-born actress
- Nicole Vaidišová, Czech tennis player
- April 25
- Michael van Gerwen, Dutch darts player
- Raquel Donatelli, American reality television star
May[link]
- May 4
- Dániel Gyurta, Hungarian swimmer
- James van Riemsdyk, American ice hockey player
- Rory McIlroy, Irish golfer
- May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer and actor
- May 10 – Lindsey Shaw, American actress
- May 11 – Giovani dos Santos, Mexican soccer player
- May 12 – Imogen Poots, English actress
- May 14 – Rob Gronkowski, American football player
- May 15 – Lee Soon-Kyu, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- May 16 – Behati Prinsloo, Namibian fashion model
- May 17 – Tessa Virtue, Canadian Ice Dancer
- May 29
- Brandon Mychal Smith, American Actor
- Riley Keough, American model
June[link]
- June 2 – Freddy Adu, American soccer player
- June 4 – Eldar Gasimov, Azerbaijani singer
- June 7 – Shelley Buckner, American actress
- June 8 – Richard Fleeshman, English actor
- June 9 – Chloe Agnew, Irish singer
- June 10 – Alexandra Stan, Romanian singer
- June 13
- Tommy Searle, British Motocross Racer
- Lisa Tucker, American singer, musical theater and television actress
- June 14
- Svetlana Raznatovic, Serbian singer
- Lucy Hale, American actress and singer
- Madison Ivy, German-born American pornographic actress
- June 17 – Simone Battle, American actress and singer
- June 18 – Renee Olstead, American actress and singer
- June 20 – Christopher Mintz-Plasse, American actor
- June 22 – Jeffrey Earnhardt, American race car driver
- June 23 – Lauren Bennett, British singer, dancer, painter, photographer, and model
- June 27
- Matthew Lewis, British actor
- Bruna Tenório, Brazilian supermodel
July[link]
- July 1 – Mitch Hewer, British actor
- July 2 – Devin Tailes, American singer
- July 8 – Dmitry Abakumov, Russian football player
- July 11
- David Henrie, American actor
- Shareeka Epps, American actress
- July 12 – Phoebe Tonkin, Australian actress
- July 13 – Sayumi Michishige, Japanese singer
- July 14
- Cyril Rioli, Australian rules footballer
- Sean Flynn-Amir, American actor
- July 15 – Tristan Wilds, American actor
- July 16 – Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer
- July 18
- Yohan Mollo, French Footballer
- Jamie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player
- July 21
- Rory Culkin, American actor
- Jamie Waylett, British actor
- Juno Temple, British actress
- July 22 – Keegan Allen, American actor
- July 23
- Daniel Radcliffe, British actor
- Zhong An Qi, Taiwanese singer
- July 25 – Noel Callahan, Canadian actor
- July 27 – Charlotte Arnold, Canadian actress
- July 31 – Victoria Azarenka, Belarusian tennis player
August[link]
- August 1 – Stephanie Hwang, Singer from Korean group SNSD
- August 8 – Sesil Karatantcheva, Bulgarian tennis player
- August 9 – Stefano Okaka, Italian footballer
- August 10 – Sam Gagner, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 14 – Kyle Turris, Canadian ice hockey player
- August 15
- Carlos Pena, Jr., American actor, dancer and singer
- Belinda, Mexican singer and actress
- Joe Jonas, American musician actor and singer
- August 19 – Romeo, American rapper and actor
- August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress and singer
- August 23 – Breanna Conrad, American reality television star
September[link]
- September 1 – Bill Kaulitz, German voice actor, model, lead singer for Tokio Hotel
- September 2 – Alexandre Pato, Brazilian footballer
- September 7 – Hugh Mitchell, British actor
- September 8 – Avicii, Swedish DJ, remixer, and record producer
- September 9 – Sean Malto, American Professional Skateboarder
- September 12 – Freddie Freeman, American baseball player
- September 13 – Thomas Müller, German football player
- September 14 – Logan Henderson, Lebanese American actor, dancer, and singer
- September 15 – Steliana Nistor, Romanian gymnast and Olympic medalist
- September 19 – Tyreke Evans, American basketball player, 2010 NBA Rookie of the Year
- September 21 – Jason Derulo, American singer-songwriter. actor
- September 22
- Hyoyeon, South Korean singer, Girls Generation
- Sabine Lisicki, German tennis player
- September 23 – Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
- September 26 – Emma Rigby, British actress
- September 27 – Park Tae-Hwan, South Korean swimmer
- September 29 – Theo Adams, British performance artist
October[link]
- October 1 – Brie Larson, American actress
- October 4
- Lil Mama, American rapper
- Kimmie Meissner, American figure skater
- Viktoria Rebensburg, German alpine skier
- October 10 – Aimee Teegarden, American actress
- October 11 – Michelle Wie, American golf player
- October 11 – Michael Kruse, Canadian Golf player
- October 14 – Mia Wasikowska, Australian actress
- October 24 – Shenae Grimes, Canadian actress
- October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American gymnast and Olympic gold medalist
November[link]
- November 2 – Katelyn Tarver, American singer, songwriter, actress
- November 3 – Paula DeAnda, Mexican-American singer
- November 6 – Jozy Altidore, American soccer player
- November 11 – Reina Tanaka, Japanese singer
- November 14 – Jake Livermore, English footballer
- November 15 – Tim Corcoran, American acrobat
- November 20 – Cody Linley, American actor
- November 24 – Jordan Witzigreuter, American singer/songwriter (The Ready Set)
- November 27 – Freddie Sears, English footballer
December[link]
- December 2 – Cassie Steele, Canadian actress and singer
- December 4– Garron DuPree, American musician
- December 5
- Katy Kung, Hong Kong actress
- Kwon Yu-ri, Korean singer SNSD
- Gregory Tyree Boyce, American actor
- December 7 – Nicholas Hoult, British actor
- December 13 – Taylor Swift, American singer
- December 18 – Ashley Benson, American actress
- December 19 – Valdimar Bergstað, Icelandic Horse rider
- December 22 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
- December 26 – Yohan Blake, Jamaican athlete
- December 27 – Kateryna Lahno, Ukrainian chess player
- December 28
- Mackenzie Rosman, American actress
- Jessie Buckley, Irish actress and singer
- December 29 – Kei Nishikori, Japanese tennis player
- December 30 – Ryan Sheckler, American skateboarder
Deaths[link]
January[link]
- January 3 – Robert Banks, American chemist (b. 1921)
- January 4 – Dvora Netzer, Israeli politician (b. 1897)
- January 7
- Frank Adams, British mathematician (b. 1930)
- Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
- January 8 – Kenneth McMillan, American actor (b. 1932)
- January 10
- Hai Teng, abbott of Shaolin Temple (b. 1902?)
- Herbert Morrison, American radio reporter (b. 1905)
- Donald Voorhees, American composer and musician (b. 1903)
- January 11
- August Koern, Estonian statesman and diplomat (b. 1900)
- José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, Peruvian politician, diplomat and jurist, former President (b. 1894)
- January 13 – Joe Spinell, American actor (b. 1936)
- January 14 – Robert B. Anderson, American administrator and businessman (b. 1910)
- January 16 – Trey Wilson, American actor (b. 1948)
- January 19 – Norma Varden, English actress (b. 1898)
- January 20 – Beatrice Lillie, Canadian actress (b. 1894)
- January 21
- Carl Furillo, American baseball player (b. 1922)
- Billy Tipton, American musician (b. 1914)
- January 23 – Salvador DalÃ, Spanish artist (b. 1904)
- January 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (executed) (b. 1946)
- January 27 – Bayani Casimiro, Filipino dancer and actor (b. 1918)
February[link]
- February 1 – Elaine de Kooning, American artist (b. 1919)
- February 2 – Ondrej Nepela, Slovakian figure skater (b. 1951)
- February 3
- John Cassavetes, American actor and author (b. 1929)
- Glenna Collett-Vare, American golfer (b. 1903)
- February 5 – Joe Morrison, University of South Carolina Head Football Coach ( b. 1937)
- February 6
- Ron Field, American choreographer (b. 1934)
- Barbara Tuchman, American historian (b. 1912)
- February 9 – Osamu Tezuka, Japanese Manga artist, e.g. Astroboy (b. 1928)
- February 11
- Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan, Sheikh, former ruler of Abu Dhabi (b. 1905)
- T.E.B. Clarke, English screenwriter (b. 1907)
- George O'Hanlon, American actor and director (b. 1912)
- February 14 – Vincent Crane, British musician (Atomic Rooster) (b. 1943)
- February 17
- Lefty Gomez, Mexican-American baseball player (b. 1908)
- Joe Raposo, musician, composer for Sesame Street and The Electric Company (b. 1937)
- February 20 – Robert Dorning, English actor (b. 1913)
- February 21 – Moshe Unna, Israeli politician (b. 1902)
- February 24 – Sparky Adams, American baseball player (b. 1894)
- February 26 – Roy Eldridge, American musician (b. 1911)
- February 27
- Paul Oswald Ahnert, German astronomer (b. 1897)
- Konrad Lorenz, Austrian zoologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
March[link]
- March 6 – Harry Andrews, British actor (b. 1911)
- March 8
- Robert Lacoste, French politician (b. 1898)
- Carl Stuart Hamblen, American musician (b. 1908)
- March 9 – Robert Mapplethorpe, American photographer (b. 1946)
- March 11 – James Kee, American politician (b. 1917)
- March 12 – Maurice Evans, English actor (b. 1901)
- March 14
- Edward Abbey, American author and environmentalist (b. 1927)
- Stephen D. Bechtel, Sr., American businessman (b. 1900)
- Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma, Wife of Emperor Charles I, last Empress of Austria (b. 1892)
- May 15 – Johnny Green, American songwriter (b. 1908)
- March 16 – Jesús MarÃa de Leizaola, Basque Spanish politician (b. 1896)
- March 17 – Merritt Butrick, American actor (b. 1959)
- March 19 – Alan Civil, English French horn player (b. 1929)
- March 21 – Milton Frome, American actor (b. 1909)
- March 27
- May Allison, American actress (b. 1890)
- Malcolm Cowley, American author (b. 1898)
- Jack Starrett, American actor and director (b. 1936)
- Scott Safran, Arcade game world record holder (b. 1967
- March 29 – Bernard Blier, French actor (b. 1916)
April[link]
- April 1 – George Robledo, Chilean soccer player (b. 1926)
- April 9 – Moshe Ziffer, Israeli sculptor (b. 1902)
- April 12
- Gerald Flood, British actor (b. 1927)
- Abbie Hoffman, American political activist (b. 1936)
- Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
- April 15
- Hu Yaobang, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1915)
- Charles Vanel, French actor (b. 1892)
- April 16 – Jocko Conlan, baseball player and umpire (b. 1899)
- April 19 – Daphne du Maurier, English writer (b. 1907)
- April 21
- Princess Deokhye, Princess of Korea (b. 1912)
- James Kirkwood, Jr., American playwright (b. 1924)
- April 22 – Emilio G. Segrè, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
- April 23 – Hamani Diori, Nigerien politician, former President (b. 1916)
- April 24 – Edgar Sanabria, Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician, former President (b. 1911)
- April 25 – George Coulouris, English actor (b. 1903)
- April 26 – Lucille Ball, American entertainer (b. 1911)
- April 27 – Konosuke Matsushita, Japanese industrialist (b. 1894)
- April 30
- Sergio Leone, Italian film director (b. 1929)
- Bangja, Crown Princess Euimin of Korea, (b. 1901)
May[link]
- May 1 – Sally Kirkland, fashion editor at LIFE (b. 1912)
- May 3 – Christine Jorgensen, transgendered actress, singer, and writer (b. 1926)
- May 7 – Guy Williams, American actor (b. 1924)
- May 9 – Keith Whitley, American singer (b. 1955)
- May 19
- C. L. R. James, Trinidadian writer and journalist (b. 1901)
- Robert Webber, American actor (b. 1924)
- May 20
- Anton Diffring, German actor (b. 1918)
- John Hicks, English economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- Gilda Radner, American comedian and actress (b. 1946)
- May 26 – Don Revie, English Footballer & Manager (b. 1927)
- May 29 – John Cipollina, American musician (Quicksilver Messenger Service) (b. 1943)
- May 30 – James Harry Lacey, British World War II RAF Fighter pilot (b. 1917)
June[link]
- June 3
- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1902)
- John McCauley, NHL official
- June 4 – Dik Browne, American cartoonist (b. 1917)
- June 7 – Don the Beachcomber, American restaurateur (b. 1907)
- June 9
- George Wells Beadle, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1903)
- Karl Skytte, Danish politician (b. 1908)
- José López Rega, Argentine Peronist politician (b. 1916)
- June 10 – Richard Quine, American actor (b. 1920)
- June 13 – Fran Allison, actress (b. 1907)
- June 15
- Ray McAnally, Irish actor (b. 1926)
- Victor French, American actor and director (b. 1934)
- June 17 – John Matuszak, American football player and actor (b. 1950)
- June 22
- Lee Calhoun, American Olympic athlete (b. 1933)
- Menahem Stern, Israeli historian (b. 1925)
- June 23 – Werner Best, German Nazi official (b. 1903)
- June 24 – Hibari Misora, Japanese singer (b. 1937)
- June 26 – Howard Charles Green, Canadian politician, former Foreign secretary (b. 1895)
- June 27
- Alfred Ayer, British philosopher (b. 1910)
- Jack Buetel, American actor (b. 1915)
- Michele Lupo, Italian film director (b. 1932)
- June 28 – Joris Ivens, Dutch filmmaker (b. 1898)
July[link]
.jpg)
- July 2
- Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician and diplomat, former Foreign Minister (b. 1909)
- Hilmar Baunsgaard, Danish politician, former Prime Minister (b. 1920)
- Ben Wright, English Actor in radio, film and television(b. 1915)
- Franklin Schaffner, American film director (b. 1920)
- July 3 – Jim Backus, American actor (b. 1913)
- July 4
- Jack Haig, English actor (b. 1913)
- Vic Perrin, American voice actor (b. 1916)
- July 6 – János Kádár, Hungarian politician & communist leader (b. 1912)
- July 10 – Mel Blanc, American voice actor best known for voicing Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. (b. 1908)
- July 11 – Laurence Olivier, prolific English stage and screen actor and director (b. 1907)
- July 15 – Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (b. 1956)
- July 16 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)
- July 17 – Itubwa Amram, Nauruan pastor and politician (b. 1922)
- July 18
- Donnie Moore, baseball player (suicide) (b. 1954)
- Rebecca Schaeffer, American actress (b. 1967)
- July 19 – Kazimierz Sabbat, Polish president (b. 1913)
- July 20
- Forrest H. Anderson, American politician (b. 1913)
- Mary Treen, American film actress (b. 1907)
- July 22 – Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (b. 1935)
- July 23
- Donald Barthelme, American writer (b. 1931)
- Michael Sundin, English television presenter (b. 1961)
- July 24 – Ernie Morrison, American actor (b. 1912)
- July 30 – Lane Frost, American bull rider (b. 1963)
August[link]
- August 1 – John Ogdon, English pianist (b. 1937)
- August 4
- Maurice Colbourne, British actor (b. 1939)
- Franziska Liebing, Swedish actress (b. 1901)
- August 7 – Mickey Leland, American congressman (b. 1944)
- August 12 – William Shockley, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1910)
- August 13
- Hugo del Carril, Argentine film actor, film director and tango singer (b. 1912)
- Tim Richmond, American race car driver (b. 1955)
- August 14 – Robert Bernard Anderson, American political figure (b. 1910)
- August 15 – Minoru Genda, Japanese aviator, naval officer, and politician (b. 1904)
- August 16
- Jean-Hilaire Aubame, French-Gabonese politician (b. 1912)
- Amanda Blake, American actress (b. 1929)
- August 17 – Harry Corbett, British TV presenter, creator of Sooty; OBE award winner (b. 1918)
- August 20
- George Adamson, Indian-born conservationist (assassinated) (b. 1906)
- Joseph LaShelle, American cinematographer (b. 1900)
- August 21 – Raul Seixas, Brazilian singer (b. 1945)
- August 22
- John Clyne, Canadian jurist (b. 1902)
- Diana Vreeland, American fashion editor (b. 1929)
- Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party (murdered) (b. 1942)
- August 23 – Ronald David Laing, Scottish psychiatrist (b. 1927)
- August 26 – Irving Stone, American writer (b. 1903)
- August 29 – Peter Scott, English naturalist, artist, and explorer (b. 1909)
- August 30 – Joe Collins, baseball player (b. 1922)
September[link]
- September 1 – A. Bartlett Giamatti, American President of Yale University and MLB Commissioner (b. 1938)
- September 4
- Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (b. 1903)
- Ronald Syme, New Zealand-born classicist and historian (b. 1903)
- September 8
- Ann George, English actress (b. 1903)
- Barry Sadler, American author and musician (b. 1940)
- September 14 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (b. 1916)
- September 15 – Robert Penn Warren, American writer (b. 1905)
- September 17 – Hugh Quincy Alexander, American politician (b. 1911)
- September 22 – Irving Berlin, American composer (b. 1888)
- September 28 – Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (b. 1917)
- September 30
- Horace Alexander, English writer, pacifist, and ornithologist (b. 1889)
- Virgil Thomson, American composer (b. 1896)
- Huỳnh Tấn Phát, Vietnamese politician (b. 1913)
October[link]
- October 4 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (Monty Python) (b. 1941)
- October 6 – Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)
- October 9 – Penny Lernoux, American journalist and author (b. 1940)
- October 11 – M. King Hubbert, American geophysicist (b. 1903)
- October 12 – Jay Ward, animator, creator of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Dudley Do-Right, etc.
- October 16
- Scott O'Dell, children's writer and winner of 5 Newbery Awards (b. 1898)
- Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1915)
- October 20
- Dahn Ben-Amotz, Israeli joyrnalist and author (b. 1924)
- Anthony Quayle, English actor (b. 1913)
- October 22 – Roland Winters, American actor (b. 1904)
- October 25 – Mary McCarthy, American writer (b. 1912)
- October 26 – Charles J. Pedersen, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1904)
- October 30 – Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1904)
November[link]
- November 1 – Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, American civil rights activist (b. 1898)
- November 3 – Timoci Bavadra, Fiji physician and politician (b. 1934)
- November 5 – Vladimir Horowitz, Russian pianist (b. 1903)
- November 11 – Kenneth MacLean Glazier, Sr., Canadian minister and librarian (b. 1912)
- November 13
- Victor Davis, Canadian Olympic swimmer (b. 1964)
- Franz Joseph II, 14th Sovereign Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1906)
- November 20 – Lynn Bari, American actress (b. 1913)
- November 22
- C. C. Beck, American cartoonist (b. 1910)
- René Moawad, President of Lebanon (assassinated) (b. 1925)
- November 25 – George Cakobau, Fiji Governor General (b. 1912)
- November 26 – Ahmed Abdallah, Comorian politician, President of the Republic (assassinated) (b. 1919)
- November 27 – Carlos Arias Navarro, Spanish politician, former President of the Government (b. 1908)
- November 29 – Gubby Allen, English cricketer (b. 1902)
- November 30 – Ahmadou Ahidjo, Cameroonian politician, former President (b. 1924)
December[link]
- December 1 – Alvin Ailey, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1931)
- December 2 – Ray Morehart, American baseball player (b. 1899)
- December 3 – Sourou Migan Apithy, Beninese political figure, former president of Dahomey (b. 1913)
- December 4 – Frederick Elwyn Jones, British barrister and Labour politician. (b. 1909)
- December 5 – John Pritchard, English conductor (b. 1921)
- December 6
- Frances Bavier, American actress (b. 1902)
- Sammy Fain, American composer (b. 1902)
- Marc Lépine, Canadian mass murderer (b. 1964)
- John Payne, American actor (b. 1912)
- December 7 – Haystacks Calhoun, American professional wrestler (b. 1934)
- December 8
- Hans Hartung, German-French painter (b. 1904)
- Mikhail Katukov, Russian war hero (b. 1900)
- December 11 – Lindsay Crosby, American singer and actor (b. 1938)
- December 14
- Jock Mahoney, American actor (b. 1919)
- Andrei Sakharov, Russian physicist and activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (declined) (b. 1921)
- December 15 – Edward Underdown, stage and film veteran (b. 1908)
- December 16
- Silvana Mangano, Italian actress (b. 1930)
- Aileen Pringle, American actress (b. 1895)
- December 16 – Lee Van Cleef, American actor (b. 1925)
- December 19 – Kirill Mazurov, Belarusian Soviet politician. (b. 1914)
- December 20 – Kurt Böhme, German bass (b. 1908)
- December 21
- Ján Cikker, Slovak composer (b. 1911)
- Rotimi Fani-Kayode, Nigerian/British Photographer, co-founder AUTOGRAPH-ABP (b. 1955)
- December 22
- Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1906)
- Vasile Milea, Romanian military officer and politician, minister of Defense (suicide) (b. 1927)
- December 25
- Nicolae CeauÅŸescu, Romanian dictator, Communist Party head and President of the Republic (executed) (b. 1918)
- Billy Martin, American baseball player and manager (b. 1928)
- December 26 – Lennox Berkeley, English composer (b. 1903)
- December 30
- Yasuji Miyazaki, Japanese Olympic swimmer (b. 1916)
- Madoline Thomas, Welsh actress (b. 1890)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – Norman F. Ramsey, Hans G. Dehmelt, Wolfgang Paul
- Chemistry – Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech
- Medicine – J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
- Literature – Camilo José Cela
- Peace – Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama
- Cage of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel – Trygve Haavelmo
Templeton Prize[link]
- The Very Reverend Lord MacLeod (Joint Award)
- Professor Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (Joint Award)
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 1989
References[link]
- After the fall – Europe after 1989
- Mikhail Gorbachev on 1989 - 2009 interview by The Nation
- Freedom Without Walls: German Missions in the United States Looking Back at the Fall of the Berlin Wall – official homepage in English
- Father of Lions.org
http://wn.com/1989
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Tiananmen Square massacre | |||||||||||||
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| Tiananmen Square Massacre | |||||||||||||
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| Communist Party of China Government of the People's Republic of China People's Liberation Army |
University students Factory workers Intellectuals others |
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The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the June Fourth Incident in Chinese,[1] were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China beginning on 15 April 1989.
In the late 1970s, the Chinese leadership of Deng Xiaoping implemented economic reforms, transitioning the nation from Maoist Communism into a "socialist market economy".[2] By the late 1980s, grievances over inflation, limited career prospects for students, and corruption of the party elite were growing rapidly. Internationally, Communist governments were losing their grip on power in Eastern Europe. In April 1989, spurred by the death of deposed Communist Party General Secretary Hu Yaobang, mass gatherings and protests took place in and around Tiananmen Square.[3] By 13 May there were over half a million protesters. The largely student-run demonstrations aimed for continued economic reform and liberalization,[4] and eventually evolved into a mass movement for political reform and freedom of the press.[4] Peaceful protests also occurred in other cities, such as Shanghai and Wuhan, while looting and rioting broke out in Xi'an and Changsha.[5]
The movement lasted seven weeks after Hu's death on 15 April. Party authorities declared martial law on 20 May, but no military action took place until 4 June. Contrary to popular perceptions of the event, the violence did not occur during the protests on the actual square, but in the streets of Beijing, as the People's Liberation Army proceeded through the city to Tiananmen Square, using live fire, to clear the square of protestors. Major roles in sending the army to the protesters were played by Deng Xiaoping, Li Xiannian, Wang Zhen, Bo Yibo, Peng Zhen, Li Peng, and later, Yang Shangkun.[6] The exact number of civilian deaths is not known, and the majority of estimates range from several hundred to thousands.[7]
There was widespread international condemnation of the government's use of force against the protesters.[4] Western governments imposed economic sanctions and arms embargoes in response. Following 4 June, the government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, cracked down on other protests around China, banned the foreign press from the country and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press. The Communist Party initiated a large-scale campaign to purge officials deemed sympathetic to the protests,[8] and several senior officials, most notably Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, were placed under house arrest. The aftermath of the protests strengthened the power of socialist hardliners within the party opposed to Deng, and delayed further Chinese market reforms until Deng Xiaoping's 1992 southern tour.[9]
Contents |
Name[link]
| Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese | å…四事件 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Six Four Incident | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name referred to by the PRC Government | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 1989年春�之交�政治�波 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Political Storm Between Spring and Summer in 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | å…«ä¹?æ°‘é?‹ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement | ||||||||||||||||||||
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In the Chinese language, the incident is most commonly known as the June Fourth Incident.[1] Colloquially, often a simple June Fourth (Chinese: å…å››; pinyin: Liù-Sì) is used. The nomenclature of the former is consistent with the customary names of the other two great protests that occurred in Tiananmen Square: the May Fourth Movement of 1919, and the April Fifth Movement of 1976. "June Fourth" refers to the day on which the People's Liberation Army cleared Tiananmen Square of protesters, although actual operations began on the evening of 3 June. Some use the "June Fourth" designation solely to refer to the killings carried out by the Army, while others use it to refer to the entire movement. Names such as June Fourth Movement (Chinese: å…å››è¿?å?¨; pinyin: Liù-Sì Yùndòng) and 89 Democracy Movement (Chinese: å…«ä¹?æ°‘è¿?; pinyin: BÄ?-JiÇ” MÃnyùn) are used to describe the event broadly in its entirety.
In Chinese dissident circles and among supporters of the movement, it is commonly referred to as June Fourth Massacre (Chinese: å…å››å± æ?€; pinyin: Liù-Sì TúshÄ?) and June Fourth Crackdown (Chinese: å…四镇å?‹; pinyin: Liù-Sì ZhènyÄ?). To bypass internet censorship in China, which uniformly considers all the above-mentioned names too 'sensitive' for search engines and public forums, alternative names have sprung up to describe the events on the internet, such as May 35th, VIIV (Roman numerals for 6 and 4) and "Eight Squared" (i.e. 82 = 64).[10]
The government of the People's Republic of China have used numerous names for the event since 1989, gradually reducing the intensity of terminology applied.[11] As the events were unfolding, it was labelled a "Counterrevolutionary Riot", which was later changed to simply "Riot", followed by "Political Storm", and finally the leadership settled on the more neutralized phrase "Political Storm between Spring and Summer of 1989," which it uses to this day.[11][12]
In English, the terms Tiananmen Square Protests or Tiananmen Square Crackdown are often used to describe the series of events. The term Tiananmen Square Massacre was also commonly used by the media, but journalistic use has waned in recent years.[6] This is because much of the violence did not actually happen in Tiananmen, but outside the square in the city of Beijing near the Muxidi area.[6] The term also gives a misleading impression that demonstrations only happened in Beijing, when in fact they occurred in many cities throughout China.[6]
Background[link]
Challenges with reform[link]
At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Communist Party Congress in 1978, the Chinese leadership initiated a series of economic and political reforms, which led to the gradual implementation of a market economy and some political liberalization that relaxed the system set up by Mao Zedong. These reforms were generally successful in the early years and well received by the public.[2] However, the pace of political reform was slow, as corruption and nepotism pervaded the shift toward a free-market economy.[13]
The state-mandated pricing system, in place since the 1950s, had long kept prices stable at low levels that reduced incentives to increase production. The initial reforms created a two-tier system where some prices were fixed while others were allowed to fluctuate. In a market with chronic shortages, this allowed people with powerful connections to buy goods at low prices and sell at market prices.[14] In addition, the money supply had expanded too fast. At least a third of factories were unprofitable. The government tightened the money supply in 1988, leaving much of the economy without loans.[14]
Following the 1988 Beidaihe meeting, the party leadership under Deng Xiaoping agreed to a transition to a market-based price system.[15][16] News of the relaxation of price controls triggered waves of cash withdrawals, buying and hoarding all over China.[17] The government panicked and rescinded the price reforms in less than two weeks, but its impact was pronounced for a much longer period of time. Inflation soared. Official indices report a Consumer Price Index increase of 30% in Beijing between 1987–88, leading to panic among salaried workers that they could no longer afford staple goods.[18] Moreover, in the new market economy, unprofitable state-owned enterprises were pressured to cut costs. The "iron rice bowl", i.e., job security and a host of social benefits that come with it, ranging from medical care to subsidized housing, were at risk for a vast segment of the population.[18][19]
Social disenfranchisement and legitimacy crisis[link]
Reformist leaders envisioned in 1978 that intellectuals would play a leading role in guiding the country through reforms, but this did not happen as planned.[20] Despite the opening of new universities and increased enrollment,[21] the state-directed education system did not adequately prepare for increasing market demand in the areas of agriculture, light industry, services, and foreign investment.[22] The job market was especially limited for students specializing in social sciences and the humanities.[23] Moreover, private companies no longer needed to accept students assigned to them by the state, and many high-paying jobs were offered on the basis of nepotism and favoritism.[24] Gaining a good state-assigned placement meant navigating a highly inefficient bureaucracy that gave power to officials who had little expertise in their area of jurisdiction.[18] Facing a dismal job market and limited chances of going abroad, intellectuals and students had a greater vested interest in political issues. Small-scale study groups, such as the "Democracy Salon" and the "Caodi Salon", began appearing on Beijing university campuses.[25] These organizations motivated the students to get involved politically.[15]
At the same time, the party's nominally socialist ideology faced a legitimacy crisis as it gradually adopted capitalist practices.[26] Private enterprise gave rise to profiteers who took advantage of lax regulations, and who often flaunted their wealth in front of the 'have-nots' of society.[18] Popular discontent was brewing over the lack of fairness in wealth distribution. Greed, not skill, appeared to be the most crucial success factor. There was widespread public disillusionment over the country's future. People wanted change, yet the power to define 'the correct path' continued to rest solely in the hands of the state.[27]
Devising an appropriate response to the problems created by reforms opened a rift in the Chinese leadership. The reformers ("the right", led by Hu Yaobang) favoured political liberalization and a plurality of ideas as a channel to voice popular discontent, and supported further reforms. The conservatives ("the left", led by Chen Yun) said that the reforms have gone too far, and advocated for a return to greater state control to ensure social stability and to better align with the party's socialist ideology. Both sides needed the backing of paramount leader Deng Xiaoping to carry out important policy decisions.[28]
File:Hu Yaobang.jpg
Hu Yaobang, a leading reformer, was forced to resign as General Secretary in 1987.
1986 Student Demonstrations[link]
In the summer of 1986, astrophysics professor Fang Lizhi, who had returned from a tenure at Princeton University, began a personal tour around universities in China, speaking about liberty, human rights, and separation of powers. He became immensely popular and his recorded speeches were widely circulated among students.[29] In response, Deng Xiaoping warned that Fang was worshipping Western lifestyles, capitalism, and multi-party systems, while undermining China's socialist ideology, traditional values, and the party's leadership.[29]
Inspired by Fang and other 'people-power' movements around the world, in December 1986, student demonstrators staged protests against the slow pace of reform. The issues were wide-ranging, and included demands for economic liberalization, democracy, and rule of law.[30] While the protests were initially contained in Hefei, where Fang lived, it quickly spread to Beijing and other major cities. The central leadership was alarmed by the protests, and accused the students of fomenting Cultural Revolution-style turmoil.
General Secretary Hu Yaobang was blamed for taking a soft attitude and mishandling the protests, thus undermining social stability. He was denounced thoroughly by conservatives. Hu was forced to resign as General Secretary on 16 January 1987. Following his resignation, the party began the "Anti Bourgeois Liberalization Campaign", taking aim at Hu, political liberalization, and Western-inspired ideas in general.[31] The Campaign put a stop to student protests and tightened the political environment, but Hu remained popular with progressives within the party, intellectuals, and students.[32]
Protest development[link]
Death of Hu Yaobang[link]
When Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on 15 April 1989, students reacted strongly. Hu's death provided the initial impetus for students to gather in large numbers.[33] In university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu, calling for a reversal of Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters focused on bigger political issues, such as freedom of the press, democracy, and corruption.[34]
Small spontaneous gatherings to mourn Hu began on 15 April around Monument to the People's Heroes at Tiananmen Square. On the same day, many students at Peking University (PKU) and Tsinghua University erected shrines, and joined the gathering in Tiananmen Square in a piecemeal fashion. Organized student gatherings also began on a small scale in Xi'an and Shanghai on 16 April. On 17 April, students at the China University of Political Science and Law (CUPL) made a large wreath to commemorate Hu Yaobang. Its laying-party was on 17 April and a larger-than-expected crowd assembled.[35] At five p.m., 500 CUPL students reached the eastern gate of the Great Hall of the People, near Tiananmen Square, to mourn Hu. The gathering featured speakers from various backgrounds giving public orations commemorating Hu and discussing social problems. However, it was soon deemed obstructive to the operation of the Great Hall, so police intervened and attempted to disperse the students by persuasion.
Starting on the night of 17 April, three thousand PKU students marched from the campus towards Tiananmen Square, and soon nearly a thousand students from Tsinghua joined. Upon arrival, they soon joined forces with those already gathered at the Square. As its size grew, the gathering gradually evolved into a protest, as students began to draft a list of pleas and suggestions (Seven Demands) for the government:
- Affirm as correct Hu Yaobang's views on democracy and freedom;
- Admit that the campaigns against spiritual pollution and bourgeois liberalization had been wrong;
- Publish information on the income of state leaders and their family members;
- End the ban on privately run newspapers and stop press censorship;
- Increase funding for education and raise intellectuals' pay;
- End restrictions on demonstrations in Beijing
- Provide objective coverage of students in official media.[36][37]
On the morning of 18 April, students remained in the Square. Some gathered around the Monument to the People's Heroes singing patriotic songs and listening to impromptu speeches by student organizers, others gathered at the Great Hall. Meanwhile, a few thousand students gathered at Xinhua Gate, the entrance to Zhongnanhai, the seat of the party leadership, where they demanded dialogue with the leadership. Police restrained the students from entering the compound. Students then staged a sit-in.
On 20 April, most students had been persuaded to leave Xinhua Gate. To disperse about 200 students that remained, police employed batons; minor clashes were reported. Many students felt they were abused by the Police, and rumours about police brutality spread quickly. The Xinhua Gate incident angered students on campus, where those who were not hitherto politically active decided to join the protests.[38] Also on this date, a group of workers calling themselves the “Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Federation� issued two handbills challenging the central leadership.[39]
Hu's state funeral took place on 22 April. On the evening of 21 April, some 100,000 students marched on Tiananmen Square, ignoring orders from Beijing municipal authorities that the Square was to be closed off for the funeral. The funeral, which took place inside the Great Hall and attended by the leadership, was broadcast live to the students. General Secretary Zhao Ziyang delivered the eulogy. The funeral seemed rushed, and only lasted 40 minutes, as emotions ran high in the Square. Students wept.[28][40][41]
Security cordoned off the east entrance to the Great Hall, but several students pressed forward. Three of these students knelt on the steps of the Great Hall to present a petition and demanded to see Premier Li Peng.[42] However, no leaders emerged from the Great Hall, leaving the students disappointed and angry; some called for a class boycott.[42]
From 21 to 23 April, students began organizing under the banners of formal organizations. On 23 April, the "Beijing Autonomous University Students Union" ("the Union") was formed. It elected CUPL student Zhou Yongjun as chair; Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi also emerged as leaders. From this vantage point, the Union called for a general class boycott at all Beijing universities. Such an independent organization operating outside of party jurisdiction alarmed the leadership.[43]
On 22 April, near dusk, serious rioting broke out in Changsha and Xi'an. In Xi'an, arson from rioters destroyed cars and houses, and looting occurred in shops near the city's Xihua Gate. In Changsha, 38 stores were ransacked by looters. Over 350 people were arrested in both cities. In Wuhan, university students organized protests against the provincial government. As the situation became more volatile nationally, Zhao Ziyang called numerous meetings of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC). Zhao stressed three points: discourage students from further protests and ask them to go back to class, use all measures necessary to combat rioting, and open forms of dialogue with students at different levels of government.[44] Premier Li Peng called upon Zhao to condemn protestors and recognize the need to take more serious action. Zhao dismissed Li's views. Despite calls for him to remain in Beijing, Zhao left for a scheduled state visit to North Korea on 23 April.[45]
Turning Point: 26 April Editorial[link]
Main article: April 26 Editorial
Zhao's departure to North Korea left Li Peng as the acting executive authority in Beijing. On 24 April, Li Peng and the PSC met with Beijing Party Secretary Li Ximing and mayor Chen Xitong to gauge the situation at the Square. The municipal officials wanted a quick resolution to the crisis, and framed the protests as a conspiracy to overthrow China's political system and major party leaders, including Deng Xiaoping. In Zhao's absence, the PSC agreed that firm action against protesters must be taken.[45] On the morning of 25 April, Li Peng and President Yang Shangkun met with Deng at the latter's residence. Deng endorsed a hardline stance and said an appropriate 'warning' must be disseminated via mass media to curb further demonstrations.[46] The meeting firmly established the first official evaluation of the protests from the leadership, and highlighted Deng's having 'final say' on important issues. Li Peng subsequently ordered Deng's views to be drafted as a communique and issued to all high-level Communist Party officials in an effort to mobilize the party apparatus against protesters.
On 26 April, the party's official newspaper People's Daily issued a front-page editorial titled "It is necessary to take a clear-cut stand against disturbances." It accused "extremely small segments of opportunists" of plotting to overthrow the Communist Party and the political system.[47] The statement enraged students, who interpreted it as a direct indictment on the protests and its cause. The editorial backfired. Instead of scaring students into submission, it antagonized the students against the state.[48] The editorial proved to be a major sticking point for the remainder of the protests.[46] It evoked memories of the 1976 Tiananmen Incident: an event that was initially branded an anti-government conspiracy with much the same language as the 26 April editorial but was later rehabilitated as "patriotic" under Deng's leadership.[28]
Organized by the Union, on 27 April some 50,000-100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers.[28] The student leaders, eager to show the patriotic nature of the movement, also toned down anti-Communist slogans, choosing to present a message of "anti-corruption, anti-cronyism" but "pro-party".[48] In a twist of irony, student factions who genuinely called for the overthrow of the Communist Party gained traction as a result of the 26 April Editorial.[48]
The stunning success of the March forced the government into making concessions and meeting with student representatives. On 29 April, State Council spokesman Yuan Mu met with appointed representatives of government-sanctioned student associations. While the talks discussed a wide range of issues, including the editorial, the Xinhua Gate incident, and freedom of the press, they achieved few substantive results. Independent student leaders such as Wuer Kaixi refused to attend.[49]
The government's tone grew increasingly conciliatory as Zhao Ziyang returned from Pyongyang on 30 April and resumed his executive authority. In Zhao's view, the hardliner approach had proven to be useless, and concession was the only alternative.[50] Zhao asked that the press be opened to report the movement positively, and delivered two sympathetic speeches on 3–4 May. In the speeches, Zhao said that the student's concerns about corruption were legitimate, and that the student movement was patriotic in nature.[51] The speeches essentially negated the message presented by 26 April Editorial. While some 100,000 students marched on the streets of Beijing on 4 May to commemorate the May Fourth Movement and repeat demands from earlier marches, many students were satisfied with the government's concessions.[52] On 4 May, all Beijing universities except PKU and BNU announced the end of the class boycott. Subsequently, the majority of students began to lose interest in the movement.[52]
Protests escalate[link]
Preparing for dialogue[link]
The leadership was divided on how to respond to the movement as early as mid-April. After Zhao Ziyang's return from North Korea, the divisions intensified. Those who supported continued dialogue and a soft approach with students rallied behind Zhao Ziyang, while hardliner conservatives who opposed the movement rallied behind Premier Li Peng. Zhao and Li clashed at a PSC meeting on 1 May. Li maintained that the need for stability overrides all else, while Zhao said that the party should show support for increased democracy and transparency. Zhao pushed the case for further dialogue.[51]
In preparation for dialogue, the Autonomous Student Union elected representatives to a formal Dialogue Delegation. However, the Union leaders were reluctant to let the Delegation unilaterally take control of the movement.[53] Facing internal discord and declining engagement from the student body at large, a group of charismatic leaders, including Wang Dan and Wu'erkaixi, called for more radical measures to regain momentum. They believed that the government's 'dialogue' was merely a way to trick the students into submission. They began mobilizing students for a hunger strike on 11 May.[53]
Hunger strikes begin[link]
Students began the hunger strike on 13 May, two days prior to the highly publicized state visit by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Knowing that the welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev was scheduled to be held on the Square, student leaders wanted to use the hunger strike there as a bargaining chip to force the government into meeting their demands. Moreover, the hunger strike gained widespread sympathy from the population at large and earned the student movement the moral high ground that it sought.[54] By the afternoon of 13 May, some 300,000 were gathered at the Square.[55]
Inspired by the course of events in Beijing, protests and strikes began at universities in other cities, with many students traveling to Beijing to join the demonstration. Generally, the demonstration at Tiananmen Square was well-ordered, with daily marches of students from various Beijing-area colleges displaying their solidarity with the class boycott and with the demands of the protest. The students sang The Internationale, the world socialist anthem, on their way to, and within, the square.[56]
Afraid that the movement would now spin out of control, Deng Xiaoping asked that the Square be cleared for the Gorbachev visit. Executing Deng's request, Zhao used a soft approach, and directed his subordinates to coordinate negotiations with students immediately.[54] Zhao believed he could appeal to the students' patriotism, and that the students understood signs of internal turmoil during the Sino-Soviet summit would embarrass the nation (not just the government). On the morning of 13 May, Yan Mingfu, head of the Party's United Front, called an emergency meeting, gathering prominent student leaders and intellectuals, including Liu Xiaobo, Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao.[57] Yan said the government was prepared to hold immediate dialogue with student representatives, but that the Tiananmen welcoming ceremony for Gorbachev would be cancelled whether the students withdraw or not - in effect removing the bargaining power the students thought they possessed. The announcement sent the student leadership into disarray.[58]
Gorbachev visit[link]
Press restrictions were loosened significantly during early to mid May. State media began broadcasting footage sympathetic to protesters and the movement, including the hunger strikers. On 14 May, intellectuals led by Dai Qing gained permission from Hu Qili to bypass government censorship and air the progressive views of the nation's intellectuals on Guangming Daily. The intellectuals then issued an urgent appeal for the students to leave the Square.[55] Many students, however, believed that the intellectuals were speaking for the government, and refused to budge. That evening, formal negotiations took place between government representatives led by Yan Mingfu and student representatives led by Shen Tong and Xiang Xiaoji. Yan affirmed the patriotic nature of the student movement and pleaded for the students to withdraw from the Square.[58] While Yan's apparent sincerity for compromise satisfied some students, the meeting grew increasingly chaotic as competing student factions relayed uncoordinated and incoherent demands to the leadership. Shortly after student leaders learned that the event had not been broadcast nationally as promised, the meeting fell apart.[59] Yan then personally went to the Square to appeal to the students, even offering himself to be held hostage.[28] He also took the student's plea to Li Peng the next day, asking Li to consider formally retracting the 26 April Editorial and branding the movement as "patriotic and democratic." Li dismissed the idea.[60]
The students remained in the Square during the Gorbachev visit; his welcoming ceremony was held at the airport. The Sino-Soviet summit, the first of its kind in some thirty years, marked the normalization of Sino-Soviet relations, and was seen as a breakthrough of tremendous historical significance for China's leaders. That the smooth proceedings of this event had been derailed by the student movement embarrassed the leadership and drove many moderates onto a more 'hardliner' path.[61] The summit between Deng and Gorbachev took place at the Great Hall amidst the backdrop of commotion and protest in the Square.[54] When Gorbachev met with Zhao on 16 May, Zhao told the Soviet leader, and by extension the international press, that Deng was still the 'paramount authority' in China. Deng felt that this remark was Zhao's attempt to shift blame for mishandling the movement to him. The statement marked a decisive split between the country's two most senior leaders.[54]
Gathering momentum[link]
The hunger strike galvanized support for the students and aroused sympathy across the country. Around a million Beijing residents from all walks of life demonstrated in solidarity on 17–18 May. These included PLA personnel, police officers, and lower party officials.[62] Many grassroots Party and Youth League organizations, as well as government-sponsored labour unions, encouraged their membership to demonstrate.[62] In addition, several of China's non-Communist parties sent a letter to Li Peng in support of students. The Chinese Red Cross issued a special notice and sent in a large number of personnel to provide medical services to the hunger strikers on the Square. After the departure of Mikhail Gorbachev, many foreign journalists remained in the Chinese capital to cover the protests, giving the movement international spotlight. Western governments urged Beijing to exercise restraint.
The movement, on the wane by the end of April, now regained momentum that seemed unstoppable. By 17 May, as students from across the country poured into the capital to join the movement, protests of varying size were occurring in some 400 Chinese cities.[63] Students demonstrated at local party branches in Fujian, Hubei, and Xinjiang. Without a clear position from the Beijing leadership, local authorities did not know how to respond. Since the demonstrations now incorporated a wide range of social groups with varying grievances, it became increasingly unclear with whom the government could negotiate, and what exactly the demands were. For its part, the government remained indecisive on how to deal with the situation, as its authority and legitimacy gradually eroded, with the hunger strikers now occupying moral high ground.[62] These combined circumstances put immense pressure on the authorities to act, and martial law was discussed as a viable response.[64]
Since the situation seemed intractable, the weight of taking decisive action fell on paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. On 17 May, a PSC meeting was called at Deng's residence.[65][66] At the meeting, Zhao Ziyang's concessions-based strategies was criticized. Li Peng and Deng asserted that by making a conciliatory speech on 4 May, Zhao exposed divisions within the top leadership and emboldened the students.[66] Deng warned that if Beijing is not pacified quickly, the country risked civil war and another Cultural Revolution; his views were echoed by the party elders.[67] Deng then moved to declare martial law as a show of the government's no-tolerance stance.[68] To justify martial law, the demonstrators were described as tools of "bourgeois liberalism" advocates who were pulling the strings behind the scenes, as well as tools of elements within the party who wished to further their personal ambitions.[69]
On the evening of 17 May, the PSC met at Zhongnanhai to finalize plans for martial law. Zhao announced to the body that was ready to "take a leave", citing he could not bring himself to carry out martial law. Hu Qili also voiced his reluctance. While Li Peng and Yao Yilin both supported declaring martial law, Qiao Shi was ambivalent.[70] Qiao said that while he opposed further concessions, he did not see martial law as a practical way to resolve the matter. The elders in attendance at the meeting, Bo Yibo and Yang Shangkun, urged the PSC to follow Deng's orders.[70] Zhao did not consider the inconclusive PSC vote to have legally binding implications on martial law;[71] Yang, in his capacity as Vice-Chairman of the Central Military Commission, went on to mobilize the military to move into the capital.
Li Peng met with students for the first time on 18 May in an attempt to placate public concern over the hunger strike.[64] During the talks, student leaders once again demanded that the government rescind the 26 April Editorial and affirm the student movement as "patriotic". Li Peng said the government's main concern was sending hunger strikers to hospital. The discussions yielded little substantive results, but gained student leaders prominent airtime on national television.[72]
Students, we came too late. We are sorry. You talk about us, criticize us, it is all necessary. The reason that I came here is not to ask you to forgive us. All I want to say is that students are getting very weak, it is the 7th day since you went on hunger strike, you can't continue like this. [...] You are still young, there are still many days yet to come, you must live healthy, and see the day when China accomplishes the four modernizations. You are not like us, we are already old, it doesn't matter to us any more.
“
�
– Zhao Ziyang at Tiananmen Square. 19 May 1989.
In the early morning of 19 May, Zhao Ziyang went to Tiananmen in what became his political swan song. He was accompanied by Wen Jiabao. Li Peng also went to the Square, but left shortly thereafter. At 4:50 am Zhao made a speech with a bullhorn to a crowd of students, urging the students to end the hunger strike.[73] He told the students that they were still young and urged them to stay healthy and not to sacrifice themselves without due concern for their futures. Zhao's emotional speech was applauded by some students. It would be his last public appearance.[73]
Outside of Beijing[link]
University students in Shanghai also took to the streets to commemorate the death of Hu Yaobang and protest against certain policies of the government. In many cases, these were supported by the universities' Party committees. Jiang Zemin, then-Municipal Party Secretary, addressed the student protesters in a bandage and 'expressed his understanding', as he was a former student agitator before 1949. At the same time, he moved swiftly to send in police forces to control the streets and to purge Communist Party leaders who had supported the students.
On 19 April, the editors of the World Economic Herald, a magazine close to reformists, decided to publish a commemorative section on Hu. Inside was an article by Yan Jiaqi, which commented favourably on the Beijing student protests, and called for a reassessment of Hu's 1987 purge. Sensing the conservative political trends in Beijing, Jiang Zemin demanded that the article be censored. Many newspapers were printed with a blank page.[74] Jiang then suspended Qin Benli. His decisive action earned accolades from party elders, who praised Jiang's loyalty.
In Hong Kong, on 27 May, over 300,000 people gathered at Happy Valley Racecourse for a gathering called "Democratic songs dedicated for China." Many Hong Kong celebrities sang songs and expressed their support for the students in Beijing. The following day, a procession of 1.5 million people, one fourth of Hong Kong's population, led by Martin Lee, Szeto Wah and other organization leaders, paraded through Hong Kong Island. Across the world, especially where ethnic-Chinese lived, people gathered and protested. Many governments, including those of the United States and Japan, issued travel warnings to China.
Military action[link]
Martial Law[link]
On 19 May, the PSC met with military leaders and party elders. Deng presided over the meeting and said that martial law was the only option. At the meeting Deng declared that he was 'mistaken' in choosing Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang as his successors, and resolved to remove Zhao from his position. Deng also vowed to deal resolutely with Zhao's supporters and begin propaganda work.
The Chinese government declared martial law on 20 May, and deployed People's Liberation Army (PLA) forces in three to four major vehicle convoys to Beijing. Their entry into the city was blocked at its suburbs by throngs of protesters. Tens of thousands of demonstrators surrounded military vehicles, preventing them from either advancing or retreating. Protesters lectured soldiers and appealed to them to join their cause; they also provided soldiers with food, water, and shelter. Seeing no way forward, the authorities ordered the army to withdraw on 24 May. All government forces retreated to bases outside the city.[75][76] While the Army's retreat was initially seen as 'turning the tide' in favour of protesters, in reality mobilization took place across the country for a final assault; every Military Region (MR) deployed soldiers in the outskirts of Beijing except for the Capital MR itself.[77] Some units arrived by air, while others arrived at Shahe railway station in suburban Beijing. Guangzhou's civil aviation authorities put regular airline tickets on hold to prepare for transporting military units.[77]
At the same time, internal divisions intensified within the student movement itself. By late May, the students became increasingly disorganized with no clear leadership or unified course of action. Moreover, Tiananmen Square was overcrowded and facing serious hygiene problems. Hou Dejian suggested an open election of the student leadership to speak for the movement, but was met with opposition.[28] Meanwhile, Wang Dan moderated his position, ostensibly sensing the impending military action and consequences, and advocated for a temporary withdraw from Tiananmen Square to re-group on campus, but this was opposed by 'hardliner' student factions who wanted to hold the Square. The increasing internal friction would lead to struggles for control of the loudspeakers in the middle of the square in a series of 'mini-coups': whoever controlled the loudspeakers was 'in charge' of the movement. Some students would wait at the train station to greet arrivals of students from other parts of the country in an attempt to enlist factional support.[28]
1–2 June[link]
For the party leadership, the days leading up to 4 June were crucial in their decision making. The leadership agreed that it was necessary to end the “turmoil,� and that the students occupying the Square should return to their campuses. However, they struggled with the idea of using force. In order to carry out the clearing of the Square, the members of the Politburo needed to agree that using martial law to restore order was the only option. On 1 June Li Peng issued a report titled “On the True Nature of the Turmoil�, which was circulated to every member of the Politburo.[78] The report aimed to persuade the Politburo of the necessity and legality of clearing Tiananmen Square by referring to the protestors as terrorists and counterrevolutionaries.[79] The report stated that turmoil was continuing to grow, the students had no plans to leave, and they were gaining popular support.[80]
Further justification for martial law came in the form of a report submitted by the Ministry of State Security (MSS) to the party leadership, which emphasized the infiltration of bourgeois liberalism into China and the negative effect that the West – particularly the United States – had on the students.[81] The MSS expressed its belief that American forces had intervened in the student movement in hopes of overthrowing the Communist Party.[82] The report created a sense of urgency within the party, and provided justification for military action.[81] In conjunction with the plan to clear the Square by force, the Politburo received word from the martial law troops headquarters stating that the troops were ready to help stabilize the capital, and that they understood the necessity and legality of martial law to overcome the turmoil.[83]
On 2 June, the movement saw an increase in action and protest, solidifying the CPC’s decision that it was time to act. Protests broke out as newspapers published articles that called for the students to leave Tiananmen Square and end the movement. Many of the students in the Square were not willing to leave and were outraged by the articles.[84] They were also outraged by Beijing Daily’s 1 June article “Tiananmen, I Cry for You�, written by a fellow student who had become disillusioned with the movement, as he thought it was chaotic and disorganized.[84] In response to the articles, thousands of students lined the streets of Beijing to protest against leaving the Square.[85]
On 2 June, three intellectuals, Liu Xiaobo, Zhou Duo, Gao Xin, and a Taiwanese singer Hou Dejian declared a second hunger strike because they wanted to revive the pro-democracy movement.[86] After weeks of occupying the Square, the students were tired, and internal rifts opened between moderate and hardliner student groups.[87] In their declaration speech, the hunger strikers openly criticized the government’s suppression of the movement to remind the students that their cause was worth fighting for, and pushed them to continue their occupation of the Square.[88]
During a meeting on 2 June, the party formally moved to clear the Square by force. Records from this meeting indicate that the Party Elders (Deng, Li Xiannian, Peng Zhen, Yang Shangkun, and Wang Zhen) agreed with the PSC that the Square needed to be cleared as quickly as possible.[89] They also agreed that the Square needed to be cleared as peacefully as possible, but if protesters did not cooperate, the troops were authorized to use force to complete the job.[85] In preparation for clearing the Square, martial law troops moved into Beijing. On the morning of 2 June, newspapers reported that troops were positioned in ten key areas in the city.[87] Around midnight of 2 June an order went out to the remaining martial law troops to move to designated areas.[85] After finalizing the decision to clear the Square, the CPC intended to act quickly. On the evening of 2 June, there were reports that a police Jeep ran into four civilians, killing three, and injuring the other.[90] This incident sparked fear that the army and the police were trying to advance into Tiananmen Square. Student leaders issued emergency orders for the students to set up roadblocks at major intersections to prevent the advance of the large numbers of armed troops that were attempting to infiltrate the Square.[90] In the early hours of 3 June, the first reports of violence on both sides were reported.[91][92]
Clearing the Square[link]
Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 38th Armies of the People's Liberation Army were sent to take control of Beijing and clear Tiananmen Square. The 27th Army was commanded by a relative of Yang Shangkun. Intelligence reports also indicated that 27th and 38th units were brought in from outside provinces because the PLA troops were considered to be sympathetic to demonstrators.[93] Reports described the 27th as having been responsible for most civilian deaths and suggested that elements of the 27th established defensive positions in Beijing, potentially to defend against attacks by other military units.[94][95] There were rumours at the time that high-ranking officials sympathised with the pro-democracy protesters and reports of defiance among other troops. Major General Xu Qinxian, commander of the 38th Army, shocked the top leadership when he refused a verbal order from General Li Laizhu to send the 38th in to clear the square; Xu had insisted on a written order.[96] Xu was immediately removed from command and was later jailed for five years and expelled from the Party.[97]
As word spread that hundreds of thousands of troops were advancing from all four directions, residents flooded the streets to block them, as they had done two weeks earlier. People set up barricades at major intersections. At about 10:30 pm, near the Muxidi apartment buildings (home to high-level Party officials and their families), protesters threw rocks and Molotov cocktails at police and army vehicles. Many vehicles were set on fire in the streets all around Tiananmen, some with their occupants still inside them. There were reports of soldiers being burned alive in their armoured personnel carriers while others were beaten to death. Soldiers responded by opening fire on protesters with live ammunition, causing fatalities and serious injuries. Soldiers also raked apartment buildings in the area with gunfire, and some people inside or on their balconies were shot.[75][98]
The battle raged in the streets surrounding the Square, with protesters repeatedly advancing toward the army convoys and constructing barricades with vehicles, while the army attempted to clear the streets using tear gas and gunfire. Many injured citizens were saved by rickshaw drivers who ventured into the no-man's-land between the soldiers and crowds and carried the wounded off to hospitals. During the military action, many people wore black armbands in protest against the government, crowding boulevards or congregating by smoking barricades. In several cases, soldiers were pulled from tanks, beaten and killed by protesters.[99]
Meanwhile, the PLA systematically established checkpoints around the city, chasing after protesters and blocking off the university district.
Within the Square itself, there was a debate between those who wished to withdraw peacefully, including Han Dongfang, and those who wished to stand within the square, such as Chai Ling.[citation needed]
At about 1:00 am, the army finally reached Tiananmen Square and waited for orders from the government. The soldiers had been told not to open fire, but they had also been told that they must clear the square by 6:00 am – with no exceptions. They made a final offer of amnesty if the few thousand remaining students would leave. About 4:00 am, student leaders put the matter to a vote: Leave the square, or stay and face the consequences.[99] The remaining students, numbering a few hundred, left the square under the military's watch before dawn.
Armored personnel carriers (APCs) rolled up the roads, firing ahead and off to the sides. BBC reporter Kate Adie spoke of "indiscriminate fire" within the square. Eyewitness reporter Charlie Cole also saw Chinese soldiers firing Type 56 rifles into the crowd near an APC which had just been torched.[100]
Students who sought refuge in buses were pulled out by groups of soldiers and beaten with heavy sticks. Some students attempting to leave the square were beaten. Leaders of the protest inside the square, where some had attempted to erect flimsy barricades ahead of the APCs, were said to have "implored" the students not to use weapons (such as Molotov cocktails) against the oncoming soldiers. Meanwhile, many students apparently were shouting, "Why are you killing us?" Around 4:30 am on 4 June, tanks smashed into the square, crushing vehicles and people with their treads, according to Cole.[100] By 5:40 am 4 June, the Square had been cleared.[101] Later accounts by foreign journalists reported few casualties during the Square-clearing process itself, citing that much of the killings happened in the Muxidi area on the way to the Square but not inside it.[102]
On the morning of 5 June, protesters, parents of the injured and dead, workers and infuriated residents tried to enter the blockaded square but were shot at by the soldiers. The soldiers shot them in the back when they were running away. These actions were repeated several times.[75][103]
After order was restored in Beijing on 4 June, protests continued throughout much of mainland China for several days. There were large protests in Hong Kong, where people again wore black in solidarity with the demonstrators in Beijing. There were protests in Guangzhou, and large-scale protests in Shanghai with a general strike. There were also protests in other countries, many adopting the use of black armbands as well. According to Amnesty International at least 300 people were killed in Chengdu on 5 June. Troops in Chengdu used concussion grenades, truncheons, knives and electric cattle prods against civilians. Hospitals were ordered to not accept students and on the second night the ambulance service was stopped by police.[104]
By and large, the government regained control in the week following the military's seizure of the Square. A political purge followed in which officials responsible for organizing or condoning the protests were removed, and protest leaders jailed.
Number of deaths[link]
The number of dead and wounded remains unclear because of the large discrepancies between the different estimates, which range from several hundred to several thousand. Some of the early estimates were based on reports of a casualty figure of 2,600 from the Chinese Red Cross. The official Chinese government figure is 241 dead, including soldiers, and 7,000 wounded.[105]
Nicholas D. Kristof of The New York Times wrote that due to the lack of physical evidence it is impossible to determine the actual number of casualties, but that "it seems plausible that about fifty soldiers and policemen were killed, along with 400 to 800 civilians."[106]
The Chinese government has maintained that there were no deaths within the Square itself. Videos taken there at the time recorded the sound of gunshots. The State Council claimed 5,000 PLA and 2,000 civilians wounded. Yuan Mu, the spokesman of the State Council, said that about 300 soldiers and civilians died, including 23 students from universities in Beijing, along with a number of people he described as "ruffians".[citation needed] According to Chen Xitong, then Beijing mayor, 200 civilians and several dozen soldiers died.[107][108] Other sources stated that 3,000 civilians and 6,000 soldiers were injured.[109]
According to The Washington Post first Beijing bureau chief, Jay Mathews: "A few people may have been killed by random shooting on streets near the square, but all verified eyewitness accounts say that the students who remained in the square when troops arrived were allowed to leave peacefully. Hundreds of people, most of them workers and passersby, did die that night, but in a different place and under different circumstances."[110] US ambassador James Lilley's account of the massacre notes that US State Department diplomats witnessed Chinese troops opening fire on unarmed people and based on visits to hospitals around Beijing a minimum of hundreds had been killed.[111]
General consensus has emerged that much of the shooting took place outside of the Square; thus a count of deaths within the Square is not reflective of the scale of violence that took place. In addition, the Army reportedly fired on students after they left the Square, especially in the area near the Beijing concert hall.[112]
- 10,000 dead (including civilians and soldiers) – Soviet Union.[113]
- 7,000 deaths – NATO intelligence.[113]
- 4,000 to 6,000 civilians killed, but no one really knows – Edward Timperlake.[114]
- Over 3,700 killed, excluding disappearance or secret deaths and those denied medical treatment – PLA defector citing a document circulating among officers.[114]
- 2,600 had officially died by the morning of 4 June (later denied) – the Chinese Red Cross.[108] An unnamed Chinese Red Cross official estimated that, in total, 5,000 people were killed and 30,000[clarification needed] injured.[115]
- Closer to 1,000 deaths, according to Amnesty International and some of the protest participants, as reported in a Time article.[108] Other statements by Amnesty have characterized the number of deaths as hundreds.[116]
- 300 to 1,000 according to a Western diplomat that compiled estimates.[106]
- 400 to 800 plausible according to the New York Times' Nicholas D. Kristof. He developed this estimate using information from hospital staff and doctors, and from "a medical official with links to most hospitals".[106]
- 180–500 casualties, according to a declassified NSA document which referred to early casualty estimates.[117]
- 241 dead, including soldiers, and 7,000 wounded, according to the Chinese government.[105]
- 186 named individuals confirmed dead at the end of June 2006 – Professor Ding Zilin of the Tiananmen Mothers. The Tiananmen Mothers' list includes some people whose deaths were not directly at the hands of the army, such as a person who committed suicide after the incident on 4 June.[118]
Reactions[link]
Shanghai[link]
On 5 June, students marched very quickly on the streets and stopped traffic using roadblocks.[119] Factory workers skipped work and railway traffic was also blocked.[119] Public transport was also suspended early in the morning. According to British Broadcasting Corporation “ten thousand staff members and workers could not get to work on time�.[120]
The next day, The Shanghai Municipal Government sent out 6,500 people to remove the roadblocks.[121] According to reports, “At 8:45 pm the number 161 train from Beijing ran over nine people who had gathered at the spectacle of a blocked locomotive. Five of them died. By 10 pm more than thirty thousand people had gathered at the scene, interrupting rail traffic and creating a disturbance. Protesters beat up the train engineer, set fire to railcars, and prevented fire trucks from entering the site�.[119]
On 7 June,“At Tongji University, East China Normal University, and Shanghai Polytechnic University, students stormed school auditoriums and classroom buildings, where they erected biers� (meaning a coffin along with its stand).[122] More and more students erected roadblocks and interrupted traffic, and approximately 3,000 students left campus.
On the evening of 7 June, Shanghai Mayor Zhu Rongji gave a televised speech, in which he stated “As mayor, I solemnly declare that neither the Party Committee nor the Municipal Government has considered calling in the army. We have never envisaged military control or martial law; we seek only to stabilize Shanghai, to steady the situation, to insist on production, and to ensure normal life�.[123]
Xi’an[link]
On 5 and 6 June, students marched, set up roadblocks, and stopped workers from entering factories.[124] By 8 June, provincial authorities said that the city had stabilized and called for “restraint of rioters and avoidance of face-to-face confrontation or any escalation of conflict�.[123]
Wuhan[link]
On 5 June, approximately 20,000 students from the University of DongJin marched to Tiananmen Square.[125] Some also blocked the “Yangtze River Railway bridge for eight hours, and another four thousand massed in the square in front of the railway station�.[125] The next day, students continued demonstrating in the streets and stopped traffic. About one thousand students “staged a sit-in on the railroad tracks�.[126] Rail traffic on the Beijing-Guangzhou and Wuhan-Dalian lines was interrupted. The students also urged workers from major enterprises to go on strike.[126]
On the early morning of 7 June students used buses to block traffic; “They held a memorial at Dadongmen and roadblocks were erected at intersections�.[127] A small group of students stopped a freight train and “poured gasoline over the freight cars but were stopped in the nick of time by arriving police�.[127] The situation in the city was tense and residents “withdrew cash and began panic buying�.[127]
Nanjing[link]
On 5, 6 and 7 June, students marched, made speeches, blocked traffic and tried to stop workers from working. On 7 June, “Around 7 am more than four hundred students from four colleges including Hehai University, blocked the Yangtze River bridge with four buses, allowing only mail trucks and ice deliveries to pass�.[128] In the early evening traffic was still blocked.[128] Students from schools including Nanjing University set up “roadblocks at the Zhongyangmen Railway Bridge; not a single train could pass through from 8:40 am until 4 pm, when the students were finally persuaded to evacuate�.[128] Traffic resumed by the end of the day.[128]
On 8 June, students from Nanjing University and Hehai University “retook an overpass one kilometer from the Nanjing Railway Station, halting traffic�.[129] Students also staged “a sit-in at the south end of the highway section of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and at the Zhongyangmen section of the Beijing Shanghai rail line�.[129] The Jiangsu Provincial Party informed the students that the situation was way out of control, and stated that Public Security would punish the people responsible.[129]
Deng addresses the Army[link]
Main article: June 9 Deng Speech
On 9 June, Deng Xiaoping appeared in public for the first time since the protests began. He started the meeting by recognizing the “martyrs� (PLA soldiers who had died). Thinking it'll justify such a use of force, Deng stated that the goal of the movement was to overthrow the Party and the state.[130] “Their goal is to establish a totally Western-dependent bourgeois republic,� Deng said of the protesters. Deng argued that protesters had complained about corruption to cover their real motive, which was to replace the socialist system.[131] He said that "the entire imperialist Western world plans to make all socialist countries discard the socialist road and then bring them under the monopoly of international capital and onto the capitalist road".[132]
International reaction[link]
Main article: Reactions to Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
The events at Tiananmen were the first of their type shown in detail on Western television.[133] The Chinese government's response was denounced, particularly by Western governments and media.[134] Criticism came from both Western and Eastern Europe, North America, Australia and some east Asian and Latin American countries. Notably, many Asian countries remained silent throughout the protests; the government of India responded to the massacre by ordering the state television to pare down the coverage to the barest minimum, so as not to jeopardize a thawing in relations with China, and to offer political empathy for the events.[135] North Korea, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany, among others, supported the Chinese government and denounced the protests.[134] Overseas Chinese students demonstrated in many cities in Europe, America, the Middle East and Asia.[136]
Aftermath[link]
Arrests of student leaders[link]
Wu Guoguang, former aide to Zhao Ziyang was quoted as saying that the account of 38th Army commander Maj. Gen. Xu's revealed for the first time that the Central Military Commission issued verbal orders fearing written records of the crackdown would go down in history; he said this suggested they knew the action was unlawful.[97] Chinese authorities summarily tried and executed many of the workers they arrested in Beijing. In contrast, the students – many of whom came from relatively affluent backgrounds and were well-connected – received much lighter sentences. Wang Dan, the student leader who topped the most wanted list, spent seven years in prison. Many of the students and university staff implicated were permanently politically stigmatized, some never to be employed again. Some dissidents were able to escape to the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and other Western nations under Operation Yellowbird that was organized from Hong Kong, a British territory at the time.[137]
Smaller protest actions continued in other cities for a few days. Some university staff and students who had witnessed the killings in Beijing organised or spurred commemorative events upon their return to school. At Shanghai's prestigious Jiaotong University, for example, the party secretary organised a public commemoration event, with engineering students producing a large metal wreath. However, these commemorations were quickly put down, with those responsible being put to death by firing squad.[citation needed]
During and after the demonstration, the authorities attempted to arrest and prosecute the student leaders of the Chinese democracy movement, notably Wang Dan, Chai Ling, Zhao Changqing and Wuer Kaixi. Wang Dan was arrested, convicted and sent to prison, then allowed to emigrate to the United States on the grounds of medical parole. As a lesser figure in the demonstrations, Zhao was released after six months in prison. However, he was once again incarcerated for continuing to petition for political reform in China. Wuer Kaixi escaped to Taiwan. He is married and holds a job as a political commentator on Taiwanese national radio.[138] Chai Ling escaped to France, and then to the United States. In a public speech given at the University of Michigan in November 2007,[139] Wang Dan commented on the current status of former student leaders: Chai Ling started a hi-tech company in the US, while Li Lu became an investment banker in Wall Street and started a company. Wang Dan said his plan was to find an academic job in the US after receiving his PhD from Harvard University. Chai Ling has since started the non-profit organization 'All Girls Allowed,' devoted to helping women in China and to fighting China's One Child Policy.[140]
Chen Ziming and Wang Juntao were arrested in late 1989 for their involvement in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. Chinese authorities alleged they were the “black hands� behind the movement. Both Chen and Wang rejected the allegations made against them. They were put on trial in 1990 and sentenced to 13 years in prison.
High-level political changes[link]
To purge sympathizers of Tiananmen demonstrators, the Communist Party initiated a one and half year long program similar to Anti-Rightist Movement. It aimed to deal "strictly with those inside the party with serious tendencies toward bourgeois liberalization". Four million people were reportedly investigated for their role in the protests. Furthermore, more than 30,000 communist officers were deployed to assess political reliability of more than one million government officials.[141] The authorities arrested tens if not hundreds of thousands of people across the country. Some were seized in broad daylight while they walked on streets, others were captured at night. Many were jailed or sent to labor camps. They were often denied access to see their families and often put in cells so crowded that not everyone had space to sleep. Dissidents shared cells with murderers and rapists, and torture was not uncommon.[142]
The Party leadership expelled Zhao Ziyang from the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China (PSC), because he opposed martial law, and Zhao remained under house arrest until his death. Hu Qili, a PSC member who opposed the martial law but abstained from voting, was also removed from the committee. He was, however, able to retain his party membership, and after "changing his opinion", was reassigned as deputy minister of Machine-Building and Electronics Industry. Another reform-minded Chinese leader, Wan Li, was also put under house arrest immediately after he stepped out of his plane at Beijing Capital International Airport upon returning from his shortened trip abroad, with the official excuse of "health reasons." When Wan Li was released from his house arrest after he finally "changed his opinion" he, like Qiao Shi, was transferred to a different position with equal rank but mostly ceremonial role. Several Chinese ambassadors abroad claimed political asylum.[143][144]
The event elevated Jiang Zemin – then Party Secretary of Shanghai – to become the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. Jiang's decisive actions in Shanghai, in closing down reform-leaning publications and preventing deadly violence, won him support from party elders in Beijing. Members of the government prepared a white paper explaining the government's viewpoint on the protests. An anonymous source within the PRC government smuggled the document out of China, and Public Affairs published it in January 2001 as the Tiananmen Papers.
Media and discourse[link]
The suppression on 4 June marked the end of a period of relative press freedom in China, and media workers—both foreign and domestic—faced heightened restrictions and punishment in the aftermath of the crackdown. State media mostly gave reports sympathetic to the students in the immediate aftermath. As a result, those responsible were all later removed. Two news anchors who reported this event on 4 June in the daily Xinwen Lianbo broadcast on China Central Television were fired because they displayed sad emotions. Wu Xiaoyong, the son of former foreign minister Wu Xueqian was removed from the English Program Department of Chinese Radio International, ostensibly for his sympathies towards protesters. Editors and other staff at People's Daily, including director Qian Liren and Editor-in-Chief Tan Wenrui, were also sacked because of reports in the paper which were sympathetic towards the protesters. Several editors were arrested, with Wu Xuecan, who organised the publication of an unauthorised Extra edition, sentenced to four years' imprisonment.
Several foreign journalists who had covered the crackdown were expelled in the weeks that followed, while others were harassed by authorities or blacklisted from reentering the country.[145][146] In Shanghai, foreign consulates were told that the safety of journalists who failed to heed newly enacted reporting guidelines could not be guaranteed.[147] For instance, some of the authors of the film River Elegy were arrested, and some of the authors fled mainland China. Gifford concluded that "China the concept, China the empire, China the construct of two thousand years of imperial thinking" has forbidden and may always forbid "independent thinking" as that would lead to the questioning of China's political system. Gifford added that people born after 1970 had "near-complete depoliticization" while older intellectuals no longer focus on political change and instead focus on economic reform.[148]
Impact[link]
Domestic political trends[link]
The protests led to a strengthened role for the state. In its aftermath, many of the freedoms introduced during the 1980s were rescinded, as the party returned to a conventional Leninist mold and re-established firm control over the press, publishing, and mass media. The protests were also a blow to the 'separation of powers' model, whereby the positions of President, Premier, and the General Secretary were intended to be different people following 1982 to prevent the excesses of Mao-style personal rule. However, when President Yang Shangkun openly split with General Secretary Zhao Ziyang over the use of force, official policy became inconsistent and incoherent, significantly impeding the exercise of power. Following the protests, to avoid another open split within the leadership, the roles of President, General Secretary, and Central Military Commission Chairman were all consolidated into the same person, Jiang Zemin (and by extension his successor, Hu Jintao).
In 1989, neither the Chinese military nor the Beijing police had sufficient anti-riot gear, such as rubber bullets and tear gas.[149] After the Tiananmen Square protests, riot police in Chinese cities were equipped with non-lethal equipment for riot control. The protests led to increased spending on internal security and expanded the role of the People's Armed Police in suppressing urban protests.
Effect on economic reform[link]
The aftermath of the protests saw the resurgence of conservative attitudes towards reform among policymakers, intended to slow the rapid changes that were said to have contributed to the causes of the protest.[9] Deng Xiaoping, the "architect" of the reform policy, saw his influence significantly reduced following the protests, forcing him into making concessions with socialist hardliners.[150] In dismissing Zhao Ziyang, who shared Deng's vision for economic reform but disagreed with him over politics, Deng had lost the foremost champion of his own economic vision. Facing pressure from the conservative camp, Deng distanced himself from the affairs of state.[9]
These slow pace of reform was met with stiff resistance from provincial governors and broke down completely in the early 1990s as a result of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Deng's Southern Tour of 1992, designed by the ailing but influential leader as a means to reinstate his economic reform agenda.[9] On the tour, Deng criticized the leftist hardliners that had gained power following the protests, and praised entrepreneurship and other market-driven policies. Initially ignored by Beijing, the Chinese Politburo eventually sided with Deng and economic reforms again gained prominence.
Hong Kong[link]
In Hong Kong, the Tiananmen square protests led to fears that the PRC would renege on its commitments under one country, two systems following the impending handover in 1997. In repsonse, Governor Chris Patten attempted to expand the franchise for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, which led to friction with Beijing. There have been large candlelight vigils attended by tens of thousands in Hong Kong every year since 1989 and these vigils have continued following the transfer of power to the PRC in 1997. Many Hong Kongers see the continued protests as a symbol of the territory's autonomy and freedom from the interference from Beijing on political issues. For many Hong Kongers, Tiananmen served as a turning point for when they lost trust of the Beijing government. The event, coupled with general uncertainty over the status of Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty, led to a sizeable exodus of Hong Kong people to Western countries such as Canada and Australia prior to 1997.
International trade[link]
There was a significant impact on the Chinese economy after the incident. Foreign loans to China were suspended by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and foreign governments;[151] tourism revenue decreased from US$2.2 billion to US$1.8 billion; foreign direct investment commitments were cancelled and there was a rise in defense spending from 8.6% in 1986, to 15.5% in 1990, reversing a previous 10 year decline.[152] Chinese Premier Li Peng visited the United Nations Security Council on 31 January 1992, and argued that the economic and arms embargoes on China were a violation of national sovereignty.[153]
International image[link]
The Tiananmen Square protests damaged the reputation of China internationally, particularly in the West. Western media covering the Sino-Soviet Summit in May were in an excellent position to cover some of the military action live. Protesters seized this opportunity to create signs and banners designed for international television audiences. Indecision within the Chinese government over how to handle media coverage of the events also meant a relatively liberal environment for both domestic and foreign journalists for a significant portion of the protests.
All international networks were eventually ordered to cease broadcasts from the city during the military action, with the government shutting down satellite transmissions. Broadcasters attempted to defy these orders by reporting via telephone. Footage was quickly smuggled out of the country. The only network which was able to record shots during the night of 4 June was Televisión Española of Spain (TVE).[154][155] During the military action, some foreign journalists faced harassment from authorities. CBS correspondent Richard Roth and his cameraman were taken into custody while filing a report from the Square via mobile phone.[156]
Images of the protests would strongly shape Western views and policy toward China in the next two decades. Of particular significance was the image of "Tank Man", the unknown rebel who became immortalized in the West as a symbol of civil resistance against a repressive regime. There was considerable sympathy for the protests among Chinese students in the West. China's image as a country undergoing modernizing reforms and an ally against the Soviet Union was replaced by that of a repressive authoritarian regime. The protests were frequently invoked to argue against trade liberalization with mainland China and by the United States' Blue Team as evidence that China was a threat to world peace and US interests.
Among overseas Chinese students, the Tiananmen Square protests triggered the formation of Internet news services such as the China News Digest and the NGO China Support Network. In the aftermath of Tiananmen, organizations such as the China Alliance for Democracy and the Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars were formed, although these organizations would have limited political impact beyond the mid-1990s.
"Tank Man"[link]
Main article: Tank Man
The suppression of the protest was immortalized in Western media by the famous video footage and photographs of a lone man in a white shirt standing in front of a column of tanks which were attempting to drive out of Tiananmen Square. The iconic photo that would eventually make its way around the world was taken on 5 June on Chang'an Avenue. As the tank driver attempted to go around him, the "Tank Man" moved into the tank's path. He continued to stand defiantly in front of the tanks for some time, then climbed up onto the turret of the lead tank to speak to the soldiers inside. After returning to his position in front of the tanks, the man was pulled aside by a group of people.[157]
What happened to the "Tank Man" following the demonstration is not known. Some say he was pulled away and went into hiding, others say he was executed by the authorities.[100] Time Magazine dubbed him The Unknown Rebel and later named him one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. In an interview with U.S. media, then Chinese President Jiang Zemin said he did not think the man was killed.[158]
Continuing issues[link]
Censorship[link]
Further information: Censorship in the People's Republic of China
The Communist Party of China (CPC) forbids discussion of the Tiananmen Square protests,[159] and has taken measures to block or censor information. Textbooks have little, if any, information related to the protests.[160] Following the protests, officials banned controversial films and books, and shut down a large number of newspapers. Within a year, 12 percent of all newspapers, 8 percent of publishing companies, 13 percent of social science periodicals and more than 150 films were banned or shut down. In addition, the government also announced it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes.[161] Access to media and internet resources on the subject are restricted or blocked by censors.[162]
The party’s official stance towards the incident is that the use of force was necessary in order to control a 'political disturbance'[163] and helped to ensure the stability necessary economic success.[164] Chinese leaders, including Presidents Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, reiterate this line when asked about the question by foreign press.[165]
Public memory of the Tiananmen Square protests has been suppressed by the authorities since 1989. Print media containing reference to the protests must be consistent with the government’s version of events.[163] Presently, many Chinese citizens are reluctant to speak about the protests due to potential repercussions.[166] However, some individuals do speak out, such as Ding Zilin of the Tiananmen Mothers organization.[167] Youth in China are generally unaware of the events that took place, and cannot recognize symbols such as tank man,[168] or even the date 4 June itself.[169]
Internet searches of '4 June' or 'Tiananmen Square' return censored results or cuts the server connection temporarily.[167] Specific web pages with select keywords are censored, while other websites, such as those of overseas Chinese democracy movements, are blocked wholesale.[160][167] The censorship, however, has been inconsistent - with many sites being blocked, unblocked, and re-blocked over the years, including YouTube, Wikipedia, and Flickr.[170] In addition, the policy is much more stringent with Chinese-language sites than foreign-language ones. In January 2006, Google agreed to censor their mainland China site to remove information about Tiananmen and other subjects considered 'sensitive' by the authorities.[171] Google withdrew its cooperation on censorship in January 2010.[172]
Leading up to and during the event's 20th anniversary on 4 June 2009, party authorities increased security around the square. Members of the Public Security Bureau and the People’s Armed Police were present at the square in uniform along with several hundred plain-clothes officers.[173] Journalists were denied entry to the Square.[173] Those who attempted to film at the Square or interview dissidents were briefly detained.[174] The anniversary also saw the shut down of global social-networking sites in China, as well as increased policing of dissidents.[162][175] No protests were to be tolerated on this occasion.[176] Deborah Kuo, "Tiananmen student leader vows to try again to return to China". The China Post.[177][178]
Censorship does not apply to Hong Kong and Macau; the two special administrative regions enjoy a high degree of autonomy and people enjoy freedom of speech and assembly.
Censored books, films and TV shows in mainland China[link]
- Political Struggles in China's Reform Era by Yang Jisheng, for featuring secret interviews with Zhao Ziyang and rejecting the Chinese government's position on the protests.[179]
- Summer Palace was banned in 2006, ostensibly because it was screened without permission, but likely also because of its mention of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.[180]
- Collection of June Fourth Poems, a collection of poems about the protests.[181]
- Writings or interviews with Zhao Ziyang or Bao Tong are banned.[182][183] As such, Conversations with Zhao Ziyang in House Arrest by Zong Fengmin was not published due to government pressure.[184] However, Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang was published in May 2009 after tapes were smuggled out of China.
EU-US arms embargo[link]
The European Union and United States embargo on armament sales to the PRC, put in place as a result of the violent suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests, remains in place today. The PRC has been calling for a lift of the ban for years and has had a varying amount of support from EU members. Since 2004, China has portrayed the ban as "outdated", and damaging to China-EU relations. In early 2004, French President Jacques Chirac spearheaded a movement within the EU to lift the ban, which was supported by German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. However, the passing of the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China in March 2005 increased tensions between mainland China and Taiwan, damaging attempts to lift the ban, and several EU Council members retracted their support for a lift of the ban. Moreover, Schroder's successor Angela Merkel opposed lifting the ban. Members of the U.S. Congress had also proposed restrictions on the transfer of military technology to the EU if the latter lifted the ban. The UK also opposed the lifting of the embargo when it took charge of the EU presidency in July 2005. The election of José Manuel Barroso as European Commission President also made a lifting of the ban more difficult, because Barroso is a critic of China's human rights record.[185]
In addition, the European Parliament has consistently opposed the lifting of the arms embargo to the PRC. Though its agreement is not necessary for lifting the ban, many argue it reflects the will of the European people better as it is the only directly elected European body. The European Parliament has repeatedly opposed any lifting of the arms embargo on the PRC. The arms embargo has limited China's options from where it may seek military hardware. Among the sources that were sought included the former Soviet bloc that it had a strained relationship with as a result of the Sino-Soviet split. Other willing suppliers have previously included Israel and South Africa, but American pressure has restricted this co-operation.[186]
Compensation[link]
Over the years some Chinese citizens have called for a reassessment of the protests and compensation from the government to victims’ families. One group in particular, Tiananmen Mothers, seeks compensation, vindication for victims and the right to receive donations from within the mainland and abroad.[164] Zhang Shijun, a former soldier who was involved in the military crackdown, had published an open letter to President Hu Jintao seeking to have the government reevaluate its position on the protests. He was subsequently arrested and taken from his home.[187]
Although the Chinese government never officially acknowledged wrongdoing when it came to the incident, in April 2006 a payment was made to the mother of one of the victims, the first publicized case of the government offering redress to a Tiananmen-related victim's family. The payment was termed a "hardship assistance", given to Tang Deying (�德英) whose son, Zhou Guocong (simplified Chinese: 周国�; traditional Chinese: 周國�) died at the age of 15 while in police custody in Chengdu on 6 June 1989, two days after the Chinese Army dispersed the Tiananmen protesters. She was reportedly paid CNY70,000 (approximately $10,250 USD). This has been welcomed by various Chinese activists, but was regarded by some as a measure to maintain social stability and not believed to herald a changing of the Party's official position.[188]
United Nations report[link]
The Committee Against Torture met for its forty-first session from 3–21 November 2008 to consider reports submitted by member states under article 19 of the Convention. The Committee found that China’s response to the 1989 Democracy movement was worrying. The Committee was concerned that despite the multiple requests by relatives of people "killed, arrested or disappeared on or following the 4 June 1989 Beijing suppression," there was a lack of investigations into these matters.[189] It was also concerned with the failure of the Chinese Government to inform families of the fate of relatives involved, and it regretted that those responsible for the use of excessive force have not “faced any sanction, administrative or criminal."[189] The Committee recommended that:
The State party should conduct a full and impartial investigation into the suppression of the Democracy Movement in Beijing in June 1989, provide information on the persons who are still detained from that period, inform the family members of their findings, offer apologies and reparation as appropriate and prosecute those found responsible for excessive use of force, torture and other illtreatment.[189]
In December 2009 the Chinese Government responded to the Committee’s recommendations. It stated that the government had closed the case concerning the “political turmoil in the spring and summer of 1989."[190] It also stated that the “practice of the past 20 years has made it clear that the timely and decisive measures taken by the Chinese Government at the time were necessary and correct."[190] It claimed that the labelling of the “incident as ‘the Democracy Movement’� is a “distortion of the nature of the incident."[190] According to the Chinese Government these observations were “inconsistent with the Committee’s responsibilities."[190]
Cultural references[link]
Songs[link]
This event has inspired many references in music. In May 1989, Hong Kong artistes (including Andy Lau, Sally Yeh, Roman Tam, Andy Hui, Maria Cordero) gathered to record the song "For Liberty" (為自由) in support of the protesters.
The second music video for Michael Jackson's song "They Don't Care About Us" contains a video clip of the Tank Man. In their Rome concert on 4 June 1989, British rock band The Cure, dedicated their last encore, "Faith," to "everyone that died today in China." In the same year, Joan Baez's folk anthem "Speaking of Dreams" commemorated the event. Leonard Cohen's song "Democracy" from his 1992 album The Future states that democracy is coming "from those nights in Tiananmen Square".
Progressive rock group Marillion wrote a song titled "The King of Sunset Town" that uses imagery from Tiananmen Square, such as the line "a puppet king on the Fourth of June." American rock band The Hooters referred to the event in their hit song 500 Miles, which is an updated version of the 1960s folk song. The third verse begins with words: "A hundred tanks along the square, One man stands and stops them there, Someday soon the tide'll turn and I'll be free."
American thrash metal band Slayer released a song "Blood Red" on their album Seasons in the Abyss, which was inspired by Tiananmen Square. Similarly, Testament's "Seven Days of May" protested the Beijing massacre. System of a Down's "Hypnotize" on their 2005 album of the same name metioned Tiananmen Square in a protest against communism. Brazilian metal band Sepultura mentions Tiananmen Square in their song "Refuse/Resist" from their 1993 album Chaos A.D.; the music video for the song features Tank Man.
"Shiny Happy People" by R.E.M. is supposedly an ironic reference to a piece of roughly translated Chinese propaganda regarding the massacre, two years before the song was released.[191]
American songwriter Mary Chapin Carpenter references the event in her song "4 June 1989", released in 2010 on the album The Age of Miracles. In 1992, Roger Waters released Amused to Death, an album which included the song Watching TV, a rumination on the Western response to the protests in Tiananmen. In 1996, a song called "The Tiananmen Man", based on the picture of the Tank Man, appeared on Nevermore's second album The Politics of Ecstasy.
Television[link]
A primetime special hosted by Tom Brokaw honored both the Tiananmen Square pro-democracy demonstrations in Beijing and the fall of the Berlin Wall in that momentous year for human rights around the world, 1989.
CNN news anchor Kyra Phillips drew criticism in March 2006 when she compared the 2006 youth protests in France, in which it was later determined that no one was killed, to the Tiananmen Square protests, saying "Sort of brings back memories of Tiananmen Square, when you saw these activists in front of tanks."[192] CNN's Chris Burns told French Foreign Minister Philippe Douste-Blazy that her comments were "regrettable" and would receive some disciplinary actions.[193]
In April 2006, the PBS series Frontline produced an episode titled The Tank Man, which examined his role in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and the change that has overtaken the PRC economically and politically since.
On 3 June 2009 the BBC aired the documentary Kate Adie returns to Tiananmen, in which reporter Kate Adie revisits China and recalls the events she witnessed in 1989.[194]
Paintings and movies[link]
Execution, a painting inspired by the event, became the most expensive Chinese contemporary art sold in 2007.
The movie Rapid Fire, starring Brandon Lee, depicts images of the Tiananmen Square killings. In the movie, Brandon Lee's character is the son of a US government employee who died in the Tiananmen Square massacre. Summer Palace (2006) by Chinese director Lou Ye contains re-enacted scenes from Beijing streets during the days of the protests in Tiananmen Square. The movie was banned from public viewing.
See also[link]
- List of massacres in China
- Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang
- The Gate of Heavenly Peace (documentary)
- Executive Order 12711
- Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992
Notes[link]
- ^ a b "å…" means "6", "å››" means "4", "事件" means "incident". In Chinese, the words for the 12 months (January to December) are formed by a number with a "月" (month). The date "4 June" in Chinese is "å…月四日" or "6月4æ—¥", literally "6 month 4 day". So "å…四事件" is literally (one word by one word) "Six Four Incident / 6 4 Incident", and generally it is translated to "June Fourth Incident".
- ^ a b Naughton, Barry. ‘’The Chinese Economy: Transitions and Growth’’. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-262-14095-9. pp.99.
- ^ Pan, Philip P. (2008). Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China. Simon & Schuster. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-4165-3705-2.
- ^ a b c Nathan, Andrew J. (January/February 2001). "The Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010101faessay4257-p0/andrew-j-nathan/the-tiananmen-papers.html. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ Becker, Jasper. "Protests spread in China", in "Manchester Guardian Weekly". 30 April 1989; p. 8
- ^ a b c d Miles, James (2 June 2009). "Tiananmen killings: Were the media right?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8057762.stm. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ Jan Wong, Red China Blues, Random House 1997, p.278
- ^ Miles, James (1997). The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08451-7. p. 28
- ^ a b c d Goodman, David S. G. (1994). Deng Xiaoping and the Chinese revolution. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-11252-9. p. 112
- ^ AFP (4 June 2009). "China tightens information controls for Tiananmen anniversary". The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/world/china-tightens-information-controls-for-tiananmen-anniversary-20090604-bvxf.html. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ a b Vogel, Ezra F. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 634. ISBN 0-674-05544-6. http://www.amazon.ca/Deng-Xiaoping-Transformation-China-Vogel/dp/0674055446.
- ^ Editorial (30 May 2009). "The day China trampled on freedom". The Age (Australia). http://www.theage.com.au/news/opinion/editorial/the-day-china-trampled-on-freedom/2009/05/29/1243456737644.html. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ^ Naughton, B. pp.91.
- ^ a b Silenced Scream: a Visual History of the 1989 Tiananmen Protests. Donna Rouviere Anderson, Forrest Anderson. p. 1
- ^ a b Dingxin Zhao. ‘’The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing Student Movement’’. Chicago: University of Chiacgo Press, 2001. ISBN 02269826002. pp.127.
- ^ Chamberlain, John. “Chinese Milton�, in ‘’National Review’’. Vol. 40 (24), 9 December 1988; pp. 41
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.127"
- ^ a b c d Vogel, E. 600-01
- ^ Wang, Hui, Thomas Huters ed. ‘’China’s New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition’’. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-02111-8. pp.54.
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.81.
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.82. (University enrollment increased from 625,319 in 1977 to 2,065,923 in 1988)
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.84
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.82"
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.89.
- ^ Zhao D. pp.137.
- ^ Wang, H. pp.57
- ^ Wang, H. pp.57"
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Gate of Heavenly Peace". Long Bow Group Inc. in collaboration with ITVS. 1995. http://tsquare.tv/film/transcript.html. Retrieved 15 January 2012.
- ^ a b Standoff at Tiananmen (2009). Eddie Cheng. p. 33
- ^ Wang, Hui, Thomas Huters ed. ‘’China’s New Order: Society, Politics, and Economy in Transition’’. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-02111-8. pp.56–7.
- ^ Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). The Search for Modern China. p. 685. New York: Norton.
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.138
- ^ Pan, Philip P. (2008). Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China. Simon & Schuster. p. 274. ISBN 978-1-4165-3705-2.
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.147
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.148
- ^ The Tiananmen Papers Compiled by ZHANG LIANG. Edited by ANDREW J. NATHAN and PERRY LINK. PublicAffairs
- ^ Zhao D. pp. 148
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.149
- ^ Walder, Andrew W., and Gong Xiaoxia. “Workers in the Tiananmen Protests: The Politics of the Beijing Workers’ Autonomous Federation.� Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 29, January 1993. pp. 1–2. Full text of article available at http://www.tsquare.tv/links/Walder.html
- ^ Zhao, D. pp. 152-3
- ^ Li, Peng (2010). "21 April Entry". Li Peng Diary: The Critical Moments. Hong Kong: Au Ya Publishing. ISBN 1-921815-00-0.
- ^ a b Zhao, D. pp. 153
- ^ Zhao, D. pp.154
- ^ Zhao, Ziyang (2009). "The origins of the 1989 Student Movement". Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0.
- ^ a b Liu, Alan P.L. (May 1990). "Aspects of Beijing's Crisis Management: The Tiananmen Square Demonstration". Asian Survey. 5 30 (5): 505–521. DOI:10.1525/as.1990.30 May 2001p0385c. JSTOR 2644842.
- ^ a b Vogel, E. pp.603-6
- ^ "Full text of the April 26 Editorial". Xinhua News Agency. 23 February 2005. http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2005-02/23/content_2609426.htm.
- ^ a b c Zhao, D. pp. 155
- ^ Zhao, D. pp. 157
- ^ Zhao, D. p.156
- ^ a b Vogel, E. p.608
- ^ a b Zhao, D. p.159
- ^ a b Zhao, D. p.161.
- ^ a b c d Vogel, E. pp.612-4
- ^ a b Zhao, D. p.167
- ^ Amnesty International (30 August 1989). Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Executions Since 3 June 1989. p. 19.
- ^ Zhao, D. p.164
- ^ a b Zhao, D. p.165
- ^ Zhao, D. p.169
- ^ Li, Peng. Diary entry for 15 May.
- ^ Zhao, D. p.170
- ^ a b c Zhao, D. p. 171
- ^ "Tens of Millions of Protesters". Frontline. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/view/.
- ^ a b Zhao, D. p. 181
- ^ Li, Peng (2010). The Critical Moment – Li Peng Diaries. Hong Kong: Au Ya Publishing. pp. Entry for 17 May. ISBN 1-921815-00-0.
- ^ a b Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs 80 (1): 18.
- ^ Delury, John. (24 May 2009). Tiananmen Square revisited. Pakistan Daily Times
- ^ Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs 80 (1): 20.
- ^ Miles, J. A. R. (1997). The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08451-7.
- ^ a b Nathan, Andrew (2002). "On the Tiananmen Papers". Foreign Affairs 80 (1): 22.
- ^ Ignatius, Adi. "Preface". In Zhao Ziyang. Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0. p.x.
- ^ Exiled Tiananmen dissident back in Taiwan. Yahoo! News. 4 June 2009.
- ^ a b Ignatius, Adi. "Preface". In Zhao Ziyang, Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang. New York, NY: Simon and Shuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0. p.xv.
- ^ Kate Wright, the Political Fortunes of the World Economic Herald, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, nr 23, pp 121–132 (1990)
- ^ a b c Thomas, Tony: The Tank Man (documentary film)
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- ^ a b Brook, Timothy (1998). Quelling the People: the military suppression of the Beijing democracy movement. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 80–82. ISBN 0-8047-3638-3.
- ^ Zhang Liang (2002). Tiananmen Papers. New York: PublicAffairs. p.330
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 330
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 335
- ^ a b Tiananmen Papers, 338
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 343
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 349
- ^ a b Tiananmen Papers, 353
- ^ a b c Tiananmen Papers, 362
- ^ Michael Fathers. (3 June 1989). “Moveable Feast Starts Again on Tiananmen Square�. The Independent. Retrieved 19 November 2010, from LexisNexis.
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- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 363
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 355–362
- ^ a b Tiananmen Papers, 366
- ^ Jeffrey Richelson & Michael Evans (1 June 1999). On the Brink: Document 9 “Secretaries Morning Summary, 3 June 1989�. Retrieved 16 November 2010, from Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/09-01.htm
- ^ Nicholas Kristof. (1989, 3 June). “Beijing Residents Block Army Move Near City Center: Tear Gas said to be Fired�. New York Times. Retrieved 19 November 2010, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851–2007). (Document ID: 115057724).
- ^ Zhang Liang (2002). Tiananmen Papers. New York: PublicAffairs.
- ^ U.S. Embassy Beijing, To: Department of State, Wash DC, SITREP No. 35: 6 June 0500 Hours
- ^ Secretary of State's Morning Summary for 6 June 1989, China: Descent into Chaos
- ^ Political Struggles in China's Reform Era
- ^ a b Yu, Verna (15 February 2011). "No regrets for defiant Tiananmen general", South China Morning Post.
- ^ "Interview with Timothy Brook". Pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/brook.html. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
- ^ a b "Interview with John Pomfret". Pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/pomfret.html. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
- ^ a b c Picture Power:Tiananmen Standoff BBC News. Last updated 7 October 2005.
- ^ BBC News, 2 June 2009 :Tiananmen killings: Were the media right?"
- ^ There was no Tiananmen Square Massacre CBS News
- ^ "Interview with Jan Wong". PBS. 11 April 2006. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/interviews/wong.html. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
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- ^ China Makes Zhao Purge Formal, But He Still Gets to Be a Comrade, New York Times, 1 July 1989
- ^ a b c How Many Really Died? Time magazine, 4 June 1990
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- ^ Lilley, James, China Hands, 322.
- ^ Kristof, Nicholas D. (21 June 1989). "A Reassessment of How Many Died In the Military Crackdown in Beijing". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE0DC143EF932A15755C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
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- ^ BBC Shanghai City Service,"Public Transport Suspended, Roads Barricaded in Shanghai,"6 June 1989, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts,[1],
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 403
- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 407
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- ^ Tiananmen Papers, 399 404
- ^ a b Tiananmen Papers, 400
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Further reading[link]
- Binyan, Liu; Ruan Ming and Xu Gang (1989). Tell the World: What happened in China and Why. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-58370-9. OCLC 20392647.
- Black, George; Robin Munro (1993). Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-57977-9. OCLC 27186722 243766880 27186722.
- Calhoun, Craig C; Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Elizabeth Perry (Editors) (1994). "Science, Democracy, and the Politics of Identity". Popular Protest and Political Culture in Modern China. Westview Press. pp. 140–7. ISBN 978-0-8133-2042-7. OCLC 30623957.
- Cunningham, Philip J. (2010). Tiananmen Moon: Inside the Chinese Student Uprising of 1989. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7425-6673-6.
- Salisbury, Harrison (1992). The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-72025-5. OCLC 28306886.
- Spence, Jonathan D (1999). "Testing the Limits". The Search for Modern China. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-97351-8. OCLC 59383489 39143093 59383489.
- Wong, Jan (1997). Red China Blues: My Long March from Mao to Now (Trade paperback, 416 pages ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-48232-5. OCLC 37690446.
- Zhang, Liang (pseudonym) (2001) (in Chinese). June Fourth: The True Story. Xianggang: Ming jing chu ban she. ISBN 978-1-58648-122-3. OCLC 46859114 50791624 60716940 243498894 46859114 50791624 60716940.
- Zhang, Liang (pseudonym) (Compiler) (2002). The Tiananmen Papers (Andrew J. Nathan and Perry Link (Editors) ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-012-7. OCLC 223096511 237407905 45087023 59551415 186473494 223096511 237407905 45087023 59551415. Review and synopis of the book is in the journal Foreign Affairs at The Tiananmen Papers
- "Deng Is Said to Have Backed Tiananmen Violence" article by Michael Wines and Andrew Jacobs in The New York Times 4 June 2010
External links[link]
| Find more about Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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- The Gate of Heavenly Peace – Feature-length Documentary And various archival documents
- Secret recordings resurrect Chinese PM’s criticism of Tiananmen crackdown – Radio France Internationale
- "The Tank Man", 2006 PBS documentary
- BBC's "Witnessing Tiananmen: Clearing the square" with eyewitness accounts of Tiananmen
- Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Declassified History
- Tiananmen Dossiers and Video Clips (in French)
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Coordinates: 39°54′12″N 116°23′30″E / 39.90333°N 116.39167°E / 39.90333; 116.39167
http://wn.com/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989
Related pages:
http://itwn.com/Protesta di piazza Tienanmen
http://cswn.com/Masakr na náměstà Nebeského klidu
http://idwn.com/Demonstrasi Tiananmen 1989
http://eswn.com/Protestas de la Plaza de Tian'anmen de 1989
http://ruwn.com/СобытиÑ? на площади ТÑ?ньаньмÑ?нь 1989 года
http://nlwn.com/Tiananmenprotest
http://ptwn.com/Protesto na Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989
http://plwn.com/Protesty na placu Tian'anmen w 1989
http://frwn.com/Manifestations de la place Tian'anmen
http://dewn.com/Tian’anmen-Massaker
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| Frank Zappa | |
|---|---|
 Zappa performing in Ekeberghallen, Oslo, on January 16, 1977 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Frank Vincent Zappa |
| Born | (1940-12-21)December 21, 1940 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | December 4, 1993(1993-12-04) (aged 52) Los Angeles, California, U.S. due to prostate cancer |
| Genres | Rock, experimental, jazz, classical |
| Occupations | Composer, musician, conductor, producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, synclavier, bicycle, drums |
| Years active | 1955–1993 |
| Labels | Verve, Bizarre, Straight, DiscReet, Zappa, Barking Pumpkin |
| Associated acts | The Mothers of Invention Captain Beefheart Steve Vai |
| Website | zappa.com |
| Notable instruments | |
Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer-songwriter, electric guitarist, recording engineer, record producer and film director. In a career spanning more than 30 years, Zappa wrote rock, jazz, orchestral and musique concrète works. He also directed feature-length films and music videos, and designed album covers. Zappa produced almost all of the more than 60 albums he released with the band The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. While in his teens, he acquired a taste for percussion-based avant-garde composers such as Edgard Varèse and 1950s rhythm and blues music. He began writing classical music in high school, while at the same time playing drums in rhythm and blues bands; he later switched to electric guitar.
He was a self-taught composer and performer, and his diverse musical influences led him to create music that was often impossible to categorize. His 1966 debut album with The Mothers of Invention, Freak Out!, combined songs in conventional rock and roll format with collective improvisations and studio-generated sound collages. His later albums shared this eclectic and experimental approach, irrespective of whether the fundamental format was one of rock, jazz or classical. His lyrics—often humorously—reflected his iconoclastic view of established social and political processes, structures and movements. He was a strident critic of mainstream education and organized religion, and a forthright and passionate advocate for freedom of speech, self-education, political participation and the abolition of censorship.
Zappa was a highly productive and prolific artist and gained widespread critical acclaim. He had some commercial success, particularly in Europe, and for most of his career was able to work as an independent artist. He also remains a major influence on musicians and composers. Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997. Zappa was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1964. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman, with whom he remained until his death from prostate cancer in 1993. They had four children: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet Emuukha Rodan and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen. Gail Zappa manages the businesses of her late husband under the name the Zappa Family Trust.
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Early life[link]
Frank Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on December 21, 1940. His mother, Rose Marie Colimore, was of Italian and French ancestry; his father, Francesco Vincente Zappa, was an immigrant from Partinico, Sicily, and was of Greek and Arab ancestry.[2] Zappa was the eldest of four children.[3] The family moved often because his father, a chemist and mathematician, worked in the defense industry. After a time in Florida in the 1940s, the family returned to Maryland, where Zappa's father worked at the Edgewood Arsenal chemical warfare facility of the Aberdeen Proving Ground. Due to their home's proximity to the arsenal, which stored mustard gas, gas masks were kept in the home.[4] This had a profound effect on Zappa, and references to germs, germ warfare and the defense industry occur throughout his work.[5]
Zappa was often sick as a child, suffering from asthma, earaches and sinus problems. A doctor treated his sinusitis by inserting a pellet of radium into each of Zappa's nostrils; little was known about the potential dangers of even small amounts of therapeutic radiation.[6] Nasal imagery and references appear in his music and lyrics, as well as in the collage album covers created by his long-time collaborator Cal Schenkel.
Many of Zappa's childhood diseases may have been due to exposure to mustard gas. His health worsened when he lived in Baltimore.[4][6] In 1952, his family relocated for reasons of health.[7] They moved, next, to Monterey, California, where his father taught metallurgy at the Naval Postgraduate School. They soon moved to Claremont, then to El Cajon, before finally settling in San Diego.[8]
Musical influences[link]
"Since I didn't have any kind of formal training, it didn't make any difference to me if I was listening to Lightnin' Slim, or a vocal group called the Jewels ... , or Webern, or Varèse, or Stravinsky. To me it was all good music."
—Frank Zappa, 1989[9]
Zappa joined his first band at Mission Bay High School in San Diego. He was the band's drummer.[10] About the same time his parents bought a phonograph, which allowed him to develop his interest in music, and to begin building his record collection.[11] R&B singles were early purchases, starting a large collection he kept for the rest of his life.[12] He was interested in sounds for their own sake, particularly the sounds of drums and other percussion instruments. By age 12, he had obtained a snare drum and began learning the basics of orchestral percussion.[10] Zappa's deep interest in modern classical music began[13] when he read a LOOK magazine article about the Sam Goody record store chain that lauded its ability to sell an LP as obscure as The Complete Works of Edgard Varèse, Volume One.[14] The article described Varèse's percussion composition Ionisation, produced by EMS Recordings, as "a weird jumble of drums and other unpleasant sounds". Zappa decided to seek out Varèse's music. After searching for over a year, Zappa found a copy (he noticed the LP because of the "mad scientist" looking photo of Varèse on the cover). Not having enough money with him, he persuaded the salesman to sell him the record at a discount.[14] Thus began his lifelong passion for Varèse's music and that of other modern classical composers.
"The things that were happening in 1955 were cosmic ... in terms of music history."
—Frank Zappa, 1969 Pop Chronicles interview.[15]
Zappa grew up influenced by avant-garde composers such as Varèse, Halim El-Dabh,[16] Igor Stravinsky, and Anton Webern, R&B and doo-wop groups (including the Medallions[15] and local pachuco groups), and modern jazz. His own heterogeneous ethnic background, and the diverse social and cultural mix in and around greater Los Angeles, were crucial in the formation of Zappa as a practitioner of underground music and of his later distrustful and openly critical attitude towards "mainstream" social, political and musical movements. He frequently lampooned musical fads like psychedelia, rock opera and disco.[17][18] Television also exerted a strong influence, as demonstrated by quotations from show themes and advertising jingles found in his later works.[19]
Youth and beginning of career (1955–1960)[link]
By 1956, the Zappa family had moved to Lancaster, a small aerospace and farming town in the Antelope Valley of the Mojave Desert close to Edwards Air Force Base, in northern Los Angeles County. Zappa's mother encouraged him in his musical interests. Although she disliked Varèse's music, she was indulgent enough to give her son a long distance call to the composer as a 15th birthday present.[14] Unfortunately, Varèse was in Europe at the time, so Zappa spoke to the composer's wife. He later received a letter from Varèse thanking him for his interest, and telling him about a composition he was working on called "Déserts". Living in the desert town of Lancaster, Zappa found this very exciting. Varèse invited him to visit if he ever came to New York. The meeting never took place (Varèse died in 1965), but Zappa framed the letter and kept it on display for the rest of his life.[13][20]
At Antelope Valley High School, Zappa met Don Vliet (who later expanded his name to Don Van Vliet and adopted the stage name Captain Beefheart). Zappa and Vliet became close friends, sharing an interest in R&B records and influencing each other musically throughout their careers.[21] Around the same time, Zappa started playing drums in a local band, The Blackouts.[17] The band was racially diverse, and included Euclid James "Motorhead" Sherwood who later became a member of The Mothers of Invention. Zappa's interest in the guitar grew, and in 1957 he was given his first guitar. Among his early influences were Johnny "Guitar" Watson, Howlin' Wolf and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown.[22] (In the 1970s and '80s, he invited Watson to perform on several albums.) Zappa considered soloing as the equivalent of forming "air sculptures",[23] and developed an eclectic, innovative and highly personal style.
Zappa's interest in composing and arranging proliferated in his last high-school years. By his final year, he was writing, arranging and conducting avant-garde performance pieces for the school orchestra.[24] He graduated from Antelope Valley High School in 1958, and later acknowledged two of his music teachers on the sleeve of the 1966 album Freak Out![25] Due to his family's frequent moves, Zappa attended at least six different high schools, and as a student he was often bored and given to distracting the rest of the class with juvenile antics.[26] He left community college after one semester, and maintained thereafter a disdain for formal education, taking his children out of school at age 15 and refusing to pay for their college.[27]
Zappa left home in 1959, and moved into a small apartment in Echo Park, Los Angeles. After meeting Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman during his short stay at Pomona College, they moved in together in Ontario, and were married December 28, 1960.[28] Zappa worked for a short period in advertising. His sojourn in the commercial world was brief, but gave him valuable insights into how it works.[29] Throughout his career, he took a keen interest in the visual presentation of his work, designing some of his album covers and directing his own films and videos.
Early 1960s: Studio Z[link]
Zappa attempted to earn a living as a musician and composer, and played different nightclub gigs, some with a new version of The Blackouts.[30] Financially more rewarding were Zappa's earliest professional recordings, two soundtracks for the low-budget films The World's Greatest Sinner (1962) and Run Home Slow (1965). The former score was commissioned by actor-producer Timothy Carey and recorded in 1961. It contains many themes that appeared on later Zappa records.[31] The latter soundtrack was recorded in 1963 after the film was completed, but it was commissioned by one of Zappa's former high school teachers in 1959 and Zappa may have worked on it before the film was shot.[32] Excerpts from the soundtrack can be heard on the posthumous album The Lost Episodes (1996).
During the early 1960s, Zappa wrote and produced songs for other local artists, often working with singer-songwriter Ray Collins and producer Paul Buff. Their "Memories of El Monte" was recorded by The Penguins, although only Cleve Duncan of the original group was featured.[33] Buff owned the small Pal Recording Studio in Cucamonga, which included a unique five-track tape recorder he had built. At that time, only a handful of the most sophisticated commercial studios had multi-track facilities; the industry standard for smaller studios was still mono or two-track.[34] Although none of the recordings from the period achieved major commercial success, Zappa earned enough money to allow him to stage a concert of his orchestral music in 1963 and to broadcast and record it.[35] He appeared on Steve Allen's syndicated late night show the same year, in which he played a bicycle as a musical instrument.[36] With Captain Beefheart, Zappa recorded some songs under the name of The Soots. They were rejected by Dot Records for having "no commercial potential", a verdict Zappa subsequently quoted on the sleeve of Freak Out![37]
In 1964, after his marriage started to break up, he moved into the Pal studio and began routinely working 12 hours or more per day recording and experimenting with overdubbing and audio tape manipulation. This set a work pattern that endured for most of his life.[38] Aided by his income from film composing, Zappa took over the studio from Paul Buff, who was now working with Art Laboe at Original Sound. It was renamed Studio Z.[39] Studio Z was rarely booked for recordings by other musicians. Instead, friends moved in, notably James "Motorhead" Sherwood.[40] Zappa started performing as guitarist with a power trio, The Muthers, in local bars in order to support himself.[41]
An article in the local press describing Zappa as "the Movie King of Cucamonga" prompted the local police to suspect that he was making pornographic films.[42] In March 1965, Zappa was approached by a vice squad undercover officer, and accepted an offer of $100 to produce a suggestive audio tape for an alleged stag party. Zappa and a female friend recorded a faked erotic episode. When Zappa was about to hand over the tape, he was arrested, and the police stripped the studio of all recorded material.[42] The press was tipped off beforehand, and next day's The Daily Report wrote that "Vice Squad investigators stilled the tape recorders of a free-swinging, a-go-go film and recording studio here Friday and arrested a self-styled movie producer".[43] Zappa was charged with "conspiracy to commit pornography".[44] This felony charge was reduced and he was sentenced to six months in jail on a misdemeanor, with all but ten days suspended.[45] His brief imprisonment left a permanent mark, and was key in the formation of his anti-authoritarian stance.[46] Zappa lost several recordings made at Studio Z in the process, as the police only returned 30 out of 80 hours of tape seized.[47] Eventually, he could no longer afford to pay the rent on the studio and was evicted.[48] Zappa managed to recover some of his possessions before the studio was torn down in 1966.[49]
Late 1960s: The Mothers of Invention[link]
In 1965, Zappa was approached by Ray Collins who asked him to take over as the guitarist in local R&B band The Soul Giants, following a fight between Collins and the group's original guitarist.[3] Zappa accepted, and soon he assumed leadership and the role as co-lead singer (even though he never considered himself a singer[50]). He convinced the other members that they should play his music to increase the chances of getting a record contract.[51] The band was renamed The Mothers, coincidentally on Mother's Day.[52] The group increased their bookings after beginning an association with manager Herb Cohen, while they gradually gained attention on the burgeoning Los Angeles underground music scene.[53] In early 1966, they were spotted by leading record producer Tom Wilson when playing "Trouble Every Day", a song about the Watts Riots.[54] Wilson had earned acclaim as the producer for singer-songwriter Bob Dylan and the folk-rock act Simon & Garfunkel, and was notable as one of the few African Americans working as a major label pop music producer at this time.
Wilson signed The Mothers to the Verve Records division of MGM Records, which had built up a strong reputation in the music industry for its releases of modern jazz recordings in the 1940s and 1950s, but was attempting to diversify into pop and rock audiences. Verve insisted that the band officially rename themselves because "Mother", in slang terminology, was short for "motherfucker" — a term that apart from its profane meanings can denote a skilled musician.[55] The label suggested the name "The Mothers Auxiliary", which prompted Zappa to come up with the name "The Mothers of Invention."
[edit] Debut album: Freak Out! (1966)
With Wilson credited as producer, The Mothers of Invention, augmented by a studio orchestra, recorded the groundbreaking Freak Out! (1966) which, preceded by Bob Dylan's Blonde on Blonde, was the second rock double album ever released. It mixed R&B, doo-wop, musique concrète,[56] and experimental sound collages that captured the "freak" subculture of Los Angeles at that time.[57] Although he was dissatisfied with the final product—in a late '60s radio interview (included in the posthumous MOFO Project/Object compilation) Zappa recounted that the side-long closing track "Return of the Son of Monster Magnet" was intended to be the basic track for a much more complex work which Verve did not allow him to complete—Freak Out immediately established Zappa as a radical new voice in rock music, providing an antidote to the "relentless consumer culture of America".[58] The sound was raw, but the arrangements were sophisticated. While recording in the studio, some of the additional session musicians were shocked that they were expected to read the notes on sheet music from charts with Zappa conducting them, since it was not standard when recording rock music.[59] The lyrics praised non-conformity, disparaged authorities, and had dadaist elements. Yet, there was a place for seemingly conventional love songs.[60] Most compositions are Zappa's, which set a precedent for the rest of his recording career. He had full control over the arrangements and musical decisions and did most overdubs. Wilson provided the industry clout and connections to get the group the financial resources needed.[61]
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The opening track on Freak Out!. The album has "consistently been voted as one of top 100 greatest albums ever made".[58]
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During the recording of Freak Out!, Zappa moved into a house in Laurel Canyon with friend Pamela Zarubica, who appeared on the album.[59] The house became a meeting (and living) place for many LA musicians and groupies of the time, despite Zappa's disapproval of their illicit drug use.[62] He labeled people on drugs "assholes in action", and he tried cannabis only a few times, but without any pleasure.[63] He was a regular tobacco smoker for most of his life, and strongly critical of anti-tobacco campaigns.[64] After a short promotional tour following the release of Freak Out!, Zappa met Adelaide Gail Sloatman. He fell in love within "a couple of minutes", and she moved into the house over the summer.[51] They married in 1967, had four children and remained together until Zappa's death.
Wilson nominally produced The Mothers' second album Absolutely Free (1967), which was recorded in November 1966, and later mixed in New York, although by this time Zappa was in de facto control of most facets of the production. It featured extended playing by The Mothers of Invention and focused on songs that defined Zappa's compositional style of introducing abrupt, rhythmical changes into songs that were built from diverse elements.[65] Examples are "Plastic People" and "Brown Shoes Don't Make It", which contained lyrics critical of the hypocrisy and conformity of American society, but also of the counterculture of the 1960s.[66] As Zappa put it, "[W]e're satirists, and we are out to satirize everything."[67] At the same time, Zappa had recorded material for a album of orchestral works to be released under his own name, Lumpy Gravy, released by Capitol Records in 1967. Due to contractual problems, the album was pulled. Zappa took the opportunity to radically restructure the contents, adding newly recorded, improvised dialogue. After the contractual problems were resolved, the album was reissued by Verve in 1968.[68] It is an "incredible ambitious musical project",[69] a "monument to John Cage",[70] which intertwines orchestral themes, spoken words and electronic noises through radical audio editing techniques.[71][72]
New York period (1966–1968)[link]
The Mothers of Invention played in New York in late 1966 and were offered a contract at the Garrick Theater during Easter 1967. This proved successful and Herb Cohen extended the booking, which eventually lasted half a year.[73] As a result, Zappa and his wife, along with The Mothers of Invention, moved to New York.[68] Their shows became a combination of improvised acts showcasing individual talents of the band as well as tight performances of Zappa's music. Everything was directed by Zappa's famous hand signals.[74] Guest performers and audience participation became a regular part of the Garrick Theater shows. One evening, Zappa managed to entice some U.S. Marines from the audience onto the stage, where they proceeded to dismember a big baby doll, having been told by Zappa to pretend that it was a "gook baby".[75]
Situated in New York, and only interrupted by the band's first European tour, The Mothers of Invention recorded the album widely regarded as the peak of the group's late 1960s work, We're Only in It for the Money (released 1968).[76] It was produced by Zappa, with Wilson credited as executive producer. From then on, Zappa produced all albums released by The Mothers of Invention and as a solo artist. We're Only in It for the Money featured some of the most creative audio editing and production yet heard in pop music, and the songs ruthlessly satirized the hippie and flower power phenomena.[77] The cover photo parodied that of The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[78] The cover art was provided by Cal Schenkel whom Zappa met in New York. This initiated a life-long collaboration in which Schenkel designed covers for numerous Zappa and Mothers albums.[79]
Reflecting Zappa's eclectic approach to music, the next album, Cruising with Ruben & the Jets (1968), was very different. It represented a collection of doo-wop songs; listeners and critics were not sure whether the album was a satire or a tribute.[80] Zappa has noted that the album was conceived in the way Stravinsky's compositions were in his neo-classical period: "If he could take the forms and clichés of the classical era and pervert them, why not do the same ... to doo-wop in the fifties?"[81] A theme from Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring is heard during one song.
In New York, Zappa increasingly used tape editing as a compositional tool.[82] A prime example is found on the double album Uncle Meat (1969),[83] where the track "King Kong" is edited from various studio and live performances. Zappa had begun regularly recording concerts,[84] and because of his insistence on precise tuning and timing, he was able to augment his studio productions with excerpts from live shows, and vice versa.[85] Later, he combined recordings of different compositions into new pieces, irrespective of the tempo or meter of the sources. He dubbed this process "xenochrony" (strange synchronizations[86]) — reflecting the Greek "xeno" (alien or strange) and "chrono" (time).[85] Zappa also evolved a compositional approach which he called "conceptual continuity," meaning that any project or album was part of a larger project. Everything was connected, and musical themes and lyrics reappeared in different form on later albums. Conceptual continuity clues are found throughout Zappa's entire œuvre.[19][82]
During the late 1960s, Zappa continued to develop the business sides of his career. He and Herb Cohen formed the Bizarre Records and Straight Records labels, distributed by Warner Bros. Records, as ventures to aid the funding of projects and to increase creative control. Zappa produced the double album Trout Mask Replica for Captain Beefheart, and releases by Alice Cooper, Wild Man Fischer, and The GTOs, as well as Lenny Bruce's last live performance.[87]
Disbanding the original Mothers of Invention (1969)[link]
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Zappa and The Mothers of Invention returned to Los Angeles in the summer of 1968, and the Zappas moved into a house on Laurel Canyon Boulevard, only to move again to one on Woodrow Wilson Drive in the autumn.[91] This was to be Zappa's home for the rest of his life. Despite being a success with fans in Europe, The Mothers of Invention were not faring well financially.[92] Their first records were vocally oriented, but Zappa wrote more instrumental jazz and classical oriented music for the band's concerts, which confused audiences. Zappa felt that audiences failed to appreciate his "electrical chamber music".[93][94]
In 1969 there were nine band members and Zappa was supporting the group himself from his publishing royalties whether they played or not.[92] 1969 was also the year Zappa, fed up with MGM's interference, left MGM Records for Warner Bros. Records' Reprise Records subsidiary where Zappa/Mothers recordings would bear the Bizarre Records imprint. In late 1969, Zappa broke up the band. He often cited the financial strain as the main reason,[95] but also commented on the band members' lack of sufficient effort.[96] Many band members were bitter about Zappa's decision, and some took it as a sign of Zappa's concern for perfection at the expense of human feeling.[94] Others were irritated by 'his autocratic ways',[61] exemplified by Zappa's never staying at the same hotel as the band members.[97] Several members would, however, play for Zappa in years to come. Remaining recordings with the band from this period were collected on Weasels Ripped My Flesh and Burnt Weeny Sandwich (both released in 1970).
After he disbanded The Mothers of Invention, Zappa released the acclaimed solo album Hot Rats (1969).[98][99] It features, for the first time on record, Zappa playing extended guitar solos and contains one of his most enduring compositions, "Peaches en Regalia", which reappeared several times on future recordings.[88] It was backed by jazz, blues and R&B session players including violinist Don "Sugarcane" Harris, drummers John Guerin and Paul Humphrey, multi-instrumentalist and previous member of Mothers of Invention Ian Underwood, and multi-instrumentalist Shuggie Otis on bass, along with a guest appearance by Captain Beefheart (providing vocals to the only non-instrumental track, "Willie the Pimp"). It became a popular album in England,[100] and had a major influence on the development of the jazz-rock fusion genre.[88][99]
1970s: From The Mothers to Zappa[link]
In 1970 Zappa met conductor Zubin Mehta. They arranged a May 1970 concert where Mehta conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic augmented by a rock band. According to Zappa, the music was mostly written in motel rooms while on tour with The Mothers of Invention. Some of it was later featured in the movie 200 Motels.[100] Although the concert was a success, Zappa's experience working with a symphony orchestra was not a happy one.[81] His dissatisfaction became a recurring theme throughout his career; he often felt that the quality of performance of his material delivered by orchestras was not commensurate with the money he spent on orchestral concerts and recordings.[101]
Rebirth of The Mothers and filmmaking (1970)[link]
Later in 1970, Zappa formed a new version of The Mothers (from then on, he mostly dropped the "of Invention"). It included British drummer Aynsley Dunbar, jazz keyboardist George Duke, Ian Underwood, Jeff Simmons (bass, rhythm guitar), and three members of The Turtles: bass player Jim Pons, and singers Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan, who, due to persistent legal and contractual problems, adopted the stage name "The Phlorescent Leech and Eddie", or "Flo & Eddie".[102]
This version of The Mothers debuted on Zappa's next solo album Chunga's Revenge (1970),[103] which was followed by the double-album soundtrack to the movie 200 Motels (1971), featuring The Mothers, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Ringo Starr, Theodore Bikel, and Keith Moon. Co-directed by Zappa and Tony Palmer, it was filmed in a week at Pinewood Studios outside London.[104] Tensions between Zappa and several cast and crew members arose before and during shooting.[104] The film deals loosely with life on the road as a rock musician.[105] It was the first feature film photographed on videotape and transferred to 35 mm film, a process which allowed for novel visual effects.[106] It was released to mixed reviews.[107] The score relied extensively on orchestral music, and Zappa's dissatisfaction with the classical music world intensified when a concert, scheduled at the Royal Albert Hall after filming, was canceled because a representative of the venue found some of the lyrics obscene. In 1975, he lost a lawsuit against the Royal Albert Hall for breach of contract.[108]
After 200 Motels, the band went on tour, which resulted in two live albums, Fillmore East - June 1971 and Just Another Band From L.A.; the latter included the 20-minute track "Billy the Mountain", Zappa's satire on rock opera set in Southern California. This track was representative of the band's theatrical performances in which songs were used to build up sketches based on 200 Motels scenes as well as new situations often portraying the band members' sexual encounters on the road.[109][110]
Accident, attack and their aftermath (1971–1972)[link]
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In December 1971, there were two serious setbacks. While performing at Casino de Montreux in Switzerland, The Mothers' equipment was destroyed when a flare set off by an audience member started a fire that burned down the casino.[111] Immortalized in Deep Purple's song "Smoke on the Water", the event and immediate aftermath can be heard on the bootleg album Swiss Cheese/Fire, released legally as part of Zappa's Beat the Boots II compilation. After a week's break, The Mothers played at the Rainbow Theatre, London, with rented gear. During the encore, an audience member pushed Zappa off the stage and into the concrete-floored orchestra pit. The band thought Zappa had been killed—he had suffered serious fractures, head trauma and injuries to his back, leg, and neck, as well as a crushed larynx, which ultimately caused his voice to drop a third after healing.[111] This accident resulted in him using a wheelchair for an extended period, forcing him off the road for over half a year. Upon his return to the stage in September 1972, he was still wearing a leg brace, had a noticeable limp and could not stand for very long while on stage. Zappa noted that one leg healed "shorter than the other" (a reference later found in the lyrics of songs "Zomby Woof" and "Dancin' Fool"), resulting in chronic back pain.[111] Meanwhile, The Mothers were left in limbo and eventually formed the core of Flo and Eddie's band as they set out on their own.
During 1971–1972 Zappa released two strongly jazz-oriented solo LPs, Waka/Jawaka and The Grand Wazoo, which were recorded during the forced layoff from concert touring, using floating line-ups of session players and Mothers alumni.[112] Musically, the albums were akin to Hot Rats.[113] Zappa began touring again in late 1972.[113] His first effort was a series of concerts in September 1972 with a 20-piece big band referred to as the Grand Wazoo. This was followed by a scaled-down version known as the Petit Wazoo that toured the U.S. for five weeks from October to December 1972.[114]
Top 10 album (1973–1975)[link]
Zappa then formed and toured with smaller groups that variously included Ian Underwood (reeds, keyboards), Ruth Underwood (vibes, marimba), Sal Marquez (trumpet, vocals), Napoleon Murphy Brock (sax, flute and vocals), Bruce Fowler (trombone), Tom Fowler (bass), Chester Thompson (drums), Ralph Humphrey (drums), George Duke (keyboards, vocals), and Jean-Luc Ponty (violin).
By 1973 the Bizarre and Straight labels were discontinued. In their place, Zappa and Cohen created DiscReet Records, also distributed by Warner Bros.[115] Zappa continued a high rate of production through the first half of the 1970s, including the solo album Apostrophe (') (1974), which reached a career-high No. 10 on the Billboard pop album charts[116] helped by the chart single "Don't Eat The Yellow Snow".[117] Other albums from the period are Over-Nite Sensation (1973), which contained several future concert favorites, such as "Dinah-Moe Humm" and "Montana", and the albums Roxy & Elsewhere (1974) and One Size Fits All (1975) which feature ever-changing versions of a band still called The Mothers, and are notable for the tight renditions of highly difficult jazz fusion songs in such pieces as "Inca Roads", "Echidna's Arf (Of You)" and "Be-Bop Tango (Of the Old Jazzmen's Church)".[118] A live recording from 1974, You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 2 (1988), captures "the full spirit and excellence of the 1973–75 band".[118] Zappa released Bongo Fury (1975), which featured live recordings from a tour the same year that reunited him with Captain Beefheart for a brief period.[119] They later became estranged for a period of years, but were in contact at the end of Zappa's life.[120]
Business breakups and touring (1976–1979)[link]
Zappa's relationship with long-time manager Herb Cohen ended in 1976. Zappa sued Cohen for skimming more than he was allocated from DiscReet Records, as well as for signing acts of which Zappa did not approve.[121] Cohen filed a lawsuit against Zappa in return, which froze the money Zappa and Cohen had gained from an out-of-court settlement with MGM over the rights of the early Mothers of Invention recordings. It also prevented Zappa having access to any of his previously recorded material during the trials. Zappa therefore took his personal master copies of the rock-oriented Zoot Allures (1976) directly to Warner Bros., thereby bypassing DiscReet.[122]
In the mid-1970s Zappa prepared material for Läther (pronounced "leather"), a four-LP project. Läther encapsulated all the aspects of Zappa's musical styles — rock tunes, orchestral works, complex instrumentals, and Zappa's own trademark distortion-drenched guitar solos. Wary of a quadruple-LP, Warner Bros. Records refused to release it.[123] Zappa managed to get an agreement with Phonogram, and test pressings were made targeted at a Halloween 1977 release, but Warner Bros. prevented the release by claiming rights over the material.[124] Zappa responded by appearing on the Pasadena, California radio station KROQ, allowing them to broadcast Läther and encouraging listeners to make their own tape recordings.[125] A lawsuit between Zappa and Warner Bros. followed, during which no Zappa material was released for more than a year. Eventually, Warner Bros. issued different versions of much of the Läther material in 1978 and 1979 as four individual albums (five full length LPs) with limited promotion.[126] The four individual albums were not included in the third Old Masters box set released in 1987.[127] When the music was first released on CD in 1991, Zappa chose to release the four individual albums. Läther was released posthumously in 1996.[128]
Although Zappa eventually gained the rights to all his material created under the MGM and Warner Bros. contracts,[129] the various lawsuits meant that for a period Zappa's only income came from touring, which he therefore did extensively in 1975–1977 with relatively small, mainly rock-oriented, bands.[124] Drummer Terry Bozzio became a regular band member, Napoleon Murphy Brock stayed on for a while, and original Mothers of Invention bassist Roy Estrada joined. Among other musicians were bassist Patrick O'Hearn, singer-guitarist Ray White and keyboardist Eddie Jobson. In December 1976, Zappa appeared as a featured musical guest on the NBC television show Saturday Night Live.[130][131] The performances included an impromptu musical collaboration with cast member John Belushi during the instrumental piece "The Purple Lagoon". Belushi appeared as his Samurai Futaba character playing the tenor sax with Zappa conducting.[132] Zappa's song, "I'm the Slime", was performed with a voice-over by SNL booth announcer Don Pardo, who also introduced "Peaches En Regalia" on the same airing.
Zappa's band at the time, with the additions of Ruth Underwood and a horn section (featuring Michael and Randy Brecker), performed during Christmas in New York, recordings of which appear on one of the albums Warner Bros. culled from the Läther project, Zappa in New York (1978). It mixes intense instrumentals such as "The Black Page" and humorous songs like "Titties and Beer".[133] The former composition, written originally for drum kit but later developed for larger bands, is notorious for its complexity in rhythmic structure and short, densely arranged passages.[134][135]
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One of Zappa's complex, percussion-based compositions featured on Zappa in New York.
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Zappa in New York featured a song about sex criminal Michael H. Kenyon, "The Illinois Enema Bandit", which featured Don Pardo providing the opening narrative in the song. Like many songs on the album, it contained numerous sexual references,[133] leading to many critics objecting and being offended by the content.[136] Zappa dismissed the criticism by noting that he was a journalist reporting on life as he saw it.[137] Predating his later fight against censorship, he remarked: "What do you make of a society that is so primitive that it clings to the belief that certain words in its language are so powerful that they could corrupt you the moment you hear them?"[50] The remaining albums released by Warner Bros. Records without Zappa's consent were Studio Tan in 1978 and Sleep Dirt in 1979, which contained complex suites of instrumentally-based tunes recorded between 1973 and 1976, and whose release was overlooked in the midst of the legal problems.[138] Also released by the label without the artist's consent was Orchestral Favorites in 1979, which featured recordings of a concert with orchestral music from 1975.
Zappa as an independent artist (1979)[link]
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The single became a hit in non-English speaking countries and helped Sheik Yerbouti become a best-seller.[139]
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Resolving the lawsuits successfully, Zappa ended the 1970s "stronger than ever",[140] by releasing two of his most successful albums in 1979: the best selling album of his career, Sheik Yerbouti,[141] and the "bona fide masterpiece",[140] Joe's Garage.[142] The double album Sheik Yerbouti was the first release on Zappa Records, and contained the Grammy-nominated single "Dancin' Fool", which reached No. 45 on the Billboard charts,[143] and "Jewish Princess", which received attention when a Jewish group, the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), attempted to prevent the song from receiving radio airplay due to its alleged anti-Semitic lyrics.[137] Zappa vehemently denied any anti-Semitic sentiments and dismissed the ADL as a "noisemaking organization that tries to apply pressure on people in order to manufacture a stereotype image of Jews that suits their idea of a good time".[144] The album's commercial success was attributable in part to "Bobby Brown". Due to its explicit lyrics about a young man's encounter with a "dyke by the name of Freddie", the song did not get airplay in the U.S., but it topped the charts in several European countries where English is not the primary language.[139] The triple LP Joe's Garage featured lead singer Ike Willis as the voice of the character "Joe" in a rock opera about the danger of political systems,[140] the suppression of freedom of speech and music — inspired in part by the Islamic revolution that had made music illegal within its jurisdiction at the time[145] — and about the "strange relationship Americans have with sex and sexual frankness".[140] The album contains rock songs like "Catholic Girls" (a riposte to the controversies of "Jewish Princess"),[146] "Lucille Has Messed My Mind Up", and the title track, as well as extended live-recorded guitar improvisations combined with a studio backup band dominated by drummer Vinnie Colaiuta (with whom Zappa had a particularly good musical rapport)[147] adopting the xenochrony process. The album contains one of Zappa's most famous guitar "signature pieces", "Watermelon in Easter Hay".[23][148]
On December 21, 1979, Zappa's movie Baby Snakes premiered in New York. The movie's tagline was "A movie about people who do stuff that is not normal".[149] The 2 hour and 40 minutes movie was based on footage from concerts in New York around Halloween 1977, with a band featuring keyboardist Tommy Mars and percussionist Ed Mann (who would both return on later tours) as well as guitarist Adrian Belew. It also contained several extraordinary sequences of clay animation by Bruce Bickford who had earlier provided animation sequences to Zappa for a 1974 TV special (which later become available on the video The Dub Room Special (1982)).[150] The movie did not do well in theatrical distribution,[151] but won the Premier Grand Prix at the First International Music Festival in Paris in 1981. The Zappa Family Trust released it on DVD, and it has been available since 2003.[150]
Zappa later expanded on his television appearances in a non-musical role. He was an actor or voice artist in episodes of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre,[152] Miami Vice[153] and The Ren and Stimpy Show.[152] A voice part in The Simpsons never materialized, to creator Matt Groening's disappointment (Groening was a neighbor of Zappa's, and a lifelong fan).[154]
1980s: Productive as ever[link]
In 1980, Zappa cut his ties with Mercury Records after the label refused to release his song "I Don't Wanna Get Drafted."[155] It was picked up by CBS Records and released on the Zappa label in North America and the CBS label internationally.[156] After spending most of 1980 on the road, Zappa released Tinsel Town Rebellion in 1981. It was the first release on his own Barking Pumpkin Records,[157] and it contains songs taken from a 1979 tour, one studio track and material from the 1980 tours. The album is a mixture of complicated instrumentals and Zappa's use of sprechstimme (speaking song or voice)—a compositional technique utilized by such composers as Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg — showcasing some of the most accomplished bands Zappa ever had (mostly featuring drummer Vinnie Colaiuta).[157] While some lyrics still raised controversy among critics, in the sense that some found them sexist,[158] the political and sociological satire in songs like the title track and "The Blue Light" have been described as a "hilarious critique of the willingness of the American people to believe anything".[159] The album is also notable for the presence of guitarist Steve Vai, who joined Zappa's touring band in the fall of 1980.[160]
The same year the double album You Are What You Is was released. Most of it was recorded in Zappa's brand new Utility Muffin Research Kitchen (UMRK) studios, which were located at his house,[85] thereby giving him complete freedom to work.[161] The album included one complex instrumental, "Theme from the 3rd Movement of Sinister Footwear", but focused mainly on rock songs with Zappa's sardonic social commentary—satirical lyrics targeted at teenagers, the media, and religious and political hypocrisy.[162] "Dumb All Over" is a tirade on religion, as is "Heavenly Bank Account", wherein Zappa rails against TV evangelists such as Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson for their purported influence on the U.S. administration as well as their use of religion as a means of raising money.[163] Songs like "Society Pages" and "I'm a Beautiful Guy" show Zappa's dismay with the Reagan era and its "obscene pursuit of wealth and happiness".[163]
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The title track on Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar features Zappa's guitar improvisations.
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In 1981, Zappa also released three instrumental albums, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, and The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, which were initially sold via mail order, but later released through the CBS label due to popular demand.[164] The albums focus exclusively on Frank Zappa as a guitar soloist, and the tracks are predominantly live recordings from 1979–1980; they highlight Zappa's improvisational skills with "beautiful performances from the backing group as well".[165] Another guitar-only album, Guitar, was released in 1988, and a third, Trance-Fusion, which Zappa completed shortly before his death, was released in 2006.
From hit single to classical performances[link]
In May 1982, Zappa released Ship Arriving Too Late to Save a Drowning Witch, which featured his biggest selling single ever, the Grammy Award-nominated song "Valley Girl" (topping out at No. 32 on the Billboard charts).[143] In her improvised lyrics to the song, Zappa's daughter Moon Unit satirized the vapid speech of teenage girls from the San Fernando Valley, which popularized many "Valspeak" expressions such as "gag me with a spoon," "fer sure, fer sure," "grody" (gross), and "barf out".[166] Most Americans who only knew Zappa from his few singles successes now thought of him as a person writing "novelty songs", even though the rest of the album contained highly challenging music.[167] Zappa was irritated by this[168] and never played the song live.[167]
In 1983, two different projects were released, beginning with The Man from Utopia, a rock-oriented work. The album is eclectic, featuring the vocal-led "Dangerous Kitchen" and "The Jazz Discharge Party Hats", both continuations of the sprechstimme excursions on Tinseltown Rebellion. The second album, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1, contained orchestral Zappa compositions conducted by Kent Nagano and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). A second record of these sessions, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 2 was released in 1987. The material was recorded under a tight schedule with Zappa providing all funding, helped by the commercial success of "Valley Girl".[169] Zappa was not satisfied with the LSO recordings. One reason is "Strictly Genteel", which was recorded after the trumpet section had been out for drinks on a break: the track took 40 edits to hide out-of-tune notes.[169] Conductor Nagano, who was pleased with the experience, noted that in "fairness to the orchestra, the music is humanly very, very difficult".[170] Some reviews noted that the recordings were the best representation of Zappa's orchestral work so far.[171] In 1984 Zappa teamed again with Nagano and the Berkeley Symphony for a live performance of A Zappa Affair with augmented orchestra, life-size puppets, and moving stage sets. Although critically acclaimed the work was a financial failure, and only performed twice. Zappa was invited by conference organizer Thomas Wells to be the keynote speaker at the American Society of University Composers at the Ohio State University. It was there Zappa delivered his famous "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" address,[172] and had two of his orchestra pieces, "Dupree's Paradise" and "Naval Aviation in Art?" performed by the Columbus Symphony and ProMusica Chamber Orchestra of Columbus.[173][174]
Synclavier[link]
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A Zappa composition for classical ensemble from Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger.
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For the remainder of his career, much of Zappa's work was influenced by his use of the Synclavier as a compositional and performance tool. Even considering the complexity of the music he wrote, the Synclavier could realize anything he could dream up.[175] The Synclavier could be programmed to play almost anything conceivable, to perfection: "With the Synclavier, any group of imaginary instruments can be invited to play the most difficult passages ... with one-millisecond accuracy—every time".[175] Even though it essentially did away with the need for musicians,[176] Zappa viewed the Synclavier and real-life musicians as separate.[175] In 1984, he released four albums. Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger, contains orchestral works commissioned and conducted by world-renowned conductor Pierre Boulez (who was listed as an influence on Freak Out!) and performed by his Ensemble InterContemporain, juxtaposed with premiere Synclavier pieces. Again, Zappa was not satisfied with the performances of his orchestral works as he found them under-rehearsed, but in the album liner notes he respectfully thanks Boulez's demands for precision.[177] The Synclavier pieces stood in contrast to the orchestral works, as the sounds were electronically generated and not, as became possible shortly thereafter, sampled.
The album Thing-Fish was an ambitious three-record set in the style of a Broadway play dealing with a dystopian "what-if" scenario involving feminism, homosexuality, manufacturing and distribution of the AIDS virus, and a eugenics program conducted by the United States government.[178] New vocals were combined with previously released tracks and new Synclavier music; "the work is an extraordinary example of bricolage".[179] Finally, in 1984, Zappa released Francesco Zappa, a Synclavier rendition of works by 18th century composer Francesco Zappa (no known relation), and Them or Us, a two-record set of heavily edited live and session pieces.
Senate testimony[link]
On September 19, 1985, Zappa testified before the United States Senate Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator Al Gore. The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content.[180] Zappa saw their activities as on a path towards censorship,[181] and called their proposal for voluntary labelling of records with explicit content "extortion" of the music industry.[182] In his prepared statement, he said:
The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design. It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating dandruff by decapitation ... The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a large yellow "J" on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine?[183]
Zappa set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition "Porn Wars" on the 1985 album Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention, and the full recording was released in 2010 as Congress Shall Make No Law.... Zappa is heard interacting with Senators Fritz Hollings, Slade Gorton, Al Gore (who claimed, at the hearing, to be a Zappa fan), and in an exchange with Florida Senator Paula Hawkins over what toys Zappa's children played with. Zappa expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on CNN's Crossfire TV series and debated issues with Washington Times commentator John Lofton in 1986.[184] Zappa's passion for US politics was becoming a bigger part of his life. He had always encouraged his fans to register to vote on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts.[185] He even considered running for President of the United States.[186]
Digital medium and last tour[link]
Around 1986, Zappa undertook a comprehensive re-release program of his earlier vinyl recordings.[187] He personally oversaw the remastering of all his 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s albums for the new digital compact disc medium.[188] Certain aspects of these re-issues were, however, criticized by some fans as being unfaithful to the original recordings.[189] Nearly twenty years before the advent of online music stores, Zappa had proposed to replace "phonographic record merchandising" of music by "direct digital-to-digital transfer" through phone or cable TV (with royalty payments and consumer billing automatically built into the accompanying software).[190] In 1989, Zappa considered his idea a "miserable flop".[190]
The album Jazz from Hell, released in 1986, earned Zappa his first Grammy Award in 1987 for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. Except for one live guitar solo (St. Etienne), the album exclusively featured compositions brought to life by the Synclavier. Although an instrumental album, containing no lyrics whatsoever, Meyer Music Markets sold Jazz from Hell featuring an "explicit lyrics" sticker—a warning label introduced by the Recording Industry Association of America in an agreement with the PMRC.[191]
Zappa's last tour in a rock and jazz band format took place in 1988 with a 12-piece group which had a repertoire of over 100 (mostly Zappa) compositions, but which split under acrimonious circumstances before the tour was completed.[192] The tour was documented on the albums Broadway the Hard Way (new material featuring songs with strong political emphasis), The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life (Zappa "standards" and an eclectic collection of cover tunes, ranging from Maurice Ravel's Boléro to Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven"), and Make a Jazz Noise Here (mostly instrumental and avant-garde music). Parts are also found on You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, volumes 4 and 6.
1990s: Classical music and death[link]
In early 1990, Zappa visited Czechoslovakia at the request of President Václav Havel, and was asked to serve as consultant for the government on trade, cultural matters and tourism. Havel was a lifelong fan of Zappa who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a Czech rock group that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from Zappa's 1968 song "Plastic People").[193] Zappa enthusiastically agreed and began meeting with corporate officials interested in investing in Czechoslovakia. Within a few weeks, however, the U.S. administration put pressure on the Czech government to withdraw the appointment. Havel made Zappa an unofficial cultural attaché instead.[194] Zappa also planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses.[195] On June 24, 1991, Zappa took part at the concert "Adieu Soviet Army", organised in Prague, as the farewell to the last soldiers of Soviet Red Army, leaving Czechoslovakia (the Red Army had occupied Czechoslovakia since the Prague spring). This was probably Zappa's last rock appearance on stage and it is recorded on the album Adieu C. A. (Soviet Army).[196]
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One of Zappa's works for Synclavier on Civilization, Phaze III, cited as his "last great work."[197]
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Most of Zappa's projects came to a halt in 1990, when he was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. The disease had been developing unnoticed for ten years and was considered inoperable.[195] After his diagnosis, Zappa devoted most of his energy to modern orchestral and Synclavier works. Shortly before his death in 1993 he completed Civilization, Phaze III, a major Synclavier work which he had begun in the 1980s.[198][199]
In 1991, Zappa was chosen to be one of four featured composers at the Frankfurt Festival in 1992 (the others were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Alexander Knaifel).[200] Zappa was approached by the German chamber ensemble, Ensemble Modern, which was interested in playing his music for the event. Although ill, Zappa invited them to Los Angeles for rehearsals of new compositions and new arrangements of older material.[201] In addition to being satisfied with the ensemble's performances of his music, Zappa also got along with the musicians, and the concerts in Germany and Austria were set up for the fall.[201] In September 1992, the concerts went ahead as scheduled, but Zappa could only appear at two in Frankfurt due to illness. At the first concert, he conducted the opening "Overture", and the final "G-Spot Tornado" as well as the theatrical "Food Gathering in Post-Industrial America, 1992" and "Welcome to the United States" (the remainder of the program was conducted by the ensemble's regular conductor Peter Rundel). Zappa received a 20-minute ovation.[202] It would become his last professional public appearance, as the cancer was spreading to such an extent that he was in too much pain to enjoy an event that he otherwise found "exhilarating".[202] Recordings from the concerts appeared on The Yellow Shark (1993), Zappa's last release during his lifetime, and some material from studio rehearsals appeared on the posthumous Everything Is Healing Nicely (1999).
Frank Zappa died on Saturday, December 4, 1993 in his home with his wife and children. At a private ceremony the following day, Zappa was interred in an unmarked grave at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Westwood, Los Angeles,[203][204] next to the eventual (1996) grave of actor Lew Ayres.[205] On Monday, December 6 his family publicly announced that "Composer Frank Zappa left for his final tour just before 6:00 pm on Saturday".[206]
Legacy[link]
Acclaim and honors[link]
Frank Zappa was one of the first to try tearing down the barriers between rock, jazz, and classical music. In the late Sixties his Mothers of Invention would slip from Stravinsky's "Petroushka" into The Dovells' "Bristol Stomp" before breaking down into saxophone squeals inspired by Albert Ayler
The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll
Zappa earned widespread critical acclaim in his lifetime and after his death. The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) writes: "Frank Zappa dabbled in virtually all kinds of music — and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable".[207] Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, Zappa was seen establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that "The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite".[208] On commenting on Zappa's music, politics and philosophy, Barry Miles noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: "It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity'".[209]
Guitar Player devoted a special issue to Zappa in 1992, and asked on the cover "Is FZ America's Best Kept Musical Secret?" Editor Don Menn remarked that the issue was about "The most important composer to come out of modern popular music".[210] Among those contributing to the issue was composer and musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky, who conducted premiere performances of works of Ives and Varèse in the 1930s.[211] He became friends with Zappa in the 1980s,[212] and said "I admire everything Frank does, because he practically created the new musical millennium. He does beautiful, beautiful work ... It has been my luck to have lived to see the emergence of this totally new type of music."[213] Conductor Kent Nagano remarked in the same issue that "Frank is a genius. That's a word I don't use often ... In Frank's case it is not too strong ... He is extremely literate musically. I'm not sure if the general public knows that".[214] Pierre Boulez stated in Musician magazine's posthumous Zappa tribute article that Zappa "was an exceptional figure because he was part of the worlds of rock and classical music and that both types of his work would survive."[215] Many music scholars acknowledge Zappa as one of the most influential composers of his generation.[216][217][218] As an electric guitarist, he has become highly regarded.[219][220][221]
In 1994, jazz magazine Down Beat's critics poll placed Zappa in its Hall of Fame.[222] Zappa was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. There, it was written that "Frank Zappa was rock and roll's sharpest musical mind and most astute social critic. He was the most prolific composer of his age, and he bridged genres — rock, jazz, classical, avant-garde and even novelty music — with masterful ease".[223] He received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1997.[224] In 2005, the U.S. National Recording Preservation Board included We're Only in It for the Money in the National Recording Registry as "Frank Zappa's inventive and iconoclastic album presents a unique political stance, both anti-conservative and anti-counterculture, and features a scathing satire on hippiedom and America's reactions to it".[225] The same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at No. 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.[226] In 2011, he was ranked at No. 22 on the list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time by the same magazine.[227]
Artists influenced by Zappa[link]
A number of notable musicians, bands and orchestras from diverse genres have been influenced by Frank Zappa's music. Rock artists like Alice Cooper,[228] Primus,[229] Fee Waybill of The Tubes[230] all cite Zappa's influence, as do progressive rock artists like Henry Cow,[231] Trey Anastasio of Phish,[226] and John Frusciante.[232] Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as The Beatles' Freak Out![233] Heavy rock and metal acts like Black Sabbath,[234] Mike Portnoy,[235] Warren DeMartini,[236] Steve Vai,[237] Strapping Young Lad,[238] System of a Down,[239] Clawfinger,[240] and Devin Townsend[241] acknowledge Zappa's inspiration. On the classical music scene, Tomas Ulrich,[242] Meridian Arts Ensemble,[243] Ensemble Ambrosius[244] and the Fireworks Ensemble[245] regularly perform Zappa's compositions and quote his influence. Contemporary jazz musicians and composers Bill Frisell[246] and John Zorn[247] are inspired by Zappa, as is funk legend George Clinton.[248] Other artists whose work is affected by Zappa include new age pianist George Winston,[249] electronic composer Bob Gluck,[250] parodist and novelty composer "Weird Al" Yankovic,[251] industrial music pioneer Genesis P-Orridge,[252] and noise music artist Masami Akita of Merzbow.[253]
References in arts and sciences[link]
Scientists from various fields have honored Zappa by naming new discoveries after him. In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Plas, Jr. identified an extinct mollusc in Nevada and named it Amaurotoma zappa with the motivation that, "The specific name, zappa, honors Frank Zappa".[254] In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a genus of gobiid fishes of New Guinea Zappa, with a species named Zappa confluentus.[255] Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian jellyfish Phialella zappai (1987), noting that he had "pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer".[256] Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named Pachygnatha zappa because "the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache".[257] A gene of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they "especially thank the late Frank Zappa for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature".[258] In the late 1990s, American paleontologists Marc Salak and Halard L. Lescinsky discovered a metazoan fossil, and named it Spygori zappania to honor "the late Frank Zappa ... whose mission paralleled that of the earliest paleontologists: to challenge conventional and traditional beliefs when such beliefs lacked roots in logic and reason".[259]
In 1994, lobbying efforts initiated by psychiatrist John Scialli led the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to name an asteroid in Zappa's honor: 3834 Zappafrank.[260] The asteroid was discovered in 1980 by Czechoslovakian astronomer Ladislav Brozek, and the citation for its naming says that "Zappa was an eclectic, self-trained artist and composer ... Before 1989 he was regarded as a symbol of democracy and freedom by many people in Czechoslovakia".[261]
In 1995, a bust of Zappa by sculptor Konstantinas Bogdanas was installed in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius. A replica was offered to the city of Baltimore in 2008, and on September 19, 2010 — the twenty-fifth anniversary of Zappa's testimony to the U.S. Senate — a ceremony dedicating the replica was held, with the bust installed at the Southeast Anchor Branch Library in Baltimore's Highlandtown. Speakers at the event included Gail Zappa and Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake[262][263] In 2002, a bronze bust was installed in German city Bad Doberan, since 1990 location of the Zappanale, an annual music festival celebrating Zappa.[264] At the initiative of musicians community ORWOhaus, the city of Berlin named a street in the Marzahn district "Frank-Zappa-Straße" in 2007.[265] The same year, Baltimore's mayor Sheila Dixon proclaimed August 9 as the city's official "Frank Zappa Day" citing Zappa's musical accomplishments as well as his defense of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.[266]
Discography[link]
References[link]
- Day, Nancy (2001). Censorship: Or Freedom of Expression?. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books, Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-2628-X.
- Delville, Michel; Norris, Andrew (2005). Frank Zappa, Captain Beefheart and the Secret History of Maximalism. Oxford: Salt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84471-059-1.
- DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James with Holly George-Warren, ed. (1992). The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll. Jim Miller (Original Editor) (3rd ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 0-679-73728-6.
- Gray, Michael (1984). Mother! Is the Story of Frank Zappa. London: Proteus Books. ISBN 0-86276-146-8.
- James, Billy (2000). Necessity Is ...: The Early Years of Frank Zappa & The Mothers of Invention. London: SAF Publishing Ltd.. ISBN 0-946719-51-9.
- Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Westport: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-98779-5.
- Martin, Bill (2002). Avant Rock: Experimental Music from the Beatles to Björk. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9500-3.
- MacDonald, Ian (1994). Revolution in the head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties. Fourth Estate Ltd.. ISBN 1-85702-099-5.
- Miles, Barry (2004). Frank Zappa. London: Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-092-4.
- Slaven, Neil (2003). Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story of Frank Zappa. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-9436-6.
- Sparks, Michael (1982). Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness: An Illustrated History of Drugs in the Movies. New York: Cornwall Books. ISBN 0-8453-4504-4.
- Walley, David (1980). No Commercial Potential. The Saga of Frank Zappa. Then and Now. New York: E. P. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-93153-8.
- Watson, Ben (1996). Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-14124-6.
- Watson, Ben (2005). Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-865-4.
- Zappa, Frank with Occhiogrosso, Peter (1989). The Real Frank Zappa Book. New York: Poseidon Press. ISBN 0-671-63870-X.
- "Frank Zappa", The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, New York: Simon & Schuster Inc, 1993, ISBN 0-684-81044-1
Notes[link]
- ^ Until discovering his birth certificate as an adult, Zappa believed he had been christened "Francis", and he is credited as Francis on some of his early albums. His legal name was always "Frank", however, never "Francis." Cf. Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 15.
- ^ a b The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, 1993.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 20–23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 8–9.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 10.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 22.
- ^ Mendoza, Bart (November, 2005). "Counter Culture Coincidence". San Diego Troubadour. The San Diego Troubadour. http://www.sandiegotroubadour.com/content/features/fullcircle.aspx?issue=nov_2005. Retrieved September 11, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 34.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 29.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 22.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 36.
- ^ a b Zappa, Frank (June 1971). "Edgard Varese: The Idol of My Youth". Stereo Review: 61–62..
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 30–33.
- ^ a b Show 14 – Big Rock Candy Mountain: Rock 'n' roll in the late fifties. [Part 4] : UNT Digital Library
- ^ Holmes, Thom (2008). "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture (3rd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 153–4. ISBN 0-415-95781-8. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA153. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 13.
- ^ Among his many musical satires are the 1967 songs "Flower Punk" (which parodies the song "Hey Joe") and "Who Needs The Peace Corps?", which are critiques of the late-Sixties commercialization of the hippie phenomenon.
- ^ a b For a comprehensive list of the appearance of parts of "old" compositions or quotes from others' music in Zappa's catalogue, see Albertos, Román GarcÃa, FZ Musical Quotes, Information is Not Knowledge, globia.net/donlope, http://globalia.net/donlope/fz/quotes.html . Retrieved on January 21, 2008.
- ^ On several of his earlier albums, Zappa paid tribute to Varèse by quoting his: "The present-day composer refuses to die."
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 29–30.
- ^ The Mike Douglas Show, NBC [TV Show], November 1976
- ^ a b The other signature pieces are "Zoot Allures" and "Black Napkins" from Zoot Allures. See Zappa, Dweezil (1996), Greetings music lovers, Dweezil here, Liner Notes, Frank Zappa Plays the Music of Frank Zappa: A Memorial Tribute
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 40.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 23.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 48.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 345.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 59.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 63.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 55.
- ^ Gray, 1984, Mother!, p. 29.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 42.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 35–36.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 27.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa. pp. 82–83.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 26.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 85.
- ^ Harp, Ted (March, 1965), "Vice Squad Raids Local Film Studio", The Daily Report (Ontario, California)
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 57.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. XV.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 87.
- ^ Slaven, 1996, Electric Don Quixote, p. 40.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 90–91.
- ^ a b Swenson, John (March 1980), Frank Zappa: America's Weirdest Rock Star Comes Clean, High Times
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 42.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 58.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 103.
- ^ Interview with Frank Zappa, UMRK, Los Angeles, CA: BBC [TV Show], March 1993
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 25.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, pp. 60–61.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 115.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 112.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 123.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 122.
- ^ Loder, Kurt (1988), "Rolling Stone Interview", Rolling Stone
- ^ He considered such campaigns as yuppie inventions and noted that "Some people like garlic ... I like pepper, tobacco and coffee. That's my metabolism". Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 234–235.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 5.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 38–43.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 135–138.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 86.
- ^ Couture, François, Lumpy Gravy. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22630 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 56.
- ^ The initial orchestra-only recordings were released posthumously on the box set Lumpy Money (2009). See Dolan, Casey (December 8, 2008), "The Resurrection of Frank Zappa's Soul", LA Weekly (Village Voice Media), http://www.laweekly.com/2008-12-11/music/the-resurrection-of-frank-zappa-8217-s-soul/1 . Retrieved on February 2, 2009.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ... , pp. 62–69.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 147.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 94.
- ^ Huey, Steve, We're Only in It for the Money. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22631 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 15. Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 90.
- ^ As the legal aspects of using the Sgt Pepper concept were unsettled, the album was released with the cover and back on the inside of the gatefold, while the actual cover and back were a picture of the group in a pose parodying the inside of the Beatles album. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 151.
- ^ Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 88.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 58.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 88.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 160.
- ^ James, 2000, Necessity Is ..., p. 104.
- ^ In the process, he built up a vast archive of live recordings. In the late 1980s some of these recordings were collected for the 12-CD set You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore.
- ^ a b c Chris Michie (January 2003), We are The Mothers...and This Is What We Sound Like!, MixOnline.com, http://mixonline.com/recording/business/audio_mothers_sound/ . Retrieved on January 4, 2008.
- ^ Bob Marshall, "Interview with Frank Zappa," October 22, 1988.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 173–175.
- ^ a b c Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 74.
- ^ Couture, François. "Peaches en Regalia [Song Review"]. Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677929. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
- ^ Notable covers include: Jon Poole, What's the Ugliest Part of Your Body?; Meridian Arts Ensemble, Prime Meridian; Dixie Dregs, California Screamin'; Dweezil Zappa, Go with What You Know; Phish, Vegas 96; The Roots, How I Got Over
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ a b Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 116.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, pp. 119–120.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 107.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 120.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 116.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Hot Rats. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r22632 . Retrieved on January 2, 2008.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 194.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 109.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 142–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 201.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 205.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 183.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 207.
- ^ Starks, 1982, Cocaine Fiends and Reefer Madness, p. 153.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 94.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 119–137.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 203–204.
- ^ During the June 1971 Fillmore concerts Zappa was joined on stage by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. This performance was recorded, and Lennon released excerpts on his album Some Time In New York City in 1972. Zappa later released his version of excerpts from the concert on Playground Psychotics in 1992, including the jam track "Scumbag" and an extended avant-garde vocal piece by Ono (originally called "Au"), which Zappa renamed "A Small Eternity with Yoko Ono".
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 112–115.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 101.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 225–226.
- ^ Official recordings of these bands did not emerge until more than 30 years later on Wazoo (2007) and Imaginary Diseases (2006), respectively.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 231.
- ^ Frank Zappa > Charts and Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ Huey, Steve, Apostrophe ('). Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53148 . Retrieved on January 3, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 114–122.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 372.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 250.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 253; pp. 258–259.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 131.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 261.
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 248.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 267.
- ^ Ruhlmann, W. (2011 [last update]). "The Old Masters Box 3 [PQRSTUVW] - Frank Zappa & the Mothers | AllMusic". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53145. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ It remains debated whether Zappa had conceived the material as a four-LP set from the beginning, or only when approaching Mercury-Phonogram; see, e.g., Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49. In the liner notes to the 1996 release, however, Gail Zappa states that "As originally conceived by Frank, Läther was always a 4-record box set."
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 49.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 262.
- ^ In 1978, Zappa served both as host and musical act on the show, and as an actor in various sketches.
- ^ Zappa, Frank, 1978, Zappa in New York, Liner Notes.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 132.
- ^ Clement, Brett (2004), "Little dots: A study of the melodies of the guitarist / composer Frank Zappa (pdf file)" (PDF), Master Thesis (The Florida State University, School of Music): pp. 25–48, http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04122004-114345/unrestricted/zappathesis3.pdf . Retrieved on December 29, 2007.
- ^ Hemmings, Richard (2006), Ever wonder why your daughter looked so sad? Non-danceable beats: getting to grips with rhythmical unpredictability in Project/Object, richardhemmings.co.uk, http://www.richardhemmings.co.uk/001/research/zappology/saddaughter.html . Retrieved on July 24, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 261–262; Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 134.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 234.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 138.
- ^ a b Watson, 1996, Frank Zappa: The Negative Dialectics of Poodle Play, p. 351.
- ^ a b c d Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 140.
- ^ Groening, Matt; Menn, Don (1992), "The Mother of All Interviews. Act II: Matt Groening joins in on the scrutiny of the central decentralizer", in Menn, Don (ed.), Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 61, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Both albums made it onto the Billboard top 30. Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p74796 . Retrieved on January 6, 2008.
- ^ Peterson, Chris (November 1979), He's Only 38 and He Knows How to Nasty, Relix Magazine
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 277.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 59.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 180.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 61.
- ^ Baby Snakes, 2003, DVD cover, Eagle Vision.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 282.
- ^ Sohmer, Adam (June 8, 2005), Baby Snakes – DVD, Big Picture Big Sound, http://www.bigpicturebigsound.com/article_501.shtml . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Frank Zappa, IMDb – The Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0953261/ . Retrieved on July 30, 2008.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 343.
- ^ Eliscu, Jenny (November 8, 2002), "Homer and Me", Rolling Stone Magazine
- ^ "Times The New York - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=1_i5f3jhD9UC&pg=PA3054&dq=%22zappa+records%22+%2B+mercury+%2B+drafted&hl=en#v=onepage&q=%22zappa%20records%22%20%2B%20mercury%20%2B%20drafted&f=false. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ "Frank Zappa - I Don't Wanna Get Drafted! (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. http://www.discogs.com/Frank-Zappa-I-Dont-Wanna-Get-Drafted/release/807608. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 161.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 284.
- ^ Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 165.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 283.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 269.
- ^ Huey, Steve, You Are What You Is. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53163 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, pp. 169–175.
- ^ Zappa, Frank (November 1982), Absolutely Frank. First Steps in Odd Meters, Guitar Player Magazine, p. 116.
- ^ Swenson, John (November, 1981), Frank Zappa: Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar Some More, The Return of the Son of Shut Up 'N Play Yer Guitar, Guitar World
- ^ Huey, Steve, Valley Girl. Frank Zappa. Song Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2677879 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ a b Lowe, 2006, The Words and Music of Frank Zappa, p. 178.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 304.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 146–156.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 315.
- ^ Ruhlmann, William, London Symphony Orchestra, Vol. 1. Review, Allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/album/r53172 . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ "Bingo! There Goes Your Tenure" by Frank Zappa, 1984
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 323.
- ^ Kelp, Larry (June 18, 1984), "Zappa Pokes Into The Fine Arts", The Oakland Tribune, http://www.afka.net/Articles/1984-06_Tribune.htm, retrieved July 5, 2009
- ^ a b c Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 319.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 73.
- ^ The musical was eventually produced for the stage in 2003. See Thing-Fish – The Return of Frank Zappa, The British Theatre Guide, http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/otherresources/interviews/Thing-Fish.htm . Retrieved on December 11, 2007.
- ^ Carr, Paul; Hand, Richard J. (2007), "Frank Zappa and musical theatre: ugly ugly o'phan Annie and really deep, intense, thought-provoking Broadway symbolism", Studies in Musical Theatre 1 (1): 44–51., DOI:10.1386/smt.1.1.41/1, http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/smt.1.1.41_1?cookieSet=1&journalCode=smt Full article available by free login only. Retrieved on July 28, 2008.
- ^ Day, 2000, Censorship, p. 53.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 267.
- ^ Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, p. 262.
- ^ Record Labeling. Hearing before the committee on commerce, science and transportation, U.S. Government printing office, September 19, 1985, http://www.joesapt.net/superlink/shrg99-529/p51.html . Retrieved on December 31, 2007.
- ^ Crossfire with Frank Zappa and John Lofton, CNN [TV Debate], March 1986, http://www.archive.org/details/FrankZappaOnCrossfire
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 348.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 365.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 340.
- ^ For a comprehensive comparison of vinyl of CD releases, see The Frank Zappa Album Versions Guide – Index, The Zappa Patio, www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio, http://www.lukpac.org/~handmade/patio/vinylvscds/index.html . Retrieved on January 7, 2008.
- ^ For example, new drum and bass parts were used on the 1960s albums We're Only in It for the Money and Cruising with Ruben & the Jets. See Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 327.
- ^ a b Zappa with Occhiogrosso, 1989, The Real Frank Zappa Book, pp. 337–339.
- ^ Nuzum, Eric (2001), Parental Advisory: Music Censorship in America, HarperCollins, pp. 39, 255, ISBN 0-688-16772-1
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 346–350.
- ^ Mitchell, Tony (May, 1992), "Mixing Pop and Politics: Rock Music in Czechoslovakia before and after the Velvet Revolution", Popular Music. A Changing Europe (Cambridge University Press) 11: 187–203
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 357–361.
- ^ a b Ouellette, Dan (August 1993), Frank Zappa, Pulse! Magazine, pp. 48–56.
- ^ "Pražský Výběr at the Knitting Factory". http://new-york.czechcentres.cz/program/event-details/prazsky-vyber-at-the-knitting-factory1/.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 100.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 374–375.
- ^ It brought him a posthumous Grammy Award (with Gail Zappa) for Best Recording Package – Boxed in 1994. GRAMMY Winners, GRAMMY.com, http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Andreas Mölich-Zebhauser — Preparing the Ensemble Modern for the Frankfurt Festival", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 12–13, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 369.
- ^ a b Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 371.
- ^ Watson, 2005, Frank Zappa. The Complete Guide to His Music, p. 552.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, pp. 379–380.
- ^ Frank Zappa (1940–1993) – Find A Grave Memorial
- ^ Slaven, 2003, Electric Don Quixote, p. 320.
- ^ Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, eds. (2004), The New Rolling Stone Album Guide: Completely Revised and Updated 4th Edition, New York, NY: Fireside, p. 903, ISBN 0-7432-0169-8
- ^ Walley, 1980, No Commercial Potential, p. 3.
- ^ Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 383.
- ^ Menn, Don (1992), "From the Editor", in Menn, Don, Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 3, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Kozinn, Allan (December 27, 1996), "Nicolas Slonimsky, Author of Widely Used Reference Works on Music, Dies at 101", The New York Times, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6D61539F934A15751C1A963958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all . Retrieved on August 17, 2008.
- ^ In December 1981, the then 87 year old Slonimsky made a guest appearance on piano at a Zappa concert. Miles, 2004, Frank Zappa, p. 295–296.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Nicolas Slonimsky — The Century's Preeminent Lexicographer Nails Zappa Down", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 6–7, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Kent Nagano — Premiering Zappa with the London Symphony Orchestra", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, pp. 8–11, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Isler, Scott (February, 1994), Frank Zappa, Musician Magazine
- ^ Ashby, Arved (1999), "Frank Zappa and the Anti-Fetishist Orchestra", The Musical Quarterly (Oxford University Press) 83 (4): 557–606, DOI:10.1093/mq/83.4.557
- ^ Grier, James (2001), "The Mothers of Invention and "Uncle Meat": Alienation, Anachronism and a Double Variation", Acta Musicologica (International Musicological Society) 73 (1): 77–95, DOI:10.2307/932810, JSTOR 932810
- ^ Cotter, Jim (2002), "Frank Zappa (1940–1993)", in Sitsky, Larry, Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde. A Biocritical Sourcebook, Westfort, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 597, ISBN 0-313-29689-8
- ^ He is ranked 45th in "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time", Rolling Stone, August 27, 2003
- ^ He is ranked 51st in The 100 Wildest Guitar Heroes, Classic Rock Magazine, April 2007
- ^ He is ranked 39th in Gibson.com Top 50 Guitarists of All Time, May 25, 2010, http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/Features/Top-50-Guitarists-525/ . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ 1994 Down Beat Critics Poll, Down Beat Magazine, http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=720 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Frank Zappa, The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, Inc., http://rockhall.com/inductees/frank-zappa . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ Lifetime achievement award, GRAMMY.org, http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/awards/lifetime-awards . Retrieved on February 14, 2012.
- ^ The National Recording Registry 2005, National Recording Preservation Board, The Library of Congress, May 24, 2005, http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/nrpb/registry/nrpb-2005reg.html . Retrieved on August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b "The Immortals", Rolling Stone Magazine, Issue 972
- ^ "45 Frank Zappa". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-of-all-time-19691231/frank-zappa-19691231. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
- ^ Quigley, Mike (September 1969), Interview with Alice Cooper, Poppin, Issue #5
- ^ Elfman, Doug (October 15, 2003), "Primus plays Hard Rock", Las Vegas Review-Journal, http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2003/Oct-15-Wed-2003/news/22374264.html . Retrieved on March 14, 2009.
- ^ Randall, David (2004), Get Ready to ROCK! Interview with singer and frontman of American rock band The Tubes, Fee Waybill, getreadytorock.com, http://www.getreadytorock.com/10questions/fee_waybill.htm . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Boisen, Myles, allmusic ((( Henry Cow > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4475 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ Cleveland, Barry (September 2006), Exclusive Outtakes from GP's Interview with John Frusciante!, Guitar Player, http://www.eqmag.com/article/exclusive-outtakes-from/sep-06/23282 . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ MacDonald, 1994, Revolution in the Head, p. 171.
- ^ Black Sabbath Online: Tony Iommi & Geezer Butler Interview, black-sabbath.com, May 1994, http://www.black-sabbath.com/interviews/tonygeez_0594.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ about mike, mikeportnoy.com, http://www.mikeportnoy.com/aboutmike/bio.aspx . Retrieved on April 22, 2009.
- ^ Menn, Don, ed. (1992), "Warren De Martini—Ratt Guitarist Turns Zappa Stylist", Zappa! Guitar Player Presents, San Francisco, CA: Miller Freeman, p. 14, ISSN 1063-4533
- ^ Vai.com > All About Steve > Vaiography, Vai.com, http://www.vai.com/vaiography/ . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike (August 2005). "Interview: Strapping Young Lad: An extreme metal all-star squad". In Music We Trust. http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Sinclair, Tom (May 16, 2005), "Mezmerize (2005): System of a Down", Entertainment Weekly, http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1060789,00.html . Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
- ^ The official Pages, clawfinger.net, http://www.clawfinger.net/main.php?band . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ SOS, Mike, INTERVIEW: Strapping Young Lad, inmusicwetrust.com, http://www.inmusicwetrust.com/articles/71h16.html . Retrieved on December 18, 2010.
- ^ Tomas Ulrich at All about Jazz, All About Jazz, http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=15347 Retrieved on November 13, 2008.
- ^ Meridian Arts Ensemble – About Us, meridianartsensemble.com, http://www.meridianartsensemble.com/about.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Academic Zappa: Seriously Taken Musical Study of Frank Zappa's Music — At Last, ensembleambrosius.com, http://www.ensembleambrosius.com/node/2 . Retrieved December 17, 2010.
- ^ About fireworks, fireworksensemble.org, http://fireworksensemble.org/about/ . Retrieved on August 25, 2008.
- ^ Bill Frisell Biography, Songline/Tonefield Productions, http://www.songtone.com/artists/Frisell/default.html . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2004), The Penguin Guide To Jazz On CD, Seventh Edition, London: Penguin Books, p. 1721, ISBN 0-14-101416-4
- ^ Bush, John, allmusic ((( George Clinton > Biography ))), allmusic.com, http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p65136 . Retrieved on August 13, 2008.
- ^ George Winston Biography, georgewinston.com, http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography . Retrieved on June 27, 2010.
- ^ gluckbio.html, electricsongs.com, http://www.electricsongs.com/gluckbio.html . Retrieved on September 1, 2008.
- ^ "Weird Al" Yankovic: Frequently Asked Questions, weirdal.com, http://www.weirdal.com/faq.htm . Retrieved on August 12, 2008.
- ^ Reynolds, Simon (2005). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984, p. 255.
- ^ Martin, 2002, Avant Rock, p. 160.
- ^ Plas, Jr., Leo P. (March, 1972), "Upper Wolfcampian (?) Mollusca from the Arrow Canyon Range, Clark County, Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology) 46: 249–260.
- ^ Murdy, E. O. (1989), A Taxonomic Revision and Cladistic Analysis of the Oxudercine Gobies (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae), Records of the Australian Museum, ISBN 0-7305-6374-X
- ^ Boero, Ferdinando (April, 1987), "Life cycles of Phialella zappai n. sp., Phialella fragilis and Phialella sp. (Cnidaria, Leptomedusae, Phialellidae) from central California", Journal of Natural History (Taylor & Francis Groups) 21 (2): 465–480, DOI:10.1080/00222938700771131
- ^ Bosmans, Robert; Bosselaers, Jan (October 1995), "Spiders of the genera Pachygnatha, Dyschiriognatha and Glenognatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), with a revision of the Afrotropical species", Zoologica Scripta (The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters) 23 (4): 325–352, DOI:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1994.tb00392.x
- ^ Wassif, Christopher; Cheek, Diana; Belas, Robert (October 1995), "Molecular Analysis of a Metalloprotease from Proteus mirabilis", Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 177 (20): 5790–8, PMC 177400, PMID 7592325
- ^ Salak, Marc; Lescinsky, Halard L. (July, 1999), "Spygoria zappania New Genus and Species, a Cloudina-like Biohermal Metazoan from the Lower Cambrian of Central Nevada", Journal of Paleontology (Paleontological Society) 73: 571–576.
- ^ Seachrist, Lisa (August 12, 1994), "Random Samples", Science. New Series (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 265: 870–871.
- ^ (3834) Zappafrank, IAU: Minor Planet Center (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/special/rocknroll/0003834.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa comes home, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/entertainment/bs-ae-zappa-cover-0917-20100916_1_gail-zappa-southeast-anchor-library-lithuania . Dweezil and Zappa Plays Zappa played a free three-hour show to a crowd estimated at more than 3,000. Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ The Baltimore Sun (September 16, 2010), Zappa-looza: A full guide to the weekend's events, The Baltimore Sun, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-09-16/news/bs-ae-zappa-rail-0917-2-20100916_1_southeast-anchor-library-zappa-plays-zappa-zappa-related . Retrieved on September 19, 2010.
- ^ Zappanale – Startseite, zappanale.de, http://zappanale.de/ . Retrieved on August 14, 2008.
- ^ The Associated Press (July 30, 2007), "Berlin Names Street After Frank Zappa", The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/30/AR2007073000690.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
- ^ Zappa.com > What's New in Baltimore?, zappa.com, http://www.zappa.com/whatsnew/news/baltimore.html . Retrieved on August 15, 2008.
External links[link]
Media related to Frank Zappa at Wikimedia Commons 
Quotations related to Frank Zappa at Wikiquote
- The official Frank Zappa website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Frank Zappa at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Frank Zappa in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Frank Zappa collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Frank Zappa at the Notable Names Database
- Frank Zappa interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969).
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Zappa, Frank |
| Alternative names | Zappa, Frank Vincent |
| Short description | Composer, musician, bandleader, conductor, record producer |
| Date of birth | 1940-12-21 |
| Place of birth | Baltimore, Maryland, United States |
| Date of death | 1993-12-04 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, United States |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the fictional character from Hollyoaks, see Sinead O'Connor (Hollyoaks).
| Sinéad O'Connor | |
|---|---|
 Sinéad O'Connor performing live in 2008 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor |
| Born | (1966-12-08) 8 December 1966 (age 45) |
| Origin | Glenageary, County Dublin, Ireland |
| Genres | Alternative rock, pop rock, folk rock |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, musician, priest |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards, percussion, low whistle |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Labels | Ensign, Vanguard, Chocolate and Vanilla, One Little Indian |
| Website | Official website |
Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor (
/ʃɪˈneɪd oÊ?ˈkÉ’nÉ™r/;[1] born 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter who rose to fame in the late 1980s with her debut album The Lion and the Cobra. O'Connor achieved worldwide success in 1990 with a cover of the song "Nothing Compares 2 U".
Since then, while maintaining her singing career, she has occasionally encountered controversy, partly due to her statements and gestures such as her ordination as a priest despite being female with a Roman Catholic background, and her expressed strong views on organized religion, women's rights, war, and child abuse.
In addition to her nine solo albums her work includes many singles, songs for films, collaborations with many other artists, and appearances at charity fundraising concerts.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Sinéad O'Connor was born in Glenageary in County Dublin and was named after Sinéad de Valera, wife of Irish President Éamon de Valera and mother of the doctor presiding over the delivery, and Saint Bernadette of Lourdes.[2] She is the third of five children, sister to Joseph, Eimear, John, and Eoin. Joseph O'Connor is a novelist.
Her parents are Sean O'Connor, a structural engineer later turned barrister, and Marie O'Connor. The couple married young and had a troubled relationship, separating when Sinéad was eight. The three eldest children went to live with their mother, where O'Connor claims they were subjected to frequent physical abuse. Her song "Fire on Babylon" is about the effects of her own child abuse, and she has consistently advocated on behalf of abused children. Sean O'Connor's efforts to secure custody of his children in a country which routinely denied custody to fathers and prohibited divorce, motivated him to become chairman of the Divorce Action Group and a prominent public spokesman. At one point, he even debated his wife on the subject on a radio show.
In 1979, O'Connor left her mother and went to live with her father and his new wife. However, at the age of 15, her shoplifting and truancy led to her being placed in a Magdalene Asylum,[3] the Grianán Training Centre run by the Sisters of Our Lady of Charity. In some ways, she thrived there, especially in the development of her writing and music, but she also chafed under the imposed conformity. Unruly students there were sometimes sent to sleep in the adjoining nursing home, an experience of which she later commented, "I have never — and probably will never — experience such panic and terror and agony over anything."[4]
One of the volunteers at Grianán was the sister of Paul Byrne, drummer for the band In Tua Nua, who heard O'Connor singing "Evergreen" by Barbra Streisand. She recorded a song with them called "Take My Hand" but they felt that at 15, she was too young to join the band.[5]
In 1983, her father sent her to Newtown School, an exclusive Quaker boarding school in Waterford, an institution with a much more permissive atmosphere than Grianan. With the help and encouragement of her Irish language teacher, Joseph Falvey, she recorded a four-song demo, with two covers and two of her own songs which later appeared on her first album.[citation needed]
Through an ad she placed in Hot Press in mid-1984, she met Columb Farrelly. Together they recruited a few other members and formed a band called Ton Ton Macoute.[2] The band moved to Waterford briefly while O'Connor attended Newtown, but she soon dropped out of school and followed them to Dublin, where their performances received positive reviews. Their sound was inspired by Farrelly's interest in witchcraft, mysticism, and world music, though most observers thought O'Connor's singing and stage presence were the band's strongest features.[2][6]
On 10 February 1985, O'Connor's mother was killed in a car accident, which despite their strained relationship devastated her.[citation needed] Soon afterward she left the band, which stayed together despite O'Connor's statements to the contrary in later interviews, and she moved to London.[citation needed]
Musical career[link]
1980s[link]
O'Connor's time as singer for Ton Ton Macoute brought her to the attention of the music industry, and she was eventually signed by Ensign Records. She also acquired an experienced manager, Fachtna O'Ceallaigh, former head of U2's Mother Records. Soon after she was signed, she embarked on her first major assignment, providing the vocals for the song "Heroine", which she co-wrote with U2's guitarist The Edge for the soundtrack to the film Captive. O'Ceallaigh, who had been fired by U2 for complaining about them in an interview, was outspoken with his views on music and politics, and O'Connor adopted the same habits; she defended the actions of the IRA and said U2's music was "bombastic".[7]
Things were contentious in the studio as well. She was paired with veteran producer Mick Glossop, whom she later publicly derided. They had differing visions regarding her debut album and four months'-worth of recordings were scrapped. During this time she became pregnant by her session drummer John Reynolds (who went on to drum with the band Transvision Vamp). Due largely to O'Ceallaigh's efforts of persuasion, the record company allowed O'Connor, 20 years old and by then seven months pregnant, to produce her own album.[citation needed]
Her first album The Lion and the Cobra was "a sensation" when it was released in 1987[8] and it reached gold record status and earned a Best Female Rock Vocal Performance Grammy nomination. The single "Mandinka" was a big college radio hit in the United States, and "I Want Your (Hands on Me)" received both college and urban play in a remixed form that featured rapper MC Lyte. In her first US network television appearance, O'Connor sang "Mandinka" on Late Night with David Letterman in 1988.[9] The single "Troy" was also released as a single in the UK and Ireland. A club mix of "Troy" would become a major US dance hit in 2002.[citation needed]
Artists that influenced her at that time were Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Bob Marley, Siouxsie and the Banshees and The Pretenders.[10]
1990s[link]
Her second album 1990s I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got gained considerable attention and mostly positive reviews : it was rated "second best album of the year" by the NME.[11] She was praised for her voice and her original songs. She was also noted for her appearance: her trademark shaved head, often angry expression, and sometimes shapeless or unusual clothing.
In 1989 O'Connor joined The The frontman Matt Johnson as a guest vocalist on the band's album Mind Bomb, which spawned the duet "Kingdom of Rain."[citation needed]
The album I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got featured Marco Pirroni and Kevin Mooney, of Adam and the Ants fame, and contained her international breakthrough hit "Nothing Compares 2 U", a song written by Prince and originally recorded and released by a side project of his, The Family. Aided by a memorable and well received video by John Maybury which consisted almost solely of O'Connor's face as she performed the song, it became a massive international hit, reaching #1 in several countries. In Ireland it hit the top spot in July 1990 and remained there for 11 weeks; it is the eighth most successful single of the decade there. It had similar success in the UK, charting at #1 for 4 weeks, and in Germany (#1 for 11 weeks). In Australia, it reached #1 on the Top 100. It also claimed the #1 spot on the Hot 100 chart in the USA. She also received Grammy nominations including Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. She eventually won the Grammy for Best Alternative Music Performance, but boycotted the award show.[citation needed]
<poem>
I don't do anything in order to cause trouble. It just so happens that what I do naturally causes trouble. I'm proud to be a troublemaker. </poem>
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Public Enemy's Hank Shocklee remixed the album's next single, "The Emperor's New Clothes", for a 12-inch that was coupled with the Celtic funk of "I Am Stretched On Your Grave." Pre-dating but included on I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got was also "Jump in the River", which originally appeared on the Married to the Mob soundtrack; the 12-inch version of the single had included a remix featuring performance artist Karen Finley. Also in 1990, O'Connor starred in a small independent Irish movie Hush-a-Bye Baby directed in Derry by Margo Harkin.[citation needed]
In 1990, she joined many other guests for former Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' massive performance of The Wall in Berlin. (In 1996, she would guest on Broken China, a solo album by Richard Wright of Pink Floyd.) In 1991, her take on Elton John's "Sacrifice" was acclaimed as one of the best efforts on the tribute album Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin.
In 1990, she contributed a cover of "You Do Something to Me" to the Cole Porter tribute/AIDS fundraising album Red Hot + Blue produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1998, she worked again with the Red Hot Organization to co-produce and perform on Red Hot + Rhapsody. Red Hot + Blue was followed by the release of Am I Not Your Girl?, an album of standards and torch songs that she had listened to while growing up. Also in 1992, she contributed backing vocals on the track "Come Talk To Me", and shared vocals on the single "Blood of Eden" from the studio album Us by Peter Gabriel.
Also in 1990, she was criticized after she announced that she would not perform if the United States national anthem was played before one of her concerts. Frank Sinatra threatened to "kick her ass".[7] After receiving 4 Grammy Award nominations she withdrew her name from consideration.[7]
After spending nine years dividing her time between London and Los Angeles, O'Connor returned to her home town of Dublin in late 1992 to live near her sister and focus on raising her son Jake, then six years old.[citation needed] She spent the following months studying Bel Canto singing with teacher Frank Merriman at the Parnell School of Music. In an interview with The Guardian published 3 May 1993 she reported that her singing lessons with Merriman were the only therapy she was receiving, describing Merriman as "the most amazing teacher in the universe."[13]
The 1993 soundtrack to the film In the Name of the Father featured "You Made Me the Thief of Your Heart", with significant contributions from U2 frontman Bono.
The more conventional Universal Mother (1994) did not succeed in restoring her mass appeal.[citation needed] She toured with Lollapalooza in 1995, but dropped out when she became pregnant. The Gospel Oak EP followed in 1997, and featured songs based in an acoustic setting. It too, did not recapture previous album successes.[citation needed]
In 1994, she appeared in A Celebration: The Music of Pete Townshend and The Who, also known as Daltrey Sings Townshend. This was a two-night concert at Carnegie Hall produced by Roger Daltrey of The Who in celebration of his 50th birthday. A CD and a VHS video of the concert were issued in 1994, followed by a DVD in 1998.
She appeared in Neil Jordan's The Butcher Boy in 1997, playing the Virgin Mary.[citation needed]
2000s[link]
Faith and Courage was released in 2000, including the single "No Man's Woman", and featured contributions from Wyclef Jean of the Fugees and Dave Stewart of Eurythmics. On the eve of its release, O'Connor came out as a lesbian, and then retracted the statement.[citation needed]
Her 2002 album, Sean-Nós Nua, marked a departure in that O'Connor interpreted or, in her own words, "sexed up" traditional Irish folk songs, including several in the Irish language.[14] In Sean-Nós Nua, she covered a well-known Canadian folk song, Peggy Gordon, interpreted as a song of lesbian, rather than heterosexual, love. In her documentary, Song of Hearts Desire, she stated that her inspiration for the song was her friend, a lesbian who sang the song to lament the loss of her partner.
In 2003, she contributed a track to the Dolly Parton tribute album Just Because I'm a Woman, a cover of Parton's "Dagger Through the Heart". That same year, she also featured on three songs of Massive Attack's album 100th Window before releasing her double album, She Who Dwells in the Secret Place of the Most High Shall Abide Under the Shadow of the Almighty. This compilation contained one disc of demos and previously unreleased tracks and one disc of a live concert recording. Directly after the album's release, O'Connor announced her retirement from music.[15] Collaborations, a compilation album of guest appearances, was released in 2005 - featuring tracks recorded with Peter Gabriel, Massive Attack, Jah Wobble, Terry Hall, Moby, Bomb The Bass, The Edge, U2, and The The.
Ultimately, after a brief period of inactivity and a bout with fibromyalgia, her retirement proved to be short-lived - O'Connor stated in an interview with Harp that she only intended to retire from making mainstream pop/rock music, and after dealing with her fibromyalgia, chose to move into other musical styles.[16] The reggae album Throw Down Your Arms appeared in late 2005 and was greeted with positive reviews. It was based on the Rastafarian culture and lifestyle, O'Connor having spent time in Jamaica in 2004. She performed the single "Throw Down Your Arms" on The Late Late Show in November. She also made comments critical of the war in Iraq and the role played in it by Ireland's Shannon Airport.[citation needed]
On 8 November 2006, O'Connor performed seven songs from her upcoming album Theology at The Sugar Club in Dublin. Thirty fans were given the opportunity to win pairs of tickets to attend along with music industry critics.[17] The performance was released in 2008 as Live at the Sugar Club deluxe CD/DVD package sold exclusively on her website.
O'Connor released two songs from her album Theology to download for free from her official website: "If You Had a Vineyard" and "Jeremiah (Something Beautiful)". The album, a collection of covered and original Rastafari spiritual songs, was released in June 2007. The first single from the album, the Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber classic "I Don't Know How to Love Him", was released on 30 April 2007.[18] To promote the album, O'Connor toured extensively in Europe and North America. She also appeared on two tracks of the new Ian Brown album The World Is Yours, including the anti-war single "Illegal Attacks".[19]
2010s[link]
In January 2010, O'Connor performed a duet with R&B singer Mary J. Blige produced by former A Tribe Called Quest member Ali Shaheed Muhammad entitled "This Is To Mother You". The proceeds of the song's sales were donated to the organization GEMS (Girls Educational and Mentoring Services).[20]
O'Connor announced she was working on recording a new album, entitled Home, to be released in the beginning of 2012.[21] On October 10, 2011 O'Connor announced that the release date for the album, now entitled How About I Be Me (And You Be You)?, had been set for February 20, 2012.[22][23], with the first single being "The Wolf is Getting Married".
Having planned an extensive tour in support of How About I Be Me (And You Be You)?, O'Connor announced on her website in April 2012 that she was "very unwell" and had suffered a serious breakdown between December 2011 and March 2012.[24] This resulted in the cancellation of the tour and all other musical activities for the rest of 2012, at least.
The song "Lay Your Head Down", written by Brian Byrne and Glenn Close for the soundtrack of the film Albert Nobbs and performed by O'Connor, was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.
Controversy[link]
[edit] Saturday Night Live performance
File:Sinead rips into the Pope.jpg
O'Connor rips a picture of the Pope.
On 3 October 1992, O'Connor appeared on Saturday Night Live as a musical guest. She sang an a cappella version of Bob Marley's "War", which she intended as a protest over the sexual abuse in the Roman Catholic Church, by changing the lyric "racism" to "child abuse."[25] She then presented a photo of Pope John Paul II to the camera while singing the word "evil", after which she tore the photo into pieces, said "Fight the real enemy", and threw the pieces towards the camera.[26]
Saturday Night Live had no foreknowledge of O'Connor's plan; during the dress rehearsal she held up a photo of a refugee child. NBC Vice President of Late Night Rick Ludwin recalled that when he saw O'Connor's action he "literally jumped out of [his] chair." SNL writer Paula Pell recalled personnel in the control booth discussing the cameras cutting away from the singer.[27] The audience was completely silent, with no booing or applause;[28] executive producer Lorne Michaels recalled that "the air went out the studio". Michaels, who ordered that the applause sign not be used, described the incident as "on a certain level, a betrayal", but also "a serious expression of belief."[27]
A nationwide audience saw O'Connor's live performance, which the New York Daily News's cover called a "HOLY TERROR".[27] NBC received more than 500 calls on Sunday[29] and 400 more on Monday, with all but seven criticizing O'Connor;[28] the network received 4,400 calls in total.[30] Contrary to rumour, NBC was not fined by the Federal Communications Commission for O'Connor's act; the FCC has no regulatory power over blasphemy.[30] NBC did not edit the performance out of the West coast tape-delayed broadcast that night,[31] but reruns of the episode use footage from the dress rehearsal.[30] On 24 April 2010, MSNBC aired the live version during an interview with O'Connor on The Rachel Maddow Show. In 1993 issue of The Irish Times O'Connor wrote a public letter where she asked people to "stop hurting" her.
As part of SNL's apology to the audience, during his opening monologue the following week, host Joe Pesci held up the photo, explaining that he had taped it back together. He then tore up another photo - of O'Connor herself - to huge applause. Pesci also said that if it had been his show, "I would have gave her such a smack."[32]
In a 2002 interview with Salon, when asked if she would change anything about the SNL appearance, O'Connor replied, "Hell, no!"[33] In 2010, TV Guide Network listed the incident at No. 24 on their list of 25 Biggest TV Blunders.[34]
Madonna's reaction[link]
On Madonna's next appearance on SNL (on an episode hosted by Harvey Keitel), after singing "Bad Girl", she held up a photo of Joey Buttafuoco[35] and, saying "fight the real enemy", tore it up. Madonna also roundly attacked O'Connor in the press for the incident, telling the Irish Times: "I think there is a better way to present her ideas rather than ripping up an image that means a lot to other people." She added, "If she is against the Roman Catholic Church and she has a problem with them, I think she should talk about it."[36] The New York Times called it "professional jealousy" and wrote that: "After Madonna had herself gowned, harnessed, strapped down and fully stripped to promote her album Erotica and her book Sex, O'Connor stole the spotlight with one photograph of a fully clothed man. But the other vilification that descended on O'Connor showed she had struck a nerve."[37] Bob Guccione, Jr. in a 1993 SPIN editorial was adamant in his defense of O'Connor, writing, "...Madonna savaged her in the press, obviously to fuel publicity for Sex and sales of her new album, Erotica .... But when the Sinead controversy threatened to siphon some of the attention from the impending release of Sex, Madonna conveniently found religion again..."[36] In November 1991, a year prior to the incident, O'Connor had told Spin Magazine: "Madonna is probably the hugest role model for women in America. There's a woman who people look up to as being a woman who campaigns for women's rights. A woman who in an abusive way towards me, said that I look like I had a run in with a lawnmower and that I was about as sexy as a Venetian blind. Now there's the woman that America looks up to as being a campaigner for women, slagging off another woman for not being sexy".[38]
Bob Dylan tribute performance[link]
Two weeks after the Saturday Night Live appearance, she was set to perform "I Believe in You" at the Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary tribute concert in Madison Square Garden.[39] She was greeted by a thundering mixture of cheers and jeers. During the booing, Kris Kristofferson told her not to "let the bastards get you down", to which she replied, "I'm not down."[40][41] The noise eventually became so loud that O'Connor saw no point in starting the scheduled song. She called for the keyboard player to stop and the microphone to be turned up, and then screamed over the audience with an improvised, shouted rendition of "War". This time, she sang the song, stopping just after the part in which the lyrics talk about child abuse, emphasizing the point of her previous action. She then looked straight to the audience for a second and left the stage. Kristofferson then comforted her, as she cried.[42][43]
Garden State Arts Center performance[link]
 |
This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011) |
On 24 August 1990, O'Connor was scheduled to perform at the then-Garden State (now PNC Bank) Arts Center in Holmdel, New Jersey. The practice of the venue was to play a recording of the American national anthem before the show began. O'Connor, who said she was unaware of this practice until shortly before the show was to begin, refused to go on if the anthem was played. Venue officials acquiesced to her demand and omitted the anthem, and so O'Connor performed, but would never appear there again.
O'Connor said that she had a policy of not having the national anthem of any country played before her concerts, explaining that these were often written and composed during wars and amounted to nationalist tirades. She pointed out that she meant "no disrespect", but added that she "will not go on stage after the national anthem of a country which imposes censorship on artists. It's hypocritical and racist."
The incident made tabloid headlines, and O'Connor drew tabloid-derived criticism. Her songs were banned from some radio stations.
[edit] After Dark appearance
File:Sinéad O'Connor on After Dark 21 January 1995.JPG
Sinéad O'Connor on After Dark on 21 January 1995
In January 1995 O'Connor "was so interested in a (television) discussion about abuse and the Catholic church that she rang in to ask if she could appear. They sent a taxi to her home".[44] The Evening Standard wrote that After Dark "made a brief reappearance last Saturday night when, true to its unpredictable form, Sinéad O'Connor walked on to the set 10 minutes before closedown".[45] Host Helena Kennedy described the event:
-
- On that occasion, former taoiseach, Garret FitzGerald, was sharing the sofas with a Dominican monk and a representative of the Catholic church. “While we were on the air, Sinéad O’Connor called in,� says Kennedy. “Then I got a message in my earpiece to say she had just turned up at the studio. Sinéad came on and argued that abuse in families was coded in by the church because it refused to accept the accounts of women and children,� says Kennedy.[46]
Personal life[link]
While her shaved head was initially an assertion against traditional views of women, years later, O'Connor said she had begun to grow her hair back, but that after being asked if she was Enya, O'Connor shaved it off again. "I don't feel like me unless I have my hair shaved. So even when I'm an old lady, I'm going to have it."[47]
Romantic and family life[link]
She has been married four times. Her first marriage was to music producer John Reynolds, who co-produced several of her albums, including Universal Mother. They have one child together. They split up on good terms and Reynolds continues to work as her producer and drummer.
Her second marriage was to journalist Nicholas Sommerlad in 2002. For a period during 2006 and early 2007, she had a relationship with Frank Bonadio, the father of her fourth child. O'Connor acknowledged to the Irish Daily Mirror that the two had separated as of the weekend of 17 February 2007, citing difficulties between Bonadio and his former wife, singer Mary Coughlan.
O'Connor married long-time friend and collaborator Steve Cooney on 22 July 2010[48][49] and divorced him in April 2011.[50]
Her fourth marriage was to Irish therapist Barry Herridge, whom she met through the internet.[51] They wed on 9 December 2011 in Las Vegas, but 17 days later she announced on her website that their marriage had ended, noting that they "lived together for 7 days only".[52] The following week, on 3 January 2012, O'Connor issued a further string of internet announcements to the effect that the couple had re-united.[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]
Sexuality[link]
In a 2000 interview in Curve, O'Connor commented, "I'm a dyke ... although I haven't been very open about that and throughout most of my life I've gone out with blokes because I haven't necessarily been terribly comfortable about being a big lesbian mule. But I actually am a dyke."[61] However, soon after in an interview in The Independent, she stated, "I believe it was overcompensating of me to declare myself a lesbian. It was not a publicity stunt. I was trying to make someone else feel better. And have subsequently caused pain for myself. I am not in a box of any description." In a magazine article and in a programme on RTÉ (Ryan Confidential, broadcast on RTÉ on 29 May 2003), she stated that while most of her sexual relationships had been with men, she has had three relationships with women. In a May 2005 issue of Entertainment Weekly, she stated, "I'm three-quarters heterosexual, a quarter gay. I lean a bit more towards the hairy blokes".[62]
Health[link]
On a 4 October 2007 broadcast of The Oprah Winfrey Show, O'Connor disclosed that she had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder four years earlier, and had attempted suicide on her 33rd birthday on 8 December 1999.[63]
Religion[link]
In the late 1990s, Bishop Michael Cox of the Irish Orthodox Catholic and Apostolic Church (an Independent Catholic group not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church) ordained O'Connor as a priest. The Roman Catholic Church considers ordination of women to be either invalid, impossible, or both and asserts that a person attempting the sacrament of ordination upon a woman incurs excommunication.[64] The bishop had contacted her to offer ordination following her appearance on the RTÉ's Late Late Show, during which she told the presenter, Gay Byrne, that had she not been a singer, she would have wished to have been a Catholic priest. After her ordination, she indicated that she wished to be called Mother Bernadette Mary.[64]
In a July 2007 interview with Christianity Today, O'Connor stated that she considers herself a Christian and that she believes in core Christian concepts about the Trinity and Jesus Christ. She said, "I think God saves everybody whether they want to be saved or not. So when we die, we're all going home... I don't think God judges anybody. He loves everybody equally". She also expressed a belief in pantheism, viewing the physical universe as a body with divine "energy".[65] In an October 2002 interview with Salon.com, she credited her Christian faith in giving her the strength to live through, and then overcome the effects of, her child abuse.[25]
On 26 March 2010, O'Connor appeared on Anderson Cooper 360° to speak out about the Catholic sexual abuse scandal in Ireland.[66] On 28 March 2010, she had an opinion piece published in the Sunday Edition of the Washington Post where she wrote about the Catholic sex abuse scandal and her time in a Magdalene laundry as a teenager.[3] She wrote an article for the Sunday Independent newspaper of 17 July 2011 in response to the sexual abuse scandal in Cloyne diocese in which she described the Vatican as "a nest of devils". She wrote that an alternative church might have to be established because "Christ is being murdered by liars" in the Vatican.[67]
Political beliefs[link]
O'Connor is a pacifist and, as such, she supports Ireland's tradition of neutrality in foreign wars.[25]
Discography[link]
Main article: Sinéad O'Connor discography
- 1987: The Lion and the Cobra
- 1990: I Do Not Want What I Haven't Got
- 1992: Am I Not Your Girl?
- 1994: Universal Mother
- 2000: Faith and Courage
- 2002: Sean-Nós Nua
- 2005: Throw Down Your Arms
- 2007: Theology
- 2012: How About I Be Me (And You Be You)?
References[link]
- ^ See inogolo: pronunciation of Sinéad O'Connor.
- ^ a b c Dermott Hayes, Sinéad O'Connor: So Different, Omnibus Press, 1991
- ^ a b "To Sinead O'Connor, the pope's apology for sex abuse in Ireland seems hollow". The Washington Post. 28 March 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/25/AR2010032502363.html?hpid%3Dopinionsbox1%C3%A2%C2%8A%C2%82=AR.
- ^ Rolling Stone, April 1988
- ^ NME, 29 October 1988
- ^ Jimmy Guterman, Sinead: Her Life and Music, Warner Books, 1991
- ^ a b c Allmusic bio
- ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "The Lion and the Cobra". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-lion-and-the-cobra-r14360. Retrieved 18-3-2012.
- ^ Sinéad O'Connor Mandinka. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9c03aHny-s.
- ^ Gaisne Julien. "Sinead O'Connor interview". Rolling Stone (french version) (n°42, April 2012). "Q: Qui étaient tes artistes préférés quand tu as commencé? A:Bob Dylan, il l'est probablement toujours. Il y avait aussi David Bowie, Bob Marley, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Pretenders. (Translation) Q:Who were your favourite singers when you started? A:Bob Dylan, he probably still is. There were also David Bowie, Bob Marley, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Pretenders."
- ^ "album of the year". NME. http://www.nme.com/bestalbumsandtracksoftheyear/1990. Retrieved 18-3-2012.
- ^ Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books Ltd. p. 482. CN 5585.
- ^ O'Kane, Maggie (3 May 1993). "'I fit in here,' Sinéad O'Connor says of her return to Dublin". The Guardian.
- ^ Simpson, Dave (11 November 2002). "Sinéad O'Connor (review)". Arts (London: Guardian Unlimited). http://arts.guardian.co.uk/reviews/story/0,,837569,00.html. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (25 April 2003). "Sinéad O'Connor To Retire ... Again. Controversial singer says this time is the last.". MTV.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1471518/04252003/oconnor_sinead.jhtml#/news/articles/1471518/04252003/oconnor_sinead.jhtml. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ harpmagazine.com
- ^ Rubyworks Sinéad O'Connor Live At The Sugar Club DVD. Retrieved on 2 September 2011.
- ^ "O'Connor plans cover release of the classic 'I Don't Know How To Love Him'". Sputnikmusic.com. 21 April 2007. http://www.sputnikmusic.com/news.php?newsid=3246. Retrieved 22 April 2007.
- ^ Ian Brown reveals fifth album details - muse
- ^ Sinead O’Connor Returns With Mary J Blige: This Is To Mother You. Planet Ill (8 January 2010). Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
- ^ Home Truths. The Irish Times(26 August 2011). Retrieved on 2 September 2011.
- ^ News page O'Connor web site
- ^ "Sinéad's feelin' good just like Aretha" October 29, 2011, Independent
- ^ http://www.nme.com/news/sinead-oconnor/63418
- ^ a b c Tapper, Jake (12 October 2002). "Sinéad was right". Arts & Entertainment (Salon.com). http://archive.salon.com/ent/feature/2002/10/12/sinead/index_np.html. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ "Simulating Sinéad O'Connor— Sinéad O'Connor Rips It Up". Vol. 33 (NOT BORED!): pp. ISSN 1084-7340. 2001-10. http://www.notbored.org/sinead.html. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ a b c "Saturday Night Live Backstage". 2011-02-20. NBC.
- ^ a b "Sinead calls still coming in". Spartanburg Herald-Journal. 6 October 1992. pp. A2. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OjkfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=A88EAAAAIBAJ&dq=sinead-o-connor%20saturday-night-live%20pope&pg=5336%2C1491113. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ "Singer rips pope, shocks audience". The Spokesman-Review. 5 October 1992. pp. A4. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jlxWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HvADAAAAIBAJ&dq=sinead-o-connor%20saturday-night-live%20pope&pg=3641%2C4197661. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ a b c Hinckley, David (14 March 2005). "SENTIMENTS OF THE MOMENT. THE WORLD ACCORDING TO SINEAD O'CONNOR, 1992". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2005/03/14/2005-03-14_sentiments_of_the_moment__th.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ "O'Connor draws criticism, pity". Associated Press. 6 October 1992. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1SsbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=KkgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=sinead-o-connor%20saturday-night-live%20pope&pg=6761%2C1191830. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
- ^ Brozan, Nadine (12 October 1992). "nytimes.com". New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D6113DF931A25753C1A964958260. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "Salon.com". Dir.salon.com. http://dir.salon.com/story/ent/feature/2002/10/12/sinead/index.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ "Breaking News - TV Guide Network's "25 Biggest TV Blunders" Special Delivers 3.3 Million Viewers". thefutoncritic.com. 2 March 2010. http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20100302tvguide01. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- ^ Hewitt, Bill (26 April 1993). "Courting Trouble - Crime & Courts, Amy Fisher, Joey Buttafuoco". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20110255,00.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^ a b Pareles, Jon (1 November 1992). "POP VIEW; Why Sinead O'Connor Hit a Nerve". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/01/arts/pop-view-why-sinead-o-connor-hit-a-nerve.html.
- ^ SPIN - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
- ^ SPIN - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
- ^ Ian Inglis. Performance and Popular Music: History Place and Time. ch. 15: The Booing of Sinéad O'Connor: Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary Concert, Madison Square Garden, New York, 16 October 1992 by Emma Mayhew
- ^ Mapes, Jillian; Jason Lipshutz (26 March 2011). "20 Memorable Musician Meltdowns". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. p. 5. http://www.billboard.com/features/20-memorable-musician-meltdowns-1005094262.story?page=5. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ Kris Kristofferson, Sinéad O'Connor, Miriam O'Callaghan (12 August 2010). Kris Kristofferson on his special relationship with Sinéad O'Connor. RTÉ. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8B_J-Bd0iE. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ "Sinead O'Connor's 5 Most Memorable Moments (Video)". The Hollywood Reporter. Yahoo! TV. 11 August 2011. http://tv.yahoo.com/news/sinead-oconnors-5-most-memorable-moments-video-180502888.html. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ Sinead O'Connor - Bob Dylan Tribute (1992). YouTube. 16 October 1992. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ExY8IPx454. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
- ^ 'All night long', Radio Times, 15 March 2003
- ^ The Evening Standard, 25 January 1995
- ^ 'Baroness goes back to the twilight zone', The Sunday Times, 23 February 2003 [1]
- ^ Barkham, Patrick (20 February 2007). "The Bald Truth". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/feb/20/gender.music. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
- ^ "Sinéad O'Connor marries for third time". RTÉ ten (RTÉ). 23 July 2010. http://www.rte.ie/ten/2010/0723/oconnors.html. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
- ^ "It's third time unlucky for Sinead as she ends marriage". Irish Independent. 11 April 2011. http://www.independent.ie/lifestyle/independent-woman/celebrity-news-gossip/its-third-time-unlucky-for-sinead-as-she-ends-marriage-2619391.html. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
- ^ "Sinead O’Connor’s third marriage breaks up". 14 April 2011. http://www.irishcentral.com/ent/Sinead-OConnors-third-marriage-breaks-up--119833684.html. Retrieved 7-12-2011.
- ^ Eriksen, Alanah (9 December 2011). "Fourth time lucky? A girly Sinead O'Connor marries online boyfriend of three months in quickie Vegas wedding Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2071177/Sinead-OConnor-wedding-Singer-marries-online-boyfriend-Barry-Herridge-Las-Vegas.html#ixzz1hjy1HVr7". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2071177/Sinead-OConnor-wedding-Singer-marries-online-boyfriend-Barry-Herridge-Las-Vegas.html. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
- ^ "Sinéad O'Connor official website". 26 December 2011. http://sineadoconnor.com/. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
- ^ Nothing compares to you after all: Sinead O’Connor reunites with 4th husband of 16 days Irish Independent, 2012-01-04.
- ^ Spent beautiful evening of love making with nine other than husband! Who turned up angelically we decided to be boyfriend and girlfriend Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ guess whohad a mad love making affair with her own husband last night? Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ Yay!!! we decided to be boyfriend and girlfriend again an stay married but we did rush so we gonna return to b friend g friend Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ an be sickenly happy an go counsellin an move in in like a yr like regular people.. but stay married an we all in love an fuck every other Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ motherufcker who dont like it.. so me all happy!! me love me hubby.. he love me... fuck who no like it.. God is good! Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ so sinead got laid!!! Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ yay!!! me husband is a big hairy cave man an came to claim me with his club : ) and now im in cave-land. yay!! we both go panto! Twitter.com, 2012-01-03.
- ^ "Sinéad O'Connor Comes Out in an Exclusive Interview With Curve, the Nation's Best-Selling Lesbian Magazine.". PR Newswire. 8 June 2000. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27901349_ITM. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
- ^ "No Title". Ew.com. http://www.ew.com/ew/report/0,6115,1063794-3-4_4. Retrieved 28 September 2011. [dead link]
- ^ Rayner, Ben. "The gospel according to Sinead". Toronto Star. 21 Oct 2007
- ^ a b "O'Connor becomes a 'priest'". Entertainment, (BBC News,). 4 May 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/328709.stm. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ Jesus Is 'Like an Energy' | Music. Christianity Today (7 September 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2010.
- ^ "CNN.com Video". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2010/03/26/ac.sinead.oconnor.intv.cnn?iref=allsearch.
- ^ We must destroy nest of devils in the Vatican, for Christ's sake Sunday Independent, 17 July 2011.
Further reading[link]
- Guterman, Jimmy. Sinéad : Her Life and Music. Warner Books, 1991. ISBN 0-446-39254-5.
- Hayes, Dermott. Sinéad O'Connor: So Different. Omnibus, 1991. ISBN 0-7119-2482-1.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sinéad O'Connor |
- Official site
- Facebook page
- Sinéad O'Connor at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Sinéad O'Connor in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
|
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Oconnor, Sinead |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 8 December 1966 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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