name	Anthony Quayle
birth name	John Anthony Quayle
birth date	September 07, 1913
birth place	Ainsdale, Southport, Lancashire, England
death date	October 20, 1989
death place	London, England
years active	1935-89
occupation	Actor/Theatre director
spouse	Hermione Hannen (1934–41) (divorced)Dorothy Hyson (1947–89) (his death) 3 children }}

Sir John Anthony Quayle, CBE (7 September 1913 – 20 October 1989) was an English actor and director.

Early life

He was born in Ainsdale, Southport in Lancashire to a Manx family.

He was educated at the private Rugby School and trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. After appearing in music hall, he joined the Old Vic in 1932. During the Second World War he was an Army Officer and was made one of the area commanders of the Auxiliary Units. Later he joined the Special Operations Executive and served as a liaison officer with the partisans in Albania (reportedly, his service with the SOE seriously affected him, and he never felt comfortable talking about it). He described his experiences in a fictionalised form in ''Eight Hours from England''. In 1944 he was an aide to the Governor of Gibraltar at the time of the air crash of General Władysław Sikorski's aircraft on 4 July 1943. He fictionalised his Gibraltar experience in his second novel ''On Such a Night'', published by Heinemann.

Career

From 1948 to 1956 he directed at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, and laid the foundations for the creation of the Royal Shakespeare Company. His own Shakespearian roles included Falstaff, Othello, Benedick in ''Much Ado About Nothing,'' Henry VIII and Aaron in ''Titus Andronicus'' opposite Laurence Olivier; he played Mosca in Ben Jonson's ''Volpone''; and he also appeared in contemporary plays. He played the role of Moses in Christopher Fry's play ''The Firstborn'', in a production starring opposite Katharine Cornell. He also made an LP with Cornell, in which he played the role of poet Robert Browning in ''The Barretts of Wimpole Street''.

His first film role was a brief uncredited one as an Italian wigmaker in the 1938 ''Pygmalion'' – subsequent film roles included parts in Alfred Hitchcock's ''The Wrong Man'', Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's ''The Battle of the River Plate'' (both 1956), ''Ice-Cold in Alex'' (1958), ''Tarzan's Greatest Adventure'' (1959), ''The Guns of Navarone'' (1961), ''H.M.S. Defiant'', David Lean's ''Lawrence of Arabia'' (both 1962) and ''The Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1964). He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1969 for his role as Cardinal Wolsey in ''Anne of the Thousand Days''. Often cast as the decent British officer, he drew upon his own wartime experience, bringing a degree of authenticity to the parts notably absent from the performances of some non-combatant stars. One of his best friends from his days at the Old Vic was fellow actor Alec Guinness, who appeared in several films with him. He was also close friends with Jack Hawkins and Jack Gwillim; all four actors appeared in ''Lawrence of Arabia''.

Quayle made his Broadway debut in ''The Country Wife'' in 1936. Thirty-four years later, he won critical acclaim for his starring role in the highly successful Anthony Shaffer play ''Sleuth'', which earned him a Drama Desk Award.

Television appearances include Armchair Theatre: ''The Scent of Fear'' (1959) for ITV, the title role in the 1969 ITC drama series ''Strange Report'' and as French General Villers in the 1988 miniseries adaptation of ''The Bourne Identity''. Also he narrated the miniseries ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'' in 1970, and the acclaimed aviation documentary series ''Reaching for the Skies''.

In 1984 he founded Compass Theatre Company which he inaugurated with a tour of ''The Clandestine Marriage'', directing and playing the part of Lord Ogleby. This production had a run at the Albery Theatre, London. With the same company subsequently toured with a number of other plays, including ''Saint Joan'', ''Dandy Dick'' and ''King Lear'' with Quayle in the title role.

Quayle was knighted in 1985 and he died in London from liver cancer in October 1989. He was married twice. His first wife was actress Hermione Hannen (1913–1983) and his widow and second wife was Dorothy Hyson (1914-96), known as "Dot" to family and friends. He and Dorothy had two daughters, Jenny and Rosanna, and a son, Christopher.

Filmography

''Moscow Nights'' (1935)

''Pygmalion'' (1938)

''Hamlet'' (1948)

''Saraband for Dead Lovers'' (1948)

''Oh... Rosalinda!!'' (1955)

''The Battle of the River Plate'' (1956)

''The Wrong Man'' (1956)

''Woman in a Dressing Gown'' (1957)

''No Time for Tears'' (1957)

''The Man Who Wouldn't Talk'' (1958)

''Ice-Cold in Alex'' (1958)

''Serious Charge'' (1959)

''Tarzan's Greatest Adventure'' (1959)

''The Challenge'' (1960)

''The Guns of Navarone'' (1961)

''H.M.S. Defiant'' (1962)

''Lawrence of Arabia'' (1962)

''The Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1964)

''East of Sudan'' (1964)

''Operation Crossbow'' (1965)

''A Study in Terror'' (1965)

''Danger Grows Wild'' (1966)

''Incompreso'' (1966)

''Island Unknown'' (1969)

''Mackenna's Gold'' (1969)

''Before Winter Comes'' (1969)

''Anne of the Thousand Days'' (1969)

''Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)'' (1972)

''Bequest to the Nation'' (1973)

''The Tamarind Seed'' (1974)

''Moses the Lawgiver'' (1974)

''The Eagle Has Landed'' (1976)

''Holocaust 2000'' (1977)

''Murder by Decree'' (1979)

''La leggenda del santo bevitore'' (1988)

''Buster'' (1988)

''Magdalene'' (1989)

''King of the Wind'' (1989)

References

Further reading

Information on Quayle's war experience taken from Howarth was an early member of SOE's HQ.

''The Wildest Province: SOE in the Land of the Eagle'' (2008), by Roderick Bailey, London: Cape.

External links

Performances listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol

Anthony Quayle as director listed in Theatre Archive University of Bristol

Category:1913 births Category:1989 deaths Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Category:Emmy Award winners Category:English film actors Category:English stage actors Category:English television actors Category:English voice actors Category:Deaths from liver cancer Category:Special Operations Executive personnel Category:People from Southport Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Actors awarded British knighthoods Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Shakespearean actors Category:Royal Artillery officers Category:British Army personnel of World War II Category:Cancer deaths in England Category:Old Rugbeians Category:English people of Manx descent

ca:Anthony Quayle de:Anthony Quayle el:Άντονυ Κουέιλ es:Anthony Quayle fr:Anthony Quayle it:Anthony Quayle pl:Anthony Quayle pt:Anthony Quayle ro:Anthony Quayle fi:Anthony Quayle sv:Anthony Quayle tl:Anthony Quayle

Name	T. E. Lawrence
Birth place	Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales
Death place	Bovington Camp, Dorset, England
Nickname	Lawrence of Arabia, El Aurens
Allegiance	United Kingdom Hashemite Arabs
Branch
Serviceyears	1914–181923–35
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel and Aircraftman
Battles	First World War Arab Revolt Siege of Medina Battle of Fwelia Battle of Aba el Lissan Battle of Aqaba Battle of Talifeh Battle of Deraa Capture of Damascus Battle of Megiddo
Awards	Companion of the Order of the BathDistinguished Service OrderChevalier de la Légion d'HonneurCroix de guerre
Laterwork	}}

Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), known professionally as T. E. Lawrence, was a British Army officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18. The extraordinary breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title which was used for the 1962 film based on his First World War activities.

Lawrence was born illegitimately in Tremadog, Wales in August 1888 to Sir Thomas Chapman and Sarah Junner, a governess, who was herself illegitimate. Chapman left his wife to live with Sarah Junner, and they called themselves Mr and Mrs Lawrence. In the summer of 1896 the Lawrences moved to Oxford, where from 1907 to 1910 young Lawrence studied history at Jesus College, graduating with First Class Honours. He became a practising archaeologist in the Middle East, working with David George Hogarth and Leonard Woolley on various excavations. In January 1914, before the outbreak of the First World War, Lawrence was co-opted by the British military to undertake a military survey of the Negev Desert while doing archaeological research.

Lawrence's public image was due in part to American journalist Lowell Thomas' sensationalised reportage of the revolt as well as to Lawrence's autobiographical account ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (1922).

Early life

Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire (now Gwynedd), Wales, in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father, Thomas Robert Tighe Chapman, who in 1914 inherited the title of seventh Baronet of Westmeath in Ireland, had left his wife Edith for his daughters' governess Sarah Junner. Junner's mother, Elizabeth Junner, had named as Sarah's father a "John Junner - shipwright journeyman", though she had been living as an unmarried servant in the household of a John Lawrence, ship's carpenter, just four months earlier. The couple did not marry but were known as Mr and Mrs Lawrence.

Thomas Chapman and Sarah Junner had five sons born out of wedlock, of whom Thomas Edward was the second eldest. From Wales the family moved to Kirkcudbright in Dumfries and Galloway, then Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. From 1894–96 the family lived at Langley Lodge (now demolished), set in private woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. Mr Lawrence sailed and took the boys to watch yacht racing in the Solent off Lepe beach. By the time they left, the eight-year-old Ned (as Lawrence became known) had developed a taste for the countryside and outdoor activities.

In the summer of 1896 the Lawrences moved to 2 Polstead Road (now marked with a blue plaque) in Oxford, where, until 1921, they lived under the names of Mr and Mrs Lawrence. Lawrence attended the City of Oxford High School for Boys, where one of the four houses was later named ''"Lawrence"'' in his honour; the school closed in 1966. As a schoolboy, one of his favourite pastimes was to cycle to country churches and make brass rubbings. Lawrence and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the Church Lads' Brigade at St Aldate's Church.

Lawrence claimed that in about 1905, he ran away from home and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall, from which he was bought out. No evidence of this can be found in army records.

Middle East archaeology

From 1907 to 1910 Lawrence studied history at Jesus College, Oxford. During the summers of 1907 and 1908, he toured France by bicycle, collecting photographs, drawings and measurements of castles dating from the mediaeval period. In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria, during which he travelled on foot. Lawrence graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis entitled ''The influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture – to the end of the 12th century'' based on his own field research in France, notably in Châlus, and the Middle East. On completing his degree in 1910, Lawrence commenced postgraduate research in mediaeval pottery with a Senior Demy, a form of scholarship, at Magdalen College, Oxford, which he abandoned after he was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist in the Middle East. Lawrence was a polyglot whose published work demonstrates competence in French, Ancient Greek, and Arabic. In December 1910 he sailed for Beirut, and on arrival went to Jbail (Byblos), where he studied Arabic. He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near Jerablus in northern Syria, where he worked under D. G. Hogarth and R. Campbell-Thompson of the British Museum. He would later state that everything that he had accomplished, he owed to Hogarth. As the site lay near an important crossing on the Baghdad Railway, knowledge gathered there was of considerable importance to the military. While excavating ancient Mesopotamian sites, Lawrence met Gertrude Bell, who was to influence him during his time in the Middle East.

In late 1911, Lawrence returned to England for a brief sojourn. By November he was en route to Beirut for a second season at Carchemish, where he was to work with Leonard Woolley. Prior to resuming work there, however, he briefly worked with Flinders Petrie at Kafr Ammar in Egypt.

Lawrence continued making trips to the Middle East as a field archaeologist until the outbreak of the First World War. In January 1914, Woolley and Lawrence were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the Negev Desert. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the "Wilderness of Zin"; along the way, they undertook an archaeological survey of the Negev Desert. The Negev was of strategic importance, as it would have to be crossed by any Ottoman army attacking Egypt in the event of war. Woolley and Lawrence subsequently published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings, but a more important result was an updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. Lawrence also visited Aqaba and Petra.

From March to May 1914, Lawrence worked again at Carchemish. Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, on the advice of S.F. Newcombe, Lawrence did not immediately enlist in the British Army; he held back until October, when he was commissioned on the General List.

Arab revolt

At the outbreak of the First World War Lawrence was a university post-graduate researcher who had for years travelled extensively within the Ottoman Empire provinces of the Levant (Transjordan and Palestine) and Mesopotamia (Syria and Iraq) under his own name. As such he became known to the Turkish Interior Ministry authorities and their German technical advisors. Lawrence came into contact with the Ottoman–German technical advisers, travelling over the German-designed, -built, and -financed railways during the course of his researches.

Even if Lawrence had not volunteered, the British would probably have recruited him for his first-hand knowledge of Syria, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. He was eventually posted to Cairo on the Intelligence Staff of the GOC Middle East.

Contrary to later myth, it was neither Lawrence nor the Army that conceived a campaign of internal insurgency against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, but rather the Arab Bureau of Britain's Foreign Office. The Arab Bureau had long felt it likely that a campaign instigated and financed by outside powers, supporting the breakaway-minded tribes and regional challengers to the Turkish government's centralised rule of their empire, would pay great dividends in the diversion of effort that would be needed to meet such a challenge. The Arab Bureau had recognised the strategic value of what is today called the "asymmetry" of such conflict. The Ottoman authorities would have to devote from a hundred to a thousand times the resources to contain the threat of such an internal rebellion compared to the Allies' cost of sponsoring it.

At that point in the Foreign Office's thinking they were not considering the region as candidate territories for incorporation in the British Empire, but only as an extension of the range of British Imperial influence, and the weakening and destruction of a German ally, the Ottoman Empire.

During the war, Lawrence fought with Arab irregular troops under the command of Emir Faisal, a son of Sherif Hussein of Mecca, in extended guerrilla operations against the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. He persuaded the Arabs not to make a frontal assault on the Ottoman stronghold in Medina but allowed the Turkish army to tie up troops in the city garrison. The Arabs were then free to direct most of their attention to the Turks' weak point, the Hejaz railway that supplied the garrison. This vastly expanded the battlefield and tied up even more Ottoman troops, who were then forced to protect the railway and repair the constant damage.

Capture of Aqaba

In 1917, Lawrence arranged a joint action with the Arab irregulars and forces under Auda Abu Tayi (until then in the employ of the Ottomans) against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba. On 6 July, after a surprise overland attack, Aqaba fell to Lawrence and the Arab forces. After Aqaba, Lawrence was promoted to major. Fortunately for Lawrence, the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, General Sir Edmund Allenby, agreed to his strategy for the revolt, stating after the war:

''"I gave him a free hand. His cooperation was marked by the utmost loyalty, and I never had anything but praise for his work, which, indeed, was invaluable throughout the campaign."''

Lawrence now held a powerful position, as an adviser to Faisal and a person who had Allenby's confidence.

Fall of Damascus

The following year, Lawrence was involved in the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1918. In newly liberated Damascus—which he had envisaged as the capital of an Arab state—Lawrence was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal. Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the battle of Maysaloun, when the French Forces of General Gouraud under the command of General Mariano Goybet, entered Damascus, breaking Lawrence's dream of an independent Arabia.

As was his habit when travelling before the war, Lawrence adopted many local customs and traditions (many photographs show him in the desert wearing white Arab dishdasha and riding camels).

During the closing years of the war he sought, with mixed success, to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work.

In 1918 he co-operated with war correspondent Lowell Thomas for a short period. During this time Thomas and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs, which Thomas used in a highly lucrative film that toured the world after the war.

Postwar years

Immediately after the war, Lawrence worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. He served for much of 1921 as an advisor to Winston Churchill at the Colonial Office.

In August 1919, the American journalist Lowell Thomas launched a colorful photo show in London entitled ''With Allenby in Palestine'' which included a lecture, dancing, and music. Initially, Lawrence played only a supporting role in the show, but when Thomas realized that it was the photos of Lawrence dressed as a Bedouin that had captured the public's imagination, he shot some more photos in London of him in Arab dress. His seventh motorcycle is on display at the Imperial War Museum. Among the books Lawrence is known to have carried with him on his military campaigns is Thomas Malory's ''Morte D'Arthur''. Accounts of the 1934 discovery of the Winchester Manuscript of the ''Morte'' include a report that Lawrence followed Eugene Vinaver—a Malory scholar—by motorcycle from Manchester to Winchester upon reading of the discovery in ''The Times''.

Death

At the age of 46, two months after leaving the service, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset, close to his cottage, Clouds Hill, near Wareham. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935. The spot is marked by a small memorial at the side of the road.

The circumstances of Lawrence's death had far-reaching consequences. One of the doctors attending him was the neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns. He was profoundly affected by the incident, and consequently began a long study of what he saw as the unnecessary loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists.

Moreton Estate, which borders Bovington Camp, was owned by family cousins, the Frampton family. Lawrence had rented and later bought Clouds Hill from the Framptons. He had been a frequent visitor to their home, Okers Wood House, and had for years corresponded with Louisa Frampton. On Lawrence's death, his mother arranged with the Framptons for him to be buried in their family plot at Moreton Church. His coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier. Mourners included Winston and Clementine Churchill and Lawrence's youngest brother, Arnold.

A bust of Lawrence was placed in the crypt at St Paul's Cathedral and a stone effigy by Eric Kennington remains in the Anglo-Saxon church of St Martin, Wareham.

Writings

Throughout his life, Lawrence was a prolific writer. A large portion of his output was epistolary; he often sent several letters a day. Several collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including George Bernard Shaw, Edward Elgar, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, Noël Coward, E. M. Forster, Siegfried Sassoon, John Buchan, Augustus John and Henry Williamson. He met Joseph Conrad and commented perceptively on his works. The many letters that he sent to Shaw's wife, Charlotte, offer a revealing side of his character.

In his lifetime, Lawrence published four major texts. Two were translations: Homer's ''Odyssey'', and ''The Forest Giant'' — the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction. He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first.

''Seven Pillars of Wisdom''

Lawrence's major work is ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', an account of his war experiences. In 1919 he had been elected to a seven-year research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, providing him with support while he worked on the book. In addition to being a memoir of his experiences during the war, certain parts also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. Lawrence re-wrote ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' three times; once "blind" after he lost the manuscript while changing trains at Reading railway station.

The list of his alleged "embellishments" in ''Seven Pillars'' is long, though many such allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's authorised biography. However Lawrence's own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the Sinai Peninsula from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping which Lawrence omitted when he wrote his book.

Lawrence acknowledged having been helped in the editing of the book by George Bernard Shaw. In the preface to ''Seven Pillars'', Lawrence offered his "thanks to Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Shaw for countless suggestions of great value and diversity: and for all the present semicolons."

The first public edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by Roy Manning Pike and Herbert John Hodgson, with illustrations by Eric Kennington, Augustus John, Paul Nash, Blair Hughes-Stanton and his wife Gertrude Hermes. Lawrence was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs. This left Lawrence in substantial debt.

''Revolt in the Desert''

''Revolt in the Desert'' was an abridged version of ''Seven Pillars'', which he began in 1926 and was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions. He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to ''Seven Pillars'' who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from ''Seven Pillars'' was paid off. As Lawrence left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of ''Revolt in the Desert''. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if ''Revolt'' turned out a best seller."

The resultant trust paid off the debt, and Lawrence then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgment in the UK. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income. The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the RAF Benevolent Fund.

Posthumous

Lawrence left unpublished ''The Mint'', a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force. For this, he worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself: the Royal Air Force. The book is stylistically very different from ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in ''Seven Pillars''. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother, Professor A. W. Lawrence.

After Lawrence's death, A. W. Lawrence inherited all Lawrence's estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the U.S. copyright of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' (subscribers' text) outright to Doubleday Doran in 1935. Doubleday still controls publication rights of this version of the text of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' in the USA. In 1936 Prof. Lawrence split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the nation via the National Trust, and then set up two trusts to control interests in T. E. Lawrence's residual copyrights. To the original Seven Pillars Trust, Prof. Lawrence assigned the copyright in ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'', as a result of which it was given its first general publication. To the Letters and Symposium Trust, he assigned the copyright in ''The Mint'' and all Lawrence's letters, which were subsequently edited and published in the book ''T. E. Lawrence by his Friends'' (edited by A. W. Lawrence, London, Jonathan Cape, 1937).

A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent Fund or for archaeological, environmental, or academic projects. The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986 and, on the death of Prof. A. W. Lawrence, the unified trust also acquired all the remaining rights to Lawrence's works that it had not owned, plus rights to all of Prof. Lawrence's works.

Bibliography

''Seven Pillars of Wisdom,'' an account of Lawrence's part in the Arab Revolt. (ISBN 0-8488-0562-3)

''Revolt in the Desert,'' an abridged version of ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom.'' (ISBN 1-56619-275-7)

''The Mint,'' an account of Lawrence's service in the Royal Air Force. (ISBN 0-393-00196-2)

''Crusader Castles'', Lawrence's Oxford thesis. London: Michael Haag 1986 (ISBN 0-902743-53-8). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the Golden Cockerel Press, in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 editions.

''The Odyssey of Homer,'' Lawrence's translation from the Greek. (ISBN 0-19-506818-1)

''The Forest Giant,'' by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, Lawrence's translation from the French, 1924.

''The Letters of T. E. Lawrence,'' selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 (ISBN 0-460-04733-7)

''The Letters of T. E. Lawrence,'' edited by David Garnett. (ISBN 0-88355-856-4)

Jeremy Wilson, ''T. E. Lawrence. Letters''. (See Prospectus )

''Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets'', edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. Lawrence's commonplace book includes an introduction by Jeremy Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected Lawrence's life and thoughts.

Vision of Middle East

A map of the Middle East that belonged to Lawrence has been put on exhibition at the Imperial War Museum in London. It was drafted by him and presented to Britain's War Cabinet in November 1918.

The map provides an alternative to present-day borders in the region, apparently partly designed with the intention to marginalise the post-war role of France in the region by limiting its direct colonial control to today's Lebanon. It includes a separate state for the Armenians, a separate state of Palestine, and groups the people of present-day Syria, Jordan and parts of Saudi Arabia in another state, based on tribal patterns and commercial routes.

Sexuality

Lawrence's biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length, and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.

There is no reliable evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between Lawrence and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was asexual, and Lawrence himself specifically denied, in multiple private letters, any personal experience of sex. While there were suggestions that Lawrence had been intimate with Dahoum, who worked with Lawrence at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish, and fellow-serviceman R.A.M. Guy, his biographers and contemporaries have found them unconvincing.

The dedication to his book ''Seven Pillars'' is a poem entitled "To S.A." which opens: : I loved you, so I drew these tides of men into my handsand wrote my will across the sky in starsTo earn you Freedom, the seven-pillared worthy house,that your eyes might be shining for meWhen we came.

Lawrence was never specific about the identity of "S.A." There are many theories which argue in favour of individual men, women, and the Arab nation. The most popular is that S.A. represents (at least in part) his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who apparently died of typhus prior to 1918.

Although Lawrence lived in a period during which official opposition to homosexuality was strong, his writing on the subject was tolerant. In ''Seven Pillars'', when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war, he refers on one occasion to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" and on another to "friends quivering together in the yielding sand with intimate hot limbs in supreme embrace". In a letter to Charlotte Shaw he wrote "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."

In both ''Seven Pillars'' and a 1919 letter to a military colleague, Lawrence describes an episode in November 1917 in which, while reconnoitring Dera'a in disguise, he was captured by the Turkish military, heavily beaten, and sexually abused by the local Bey and his guardsmen. The precise nature of the sexual contact is not specified. Although there is no independent evidence, the multiple consistent reports, and the absence of evidence for outright invention in Lawrence's works, make the account believable to his biographers. At least three of Lawrence's biographers (Malcolm Brown, John Mack, and Jeremy Wilson) have argued this episode had strong psychological effects on Lawrence which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life.

There is considerable evidence that Lawrence was a masochist. In his description of the Dera'a beating, Lawrence wrote "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me", and also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing. In later life, Lawrence arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him, and to be subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina. While John Bruce, who first wrote on this topic, included some other claims which were not credible, Lawrence's biographers regard the beatings as established fact.

Illegitimacy

Lawrence's biographer Flora Armitage writes about his and his brothers' illegitimacy: "The effect on [T.E.] Lawrence of this discovery was profound; it added to the romantic urge for heroic conduct—the dream of the Sangreal—the seed of ambition, the desire for honor and distinction: the redemption of the blood from its taint."

Another biographer, John E. Mack, elaborates on this theme:

{{blockquote|Part of his creativity and originality lies in his "irregularity," in his capacity to remain outside conventional ways of thinking, a tendency which I believe derives, at least in part, from his illegitimacy. Lawrence's capacity for invention and his ability to see unusual or humorous relationships in familiar situations come also, I believe, from his illegitimacy. He was not limited to established or "legitimate" solutions or ways of doing things, and thus his mind was open to a wider range of possibilities and opportunities.

[At the same time] Lawrence's illegitimacy had important social consequences and placed limitations upon him, which rankled him deeply and preyed on his mind. Certain schools and social opportunities were not available; he was excluded from some social groups and may have been considered a liability for a number of professional posts, especially in government circles. At times he felt socially isolated when erstwhile friends shunned him upon learning of his background. Lawrence's delight in making fun of regular officers and other segments of "regular" society... derived, one suspects, at least in part from his inner view of his own irregular situation. His fickleness about names for himself is directly related, of course, to his view of his parents and to his identification with them.}}

Awards

Lawrence was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the French Légion d'Honneur, though in October 1918 he refused to be made a Knight Commander of the British Empire.

Portrayals

;Film Lawrence was portrayed by Peter O'Toole in the 1962 film ''Lawrence of Arabia''.

;Television

He was portrayed by Judson Scott in the 1982 TV series ''Voyagers!''

Ralph Fiennes portrayed Lawrence in the 1990 made-for-TV movie ''A Dangerous Man: Lawrence after Arabia''.

Joseph A. Bennett and Douglas Henshall portrayed him in the 1992 TV series ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles''. In ''Young Indiana Jones'', Lawrence is portrayed as being a life-long friend of the title character.

He was also portrayed in an Arabic series, directed by Thayer Musa, called "Lawrence Al Arab". The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length.

;Theatre Lawrence was the subject of Terence Rattigan's controversial play ''Ross'', which explored Lawrence's alleged homosexuality. ''Ross'' ran in London in 1960–61, starring Alec Guinness, who was an admirer of Lawrence and Gerald Harper as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had originally been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made, although large sections of the play's script can be identified in the 1962 film ''Lawrence of Arabia'', in which Alec Guinness plays Prince Faisal. In January 1986 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth on the opening night of the revival of ''Ross'', Marc Sinden, who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed Lawrence, played by Simon Ward), was introduced to the man that the character of 'Dickinson' was based on. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to Terence Rattigan and years later, the silly devil told him the story".

Alan Bennett's ''Forty Years On'' (1968) includes a satire on Lawrence; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle. "Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken." The section concludes with the headmaster confusing him with D. H. Lawrence.

The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play ''Too True to Be Good'' was inspired by Lawrence. Meek is depicted as thoroughly conversant with the language and lifestyle of tribals. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion.

T. E. Lawrence's first year back at Oxford after the Great War to write his ''Seven Pillars of Wisdom'' was portrayed by Tom Rooney in a play, ''The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion'', written by Canadian playwright Stephen Massicotte (premiered Toronto 2006). The play explores Lawrence's political, physical and psychological reactions to war, and his friendship with poet Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the American premiere in New York City in October 2007; Lawrence was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy.

Lawrence's final years are portrayed in a one-man show by Raymond Sargent, ''The Warrior and the Poet.''

See also

Hashemite

Suleiman Mousa

Kingdom of Iraq

''Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T.E. Lawrence''

Notes

References

Richard Aldington, ''Lawrence of Arabia. A Biographical Enquiry'', London, Collins, 1955.

Flora Armitage, ''The Desert and the Stars: a Biography of Lawrence of Arabia'', illustrated with photographs, New York, Henry Holt and Company, 1955.

Suleiman Mousa, ''T.E. Lawrence: An Arab View'', London, Oxford University Press, 1966.

Malcolm Brown and Julia Cave, '' A Touch of Genius. The Life of T. E. Lawrence'', London, J. M. Brent, 1988.

Malcolm Brown, ''Lawrence of Arabia: the Life, the Legend''. London, Thames & Hudson : [In association with] Imperial War Museum, 2005. ISBN 0500512388

Victoria K. Carchidi, ''Creation Out of the Void: the Making of a Hero, an Epic, a world: T. E. Lawrence'', 1987 diss., U. Pennsylvania, (Ann Arbor, MI University Microfilms International).

Richard Perceval Graves, ''Lawrence of Arabia and His World''

Robert Graves, ''Lawrence and the Arabs'', London, Jonathan Cape, 1927 (published in the USA as ''Lawrence and the Arabian Adventure,'' New York, Doubleday, Doran, 1928).

George Amin Hoffman, ''T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) and the M1911''.

John C. Hulsman, ''To Begin the World over Again: Lawrence of Arabia from Damascus to Baghdad'', New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. ISBN 978-0-230-61742-1

H. Montgomery Hyde, ''Solitary in the Ranks. Lawrence of Arabia as Airman and Private Soldier'', London, Constable, 1977. ISBN 0-09-462070-9

Phillip Knightley and Colin Simpson ''The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia''

John E. Mack, ''A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T. E. Lawrence'', Boston, Little, Brown, 1976, ISBN 0-316-54232-6.

Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, ''Kingmakers: the Invention of the Modern Middle East'', New York, London, W.W. Norton, 2008, ISBN 978-0-393-06199-4.

Anthony Nutting, ''Lawrence of Arabia: The Man and the Motive'', London, Hollis & Carter, 1961.

Victoria Ocampo, ''338171 T. E. (Lawrence of Arabia)'', 1963.

Harold Orlans, ''T. E. Lawrence: Biography of a Broken Hero'', Jefferson, North Carolina, and London, McFarland, 2002, ISBN 0-7864-1307-7.

Guy Penaud, ''Le Tour de France de Lawrence d'Arabie (1908)'', Editions de La Lauze (Périgueux, France), 336 pages, 2007/2008, ISBN 978-2-35249-024-1.

François Sarindar, ''Lawrence d'Arabie. Thomas Edward, cet inconnu'', collection Comprendre le Moyen-Orient, L'Harmattan (Paris, France), 334 pages, 2010, ISBN 978-2-296-11677-1.

Andrew R.B.Simpson, ''Another Life: Lawrence after Arabia'', The History Press, 366 pages, 2008, ISBN 978-1-86227-464-8.

Charles M. Stang, editor, ''The Waking Dream of T. E. Lawrence: Essays on His Life, Literature, and Legacy'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Desmond Stewart, ''T. E. Lawrence'', New York, Harper & Row Publishers, 1977

Lowell Thomas, ''With Lawrence in Arabia'', 1924

Jeremy Wilson, ''Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T.E. Lawrence'', 1989, ISBN 0-689-11934-8.

''Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World,'' directed by James Hawes. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)

''T. E. Lawrence by His Friends ,'' insights about Lawrence by those who knew him. Doubleday Doran, (1937). Republished 1967

External links

T. E. Lawrence Studies, maintained by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson

The T. E. Lawrence Society

Works by T. E. Lawrence

T.E. Lawrence's Collection at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center

The Guardian May 19, 1935 - The death of Lawrence of Arabia

The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero

“Creating History: Lowell Thomas and Lawrence of Arabia” online history exhibit at Clio Visualizing History.

T. E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia article by O'Brien Browne

Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff

T.E. Lawrence and Clouds Hill by Westrow Cooper in www.theglobaldispatches.com

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ar:توماس إدوارد لورنس bn:টমাস এডওয়ার্ড লরেন্স be:Томас Эдвард Лоўрэнс be-x-old:Томас Эдўард Лоўрэнз br:Thomas Edward Lawrence bg:Томас Лорънс ca:T. E. Lawrence cs:Thomas Edward Lawrence cy:Lawrence o Arabia da:Lawrence of Arabia de:T. E. Lawrence el:Τόμας Έντουαρντ Λόρενς es:Thomas Edward Lawrence eu:T. E. Lawrence fa:توماس ادوارد لورنس fr:Thomas Edward Lawrence ga:T. E. Lawrence ko:토머스 에드워드 로런스 id:Thomas Edward Lawrence it:Thomas Edward Lawrence he:לורנס איש ערב la:Thomas Eduardus Lawrence lt:Tomas Edvardas Lorensas hu:Thomas Edward Lawrence nl:Thomas Edward Lawrence ja:トーマス・エドワード・ロレンス no:Thomas Edward Lawrence pnb:ٹی ای لارنس pms:Thomas Edward Lawrence pl:Thomas Edward Lawrence pt:T. E. Lawrence ro:T. E. Lawrence ru:Лоуренс, Томас Эдвард sd:لارنس آف عربيه sl:Thomas Edward Lawrence fi:T. E. Lawrence sv:Lawrence av Arabien ta:டி. ஈ. லாரன்சு tr:Thomas Edward Lawrence uk:Томас Едвард Лоуренс ur:تھامس لارنس vi:T. E. Lawrence zh:托马斯·爱德华·劳伦斯

name	Jayne Mansfield
birth name	Vera Jayne Palmer
birth date	April 19, 1933
birth place	Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, United States
death date	June 29, 1967
death place	Slidell, Louisiana, United States
occupation	Actress, singer, model
years active	1954–1967
spouse
children	Jayne Marie Mansfield (b. 1950)Miklós "Mickey" Hargitay, Jr. (b. 1958)Zolton Hargitay (b. 1960)Mariska Hargitay (b. 1964)Antonio "Tony" Cimber (b. 1966) }}

Jayne Mansfield (April 19, 1933June 29, 1967) was an American actress working both on Broadway and in Hollywood. One of the leading blonde sex symbols of the 1950s, Mansfield starred in several popular Hollywood films that emphasized her platinum-blonde hair, hourglass figure and cleavage-revealing costumes.

While Mansfield's film career was short-lived, she had several box office successes. She won the Theatre World Award, a Golden Globe and a Golden Laurel.

Mansfield's well-remembered for her starring roles (as a blonde stereotype) in three 20th Century Fox films: ''The Girl Can't Help It'' (1956); ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' (1957); and, ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'' (1958); however, ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' was the most successful of the three, fore, Mansfield starred in the play and the film version; therefore, this film is better known.

As the demand for blonde bombshells declined in the 1960s, Mansfield was relegated to low-budget film melodramas and comedies, but remained a popular celebrity. Her most noted film in the '60s was the romantic-comedy, ''Promises! Promises!'' (1963), in which she appeared nude in four scenes.

In her later career she continued to attract large crowds in foreign countries and in lucrative and successful nightclub tours. Mansfield had been a ''Playboy'' Playmate of the Month and appeared in the magazine several additional times. She died in an automobile accident at age 34.

Early life

name	Jayne Mansfield
issue	February 1955
bust
waist
hips
height	(5ft 8in according to her autopsy)
preceded	Bettie Page
succeeded	óMarilyn Waltz }}

Jayne Mansfield was the only child of Herbert William and Vera (née Jeffrey) Palmer. Her birthname was Vera Jayne Palmer. A natural brunette, she was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, but spent her early childhood in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. She was of Cornish, German and English ancestry. Her parents came from Pen Argyl where an estimated eight out of ten people bear Cornish slate mining forebears. When she was three years old, her father, a lawyer who was in practice with future New Jersey governor Robert B. Meyner, died of a heart attack while driving a car with his wife and daughter. After his death, her mother worked as a school teacher. In 1939, when Vera Palmer remarried, the family moved to Dallas, Texas. Mansfield's desire to become an actress developed at an early age. In 1950, Vera Jayne Palmer married Paul Mansfield, thus becoming Jayne Mansfield, and the couple moved to Austin, Texas.

She studied dramatics at the University of Dallas and the University of Texas at Austin, having only attended Highland Park High School until her junior year. Her acting aspirations were temporarily put on hold with the birth of her first child, Jayne Marie Mansfield, on November 8, 1950, when Mansfield was 17. She juggled motherhood and classes at the University of Texas, then spent a year at Camp Gordon, Georgia, while Paul Mansfield served in the United States Army. She entered the Miss California contest, hiding her marital status, and won in the local round before withdrawing. Her husband, Paul Mansfield, hoped the birth of their child would discourage her interest in acting. When it did not, he agreed to move to Los Angeles in late 1954 to help further her career. In 1954, they moved to Los Angeles and she studied dramatics at UCLA. Between a variety of odd jobs, including a stint as a candy vendor at a movie theatre, she attended UCLA during the summer, and then went back to Texas for fall quarter at Southern Methodist University. She posed nude for the February 1955 issue of ''Playboy'', an event that helped to push the magazine's circulation and launch Mansfield's career. In 1964, ''Playboy'' reran that pictorial.

In Dallas, she became a student of actor Baruch Lumet, father of director Sidney Lumet and founder of the Dallas Institute of the Performing Arts. On October 22, 1953, she first appeared on stage in a production of Arthur Miller's ''Death of a Salesman''. Frequent references have been made to Mansfield's very high IQ, which she advertised as 163. She spoke five languages, and was a classically trained pianist and violinist. Mansfield admitted her public did not care about her brains. "They're more interested in 40-21-35," she said. While attending the University of Texas, she won several beauty contests, with titles that included "Miss Photoflash," "Miss Magnesium Lamp" and "Miss Fire Prevention Week." The only title she ever turned down was "Miss Roquefort Cheese", because she believed it "just didn't sound right." Early in her career, the prominence of her breasts was considered problematic, leading her to be cut from her first professional assignment, an advertising campaign for General Electric, which depicted several young women in bathing suits relaxing around a pool.

Film career

Mid 1950s

Mansfield's first movie role was as a supporting role as Candy Price in, ''Female Jungle'' (1955), a low-budget drama, filmed in just ten days. Jayne's part was filmed in just a few days; she was paid $150 for her performance. ''Female Jungle'' was released in January 1955, by producer, Burt Kaiser. In early 1955, Jayne was noticed by Warner Bros. and signed to a six month contract; Warner wanted Jayne to be the studio's version of Marilyn Monroe, because Monroe was widely popular and made millions of dollars for 20th Century Fox. She was signed by the studio after one of its talent scouts discovered her in a production at the Pasadena Playhouse. Mansfield was then given a bit part in ''Pete Kelly's Blues'' (1955), which starred, and, was directed by Jack Webb. Soon after the film's release, Warner Bros. lent Jayne out to RKO for a small role in ''Underwater!'' (1955), starring Jane Russell. Mansfield was one of the many girls in bikinis by the pool; she was on screen for no more than two seconds.

In 1955, Paul Wendkos offered her the dramatic role of Gladden in ''The Burglar'' (1957), his film adaptation of David Goodis' novel. The film was done in film noir style, and Mansfield appeared alongside Dan Duryea and Martha Vickers. ''The Burglar'' was released two years later, when Mansfield's fame was at its peak. She was successful in this straight dramatic role, though most of her subsequent film appearances would be either comedic in nature or capitalize on her sex appeal.

She made one more movie with Warner Bros., which gave her another small, but important role as Angel O'Hara, opposite Edward G. Robinson, in ''Illegal'' (1955). The film offered another rare serious performance by Mansfield. After leaving Warner Bros., Mansfield made an uncredited cameo appearance in ''Hell on Frisco Bay'' (1955), starring Alan Ladd.

Late 1950s

In 1955, she enjoyed a successful Broadway run acting in ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''. This wild comedy starred Mansfield as Rita Marlowe, a wild blonde Hollywood actress. The play also starred Orson Bean and Walter Matthau. Returning to Hollywood on May 3, 1956, Mansfield signed a six-year contract with 20th Century Fox. Fox had plans to mold Jayne as another Marilyn Monroe, to threaten Monroe when she got out of line. The studio advertised her as "Marilyn Monroe King Sized". She was then given her first starring role as Jerri Jordan in the film production of Frank Tashlin's ''The Girl Can't Help It'' (1956). The film features some early performances from Gene Vincent, Eddie Cochran, Fats Domino, The Platters and Little Richard.

Mansfield then played a dramatic role in ''The Wayward Bus'' in 1957. In this film, she attempted to move away from her "dumb blonde" image and establish herself as a serious actress. This film was adapted from John Steinbeck's novel, and the cast included Dan Dailey and Joan Collins. The film enjoyed reasonable success at the box office. She won a Golden Globe in 1957 for New Star Of The Year – Actress, beating Carroll Baker and Natalie Wood, for her performance as a "wistful derelict" in ''The Wayward Bus''. It was "generally conceded to have been her best acting", according to ''The New York Times'', in a fitful career hampered by her flamboyant image, distinctive voice ("a soft-voiced coo punctuated with squeals"), voluptuous figure, and limited acting range. Mansfield reprised her role of Rita Marlowe in the 1957 movie version of ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'', co-starring Tony Randall and Joan Blondell. ''The Girl Can't Help It'' and ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' were popular successes in their day and are considered classics. ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' is known as Mansfield's "signature film", because Jayne starred in both the play and film version.

Mansfield's fourth starring role in a Hollywood film was in ''Kiss Them for Me'' (1957) in which she received prominent billing alongside Cary Grant. However, in the film itself, she is little more than comedy relief while Grant's character shows a preference for a sleek, demure redhead portrayed by fashion model Suzy Parker. ''Kiss Them for Me'' was a box office disappointment and would prove to be her final starring role in a mainstream Hollywood studio film. The movie was described as "vapid" and "ill-advised". It also marked one of the last attempts by 20th Century Fox to publicize her. The continuing publicity around her physical presence failed to sustain her career. Mansfield was then offered a part opposite James Stewart and Jack Lemmon in ''Bell, Book and Candle'' (1958), but had to turn it down due to pregnancy. Afterward, Mansfield got word that her rival Kim Novak would replace her in the film.

In 1958, Fox gave Mansfield the lead role as Kate opposite Kenneth More in the western spoof ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw''. Despite being filmed in 1958, ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'', was not released in the United States until 1959. ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'' required Jayne to sing three songs; she was not a trained singer, so the studio dubbed Mansfield's voice with singer/actress Connie Francis. When released in the United States, ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'' was a success; it was her last mainstream successful film.

1960s

Despite the publicity and her public popularity, good film roles dried up for Mansfield after 1959. She kept busy in a series of low-budget films, mostly made in Europe. Fox tried to cast Mansfield opposite Paul Newman in his ill-fated first attempt at comedy, ''Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys!'' (1958), but Mansfield's ''Wayward Bus'' co-star Joan Collins was selected instead. In 1959, Fox lent her to appear in two independent gangster thrillers in England: ''The Challenge'', co-starring Anthony Quayle, and ''Too Hot to Handle'', co-starring Christopher Lee. Both films were low-budgeted, and their American releases were delayed; ''Too Hot to Handle'' was released in the US in 1961 as ''Playgirl After Dark'', while ''The Challenge'' would not be seen by American audiences until 1963, under the title ''It Takes a Thief''.

When she returned to Hollywood in mid-1960, 20th Century-Fox cast her in ''It Happened in Athens'' (1962). She received first billing above the title, but only appears in a supporting role. ''It Happened in Athens'' starred a handsome newcomer, Trax Colton, a "unknown" whom Fox was trying to mold into a big star. This Olympic Games-based film was shot in Greece, in the fall of 1960, but was not released until June 1962. It was a box-office flop, and Mansfield's 20th Century-Fox contract was dropped.

In 1961, Jayne signed on to play Lisa Lang in, ''The George Raft Story'', starring Ray Danton as the actor. Jayne accepted the part mainly for the money, and because the film was going to be filmed in Hollywood, rather in Europe. Soon after the release of ''The George Raft Story'', Jayne returned to European films to find work. Over the next few years, Mansfield mainly appeared in low-budgeted foreign films, such as ''Panic Button'', ''Heimweh nach St. Pauli'', ''Einer Frisst den anderen'', and, ''L'Amore Primitivo''.

thumb|left|In ''Promises! Promises!'', the first Hollywood motion picture with sound to feature a mainstream star in the nude In 1963, Tommy Noonan persuaded Mansfield to become the first mainstream American actress to appear nude with a starring role, in the film ''Promises! Promises!''. Photographs of a naked Mansfield on the set were published in the June 1963 issue of ''Playboy'', which resulted in obscenity charges being filed against Hugh Hefner in Chicago municipal court. ''Promises! Promises!'' was banned in Cleveland, but enjoyed box office success elsewhere. As a result of the film's success, Mansfield landed on the Top 10 list of Box Office Attractions for that year. The autobiographical book, ''Jayne Mansfield's Wild, Wild World'', which she co-authored with her husband at the time, Mickey Hargitay, was published right after ''Promises! Promises!'' and contains 32 pages of black-and-white photographs from the film printed on glossy paper.

In 1966, Mansfield was cast opposite Mamie Van Doren and Ferlin Husky in ''The Las Vegas Hillbillys'', a low-budget comedy released by Woolner Brothers. Despite her career setbacks, Mansfield remained a highly visible personality through the early 1960s through her publicity antics and stage performances. In early 1967, Fox cast Mansfield in a cameo appearance in ''A Guide for the Married Man'' a comedy starring Walter Matthau, Robert Morse, and Inger Stevens. Mansfield received seventh billing. For her last film ''Single Room Furnished'', Mansfield acted without makeup and wore black wig to break out of the stereotype. This film was filmed in 1967, but was not released until mid 1968.

Career outside film

Stage work

Mansfield acted on stage as well as in film. In 1955, she went to New York and appeared in a prominent role in the Broadway production of George Axelrod's comedy ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''. The ''New York Times'' described the "commendable abandon" of her scantily clad rendition of Rita Marlowe in the play, "a platinum-pated movie siren with the wavy contours of Marilyn Monroe. In October 1957, Mansfield went on a 16-country tour of Europe for 20th Century Fox. She also appeared in stage productions of ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'' and ''Bus Stop'', which were well reviewed and co-starred Hargitay.

Dissatisfied with her film roles, Mansfield and Hargitay headlined at the Dunes in Las Vegas in an act called ''The House of Love'', for which the actress earned $35,000 a week. It proved to be such a hit that she extended her stay, and 20th Century Fox Records subsequently recorded the show for an album called ''Jayne Mansfield Busts Up Las Vegas'', in 1962. With her film career floundering, she still commanded a salary of $8,000-$25,000 per week for her nightclub act. She traveled all over the world with it. In 1967, the year she died, Mansfield's time was split between nightclub performances and the production of her last film, ''Single Room Furnished'', a low-budget production directed by then-husband Matt Cimber.

Recordings

In addition to singing in English and German in a number of films, in 1964, Mansfield released a novelty album called ''Jayne Mansfield: Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky & Me'', on which she recited Shakespeare's sonnets and poems by Marlowe, Browning, Wordsworth, and others against a background of Tchaikovsky's music. The album cover depicted a bouffant-coiffed Mansfield with lips pursed and breasts barely covered by a fur stole, posing between busts of the Russian composer and the Bard of Avon. ''The New York Times'' described the album as the actress reading "30-odd poems in a husky, urban, baby voice". The paper's reviewer went on to state that "Miss Mansfield is a lady with apparent charms, but reading poetry is not one of them."

Jimi Hendrix played bass and lead guitar for Mansfield in 1965 on two songs, "As The Clouds Drift By" and "Suey", released together on two sides. According to Hendrix historian Steven Roby (''Black Gold: The Lost Archives Of Jimi Hendrix'', Billboard Books) this collaboration happened because they shared the same manager.

Mansfield starred in film ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'' and her character sang three songs on the film: "In The valley Of Love", "Strolling Down The Lane With Billy", and "If The San Francisco Hills Could Only Talk". These were only lip-synced by Mansfield. The singing voice was provided by Connie Francis. Of these three, only "In The Valley Of love" was released on record, albeit only in the United Kingdom and Japan.

Television

Though her acting roles were becoming marginalized, in 1964 Mansfield turned down the role of Ginger Grant in ''Gilligan's Island'', claiming that the role, which eventually was given to Tina Louise, epitomized the stereotype she wished to rid herself of.

Mansfield toured with Bob Hope for the USO. She appeared in numerous television programs, including ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' and ''The Jack Benny Program'' (where she played the violin), ''The Steve Allen Show'', ''Down You Go'', ''The Match Game'' (one rare episode exists with her as a team captain), and ''The Jackie Gleason Show'' (in the mid-1960s when the show was the second highest rated in the US). Mansfield's television roles included appearances in ''Burke's Law'' and ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents''.

On returning from New York to Hollywood, she made several television appearances, including several spots as a featured guest star on game shows. In 1962, Mansfield appeared with Brian Keith in ABC's ''Follow the Sun'' dramatic series in an acclaimed episode entitled "The Dumbest Blonde" in which her character "Scottie" is a beautiful blonde who feels insecure in the high society of her older boyfriend, played by Keith. The plot was based on the film of ''Born Yesterday''.

Recognition

In February 1955, Mansfield was the Playmate of the Month in ''Playboy'', in which she subsequently appeared over 30 times. Although Mansfield was reluctant to appear in the play, she received the Theatre World Award of 1956 for her performance in the Broadway production of George Axelrod's comedy ''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''. Mansfield won a Golden Globe in 1957 for ''New Star Of The Year – Actress'' Mansfield won a Golden Laurel in 1959 for ''Top Female Musical Performance'' for her role in ''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw'', a western spoof directed by Raoul Walsh, although the songs were performed by Connie Francis. In 1963, Mansfield was voted one of the Top 10 Box Office Attractions by an organization of American theater owners for her performance in ''Promises! Promises!'', a film banned in areas around the US. Mansfield has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6328 Hollywood Boulevard.

Personal life

Mansfield was married three times, divorced twice, and had five children. Reportedly she also had affairs and sexual encounters with numerous individuals, including Claude Terrail (the owner of the Paris restaurant La Tour d'Argent), Robert F. Kennedy, John F Kennedy, the Brazilian billionaire Jorge Guinle, and Anton LaVey. She had a brief affair with Jan Cremer, a young Dutch writer who dedicated his 1965 autobiographical novel, ''I, Jan Cremer'', to her. Jan Cremer wrote a large part of his book ''I, Jan Cremer - III'' about their relationship. She also had a well-publicized relationship in 1963 with the singer Nelson Sardelli, whom she said she planned to marry once her divorce from Hargitay was finalized. At the time of her death, Mansfield was accompanied by Sam Brody, her married divorce lawyer and lover at the time.

First marriage

She secretly married Paul Mansfield on January 28, 1950, when she was 16 and he was 21. The couple had a public wedding on May 10, 1950 when Jayne was three months pregnant and were divorced on January 8, 1958. Their only child together, a daughter named Jayne Marie Mansfield, was born in November 1950. Two weeks before her mother's death, Jayne Marie, then 16, accused her mother's boyfriend, Sam Brody, of beating her. The girl's statement to officers of the West Los Angeles police department the following morning implicated her mother in encouraging the abuse, and days later, a juvenile-court judge awarded temporary custody of Jayne Marie to a great-uncle, W.W. Pigue.

Second marriage

When seeing Hargitay for the first time at ''The Mae West Show'', at New York City's Latin Quarter nightclub, Jayne told the waiter asking for her order, "I’ll have a steak and that tall man on the left". The man turned out to be Mickey Hargitay, an actor and bodybuilder who had won the Mr. Universe competition in 1955. When Mansfield and her husband toured for stage shows, she showed a fair amount of skin in the leopard-spot bikini she wore for her stage shows.

Mansfield and Hargitay married on January 13, 1958 at the Wayfarers Chapel in Rancho Palos Verdes, California. The unique glass chapel made public and press viewing of the wedding much easier. Jayne herself wore a transparent wedding gown, adding to the occasion's publicity aspect. The couple divorced in Juarez, Mexico in May 1963. After the divorce, Mansfield discovered she was pregnant. Since being an unwed mother would have killed her career, Mansfield and Hargitay announced they were still married.

After the birth of the child, Mansfield sued for the Juarez divorce to be declared legal and won. The divorce was recognized in the United States on August 26, 1964. She had previously filed for divorce on May 4, 1962, but told reporters, "I'm sure we will make it up." Their acrimonious divorce had the actress accusing Hargitay of kidnapping one of her children to force a more favorable financial settlement. During this marriage she had two children – Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay (born December 21, 1958), Zoltán Anthony Hargitay (born August 1, 1960). A third child Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born January 23, 1964), an actress best known for her role as Olivia Benson in ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'', was born after the actual divorce but before California ruled it valid.

In November 1957 (shortly before her marriage to Hargitay), Mansfield bought a 40-room Mediterranean-style mansion formerly owned by Rudy Vallée at 10100 Sunset Boulevard in Beverly Hills. Mansfield had the house painted pink, with cupids surrounded by pink fluorescent lights, pink furs in the bathrooms, a pink heart-shaped bathtub, and a fountain spurting pink champagne, and then dubbed it the ''Pink Palace''. Hargitay, a plumber and carpenter before getting into bodybuilding, built a pink heart-shaped swimming pool. Mansfield decorated the Pink Palace by writing to furniture and building suppliers requesting free samples. She received over $150,000 worth of free merchandise while paying only $76,000 for the mansion itself (a large sum nonetheless when the average house cost under $7,500 at the time).

Third marriage

Mansfield married Matt Cimber (''alias'' Matteo Ottaviano, né Thomas Vitale Ottaviano) an Italian-born film director on September 24, 1964. The couple separated on July 11, 1965, and filed for divorce on July 20, 1966. Cimber was a director with whom the actress had become involved when he directed her in a widely praised stage production of ''Bus Stop'' in Yonkers, New York, which costarred Hargitay. Cimber took over managing her career during their marriage. With him she had one son, Antonio Raphael Ottaviano (''alias'' Tony Cimber, born October 17, 1965). Work on her last film, ''Single Room Furnished'', was suspended as her marriage to Cimber began to collapse in the wake of Mansfield's alcohol abuse, open infidelities, and her claim to Cimber that she had only ever been happy with her former lover, Nelson Sardelli.

Publicity stunts

Mansfield appeared in about 2,500 newspaper photographs between September 1956 and May 1957, and had about 122,000 lines of newspaper copy written about her during this time. Because of the successful media blitz, Mansfield was a household name. Throughout her career, Mansfield was compared by the media to the reigning sex symbol of the period, Marilyn Monroe. Of this comparison, she said, "I don't know why you people [the press] like to compare me to Marilyn or that girl, what's her name, Kim Novak. Cleavage, of course, helped me a lot to get where I am. I don't know how they got there." Even with her film roles drying up she was widely considered to be Monroe's primary rival in a crowded field of contenders that included Mamie Van Doren (whom Mansfield considered her professional nemesis), Diana Dors, Cleo Moore, Barbara Nichols, Greta Thyssen, Joi Lansing and Sheree North.

In April 1957, her bosom was the feature of a notorious publicity stunt intended to deflect attention from Sophia Loren during a dinner party in the Italian star's honor. Photographs of the encounter were published around the world. The most famous image showed Loren's gaze falling upon the cleavage of the American actress who, sitting between Loren and her dinner companion, Clifton Webb, had leaned over the table, allowing her breasts to spill over her low neckline and exposing one nipple. The image was one of several taken in the same minutes as the image visible left. A similar incident, resulting in the full exposure of both breasts, occurred during a film festival in West Berlin, when Mansfield was wearing a low-cut dress and her second husband, Mickey Hargitay, picked her up so she could bite a bunch of grapes hanging overhead at a party; the movement caused her breasts to erupt out of the dress. The photograph of that episode was a UPI sensation, appearing in newspapers and magazines with the word "censored" hiding the actress's exposed bosom.

The world's media were quick to condemn Mansfield's stunts, and one editorial columnist wrote, "We are amused when Miss Mansfield strains to pull in her stomach to fill out her bikini better. But we get angry when career-seeking women, shady ladies, and certain starlets and actresses ... use every opportunity to display their anatomy unasked." By the late 1950s, Mansfield began to generate a great deal of negative publicity because of her repeated successful attempts to expose her breasts in carefully staged public "accidents".

Mansfield's most celebrated physical attributes would fluctuate in size as a result of her pregnancies and breast feeding five children. Her smallest measurement was 40D (102 cm) (which she was throughout the 1950s), and largest at 46DD (117 cm), when measured by the press in 1967. According to ''Playboy'', her measurement was 40D-21-36 (102-53-91 cm) and her height was 5'6" (1.68 m). According to her autopsy report, she was 5'8" (1.73 m). Her bosom was so much a part of her public persona that talk-show host Jack Paar once welcomed the actress to ''The Tonight Show'' by saying, "Here they are, Jayne Mansfield", a line that was written for Paar by Dick Cavett and became the title of her biography by Raymond Strait.

Death

While in Biloxi, Mississippi, for an engagement at the Gus Stevens Supper Club, Mansfield stayed at the Cabana Courtyard Apartments, which were near the supper club. After a June 28, 1967 evening engagement, Mansfield, Brody, and their driver, Ronnie Harrison, along with the actress's children Miklós, Zoltán, and Mariska, set out in Stevens' 1966 Buick Electra 225 for New Orleans, where Mansfield was to appear in an early morning television interview. Before leaving Biloxi, the party made a stop at the home of Rupert and Edna O'Neal, a family that lived nearby. After a late dinner with the O'Neals, during which the last photographs of Mansfield were taken, the party set out for New Orleans. On June 29 at approximately 2:25 a.m., on U.S. Highway 90, the car crashed into the rear of a tractor-trailer that had slowed because of a truck spraying mosquito fogger. The automobile struck the rear of the trailer and went under it. Riding in the front seat, the adults were killed instantly. The children in the rear survived with minor injuries.

Rumors that Mansfield was decapitated are untrue, though she did suffer severe head trauma. This urban legend was spawned by the appearance in police photographs of a crashed automobile with its top virtually sheared off, and what resembles a blonde-haired head tangled in the car's smashed windshield. It is believed this was either a wig Mansfield was wearing or was her actual hair and scalp. The death certificate stated the immediate cause of Mansfield's death was a "crushed skull with avulsion of cranium and brain." Following her death, the NHTSA began requiring an underride guard, a strong bar made of steel tubing, to be installed on all tractor-trailers. This bar is also known as a Mansfield bar, and on occasions as a DOT bar.

Mansfield's funeral was held on July 3, in Pen Argyl, Pennsylvania. The ceremony was conducted by a Methodist minister, though Mansfield, who long tried to convert to Catholicism, had become interested in Judaism at the end of her life through her relationship with Sam Brody. She is interred in Fairview Cemetery, southeast of Pen Argyl. Her gravestone reads "We Live to Love You More Each Day". A memorial cenotaph, showing an incorrect birth year, was erected in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery, Hollywood, California. The cenotaph was placed by The Jayne Mansfield Fan Club and has the incorrect birth year because Mansfield herself tended to provide incorrect information about her age.

Legacy

Shortly after Mansfield's funeral, Mickey Hargitay sued his former wife's estate for more than $275,000 to support the children, whom he and his third and last wife, Ellen Siano, would raise. Mansfield's youngest child, Tony, was raised by his father, Matt Cimber, whose divorce from the actress was pending when she was killed. In 1968, wrongful-death lawsuits were filed on behalf of Jayne Marie Mansfield and Matt Cimber, the former for $4.8 million and the latter for $2.7 million. The ''Pink Palace'' was sold and its subsequent owners have included Ringo Starr, Cass Elliot, and Engelbert Humperdinck. In 2002, Humperdinck sold it to developers, and the house was demolished in November of that year. Much of her estate is managed by CMG Worldwide, an intellectual property management company.

In 1980, ''The Jayne Mansfield Story'' aired on CBS starring Loni Anderson in the title role and Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mickey Hargitay. It was nominated for three Emmy Awards.

Filmography

! Year	! Movie Title	! Role	! Co-actors	! Director	! Producer	! Notes
	''Female Jungle''	Candy Price	Burt Kaiser, Kathleen Crowley	Bruno VeSota	Burt Kaiser, Kathleen Crowley	Alternative title: ''The Hangover''
1955		Cigarette Girl	Jack Webb, Janet Leigh, Edmond O'Brien, Peggy Lee	Jack Webb	Warner Bros.	Uncredited
1955	''Underwater!''	Girl in Bikini by Pool		John Sturges	RKO	Uncredited
1955		Angel O'Hara	Edward G. Robinson, Nina Foch, Hugh Marlowe		Warner Bros.
1955	''Hell on Frisco Bay''	Mario's dance partner in nightclub	Alan Ladd, Fay Wray	Frank Tuttle	Jaguar Productions	Uncredited
	''The Girl Can't Help It''	Jerri Jordan	Tom Ewell, Edmond O'Brien, Julie London, Ray Anthony	Frank Tashlin	20th Century Fox	Jayne's first starring role; considered a classic.
	''The Burglar''	Gladden	Dan Duryea, Martha Vickers, Peter Capell, Mickey Shaughnessy	Paul Wendkos	Columbia Pictures	Filmed in 1955
1957		Camille Oakes	Joan Collins, Dan Dailey	Victor Vicas	20th Century Fox
1957	''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?''	Rita Marlowe		Frank Tashlin	20th Century Fox	Alternative title: ''Oh! For a Man!'' (UK); considered a classic.Known as Mansfield's "signature film".
1957		Alice Kratzner	Cary Grant, Leif Erickson, Suzy Parker	Stanley Donen	Sol C. Siegel	Mansfield's last starring role in a mainstream Hollywood studio film.
	''The Sheriff of Fractured Jaw''	Kate	Kenneth More, Henry Hull, Bruce Cabot	Raoul Walsh	20th Century Fox	Not released in the United States until 1959.
		Billy	Anthony Quayle, Carl Möhner, Peter Reynolds	John Gilling	Alexandra	Alternative title: ''It Takes a Thief'' (US); not released in the United States until 1963.
1960		Midnight Franklin	Leo Genn, Karlheinz Böhm, Christopher Lee		Wigmore Productions	Alternative title: ''Playgirl After Dark'' (US); not released in the United States until 1961.
	''The Loves of Hercules''	Queen Dianira/ Hippolyta	Mickey Hargitay, Massimo Serato	Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia	Contact Organisation	Alternative titles ''Gli Amori di Ercole'' (Italy), ''Les Amours d'Hercule'' (France), ''Hercules vs. the Hydra'' (TV title); not released to US movie theaters.
1961		Lisa Lang	Ray Danton, Julie London, Barrie Chase	Joseph M. Newman	Allied Artists Pictures	Alternative title: ''Spin of a Coin'' (UK).
	''It Happened in Athens''	Eleni Costa	Trax Colton, Nico Minardos, Bob Mathias	Andrew Marton	20th Century Fox	Filmed in the fall of 1960; in Greece.
	''Heimweh nach St. Pauli''	Evelyne		Werner Jacobs	Rapid Film	Alternative title: ''Homesick for St. Pauli'' (US); never released in the United States.
1963	''Promises! Promises!''	Sandy Brooks	Marie McDonald, Tommy Noonan, Mickey Hargitay	King Donovan	Tommy Noonan-Donald F. Taylor	Aka: ''Promise Her Anything'' (some releases)
	''L'Amore Primitivo''	Dr. Jane	Franco Franchi, Ciccio Ingrassia, Mickey Hargitay	Luigi Scattini	G.L.M.	Alternative title: ''Primitive Love'' (US); not released in the United States until 1966.
1964		Angela	Maurice Chevalier, Eleanor Parker, Mike Connors	George Sherman, Giuliano Carnimeo	Gordon Films	Alternative title: ''Let's Go Bust'' (US), filmed in 1962; in Italy.
1964	''Einer Frisst den anderen''	Darlene/ Mrs. Smithopolis		Richard E. Cunha, Gustav Gavrin	Dubrava Film	Alternative title: ''Dog Eat Dog!'' (US); not released in the United States until 1966.
	''The Fat Spy''	Junior Wellington	Phyllis Diller, Jack E. Leonard	Joseph Cates	Woolner Brothers
1966	''The Las Vegas Hillbillys''	Tawny	Phyllis Diller, Jack E. Leonard, Brian Donlevy	Arthur Pierson	Woolner Brothers	Alternative title: ''Country Music''.
	''A Guide for the Married Man''	Technical Adviser (Girl with Harold)	Walter Matthau, Inger Stevens	Gene Kelly	20th Century Fox	Cameo appearance.
	''Single Room Furnished''	Johnnie/ Mae/ Eileen	Dorothy Keller, Fabian Dean, Billy M. Greene	Matt Cimber	Empire Film Studios	Posthumous release.

Documentaries

! Year	! Title	! Role	! Notes
1956	''Reflets de Cannes''	Herself	TV documentary
1957	''Screen Snapshots: The Walter Winchell Party''	Herself	Documentary short
1958	''Screen Snapshots: Salute to Hollywood''	Herself	Documentary short
1962	''Lykke og krone''	Herself	Feature length
1964	''Cinépanorama''	Herself	TV documentary
1967	''Spree''	Herself	Feature length
1967	''Mondo Hollywood''	Herself	Feature length
1968	''The Wild, Wild World of Jayne Mansfield''	Herself (archive footage)	Feature length

Television work

As an actor

''Sunday Spectacular: The Bachelor'', NBC (July 1956)

''Shower of Stars'', Desilu Productions, Season 3, Episode 4 ("Star Time", January 1957)

''Val Parnell's Sunday Night at the London Palladium'', Associated Television, Season 3, Episode 1 (September 1957)

''The Red Skelton Hour'', CBS, Season 9, Episode 2 ("Clem's General Store", October 1959)

''After Hours'', ABC Weekend Television, Season 2, Episode 13 (December 1959)

''Kraft Mystery Theater'', Season 1, Episode 12 ("The House of Rue Riviera", August 1961)

''Follow the Sun'', 20th Century Fox Television, Season 1, Episode 21 ("The Dumbest Blonde", February 1962)

''Monte Carlo'', 20th Century Fox Television (August 1961)

''The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'', Season 1, Episode 12 ("Hangover", December 1962)

''The Red Skelton Hour'', CBS, Season 11, Episode 1 ("Will Success Spoil Clem Kadiddlehopper?", September 1961)

''The Red Skelton Hour'', CBS, Season 12, Episode 21 ("Advice to the Loveworn", February 1963)

''Amos Burke, Secret Agent'', Four Star Television, Season 1, Episode 26 ("Who Killed Molly?", March 1964)

As herself

''The Bob Hope Show'', Hope Enterprise, Season 17, Episode 4 (''A Bob Hope Comedy Special'', December 1966)

''What's My Line?'', CBS, 4 Episodes; dated: 1956, 1957, 1964, 1966

''The Ed Sullivan Show'' (also named ''Toast of the Town''), CBS, Season 10, Episode 35 (May 1957)

''The Ed Sullivan Show'', CBS, Season 10, Episode 46 (August 1957)

''The Jack Benny Program'', J&M; Productions, Season 7, Episode 8 ("Talent Show", December 1956)

''The Jack Benny Program'', J&M; Productions, Season 14, Episode 9 ("Jack Takes Boat to Hawaii", November 1963)

''The Tonight Show'', NBC, ("The Jack Paar Tonight Show", January 1962)

''The Tonight Show'', NBC, (April 1962)

Discography

Albums

''Jayne Mansfield Busts up Las Vegas'' (20th Century Fox, 1962)

''Shakespeare, Tchaikovsky & Me'' (MGM, 1964)

''I Wanna Be Loved By You'' (Golden Options, 2000)

''Dyed Blondes'' (Recall Records, 2002)

''Too Hot to Handle'' (Blue Moon, France, 2003)

Singles

''That Makes It'' (''The Las Vegas Hillbillys'')

''Too Hot to Handle'' (''Too Hot to Handle'')

''Little Things Mean a Lot''

''As The Clouds Drift By'' (with Jimi Hendrix, A-side) ''Suey'' (with Jimi Hendrix, B-side)

''You Were Made for Me''

''Wo Ist Der Mann'' (''Homesick for St. Pauli'')

''Snicksnack-Snucklchen'' (''Homesick for St. Pauli'')

''I'm in love'' (also known as the ''Lullaby of Love''; ''Promises! Promises!'')

''Promise her anything'' (''Promises! Promises!'')

''It's a Living''

Theater performances

''Death of a Salesman'' (1953)

''Bus Stop'' (1965)

''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'' (1966)

''Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?'' (1955–1956)

''Rabbit Habit'' (1965)

Books

''Jayne Mansfield's Wild, Wild World'' (Holloway House; 1963; co-author: Mickey Hargitay)

See also

List of people in Playboy 1953–1959

List of people in Playboy 1960–1969

References

"Jayne Mansfield: Blonde Ambition", a documentary broadcast on the A&E; Network in 2004.

"Dead Famous: Jayne Mansfield", biography.com

Citation

External links

Online biographies

Biographical timeline at Philadelphia Weekly

JM's Biography at the Biography Channel

JM's Biography at Dreamtime

JM's Biography at Find Articles (from St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture)

JM's bio and other facts at Bombshells

Category:1933 births Category:1967 deaths Category:American film actors Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Road accident deaths in Louisiana Category:New Star of the Year (Actress) Golden Globe winners Category:People from Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania Category:People from Phillipsburg, New Jersey Category:University of Dallas alumni Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Cornish descent Category:American people of German descent Category:Playboy Playmates (1953–1959)

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