- published: 25 Jan 2013
- views: 794822
In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. The implementation of this layer is often termed PHY.
The physical layer consists of the basic networking hardware transmission technologies of a network. It is a fundamental layer underlying the logical data structures of the higher level functions in a network. Due to the plethora of available hardware technologies with widely varying characteristics, this is perhaps the most complex layer in the OSI architecture.
The physical layer defines the means of transmitting raw bits rather than logical data packets over a physical link connecting network nodes. The bit stream may be grouped into code words or symbols and converted to a physical signal that is transmitted over a hardware transmission medium. The physical layer provides an electrical, mechanical, and procedural interface to the transmission medium. The shapes and properties of the electrical connectors, the frequencies to broadcast on, the modulation scheme to use and similar low-level parameters, are specified here.
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER), and native hot-plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I/O virtualization.
The PCI Express electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards, most notably in ExpressCard as a laptop expansion card interface, and in SATA Express as a computer storage interface.
Format specifications are maintained and developed by the PCI-SIG (PCI Special Interest Group), a group of more than 900 companies that also maintain the conventional PCI specifications. PCIe 3.0 is the latest standard for expansion cards that is in production and available on mainstream personal computers.
Layer may refer to:
Physical may refer to:
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PCIe compatibility and performance generates a LOT of confusion. In about 2 minutes we'll tell you everything you need to know!. FORUM LINK: http://linustechtips.com/main/news-reviews-article-guides/linus-videos-news-and-ramblings/47101-temporary-thread-for-tech-quickie-video-suggestions
With Linux starting to be widely used in Automotive and Industrial, an increased number of PCIe RC (host) drivers are being added to the Linux Kernel. Linux provides a comprehensive PCI subsystem to be used by both the RC drivers and the PCI(e) device drivers. In this presentation, Kishon and Vignesh will give an overview of the PCI(e) subsystem using the knowledge acquired during the development of PCIe RC driver for DRA7xx, explaining the overall architecture of the PCI(e) subsystem and the Linux PCI(e) subsystem internals on bus scanning, address space management, power management, message signaled interrupt handling, hotplug support and device tree binding. They will also share their ideas on improving the test infrastructure for PCI(e) in Linux Kernel. Speakers Kishon Vijay Abraham ...
Fun and easy PCIe - How the PCI Express protocol works PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus standard, designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. PCIe has numerous improvements over the older standards, including higher maximum system bus throughput, lower I/O pin count and smaller physical footprint, better performance scaling for bus devices, a more detailed error detection and reporting mechanism (Advanced Error Reporting, AER), and native hot-plug functionality. More recent revisions of the PCIe standard provide hardware support for I/O virtualization. To Learn more check the links down below: Windows 10 Course: https://www.udemy.com/the-complete-windows-10-c-cours...
PCIe lanes have, surprisingly enough, a pretty big impact on CPU prices. So, is there a tangible benefit to purchasing a CPU with more lanes when running, let's say, 4 NVIDIA GTX 980s in SLI? Detailed in-game settings: http://bit.ly/1vHOKpP Sponsor link: http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/221304-corsair-gaming-k70-rgb/ Pricing & discussion: http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/228327-pcie-lanes-pcie-8x-vs-16x-in-sli/ Support us: http://linustechtips.com/main/topic/75969-support-linus-tech-tips-our-affiliates-and-sponsors/ Join our community forum: http://bit.ly/ZkLvE7 https://twitter.com/linustech http://www.facebook.com/LinusTech Intro Screen Music Credit: Adhesive Wombat - Check out his channel here: http://youtube.com/adhesivewombat Outro Screen Music Credit: Approaching Nirvana...
What makes PCIe SSDs better than traditional SATA-based SSDs? Linus explains the benefits of PCIe SSDs. The PCIe bus’s wider bandwidth (1GB/s per lane) can access your system storage faster than SATA 3.0 (600MB /s), which can help increase loading time for programs, decrease boot time, increase overall system responsiveness, smoother previewing of heavy i/o content in real time — and much more. No matter what kind of storage solution you need for your system, HyperX offers SSDs that will fit both your needs and your budget, offering both SATA and PCIe based storage. HyperX Savage SATA SSD reaches speeds of 560MB/s read and 530MB/s write. HyperX Predator PCIe SSD reaches speeds of 1400MB/s read and 1000MB/s write. http://www.kingston.com/hyperx/ssd#shpm2280p2
PCI Express Physical Layer An overview of PCI Express Physical Layer Technology - Part 1: Electrical by John Gulbrandsen, Consultant, June 2016 http://www.SummitSoftConsulting.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EHkuzkNWXFk I will in this presentation explain: The main problems with the legacy PCI bus that prompted the development of the new PCI Express architecture. An overview of the physical layer (hardware aspects) of the PCI Express bus and how it differs from PCI. Future presentations will cover higher protocol layers and the associated software features. Physical Layer Overview PCIe Physical Layer - Slot Connector PCIe Physical Layer – links and lanes PCIe Physical Layer – Differential signaling PCIe Physical Layer – Pre-emphasis PCIe Physical Layer – Data Scrambl...
A short video explaining the basics of how and why you should use PCI Express riser cables on your GPU mining rigs. Hardware used in this video PCI-E 1x -16x USB Riser Cable US - http://amzn.to/2jPGbuj UK - http://amzn.to/2jc9SoD Support the channel Buy anything on Amazon US http://amzn.to/1Ttb8P9 UK http://amzn.to/27P0s71 Tips are appreciated. Here's my Addresses Bitcoin 12v4d15AuopsVzudct7J8LJMm7qH95SxA1 Ethereum 0x5B905114167C80276AD28A997f606C698547fe40
Thanks to LG for sponsoring this video! Check out their Share the Art #LG gram campaign: https://www.lggramevent.com https://youtu.be/6oKU9APBrwI Learn more about LG gram laptops http://www.lg.com/us/laptops/ Can PCIe extensions cause a loss in GPU performance? We investigate!! Tunnelbear sponsor link: Visit https://www.tunnelbear.com/LTT and start your 7-day free trial today! Buy PCIe extensions Amazon: http://geni.us/Ej85Tkv Newegg: http://geni.us/Xu5qQN Discuss on the forum: https://linustechtips.com/main/topic/829258-how-many-pcie-extensions-is-too-many/ Our Affiliates, Referral Programs, and Sponsors: https://linustechtips.com/main/topic/75969-linus-tech-tips-affiliates-referral-programs-and-sponsors Linus Tech Tips merchandise at http://www.designbyhumans.com/shop/LinusTechTips...
This episode of Ask GN talks about how PCIe lanes work, if AIB partner cards make a difference, repasting CPU TIM, and more. Ad: Custom backplates at V1Tech https://goo.gl/n4golv (use code GamersNexus5 for $5 off!) Topics: 01:01 - Im A Jedi Brah: “Am I allowed to ask a question about this image? Given the 28 lane CPU and 24 lanes on the chipset, seems to give you more lanes than x99 40 CPU. I’m curious to see if the grief Intel got was premature.” 7:02 - Jesse Schalken: “Ask GN: I'm choosing a 1080ti for water cooling. Do the better VRMs on AIB parter cards actually make a difference for overclocking or are they just for show? Some say the Founders Edition has ample power capacity others say it doesn't.” 10:09 – rarson: “In the delidding video, der8auer mentioned repasting. This is som...
Nothing can possibli go wrong! Check it out here: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/solid-state-drives/solid-state-drives-750-series.html Twitter - http://twitter.com/JamesTurnerYT Twitch - http://twitch.tv/JamesTurnerYT Instagram - http://instagram.com/JamesTurnerYT Facebook - http://facebook.com/JamesTurnerYT Contact info - http://jamesturner.yt Never miss a video of mine, get a weekly list of every video I post: http://jamesturner.yt/email My Other Channels: http://tss.mn/TheSimSupply (Sims games) http://tss.mn/Flabaliki (Other games) PC Specs & Gear http://jamesturner.yt/#gear Production Music courtesy of Epidemic Sound: http://www.epidemicsound.com
NVME SSDs are a relatively new, fancy form of storage, but does the technology benefit gamers in any way? Come with us on a journey of discovery. Buy SSDs at NCIX.com : Canada: http://www.ncix.com/category/solid-state-drive-ssd-11-1275.htm US: http://www.ncixus.com/products/?minorcatid=1275 See news sources + discuss on our Forums: http://www.ncix.com/article/NMG.htm?url=http://forums.ncix.com/ Social Media: Instagram(NCIX Tech Tips): https://instagram.com/ncixtechtips Twitter (NCIX Tech Tips): https://twitter.com/ncixtechtips Twitter (Official NCIX): https://twitter.com/ncixdotcom/ Instagram(Official NCIX): https://instagram.com/ncixdotcom/ Facebook: https://facebook.com/ncixdotcom/ Twitch: https://www.twitch.tv/ncixofficial Episode Credits: Host: Julia Zhang Writer: Anthony Chow Edi...
Steve Smith talks about PCIE lanes, and why knowing what you need may prevent issues with bandwidth on your new mainboard. Show Notes for this Episode https://tqaweekly.com/se5ep16 Follow Steve Smith (Zed Axis) on Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/zedaxis1981 Twitter : http://www.twitter.com/zedaxis Google+ : https://plus.google.com/+SteveSmith1981 To interact with the show, subscribe to our weekly newsletter, and acquire unique custom gear and apparel, head over to http://tqaweekly.com/ Subscribe to the Weekly TQA Podcast on iTunes 720P Video - http://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/technology-questions-answered/id556426538 MP4 Video - http://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/technology-questions-answered/id405826320 MP3 Audio - http://itunes.apple.com/ca/podcast/technology-questions-answe...
These are the 6 Best PCI-E 1X to 16X USB3.0 Risers for Mining Rigs. These are all version 6 or version 7 PCI-E Risers. All of the Molex and 6Pin powered risers are version 6 and the new Sata powered riser is version 7 (there are no molex or 6Pin version 7 risers, version 7 is specific for the Sata powered riser). You can get them at https://cryptomined.com Get your Ledger Wallet Nano S or Blue here: https://www.ledgerwallet.com/r/c73c Using the store is the best way to support the channel, however if you liked this video and found it helpful, and you would like to leave me a tip please send any amount of coins to any of the following addresses (Thank you): Bitcoin 12hKQ99t9eiLV2D2C6K9bdYntdEVk46o3h Litecoin LTkDdmm9qXHNXpnc1FbnyhWFjqdNR4t4Xt Dogecoin DHGaiFJU442oKVnjnexkvRDwuX7pys...
This was a very loosely conducted test as more of a curiosity. We briefly look at PCI-e 3.0 (Gen3) x16 vs x8 to determine how much impact the lanes have on a single-GPU card. Find the article here: http://www.gamersnexus.net/guides/2488-pci-e-3-x8-vs-x16-performance-impact-on-gpus Like our content? Please consider becoming our Patron to support us: http://www.patreon.com/gamersnexus Help us with your regular Amazon purchases: http://bit.ly/20xUcgz And Newegg! http://bit.ly/T4fEut Host: Steve Burke Video: Andrew Coleman ** Please like, comment, and subscribe for more! ** Follow us in these locations for more gaming and hardware updates: t: http://www.twitter.com/gamersnexus f: http://www.facebook.com/gamersnexus w: http://www.gamersnexus.net/
Get free trial and 10% off at http://SquareSpace.com/NCIX ! We'll get double the speeds of PCIe 3.0 when 4.0 launches in 2017; Bell is launching Gigabit Fibe internet in Toronto; Samsung doubles the capacity of batteries with graphene. Plus, Quick Bits! See news sources + discuss on our Forums: http://forums.ncix.com/forums/?mode=showthread&forum;=222&threadid;=2710235&pagenumber;=0&msgcount;=0&subpage;=1 Follow Us! http://www.ncix.com/article/NMG.htm Episode Credits: Host: Linus Sebastian Writer: Riley Murdock Editor: Riley Murdock
PCIe SSDs promise much faster speeds but come with a higher cost. Find out a SATA or PCIe SSD is the best choice for your next storage drive. Drives Tested: MX100, 512 GB BPX 480, 480 GB WD 5400 rpm HDD, 1 TB Testing Configuration: Windows 10 Build 1607, new install i7-7700K @ 5.0 GHz, 16 GB 2400 MHz RAM, GTX 1070, Asus Z270E Motherboard Entry Level Recommendations: OCZ Trion 150 (SATA)- http://amzn.to/2ldzbf3 Mushkin Reactor (SATA) - http://amzn.to/2ldC0gs Mainstream Recommendations: Samsung 850 EVO (SATA) - http://amzn.to/2lXMmOJ Crucial MX300 (SATA) - http://amzn.to/2mfdSK5 Enthusiast Recommendations: Samsung 850 Pro (SATA) - http://amzn.to/2mf5URa MyDigitalSSD BPX (PCIe, M.2) - http://amzn.to/2mGrsU4 Samsung 960 EVO (PCIe, M.2) - http://amzn.to/2mfj80c Subscribe! http://www....
PCI-Express-Wirrwarr entschlüsselt ▶ http://to.pcgh.de/Ii8Jd PCI-Express bindet auf modernen Mainboards viel mehr an, als nur die Grafikkarte, wie Torsten im Video zeigt. Die Ansprüche von Anwendern und insbesondere die Werbeversprechen von Herstellern gehen hierbei nicht selten über die Fähigkeiten von Chipsatz und CPU hinaus. Wer böse Überraschungen vermeiden will, sollte also vor dem Kauf genau gucken, welche Features wie angebunden werden und wie genutzt werden können - wir zeigen die Grundlagen, die man braucht, um das PCI-Express-Wirrwarr nachzuvollziehen. ▶ Mehr News bei PCGH: http://bit.ly/1cMxRj4 ▶ Channel abonnieren: http://bit.ly/1ly7w2f ▶ Helft uns mit Amazon-Käufen: http://bit.ly/1sVPN6X Für weitere Videos schaut auch mal bei unserem Kanal http://bit.ly/pcghCHANNEL vorbei o...
In Tech Tips number 9, we'll show you how easy it is to install a new video card in your existing system. Enjoy!
Наверное точнее сказать - какая пропускная способность нужна для вашей видеокарты, но думаю что и так всё будет понятно. Приятного просмотра! Использованы ролики с канала LinusTechTips:(http://www.youtube.com/user/LinusTechTips) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFMzRZqFh-w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSfifE2Domo Наша группа Вконтакте: http://vk.com/GoodChoiceShow Twitter: https://twitter.com/GoodChoiceShow Почта: GoodChoiceShow@yandex.ru
Ever wondered what this new M.2 slot is on all the new X99 and Z97 motherboards? It's actually more complicated than you might think. Take a seat, grab some chips, and click this video and we'll let you know. Featured: EVGA X99 Classified Motherboard ADATA SP900 M.2 SSD Buy EVGA X99 Motherboards: Canada: http://search.ncix.com/search/?qcatid=0&q;=evga+x99 US: http://www.ncixus.com/search/?qcatid=0&q;=evga%20x99 Buy ADATA M.2 SSD: Canada: http://search.ncix.com/search/?qcatid=0&q;=adata+m.2 US: http://www.ncixus.com/search/?qcatid=0&q;=adata%20m.2 Sponsor Link: http://www.ncixus.com/search/?categoryid=0&q;=wd+purple Discuss on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/NCIXTechTips/comments/2is02d/what_is_m2_pcie_ssds_explained_ft_adata_sp900_m2/ Discuss on our Forums: http://forums.ncix.com/forum...
[Chorus]: Master P {Choppa}
Them boys on that block holla (ooh ooh)
Them girls that got it hot holla (ooh ooh)
If ya runnin' from them cops holla (ooh ooh)
{Holla...} (ooh ooh) {Holla} (ooh ooh)
[Verse 1]: Master P
Call me trashman cuz I put it up and back
Whodi owe me money I'ma bust his fuckin' ass
I'm allergic to Dr. Pepper, so pass me Dr. Cristale
Hit me on the two-way, whodi, I get wit'cha
Put it on the stove, bake it like a pie
Take it to the hood, slang it 16-5
When niggas snort it boy, they be passin' it to they girls
Wrap it up in Ziploc, back it up and twirl
Send money to the pent. Mac and C be home soon
Bitches start snitchin' I'ma send 'em to the moon
I could sell a hoe a green, front a hustler a lake
I could never fall off, I'm the "Ghetto Bill" Gates
[Chorus]
[Verse 2]: Curren$y
These lil' niggas can't take it anymore
I push through the club iced out, low key with my P. Miller galore
Hoes breakin' down the doors, uhh
Because the 504 Boyz here they can't wait 'til we get on
It's Curren$y the motherfuckin' rookie of the year
This ain't the WNBA, ain't no pussies over here
Yeah, I'm makin' figures fuckin' with the Ghetto Bill
And a truck with some rims that's bigger than Ferris wheels, holla
[Chorus]
[Verse 3]: Krazy
See this No Limit army nigga, that's my Kliq
The hoe that you tongue kissin' used to be my bitch
For these sayin' they'll slay a nigga, they called pricks
And this brown shit I'm sniffin' nigga, it got me sick
And this big truck I'm pushin', nigga, my tight whip
With a chop of lead on the seat, that'll make you flip
My alias, believe me, Doc Holliday
If it's beef, I'm like AIDS, I'll never go away
[Chorus]
[Verse 4]: Master P
I might be something sly but I won't forget
Tell Double X-L they can, suck my dick
I might be country but I'm ghetto rich
And when it comes to grindin', I started this shit
I put the G in Ghetto, nigga, call me Ghetto Fab
Started with some quarters then I flipped it to some halves
Put the Coke in Coca-Cola, no baking soda
Call me Pistol P, cuz I slang them granola's
[Chorus]
[Verse 5]: T-Bo
I guess them thangs just got dropped off, the block's hot like hot sauce
Some cop cars keep passin' I promise y'all they not lost
Convicted felons noticed when they tryin' to knock ya socks off
Go braggin' to them hatin' bitches, find how much ya watch cost
Loose lips, sank ships, bitch, so watch what you sayin'
It's the New No Limit, baby, got us under surveillance
And the Feds ain't playin' they kickin' down doors daily
Ain't this a bitch, I just got off probation
[Chorus]
[Verse 6]: Magic
I'm tryin' to get me a whole chicken (chop it down for the dimes)
Then flip that bitch quicker than I (flip these rhymes)
Now I'm on two birds I'ma flip (one more time)
And I'ma cop the bitch you left behind
(I'm tryin', I'm hustlin') don't trust me when I'm broke
And I don't discriminate I want the money and a goat
Yeah, better hope I wait, I'm ass out (things will get bloody)
(Four to ya tummy, real messy and ugly)
[Chorus]
[Outro]: Master P
If ya East Coast thuggin, holla (ooh ooh)
If ya West Coast thuggin, holla (ooh ooh)
If ya Midwest thuggin' holla (ooh ooh)
If ya Down South hustlin' holla (ooh ooh)