Amboise
Château overlooking the town
Amboise
Administration
Country	France
Region	Centre
Department	Indre-et-Loire
Arrondissement	Tours
Canton	Amboise
Mayor	Christian Guyon (2008–2014)
Statistics
Elevation	52–127 m (171–417 ft) (avg. 58 m or 190 ft)
Land area1	40.65 km2 (15.70 sq mi)
Population2	12,505  (2009)
- Density	308 /km2 (800 /sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	37003/ 37400
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Coordinates: 47°24′15″N 0°58′48″E / 47.4042°N 00.98°E / 47.4042; 00.98

Amboise (pronounced: [ɑ̃bwaːz]) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France. It lies on the banks of the Loire River, 17 miles (27 km) east of Tours. Today a small market town, it was once home of the French royal court. The town of Amboise is also only about 11 miles (18 km) away from the historic Château de Chenonceau, situated on the Cher River near the small village of Chenonceaux.

Population[link]

Sights[link]

The city is famous for the Clos Lucé manor house where Leonardo da Vinci lived (and ultimately died) at the invitation of King Francis I of France, whose Château d'Amboise, which dominates the town, is located just 500 meters away. The narrow streets contain some good examples of timbered housing.

Just outside of the city is the Pagode de Chanteloup, a 44 metre tall Chinese Pagoda built in 1775 by the Duke of Choiseul. The Pagoda is seven levels high, with each level slightly smaller than the last one. An interior staircase to reach all levels is open to the public.

The Musée de la Poste (in the Hôtel Joyeuse) is a museum tracing the history of the postal delivery service.

A 19th-century fountain by John Oswald of a turtle topped by a teddy bear figure, standing in front of the spot where the markets are held.

• 

  Amboise viewed from the Château d'Amboise

• 

  Château d'Amboise

• 

  'Tour de l'Horloge' (the Clock Tower).

• 

  Exterior shot of the Clos Lucé Mansion

• 

  Château d'Amboise over Loire

On the banks of the Loire River

History[link]

Timber-framed houses in Amboise.

Clovis I (c. 466–511) and the Visigoths signed a peace treaty of alliance with the Arvernians in 503, which assisted him in his defeat of the Visigothic kingdom in the Battle of Vouillé in 507.

Joan of Arc passed through in 1426 on her way to Orleans to the Battle of Patay.

The Amboise conspiracy was the conspiracy of Condé and the Huguenots in 1560 against Francis II, Catherine de' Medici, and the Guises.

The Edict of Amboise (1563) conceded the free exercise of worship to the Protestants.

The chateau at Amboise was home to Mary Stewart, Queen of Scots for much of her early life, being raised there at the French court of Henry II. She arrived in France from Scotland in 1548 aged six, via the French King's favourite palace at Saint Germain en Laye near Paris, and remained in France until 1561, when she returned to her homeland - sailing up the Firth of Forth to Scotlands Capital, Edinburgh, on 15 August that year.

The great Leonardo da Vinci spent the last years of his life in Amboise. Some of his inventions are still there and have not been removed. The house has lost some of its original parts, but it still stands today and has a beautiful overlook of the Loire River.

Here was born in 1743 – Louis Claude de Saint-Martin French philosopher, known as Le Philosophe Inconnu. (d. 1803).

Abd el Kader Ibn Mouhi Ad-Din (c. 1807–83) was imprisoned at the Château d'Amboise.

International relations[link]

Amboise is twinned with:

• Boppard, Germany
• Fana, Mali
• Suwa (province of Nagano), Japan
• Vinci, Italy
• Baleni (province of Galati), Romania

See also[link]

• Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department

References[link]

• INSEE commune file

External links[link]

• Architecture of Amboise
• Monument Historique de la Loire : La Pagode Chanteloup

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Amboise

v t e Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department Abilly Ambillou Amboise Anché Antogny-le-Tillac Artannes-sur-Indre Assay Athée-sur-Cher Autrèche Auzouer-en-Touraine Avoine Avon-les-Roches Avrillé-les-Ponceaux Azay-le-Rideau Azay-sur-Cher Azay-sur-Indre Ballan-Miré Barrou Beaulieu-lès-Loches Beaumont-en-Véron Beaumont-la-Ronce Beaumont-Village Benais Berthenay Betz-le-Château Bléré Bossay-sur-Claise Bossée Le Boulay Bourgueil Bournan Boussay Braslou Braye-sous-Faye Braye-sur-Maulne Brèches Bréhémont Bridoré Brizay Bueil-en-Touraine Candes-Saint-Martin Cangey La Celle-Guenand La Celle-Saint-Avant Céré-la-Ronde Cerelles Chambon Chambourg-sur-Indre Chambray-lès-Tours Champigny-sur-Veude Chançay Chanceaux-près-Loches Chanceaux-sur-Choisille Channay-sur-Lathan La Chapelle-aux-Naux La Chapelle-Blanche-Saint-Martin La Chapelle-sur-Loire Charentilly Chargé Charnizay Château-la-Vallière Château-Renault Chaumussay Chaveignes Chédigny Cheillé Chemillé-sur-Dême Chemillé-sur-Indrois Chenonceaux Chezelles Chinon Chisseaux Chouzé-sur-Loire Cigogné Cinais Cinq-Mars-la-Pile Ciran Civray-de-Touraine Civray-sur-Esves Cléré-les-Pins Continvoir Cormery Couesmes Courçay Courcelles-de-Touraine Courcoué Couziers Cravant-les-Côteaux Crissay-sur-Manse La Croix-en-Touraine Crotelles Crouzilles Cussay Dame-Marie-les-Bois Descartes Dierre Dolus-le-Sec Draché Druye Épeigné-les-Bois Épeigné-sur-Dême Les Essards Esves-le-Moutier Esvres Faye-la-Vineuse La Ferrière Ferrière-Larçon Ferrière-sur-Beaulieu Fondettes Francueil Genillé Gizeux Le Grand-Pressigny La Guerche Les Hermites Hommes Huismes L'Île-Bouchard Ingrandes-de-Touraine Jaulnay Joué-lès-Tours Langeais Larçay Lémeré Lerné Le Liège Lignières-de-Touraine Ligré Ligueil Limeray Loches Loché-sur-Indrois Louans Louestault Le Louroux Lublé Lussault-sur-Loire Luynes Luzé Luzillé Maillé Manthelan Marçay Marcé-sur-Esves Marcilly-sur-Maulne Marcilly-sur-Vienne Marigny-Marmande Marray Mazières-de-Touraine La Membrolle-sur-Choisille Mettray Monnaie Montbazon Monthodon Montlouis-sur-Loire Montrésor Montreuil-en-Touraine Monts Morand Mosnes Mouzay Nazelles-Négron Neuil Neuillé-le-Lierre Neuillé-Pont-Pierre Neuilly-le-Brignon Neuville-sur-Brenne Neuvy-le-Roi Noizay Notre-Dame-d'Oé Nouans-les-Fontaines Nouâtre Nouzilly Noyant-de-Touraine Orbigny Panzoult Parçay-Meslay Parçay-sur-Vienne Paulmy Pernay Perrusson Le Petit-Pressigny Pocé-sur-Cisse Pont-de-Ruan Ports Pouzay Preuilly-sur-Claise Pussigny Razines Reignac-sur-Indre Restigné Reugny La Riche Richelieu Rigny-Ussé Rillé Rilly-sur-Vienne Rivarennes Rivière La Roche-Clermault Rochecorbon Rouziers-de-Touraine Saché Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher Saint-Aubin-le-Dépeint Saint-Avertin Saint-Bauld Saint-Benoît-la-Forêt Saint-Branchs Saint-Christophe-sur-le-Nais Saint-Cyr-sur-Loire Sainte-Catherine-de-Fierbois Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine Saint-Épain Saint-Étienne-de-Chigny Saint-Flovier Saint-Genouph Saint-Germain-sur-Vienne Saint-Hippolyte Saint-Jean-Saint-Germain Saint-Laurent-de-Lin Saint-Laurent-en-Gâtines Saint-Martin-le-Beau Saint-Michel-sur-Loire Saint-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil Saint-Nicolas-des-Motets Saint-Ouen-les-Vignes Saint-Paterne-Racan Saint-Patrice Saint-Pierre-des-Corps Saint-Quentin-sur-Indrois Saint-Règle Saint-Roch Saint-Senoch Saunay Savigné-sur-Lathan Savigny-en-Véron Savonnières Sazilly Semblançay Sennevières Sepmes Seuilly Sonzay Sorigny Souvigné Souvigny-de-Touraine Sublaines Tauxigny Tavant Theneuil Thilouze Thizay Tournon-Saint-Pierre Tours La Tour-Saint-Gelin Trogues Truyes Vallères Varennes Veigné Véretz Verneuil-le-Château Verneuil-sur-Indre Vernou-sur-Brenne Villaines-les-Rochers Villandry La Ville-aux-Dames Villebourg Villedômain Villedômer Villeloin-Coulangé Villeperdue Villiers-au-Bouin Vou Vouvray Yzeures-sur-Creuse

You may be thinking of Terence Mann, a fictional character in the film Field of Dreams.

Terrence Vaughan Mann (born July 1, 1951) is an American actor, director, singer, songwriter and dancer who has been prominent on the Broadway stage for the past three decades. He is a distinguished professor in musical theater at Western Carolina University in Cullowhee, North Carolina.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Mann was born Terrence Vaughan Mann in Ashland, Kentucky, the eldest son of Helen Mann and Charles Mann. Mann's mother was a Concert pianist, and his father sang in a barbershop quartet. ^[1] Music was always a part of his growing up, so singing came naturally to him. But it was the multiple pleasures of the stage that drew him to the world of theater.

In a recent interview with the Hartford Courant, in his own words, "When I was doing the junior class play — it was called 'In Deadly Earnest' — at the end of a scene, the script said, 'They kiss.' It was then that I honestly thought, 'I'm going to be in the theater!' I was fascinated with having words put in my mouth and that someone would say something back to me that would get us to a moment where we ended up in a kiss. I remember when my school counselor asked me what I wanted to do, I said without hesitation, 'Go into the theater!'" ^[2]

Mann grew up in Largo, Florida and he is a 1969 graduate of Largo High School.

His first professional gig came during his college years in Jacksonville University. For $35 a week, he was given an offer to perform in the annual outdoor theater spectacular "The Lost Colony," during the summers on the Outer Banks of Manteo, N.C. It was here he met Joe Layton, who later was instrumental in getting him his first Broadway show. ^[2]

Mann later on attended the North Carolina School of the Arts, where his mentor was Malcolm Morrison, former dean at the Hartt School at the University of Hartford. For many years Mann was a regular at Morrison's North Carolina Shakespeare Festival.^[2]

Career[link]

He played the Bounty Hunter 'Ug' in the Critters movies, but has worked mainly on the stage and with musicals. Mann made his Broadway debut in 1982 in the Tony Award-winning musical, Barnum at the St. James Theatre. He played the supporting role of Chester Lyman. However, he made his true break-through performance in the original Broadway cast of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats. He created the memorable lead role of the "playful" cat Rum Tum Tugger. In 1985, Mann played assistant choreographer Larry in Richard Attenborough's film version of A Chorus Line.

In 1987, he won the role of Inspector Javert in the original Broadway cast of Les Misérables. His portrayal of Javert earned him his first Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role, a role which he would later reprise near the end of the musical's run at the Imperial Theater in 2003.

Mann earned his second Tony Award nomination in 1994 for his portrayal of the Beast in Disney's Beauty and the Beast and reprised his role in the Los Angeles production in 1995 along with many of the original broadway cast members. In 1997, Terrence created the role of Chauvelin in the Frank Wildhorn musical The Scarlet Pimpernel.

He has also starred in other musicals including: Rags (1986), Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989), Getting Away with Murder (1996), and the 2000 Broadway revival of The Rocky Horror Show (in which he played Frank-N-Furter), in addition to the (then) off-Broadway show Assassins (1991). He also appeared in all four Critters films as an alien bounty hunter named Ug. He starred in the television soap opera All My Children as Earl Boyd in 1997. Mann played "Old Tom" in Paul Green's outdoor drama "The Lost Colony" in North Carolina, and later returned to his theatrical roots to direct the show for a few seasons.

He starred in the Broadway musical Lennon, which opened the summer of 2005, and closed soon afterwards. He then travelled to Costa Mesa, California to appear in the world premiere of The Studio, written and directed by his brother-in-law Christopher d'Amboise, at South Coast Repertory in March, 2006.

Mann has made guest appearances on The Equalizer, Gargoyles (voice of Oberon), The Tick (voice), and Law & Order. His most recent role was a leading character on The Dresden Files as Hrothbert "Bob" of Bainbridge, a cursed ghost. He portrayed oceanographer Bob Ballard in the 30 Rock episode "TGS Hates Women".

He appeared in the 2008 films A Circle on the Cross as James Monroe Good, Eavesdrop as August, and the 2009 film The Mandala Maker as Museum Chief Curator. Other films completed include a small role in Jazz in the Diamond District and as Lt. Fox in Red Hook.

In November 2009, he originated the role of Mal Beineke opposite Nathan Lane and Bebe Neuwirth in the Chicago tryout of a musical adaption of The Addams Family. The show, along with Mann, transferred to Broadway, and opened in March 2010. He continued to play the role of Mal Beineke until April 2011, when, along with several other members of the original cast, he left the show.

Personal life[link]

Since 1996, he has been married to performer Charlotte d'Amboise, with whom he has two daughters, Josephine and Shelby.^[3]

Work[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Terrence Mann at the Internet Broadway Database
• Terrence Mann at the Internet Movie Database
• Terrence Mann – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing
• "Terrence Mann Biography". filmreference. 2008. http://www.filmreference.com/film/76/Terrence-Mann.html. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
• "The Addams Family: A New Musical". The Addams Family: A New Musical. 2009. http://www.theaddamsfamilymusical.com/. Retrieved 2009-06-23. 

Charlotte d'Amboise (born May 11, 1964) is an American actress and dancer. She has played starring roles in musical theatre, and has been nominated for two Tony Awards and won the Los Angeles Ovation Awards for Best Leading Actress in a Musical for Chicago. She has also appeared in films.

Early life[link]

Charlotte d'Amboise was born in New York City, the daughter of Jacques d'Amboise and Carolyn George. She is the twin sister of Cate and younger sister of Christopher d'Amboise.^[1]

Career[link]

Musical theatre[link]

d'Amboise made her Broadway debut in the musical Cats in 1983 as Cassandra.^[2][3] She also performed in the role of Chris Hargensen in the ill-fated 1988 musical Carrie.^[4] She frequently has played the role of Roxie Hart in Chicago, first heading the 1997 national tour and later joining the Broadway revival cast in 1999. She has appeared in productions of the musical every year since 2001.^[5][6]

In 2001, she replaced Karen Ziemba in Contact.^[7][8]

In early 2005, d'Amboise replaced Christina Applegate in the Boston leg of the pre-Broadway tour of the revival of Sweet Charity, as well as the first few weeks of previews on Broadway, following a foot injury sustained by Applegate that nearly cancelled the production. Once Applegate returned to the role in New York, d'Amboise remained as her standby while simultaneously performing the role of Roxie Hart in Chicago.^[9]

She appeared in the Broadway revival of A Chorus Line in 2006 to 2008 as Cassie, earning a Tony Award nomination.^[10]

Film[link]

Her film credits include The In Crowd, American Blue Note, Just Off The Coast, and The Preacher's Wife. On television she has appeared in the Kennedy Center Honors, Law & Order, a videotaped performance of the Broadway musical Contact. She has also appeared in several made-for-TV movies, including Lost in the Bermuda Triangle (1998) and Alone in the Neon Jungle (1988).^[11]

Additional credits[link]

• Parade (Mark Taper Forum) (2009)^[12]
• A Chorus Line (2006)
• Can-Can (City Center Encores!, 2004)^[13]
• Contact (2001)
• Chicago (1999)
• Company (1995)
• Damn Yankees (1994)
• Jerome Robbins' Broadway (1989)
• Carrie (1988)
• Song and Dance (1985)
• Cats (1983)

Awards and nominations[link]

• 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in A Musical (A Chorus Line, nominee)
• 2005 TDF/Astaire Special Award for Chicago and Sweet Charity
• 1998 Los Angeles Ovation Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical (Chicago, winner)^[14]
• 1998 Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Leading Performance (Chicago, winner)^[15]
• 1998 Bay Area Theatre Critics' Award (Chicago, winner)
• 1997 Astaire Award for Achievement in Dance (Damn Yankees, winner)
• 1989 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical (Jerome Robbins' Broadway, nominee)

Personal life[link]

She is married to actor/dancer/director Terrence Mann. They have two daughters.^[16][17] They both starred in the musical Cats.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Charlotte d'Amboise at the Internet Movie Database
• Charlotte d'Amboise at the Internet Broadway Database
• Charlotte d'Amboise at Internet Off-Broadway Database
• Q&A: Charlotte d'Amboise
• Official Website for Carrie The Musical

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Robert Louis “Bob” Fosse (June 23, 1927 – September 23, 1987) was an American actor, dancer, musical theater choreographer, director, screenwriter, film editor and film director. He won an unprecedented eight Tony Awards for choreography, as well as one for direction. He was nominated for an Academy Award four times, winning for his direction of Cabaret (beating Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather). He was closely identified with his third wife, Broadway dancing star Gwen Verdon. She was the dancer/collaborator/muse upon whom he choreographed much of his work and, together with dancer/choreographer Ann Reinking, a significant guardian of the Fosse legacy after his death.

Early life and career[link]

Fosse was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a Norwegian American father, Cyril K. Fosse, and Irish-born mother, Sara Alice (Stanton), the second youngest of six children.^[2][3] He teamed up with Charles Grass, another young dancer, and began a collaboration under the name The Riff Brothers. They toured theatres throughout the Chicago area. Eventually Fosse was hired for Tough Situation, which toured military and naval bases in the Pacific.

Fosse moved to New York with the ambition of being the new Fred Astaire. His appearance with his first wife and dance partner Mary Ann Niles (1923–1987) in Call Me Mister brought him to the attention of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Fosse and Niles were regular performers on Your Hit Parade during its 1950-51 season, and during this season Martin and Lewis caught their act in New York's Pierre Hotel and scheduled them to appear on the Colgate Comedy Hour. His early screen appearances included Give A Girl A Break, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis and Kiss Me Kate, all released in 1953. A short sequence that he choreographed in the latter (and danced with Carol Haney) brought him to the attention of Broadway producers.^[4]

Although Fosse's acting career in film was cut short by premature balding, which limited the roles he could take, he was reluctant to move from Hollywood to theatre. Nevertheless, he made the move, and in 1954, he choreographed his first musical, The Pajama Game, followed by George Abbott's Damn Yankees in 1955. It was while working on the latter show that he first met the red-headed rising star whom he was to marry in 1960, Gwen Verdon.

Verdon won her first Tony Award for Best Actress for Damn Yankees (she had won previously for best supporting actress in Can-Can). (Fosse appears in the film version of Damn Yankees, which he also choreographed, in which Verdon reprises her stage triumph as "Lola"; they partner each other in the mambo number, "Who's Got the Pain".) In 1957 Fosse choreographed New Girl in Town, again directed by George Abbott, and Verdon won her second Leading Actress Tony. In 1960, Fosse was, for the first time, both director and choreographer of a musical called simply Redhead.^[5] With Redhead, Verdon won her third Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical; the show won the Tony for best musical and Fosse carried off the award for best choreography. Fosse was to partner star Verdon as her director/choreographer again with Sweet Charity and again with Chicago. (Fosse was to win the Tony for Best Direction of a Musical in 1973 with Pippin.) Fosse performed a memorable song and dance number in Stanley Donen's 1974 film version of The Little Prince, and in 1977, Fosse had a small role in the romantic comedy Thieves.

Fosse developed a jazz dance style that was immediately recognizable, exuding a stylized, cynical sexuality. Other notable distinctions of his style included the use of turned-in knees, sideways shuffling, rolled shoulders, and jazz hands.^[6] With Astaire as an influence, he used props such as bowler hats, canes and chairs. His trademark use of hats was influenced by his own self-consciousness. According to Martin Gottfried in his biography of Fosse, "His baldness was the reason that he wore hats, and was doubtless why he put hats on his dancers."^[7] He used gloves in his performances because he did not like his hands. Some of his most popular numbers include "Steam Heat" (The Pajama Game) and "Big Spender" (Sweet Charity). The "Rich Man's Frug" scene in Sweet Charity is another example of his signature style. Although he was replaced as the director/choreographer for the short-lived 1961 musical The Conquering Hero, he quickly took on the job of choreographer of the 1961 musical hit How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, which starred Robert Morse.^[7][8]

Later career[link]

Fosse directed five feature films. His first, Sweet Charity in 1969, starring Shirley MacLaine, is an adaptation of the Broadway musical he had directed and choreographed. Fosse shot the film largely on location in Manhattan. His second film, Cabaret, won eight Academy Awards, including Best Director, for which he won over Francis Ford Coppola for The Godfather starring Marlon Brando. The film was shot on location in Berlin; Liza Minnelli and Joel Grey both won Oscars for their roles.

Fosse went on to direct Lenny in 1974, a biopic of comic Lenny Bruce starring Dustin Hoffman. The film was nominated for Best Picture and Best Director Oscars, among other awards. But just as Fosse picked up his Oscar for Cabaret, his Tony for Pippin, and an Emmy for directing Liza Minnelli's television concert, Liza with a Z, his health suffered and he underwent open-heart surgery.

In 1979, Fosse co-wrote and directed a semi-autobiographical film All That Jazz, which portrayed the life of a womanizing, drug-addicted choreographer-director in the midst of triumph and failure. All That Jazz won four Academy Awards and earned Fosse his third Oscar nomination for Best Director. It also won the Palme d'Or at the 1980 Cannes Film Festival. In the summer and fall of 1980, working with All That Jazz executive producer Daniel Melnick, Fosse commissioned documentary research for a follow-up feature having to do with the motivations that compel people to become performers, but he found the results uninspiring and abandoned the project.^{[citation needed]}

In All That Jazz, Fosse not only toyed with the notion of his own death, but immortalized the two people who would perpetuate the Fosse legacy, Gwen Verdon and Ann Reinking. Reinking appears in the film as the protagonist's lover/protege/domestic-partner. She, like Verdon, would be responsible for keeping Fosse's trademark choreography alive after Fosse's death. Reinking played the role of Roxie Hart in the highly successful New York revival of Chicago, which opened in 1996. She choreographed the dances "in the style of Bob Fosse" for that revival, which is still running on Broadway as of November 2011. In 1999, Verdon served as artistic consultant on a plotless Broadway musical designed to showcase examples of classic Fosse choreography. Called simply Fosse, the three-act musical revue was conceived and directed by Richard Maltby, Jr. and Ann Reinking and choreographed by Reinking and Chet Walker. Verdon and Fosse's daughter, Nicole, received a "special thanks" credit. The show won a Tony for best musical.^[9] Many credit him to be the sole engineer toward Michael Jackson's career for his work on The Little Prince (1974). Many say Michael Jackson may have copied Bob Fosse's choreography and the wardrobe Bob's character had on The Little Prince. In many ways Fosse is credited as the back hand innovators to the careers of many dancers around the world.

His final film, 1983's Star 80, was a controversial biopic about slain Playboy Playmate Dorothy Stratten. The film is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning article on the same topic. The film was nominated for several awards, and was screened out of competition at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival.^[10] In 1986 he directed and choreographed the unsuccessful Broadway production of Big Deal, which he also wrote.

Innovations[link]

Fosse was an innovative choreographer and had multiple achievements in his life. For Damn Yankees, he took a great deal of inspiration from the "father of theatrical jazz dance", Jack Cole.^[7] He also took influence from Jerome Robbins. New Girl in Town gave Fosse the inspiration to direct and choreograph his next piece because of the conflict of interest within the collaborators. During that piece, the first he'd directed as well as choreographed, Redhead, Fosse utilized one of the first ballet sequences in a show that contained five different styles of dance; Fosse's jazz, a cancan, a gypsy dance, a march, and an old-fashioned English music hall number. Fosse utilized the idea of subtext and gave his dancers something to think about during their numbers. He also began the trend of allowing lighting to influence his work and direct the audience's attention to certain things. During Pippin, Fosse made the first ever television commercial for a Broadway show.^[4]

In 1957, both Verdon and Fosse were studying with Sanford Meisner to develop a better acting technique for themselves. According to Michael Joosten, Fosse once said: "The time to sing is when your emotional level is too high to just speak anymore, and the time to dance is when your emotions are just too strong to only sing about how you feel."^[11]

Personal life and death[link]

Fosse was first married in 1949 to dance partner Mary Ann Niles. The marriage lasted until 1951. Fosse's second marriage was to dancer Joan McCracken (December 1952-59).^[12] His third wife was dancer/actress Gwen Verdon in 1960; they had one daughter, Nicole Providence Fosse, who is also a dancer. He separated from Verdon in the 1970s, but they remained legally married until his death. Verdon never remarried.^[7][13][14] During rehearsals for The Conquering Hero in 1961, it became known that Fosse had epilepsy, when he suffered a seizure on the stage.^[7]

On September 23, 1987, it was reported that Bob Fosse had collapsed in his room at the Willard Hotel in Washington, DC, and later died.^{[citation needed]} It was subsequently learned that he actually died from a heart attack at George Washington University Hospital. He died as the revival of Sweet Charity was opening at the nearby National Theatre.^[15] Fosse was cremated. In late September, his wife and daughter took his ashes to Quogue, New York, where Fosse had been openly living with his girlfriend of four years, and scattered his ashes in the Atlantic Ocean.^[1]

His first wife, and former dance partner, Mary Ann Niles, died one month later from lung cancer, aged 64.^[16]

Honors and awards[link]

Fosse earned many awards, including the Tony Award for Pippin and Sweet Charity, the Academy Award for Cabaret and the Emmy Award for Liza with a "Z". He was the first person to win all three awards in the same year (1973). He is also the only person to have won all three awards in the category of "Best Director".^{[citation needed]}

His semi-autobiographical film, All That Jazz (1979), won the Palme d'Or at Cannes. It portrays a chain-smoking choreographer driven by his Type A personality. In 1999, the revue Fosse won a Tony Award for best musical, and in 2001 the show earned Fosse (together with Ann Reinking) a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer.

Bill Henry's 1990 documentary of Fosse's work (Dance In America: Bob Fosse Steam Heat), was produced for an episode of the PBS program Dance in America: Great Performances. The production won an Emmy Award that year. There was a resurgence of interest in Fosse's work following revivals of his stage shows, the Broadway show Fosse, and the film release of Chicago (2002). Rob Marshall's choreography for the film emulates the Fosse style but avoids using specific moves from the original. In 2007, Bob Fosse was inducted, posthumously, into the National Museum of Dance and Hall of Fame.^[17]

Legacy[link]

Fosse was inducted into the National Museum of Dance in Saratoga Springs, New York on 27 April 2007. The Los Angeles Dance Awards, founded in 1994, were called the "Fosse Awards", and are now called the American Choreography Awards. A length of Paulina Street in Chicago at roughly 4400 North received the honorary designation of "Bob Fosse Way".

Influence on Beyonce's 'Single Ladies' video[link]

Fosse's influence extended into the Noughties when, in 2008, the Beyonce Knowles video for Single Ladies (Put a Ring on it) used many of the dance moves that were originally choreographed by Fosse nearly forty years earlier in 1969 for a music video of 'Mexican Breakfast' by Fosse's wife, the actress and dancer, Gwen Verdon.^[18]

In an interview with The Sunday Times, Knowles said:

'I saw a video [Mexican Breakfast] on YouTube. [The dancers] had a plain background and it was shot on the crane; it was 360 degrees, they could move around. And I said, 'This is genius.' We kept a lot of the Fosse choreography and added the down-south thing — it's called J-Setting, where one person does something and the next person follows. So it was a strange mixture ... It's like the most urban choreography, mixed with Fosse — very modern and very vintage.'.^[19][20]

Work[link]