- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 71799
- author: Maangchi
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- Afghan cuisine
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- African rice
- African slave trade
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- Amaranthus caudatus
- Amaranthus cruentus
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- Amino acid
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Arkansas
Arkansas (
i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
wn.com/Arkansas -
Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
wn.com/Assam -
Banaue Rice Terraces
The Banaue Rice Terraces (Tagalog: Hagdan-hagdang Palayan ng Banawe) also called Payo, are 2000-year old terraces that were carved into the mountains of Ifugao in the Philippines by ancestors of the indigenous people. The Rice Terraces are commonly referred to by Filipinos as the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand. The terraces are located approximately 1500 meters (5000 ft) above sea level and cover 10,360 square kilometers (about 4000 square miles) of mountainside. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system from the rainforests above the terraces. It is said that if the steps are put end to end it would encircle half the globe.
Locals to this day still plant rice and vegetables on the terraces, although more and more younger Ifugaos do not find farming appealing, often opting for the more lucrative hospitality industry generated by the Rice Terraces[citation needed]. The result is the gradual erosion of the characteristic "steps", which need constant reconstruction and care. In 2010 a further problem was drought, with the terraces drying up completely in March of that year.
wn.com/Banaue_Rice_Terraces -
Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Bhaktapur
Bhaktapur (Nepali: भक्तपुर Bhaktapur ), also Bhadgaon or Khwopa (Nepal Bhasa: ख्वप Khwopa) is an ancient Newar town in the east corner of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It is located in Bhaktapur District in the Bagmati Zone. It is the third largest city in Kathmandu valley and was once the capital of Nepal during the great Malla Kingdom until the second half of the 15th century.
Bhaktapur is listed as a World Heritage by UNESCO for its rich culture, temples, and wood, metal and stone artwork.
"Khwopinggram" is the ancient name of Bhaktapur. The term "Bhaktapur" (Sanskrit/Nepali: भक्तपुर) refers to "The City Of Devotees". This Bhaktapur City is also known as "Khwopa" (Nepal Bhasa: ख्वप) or "Bhadgaon" (Nepali:भादगाँउ) or "Ancient Newari Town" throughout the Kathmandu valley.
It is the home of traditional art and architecture, historical monuments and craft works, magnificent windows, pottery and weaving industries, excellent temples, beautiful ponds, rich local customs, culture, religion, festivals, musical mystic and so on. Bhaktapur is still an untouched as well as preserved ancient city, which in fact, is itself a world to explore for tourist.
wn.com/Bhaktapur -
Brazil
Brazili/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, 
listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.Independence was achieved in 1822 with the formation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system. The country became a presidential republic in 1889, when a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to the ratification of the first constitution in 1824. Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic. The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.
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Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
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Cambodia
Cambodia (i/kæmˈboʊdiə/;Khmer: ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា, Kampuchea, IPA: [kɑmˈpuˈciə]), officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total landmass of 181,035 square kilometres (69,898 sq mi), it is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest.
With a population of over 14.8 million, Cambodia is the 68th most populous country in the world. The official religion is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by around 95% of the Cambodian population. The country minority groups include Vietnamese, Chinese, Chams and 30 various hill tribes. The capital and largest city is Phnom Penh; the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia. The kingdom is a constitutional monarchy with Norodom Sihamoni, a monarch chosen by the Royal Throne Council, as head of state. The head of government is Hun Sen, who is currently the longest serving leader in South East Asia and has ruled Cambodia for over 25 years.
wn.com/Cambodia -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Colonial Brazil
The Viceroyalty of Brazil (Portuguese: Vice-Reino do Brasil) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to kingdom alongside Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
During the over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploration of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction (16th century), sugar production (16th–18th centuries), and finally on gold and diamond mining (18th century). Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of Brazilian economy.
In contrast to the neighbouring fragmented Spanish possessions, the Portuguese colony, built up by the Portuguese in Latin America, kept its territorial unity and linguistic integrity after the independence, giving rise to the largest country in the region.
Portugal and Spain pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the World's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization. In addition to the adventurous undertaking of discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational instruments, from which the Portuguese and Spanish explorers took advantage.
wn.com/Colonial_Brazil -
Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indonesia
Indonesia (i/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ IN-də-NEE-zhə or /ˌɪndoʊˈniːziə/ IN-doh-NEE-zee-ə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Indonesian pronunciation: [rɛpʊblɪk ɪndɔnɛsɪa]), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 17,508 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies. The Indonesian economy is the world's 17th largest economy by nominal GDP.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
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Iran
Coordinates: 32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53
Iran (i/ɪˈrɑːn/ or /aɪˈræn/;Persian: ایران [ʔiˈɾɒn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran", which in Persian means "Land of the Aryans", has been in use natively since the Sassanian era. It came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia ( /ˈpɜrʒə/ or /ˈpɜrʃə/). Both "Persia" and "Iran" are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, "Iran" is the name used officially in political contexts.
The 18th-largest country in the world in terms of area at 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran has a population of around 79 million. It is a country of particular geopolitical significance owing to its location in the Middle East and central Eurasia. Iran is bordered on the north by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. As Iran is a littoral state of the Caspian Sea, which is an inland sea, Kazakhstan and Russia are also Iran's direct neighbors to the north. Iran is bordered on the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, on the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, on the west by Iraq and on the northwest by Turkey. Tehran is the capital, the country's largest city and the political, cultural, commercial and industrial center of the nation. Iran is a regional power, and holds an important position in international energy security and world economy as a result of its large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. Iran has the second largest proven natural gas reserves in the world and the fourth largest proven petroleum reserves.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ ori/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Kaveri
The Kaveri, also spelled Cauvery in English, is a large Indian river. The origin of the river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri, Kodagu in the Western Ghats in Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the southeastern lowlands, emptying into the Bay of Bengal through two principal mouths.
The Kaveri basin is estimated to be 27,700 square miles (72,000 km2) with many tributaries including the Shimsha, the Hemavati, the Arkavati, Honnuhole, Lakshmana Tirtha, Kabini, Bhavani River, the Lokapavani, the Noyyal and the Amaravati River. Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 475 mi (765 km) to enter the Bay of Bengal. East of Mysore it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 320 ft (100 m). The river is the source for an extensive irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India.
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (i/məˈleɪʒə/ mə-LAY-zhə or i/məˈleɪsiə/ mə-LAY-see-ə) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of 329,847 square kilometres (127,350 sq mi) separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo. Land borders are shared with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei, and maritime borders exist with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. In 2010 the population exceeded 27.5 million, with over 20 million living on the Peninsula.
Malaysia has its origins in the Malay Kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, became subject to the British Empire. The first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963, with si being added to give the new country the name Malaysia. However, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. Since independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5% for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its natural resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce and medical tourism.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Nepal
Nepal (नेपाल) (i/nɛˈpɔːl/ ne-PAWLNepali: नेपाल [neˈpal] ( listen)), officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India. Specifically, the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, while across the Himalayas lies the Tibetan Autonomous Region. With an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million (and 2 million absentee workers living abroad), Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass and the 41st most populous country. Kathmandu is the nation's capital and the country's largest metropolis. Kathmandu Valley itself has estimated population of 5 million.
Nepal has a rich geography. The mountainous north has eight of the world's ten tallest mountains, including the highest point on Earth, Mount Everest, called Sagarmatha in Nepali. It contains more than 240 peaks over 20,000 ft (6,096 m) above sea level. The fertile and humid south is heavily urbanized.
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Niger River
The Niger River ( /ˈnaɪdʒər/ NY-jər) is the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km (2,600 mi). Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 (817,600 sq mi) in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta or the Oil Rivers, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. The Niger is the third-longest river in Africa, exceeded only by the Nile and the Congo River (also known as the Zaïre River). Its main tributary is the Benue River.
The Niger is called Jeliba or Joliba "great river" in Manding; Orimiri or Orimili "great water" in Igbo; Egerew n-Igerewen "river of rivers" in Tuareg; Isa Ber "big river" in Songhay; Kwara in Hausa; and Oya in Yoruba. The origin of the name Niger, which originally applied only to the middle reaches of the river, is uncertain. The likeliest possibility is an alteration, by influence of Latin niger "black", of the Tuareg name egerew n-igerewen, which is used along the middle reaches of the river around Timbuktu. As Timbuktu was the southern end of the principal Trans-Saharan trade route to the western Mediterranean, it was the source of most European knowledge of the region.
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Nigeria
Nigeriai/naɪˈdʒɪəriə/, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba.
In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between Muslims in the North and Christians in the South; a very small minority practice traditional religion. Since 2002 there have been a spate of clashes, particularly in the North of the country, between government forces and the Islamists Boko Haram, militant jihadists who seek to establish sharia law.
The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BCE. The area around the Benue and Cross River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
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North Korea
Coordinates: 40°00′N 127°00′E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127 The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국), commonly referred to as "North Korea" ( listen), is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The Amnok, or Yalu, and the Tumen rivers form the border between North Korea and China. A section of the Tumen River in the far northeast is the border with Russia.
The peninsula was governed by the Korean Empire until it was annexed by Japan after the Russo-Japanese War in 1910. It was divided into Soviet- and American-occupied zones in 1945, after the end of World War II. North Korea refused to participate in a United Nations–supervised election held in the south in 1948, which led to the creation of separate Korean governments for the two occupation zones. North and South Korea each claimed sovereignty over the whole Korean Peninsula, which led to the Korean War of 1950. The Armistice Agreement of 1953 ended the fighting; but the two countries are officially still at war against each other, for a peace treaty was never signed. Both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] (
listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf is located in Western Asia between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. It is an extension of the Indian Ocean.
The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers. In 1991, the Persian Gulf again was the background for what was called the "Persian Gulf War" or the "Gulf War" when Iraq invaded Kuwait and was subsequently pushed back, despite the fact that this conflict was primarily a land conflict.
The Persian Gulf has many good fishing grounds, extensive coral reefs, and abundant pearl oysters, but its ecology has come under pressure from industrialization, and in particular, oil and petroleum spillages during wars in the region.
Historically and internationally known as the Persian Gulf, this body of water is sometimes controversially referred to as the Arabian Gulf or simply The Gulf by most Arab states, although neither of the latter two terms are recognized internationally. The name Gulf of Iran (Persian Gulf) is used by the International Hydrographic Organization.
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Philippines
The Philippinesi/ˈfɪlɨpiːnz/ FI-lə-peenz (Filipino: Pilipinas [ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs]), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas) is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
With an estimated population of about 98 million people, the Philippines is the 7th most populated Asian country and the 12th most populated country in the world. An additional 12.5 million Filipinos live overseas. Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants. They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples who brought with them influences from Malay, Hindu, and Islamic societies. Trade introduced Chinese cultural influences which remain to this day.
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Pisa
Pisa ( /ˈpiːzə/; Italian pronunciation: [ˈpiːsa]) is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the River Arno on the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its leaning tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 88,332 residents (around 200,000 with the metropolitan area) contains more than 20 other historic churches, several palaces and various bridges across the River Arno.
The city is also home of the University of Pisa, which has a history going back to the 12th century and also has the mythic Napoleonic Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies as the best Superior Graduate Schools in Italy.
Pisa lies at the junction of two rivers, the Arno and the Serchio, which form a laguna at the Tyrrhenian Sea. The origin of the name, Pisa, is a mystery. While the origin of the city had remained unknown for centuries, the Pelasgi, the Greeks, the Etruscans, and the Ligurians had variously been proposed as founders of the city. Archaeological remains from the 5th century BC confirmed the existence of a city at the sea, trading with Greeks and Gauls. The presence of an Etruscan necropolis, discovered during excavations in the Arena Garibaldi in 1991, confirmed its Etruscan origins.
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Purdue University
Purdue University, located in West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S., is the flagship university of the six-campus Purdue University system. Purdue was founded on May 6, 1869, as a land-grant university when the Indiana General Assembly, taking advantage of the Morrill Act, accepted a donation of land and money from Lafayette businessman John Purdue to establish a college of science, technology, and agriculture in his name. The first classes were held on September 16, 1874, with six instructors and 39 students. Today, Purdue enrolls the second largest student body of any university in Indiana as well as the second largest international student population of any public university in the United States.
Purdue offers both undergraduate and graduate programs in over 210 major areas of study, and is well known for its competitive engineering curricula. The university has also been highly influential in America's history of aviation, having established the first college credit offered in flight training, the first four-year bachelor's degree in aviation, and the first university airport (Purdue University Airport). In the mid-20th century, Purdue's aviation program expanded to encompass advanced spaceflight technology giving rise to Purdue's nickname, Cradle of Astronauts. Twenty-two Purdue graduates have gone on to become astronauts, including Gus Grissom (one of the original Mercury Seven astronauts), Neil Armstrong (the first person to walk on the moon), and Eugene Cernan (the most recent person to walk on the moon).
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Rice Belt
The Rice Belt of the United States includes Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, four southern U.S. states that grow a significant portion of the nation's rice crop. The name is in conformity with the Corn Belt of the Midwest, in which much of the nation's corn is grown.
Arkansas is the nation's leading rice producer, followed by California (not part of the Rice Belt), Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and Missouri (bordering on, but not part of, the Rice Belt).
Coordinates: 34°N 91°W / 34°N 91°W / 34; -91
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Riverina
The Riverina ( /rɪvəˈriːnə/) is an agricultural region of south-western New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The Riverina is distinguished from other Australian regions by the combination of flat plains, warm to hot climate and an ample supply of water for irrigation. This combination has allowed the Riverina to develop into one of the most productive and agriculturally diverse areas of Australia. Bordered on the south by the state of Victoria and on the east by the Great Dividing Range, the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in the Murray and Murrumbidgee drainage zones to their confluence in the west.
Home to Aboriginal groups for over 40,000 years, the Riverina was originally settled by Europeans in the mid-19th century as a pastoral region providing beef and wool to markets in Australia and beyond. In the 20th century, the development of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such as rice and wine grapes. The Riverina has strong cultural ties to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the impetus behind the federation of Australian colonies.
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Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia (i/ˌsaʊdi əˈreɪbi.ə/ or i/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbi.ə/; Arabic: السعودية as-Su‘ūdīyah[citation needed] or incorrectly as-Sa‘ūdīyah, officially known as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Arabic: المملكة العربية السعودية al-Mamlakah al-‘Arabīyah as-Su‘ūdīyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab world, after Algeria. It is bordered by Jordan, and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Red Sea lies to its west, and the Persian Gulf lies to the east. Saudi Arabia has an area of approximately 2,250,000 km2 (870,000 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 27 million, of which 9 million are registered foreign expatriates and an estimated 2 million are illegal immigrants. Saudi nationals comprise an estimated 16 million people.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud (known for most of his career as Ibn Saud) in 1932, although the conquests which eventually led to the creation of the Kingdom began in 1902 when he captured Riyadh, the ancestral home of his family, the House of Saud, referred to in Arabic as the Al Saud. The Saudi Arabian government, which has been an absolute monarchy since its inception, refers to its system of government as being Islamic, though this is contested by many due to its strong basis in Salafism, a minority school of thought in Islam. The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Al-Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca), and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Medina), the two holiest places in Islam.
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Senegal
Senegali/ˌsɛnɨˈɡɔːl/ (French: le Sénégal), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, IPA: [ʁepyblik dy seneɡal]), is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 square kilometres (76,000 sq mi), and has an estimated population of about 13 million. The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is located at the westernmost tip of the country on the Cap-Vert peninsula. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) off the coast, in the Atlantic Ocean, lie the Cape Verde Islands. During the 17th and 18th centuries, numerous trading posts, belonging to various colonial empires, were established along the coast. The town of St. Louis became the capital of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, or AOF) before it was moved to Dakar in 1902. Dakar later became its capital in 1960 at the time of independence from France.
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Sicily
Sicily (Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia, [siˈtʃiːlja]; [sɪˈɕilja]) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; along with surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana (Sicilian Autonomous Region).
Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean. It extends from the tip of the Apennine peninsula from which it is separated only by the narrow Strait of Messina, towards the North African coast. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, which is at 3,320 m (10,890 ft) the tallest active volcano in Europe and one of the most active in the world. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate.
The earliest archeological evidence of human dwelling on the island dates from 8000 BC. At around 750 BC, Sicily became a Greek colony and for the next 600 years it was the site of the Greek-Punic and Roman-Punic wars, which ended with the Roman destruction of Carthage. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, Sicily often changed hands, and during the early Middle Ages it was ruled in turn by the Vandals, Ostrogoths, Byzantines, Arabs and Normans. Later on, the Kingdom of Sicily lasted between 1130 and 1816, subordinated to the crowns of Aragon, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and finally the Bourbons, as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. It was united with the rest of Italy in 1860, but a subsequent economic collapse led to a wave of emigration, separatism, and the emergence of the Mafia, whose criminal activities pose problems to this day. After the birth of the Italian Republic in 1946, Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region.
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Snowy River
The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia. It originates on the slopes of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mainland peak, draining the eastern slopes of the Snowy Mountains in New South Wales, before flowing through the Snowy River National Park in Victoria and emptying into Bass Strait.
While the river's course and surroundings have remained almost entirely unchanged, the majority of it being protected by the Snowy River National Park, its flow was drastically reduced in the mid 20th century, to less than 1% (as measured at Jindabyne), after the construction of four large dams (Guthega, Island Bend, Eucumbene, and Jindabyne) and many smaller diversion structures in its headwaters in New South Wales, as part of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.
The main headwaters of the Snowy River, which include the Eucumbene, Gungarlin and Thredbo Rivers and many smaller alpine watercourses, are predominately located in Kosciuszko National Park and meet near Jindabyne. From this point the river winds 352 km southwards through inaccessible country, comprising private lands and the Snowy River National Park, eventually reaching the sea in the Snowy Inlet, at Marlo, near Orbost, Victoria.
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South Africa
Coordinates: 30°S 25°E / 30°S 25°E / -30; 25
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of Africa. It is divided into nine provinces and has 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline. To the north of the country lie the neighbouring territories of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an enclave surrounded by South African territory.
South Africa is multi-ethnic and has diverse cultures and languages. Eleven official languages are recognised in the constitution. Two of these languages are of European origin: South African English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language. All ethnic and language groups have political representation in the country's constitutional democracy comprising a parliamentary republic; unlike most parliamentary republics, the positions of head of state and head of government are merged in a parliament-dependent President.
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South Carolina
South Carolina (i/ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/) is a state in the Southeastern United States. It is bordered to the north by North Carolina; to the south and west by Georgia, located across the Savannah River; and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Originally part of the Province of Carolina, the Province of South Carolina was one of the 13 colonies that declared independence from the British Crown during the American Revolution. The colony was originally named by King Charles II of England in honor of his father Charles I (Carolus being Latin for Charles). South Carolina was the 8th state to ratify the US Constitution and become a state which it did on May 23, 1788. South Carolina later became the first state to vote to secede from the Union which it did on December 20, 1860. It was readmitted to the United States on June 25, 1868.
South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 24th most populous of the 50 United States. South Carolina comprises 46 counties. The capital and largest city of the state is Columbia.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire (Spanish: Imperio Español) comprised territories and colonies administered by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania. It originated during the Age of Exploration and was one of the first global empires. At the time of Habsburgs, Spain reached the peak of its political and economic power when it became the foremost global power. Its establishment in the 15th century ushered in the modern global era and five centuries of European dominance of global affairs. Spain's territorial reach beyond Europe spanned six centuries, from the first voyages to the Americas in 1492 until the independence of its last African colonies in the 1970s.
After the War of the Castilian Succession (1475–1479), Spain had emerged with a personally unified monarchy, with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs or los Reyes Catolicos between the Queen of Castile and the King of Aragon: the internal and foreign policy was coordinated although the rule was separate. In 1492, the Spanish monarchs completed the Reconquista with the incorporation of Granada to the Kingdom of Castile. That same year Christopher Columbus commanded the first Spanish exploratory voyage west across the Atlantic Ocean, leading to the Discovery of America and Europe's eventual colonial engagement in the New World. The Americas thereby became the focus of Spanish exploration and colonization.
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Stanford University
Coordinates: 37°26′N 122°10′W / 37.43°N 122.17°W / 37.43; -122.17
The Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University or Stanford, is an American private research university located in Stanford, California on an 8,180-acre (3,310 ha) campus near Palo Alto, California, United States. It is situated in the northwestern Silicon Valley, approximately 20 miles (32 km) northwest of San Jose and 37 miles (60 km) southeast of San Francisco.
Leland Stanford, a Californian railroad tycoon and politician, and his wife Jane Lathrop Stanford founded the university in 1891 in honor of their son, Leland Stanford, Jr., who died of typhoid two months before his 16th birthday. The university was established as a coeducational and nondenominational institution, but struggled financially after the senior Stanford's 1893 death and after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates' entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would become known as Silicon Valley. By 1970, Stanford was home to a linear accelerator, was one of the original four ARPANET nodes, and had transformed itself into a major research university in computer science, mathematics, natural sciences, and social sciences.
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Susa
Coordinates: 32°11′21″N 48°15′28″E / 32.18922°N 48.257785°E / 32.18922; 48.257785
Susa (Persian: شوش Shush [ʃuʃ]; Greek: Σοῦσα [ˈsuːsa]; Syriac: ܫܘܫ Shush; Old Persian Çūšā-; Biblical Hebrew שׁוּשָׁן Shushān) was an ancient city of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires of Iran. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km (160 mi) east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers.
The modern Iranian town of Shush is located at the site of ancient Susa. Shush is the administrative capital of the Shush County of Iran's Khuzestan province. It had a population 64,960 in 2005.
In historic literature, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records, e.g. in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta it is described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk.
Susa is also mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible by the name Shushan, mainly in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of the 6th century BCE. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white stone cone, which is neither regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of David. Susa is further mentioned in the Book of Jubilees (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of Shem and his eldest son Elam; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam.
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Taiwan
Taiwan (i/ˌtaɪˈwɑːn/ TY-WAHN; Chinese: 臺灣 or 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a state in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China now governs the island of Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taipei is the capital city and economic and cultural centre of the country, and New Taipei is the most populous city.
The earliest evidence of inhabitation of Taiwan dates back to the late Paleolithic era. The island of Taiwan was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before being colonized in the 17th century by the Dutch and the Spanish Empire. The first Han Chinese polity on Taiwan began when Koxinga's troops defeated Dutch forces and established the Kingdom of Tungning. The island was subsequently ruled by the Qing Dynasty after the kingdom's defeat in the Battle of Penghu in 1683, a period that lasted for over 200 years. Following Japan's victory over the Qing Dynasty in the first Sino-Japanese war, Taiwan was ceded to Japan under the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.
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Thailand
Thailand ( /ˈtaɪlænd/ TY-land or /ˈtaɪlənd/;Thai: ประเทศไทย, RTGS: Prathet Thai), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (Thai: ราชอาณาจักรไทย, RTGS: Ratcha Anachak Thai; IPA: [râːt.tɕʰā ʔāːnāːtɕàk tʰāj] ( listen)), formerly known as Siam (Thai: สยาม; RTGS: Sayam), is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
The country is a constitutional monarchy, headed by King Rama IX, the ninth king of the House of Chakri, who, having reigned since 1946, is the world's longest-serving head of state and the longest-reigning monarch in Thai history. The king of Thailand is titled Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, the Upholder of the Buddhist religion, and the Defender of all Faiths.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Valencian Community
The Valencian Community (English /vəˈlɛnsiən kɵˈmjuːnɨti/, /vəˈlɛnʃən kɵˈmjuːnɨti/; Valencian: Comunitat Valenciana [komuniˈtad valensiˈana]; Spanish: Comunidad Valenciana [komuniˈðað βalenˈθjana]; known alternatively as País Valencià) is an autonomous community of Spain located in central and south-eastern Iberian Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Valencia. The region is divided into three provinces: Alicante, Castellón and Valencia, and thirty four comarques.
It has 518 km of Mediterranean coastline and covers 23,259 km² of land with 5.1 million inhabitants (2009). Its borders largely reflect those of the historic Kingdom of Valencia.
The current version of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy (2006) declares the Valencian Community a nationality of Spain. The official languages are Valencian (as Catalan is known in this territory) and Spanish.
The official name of the autonomous community, Comunitat Valenciana, has seen a variety of renditions in English; including "Valencian Community", "Valencian Country", "Land of Valencia", "Region of Valencia" or most commonly, simply "Valencia". The Spanish name, Comunidad Valenciana, was co-official under the first Statute of Autonomy of 1982. At the present moment, the Valencian Government translates the name as "Region of Valencia" and, sometimes, "Land of Valencia", as the Department of Tourism states in publications edited both in Spanish and English.
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Veracruz
Veracruz, formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish pronunciation: [beɾaˈkɾuz ðe iɣˈnasjo ðe la ˈʎaβe]), officially Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (Spanish: Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states that, along with the Federal District, comprise the 32 federative entities of Mexico. It is divided in 212 municipalities and its capital city is Xalapa-Enríquez.
It is located in Eastern Mexico. It is bordered by the states of Tamaulipas to the north, San Luis Potosi and Hidalgo to the west, Puebla to the southwest, Oaxaca and Chiapas to the south and Tabasco to the southeast. To the east, Veracruz has a significant share of coastline on the Gulf of Mexico.
The state is noted for its mixed ethnic and large indigenous populations. Its cuisine reflects the many cultural influences that have come through the state because of the importance of the port of Veracruz.
In addition to the capital city, the state's largest cities include Veracruz, Coatzacoalcos, Córdoba, Minatitlán, Poza Rica, Boca Del Río and Orizaba.
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Vietnam
Vietnam ( listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Asian people
Asian people or Asiatic people is a term with multiple meanings that refers to people who descend from a portion of Asia's population.
Native ethnic groups of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan self-identify themselves as Asian. They are also recognized as Asian by Russians and Chinese.[citation needed]
This self-identification is based phenotypically, and on cultural differences from Russians, as these countries used to be parts of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, and therefore have significant Russian populations. Another reason for such self-identification is patriotic: "the native people of the Center of Asia - are undoubtedly Asians".[citation needed]
In parts of anglophone Africa, especially East Africa and South Africa, and in parts of the Anglophone Caribbean, the term "Asian" is more commonly associated with people of South Asian origin, particularly Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans.
Notably, the Australian Census includes Central Asia, a region that is often considered to be part of the Greater Middle East. The Australian Census includes four regions of Asia in its official definition. Defined by the 2006–2011 Australian Census, three broad groups have the word Asian included in their name: Central and Southern Asian, South-East Asian and North-East Asian. Russians are classified as Southern and Eastern Europeans while Middle Easterners are classified as North African and Middle Easterners.
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Cajun
Cajuns ( /ˈkeɪdʒən/; French: les Cadiens or les Acadiens, [le kadjɛ̃, lez‿akadjɛ̃]) are an ethnic group mainly living in the U.S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles (French-speakers from Acadia in what are now the Canadian Maritimes). Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisiana's population, and have exerted an enormous impact on the state's culture.
While Lower Louisiana had been settled by French colonists since the late 18th century, the Cajuns trace their roots to the influx of Acadian settlers after the Great Expulsion from their homeland during the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763). The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova Scotia and the other Maritime provinces, plus parts of eastern Quebec and northern Maine. Since their establishment in Louisiana the Cajuns have developed their own dialect, Cajun French, and developed a vibrant culture including folkways, music, and cuisine.
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Hokusai
Katsushika Hokusai (葛飾 北斎?, September 23, 1760 – May 10, 1849) was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. He was influenced by such painters as Sesshu, and other styles of Chinese painting. Born in Edo (now Tokyo), Hokusai is best known as author of the woodblock print series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (富嶽三十六景, Fugaku Sanjūroku-kei?, c. 1831) which includes the internationally recognized print, The Great Wave off Kanagawa, created during the 1820s.
Hokusai created the "Thirty-Six Views" both as a response to a domestic travel boom and as part of a personal obsession with Mount Fuji. It was this series, specifically The Great Wave print and Fuji in Clear Weather, that secured Hokusai’s fame both in Japan and overseas. As historian Richard Lane concludes, "Indeed, if there is one work that made Hokusai's name, both in Japan and abroad, it must be this monumental print-series...". While Hokusai's work prior to this series is certainly important, it was not until this series that he gained broad recognition and left a lasting impact on the art world. It was also The Great Wave print that initially received, and continues to receive, acclaim and popularity in the Western world.
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Ludovico Sforza
Ludovico Sforza (also known as Ludovico il Moro; 27 July 1452 – 27 May 1508), was Duke of Milan from 1489 until his death. A member of the Sforza family, he was the fourth son of Francesco Sforza. He was famed as a patron of Leonardo da Vinci and other artists, and presided over the final and most productive stage of the Milanese Renaissance. He is probably best known as the man who commissioned the The Last Supper.
Ludovico Sforza was born on July 27, 1452, at Vigevano, in what is now Lombardy. He was the fourth son of Francesco I Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti and, as such, was not expected to become ruler of Milan. Nevertheless, his mother, Bianca, prudently saw to it that his education was not restricted to the classical languages. Under the tutelage of the humanist Francesco Filelfo, Ludovico received instruction in the beauties of painting, sculpture, and letters, but he was also taught the methods of government and warfare. He later helped Leonardo paint with pastels.
When their father Francesco died in 1466 (the Last Supper was painted next to his burial place in Santa Maria delle Grazie), he was succeeded by the dissolute Galeazzo Maria, Ludovico's older brother. Galeazzo Maria ruled until his assassination in 1476, leaving his throne to his seven-year-old son, Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Ludovico's nephew. A bitter struggle for the regency with the boy's mother, Bona of Savoy, followed; Ludovico emerged as victor in 1481 and seized control of the government of Milan, despite attempts to keep him out of power. For the next 13 years he controlled Milan as regent.
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Richard MacNeish
Richard Stockton MacNeish (April 29, 1918 – January 16, 2001), known to many as "Scotty", was an American archaeologist. His fieldwork revolutionized the understanding of the development agriculture in the New World, the prehistory of several regions of Canada, the United States and Central and South America. He pioneered new methods in fieldwork and materials analysis and brought attention to the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. His legacy also includes an influence on generations of archaeologists.
Richard Stockton MacNeish was born April 29, 1918 in New York City. His interest in archaeology started at a young age, sparked by a hastily created report on the Maya for an art history class when he was twelve. A year later he wrote to prominent Maya archaeologist Dr. A.V. Kidder asking for a job at his dig at Chichen Itza. Although his request was gently refused, Kidder encouraged MacNeish to study hard and become an archaeologist.
In 1936, MacNeish started his university career at Colgate College -- now Colgate University -- and participated in several archaeological field schools in New York and Arizona where he learned important excavation skills that he would later modify to create his own excavation techniques. Of this time, MacNeish writes: “My energy was boundless: I dug, I hiked, I climbed cliffs, I learned, I went to dances, I mixed cement by hand, I caught rattlesnakes, I packed mules. Most important, I did and talked archaeology morning, noon, and night – and loved every moment of it”. . He continued to be influenced by Dr. Kidder, and refined his field archaeology methods under George Brainerd, eventually forming his personal excavation technique La Perre.
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Sandwich
A sandwich is a food item, typically consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice of bread with a topping or toppings, commonly called an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a widely popular type of lunch food, typically taken to work, school, or picnics to be eaten as part of a packed lunch. They generally contain a combination of salad vegetables, meat, cheese, and a variety of sauces or savoury spreads. The bread can be used as it is, or it can be coated with any condiments to enhance flavour and texture. They are widely sold in restaurants and cafes. Several examples of unconventional sandwiches include tacos, burritos, and pizza.
The sandwich is the namesake of John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.
The ancient Jewish sage Hillel the Elder is said to have wrapped meat from the Paschal lamb and bitter herbs between two pieces of old-fashioned soft matzah, flat, unleavened bread, during Passover in the manner of a modern "wrap" sandwich made with flatbread. Flat breads of only slightly varying kinds have long been used to scoop or wrap small amounts of food en route from platter to mouth throughout Western Asia and northern Africa. From Morocco to Ethiopia to India, bread is baked in flat rounds, contrasting with the European loaf tradition.
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Rice, Don Filmography
Rice, Don Filmography
Rice, Don Filmography
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- 真胎殿 風雅希創
- ラブレイン type:0
- ラブレイン type:1
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- ラブレイン type:5
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- Air
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Pure
- Sick
- In Rice We Survive
- Rice Pickers
- Seeds
- Under My Skin
- Alone
- Grain of Strength
- Sparrow
- Rice's Meow
- Rice Control
- Stick Together
- Just How Much Rice?
- All Steamed Up
- In Rice We Survive II
- Staying Power
- Breaking the Ice
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Garaeddeok (long cylinder shaped rice cake)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
http://www.maangchi.com/recipe/garaeddeok Ingredients: 2 cups of short grain rice flour ½ ts salt ¾ cup of boiling water if using a microwave, 1 cup of boili...
http://wn.com/Garaeddeok_long_cylinder_shaped_rice_cake
http://www.maangchi.com/recipe/garaeddeok Ingredients: 2 cups of short grain rice flour ½ ts salt ¾ cup of boiling water if using a microwave, 1 cup of boili...
How To Make Vegetable Fried Rice.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:38
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Recipe for making vegetable fried rice. With the strong Chinese influence we have in the Caribbean, fried rice is a common dish enjoyed throughout the island...
http://wn.com/How_To_Make_Vegetable_Fried_Rice
Recipe for making vegetable fried rice. With the strong Chinese influence we have in the Caribbean, fried rice is a common dish enjoyed throughout the island...
- published: 12 Jan 2012
- views: 400584
- author: caribbeanpot
How To Cook Boiled Rice - RECIPE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:59
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS ON iTUNES BOOKSTORE: http://itunes.apple.com/au/artist/david-chilcott/id478668534?mt=11 ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS - PAPERBACKS AND EBOOKS...
http://wn.com/How_To_Cook_Boiled_Rice_RECIPE
ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS ON iTUNES BOOKSTORE: http://itunes.apple.com/au/artist/david-chilcott/id478668534?mt=11 ONE POT CHEF COOKBOOKS - PAPERBACKS AND EBOOKS...
- published: 05 Jul 2010
- views: 219262
- author: OnePotChefShow
Damien Rice - The Blower's Daughter - Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
2010 WMG Official video for Damien Rice's song "The Blower's Daughter," from his album O. The song was featured in the film "Closer." The video features sc...
http://wn.com/Damien_Rice_The_Blower's_Daughter_Official_Video
2010 WMG Official video for Damien Rice's song "The Blower's Daughter," from his album O. The song was featured in the film "Closer." The video features sc...
- published: 01 Jan 1970
- views: 23416343
- author: Damienrice
Jerry Rice responds to Randy Moss claiming to be the greatest wide receiver in NFL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Randy Moss claiming that he is the greatest WR to play the game on media day. Jerry Rice had something to say about it though - the real G.O.A.T..
http://wn.com/Jerry_Rice_responds_to_Randy_Moss_claiming_to_be_the_greatest_wide_receiver_in_NFL
Randy Moss claiming that he is the greatest WR to play the game on media day. Jerry Rice had something to say about it though - the real G.O.A.T..
- published: 30 Jan 2013
- views: 27859
- author: xREALFANSx
Vegetable Fried Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 02 Mar 2013
Popular chinese recipe of boiled rice tossed with freshly cut vegetables. http://www.facebook.com/ChefSanjeevKapoor http://twitter.com/#!/khanakhazana.
http://wn.com/Vegetable_Fried_Rice
Popular chinese recipe of boiled rice tossed with freshly cut vegetables. http://www.facebook.com/ChefSanjeevKapoor http://twitter.com/#!/khanakhazana.
- published: 15 Feb 2013
- views: 7683
- author: sanjeevkapoorkhazana
Fruity Rainbow Rice Krispies Squares
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
I was on vacation in Las Vegas last week with CookingAndCrafting ! http://www.youtube.com/user/CookingAndCrafting We had a very nice relaxing week visiting l...
http://wn.com/Fruity_Rainbow_Rice_Krispies_Squares
I was on vacation in Las Vegas last week with CookingAndCrafting ! http://www.youtube.com/user/CookingAndCrafting We had a very nice relaxing week visiting l...
- published: 17 Feb 2013
- views: 79913
- author: yoyomax12
Spicy rice cake (Ddeokbokki)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:51
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
http://www.maangchi.com/recipe/ddukbokkie Ingredients: 1 pound of cylinder shaped rice cake, bought or homemade. (Use a little more if you're not adding hard...
http://wn.com/Spicy_rice_cake_Ddeokbokki
http://www.maangchi.com/recipe/ddukbokkie Ingredients: 1 pound of cylinder shaped rice cake, bought or homemade. (Use a little more if you're not adding hard...
- published: 31 Jan 2013
- views: 53197
- author: Maangchi
Jerry Rice Greatest of All Time: Freestyle Rap
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Freestyle Love Supreme performs their Jerry Rice rap during SportsNation's halftime show. Subscribe NOW to SportsNation: http://bit.ly/15kXfuT Watch SportsNa...
http://wn.com/Jerry_Rice_Greatest_of_All_Time_Freestyle_Rap
Freestyle Love Supreme performs their Jerry Rice rap during SportsNation's halftime show. Subscribe NOW to SportsNation: http://bit.ly/15kXfuT Watch SportsNa...
- published: 01 Feb 2013
- views: 13199
- author: SportsNationESPN
Ray Rice on Live with Kelly & Michael
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Ray Rice on Live with Kelly & Michael. bthewitt·32 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 3. 10,358. Like 44 Dislike 3. Like ... Sign in to YouTube. Sign in with your YouTube Account (YouTube, Google+, Gmail, Orkut, Picasa, or Chrome) to rate 2156yo's comment. Sign in. Remove; Report profile image; Flag for spam; Block User; Unblock User. 2156yo 3 weeks ago. Ughhh!!! Ray rice is sooo sexy!!! Reply ...
http://wn.com/Ray_Rice_on_Live_with_Kelly_Michael
Ray Rice on Live with Kelly & Michael. bthewitt·32 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 3. 10,358. Like 44 Dislike 3. Like ... Sign in to YouTube. Sign in with your YouTube Account (YouTube, Google+, Gmail, Orkut, Picasa, or Chrome) to rate 2156yo's comment. Sign in. Remove; Report profile image; Flag for spam; Block User; Unblock User. 2156yo 3 weeks ago. Ughhh!!! Ray rice is sooo sexy!!! Reply ...
- published: 06 Feb 2013
- views: 10313
- author: bthewitt
Bit Trip Runner: Rainbow Rice Krispie Treats - QnB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Today was my first time every make Rice Krispie Treats! I wanted them to be rainbow so I thought bit trip runner would work perfectly! Thanks for watching! L...
http://wn.com/Bit_Trip_Runner_Rainbow_Rice_Krispie_Treats_QnB
Today was my first time every make Rice Krispie Treats! I wanted them to be rainbow so I thought bit trip runner would work perfectly! Thanks for watching! L...
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 62173
- author: iHasCupquake
Jerry Rice Backs Tim Brown
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Jerry Rice reacts to Tim Brown's claim that coach Bill Callahan "sabotaged" Oakland in Super Bowl XXXVII.
http://wn.com/Jerry_Rice_Backs_Tim_Brown
Jerry Rice reacts to Tim Brown's claim that coach Bill Callahan "sabotaged" Oakland in Super Bowl XXXVII.
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- views: 8377
- author: ESPN
Spinach and Carrot Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Healthy rice preparation with the goodness of fresh spinach leaves and carrots. http://www.facebook.com/ChefSanjeevKapoor http://twitter.com/#!/khanakhazana.
http://wn.com/Spinach_and_Carrot_Rice
Healthy rice preparation with the goodness of fresh spinach leaves and carrots. http://www.facebook.com/ChefSanjeevKapoor http://twitter.com/#!/khanakhazana.
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 2354
- author: sanjeevkapoorkhazana
Secretary Condoleezza Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:43
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice addresses the 2012 Republican National Convention. August 29, 2012 | Tampa, FL.
http://wn.com/Secretary_Condoleezza_Rice
Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice addresses the 2012 Republican National Convention. August 29, 2012 | Tampa, FL.
- published: 30 Aug 2012
- views: 272978
- author: gopconvention2012
How to Cook Egg Fried Rice
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Learn how to cook egg fried rice with Chef Mark from LearnToCook.com. For the full recipe that accompanies this video please visit http://learntocook.com/ric...
http://wn.com/How_to_Cook_Egg_Fried_Rice
Learn how to cook egg fried rice with Chef Mark from LearnToCook.com. For the full recipe that accompanies this video please visit http://learntocook.com/ric...
- published: 24 Jan 2013
- views: 15252
- author: LearnToCookOnline
Orange Scented Rice Pudding Recipe - Laura Vitale - Laura in the Kitchen Episode 543
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
To get this complete recipe with instructions and measurements, check out my website: http://www.LauraintheKitchen.com Official Facebook Page: http://www.fac...
http://wn.com/Orange_Scented_Rice_Pudding_Recipe_Laura_Vitale_Laura_in_the_Kitchen_Episode_543
To get this complete recipe with instructions and measurements, check out my website: http://www.LauraintheKitchen.com Official Facebook Page: http://www.fac...
- published: 23 Feb 2013
- views: 38448
- author: Laura in the Kitchen
Snowboarder Travis Rice: Absinthe Films Rider Spotlight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:09
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Travis Rice has been pushing the envelope of possibility on a snowboard for years. Leading the charge on the heaviest of jumps, Alaskan lines, and everything...
http://wn.com/Snowboarder_Travis_Rice_Absinthe_Films_Rider_Spotlight
Travis Rice has been pushing the envelope of possibility on a snowboard for years. Leading the charge on the heaviest of jumps, Alaskan lines, and everything...
- published: 31 Dec 2012
- views: 45094
- author: Network A
Jamaican Rice And Peas Recipe.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:54
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Recipe for making tasty Jamaican style rice and peas or peas and rice as it's also known as in Jamaica. Rice and peas is truly one of the more delicious Cari...
http://wn.com/Jamaican_Rice_And_Peas_Recipe
Recipe for making tasty Jamaican style rice and peas or peas and rice as it's also known as in Jamaica. Rice and peas is truly one of the more delicious Cari...
- published: 22 May 2012
- views: 71579
- author: caribbeanpot
Yogurt Rice (Curd Rice, Mosaranna) Recipe by Manjula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
View full recipe at http://www.manjulaskitchen.com/2013/01/24/yogurt-rice-curd-rice-mosaranna/ Learn how to cook Yogurt Rice (Curd Rice, Mosaranna) Recipe by...
http://wn.com/Yogurt_Rice_Curd_Rice,_Mosaranna_Recipe_by_Manjula
View full recipe at http://www.manjulaskitchen.com/2013/01/24/yogurt-rice-curd-rice-mosaranna/ Learn how to cook Yogurt Rice (Curd Rice, Mosaranna) Recipe by...
- published: 25 Jan 2013
- views: 16234
- author: Manjulaskitchen
How to Make Totoro Onigiri (Rice Balls) Recipe となりのトトロ おにぎりの作り方
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:54
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
This video will show you how to make Totoro Onigiri (Rice Balls). Rice ball is called "Onigiri" in Japanese. Mostly it's shape is triangle and you can mix in...
http://wn.com/How_to_Make_Totoro_Onigiri_Rice_Balls_Recipe_となりのトトロ_おにぎりの作り方
This video will show you how to make Totoro Onigiri (Rice Balls). Rice ball is called "Onigiri" in Japanese. Mostly it's shape is triangle and you can mix in...
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 35026
- author: ochikeron
How to Make Steamed Rice Cakes - COW CAKE - Banh Bo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
How to make COW CAKE, which is a Vietnamese Steamed Rice Cake a.k.a. Banh Bo, a Y4D Vietnamese food / cooking recipe. PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: http://goo.gl/MSTla F...
http://wn.com/How_to_Make_Steamed_Rice_Cakes_COW_CAKE_Banh_Bo
How to make COW CAKE, which is a Vietnamese Steamed Rice Cake a.k.a. Banh Bo, a Y4D Vietnamese food / cooking recipe. PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: http://goo.gl/MSTla F...
- published: 19 Jan 2013
- views: 27783
- author: Yummies4Dummies
Slow Loris eating a Rice Ball
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:37
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Slow Loris eating a Rice Ball Her name is Kinako. She has teeth and is domestically bred. Kinako was born in a Japanese pet shop.
http://wn.com/Slow_Loris_eating_a_Rice_Ball
Slow Loris eating a Rice Ball Her name is Kinako. She has teeth and is domestically bred. Kinako was born in a Japanese pet shop.
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 3516516
- author: strongstylebboy
Vegetable Rice (Pulav) Recipe by Manjula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:35
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
View full recipe at http://www.manjulaskitchen.com/2007/01/20/vegetable-rice-pulav/ INGREDIENTS: RECIPE FOR 4 TO 6 SERVINGS 1 cup basmati rice 2 cups water 3...
http://wn.com/Vegetable_Rice_Pulav_Recipe_by_Manjula
View full recipe at http://www.manjulaskitchen.com/2007/01/20/vegetable-rice-pulav/ INGREDIENTS: RECIPE FOR 4 TO 6 SERVINGS 1 cup basmati rice 2 cups water 3...
- published: 20 Jan 2007
- views: 922687
- author: Manjulaskitchen
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
07 Mar 2013
Posted. March 7, 2013. North Korea threatened a preemptive nuclear attack against the United States ahead of an upcoming vote on additional UN sanctions against Pyongyang. The country also accused the United States of performing military drills in South Korea as a launching pad for nuclear war. North Korea adds that it plans to scrap the armistice that ended Korean War hostilities ... The statement read. ... Category. Asia. Tags ... Posted ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
07 Mar 2013
The conflict has wreaked political havoc for both Malaysia and the neighboring Philippines ... Ismail said at least 52 Filipinos have now been killed in the past week since hostilities in the Sabah security crisis escalated ... World news....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: UN / Evan Schneider
07 Mar 2013
Gallery. North Korea hit by new UN sanctions after test. EDITH M. LEDERER and HYUNG-JIN KIM , The Associated Press. Posted. Thursday, March 7, 2013, 5.17 PM. UNITED NATIONS - The U.N ... Ambassador Susan Rice said ... 12 and were the fourth set imposed by the U.N ... Rice said "the entire world stands united in our commitment to the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and in our demand that North Korea comply with its international obligations."....(size: 9.7Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / J. Scott Applewhite
07 Mar 2013
By Mark Hosenball. WASHINGTON, March 7 (Reuters) - A son-in-law of Osama bin Laden who served as al Qaeda's spokesman was arrested in Jordan and then brought to New York in an operation led by Jordanian authorities and the FBI, U.S. government sources said on Thursday. The sources said Suleiman Abu Ghaith, a militant who appeared in videos representing al Qaeda after the Sept ... The trial would most likely be in U.S ... U.S ... Bush ... Later, U.S ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
PR Newswire
08 Mar 2013
Research and Forecast of Functional Red Yeast Rice Market in China, 2013-2017. http.//www.reportlinker.com/p01118327/Research-and-Forecast-of-Functional-Red-Yeast-Rice-Market-in-China-2013-2017.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=Pasta,_Noodles_and_Rice. Functional red yeast rice can accelerate blood circulation and food digestion ... The market scale of red yeast rice reached CNY 158 million in 2012 in China....(size: 6.8Kb)
China Daily
08 Mar 2013
After delivering his thank you message, Zhai stood holding two plates of rice - one of brown rice and the other white. "In spite of the rosy picture, we have wasted a lot of rice when processing it," he said. Zhai explained that Chinese consumers love to eat polished rice - regular milled white rice - instead of brown rice, despite the latter being more nutritious....(size: 2.6Kb)
Palm Beach Post
08 Mar 2013
After captivating the audience with her recollection of how the morning of 9/11 unfolded in the White House and how she now spends her mornings, former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice quickly answered the first question posed at this year’s World Leaders Conference on Thursday ... “I’m not,” Rice said with a smile, recalling long days campaigning with President George W ... “People are seizing freedom,” Rice said....(size: 2.7Kb)
Indian Express
08 Mar 2013
Iran's oil export revenues are helping Indian rice exporters to claw back some of the lucrative business lost to cross-border truckers in Pakistan as a result of Western sanctions. Indian rice exports direct to Iran have bounced back, thanks to shippers being paid up front in rupees from a huge pool of oil money owed to Iran by Indian refiners....(size: 1.7Kb)
Indian Express
08 Mar 2013
Iran's oil export revenues are helping Indian rice exporters to claw back some of the lucrative business lost to cross-border truckers in Pakistan as a result of Western sanctions. Indian rice exports direct to Iran have bounced back, thanks to shippers being paid up front in rupees from a huge pool of oil money owed to Iran by Indian refiners....(size: 1.7Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
The price of rice dropped slightly, but that of wheat rose a little bit, and bulk soybean oil remained stable. . The average inventory of grain and oil per day at the Dalian Grain Wholesale Market and the Grain & Oil Trade Center of the Dalian Shuangxing Market was 2803.4 tons, of which rice was 2017.9 tons, wheat flour 567.2 tons and soybean oil 218.3 tons....(size: 2.1Kb)
Tulsa World
08 Mar 2013
10 ... Mark Irwin ... "I don't think he's there," said Okmulgee County Sheriff Eddy Rice ... Rice said his gut feeling is that Cobb is still alive. Rice said there were oddities about the case that lead law enforcement to believe he possibly arrived and left by other means. Rice declined to elaborate on what the oddities were ... Rice said that Cobb previously lived in the Oklahoma City area where he abruptly left without telling anyone ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Newstrack India
08 Mar 2013
Houston Chronicle
08 Mar 2013
Texas Land Partners is appealing District Court Judge Tom Rugg’s September ruling that TransCanada’s acquisition of farmland owned by Texas Rice Land Partners is constitutional, and building of the pipeline can proceed even as property owners continue to fight it in appellate courts ... Rice farmer David Holland said the real question is whether the rights of property owners should be abridged for economic development....(size: 3.5Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Mar 2013
March 2013 marks the third annual essential tremor awareness month - raising public awareness of a condition that affects 10 million Americans ... “March is an important time for all those affected by ET,” said Catherine Rice, executive director of the International Essential Tremor Foundation ... Moore and his colleagues who co-sponsored this important resolution,” said Rice ... Contact.. Catherine Rice, IETF Executive Director ... Catherine Rice ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
(Source. Beijing Municipal Government). China has delayed the introduction of genetically modified rice and corn as it tries to head off public fears, leading government scientists said yesterday. The world's largest rice producer and consumer gave safety approvals to Bt rice and phytase corn in 2009, but has not yet begun commercial production, even though it has already spent billions of yuan on research ... distributed by ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
Meyer, who spoke as part of a question-and-answer session, preceded the conference's closing speaker, Condoleezza Rice ... Secretary of State who currently serves as a professor at Stanford University, Rice linked leadership and management as "two halves of the same nut," both skills are needed to accomplish organizational goals ... Rice said....(size: 5.2Kb)
The Independent
08 Mar 2013
Today, Susan Rice, the US ambassador to the UN, said that America was “fully capable of dealing with any North Korean missile threat” and that Pyongyang’s stance would “further isolate the country and its people and undermine international efforts to promote peace and stability in north-east Asia.”. Ms Rice added that ... weapons program,” said Ms Rice....(size: 3.2Kb)
For other uses, see Rice (disambiguation).
Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia and the West Indies. It is the grain with the second-highest worldwide production, after maize (corn), according to data for 2010.[1]
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by the human species.[2]
There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. For example in India, there is a saying that "grains of rice should be like two brothers, close but not stuck together"[citation needed], while in the Far East there is a preference for softer, stickier varieties. Because of its importance as a staple food, rice has considerable cultural importance. For example, rice is first mentioned in the Yajur Veda and then is frequently referred to in Sanskrit texts.[citation needed] Rice is often directly associated with prosperity and fertility, therefore there is the custom of throwing rice at weddings.[3]
Rice is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years.[4] The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm (20–39 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm (12–20 in) long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.12 in) thick.
Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. Rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.
The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
(The name wild rice is usually used for species of the grass genus Zizania, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.)
Contents |
Etymology[link]
First attested in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, Ger. Reis, Lith. ryžiai, Serbo-Cr. riza, Pol. ryz, Dutch rijst, Romanian orez).[5][6][7] Ultimately, the original source for those languages is from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi).[8][9]
Preparation as food[link]
The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.
Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing.
In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.
Despite the hypothetical health risks of talc (such as stomach cancer),[10] talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some, and is no longer widely used in others (such as the United States). Even where talc is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains.
Rice bran, called nuka in Japan, is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan.
Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).
Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter (known as fried rice), or beaten in a tub to make mochi.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 1,527 kJ (365 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 80 g |
| - Sugars | 0.12 g |
| - Dietary fiber | 1.3 g |
| Fat | 0.66 g |
| Protein | 7.13 g |
| Water | 11.61 g |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.0701 mg (6%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.0149 mg (1%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 1.62 mg (11%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 1.014 mg (20%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.164 mg (13%) |
| Calcium | 28 mg (3%) |
| Iron | 0.80 mg (6%) |
| Magnesium | 25 mg (7%) |
| Manganese | 1.088 mg (52%) |
| Phosphorus | 115 mg (16%) |
| Potassium | 115 mg (2%) |
| Zinc | 1.09 mg (11%) |
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
|
Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.[11]
Rice, like other cereal grains, can be puffed (or popped). This process takes advantage of the grains' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low-pressure chamber. The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation, resulting in a puffy texture. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases to less than one-tenth that when puffed.
Cooking[link]
- Further information: Steamed rice
The many varieties of rice, for many purposes, are distinguished as long-, medium-, and short-grain rices. The grains of long-grain rice (high amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness lets the rice be moulded into a solid shape. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.
Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. It can be cooked in just as much water as it absorbs (the absorption method), or in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving (the rapid-boil method).[12] Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf by American chefs or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India, Pakistan, and Iran.
B: Brown rice
C:Rice with germ
D: White rice with bran residue
E:Musenmai (Japanese:無洗米), "Polished and ready to boil rice", literally, non-wash rice
(1):Chaff
(2):Bran
(3):Bran residue
(4):Cereal germ
(5):Endosperm
In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant.[13]
Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.
Rice may be soaked prior to cooking, which saves fuel, decreases cooking time, minimizes exposure to high temperature and thus decreases the stickiness of the rice. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains.
Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is milled, fully cooked and then dried. There is a significant degradation in taste and texture.
A nutritionally superior method of preparing brown rice known as GABA Rice or GBR (Germinated Brown Rice)[14] may be used. This involves soaking washed brown rice for 20 hours in warm water (38 °C or 100 °F) prior to cooking it. This stimulates germination, which activates various enzymes in the rice. By this method, a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice, it is possible to obtain a more complete amino acid profile, including GABA.
Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C (39–140 °F). When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production.[15] One of the enterotoxins produced by bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.
Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness.
Nutrients and the nutritional importance of rice[link]
Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize 5%.[16]
A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, black, red and purple varieties of rice – each prevalent in different part of the world. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.[17]
An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.[18]
Brilliantly colored rice strains such as the purple rice derives its color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.[19]
Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutrition benefits. Red or black rice consumption were found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, and the study claims this to be due to absent antioxidants of red and black varieties of rice.[20]
Comparison of rice to other major staple foods[link]
The following table shows the nutrient content of major staple foods in a raw form. Raw grains, however, aren't edible and can not be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted and cooked form, the relative nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of each of these grains is remarkably different from that of raw form of these grains reported in this table.
| STAPLE: | Maize / Corn[A] | Rice[B] | Wheat[C] | Potato[D] | Cassava[E] | Soybean[F] | Sweet potato[G] | Sorghum[H] | Yam[Y] | Plantain[Z] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Component (per 100g portion) | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount | Amount |
| Water (g) | 76 | 12 | 11 | 79 | 60 | 68 | 77 | 9 | 70 | 65 |
| Energy (kJ) | 360 | 1528 | 1419 | 322 | 670 | 615 | 360 | 1419 | 494 | 511 |
| Protein (g) | 3.2 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 13.0 | 1.6 | 11.3 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
| Fat (g) | 1.18 | 0.66 | 2.47 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 6.8 | 0.05 | 3.3 | 0.17 | 0.37 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 19 | 80 | 71 | 17 | 38 | 11 | 20 | 75 | 28 | 32 |
| Fiber (g) | 2.7 | 1.3 | 10.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 4.2 | 3 | 6.3 | 4.1 | 2.3 |
| Sugar (g) | 3.22 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.78 | 1.7 | 0 | 4.18 | 0 | 0.5 | 15 |
| Calcium (mg) | 2 | 28 | 34 | 12 | 16 | 197 | 30 | 28 | 17 | 3 |
| Iron (mg) | 0.52 | 4.31 | 3.52 | 0.78 | 0.27 | 3.55 | 0.61 | 4.4 | 0.54 | 0.6 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 37 | 25 | 144 | 23 | 21 | 65 | 25 | 0 | 21 | 37 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 89 | 115 | 508 | 57 | 27 | 194 | 47 | 287 | 55 | 34 |
| Potassium (mg) | 270 | 115 | 431 | 421 | 271 | 620 | 337 | 350 | 816 | 499 |
| Sodium (mg) | 15 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 14 | 15 | 55 | 6 | 9 | 4 |
| Zinc (mg) | 0.45 | 1.09 | 4.16 | 0.29 | 0.34 | 0.99 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.24 | 0.14 |
| Copper (mg) | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.55 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.15 | - | 0.18 | 0.08 |
| Manganese (mg) | 0.16 | 1.09 | 3.01 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.55 | 0.26 | - | 0.40 | - |
| Selenium (mcg) | 0.6 | 15.1 | 89.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.7 | 1.5 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 19.7 | 20.6 | 29 | 2.4 | 0 | 17.1 | 18.4 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 0.20 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.44 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.11 | 0.05 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Niacin (mg) | 1.70 | 4.19 | 6.74 | 1.05 | 0.85 | 1.65 | 0.56 | 2.93 | 0.55 | 0.69 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 0.76 | 1.01 | 0.94 | 0.30 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.80 | - | 0.31 | 0.26 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.21 | - | 0.29 | 0.30 |
| Folate Total (mcg) | 46 | 231 | 43 | 16 | 27 | 165 | 11 | 0 | 23 | 22 |
| Vitamin A (IU) | 208 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 180 | 14187 | 0 | 138 | 1127 |
| Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.26 | 0 | 0.39 | 0.14 |
| Vitamin K (mcg) | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0 | 1.8 | 0 | 2.6 | 0.7 |
| Beta-carotene (mcg) | 52 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 8509 | 0 | 83 | 457 |
| Lutein+zeazanthin (mcg) | 764 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30 |
| Saturated fatty acids (g) | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.79 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.14 |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 0.56 | 0.18 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 3.20 | 0.01 | 1.37 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| A corn, sweet, yellow, raw | B rice, white, long-grain, regular, raw | ||||||||
| C wheat, durum | D potato, flesh and skin, raw | ||||||||
| E cassava, raw | F soybeans, green, raw | ||||||||
| G sweetpotato, raw, unprepared | H sorghum, raw | ||||||||
| Y yam, raw | Z plantains, raw |
Rice growing ecology[link]
Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability.[22] Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein[23] and it can also survive flooding.[24]
- Lowland, rainfed, which is drought prone, favors medium depth; waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone
- Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry season
- Deep water or floating rice
- Coastal Wetland
- Upland rice is also known as 'Ghaiya rice', well known for its drought tolerance[25]
History of domestication and cultivation[link]
Asia[link]
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.JPG)
The commonly accepted view is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.[26][27] Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated.[28] Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China.[27] In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.[27]
In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice.[29] Their 15,000 year old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago.[29] These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism,[30] and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests.[31] In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.[32][33]
The earliest remains of rice in the Indian subcontinent have been found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and date from 7000–6000 BC though the earliest widely accepted date for cultivated rice is placed at around 3000–2500 BC with findings in regions belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. Perennial wild rices still grow in Assam and Nepal. It seems to have appeared around 1400 BC in southern India after its domestication in the northern plains.[citation needed] It then spread to all the fertile alluvial plains watered by rivers. Cultivation and cooking methods are thought to have spread to the west rapidly and by medieval times, southern Europe saw the introduction of rice as a hearty grain.
According to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD) at one end of the ancient world, another domestication of rice in South Asia.
Today, the majority of all rice produced comes from China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Philippines, and Japan. Asian farmers still account for 92% of the world's total rice production.
Companion plant[link]
One of the earliest known examples of companion planting is the growing of rice with Azolla, the mosquito fern, which covers the top of a fresh rice paddy's water, blocking out any competing plants, as well as fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere for the rice to use. The rice is planted when it is tall enough to poke out above the azolla. This method has been used for at least a thousand years.
Africa[link]
Main article: Oryza glaberrima
African rice has been cultivated for 3500 years. Between 1500 and 800 BC, Oryza glaberrima propagated from its original centre, the Niger River delta, and extended to Senegal. However, it never developed far from its original region. Its cultivation even declined in favour of the Asian species, which was introduced to East Africa early in the common era and spread westward.[34] African rice helped Africa conquer its famine of 1203.[35]
Middle East[link]
In Iraq rice was grown in some areas of southern Iraq. With the rise of Islam it moved north to Nisibin, the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and then beyond the Muslim world into the valley of Volga. In Egypt, rice is mainly grown in the Nile Delta. In Palestine, modern day Israel, rice came to be grown in the Jordan Valley. Rice is also grown in Yemen.[36]
Europe[link]
The Moors brought Asiatic rice to the Iberian Peninsula in the 10th century. Records indicate it was grown in Valencia and Majorca. In Majorca, rice cultivation seems to have stopped after the Christian conquest, although historians are not certain.[36]
Muslims also brought rice to Sicily, where it was an important crop[36] long before it is noted in the plain of Pisa (1468) or in the Lombard plain (1475), where its cultivation was promoted by Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan, and demonstrated in his model farms.[37]
After the 15th century, rice spread throughout Italy and then France, later propagating to all the continents during the age of European exploration.
The Ottomans introduced rice in the Balkans, it was a unknown plant in the Balkans before the Ottoman conquest.[38]
Caribbean and Latin America[link]
Rice is not native to the Americas but was introduced to Latin America and the Caribbean by European colonizers at an early date with Spanish colonizers introducing Asian rice to Mexico in the 1520s at Veracruz and the Portuguese and their African slaves introducing it at about the same time to Colonial Brazil.[39] Recent scholarship suggests that enslaved Africans played an active role in the establishment of rice in the New World and that African rice was an important crop from an early period.[40] Varieties of rice and bean dishes that were a staple dish along the peoples of West Africa remained a staple among their descendants subjected to slavery in the Spanish New World colonies, Brazil and elsewhere in the Americas.[35]
The Native Americans of the what is now the Eastern United States may have practiced extensive agriculture with forms of wild rice.
United States[link]
In 1694, rice arrived in South Carolina, probably originating from Madagascar.[39]
In the United States, colonial South Carolina and Georgia grew and amassed great wealth from the Slavery labor obtained from the Senegambia area of West Africa and from coastal Sierra Leone. At the port of Charleston, through which 40% of all American slave imports passed, slaves from this region of Africa brought the highest prices, in recognition of their prior knowledge of rice culture, which was put to use on the many rice plantations around Georgetown, Charleston, and Savannah. From the enslaved Africans, plantation owners learned how to dyke the marshes and periodically flood the fields. At first the rice was milled by hand with wooden paddles, then winnowed in sweetgrass baskets (the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa). The invention of the rice mill increased profitability of the crop, and the addition of water power for the mills in 1787 by millwright Jonathan Lucas was another step forward. Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the American Civil War, and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century. Today, people can visit the only remaining rice plantation in South Carolina that still has the original winnowing barn and rice mill from the mid-19th century at the historic Mansfield Plantation in Georgetown, South Carolina. The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as "Carolina Gold." The cultivar has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop.[41]
In the southern United States, rice has been grown in southern Arkansas, Louisiana, and east Texas since the mid-19th century. Many Cajun farmers grew rice in wet marshes and low lying prairies where they could also farm crayfish when the fields were flooded.[42] In recent years rice production has risen in North America, especially in the Mississippi River Delta areas in the states of Arkansas and Mississippi.
Rice cultivation began in California during the California Gold Rush, when an estimated 40,000 Chinese laborers immigrated to the state and grew small amounts of the grain for their own consumption. However, commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of Richvale in Butte County.[43] By 2006, California produced the second largest rice crop in the United States,[44] after Arkansas, with production concentrated in six counties north of Sacramento.[45] Unlike the Mississippi Delta region, California's production is dominated by short- and medium-grain japonica varieties, including cultivars developed for the local climate such as Calrose, which makes up as much as 85% of the state's crop.[46]
References to wild rice in the Americas are to the unrelated Zizania palustris
More than 100 varieties of rice are commercially produced primarily in six states (Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and California) in the U.S.[47] According to estimates for the 2006 crop year, rice production in the U.S. is valued at $1.88 billion, approximately half of which is expected to be exported. The U.S. provides about 12% of world rice trade.[47] The majority of domestic utilization of U.S. rice is direct food use (58%), while 16% is used in each of processed foods and beer. The remaining 10% is found in pet food.[47]
Australia[link]
Rice was one of the earliest crops planted in Australia by British settlers, who had experience with rice plantations in the Americas and the subcontinent.
Although attempts to grow rice in the well-watered north of Australia have been made for many years, they have consistently failed because of inherent iron and manganese toxicities in the soils and destruction by pests.
In the 1920s it was seen as a possible irrigation crop on soils within the Murray-Darling Basin that were too heavy for the cultivation of fruit and too infertile for wheat.[48]
Because irrigation water, despite the extremely low runoff of temperate Australia, was (and remains) very cheap, the growing of rice was taken up by agricultural groups over the following decades. Californian varieties of rice were found suitable for the climate in the Riverina, and the first mill opened at Leeton in 1951.
Even before this Australia's rice production greatly exceeded local needs,[48] and rice exports to Japan have become a major source of foreign currency. Above-average rainfall from the 1950s to the middle 1990s[49] encouraged the expansion of the Riverina rice industry, but its prodigious water use in a practically waterless region began to attract the attention of environmental scientists. These became severely concerned with declining flow in the Snowy River and the lower Murray River.
Although rice growing in Australia is highly profitable due to the cheapness of land, several recent years of severe drought have led many to call for its elimination because of its effects on extremely fragile aquatic ecosystems. The Australian rice industry is somewhat opportunistic, with the area planted varying significantly from season to season depending on water allocations in the Murray and Murrumbidgee irrigation regions.
Production and commerce[link]
| Production of rice by country — 2010 (million metric ton)[50] |
|
|---|---|
 People's Republic of China |
197.2 |
 India |
120.6 |
 Indonesia |
66.4 |
 Bangladesh |
49.3 |
 Vietnam |
39.9 |
 Myanmar |
33.2 |
 Thailand |
31.5 |
 Philippines |
15.7 |
 Brazil |
11.3 |
 United States |
11.0 |
 Japan |
10.6 |
 Cambodia |
8.2 |
| Source: Food and Agriculture Organization | |
Production[link]
Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.[51]
World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.[52] The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). At 44 million hectares, India had the largest farm area under rice production in 2009. The rice farm productivity in India were about 45% of the rice farm productivity in China, and about 60% of the rice farm productivity in Indonesia. If India could adopt the farming knowledge and technology in use in China and Indonesia, India could produce an additional 100 million tonnes of rice, enough staple food for about 400 million people every year, and US$50 billion in additional annual income to its rice farmers (adjusted to 2010 dollars and global rice prices per tonne). In the 1990s, genetic studies took place in many Europian laboratories to increase rice production per hectare. Most of them were Dutch agricultural organizations united by HNGAC. These studies were later stopped due to lack of funding.
In addition to the gap in farming system technology and knowledge, many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%.,[51][53] Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year.[54]
Harvesting, drying and milling[link]
Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labour groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling. A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of moulds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.
Distribution[link]
Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia, the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement. While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries, agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia, the NFA in the Philippines, VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people. BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam.[55]
Trade[link]
World trade figures are very different to those for production, as only about 5–6% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.
Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002.[51]
In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. Together, they accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports. The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice, while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. China, an exporter of rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010.[56]
Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally.
World's most productive rice farms and farmers[link]
The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010.
Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare.[57]
Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields, within the last 10 years, in many countries. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven-hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.[58][59][60][61]
Price[link]
In late 2007 to May 2008, the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries (particularly Australia), increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production. Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers, government rice export bans (in particular, by Vietnam and India) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board, the National Food Authority. This caused significant rises in rice prices. In late April 2008, prices hit 24 US cents a pound, twice the price of seven months earlier.[62]
On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice.[63][64] However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.
Worldwide consumption[link]
| Consumption of rice by country—2003/2004 (million metric ton)[65] |
|
|---|---|
| China |
135.0 |
| India |
85.3 |
| Indonesia |
37.0 |
| Bangladesh |
26.4 |
| Vietnam |
17.7 |
| Thailand |
10.2 |
| Myanmar |
10.2 |
| Philippines |
9.7 |
| Japan |
8.7 |
| Brazil |
8.1 |
 South Korea |
5.0 |
| United States |
3.9 |
 Egypt |
3.3 |
 Iran |
3.1 |
 North Korea |
1.6 |
 Taiwan |
1.2 |
 South Africa |
0.7 |
| Source: United States Department of Agriculture |
|
Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of rice increased by 40%.
Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production.[66]
U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production.[67] Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.[68]
Environmental impacts[link]
Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 6–29% of the anthropogenic methane emissions annually.[69] Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains.[70]
Long-term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil.[69] Current contributions of methane from agriculture is ~15% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, as estimated by the IPCC. Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.[71]
A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred.[72][73] The yield growth rate had fallen 10–20% at some locations. The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear, but might involve increased respiration during warm nights, which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize.
Pests and diseases[link]
Main article: List of rice diseases
Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds).[74] Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including the overuse of pesticides, improper irrigation, and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application.[75] Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.[76]
Several nematode species infect rice crops, causing diseases such as Ufra (Ditylenchus dipsaci), White tip disease (Aphelenchoide bessei), and root knot disease (Meloidogyne graminicola). Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp. are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world. Rice root nematode (Hischmanniella spp.) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop. Beyond being obligate parasites, they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants' susceptibility to other pests and diseases.
Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened.[77] Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social.[78] At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks.[79][80][81][82] By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests,[83] misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks.[84] The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that a 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers.[85] IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.[86][87]
Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests.[88] Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests.[89]
5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.[90]
Botanicals, so-called "natural pesticides", are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests. Botanicals include extracts of leaves, or a mulch of the leaves themselves. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (Chromolaena odorata) over the surface of fields after planting. This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations.[91]
Among rice cultivars, there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage.[92][93] Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance.[94] Nonpreference (or antixenosis) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.[95] Over time, the use of pest resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.[96][94]
Major rice pests include the brown planthopper[97] the rice gall midge,[98] the rice bug,[92] the rice leafroller, rice weevils, stemborer,[99] panicle rice mite, rats,[100] and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.[101]
Major rice diseases include Rice ragged stunt, Sheath Blight, and tungro.[102] Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. There is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.[103][104]
Parasitic weeds[link]
Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica.[105] This parasitic weed is a devastating pest on the crop. In Rwanda, the national agriculture research institute (ISAR) seeks on a new variety of rice that can resist more to pests and diseases in collaboration with national university of Rwanda at ruhande.
Cultivars[link]
Main article: List of rice varieties
While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture, smell, and firmness. Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called "floating rice".[106]
There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous. The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.[107]
The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute[108] in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions[109] held in the International Rice Genebank.[110] Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai Jasmine rice is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as some long-grain rice contains less amylopectin than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants often serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short-grain rice is common as well. Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make zongzi. The Japanese table rice is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese sake rice is another kind as well.
Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic Basmati (ਬਾਸਮਤੀ) (grown in the North), long and medium-grained Patna rice, and short-grained Sona Masoori (also spelled Sona Masuri). In the state of Tamil Nadu, the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River. Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra, a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.
Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also red and black cultivars.
High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa and other dry ecosystems, called the new rice for Africa (NERICA) cultivars, have been developed. It is hoped that their cultivation will improve food security in West Africa.
Draft genomes for the two most common rice cultivars, indica and japonica, were published in April 2002. Rice was chosen as a model organism for the biology of grasses because of its relatively small genome (~430 megabase pairs). Rice was the first crop with a complete genome sequence.[111]
On December 16, 2002, the UN General Assembly declared the year 2004 the International Year of Rice. The declaration was sponsored by more than 40 countries.
Biotechnology[link]
High-yielding varieties[link]
The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production. Rice, like corn and wheat, was genetically manipulated to increase its yield. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first "Rice Car", IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines' Los Baños site. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen."[112]
Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway, including GAI1 (Gibberellin Insensitive) and SLR1 (Slender Rice).[113] Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield two to three times.
Future potential[link]
As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New Rices for Africa" (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture, are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology "from Africa, for Africa". The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times (October 10th, 2007) and International Herald Tribune (October 9th, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence. Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security.
Golden rice[link]
Main article: Golden rice
Rice kernels do not contain vitamin A, so people who obtain most of their calories from rice are at risk of vitamin A deficiency. German and Swiss researchers have genetically engineered rice to produce beta-carotene, the precursor to vitamin A, in the rice kernel. The beta-carotene turns the processed (white) rice a "gold" color, hence the name "golden rice." The beta-carotene is converted to vitamin A in humans who consume the rice.[114] Although some rice strains produce beta-carotene in the hull, no non-genetically engineered strains have been found that produce beta-carotene in the kernel, despite the testing of thousands of strains. Additional efforts are being made to improve the quantity and quality of other nutrients in golden rice.[115]
Expression of human proteins[link]
Ventria Bioscience has genetically modified rice to express lactoferrin, lysozyme, and human serum albumin, which are proteins usually found in breast milk. These proteins have antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal effects.[116]
Rice containing these added proteins can be used as a component in oral rehydration solutions which are used to treat diarrheal diseases, thereby shortening their duration and reducing recurrence. Such supplements may also help reverse anemia.[117]
See also[link]
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- ^ Khiev, B.; Jahn, G.C.; Pol, C.; Chhorn N. (2000). "Effects of simulated pest damage on rice yields". IRRN 25 (3): 27–8. http://www.mendeley.com/research/effects-of-simulated-pest-damage-on-rice-yields/.
- ^ a b Sangha, Jatinder Singh; Chen, Yolanda H.; Palchamy, Kadirvel; Jahn, Gary C.; Maheswaran, M.; Adalla, Candida B.; Leung, Hei (2008). "Categories and Inheritance of Resistance toNilaparvata lugens(Hemiptera: Delphacidae) in Mutants of Indica Rice 'IR64'". Journal of Economic Entomology 101 (2): 575–83. DOI:10.1603/0022-0493(2008)101[575:CAIORT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-0493. PMID 18459427.
- ^ Kogan, M.; Ortman, E.F. (1978). "Antixenosis a new term proposed to defined to describe Painter's "non-preference" modality of resistance". Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 24: 175–6.
- ^ Liu, L., Z. Van, Q. Y. Shu, and M. Maluszynski (2004). "Officially released mutant varieties in China". Mutat. Breed. Rev 14 (1): 64.
- ^ V Preap, MP Zalucki, and GC Jahn (2006). "Brown planthopper outbreaks and management". Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 7 (1): 17–25. http://www.cardi.org.kh/images/stories/CJA/Vol07-N01-Jan-Jun-2006.pdf.
- ^ J. Benett, JS Bentur, IC Pasula, K. Krishnaiah, [eds]. New approaches to gall midge resistance in rice. International Rice Research Institute and Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
- ^ IRRI Rice insect pest factsheets[dead link]
- ^ G Singleton, L Hinds, H Leirs and Zhibin Zhang [Eds.] “Ecologically-based rodent management” ACIAR, Canberra. Ch. 17, pp. 358–371 ISBN 1-86320-262-5.
- ^ Pheng, S, B Khiev, C Pol and GC Jahn (2001). "Response of two rice cultivars to the competition of Echinochloa crus-gali (L.) P. Beauv". International Rice Research Institute Notes (IRRN) 26 (2): 36–37. http://ejournals.ph/index.php?journal=IRRN&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=4318.
- ^ IRRI Rice Diseases factsheets. Knowledgebank.irri.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ Rice Brown Spot: essential data. CBWinfo.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ Cochliobolus . Invasive.org (2010-05-04). Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ Yoshida, Satoko; Maruyama, Shinichiro; Nozaki, Hisayoshi (2010). "Horizontal Gene Transfer by the Parasitic Plant Stiga hermanthica". Science 328 (5982): 1128. DOI:10.1126/science.1187145. PMID 20508124.
- ^ Rice. Cgiar.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-13.
- ^ "The U.S. Rice Export Market". USDA. November 2000. http://www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/Rice/SpecialArticle/USricemarket.pdf.
- ^ http://www.irri.org
- ^ IRRI.org[dead link]
- ^ Jackson MT (September 1997). "Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI". Plant Mol. Biol. 35 (1–2): 61–7. DOI:10.1023/A:1005709332130. PMID 9291960. http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0167-4412&volume=35&page=61.
- ^ Gillis, Justing (2005-08-11). "Rice Genome Fully Mapped". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/10/AR2005081001054.html?referrer=email.
- ^ Rice Varieties: IRRI Knowledge Bank. Accessed August 2006[dead link]
- ^ Yamaguchi, S. (2008). "Gibberellin Metabolism and its Regulation". Ann Rev Plant Biol 59: 225–251. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092804.
- ^ "Researchers Determine That Golden Rice Is an Effective Source of Vitamin A". American Society for Nutrition. 2009. http://www.goldenrice.org/PDFs/ASNonGR.pdf. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
- ^ Grand Challenges in Global Health, Engineering Rice for High Beta Carotene, Vitamin E and Enhanced Fe and Zn Bioavailability, grandchallenges.org. Accessed 14 April 2012
- ^ Emma Marris (2007-05-18). "Rice with human proteins to take root in Kansas". Nature. DOI:10.1038/news070514-17.
- ^ Bethell DR, Huang J (2004). "Recombinant human lactoferrin treatment for global health issues: iron deficiency and acute diarrhea". Biometals 17 (3): 337–42. DOI:10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027714.56331.b8. PMID 15222487.
Bibliography[link]
- Watson, Andrew (1983). Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-06883-5.
External links[link]
 |
Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe/module on |
 |
Look up rice in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rice |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Rice |
- Rice at the Open Directory Project
- International Rice Research Institute
- Rice latest trade data on ITC Trade Map
- Global Rice Science Partnership
- Rice Today magazine
- Calories in rice
- Interviews with Pioneers of Rice Research
- Rice Knowledge Bank
- A Brief History of Rice (p. 9 – p. 12)
- A Cuban Skirmish for Rice by Isbel Diaz Torres, Havana Times, June 16, 2010
- National Food Authority.
- Philippine Rice Research Institute.
- Safe Storage of Cooked Rice
- Rice Research and Practice
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Damien Rice | |
|---|---|
 Damien Rice performing in Villa Arconati, Milan. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Damien Rice |
| Born | (1973-12-07) 7 December 1973 (age 38) |
| Origin | Kildare, Ireland |
| Genres | Folk, indie pop, folk rock |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, record producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano, clarinet, percussion |
| Years active | 1991–present |
| Labels | Vector Recordings, Republic, Heffa, Warner Bros., DRM/14th Floor |
| Associated acts | Juniper, Bell X1, Lisa Hannigan |
| Website | www.damienrice.com |
Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer who plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion.
Rice was raised in Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland and began his musical career as a member of the 1990s rock group Juniper. After leaving the band he worked as a farmer in Tuscany and busked throughout Europe before returning to Ireland in 2001 and beginning a solo musical career.
In 2002 his debut album O reached #8 on the UK albums chart, won the Shortlist music prize and generated three top-30 singles in the UK. Rice released his second album 9 in 2006 and his songs have appeared in numerous films and television episodes.
Rice's personal activities include musical contributions to charitable projects such as the Songs for Tibet, Freedom Campaign and the Enough Project.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Rice was born to George and Maureen Rice and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare, Ireland.[1]
Career[link]
Rice began his music career using the stage name "Dodima" Rice[citation needed] and formed the rock band Juniper along with Paul Noonan, Dominic Philips, David Geraghty and Brian Crosby in 1991. The band met whilst they were attending Salesian College secondary school in Celbridge, Co. Kildare as students. After touring throughout Ireland the band released their debut EP Manna in 1995.[2]
Based in Straffan, Kildare the band continued touring and signed a six album record deal with Polygram. Their recording projects generated the singles “Weatherman” and “Single of the Fortnight” which received favorable reviews.[2]
After achieving his musical goals with Juniper, Rice became frustrated with the artistic compromises required by the record label, and he left the band in 1998.[3] Rice moved to Tuscany in Italy and took up farming for some time, then returned to Ireland before busking around Europe.[3] After returning to Ireland a second time, Rice gave a demo recording to his cousin, music producer David Arnold who then gave Rice a mobile studio.[4][5]
2000 to present[link]
In 2001, Rice's song "The Blower's Daughter" made a top 40 chart.[4] Over the next year he continued to record his album with New York drummer Tom Osander aka Tomo, Paris pianist Jean Meunier, London producer David Arnold, Dublin vocalist Lisa Hannigan and cellist Vyvienne Long.[5] Rice then embarked on a tour of Ireland with Hannigan, Tomo, Vyvienne, and Dublin bassist Shane Fitzsimons.[5]
In 2002, Rice’s debut album O was released in Ireland, the UK and the United States.[6] The album peaked at #8 on the UK albums chart and remained on the chart for 97 weeks, selling 650,000 copies in the US.[6][7] The album won the Shortlist music prize and the songs "Cannonball" and "Volcano" became top 30 hits in the UK.[7][8]
In 2006 Rice released his second album 9 which was recorded during the two years prior.[9] That year he also recorded at Abbey Road Studios for the program Live from Abbey Road.
2007 was a year of heavy touring with Rice appearing at England's Glastonbury Festival and the Rock Werchter festival in Belgium. That same year he performed with David Gray at the UK leg at Wembley Stadium, London and played at the T in the Park music event in Scotland. Rice also performed at the Latitude Festival in Suffolk, the V Festival in Stafford, Staffordshire, Hylands Park in Chelmsford, Essex and the Osheaga Festival in Montreal.[10] He made additional appearances in Ireland and North America.
In 2010, Damien played at the Iceland Inspires concert held in Hljómskálagarðurinn near Reykjavík centrum.[11]
Rice recorded a cover of the Juniper track, "Crosseyed Bear" for the compilation, Help: A Day in the Life. Rice's albums are published under his record label Heffa (originally named DRM) in Ireland and Vector Records in North American. Records released in the UK, Europe and other countries are published by 14th Floor Records via Warner Music.[12]
In spring 2011, Rice featured on the debut album by French actress and singer Melanie Laurent. He appears on two tracks on her debut album En t'attendant while collaborating on a total of five tracks which feature on the album.[13]
In November 2011, the compilation album "AHK-toong BAY-bi Covered" was released to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of U2's Achtung Baby album. AHK-toong BAY-bi features Damien Rice in a cover of "One," a stripped-down, piano-driven interpretation of one of the most popular U2 songs.[citation needed]
In December 2011, his song "Cannonball" was used as the winner's single on The X Factor (UK series 8). Little Mix, the winners released the song.[citation needed]
In May of 2012, Rice's song "Volcano" was covered by American Idol finalist Phillip Phillips, drawing praise from the judges and Steven Tyler specifically, stating "Thats the kind of song I could listen to over and over on my headphones (sp)." [14]
Personal life[link]
Rice participated in the Freedom Campaign, the Burma Campaign UK and the U.S. Campaign for Burma to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi.[15] He campaigned for her release by writing and performing the song "Unplayed Piano" at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo.[16]
In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet in support of the Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso and Tibet.[17]
In 2010, he contributed the song "Lonely Soldier" to the Enough Project which supported women's rights in the Congo.[18]
Discography[link]
Studio albums[link]
| Year | Details | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRE [19] |
AUS [20] |
CHE [21] |
FRA [22] |
NED [23] |
NOR [24] |
SPA [25] |
SWE [26] |
UK [27] |
US [28] |
|||
| 2002 | O
|
2 | — | — | 70 | — | 6 | 88 | 36 | 8 | 114 | |
| 2006 | 9
|
1 | 33 | 48 | 86 | 20 | 8 | 94 | 24 | 4 | 22 |
|
Live albums[link]
| Year | Details | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRE [19] |
AUS [20] |
CHE [21] |
FRA [22] |
NED [23] |
NOR [24] |
SPA [25] |
SWE [26] |
UK [27] |
US [28] |
|||
| 2007 | Live at Fingerprints Warts & All
|
— | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
Live from the Union Chapel
|
58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 179 | — | ||
EPs[link]
| Year | Details | Peak chart positions | Certifications (sales thresholds) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRE [19] |
AUS [20] |
CHE [21] |
FRA [22] |
NED [23] |
NOR [24] |
SPA [25] |
SWE [26] |
UK [27] |
US [28] |
|||
| 2004 | B-Sides
|
1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 143 | — | |
Singles[link]
| Date | Title | Peak chart positions | Album | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day | Year | IRE [19] |
EUR [33] |
NED [23] |
UK [27] |
|||||
| September 21 | 2001 | "The Blower's Daughter" | 38 | — | — | — | O | |||
| May 17 | 2002 | "Cannonball" | — | — | — | 32 | ||||
| March 17 | 2003 | "Woman Like a Man" | — | — | — | — | Non-album track | |||
| October 11 | "Volcano" | 29 | — | — | — | O | ||||
| April 19 | 2004 | "Moody Mooday/Lonelily" (vinyl-only) | — | — | — | 143 | Non-album tracks | |||
| June 24 | "Lonely Soldier" (with Christy Moore) | 4 | — | — | 142 | |||||
| July 5 | "Cannonball (re-release)" | 21 | — | — | 19 | O | ||||
| December 13 | "The Blower's Daughter (re-issue)" | — | — | — | 27 | |||||
| March 21 | 2005 | "Volcano (re-issue)" | — | 95 | — | 29 | ||||
| June 20 | "Unplayed Piano" (with Lisa Hannigan) | 4 | — | — | 24 | Non-album track | ||||
| November 20 | 2006 | "9 Crimes" | 14 | 82 | 39 | 29 | 9 | |||
| February 5 | 2007 | "Rootless Tree" | — | — | — | 50 | ||||
| September 17 | "Dogs" | — | — | 10 | 88 | |||||
| September 24 | 2011 | "Cannonball" (re-release) | 13 | — | — | 9 | O | |||
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory. | ||||||||||
Film and TV contributions[link]
Rice's songs have been heard on numerous television shows including American Idol, The L Word,True Blood, Hidden Palms, Bones, The Cleaner, Jericho, ER, The Black Donnellys, The OC, Alias, Lost, Huff, Crossing Jordan, Grey's Anatomy, Criminal Minds, House, Spin 1038, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, The Inbetweeners, One Tree Hill, and the Korean drama, Spring Waltz.[34][35][35][36][37][37][38][39][40][41]
Rice's songs have appeared in films such as Reservation Road, Higher Ground, Closer, I am David, Stay, In Good Company, The Girl in the Café, Shrek the Third and Dear Frankie.[42][43][44][45]
His music is referenced in the 2009 novel The Suicide Club by Rhys Thomas and his songs have been used in professional figure skating competitions.[46][47]
Collaborations[link]
- "Be Yourself" with Jerry Fish and the Mudbug Club (September 2002)[citation needed]
- Skylarkin' with Mic Christopher (November 2002)[citation needed]
- "Get The Party Started," cover version performed with Lisa Hannigan (2003)[48]
- "The Power of Orange Knickers" with Tori Amos (February 2005)[49]
- "Don't Explain" with Herbie Hancock and Lisa Hannigan (August 2005)[50]
- Live At The Olympia with Aslan (2005)[citation needed]
- "Que Sera Sera" with David Gray (November 2007)[51]
- "To Love Somebody" with Ray Lamontagne on Taratata[52]
- "Making Noise" with The Cheshire Project [53]
- "There Are Debts" with David Hopkins on There Are Debts (December 2010)[54]
- "Back to Beginning" on Lamb's album 5 (2011)[55]
- "Everything You're Not Supposed To Be" with Mélanie Laurent (2011)
- "Uncomfortable" with Mélanie Laurent (2011)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "FAQ - Where was Damien born and where did he grow up?". DamienRice.com. no date. http://www.damienrice.com/faq.html. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
- ^ a b "Should We Talk About The Weather?". Hot Press. http://www.hotpress.com/archive/416531.html. Retrieved 12 September 2009. (Fee for article)
- ^ a b "The story of O". Yahoo. http://music.yahoo.com/library/default.asp?m=content&add=interview&i=12063810&. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ a b "Damien Rice - Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p557508. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice - Album Completion". IMRO. http://www.imro.ie/newstastic/news.php?item=8326. Retrieved 12 September 2009. [dead link]
- ^ a b "UK Chart History for O". chartstats.com. http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=46. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ a b "Damien Rice Readies second album". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/damien-rice-readies-sophomore-album-1003188840.story. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ "Damien Rice singles placement". irishcharts.ie. http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ "9 - Release info". DamienRice.com. no date. http://www.damienrice.com/music.php?ref=110. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
- ^ "Last FM Concert Event Info". Last.fm. 2009-02-11. http://www.last.fm/event/148648. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ "Inspired By Iceland". Inspired By Iceland. http://www.inspiredbyiceland.com. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ "FAQ at". Damienrice.com. http://www.damienrice.com/faq.html. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ "Music". Damien Rice. http://www.damienrice.com/news/. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YP-IcCiCEI&feature=results_main&playnext=1&list=PLF32F0C3628910463
- ^ "Aung San Suu Kyi the world's only imprisoned Nobel Peace Prize recipient". The Burma Campaign UK. no date. http://www.actionburma.com/. Retrieved April 24, 2007.
- ^ "'links' at". Damienrice.com. http://www.damienrice.com/links.html. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ E-Online (July 22, 2008) Sting, Matthews, Mayer Gamer for Tibet Than Beijing
- ^ "Raise Hope for Congo". Raisehopeforcongomusic.org. http://raisehopeforcongomusic.org/. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ a b c d "Damien Rice release history". Irish charts. http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". Australian charts. http://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". Swiss charts. http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". French charts. http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d "Damien Rice release history". Dutch charts. http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". Norwegian charts. http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". Spanish charts. http://spanishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Damien Rice release history". Swedish charts. http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Damien+Rice. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b c d "UK Chartlog: The Rabble Army – RZA". zobbel.de. http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_R.HTM. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ a b c "Billboard positions". allmusic.com. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p557508. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "2008 Multi-platinums". irishcharts.ie. http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum.htm. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "Searchable database". IFPI. http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ a b "Searchable Database". BPI. http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "Searchable Database". RIAA. http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH. Retrieved 14 November 2009.
- ^ "Damien Rice European Hot 100 chart history". Billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/damien-rice/chart-history/513117?f=349&g=Singles. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
- ^ "ER - If Not Now". CNET Networks. no date. http://www.tv.com/er/if-not-now/episode/552259/summary.html?tag=ep_list;title;255. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ a b "The Black Donnellys - A Stone of the Heart". CNET Networks. no date. http://www.tv.com/the-black-donnellys/a-stone-of-the-heart/episode/593859/summary.html. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "Soundtracks for In Good Company (2004)". IMDb. f no date. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0385267/soundtrack. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ a b "Damien Rice". IMDb. no date. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1534568/. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ "Crossing Jordan - Music - Season Four". CNET Networks. no date. http://www.nbc.com/nbc/Crossing_Jordan/music/. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ "House - One Day, One Room - Notes". CNET Networks. no date. http://www.tv.com/house/one-day-one-room/episode/912955/trivia.html. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ "Grey's Anatomy - From a Whisper to a Scream - Music Featured in this Episode". CNET Networks. no date. http://www.tv.com/greys-anatomy/from-a-whisper-to-a-scream/episode/899403/trivia.html. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ "The Music of Shrek the Third: Royal Pain". RealNetworks. 18 May 2007. http://www.film.com/movies/story/themusicofshrekthethirdroyalpain/11597472/14555683. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ Dear Frankie Soundtrack at IMDb
- ^ "Soundtracks for Closer (2004/I)". IMDb. no date. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0376541/soundtrack. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "Soundtracks for I Am David (2003)". IMDb. no date. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0327919/soundtrack. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "The Girl In The Cafe Movie - soundtrack". TheGirlInTheCafe.com. no date. http://www.thegirlinthecafe.com/2006/01/17/the-girl-in-the-cafe-movie-soundtrack. Retrieved May 28, 2007.
- ^ "isufs.org". isufs.org. http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00007024.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-08.
- ^ sale-pelletier.com[dead link]
- ^ "Get The Party Started (Today FM Live Recording)". ASIN B000T2G9SG.
- ^ "The Beekeeper". 22 Feb 2005. ASIN B00076EPQM. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00076EPQM. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
- ^ "Possibilities". 30 Aug 2005. ASIN B000AARK2Q. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000AARK2Q. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
- ^ "Que Sera, Sera -Live From Live Earth". 9 Nov 2007. ASIN B00122INF4. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00122INF4. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
- ^ "Episode 211" (in French). Taratata. 2 Mar 2007. France 4. http://video.mytaratata.com/video/iLyROoaftNQY.html. Retrieved 13 Nov 2011.
- ^ "Songs for Tibet - The Art of Peace (2 CD Set)". 12 Aug 2008. ASIN B001C32XQI. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001C32XQI. Retrieved 14 Nov 2011.
- ^ "David Hopkins "There Are Debts feat. Damien Rice"". YouTube. 8 Sept 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3Xi-RFieCE&feature=channel_video_title. Retrieved 8 Oct 2011.
- ^ "Back to Beginning (feat. Damien Rice): Lamb: MP3 Downloads". Amazon.com. 5 May 2011. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B004XKOLO4. Retrieved 14 Nov 2011.
External links[link]
- Damien Rice - Official website
- Damien Rice - Official MySpace page
- EskimoFriends.com - Unofficial fan community, established in 2001
|
|||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rice, Damien |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 7 December 1973 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Damien_Rice
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Rice
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Rice in April 2006 |
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| Date of birth: (1962-10-13) October 13, 1962 (age 49) | |||||||||
| Place of birth: Starkville,Mississippi | |||||||||
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Career information
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| College: Mississippi Valley State | |||||||||
| NFL Draft: 1985 / Round: 1 / Pick: 16 | |||||||||
| Debuted in 1985 for the San Francisco 49ers | |||||||||
| Last played in 2004 for the Seattle Seahawks | |||||||||
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Career history
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Career highlights and awards
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Career NFL statistics as of 2004
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| Pro Football Hall of Fame | |||||||||
| College Football Hall of Fame | |||||||||
Jerry Lee Rice (born October 13, 1962) is a retired American football wide receiver. He is widely considered to be the greatest wide receiver of all time and is considered by many to be the best NFL player to ever play football.[1] On November 4, 2010, Rice was chosen by NFL Network's NFL Films production The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players as the greatest player in NFL history.
The all-time leader in most major statistical categories for wide receivers[2] and the all-time NFL leader in touchdowns scored with 208, Rice was selected to the Pro Bowl 13 times (1986–1996, 1998, 2002) and named All-Pro 12 times in his 20 NFL seasons. He won three Super Bowl rings playing for the San Francisco 49ers and an AFC Championship with the Oakland Raiders.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Jerry Rice was born and raised in Starkville, Mississippi, as the son of a brick mason. He developed his hands while working for his father. His speed also helped him excel in football in high school. He enjoyed watching football on television.
According to his book "Rice" (written with Michael Silver), the school's principal tracked him down for skipping class,[3] but when he called his name the startled Rice sprinted off running. After seeing him run, the principal decided to let him join the football team or be punished. Jerry decided upon football and the principal told the school's football coach about his speed. The truthfulness of this story has been questioned.
College career[link]
Jerry Rice attended Mississippi Valley State University (from 1980–1984) becoming a standout receiver. He acquired the nickname "World" because there wasn't a ball in the world he couldn't catch. Statistics from his college career are sparse, but the College Football Hall of Fame website claims that Rice, as a sophomore in 1982, caught 66 passes for 1,133 yards and 7 touchdowns. That was his first season playing with redshirt freshman quarterback Willie Totten, nicknamed "Satellite." Together, Totten and Rice would become known as "The Satellite Express" and set numerous NCAA records in the spread offense of coach Archie Cooley, nicknamed "The Gunslinger."
Rice had a record-setting 1983 campaign, including NCAA marks for receptions (102) and receiving yards (1,450) and being named first-team Division I-AA All-America. He also set a single-game NCAA record by catching 24 passes against Southern University. As a senior in 1984, he broke his own Division I-AA records for receptions (112) and receiving yards (1,845). His 27 touchdown receptions in that 1984 season set the NCAA mark for all divisions.
The 1984 season was also memorable for MVSU as the pass-happy Delta Devils attracted national attention, scoring 628 points (an average of more than 59 per game). After an August practice experiment, Cooley had Totten call all the plays at the line of scrimmage without a huddle. The result was even more staggering offensive numbers. Rice caught 17 passes for 199 yards against Southern, 17 for 294 against Kentucky State and 15 for 285 against Jackson State, the first time MVSU beat them since 1954. Rice scored 5 TDs twice that year. He finished his career with 301 catches for 4,693 yards and 50 touchdowns (some sources have the numbers as 310, 4,856 and 51); his NCAA record for total career touchdown receptions stood until 2006, when University of New Hampshire wide receiver David Ball recorded his 51st career receiving touchdown.
Rice was named to every All-American team (including the AP squad) and finished 9th in Heisman Trophy balloting in 1984. In the Blue Gray Classic all-star game played on Christmas Day, he earned MVP honors. Rice wore No. 88 in college, but he switched to No. 80 in the pros.
In the spring of 1999, the school renamed its football stadium from Magnolia Stadium to Rice-Totten Stadium in honor of Rice and Totten. Rice was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame on August 12, 2006.[4]
Professional career[link]
San Francisco 49ers[link]
Rice's 1984 record-breaking season at Mississippi Valley caught the attention of many NFL scouts, but his speed (reportedly only 4.71 in the 40-yard dash)[5] kept most wary, although there were apparently at least two exceptions: the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers. In his autobiography, Rice says the Cowboys, Green Bay Packers, San Diego Chargers, and Indianapolis Colts had kept in contact with him prior to the draft. In the first round of the 1985 NFL draft, Dallas had the 17th selection and San Francisco had the last (as Super Bowl champions from 1984). 49ers coach Bill Walsh reportedly sought Rice after watching highlights of Rice the Saturday night before San Francisco was to play the Houston Oilers on October 21, 1984. On draft day (April 30, 1985), the 49ers traded its first two picks for New England's first-round choice, the 16th selection overall (the teams also swapped third-round picks as part of the deal), and selected Rice before, as some report, the Cowboys were intending to pick him. Rice was prized more highly by the USFL, as he was the #1 pick overall in that short-lived league's 1985 draft.
Although he struggled at times (dropping numerous passes), Rice impressed the NFL in his rookie season for the 49ers in 1985, especially after a 10-catch, 241-yard game against the Los Angeles Rams in December. For that rookie season, he recorded 49 catches for 927 yards, averaging 18.9 yards per catch and was named NFC Offensive Rookie of the Year. (Eddie Brown of the Cincinnati Bengals, one of the two wide receivers taken ahead of Rice, was named the NFL Rookie of the Year.) The following season, he caught 86 passes for a league-leading 1,570 yards and 15 touchdowns. It was the first of six seasons in which Rice would lead the NFL in receiving yards and touchdown receptions. In 1987, he was named the NFL's MVP by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) and the Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA) and the Offensive Player of the Year by the Associated Press (AP). Despite playing in only 12 games that year (NFL players strike), he still managed to gain 1,078 receiving yards and an NFL-record 22 touchdown receptions which stood until 2007 when it was broken by Randy Moss in 16 games. In 1987, the runner-up to Rice in touchdown receptions was Philadelphia Eagles receiver Mike Quick with 11. This marked the first time in post NFL-AFL merger history that a category leader doubled the total of his nearest competitor.[6]
In 1988, Rice averaged a career high 20.4 yards per catch (64 passes for 1,306 yards) and 9 touchdowns. The 49ers once again won the NFC West with a 10–6 record. In the postseason, he was instrumental in the 49ers' 28–3 win over the Chicago Bears in the NFC title game, recording 5 catches for 123 yards and 2 touchdowns. But his performance in Super Bowl XXIII was even better. In possibly his finest performance ever, Rice caught 11 passes for 215 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 5 yards, helping the 49ers to a narrow 20–16 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. His receptions and receiving yards were both Super Bowl records. For his performance, he became only the third wide receiver to earn Super Bowl MVP honors.
In 1989, San Francisco made it back to the Super Bowl, aided by Rice's 82 receptions for 1,483 yards and 17 touchdowns during the season, and his 12 catches for 169 yards and 2 touchdowns in their 2 playoff games. He was once again a major factor in the 49ers championship win, finishing Super Bowl XXIV with 7 catches for 148 yards and a Super Bowl record 3 touchdown receptions.
Rice had another superb season in 1990, leading the NFL in receptions (100), receiving yards (1,502) and receiving touchdowns (13). In a week 6 match-up with the Atlanta Falcons, Rice caught a career-best 5 touchdowns. San Francisco finished the year with an NFL-best 14–2 record, but failed to "3-peat" as Super Bowl champions, losing to the New York Giants 15–13 in the NFC title game.
After seasons of 80 catches for 1,206 yards and 14 touchdowns in 1991, 84 catches for 1,201 yards and 10 touchdowns in 1992, and 98 catches for 1,503 yards and 15 touchdowns in 1993, Rice made it back to the Super Bowl with the 49ers in the 1994 season, recording a career-high 112 receptions for 1,499 yards and 13 touchdowns. During the 49ers' first game of that season against the Los Angeles Raiders, he caught 7 passes for a season-high 169 yards and two touchdowns (and rushing for one more), moving into first place in the NFL records for career touchdowns, with 127. Although he only caught 6 passes in San Francisco's 2 playoff games that year, he proved to be a vital component in their 49–26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, recording 10 receptions for 149 yards and 3 touchdowns — despite playing with a separated shoulder for much of the game.
In 1995, Rice caught a career high 122 passes for an NFL record 1,848 receiving yards and 15 touchdowns (along with 1 touchdown each by way of running, passing, and recovering a fumble). However, the 49ers lost in the divisional playoffs to the Green Bay Packers, despite Rice's impressive 11-catch, 117-yard performance. The following year, he recorded 108 receptions (again leading the NFL) for 1,254 yards and 8 touchdowns. San Francisco won in the wild card round, but once more lost to the Packers in the divisional playoffs. In his 3 seasons between 1994 and 1996, Rice had racked up a whopping 342 catches for 4,601 yards and 36 touchdowns.
During the 49ers' opening game of the 1997 season, he tore the anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligaments in his left knee on a reverse. Warren Sapp of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers grabbed Rice by the face-mask and wrenched him to the ground with it, drawing a 15-yard personal foul. The injury broke his streak of 189 consecutive games played. Fourteen weeks later, he made his return, much earlier than doctors wanted him to. He scored a touchdown, but when he came down with the catch, he cracked the patella in his left kneecap. He was forced to miss the Pro Bowl for the first time in 11 years. However, he made a full recovery, coming back to record 82 catches for 1,157 yards and 9 touchdowns in 1998 and being named to his 12th Pro Bowl.
1999 was the first season that Rice failed to reached 1000 yards receiving while playing in all 16 games. The same thing happened in 2000, in his final season as in San Francisco.
Oakland Raiders[link]
With the emergence of Terrell Owens in San Francisco, and because of their desire to rebuild the team and clear salary, Rice left the 49ers and signed with the Oakland Raiders, following the conclusion of the 2000 season.[7] He joined a Raiders team coming off a loss in the AFC playoffs, to form one of the oldest receiver duos with Tim Brown.
The two played well together, as Rice caught 83 passes for 1,139 yards and 9 touchdowns. In 2002 he did even better, catching 92 passes for 1,211 yards and 7 touchdowns, being named to his 13th Pro Bowl and assisting Oakland to an AFC championship and appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII. His team lost 48–21 to the Buccaneers in the Super Bowl, with Rice recording 5 receptions for 77 yards and a touchdown.[8] His 48-yard touchdown catch in the 4th quarter made him the first player ever to catch a touchdown pass in 4 different Super Bowls.
On November 11, 2002 against the Denver Broncos, Rice scored his 200th career touchdown, and surpassed Walter Payton to become the NFL's all-time leader in total yardage. Oakland dropped from an 11–5 record in 2002 to a 4–12 record in 2003, leading to frustration from Rice about his role on the team; he eventually requested a trade.[9]
Seattle Seahawks[link]
Rice was traded to the Seattle Seahawks six games into the 2004 season, and was reunited with Seattle head coach Mike Holmgren, who had previously worked with Rice as San Francisco's offensive coordinator.[10] After speaking with Hall of Fame wide receiver Steve Largent, Rice was granted permission to wear Largent's retired jersey number 80.[11]
In a Monday Night Football game against the Dallas Cowboys, Rice set the career NFL record for combined net yards by catching a 27-yard touchdown pass from Matt Hasselbeck.[12] He finished that game with 8 catches for 145 yards and a touchdown.[13] Rice would play his last (non-preseason) professional game for Seattle - a wildcard loss to the St. Louis Rams in which he did not catch a pass.
Retirement[link]
At the conclusion of the 2004 season (his 20th in the NFL), Rice initially opted to join the Denver Broncos on a one-year deal,[14] but ultimately decided he would rather retire than be at the bottom of any team's depth chart.[15]
On August 19, 2006, the San Francisco 49ers announced that Rice would sign a contract with them, allowing him to retire as a member of the team where his career began. On August 24, he officially retired as a 49er, signing a one-day contract for $1,985,806.49. The number represented the year Rice was drafted (1985), his number (80), the year he retired (2006), and the 49ers (49). The figure was ceremonial, and Rice received no money. There was a halftime ceremony to honor him during the 49ers' matchup with the Seattle Seahawks on November 19, 2006.
Legacy[link]
Jerry Rice is the NFL record holder in a number of statistics for receivers. His 1,549 career receptions are 445 receptions ahead of the second place record held by Tony Gonzalez. His 22,895 career receiving yards are 6,961 yards ahead of the second place spot held by his former 49ers teammate Terrell Owens. His 197 career touchdown receptions are 44 scores more than the 153 touchdown receptions by both Randy Moss and his former 49ers teammate, Terrell Owens, and his 208 total touchdowns (197-rec, 10-rush, 1-pass) are 33 scores ahead of Emmitt Smith's second place total of 175. Furthermore, his 1,256 career points scored make him the highest-scoring non-kicker in NFL history. A career spanning two decades, Rice averaged 75.6 receiving yards per game that he played, fifth-highest in NFL history among wide receivers. Only Andre Johnson (79.7), Torry Holt (77.4), Marvin Harrison (76.7), and Larry Fitzgerald (76.0) have averaged more receiving yards per game over the stretch of a career.
To illustrate the significance of his 22,895 receiving yards, if Rice had not gained any other yards on rush attempts or kick returns, his 22,895 receiving yards would still rank him second place on the NFL's list all-purpose yard leaders (category based on combination of rushing, receiving, kick/punt return yards, and interception/fumble return yards) (he has collected 23,540 all-purpose yards: 22,895 receiving, 645 rushing, and 6 from punt returns).
Another example of Rice's dominance is his performance against Deion Sanders, considered by many as one of the best coverage cornerbacks of all-time. From 1989 to 1996 Rice had good numbers against Sanders' teams. With Rice completing 60 receptions for 1,051 yards and 11 receiving touchdowns against Sanders' teams (this would project to approximately 96 receptions for 1682 yards and 18 touchdowns in 16 games). Rice's teams won six of the ten games. To Sanders credit, Deion had 4 interceptions for 58 yards and 0 touchdowns in those ten games.And in those early years Sanders was not going one on one with Rice, he was lined up one one side of the field, so he was not always covering Rice. Rice played against Sanders' teams twelve times, but Sanders did not play in two of those games (once in 1992 and once in 1993).[16][17]
Rice is remembered for his work ethic and dedication to the game. In his 20 NFL seasons, Rice missed only 10 regular season games, 7 of them in the 1997 season, and the other 3 in the strike-shortened season of 1987. His 303 games are by far the most ever played by an NFL wide receiver, but are 72 games behind the NFL record for games played by any player. In addition to staying on the field, his work ethic showed in his dedication to conditioning and running precise routes, with coach Dennis Green calling him "the best route runner I've ever seen." Also known as one of the best blockers at his position, there was no aspect of playing wide receiver at which Rice did not excel.
In 1999, he was ranked number 2 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, behind only Jim Brown, and was 35 places ahead of the next-highest-ranked player then active, Deion Sanders.
On November 4, 2010, Rice was ranked number 1 on The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players.
In 2011, The Sports Network awarded the inaugural Jerry Rice Award, to be given each year to the most outstanding freshman Football Championship Subdivision (formerly I-AA) player. The inaugural winner was Towson running back Terrance West.[18]
Pro Football Hall of Fame[link]
Rice was selected for induction in the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2010 in his first year of eligibility. He was inducted in Canton, OH on August 7, 2010 alongside Emmitt Smith, Floyd Little, Russ Grimm, Rickey Jackson, Dick LeBeau, and John Randle.[19] On September 20, 2010, during halftime at the 49ers-Saints game, Rice's #80 jersey number was retired.
Career Stats[link]
| Receiving | Rushing | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Team | G | GS | Rec | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD | Att | Yds | Avg | Lng | TD |
| 1985 | SF | 16 | 4 | 49 | 927 | 18.9 | 66 | 3 | 6 | 26 | 4.3 | 15 | 1 |
| 1986 | SF | 16 | 15 | 86 | 1570 | 18.3 | 66 | 15 | 10 | 72 | 7.2 | 18 | 1 |
| 1987 | SF | 12 | 12 | 65 | 1078 | 16.6 | 57 | 22 | 8 | 51 | 6.4 | 17 | 1 |
| 1988 | SF | 16 | 16 | 64 | 1306 | 20.4 | 96 | 9 | 13 | 107 | 8.2 | 29 | 1 |
| 1989 | SF | 16 | 16 | 82 | 1483 | 18.1 | 68 | 17 | 5 | 33 | 6.6 | 17 | 0 |
| 1990 | SF | 16 | 16 | 100 | 1502 | 15.0 | 64 | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0 |
| 1991 | SF | 16 | 16 | 80 | 1206 | 15.1 | 73 | 14 | 1 | 2 | 2.0 | 2 | 0 |
| 1992 | SF | 16 | 16 | 84 | 1201 | 14.3 | 80 | 10 | 9 | 58 | 6.4 | 26 | 1 |
| 1993 | SF | 16 | 16 | 98 | 1503 | 15.3 | 80 | 15 | 3 | 69 | 23.0 | 43 | 1 |
| 1994 | SF | 16 | 16 | 112 | 1499 | 13.4 | 69 | 13 | 7 | 93 | 13.3 | 28 | 2 |
| 1995 | SF | 16 | 16 | 122 | 1848 | 15.1 | 81 | 15 | 5 | 36 | 7.2 | 20 | 1 |
| 1996 | SF | 16 | 16 | 108 | 1254 | 11.6 | 39 | 8 | 11 | 77 | 7.0 | 38 | 1 |
| 1997 | SF | 2 | 1 | 7 | 78 | 11.1 | 16 | 1 | 1 | -10 | -10.0 | -10 | 0 |
| 1998 | SF | 16 | 16 | 82 | 1157 | 14.1 | 75 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1999 | SF | 16 | 16 | 67 | 830 | 12.4 | 62 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 6.5 | 11 | 0 |
| 2000 | SF | 16 | 16 | 75 | 805 | 10.7 | 68 | 7 | 1 | -2 | -2.0 | -2 | 0 |
| 2001 | Oak | 16 | 15 | 83 | 1139 | 13.7 | 40 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2002 | Oak | 16 | 16 | 92 | 1211 | 13.2 | 75 | 7 | 3 | 20 | 6.7 | 12 | 0 |
| 2003 | Oak | 16 | 15 | 63 | 869 | 13.8 | 47 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004 | Oak | 6 | 5 | 5 | 67 | 13.4 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2004 | Sea | 11 | 9 | 25 | 362 | 14.5 | 56 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0 |
| total | 303 | 284 | 1549 | 22895 | 14.8 | 96 | 197 | 87 | 645 | 7.4 | 43 | 10 | |
Media work[link]
Rice and quarterback Steve Young appeared together in Visa, All Sport, and Gatorade commercials when they were both playing for the 49ers.
During the 2005–2006 broadcasting season, Rice competed in the reality show Dancing with the Stars. He was paired with dancer Anna Trebunskaya, and they reached the final two before finally losing to singer Drew Lachey and his partner Cheryl Burke. Rice also appeared in a season two episode of FOX's Don't Forget the Lyrics! as a backup dancer. He appeared in the first episode of Spike TV's Pros vs Joes challenge show. He also made a cameo in the television series The Game. Rice has also appeared in an episode of the CW's One Tree Hill.
In 2007 and 2008, Rice appeared in Zaxby's restaurant television advertisements. In 2008, Rice and Steve Young appeared on an episode of reality show The Biggest Loser: Families as coaches putting the contestants through football drills. Rice and Young as well as Deion Sanders have appeared in commercials for Van Heusen clothing company as "Fashion Judges." In 2009, Rice portrayed Hal Gore in the film Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling.[20]
Rice has co-authored two books about his life: Rice (with Michael Silver, published 1996, ISBN 0-312-14795-3) and Go Long: My Journey Beyond the Game and the Fame (with Brian Curtis, published 2007, ISBN 0-345-49611-6). He co-hosts Sports Sunday with NBC sportscaster Raj Mathai, a prime time sports show shown in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Rice is a supporter of Chiropractic care and is a spokesperson for the Foundation for Chiropractic Progress.[21]
Rice and his dog, Nitus, were featured in Jerry Rice & Nitus' Dog Football, a video game for the Nintendo Wii that was released on August 16, 2011.[22]
Golf career[link]
Rice competed in the Fresh Express Classic at TPC Stonebrae on the Nationwide Tour on April 15–16, 2010. He received a sponsor's exemption to play in the tournament. Rice missed the cut and finished one shot ahead of last place,[23] finishing 17-over and 151st among the 152 players who completed two rounds. Rice has played golf for over 20 years and has only participated in pro-amateur events until now. Rice would wake up early to hit the driving range before 49ers practices.[24]
Personal[link]
Jerry Rice has a son, Jerry Rice, Jr., who attended high school at Menlo School in Atherton, California, graduating in 2009. He currently attends UCLA and is a member of their football team.[25][26] Jerry Rice, Jr. is a member of the Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity.
References[link]
- ^ "Start with Rice No. 1, Moss No. 2 in best WR debate – NFL – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. March 26, 2008. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/columns/story?columnist=sando_mike&id=3309223. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ "History". Nfl.com. http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/receiving. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ Press, Associated. "BCS review of Fiesta could conclude in month – AP News Wire, Associated Press News". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/wires/sports/2010/08/04/D9HCPNUG0_fbn_hall_of_fame_jerry_rice/index.html. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ "College Football Hall of Fame || News". Collegefootball.org. http://www.collegefootball.org/news.php?id=861. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ White, David (April 21, 2009). History points to speed over TDs. San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/04/21/SPRC174DBP.DTL. Retrieved April 26, 2009
- ^ Numbelivable!, p.147, Michael X. Ferraro and John Veneziano, Triumph Books, Chicago, Illinois, 2007, ISBN 978-1-57243-990-0
- ^ Peterson, Anne (April 6, 2001). "It's official: Rice is a Raider". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/It-s-official-Rice-is-a-Raider-1056433.php.
- ^ Super Bowl XXXVII
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=1901415
- ^ Hack, Damon (October 21, 2004). "NFL: Rice eager to show he's not done yet". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/20/sports/20iht-nfl.html?_r=1.
- ^ . October 20, 2004. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=TNTB&d_place=TNTB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=105DBFCEAAB1B385&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM.
- ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=1940143
- ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2004120600/2004/REG13/cowboys@seahawks
- ^ "Broncos give Rice a chance to extend career". USA Today. May 26, 2005. http://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/broncos/2005-05-25-rice-signing_x.htm.
- ^ "Football Legend Jerry Rice Retires". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/05/archive/main816606.shtml.
- ^ "Jerry Rice: Game Logs at". Nfl.com. October 13, 1962. http://www.nfl.com/players/jerryrice/gamelogs?id=RIC128880. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ "Deion Sanders: Game Logs at". Nfl.com. http://www.nfl.com/players/deionsanders/gamelogs?id=SAN282736. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ Hunt, Donald. "Jerry Rice Award humbles its namesake". http://espn.go.com. ESPN.com. http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7518684/jerry-rice-award-humbles-namesake-college-football. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
- ^ Michael David Smith %BloggerTitle% (January 8, 2010). "Jerry Rice, Emmitt Smith Among Hall of Fame Finalists". Nfl.fanhouse.com. http://nfl.fanhouse.com/2010/01/08/jerry-rice-emmitt-smith-among-hall-of-fame-finalists?icid=sphere_newsaol_inpage_fanhouse2. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ Without a Paddle: Nature's Calling at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ http://www.foundation4cp.com/#
- ^ "Jerry Rice & Nitus' Dog Football Wii". IGN. http://wii.ign.com/objects/115/115086.html. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ^ Jerry Rice misses cut in Nationwide Tour event
- ^ Jerry Rice hopes to catch on in professional golf
- ^ "Player Bio: Jerry Rice, Jr. – UCLA Official Athletic Site". Uclabruins.com. July 27, 1991. http://www.uclabruins.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/ricejr_jerry00.html. Retrieved April 24, 2011.
- ^ Menlo's Jerry Rice Jr. commits to UCLA
External links[link]
- Jerry Rice at Pro-Football-Reference.com
- Official website
- ESPN Classic: 49ers era was Rice era
- Jerry Rice Biography from 49ers Paradise
- Jerry Rice at the Internet Movie Database
| Awards and achievements | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Doug Williams |
NFL Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIII, 1989 |
Succeeded by Joe Montana |
| Preceded by John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen |
Dancing with the Stars (US) runner up Season 2 (Spring 2006 with Anna Trebunskaya) |
Succeeded by Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff |
| Records | ||
| Preceded by Charlie Hennigan |
NFL single-season receiving record 1995–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rice, Jerry |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | retired Hall of Fame American football wide receiver |
| Date of birth | October 13, 1962 |
| Place of birth | Starkville, Mississippi |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jerry_Rice
Related pages:
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http://pt.wn.com/Jerry Rice
http://de.wn.com/Jerry Rice
http://it.wn.com/Jerry Rice
http://es.wn.com/Jerry Rice
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rice
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the horse racing analyst and NFL Network reporter, see Randy Moss (sports reporter).
 Randy Moss #81 of the New England Patriots before a preseason game against the Washington Redskins at FedExField on August 28, 2009. |
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No. 84 San Francisco 49ers
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Personal information
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| Date of birth: (1977-02-13) February 13, 1977 (age 35) | |||||||||
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Career information
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| College: Marshall | |||||||||
| NFL Draft: 1998 / Round: 1 / Pick: 21 | |||||||||
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Career history
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Career highlights and awards
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Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2010
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Randy Gene Moss (born February 13, 1977) is an American professional American football wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers in the National Football League. He played college football at Marshall University, and twice earned All-American honors. He was drafted by the Minnesota Vikings in the first round of the 1998 NFL Draft.
Moss played the first seven years of his career in Minnesota before a trade in 2005 brought him to the Oakland Raiders. On April 29, 2007, Moss was traded to the New England Patriots for a fourth-round draft pick. On October 6, 2010, Moss returned to the Vikings in a trade from the Patriots. However, his stint in Minnesota was short-lived, as he was waived by the team less than a month later, and claimed by the Tennessee Titans. After a season long retirement, Moss signed a one year contract with the 49ers for the 2012-2013 season.
Moss holds the NFL single season touchdown reception record (23, set in 2007), and the NFL single-season touchdown reception record for a rookie (17, in 1998).
Contents
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Early years[link]
Moss was born and grew up in Rand, West Virginia. He attended the now-defunct DuPont High School in Belle, West Virginia, where he lettered in football, basketball, baseball and track.[1] On the football field, Moss led the DuPont Panthers to back-to-back state championships in 1992 and 1993. He was a star at wide receiver, but also played defensive back, returned kickoffs and punts, and was the team's kicker and punter. In 1994, he was honored as the West Virginia Football Player of the Year. Parade magazine named him to their annual All-American high school football team in 1995[2] and in 2009 named him one of the 50 greatest high school football players of all time.[3]
In addition to playing football at DuPont, Moss was twice named West Virginia Player of the Year in basketball (1993 & 1994), where he was a teammate of future NBA player Jason Williams.
As a sophomore in 1992, he ran for the track team and was the West Virginia state champion in the 100 and 200 meters with times of 10.94[4] and 21.95,[5] respectively. This was the only year he competed on the track team. He also played center field for the baseball team.
On March 23, 1995, Moss backed a friend in a hallway fight against a white student who had allegedly used racist comments towards Randy's friend.[6] Moss was initially charged with a felony for kicking the student, but it was later reduced to a misdemeanor. On August 1, 1995, Moss pled guilty to two counts of misdemeanor battery and was sentenced to 30 days behind bars at the South Central Regional Jail in Charleston, West Virginia. He served 3 days in jail starting that night and would be required to serve the remaining 27 days within the following 18 months, after he completed his freshman year in college.[7] Moss was expelled from DuPont and completed his education at Cabell Alternative School.[8]
College career[link]
Moss' dream was to play for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish,[9] but he also considered going to Ohio State, where his half-brother, Eric, had played offensive tackle. Former Notre Dame head coach Lou Holtz said "Randy Moss was the best high school football player I've ever seen."[10] Florida State head coach Bobby Bowden said "He was as good as Deion Sanders. Deion's my measuring stick for athletic ability, and this kid was just a bigger Deion."[6]
After originally signing a letter of intent to play college football with Notre Dame in 1995, Moss took part in a racially charged fight at his high school that left one person hospitalized.[8] Notre Dame subsequently denied his enrollment application, but this did not stop another high-profile college football program from giving him a chance. Notre Dame officials suggested he attend Florida State due to the reputation of its coach, Bobby Bowden, for handling troubled players.[11] However, because of his signed letter of intent at Notre Dame, the NCAA considered him a transfer student, which made him ineligible to play for the Seminoles in the 1995 football season.[8]
Freshman (redshirt) (1995)[link]
He was red-shirted in his freshman season.[11] While at Florida State, Moss ran a 4.25 40-yard dash,[12] with only Deion Sanders being faster (4.23).
Freshman (1996)[link]
In 1996, while serving his 30-day jail sentence in a work-release program from 1995, Moss tested positive for smoking marijuana, thus violating his probation, and was dismissed from Florida State. He served an additional 60 days in jail for the probation violation.[11]
Ultimately, Moss transferred to Marshall University, about an hour's drive from his home. Because Marshall was then a Division I-AA school, NCAA rules allowed him to transfer there without losing any further eligibility. In 1996, he set the NCAA Division I-AA records for most games with a touchdown catch in a season (14), most consecutive games with a touchdown catch (13), most touchdown passes caught in a season (28 – tying Jerry Rice's 1984 record), and most receiving yards gained by a freshman in a season (1709 on 78 catches), a record which still stands. Moss was also the leading kickoff returner in Division I-AA on the season, with 612 total yards and a 34.0 yard average. Marshall went undefeated and won the Division I-AA title in its last season before moving to Division I-A.
Sophomore (1997)[link]
In the 1997 season, Marshall's first in Division I-A, Moss and future New York Jets quarterback Chad Pennington were the centerpiece of an explosive offense that led the Thundering Herd to the Mid-American Conference title. Moss caught 26 touchdown passes that season, at the time a Division I-A record, and was a first-team All-American.[12]
The first game of the season saw Moss pick up right where he left off in 1996. Facing Army, Moss caught 5 balls for 186 yards and two touchdowns.[13] One touchdown went for 79 yards in which Pennington lobbed the ball down the left sideline. Moss leaped over an Army defender to snag the ball out of the air at the 40 yard line while the safety crashed into his teammate knocking both men down. Moss galloped the last 50 yards untouched for the score. The other touchdown reception was his career long of 90 yards that came on a short screen pass on third down. Moss caught the ball on the right side of the field at his own 8 yard line, ran past 3 defenders in the middle of the field at the 15 yard line, hurdled two defenders coming from both sides of the left hash marks at the 25 yard line, then raced past the last defender at the 50 yard line before finally seeing daylight down the left sideline.
A week later, Moss posted his third career 200+ yard receiving game against Kent State. Two weeks after that was his fourth and final 200+ yard game in college, recording 13 catches for 205 yards and a Marshall single-game record of 5 touchdown receptions against Ball State.[13]
In the 1997 Ford Motor City Bowl against Ole Miss, Moss added his 26th touchdown of the season on Marshall's first offensive play from scrimmage. He streaked down the right sideline and caught an 80 yard touchdown pass from Pennington to tie the score at 7–7.[14] NCAA rules at the time did not allow for statistics from bowl games to be combined with regular season stats, so the touchdown did not officially increase his season touchdown record. The two teams traded the lead several times in the fourth quarter before Ole Miss running back Deuce McAllister scored on a 1-yard touchdown run with :31 seconds to play giving them a 34–31 lead. Trying to pull out a last-second win, Pennington connected with Moss on a 40 yard pass on the final play of the game, but he was stripped of the ball as time expired. Moss finished the game with 6 receptions for 173 yards.
Moss finished his career at Marshall having scored at least one touchdown in all 28 games that he played.[14] He won the Fred Biletnikoff Award as the nation's leading wide receiver, and was a finalist for the 1997 Heisman Trophy (finishing fourth in the balloting, behind Ryan Leaf, Peyton Manning, and Charles Woodson, who won the award).
College statistics[link]
| College Stats | Receiving | Rushing | Kick Returns | Punt Returns | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Season | Team | GP | REC | YDS | AVG | TD | LNG | ATT | YDS | TD | LNG | RET | YDS | AVG | TD | LNG | RET | YDS | AVG | TD | LNG |
| 1995 | FSU | 0 | DNP – Redshirt | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1996 | MAR | 15 | 78 | 1,709 | 21.9 | 28 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 18 | 612 | 34.0 | 0 | 88 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 1997 | MAR | 13 | 96 | 1,820 | 19.0 | 26 | 90T | 2 | 29 | 1 | 32T | 14 | 263 | 18.8 | 0 | 49 | 25 | 271 | 10.8 | 0 | 58 |
| Total | 2 years | 28 | 174 | 3,529 | 20.3 | 54 | 90T | 3 | 31 | 1 | 32T | 32 | 875 | 27.3 | 0 | 88 | 25 | 271 | 10.8 | 0 | 58 |
Professional career[link]
1998 NFL Draft[link]
During the 1998 NFL Draft, Moss, who was projected as a high first-round pick,[1] was taken by the Minnesota Vikings with the 21st overall pick after a number of NFL clubs—even those in need of a WR—were concerned with Moss' well-documented legal problems. Before the draft Moss was quoted as saying teams that pass on him "will regret it once they see what kind of a player I am and what kind of guy I really am."[15] The team most often cited for passing on Moss is the Dallas Cowboys. Moss grew up a Cowboys fan and wanted to play for the Cowboys. The Cowboys wanted Moss,[16] but because of many off-field incidents of their own, team owner and GM Jerry Jones did not feel the team could draft Moss.[17] Moss felt that the Cowboys lied to him, because they told him they would draft him.[18] On draft day, Dallas went so far as to have a scout in Charleston, West Virginia, the same town where Moss and his mother were watching the draft.[19] Dallas star receiver Michael Irvin even called to apologize to Moss, because Irvin's own off-field problems were a main reason Moss was not drafted by Dallas.[20] After the draft, Moss made a point of beating the Cowboys any time he faced them.[21]
After the draft, Moss signed a 4 year, $4.5 million dollar contract that included an additional $4 million dollars in bonuses and incentives.[22] As part of the deal, he received a $2 million dollar signing bonus.[23] Moss originally wore #18 in training camp (a number he would eventually wear for Oakland) but switched to the more conventional #84 before the preseason began.
Minnesota Vikings[link]
1998 season[link]
In 1998, Moss helped the Vikings to become the number one-ranked offense, scoring a then-NFL record 556 points.
The Vikings opened the season with a 31–7 rout against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Moss' first NFL game would also be his first multi-touchdown game as he recorded 4 receptions for 95 yards and two touchdowns. His first NFL reception came on the third play of the game on an 11 yard pass from Brad Johnson. His first touchdown was a 48 yard acrobatic grab over defensive back Floyd Young late in the first quarter, in which Moss juggled the ball 3 times before securing it for the score. He added a 31 yard touchdown reception on the Vikings first possession of the second quarter to give the Vikings a 21–0 lead.
His first Monday Night Football game came in Week 5 against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. He had 5 receptions for 190 yards and two touchdowns, including touchdown grabs of 52 yards and 44 yards, and two other receptions of 46 yards and 41 yards. He also had a 75 yard touchdown catch on the Vikings first possession of the game that was nullified due to an offensive holding penalty.
They finished with a 15–1 record and were poised to represent the NFC in the Super Bowl. However, the Atlanta Falcons stunned the Vikings by winning the NFC Championship Game 30–27 in overtime.
At the end of the 1998 regular season, Moss was named a Pro Bowl starter and NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year for his rookie-record 17 touchdown receptions and the third highest receiving yardage (1,313) total.
1999 season[link]
In 1999, Moss had another impressive season, catching 80 passes for 1,413 yards and 11 touchdowns. He went on to record five receptions for 127 yards and a touchdown in the Vikings 27–10 NFC wildcard playoff win over the Dallas Cowboys. Minnesota lost in the divisional round to the St. Louis Rams 49–37, despite Moss catching nine passes for 188 yards and two touchdowns. Moss was fined $40,000, which was later reduced to $25,000, during that game due to squirting an NFL referee with a water bottle. There was a stipulation that he would have to pay the difference in addition to any other fine if he had another run-in with the league.[24]
Moss earned his second straight Pro Bowl appearance, and turned in a record breaking performance. He had 9 receptions for a Pro Bowl record 212 yards and was given the games Most Valuable Player award.
2000 season[link]
The 2000 season featured second year quarterback Daunte Culpepper leading the team. Culpepper had been the teams first round draft pick in 1999; a pick which required a trade up. He had been selected largely due to his extremely strong arm, which the team believed was perfectly suited for Moss's deep routes.[citation needed] The decision proved correct. Culpepper was a rookie sensation, the Vikings started 7-0, and Moss was a leading MVP candidate. For the second time in three seasons, Moss punished the Dallas Cowboys in Dallas on Thanksgiving Day, including a spectacular 2nd half touchdown in which Moss caught the ball with his entire body out of bounds, aside from his toes. The play would be the feature shot in NFL commercials for years to come. Moss finished the season with a career high 1,437 yards and league leading 15 touchdown catches. In doing so, he became the youngest and fastest player to ever catch over 3,000 yards and 45 touchdowns, earning him his 3rd consecutive trip to the pro bowl, and 2nd selection to the All Pro team. The Vikings would make it to the NFC Championship game, only to be blown out 41–0 by the New York Giants.
2001 season[link]
In the offseason, Moss and his agent Danté DiTrapano began negotiating a new contract with the Minnesota Vikings. He was scheduled to earn 3.5 million dollars in 2001. But Moss, who was entering the final year of the rookie contract he signed in 1998, was seeking a long term deal that would make him the highest paid player in the NFL.[25] His agent said, "We want to break the tradition of quarterbacks being the highest-paid players." One option the Vikings had would be to apply the franchise tag after the season ended, but sources stated that Moss would request a trade if that happened because it would still be less than what he could command on the open market.[25]
Just prior to the start of training camp in July, Vikings owner Red McCombs signed Moss to an 8-year, $75 million contract extension.[26] The extension included a $10 million signing bonus and another $8 million in guarantees.[23] It remains as the largest contract, in terms of total dollar value, ever handed to an NFL wide receiver.
Despite finishing the season with 10 touchdowns, Moss failed to make the Pro Bowl for the first time in his career.
2002 season[link]
After replacing Dennis Green on an interim basis to end the 2001 season, Mike Tice was officially named head coach on January 10, 2002. One of the strategies the Vikings first-year head coach came up with was a formula to get Randy Moss the ball more often. Coach Tice called it the Randy Ratio. It was an effort on the coaches part to throw 40% of the passes to Moss as a way to keep him involved in the offense more than he had been in the 2001 season when he had stretches in games where he was being shut out, and partly to use more game clock by sustaining long drives to give the Vikings defense a chance to rest.[27] An assistant coach would stand on the sidelines during games and track how many times Moss had been thrown to, and then inform Tice of the percentages so that he is always aware of it. In the 2001 season, the Vikings record was 4–1 when Moss had 40% of the passes thrown his direction, and 1–10 in other games.[26]
The strategy was a response to the 'Randy Rules,' as Vikings receiver Chris Walsh called them. The Randy Rules, similar to the Jordan Rules, were a defensive strategy that teams employed when facing the Vikings to try and eliminate or reduce Randy's impact on the game, and to prevent Moss from being matched up one-on-one with defenders because of his ability to burn them deep or outjump them in single coverage. Opposing teams would routinely double cover Moss with techniques such as having a cornerback attempt to jam him at the line of scrimmage, having a corner defend underneath with a safety defending against the deep ball, having a zone defense roll to Moss' side of the field, and assigning "spys" to follow Moss everywhere he went.
Coach Tice discussed the strategy, explaining that Moss would be running more short and intermediate routes and less deep patterns. In training camp, Moss worked specifically on 12 new routes that he had rarely run in his first 4 NFL seasons, such as crossing patterns over the middle of the field and hook routes.[27] Coach Tice said, "When we say Randy Ratio, everybody in the league thinks, 'OK, now they're going to throw the ball down the field to Randy more and more and more.' That's so far from the truth. In fact, we'll probably throw the ball down the field to Randy this year even less."[27]
The Randy Ratio did not last very long, as Tice scrapped the idea midway through the 2002 season. Randy Moss said "I didn't really care much about the Randy Ratio when it was brought up. I just wanted to win."[28] While Moss caught a career high 106 passes, he also had a career low 7 touchdown receptions, and the Vikings struggled to a 6–10 record. Tice suggested after the season that it was a mistake to inform opponents about his offensive gameplan, but that it was a tool "to motivate [Moss] and say he was the guy."[28]
2003 season[link]
Moss' fortunes took a better turn on the football field during the 2003 regular season, where he became the second wide receiver in history (behind Jerry Rice in 1995) to play more than 12 games (he played 16) while averaging over 100 yards and one touchdown per contest. He finished with 111 receptions for 1,632 yards and 17 touchdowns. All three numbers either tied or became a new personal best.
In the offseason, he attended the Vikings strength & conditioning program and added 5 pounds of muscle to his frame.[28]
2004 season[link]
Moss started the season strong catching 8 touchdowns in his first 5 games of the season. However, he sustained a hamstring injury to his right leg against New Orleans in Week 6 that hampered him for the next five weeks. He played in Week 7 against Tennessee, but had no receptions in a game for the first time in his career. He also played the following week against the Giants, but again recorded no receptions and was used mainly as a decoy. The injury eventually sidelined him for 3 straight weeks. He returned to the lineup in Week 12 with a touchdown catch against the Jacksonville Jaguars.
Even though he finished the season with 13 touchdowns in 13 games, he posted career lows in receptions (49) and receiving yards (767), becoming the first season in his career that he failed to reach the 1,000 yard mark.
Moss made the Pro Bowl five times in his seven-year career with the Minnesota Vikings (1998–2000, 2002, and 2003).
Oakland Raiders[link]
On March 2, 2005, Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders' first (7th overall, which Minnesota parlayed into WR Troy Williamson) and seventh-round picks in the NFL draft. Adding a player of Moss' caliber generated optimism in Oakland,[29] but the Raiders' poor play continued after acquiring him. Nagging injuries limited his production, as well as what some saw as his unwillingness to play.
Moss was excited to get a fresh start in Oakland. "I am very flattered to be here and anxious to be in this situation," Moss said. "I want to get back to being a dangerous player."[30]
New England Patriots[link]
2007 season[link]
There were rumors leading up to the 2007 NFL Draft that the Raiders were eager to part ways with Randy Moss through a trade. First-year Raiders head coach Lane Kiffin went so far as to contact the division rival Denver Broncos to "gauge interest",[31] but the Patriots and Green Bay Packers were the two teams most interested in acquiring Moss. Packers QB Brett Favre, who once said, "There is no one in this league who puts fear in people more than Randy Moss,"[32] tried to persuade team management to trade for him, but a deal that both sides could agree to did not get done.[33]
During the first day of the NFL Draft, the Patriots and Raiders discussed the trade several times before reaching an agreement. Bill Belichick spoke with Moss for the first time about the possibility of joining the Patriots at 2:30AM early Sunday Morning.[34] Moss then boarded a plane and arrived in Boston later that morning on April 29 and was required to pass a team administered physical. Once he was cleared by Patriots officials, a trade was completed that sent Randy Moss to New England in exchange for a fourth-round selection in the 2007 NFL Draft. The draft pick had been acquired by the Patriots the previous day from the San Francisco 49ers, and the Raiders selected John Bowie.[31]
One of the conditions of the trade was that Randy Moss would have to restructure his contract for salary cap reasons.[31] Just hours before the Moss trade was completed, New England quarterback Tom Brady converted $5.28 million of his 2007 base salary into a signing bonus that is spread out over the remaining portion of his contract so that it could free up cap room. This enabled the Patriots to absorb Moss' incoming contract under the salary cap.[35][36] Moss had two years remaining on his current deal and was scheduled to earn $9.75 million in 2007 and $11.25 million in 2008. Once the Patriots had Moss on their roster, he quickly agreed to a new one year contract to replace his old one. The new deal gave him a $500,000 signing bonus, a base salary of $2.5 million, and the ability to earn an additional $1.75 million in incentives.[35]
"I’m still in awe that I’m a part of this organization,"[36] Moss said, clearly thrilled to join a team that could contend for the Super Bowl and to work with Coach Belichick. "I think that he’s the kind of coach that can motivate me. He has a proven track record."[36]
In the first week of training camp, during an 11-on-11 passing drill, Moss suffered a hamstring injury to his left leg.[34] As a precaution, the injury prevented Moss from participating in any preseason games and he missed much of the rest of camp.
His first action in a Patriots uniform came against the New York Jets in Week 1. He quickly quieted critics who claimed that his skills had deteriorated by hauling in 9 receptions for 181 yards, including a 51 yard touchdown pass in which he ran past 3 Jets defenders.
On November 4, 2007, James Black, NFL Editor for Yahoo! Sports wrote, "Every week, in addition to out-leaping at least one defender for a touchdown, [Moss] keeps making incredible one-handed grabs that make you mutter, 'How the heck did he come up with that?'"[37] Two weeks later, he added a career high 4 touchdown receptions in a single game against Buffalo.
On December 29, the Patriots defeated the New York Giants 38–35, finishing their season with a perfect 16–0 record. Moss caught two touchdown passes for a total of 23, breaking the single season record of 22 touchdown receptions previously set by Jerry Rice (in 12 games in the strike-shortened 1987 season). On the same play, Tom Brady broke Peyton Manning's single season record set in 2004 with his 50th touchdown pass.[38] Moss recorded 98 catches for 1,493 yards in 2007, the highest yardage total in Patriots franchise history and the third-highest total number of catches, after teammate Wes Welker's 112 catches that same season and Troy Brown's 101 in 2001. He also earned his sixth Pro Bowl selection. His 2007 season featured touchdowns in 13 of 16 games (including 8 multi-touchdown games), nine 100-yard games, and six touchdown receptions of 40 or more yards.
Super Bowl XLII[link]
Despite his record breaking 2007 season, Moss was relatively quiet in the playoffs going 2 consecutive games without a touchdown for the first time all season. However, in Super Bowl XLII he scored the go ahead touchdown with 2:42 left in the fourth quarter on a 6 yard pass from Tom Brady. However, this was still not enough to enable the heavily favored Patriots to achieve the first 19–0 undefeated season, as Eli Manning drove the Giants down the field and connected with Plaxico Burress for what proved to be the game winner.
2008 season[link]
On February 28, 2008, Moss became a free agent after the Patriots decided not to place the franchise tag on Moss. Although the Dallas Cowboys, Philadelphia Eagles and Green Bay Packers were rumored to have interest in Moss,[39] he decided to return to the Patriots, signing a three-year, $27 million deal on March 3, 2008.[40] The contract included a $12 million dollar signing bonus, and a total of $14.1 million guaranteed.[41]
The first game of the 2008 season saw Brady suffer a torn ACL in his left knee while attempting a pass to Randy Moss.[42] The play occurred in the first half against the Kansas City Chiefs when safety Bernard Pollard dove at Brady's leg while in his throwing motion. Moss described what he saw on the play by saying "any time you see something like that, that looks foul, it looks dirty, it opens your eyes. So, me personally, it looked dirty."[43] Matt Cassel replaced Brady for the rest of the season.
In 2008, Moss hauled in 69 catches for 1,008 yards and 11 touchdowns despite losing quarterback Tom Brady in the first quarter of the season.
2009 season[link]
In the opener of 2009, Moss caught a career-high 12 passes for 141 yards in a comeback 25–24 victory over the Bills. In a snowy Week 6 game against the winless Tennessee Titans, Moss caught three touchdown passes from Tom Brady, two of them in the 2nd quarter as Brady set a record for most touchdown passes in a single quarter with five. This was Moss's 34th multi-touchdown game, and his 8th game with 3 or more touchdowns.
During the Patriots bye week, Belichick stated that Moss "is the smartest receiver he's ever been around."[44] He compared Moss' ability to see the field and anticipate plays to that of Tom Brady, and to Lawrence Taylor who Belichick coached with the New York Giants. He said Moss not only knows what he's doing on a play, but what everybody else on the field is doing as well. "That's what makes them special. They just have a sixth, seventh sense," Belichick said.[45]
In Week 9 against the Miami Dolphins Moss added 6 catches for 147 yards and 1 touchdown. The touchdown reception was the 140th of his career, which moved him into a tie for 2nd place with Terrell Owens and he now only trails Jerry Rice who has 197.
The following week, in a primetime Sunday night matchup against the Indianapolis Colts, Moss had 179 yards and two touchdowns, including a 63 yard touchdown in the 2nd quarter that moved him ahead of Terrell Owens for sole possession of 2nd place in career touchdown receptions. In the same game, he became just the 11th player in NFL history with 900+ receptions and the 7th player to reach 14,000+ career receiving yards.
He finished the season with 83 receptions for 1,264 yards and 13 touchdowns. He was named to the 2010 Pro Bowl as a replacement for injured teammate Wes Welker.
2010 season[link]
In the week leading up to the Patriots' 2010 season opener against the Cincinnati Bengals, Moss, who was entering the final year of his contract told CBS Sports that he "did not feel wanted" in New England absent a contract extension offer.[46] Moss would go on to catch 5 passes for 59 yards in Week 1. After the game, Moss told reporters that it would be his final season with the Patriots.[47] The Boston Herald reported weeks later that Moss requested a trade following the game.[48]
Moss had two receptions in Week 2 against the New York Jets, including a 34-yard touchdown. The following week against the Buffalo Bills, Moss had two more catches, both for touchdowns. His final game in New England came in Week 4 on Monday Night Football against the Miami Dolphins; he did not record a catch in the game for the first time in his Patriots career as a touchdown pass attempt off a fake spike bounced off his hands in the end zone.
Return to Minnesota[link]
Two days after the Patriots' game against Miami, Moss was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, in exchange for the Vikings' third-round selection (later used to select Ryan Mallett) in the 2011 NFL Draft.[49] The Patriots also sent a 2012 seventh-round selection to the Vikings as part of the trade.[50]
On November 1, less than four weeks after being traded to Minnesota, Vikings head coach Brad Childress told Vikings players in a team meeting that Moss was going to be waived by the team, one day after he criticized Childress and teammates in a press conference following the Vikings' loss to the Patriots at Gillette Stadium.[51] Just before the press conference, Moss reportedly told team owner Zygi Wilf that Childress was unfit to coach in the NFL and should be fired.[52] Wilf reportedly considered firing Childress and keeping Moss,[53] but Moss was officially waived the next day, November 2.[54] Childress was eventually fired on November 22.
Days after the trade, reports surfaced that Moss had told the owner of a local restaurant catering a team meal that Moss would not "feed the food to his dog."[55]
Tennessee Titans[link]
Moss was claimed off waivers by the Tennessee Titans, the only team to submit a claim, on November 3, 2010.[56] Moss played eight games with the Titans, starting four. He made six catches for 80 yards and no touchdowns.
Moss finished the 2010 season setting career lows in receptions (28) and receiving yards (393). The Tennessee Titans stated that they did not plan to re-sign Moss for the 2011 season.
Initial retirement and comeback[link]
On August 1, 2011, Moss' agent, Joel Segal, announced that Randy Moss had decided to retire.[57][58]
On February 13, 2012, his 35th birthday, Moss announced that he was coming out of retirement and was ready to play again. In a live video chat with his fans via Ustream, Moss stated, "I wanna play football. Your boy is going to come back here and play some football, so I'm really excited. I had some things I had to adjust in my life."
San Francisco 49ers[link]
On March 12, 2012, Moss signed a one year contract with the San Francisco 49ers for undisclosed financial terms after a workout with the team's head coach, Jim Harbaugh.[59]
Career statistics[link]
| Regular Season | Receiving | Rushing | Passing | Kick Returns | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Team | GP | GS | REC | YDS | AVG | TD | LNG | 20+ | 40+ | 1ST | ATT | YDS | AVG | TD | LNG | ATT | CMP | YDS | TD | INT | RAT | RET | YDS | TD | LNG |
| 1998 | MIN | 16 | 11 | 69 | 1,313 | 19.0 | 17 | 61T | 20 | 14 | 51 | 1 | 4 | 4.0 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1999 | MIN | 16 | 16 | 80 | 1,413 | 17.7 | 11 | 67T | 26 | 8 | 52 | 4 | 43 | 10.8 | 0 | 15 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 1 | 0 | 158.3 | 17 | 162 | 1 | 64T |
| 2000 | MIN | 16 | 16 | 77 | 1,437 | 18.7 | 15 | 78T | 25 | 8 | 58 | 3 | 5 | 1.7 | 0 | 9 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2001 | MIN | 16 | 16 | 82 | 1,233 | 15.0 | 10 | 73T | 14 | 4 | 59 | 3 | 38 | 12.7 | 0 | 18 | 1 | 1 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 118.8 | – | – | – | – |
| 2002 | MIN | 16 | 16 | 106 | 1,347 | 12.7 | 7 | 60 | 19 | 6 | 66 | 6 | 51 | 8.5 | 0 | 25 | 3 | 1 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 87.5 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2003 | MIN | 16 | 16 | 111 | 1,632 | 14.7 | 17 | 72 | 27 | 6 | 76 | 6 | 18 | 3.0 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 39.6 | 1 | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| 2004 | MIN | 13 | 13 | 49 | 767 | 15.7 | 13 | 82T | 11 | 6 | 43 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 1 | 37 | 0 | 1 | 56.2 | – | – | – | – |
| 2005 | OAK | 16 | 15 | 60 | 1,005 | 16.8 | 8 | 79 | 15 | 4 | 46 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2006 | OAK | 13 | 13 | 42 | 553 | 13.2 | 3 | 51 | 6 | 1 | 29 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2007 | NE | 16 | 16 | 98 | 1,493 | 15.2 | 23 | 65T | 18 | 9 | 74 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2008 | NE | 16 | 16 | 69 | 1,008 | 14.6 | 11 | 76T | 14 | 3 | 46 | 2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2009 | NE | 16 | 16 | 83 | 1,264 | 15.2 | 13 | 71T | 18 | 7 | 62 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2010 | NE | 4 | 3 | 9 | 139 | 15.4 | 3 | 35T | 3 | 0 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2010 | MIN | 4 | 4 | 13 | 174 | 13.4 | 2 | 37T | 2 | 0 | 10 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2010 | TEN | 8 | 4 | 6 | 80 | 13.3 | 0 | 26 | 1 | 0 | 4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2010 (Total) | 16 | 11 | 28 | 393 | 14.0 | 5 | 37T | 6 | 0 | 20 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| 13 seasons | 202 | 191 | 954 | 14,858 | 15.6 | 153 | 82T | 219 | 76 | 682 | 25 | 159 | 6.4 | 0 | 25 | 8 | 4 | 106 | 2 | 1 | 95.8 | 20 | 195 | 1 | 64T | |
Charity[link]
Moss has participated in, founded, and financed many charitable endeavors since joining the NFL, particularly aimed at helping children. Many times when talking about his charity work, he has said he just looks forward to "seeing smiles."[60] He has donated clothing and food to needy families, given away free backpacks to Boston area school-children, and hosted autograph signings. He has also bussed children to amusement parks, NBA games, and even NFL games in which he has played.[61]
On June 29, 2005, he launched the Randy Moss Celebrity Charity Invitational Bass Tournament. The tournament was a one day event that paired celebrities and corporate sponsors with pro fishermen to raise money for the Smile Network, which is a foundation that provides financial assistance to children with treatable mouth problems, such as cleft palate. The tournaments motto is "fish for a smile."[62]
In 2008, Moss formed the Links for Learning foundation, which was established to help children in his home state of West Virginia, and to build learning centers for the most needy student populations.[63] In June, he and his former high school teammate Jason Williams hosted the foundations first annual charity golf tournament at the Sleepy Hollow Country Club in Hurricane, West Virginia.[64]
In March 2009, Moss' foundation made a donation that enabled the Women and Children’s Hospital of Charleston, West Virginia to purchase a Starlight Children's Foundation 'Fun Center' for their patients. The 'Fun Center' is a portable bedside entertainment system equipped with a TV, DVD player, and 22 Nintendo Wii games.[65]
On the morning of November 24, 2009, Moss flew home to West Virginia to personally hand out Thanksgiving dinners to families in the Charleston area. He stayed only a few hours before having to head back to Massachusetts for a Patriots practice later in the day.[60]
Controversy[link]
Marshall plane crash[link]
In a 1997 Sports Illustrated article, when discussing the 1970 Marshall plane crash, Randy Moss was quoted as saying, "The plane crash was before my time. I don't try to go back in the past and say this football game is for the people in the plane crash. I've seen the burial ground. I went up there and looked at the names. It was a tragedy, but it really wasn't nothing big."[6][66] Moss claimed that the quote was taken out of context.
Traffic incident[link]
On September 24, 2002 in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, Moss was driving and was preparing to make an illegal turn. A traffic control officer (Amy Zaccardi), noticing what he was about to do, stood in front of his 2002 Lexus car, ordering him to stop. Eyewitness accounts of the event differ at this point, but Moss did not comply with the officer's order, and she was bumped by his vehicle and fell to the ground. Moss was arrested, and a search of his vehicle revealed a joint amounting to less than a gram of marijuana in his ashtray.[67] Initially charged with felony Suspicion of Assault with a Deadly Weapon and a misdemeanor marijuana possession, Moss spent the night in jail and was released the following morning. Moss pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor traffic violation and was ordered to pay a $1,200 fine and perform 40 hours of community service.[68] While the criminal charges were thus disposed of, the civil lawsuit filed by the traffic control officer brought a substantial penalty fine[69] "in the low to mid six figures". Moss claimed that the joint was not his, and that he had let friends use his car prior to the accident.[70]
Leaving the field during a game[link]
During the last game of the 2004 regular season against the Washington Redskins and with two seconds remaining on the game clock, Moss walked off the field and into the locker room; critics criticized Moss for quitting on his team.[71] Moss stated afterward that he did not think Minnesota, who ended up losing 21–18 to Washington, would recover the onside kick.[72]
Playoff fully clothed mooning incident[link]
On January 9, 2005, the Minnesota Vikings traveled to division rival Green Bay to take on the heavily favored Packers in an NFC wildcard playoff game. Moss finished the game with 4 catches for 70 yards and two touchdowns in the 31–17 win. After the second score, Moss trotted to the end zone goalpost and, facing away from the crowd, feigned pulling down his pants to moon the Green Bay fans. TV announcer Joe Buck, calling the game, was incensed, calling it "a disgusting act" on-air. Days later, the NFL fined him $10,000, finding it "unsportsmanlike" and "offensive" during the playoffs. However, then-Indianapolis Colts head coach Tony Dungy, the former Vikings defensive coordinator, explained Moss' action by pointing out that Packers fans are infamous for actually mooning the buses of departing opponents after a loss,[73] unlike Moss' fully clothed imitation.
Marijuana use[link]
In April 1996, Randy Moss smoked a joint just prior to turning himself in to jail. He was scheduled to finish the remainder of his 30 day sentence for misdemeanor battery while in high school. During his first week in jail, Moss was given a drug test that came back positive. He was placed in solitary confinement for a week and had 60 days attached to his 27 day sentence. Bobby Bowden revoked his scholarship and Moss was dismissed from Florida State University for the failed drug test.[6]
Chris Mortensen of ESPN reported that Moss tested positive in 2001 for marijuana under the NFL's substance abuse program and was subject to additional random drug screening for two years.[70] A first time violation of the NFL's drug policy can result in up to 10 tests per month. Moss has not failed an NFL drug test since, and was rotated out of the program after two years.[74]
In August 2005, during an interview with Bryant Gumbel, Moss admitted that he has smoked marijuana during his NFL career "every blue moon." When asked whether he still used marijuana currently, Moss replied "I might. I might have fun. And, you know, hopefully ... I won't get into any trouble by the NFL by saying that, you know. I have had fun throughout my years and, you know, predominantly in the offseason." The interview drew criticism from the league office, and his agent tried to spin it that his words were taken out of context. In response, Moss said "That was really me talking in the past tense of way back in the beginning of my career and my childhood – especially in high school and college."[74]
Lack of effort[link]
On November 14, 2006, Moss was honored for his success in college as a kick returner by having an award named after him, becoming only one of two black athletes (along with John Mackey) so honored. During the press conference, Moss responded to questions about his dropped passes and lackluster effort in several games, saying "Maybe because I'm unhappy and I'm not too much excited about what's going on, so, my concentration and focus level tend to go down sometimes when I'm in a bad mood."[75] Days later, he reiterated his unhappiness with losing games and being a member of the Raiders on his weekly segment with Fox Sports Radio, saying, "I might want to look forward to moving somewhere else next year to have another start and really feel good about going out here and playing football."[76]
On May 15, 2007, more than two weeks after the trade to New England, Moss was called out by his former Raiders coaches. His former offensive coordinator, Tom Walsh, who was fired from the Raiders after Oakland's 2–14 losing season, said of Moss, "Randy Moss is a player whose skills are diminishing, and he's in denial of those eroding skills...Randy was a great receiver, but he lacked the work ethic and the desire to cultivate any skills that would compensate for what he was losing physically later in his career." Walsh also reported that Moss told him, "'I'm too old to practice on Wednesday and Thursday, but I'm not too old to play on Sunday.'"[77] However, Moss stated the losing seasons on the Oakland Raiders negatively affected his playing and discouraged him during the team's practice: "...Losing sometimes can get contagious, but as a player I can't let that settle in, and I think that's one of the things that bothered me [in Oakland]. I didn't want it to set in and it didn't set in. It was just really nerve-racking that it was hard for me to win."[77]
In 2009, after a 20–10 win over the Carolina Panthers, Panthers cornerback Chris Gamble and safety Chris Harris accused Moss of giving up during the game. Gamble claimed Moss "gives up a lot" and that he "laid it down during the game", while Harris said "[Moss] kind of doesn't run the routes the way they're supposed to be run. If you get a jam on him, he'll ease up. ... If he can't get it going, he gets out of sync."[78] Moss caught 1 pass for 16 yards, fumbled the ball once, and dropped a pass, as well as had a ball thrown at him picked off during the game. In response, Bill Belichick stated, "My response would be that's a lot of conversation coming from a team that just lost another game."[78] Tom Brady noted that Gamble had many plays made on him as well.[78]
Dating violence allegations[link]
On January 15, 2008, Orlando-based radio station WDBO reported that Moss "ha[d] been hit with a temporary injunction for protection against dating violence. According to the affidavit Moss committed a battery upon Rachelle Washington,[79] causing serious injury, and then refused to allow her to seek medical attention. The affidavit out of Broward County reveals Moss cannot come within 500 feet of the victim and cannot use or possess firearms.[80] The next day, in a locker room press conference, Moss claimed the woman was simply looking for money "over an accident,"[81] because her lawyer came to his lawyer, threatening a lawsuit, and asking for money to settle before she went public to the media. Moss stated he had known Washington for about eleven years. He also stated in his defense that he has never assaulted a woman in his entire life, and asked that the media and fans "find out the facts" before "rush[ing] to judgment."[82] Moreover, Moss' lawyer, in an e-mail to the Boston Globe accused the woman's lawyer of "blatant threats and attempts to extort money" from Moss.[83] On March 3, 2008, Rachelle Washington filed papers with the Broward County Circuit Court clerk's office requesting that the restraining order be dissolved and the case closed.[84] No criminal charges were ever filed in the incident.
Personal life[link]
Moss' parents are Maxine Moss and Randy Pratt, although Moss has little contact with his father.[12] He has a sister named Lutisia and a brother Eric, who had a short stint in the NFL as an offensive lineman with the Minnesota Vikings. Moss has four children with his girlfriend, Libby Offutt (two daughters, Sydney and Senali, and two sons, Thaddeus and Montigo).
NCAA records[link]
Division 1-AA – Regular season[link]
- Most games with a touchdown reception in a season – 11 (1996)
- Most consecutive games with a touchdown reception in a season – 11 (1996)
- Most receiving yards gained by a freshman in a season – 1073 (1996)
- Most touchdown receptions caught by a freshman in a season – 19 (1996 – record for all NCAA divisions)
Division 1-AA – Playoffs[link]
- Most touchdown receptions in a single game – 4 (vs. Montana, Dec. 21, 1996)
- Most yards receiving in a single game – 288 (vs. Delaware, Nov. 30, 1996)
- Most touchdown receptions in a tournament – 9 (4 games in 1996)
- Most yards receiving in a tournament – 636 (4 games in 1996)
NFL records[link]
- Most touchdown receptions in a season – 23 (2007)
- Most touchdown receptions by a rookie in a season – 17 (1998)
- Most seasons with 17 or more touchdown receptions – 3 (1998, 2003, 2007)
- Most seasons with 16 or more touchdown receptions – 3 (1998, 2003, 2007)
- Most seasons with 11 or more touchdown receptions – 8 – tied with Jerry Rice
- Most seasons with 10 or more touchdown receptions – 9 – tied with Jerry Rice
- Most games in a season with at least 2 touchdown receptions – 8 (2007)
- One of two players to have 1,600+ receiving yards and 16+ receiving touchdowns in a season (2003), the other being Calvin Johnson (2011)
- Most yards receiving in a Pro Bowl game – 212 (2000)
- Most touchdowns scored in first 10 games with a new team – 16 (2007)
- Most 1,200+ yard receiving seasons to start a career – 6 (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003)
- Moss has averaged at least one receiving touchdown per game played in four different seasons: 1998 (17 TDs in 16 games), 2003 (17 in 16), 2004 (13 in 13), and 2007 (23 in 16)[85]
- At the end of the 2008 season, Moss averaged 12.3 receiving TDs per season
- Four 100+ yard games in his first four games with a new team in 2007
- Youngest player in NFL history to record his 100th receiving touchdown – (29 years and 235 days)
- Youngest player in NFL history to record his 120th receiving touchdown – (30 years, 313 days)
- Fastest player to reach 5,000 career receiving yards – 59 games (broke record of 61 games by Jerry Rice)
- Highest career yards per catch average for any player with 900+ receptions – 15.6 yards per reception
- Youngest player to have 3 touchdown receptions in a game (21 years, 286 days; later broken by Rob Gronkowski)
Career highlights[link]
- 5-time All-Pro selection.[86]
- Is second on the Minnesota Vikings all-time receiving touchdown list with 92. Cris Carter holds the record with 110 receiving scores.
- Caught his 100th touchdown pass in 2006 against San Francisco (on a pass he caught with his legs), the seventh player to do so.
- Holds the record for most touchdowns in Minnesota Vikings playoff history with 8.
- 10 1,000+ yard receiving seasons – 2nd all-time
- 64 career 100 yard games – 2nd all-time; most recent November 15, 2009
- 153 touchdown receptions – 2nd all-time
- 73.6 receiving yards per game – 7th all-time
- 154 total touchdowns scored – 4th all-time
- 14,858 receiving yards – 6th all-time
- 954 career receptions – 10th all-time
- Has completed 4 of 8 passes for 106 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception, giving him a 95.8 passer rating.
- Only player to catch 90+ touchdown passes, return a punt for a touchdown, and throw 2 touchdown passes.
- Has played on the two highest scoring teams (for a single season) in NFL history: 2007 Patriots (589 points) and the 1998 Vikings (556 points)
- Had a career-high 12 receptions for 204 yards against the Chicago Bears, at Soldier Field, on November 14, 1999 in a 27–24 overtime win.
- Holds the Vikings record for most 100 yard receiving games with 41.
- Has two touchdowns or more in 39 different games (including 3 in the postseason); most recent September 26, 2010
- Has two touchdown receptions or more in 37 different games – (2nd all-time)
- Has three touchdowns touchdown receptions or more in 9 different games – (2nd all-time): at Dallas (Nov. 26, 1998), a 46–36 victory; vs. Chicago (Dec. 6, 1998), a 48–22 victory; at Detroit (Oct. 1, 2000), a 31–24 victory; vs. New York Giants (November 19, 2001) a 28–16 victory; vs. San Francisco (Sep. 28, 2003), a 35–7 victory; at Buffalo (November 18, 2007), a 56–10 victory; at Miami (November 23, 2008), a 48–28 victory; vs. Tennessee (October 18, 2009), a 59–0 victory; vs. Jacksonville (December 27, 2009), a 35–7 victory.
- Caught a career high four touchdowns at Buffalo (all in the first half). (Nov. 18, 2007)
- Had an interception while playing defense in the last few seconds of the first half of the Patriots' game against the Denver Broncos on October 11, 2009.
- Has 4 career two-point conversions
- Youngest player in NFL history to record his 120th receiving touchdown. (30 years, 313 days)
Randy Moss Motorsports[link]
Main article: Randy Moss Motorsports
On April 29, 2008, Moss announced the formation of Randy Moss Motorsports, an auto racing team intended to begin participation in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.[87] In July 2008, Moss announced that he had bought a 50 percent share in Morgan-Dollar Motorsports, with the team's #46 entry switching to #81.[88]
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- ^ Schara, Ron (2005-06-22). "Moss on board for charity bass tournament". ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/outdoors/fishing/news/story?id=2092554. Retrieved 2009-11-25.
- ^ http://www.athlebrities.com/2009/03/14/randy-moss-steps-up-for-kids-in-need/
- ^ http://www.abetterwestvirginia.com/2009/02/01/nfls-randy-moss-investing-back-in-west-virginia/
- ^ http://www.athlebrities.com/category/randy-moss/
- ^ Mosedale, Mike (2002-12-11). "What Makes Randy Run". The City Pages: pp. 2. http://www.citypages.com/databank/23/1149/article10933.asp?page=2. Retrieved 2007-03-12.
- ^ Scheck, Tom (2002-09-26). "Vikings' Moss apologizes for traffic incident". Minnesota Public Radio. http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/25_williamsb_moss/. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
- ^ Maske, Mark (2005-02-24). "Vikings Agree to Trade Moss to the Raiders". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A48428-2005Feb23.html. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
- ^ http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200209/25_williamsb_moss/
- ^ a b "Moss charged with another misdemeanor". ESPN.com. 2002-10-01. http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=1439702&type=news.
- ^ Rhoden, William (2007-10-29). "This Season, Moss Is in the Mood to Play". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/29/sports/football/29rhoden.html?ref=sports. Retrieved 2007-11-05.
- ^ "Randy Moss Biography". http://www.bullz-eye.com/sports/athletes/randy_moss.htm.
- ^ "League spokesman points to 'poor taste' rule". Associated Press. 2005-01-11. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/playoffs04/news/story?id=1963829. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ a b "Moss admits smoking marijuana since entering NFL". ESPN.com. 2005-08-18. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2137525. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ White, David (2006-11-14). "Unhappy returns: Moss in 'bad mood'". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/14/SPGN1MCA5U1.DTL. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ Corkran, Steve (2006-11-18). "Moss looking for a trade". Contra Costa Times. http://www.contracostatimes.com/mld/cctimes/sports/football/nfl/oakland_raiders/16045692.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ a b "Walsh: Moss' skills were 'diminishing' on Raiders". ESPN.com news services. 2007-05-12. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2871527. Retrieved 2007-07-16.
- ^ a b c Reiss, Mike (2009-12-15). "Brady: Teams focus on stopping Moss". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/boston/nfl/news/story?id=4740924. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
- ^ Battista, Judy (2008-01-17). "Moss Denies Injuring a Woman He Knows". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/17/sports/football/17patriots.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ http://blogcritics.org/sports/article/nobody-can-stop-randy-moss-except/
- ^ Reiss, Mike (2008-01-16). "Transcript of Moss' comments regarding battery allegations". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2008/01/16/transcript_of_mosss_comments_regarding_battery_allegations/?page=full. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Reiss, Mike (2008-01-16). "Moss responds to off-field issue". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/reiss_pieces/2008/01/moss_responds_t.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Reiss, Mike (2008-01-17). "Email from Tim DiPiero, lawyer for Randy Moss". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2008/01/17/email_from_tim_dipiero_lawyer_for_randy_moss/?page=full. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
- ^ Reiss, Mike (2008-03-12). "Moss Case Closed". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/sports/football/patriots/articles/2008/03/12/moss_case_closed/. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
- ^ "Randy Moss Profile". Pro Football Reference. http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/MossRa00.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "LT, Moss unanimous selections, and Brady is, too – sort of". Associated Press. ESPN.com. 2008-01-09. http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=3188207. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Moss forms Craftman Trucks team". Associated Press. Yahoo! Sports. 2008-04-30. http://sports.yahoo.com/nascar/news?slug=txmosstrucks&prov=st&type=lgns. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Moss buys 50 percent of Craftsman Truck Series team". Associated Press. ESPN.com. http://sports.espn.go.com/rpm/nascar/truck/news/story?id=3472583. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
External links[link]
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Moss, Randy |
| Alternative names | Moss, Randy Gene; Moss, Randy G. |
| Short description | All-American college football player, professional football player, wide receiver |
| Date of birth | February 13, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Rand, West Virginia, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Randy_Moss
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Randy Moss
http://pt.wn.com/Randy Moss
http://de.wn.com/Randy Moss
http://it.wn.com/Randy Moss
http://es.wn.com/Randy Moss
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Moss
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Ray Rice at the Ravens' 2009 Training Camp. |
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Career highlights and awards
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Raymell Maurice Rice (born January 22, 1987 in New Rochelle, New York) is an American football running back for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Ravens in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Rutgers. At the end of the 2011 season he was ranked as the Baltimore Ravens second all-time rusher in yards (4377), and attempts (959). He is ranked third all-time for touchdowns (24).
Contents |
Early years[link]
Rice has had to deal with tragedy and adversity from a young age. When Rice was only a year old, his father was killed in a drive-by shooting.[1] Ray's cousin helped to raise him before dying in a car accident in 1998 due to a drunk driver. Ray's mother Janet raised her four children with only one income from her job as a special education teacher.[2]
Rice was the primary running back at New Rochelle High School, playing alongside future Rutgers teammates Courtney Greene and Glen Lee. His sophomore and junior seasons saw him take the primary duties, but he became the feature back in his senior year.
In his junior year, he helped lead NRHS to a New York state championship, and he took the team to the finals his senior year, playing against future Duke point guard and Syracuse quarterback Greg Paulus in the state championship game, in which Christian Brothers Academy (DeWitt, New York) defeated New Rochelle High School.[3]
College career[link]
Before attending Rutgers, Rice had initially committed to Syracuse University; he switched his commitment to the Scarlet Knights following the firing of Syracuse head coach Paul Pasqualoni in 2005.
Rice attended Rutgers. In 2005 (Rice's freshman year), Rutgers had its first winning season in 14 years and played in only the second bowl in the football program's then 136 year history. In 2006, the Scarlet Knights won a school record-tying 11 games and registered the school's highest ever season-ending national poll ranking, finishing at #12 in both the Associated Press and Coach's Polls.
As a true freshman Rice finished the season as the starting tailback for Rutgers. Rice rushed for 1120 yards and 5 TDs during his freshman campaign, including a 217-yard performance against the University of Connecticut.
Rice gained 1,794 rushing yards in 2006 with 20 touchdowns. His total in 2006 set Rutgers' single-season rushing yardage record, shattering J. J. Jennings' mark of 1,353 set in 1973. Rice's backfield partner during his freshman and sophomore seasons was fullback Brian Leonard. Leonard considered entering the NFL Draft in 2006 but stayed for his senior year and took on a less prominent role in the offense which aided Rice's rise to stardom.[4] Rice was also a finalist for the Maxwell Award and finished seventh in the Heisman Trophy voting. Rice was named Big East offensive player of the week a school-record three times in 2006. All three times, Rice rushed for over 200 yards, including a career high 225 yard game against the Pittsburgh Panthers. Rice ended his sophomore season with 170 yards on 24 carries with 1 touchdown during the inaugural Texas Bowl to give Rutgers its first bowl victory ever in a 37-10 win. He was named MVP of the game.[5]
Rice was widely considered a candidate for both the Maxwell Award and Heisman Trophy in 2007. On October 6, 2007 against the Cincinnati Bearcats, Rice scored his 35th career rushing touchdown, setting the all time program record.On November 9, 2007 against the Army Black Knights, Rice ran for 243 yards and scored twice in the 41-6 win against Army, setting a new school record previously set by Terrell Willis in 1994, and his new single game record.[6] On January 5, 2008, at the second annual International Bowl in Toronto, Rice ran for a new school record of 280 yards, along with 4 touchdowns as Rutgers beat Ball State University 52-30. One of the TD runs was the longest of his career—a 90-yard scamper. Rice won the MVP award for his performance. On January 8, 2008, Rice declared his intention to enter the 2008 NFL draft.[7]
Professional career[link]
Baltimore Ravens[link]
Rice was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the second round (55th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft and signed a 4-year deal with the Ravens worth $2.805 million plus a $1.1 million signing bonus. He wore number #39 during the preseason then switched to #27 (his number at Rutgers), after the Ravens cut cornerback Ronnie Prude.
2008 season[link]
Rice made his first start in his first NFL game (Week 1 of the 2008 season against the Bengals). Rice had a team-high 22 carries which was good for 64 yards, fumbling once. Rice also had three receptions for 19 yards, in the Ravens 17–10 win over the Cincinnati Bengals. Rice had his best game of the season in Week 9 against the Cleveland Browns where he ran for 154 yards on 21 carries. Rice finished out the season with 454 rushing yards on 107 carries and had 273 receiving yards on 33 receptions.
2009 season[link]
File:Ray Rice.JPG
Rice signing autographs in 2009.
It was announced during training camp that Rice won the starting running back job over Willis McGahee for the 2009 NFL season, and that Le'Ron McClain would be switching back to full time fullback duties.
In the season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs, Rice rushed for 108-yards on 19 carries, which was his second career 100-yard rushing game.
In week 3, Rice rushed for his first pro touchdown against the Cleveland Browns. On October 11, 2009, he caught his first touchdown reception against the Cincinnati Bengals. On October 18, 2009, (Week 6) Rice led his team in both rushing and receiving yards against the Minnesota Vikings. He rushed for 77-yards off 10 carries, scoring 2 touchdowns. He also caught 10 passes for 117-yards. In week 14, Rice had career-bests 166 rushing yards and 216 total yards, scoring one touchdown. In week 16 at the Pittsburgh Steelers, Rice rushed for a career-high 30 times for 141 yards, which broke the Steelers streak of 32 consecutive games without a 100-yard rusher.
He finished the season with 254 carries for 1,339 yards and 7 touchdowns, averaging 5.3 yards per carry.
Rice was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl, his first, on December 29, 2009.
In the wildcard playoff game against the New England Patriots on January 10, 2010, Rice scored an 83-yard touchdown on the first offensive play for the Ravens, the longest play for the Ravens that season, the longest rush of his NFL career and the 2nd longest rush in NFL postseason history.[8]
2010 season[link]
On December 20, 2010, against the New Orleans Saints, Rice amassed a career-best 233 yards from scrimmage (153 rushing and 80 receiving) to go along with two touchdowns. The 233 yards are also the third most in Ravens franchise history.[9] For his efforts, Rice was awarded his first AFC Offensive Player of the Week award. On January 9, 2011, in the Wild Card round of the playoffs against the Kansas City Chiefs, Rice became the first Ravens RB to have a receiving touchdown in a playoff game. Ray Rice finished the 2010 season with 1,220 total rushing yards, and 556 total receiving yards. This was his second straight season to amass 1000 rushing yards.
2011 season[link]
The 2011 season has started off well for Rice. In week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers Rice gained 107 yards rushing and 1 touchdown, while making 4 receptions for 42 yards and 1 touchdown. The Ravens would win that game 35 to 7. This performance was only the second time a running back had gained more than 100 rushing yards against the Steelers defense since the 2009 season, both belonging to Rice. In week 10 he threw his first career passing touchdown. It was a 1 yard completion to tight end Ed Dickson in a loss to the Seattle Seahawks. In week 13 of the 2011 NFL season Rice ran for 204 yards on the Browns including a 68 yard run and 1 touchdown. Ray Rice has had four games so far in the season where he has rushed for more than 100 yards, and has over 1000 yards rushing for a third straight season. He is currently second in the NFL in rushing yards, and second in total scrimmage yards. For his actions against the Browns Rice won AFC Offensive Player Of The Week. For his performance, Rice was also tabbed as the new cover athlete for the NFL Blitz video game by EA Sports available on XBLA and PSN. In the following game, Rice ran for 103 yards on 26 carries and averaged almost 4 yards per carry while scoring a touchdown and a losing fumble in the win against the Indianapolis Colts. Rice finished the season with 1364 yards off 291 attempts averaging 4.7 yards a carry. He also had 12 TDs. He was 2nd in the league in total rush yards and finished 1st in total yards from scrimmage. Rice had 704 receiving yards off 76 catches averaging 9.3 yards a reception. Rice was selected to his second Pro-Bowl in 2011.
References[link]
- ^ Rutgers' BCS hopes fueled by Rice - AthlonSports.com
- ^ Jenkins, Lee (November 18, 2006). "Rutgers's Ray Rice Is Also Special Off the Field". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/18/sports/ncaafootball/18rutgers.html?_r=1&fta=y&oref=slogin. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Tysiac, Ken (August 18, 2009). "Greg Paulus to start at QB for Syracuse". News and Observer. http://www.newsobserver.com/sports/college/duke/story/1652152.html. Retrieved 2009-09-05. [dead link]
- ^ RB Leonard carries one chance at two dreams
- ^ Rice gains 170 yards rushing in Rutgers' first bowl win
- ^ Single Game Rush Record
- ^ Rice Declares for 2008 NFL Draft
- ^ "Baltimore 33, New England 14". ESPN. http://scores.espn.go.com/nfl/playbyplay?gameId=300110017. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
- ^ http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/sports/ravens/blog/2010/12/rice_wins_first_afc_offensive_player_of_week_award.html
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ray Rice |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Rice, Ray |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Player of American football |
| Date of birth | January 22, 1987 |
| Place of birth | New Rochelle, New York |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ray_Rice
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Ray Rice
http://pt.wn.com/Ray Rice
http://it.wn.com/Ray Rice
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Rice
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
