- published: 19 May 2011
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- author: FEXentertainment
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- Acca of Hexham
- Accepted Frewen
- Adrian of Canterbury
- Agilbert
- Aidan of Lindisfarne
- Ailred of Rievaulx
- Albinus (abbot)
- Alchmund of Derby
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- Aldgisl
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- Alex Woolf
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- Alhfrith of Deira
- Amphibalus
- Anglican Communion
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- Arilda of Oldbury
- Athwulf of Thorney
- Austerfield
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- Balthild
- Balthild of Romsey
- Barbara Yorke
- Bardney Abbey
- Barloc
- Basilica
- Bath, Somerset
- Bede
- Benedict Biscop
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- Beornhæth
- Beornwald
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- Bernicia
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- Blitha
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- Botwine
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- Brannoc of Braunton
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- Brixworth
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- Calendar of saints
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- Catacombs of Rome
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- Centwine of Wessex
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- Ceolfrith
- Chad of Mercia
- Charles Longley
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- Columbanus
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- Corbridge
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- Cosmo Gordon Lang
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- Craven
- Credan
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- Eata of Hexham
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- Ecgbert (bishop)
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- Echa of Crayke
- Edgar the Peaceful
- Edith of Polesworth
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- Edmund Grindal
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- Æthelsige of Ripon
- Æthelthryth
- Æthelwealh of Sussex
- Æthelwine of Coln
- Æthelwine of Lindsey
- Æthelwold (hermit)
- Æthelwynn of Sodbury
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Abercorn
Abercorn (Gaelic: Obar Chùirnidh) is a village and parish in West Lothian, Scotland. Close to the south coast of the Firth of Forth, the village is around 5 km (3.1 mi) west of South Queensferry.
Bede mentions Abercorn as the site of a monastery and seat of Bishop Trumwine. This is now known to have existed close to the present day church. The church itself dates partially from the 12th century, although its most interesting features are the private aisles created for the three major families of the area, the Dalyells, the Hamiltons, and later the Hopes, who had their own enclosure behind the altar built by architect William Bruce. The Hope mausoleum, designed by William Burn, is located in the kirkyard. Older burial monuments include Viking "hogback" stones, and fragments of 7th century crosses.
A castle also existed here from Norman times, although it was demolished in 1455 by James II during a siege against the "Black" earls of Douglas. The House of the Binns, seat of the Dalyell family, is within the parish.
wn.com/Abercorn -
Austerfield
Coordinates: 53°26′N 1°00′W / 53.44°N 1.00°W / 53.44; -1.00
Austerfield is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster (part of South Yorkshire, England), on the border with Nottinghamshire. It lies to the north-east of Bawtry on the A614 road to Finningley, and is located at 53° 26' 30" North, 1° 0' West, at an elevation of around 7 metres (23 feet) above sea level. It is close to the River Idle, and has a population of 571.
Its name derives from the Germanic 'Ouestraefeld' meaning 'eastern field'.
A council was convened by King Aldfrith of Northumbria at Austerfield in 702,which was then on the boundary between the two Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia, attended by Berhtwald, Archbishop of Canterbury to decide on whether Saint Wilfrid should become Archbishop of York. Austerfield contains the 11th century church of St Helena, built in 1080 by John de Builli, where William Bradford", Pilgrim Father" and governor of Plymouth Colony, who was born in Austerfield, was baptised.
wn.com/Austerfield -
Bardney Abbey
Bardney Abbey in Lincolnshire, England, was a Benedictine monastery founded in 697 by King Æthelred of Mercia, who was to become the first abbot. The monastery is supposed to have been destroyed during a Danish raid in 869. In 1087 it was refounded as a priory, by Gilbert de Gant, Earl of Lincoln, and it regained status as an abbey in 1115.
In 1537, six of the monks were executed for their role in the Lincolnshire Rising, and Dissolution followed. In the following year the property was granted to Sir Robert Tirwhit. He retained the abbot's lodging as a house, and the cloister became a garden, though both later became ruinous along with the remainder of the monastery.
Excavations in 1909-14 revealed the layout. This can still be seen, though nothing remains to any height. Some grave slabs and carved stone are preserved in Bardney parish church.
Bede relates that Bardney Abbey (which he called Beardaneu) was greatly loved by Osthryth, queen of Mercia, and in about 679 she sought to move the bones of her uncle, the very pious St Oswald there. However, when the body was brought to the Abbey the monks refused to accept it, because the Abbey was in the Kingdom of Lindsey, and Oswald, when king of Northumbria, had once conquered them. The relics were locked outside, but during the night a beam of light appeared and shone from his bier reaching up into the heavens. The monks declared that it was a miracle and accepted the body, hanging the King's Purple and Gold banner over the tomb. They are also said to have removed the great doors to the Abbey so that such a mistake could not occur again, so if someone said "do you come from Bardney?", it meant that you had left the door open.
wn.com/Bardney_Abbey -
Bath, Somerset
Coordinates: 51°23′N 2°22′W / 51.38°N 2.36°W / 51.38; -2.36
Bath (
/ˈbɑːθ/ or /ˈbæθ/) is a city in the ceremonial county of Somerset in the south west of England. It is situated 97 miles (156 km) west of London and 13 miles (21 km) south-east of Bristol. The population of the city is 83,992. It was granted city status by Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1590, and was made a county borough in 1889 which gave it administrative independence from its county, Somerset. The city became part of Avon when that county was created in 1974. Since 1996, when Avon was abolished, Bath has been the principal centre of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset (B&NES).
The city was first established as a spa with the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") by the Romans in AD 43, although verbal tradition suggests that Bath was known before then. They built baths and a temple on the surrounding hills of Bath in the valley of the River Avon around hot springs.Edgar was crowned king of England at Bath Abbey in 973. Much later, it became popular as a spa town during the Georgian era, which led to a major expansion that left a heritage of exemplary Georgian architecture crafted from Bath Stone.
wn.com/Bath,_Somerset -
Brixworth
Coordinates: 52°19′44″N 0°54′14″W / 52.329°N 0.904°W / 52.329; -0.904
Brixworth is a village and civil parish in the Daventry district of Northamptonshire, England. The 2001 census recorded a parish population of 5,162. The village is particularly notable for All Saints' Church, Brixworth, its historic Anglo-Saxon church.
The village is about 5 miles (8 km) north of Northampton next to the A508 road, now by-passed, and about 8 miles (13 km) south of Market Harborough. About 3 miles (5 km) north of the village is a junction with the A14 road that runs between the M1 and M6 motorway interchange at Catthorpe east to Cambridge and the east coast port of Felixstowe.
The village is popular with commuters to Leicester, Peterborough, Birmingham and London. The nearest railway stations for London are at Northampton, for Euston, and Kettering for St Pancras.
All Saints' church is one of the oldest, largest and most complete Anglo-Saxon churches in the country. It was founded circa 680 AD and has been called as "The finest Saxon church north of the Alps". There is another Anglo-Saxon church 8 miles (13 km) away at Earls Barton, east of Northampton.
wn.com/Brixworth -
Canterbury
Coordinates: 51°16′30″N 1°05′13″E / 51.275°N 1.087°E / 51.275; 1.087
Canterbury (
i/ˈkæntərbᵊri/ or /ˈkæntərbɛri/) is a historic English cathedral city, which lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a district of Kent in South East England. It lies on the River Stour.
Originally a Brythonic settlement, it was renamed Durovernum Cantiacorum by the Roman conquerors in the 1st century AD. After it became the chief Jutish settlement, it gained its English name Canterbury, itself derived from the Old English Cantwareburh ("Kent people's stronghold"). After the Kingdom of Kent's conversion to Christianity in 597, St Augustine founded an episcopal see in the city and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, a position that now heads the Church of England and the worldwide Anglican Communion (though the modern-day Province of Canterbury covers the entire south of England). Thomas Becket's murder at Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 led to the cathedral becoming a place of pilgrimage for Christians worldwide. This pilgrimage provided the theme for Geoffrey Chaucer's 14th-century literary classic The Canterbury Tales. The literary heritage continued with the birth of the playwright Christopher Marlowe in the city in the 16th century.
wn.com/Canterbury -
Corbridge
Coordinates: 54°58′30″N 2°01′01″W / 54.975°N 2.017°W / 54.975; -2.017
Corbridge is a village in Northumberland, England, situated 16 miles (26 km) west of Newcastle and 4 miles (6 km) east of Hexham. Villages in the vicinity include Halton, Acomb, Aydon and Sandhoe.
Known to the Romans as something like Corstopitum or Coriosopitum, wooden writing tablets found at Vindolanda suggest it was probably locally called Coria (meaning a tribal centre), it was the most northerly town in the Roman Empire, lying at the junction of Stanegate and Dere Street.
The first fort was established c. AD 85, although there was a slightly earlier base nearby at Beaufront Red House. By the middle of the 2nd century AD, the fort was replaced by a town with two walled military compounds, which were garrisoned until the end of the Roman occupation of the site. The best-known finds from the site include the stone Corbridge Lion and the Corbridge Hoard of armour and sundry other items. In Rudyard Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill, the town of Hunno on the Wall, is probably based on Corstopitum.
wn.com/Corbridge -
Cornwall
Cornwall ( /ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
wn.com/Cornwall -
Craven
Craven is in recent times the name of a local government district in North Yorkshire, England that came into being in 1974, centred on the market town of Skipton. In the changes to British local government of that year this district was formed as the merger of Skipton urban district, Settle Rural District and most of Skipton Rural District, all in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It comprises the upper reaches of Airedale, Wharfedale, Ribblesdale, and includes most of the Aire Gap and Craven Basin.
Additionally, the name Craven is much older than the modern district, and once encompassed a larger area. This history is also still reflected in the way the term is still commonly used, for example by the Church of England.
Craven has been the name of this district throughout recorded history but it was never defined until 1974; its boundaries differed according to whether considering administration, taxation or religion.
The name Craven may be derived from the pre-Celtic cravona, meaning stony region. Or from the Celtic (Cumbric), related to the Welsh word craf meaning garlic. In the Middle Ages, the area was known for its wild garlic.[citation needed]
wn.com/Craven -
Diocese of Lichfield
The Diocese of Lichfield is a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury, England. The bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield. The diocese covers 4,516 km² (1,744 sq. mi.) of the counties of Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire and the West Midlands.
The Diocese of Mercia was created by Bishop Diuma in around 656 and the see was settled in Lichfield in 669 by the then bishop, Ceadda (later Saint Chadd), who built a monastery there. At the Council of Chelsea, Bishop Higbert was raised to the rank of archbishop and given authority over the dioceses of Worcester, Leicester, Lincoln, Hereford, Elmham and Dunwich. This was due to the persuasion of King Offa of Mercia, who wanted an archbishop to rival Canterbury. On Offa's death in 796, however, the Pope removed the archiepiscopal rank and restored the dioceses to the authority of Canterbury. In 803 the Council of Clovesho accepted this decision.
During the 9th century, the diocese was devastated by the Vikings. Lichfield itself was unwalled and had become rather poor, so Bishop Peter moved the see to the fortified and wealthier Chester in 1075. His successor, Robert de Limesey, transferred it to Coventry and the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Coventry and Lichfield. At this stage it also covered Derbyshire and most of Warwickshire.
wn.com/Diocese_of_Lichfield -
Diocese of York
Coordinates: 53°57′43″N 1°4′55″W / 53.96194°N 1.08194°W / 53.96194; -1.08194
The Diocese of York is an administrative division of the Church of England, part of the Province of York. It covers the city of York, the eastern part of North Yorkshire, and most of the East Riding of Yorkshire.
It is headed by the Archbishop of York, and its cathedral is York Minster. The diocese is divided into three archdeaconries of Cleveland in the north (with a Bishop of Whitby), the East Riding (with a Bishop of Hull), and in the south-west the Archdeaconry of York (with a Bishop of Selby). The Bishop of Beverley, while technically a member of the Archbishop's staff, lives in Leeds and has episcopal oversight for those parishes in the Province of York who do not accept women's ministry.
The diocese was once much larger, covering Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire and parts of Lancashire, Cumberland and Westmorland.
In 1541, the archdeanery of Richmond, North Yorkshire, which included part of the Yorkshire Dales, North Lancashire (including Furness), the southern part of Westmorland and the ward of Allerdale above Derwent in Cumberland, became part of the new Diocese of Chester. (These areas later became parts of other dioceses.)
wn.com/Diocese_of_York -
Dunbartonshire
Coordinates: 55°58′N 4°32′W / 55.96°N 4.53°W / 55.96; -4.53
Dunbartonshire (Siorrachd Dhùn Bhreatainn in Gaelic) or the County of Dumbarton is a lieutenancy area and registration county in the west central Lowlands of Scotland lying to the north of the River Clyde. Until 1975 it was a county used as a primary unit of local government with its county town and administrative centre at the town of Dumbarton. The area had been previously been part of the historic district of Lennox, which was a duchy in the Peerage of Scotland related to the Duke of Lennox.
In modern local government, the county is divided into two of the thirty-two council areas of Scotland, namely East Dunbartonshire, with its administrative headquarters at Kirkintilloch, and West Dunbartonshire, with its administrative centre at Dumbarton.
Dumbarton was the county town from which the name of Dunbartonshire derives. The name of the town comes from the Scottish Gaelic Dùn Breatainn meaning "fort of the Britons".
Historically, the spelling of the county town and the county were not standardised. By the 18th century the names "County of Dunbarton" and "County of Dumbarton" were used interchangeably. Different county bodies used the two spellings: the Dunbarton County Constabulary were formed in 1857 by the Commissioners of Supply for the County of Dunbarton. Dumbartonshire County Council, set up under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 adopted the spelling "Dunbartonshire" by 1914, a fact recognised by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947.
wn.com/Dunbartonshire -
Evesham Abbey
Evesham Abbey was founded by Saint Egwin at Evesham in England between 700 and 710 A.D. following a vision of the Virgin Mary by Eof.
According to the monastic history, Evesham came through the Norman Conquest unusually well, because of a quick approach by Abbot Æthelwig to William the Conqueror. Only one section of walling survives from the actual abbey, although fragments of the chapter house, the bell tower and the gateway remain, which were added later: the chapter house in the 13th century and the bell tower in the 16th century. Simon de Montfort (1208–1265) is buried beneath the high altar of the ruined abbey, the spot marked by an altar-like memorial monument dedicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1965. The abbey is of Benedictine origin, and became in its heyday one of the wealthiest in the country. During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey was demolished leaving only the bell tower surviving into the 21st century.
The year of the foundation of Evesham Abbey (that is, when a monastic community was first established) is problematic. William Tindal (1794) comments that "I have a MS. but without name or reference, which says that he [Ecgwine] began his Abbey in the year 682. This is before he was made bishop, and seems improbable. Tanner [Not. Mon. p.168] says in 701. The date of Constantine’s charter may decide the point as to the consecration of his Abbey, but there is reason to suppose that Egwin began to build as early as the year 702". George May gives 701 as the year that Ethelred conferred on Ecgwine the whole peninsula with the erection of the monastery commencing in the same year.
wn.com/Evesham_Abbey -
Firth of Forth
The Firth of Forth (Scottish Gaelic: Linne Foirthe) is the estuary or firth of Scotland's River Forth, where it flows into the North Sea, between Fife to the north, and West Lothian, the City of Edinburgh and East Lothian to the south. It was known as Bodotria in Roman times.
Geologically, the Firth of Forth is a fjord, formed by the Forth Glacier in the last glacial period.
The river is tidal as far inland as Stirling, but generally it is considered that the inland extent of the firth ends at the Kincardine Bridge.[citation needed]
There are a number of towns which line the shores, as well as the petrochemical complexes at Grangemouth, the commercial docks at Leith, former oilrig construction yards at Methil, the ship-breaking facility at Inverkeithing and the naval dockyard at Rosyth, with numerous other industrial areas including the Forth Bridgehead area[clarification needed], Burntisland, Kirkcaldy, Bo'ness and Leven.
The Kincardine Bridge and the famous Forth Road Bridge and Forth Bridge carry traffic across the Firth. A fourth crossing, located next to the Kincardine Bridge, opened in 2008. On 1 October 2008 it was announced that the new bridge would be called the "Clackmannanshire Bridge". Another new road bridge is currently under construction alongside the Forth Road Bridge and is expected to be open in 2016.
wn.com/Firth_of_Forth -
Frisia
Frisia is a coastal region along the southeastern corner of the North Sea, i.e. the German Bight. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language group closely related to the English language. Frisia extends from the northwestern Netherlands across northwestern Germany to the border of Denmark (Vidå).
Frisia is commonly divided into three sections:
The three groups of the Frisian Islands (the West, East and North Frisian Islands) stretch more or less correspondingly along these three sections of the German Bight coast.
West Frisia corresponds roughly to the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), the northern part of North Holland province (the historical region of West Friesland, the westernmost portion of the traditional region of West Frisia), and also modern Groningen province, though the Western Frisian language is only spoken in Friesland proper. Dialects with strong Frisian substrates, including Low German and Low Franconian, are also spoken in West Frisia. In the northern province of Groningen, people speak Gronings, a Low Saxon dialect with a strong Frisian substrate.
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Hadrian's Wall
Coordinates: 55°01′27″N 2°17′33″W / 55.02417°N 2.2925°W / 55.02417; -2.2925
Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium, "Aelian Wall" – the Latin name is inferred from text on the Staffordshire Moorlands Patera) was a defensive fortification in Roman Britain. Begun in AD 122, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being the Antonine Wall, lesser known of the two because its physical remains are less evident today.
The wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its role as a military fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs posts to allow trade and levy taxation.
A significant portion of the Hadrians wall still exists, particularly the mid-section, and for much of its length the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on National Cycle Route 72. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. English Heritage, a government organisation in charge of managing the historic environment of England, describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain".
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Hexham
Coordinates: 54°58′16″N 2°06′04″W / 54.971°N 2.101°W / 54.971; -2.101
Hexham ( /ˈhɛksəm/ HEKS-əm) is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, located south of the River Tyne, and was the administrative centre for the Tynedale district from 1974 to 2009. The three major towns in Tynedale were Hexham, Prudhoe and Haltwhistle, although in terms of population, Prudhoe was the largest. In 2001 Hexham had a population of 11,446.
There are many smaller towns and villages that surround Hexham, such as Corbridge, Riding Mill, Stocksfield, Wylam to the east, Acomb and Bellingham to the north, Allendale to the south and Haydon Bridge, Bardon Mill and Haltwhistle to the west. The closest major city to Hexham is Newcastle upon Tyne which is about 25 miles (40 km) to the east.
Hexham Abbey originated as a monastery founded by Saint Wilfrid in 674. The crypt of the original monastery survives, and incorporates many stones taken from nearby Roman ruins, probably Coria or Hadrian's Wall. The current Hexham Abbey dates largely from the 11th century onward, but was significantly rebuilt in the 19th century. Other notable buildings in the town include the Moot Hall, the covered market, and the Old Gaol.
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Hexham Abbey
Hexham Abbey is a place of Christian worship dedicated to St Andrew and located in the town of Hexham, Northumberland, in northeast England. Since the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1537, the Abbey has been the parish church of Hexham.
There has been a church on the site for over 1300 years since Etheldreda, Queen of Northumbria made a grant of lands to Wilfrid, Bishop of York c.674. Of Wilfrid's Benedictine abbey, which was constructed almost entirely of material salvaged from nearby Roman ruins, the Saxon crypt still remains; as does a frith stool, a 7th/8th century cathedra or throne. For a little while around that time it was the seat of a bishopric.
In the year 875 Halfdene (Halfdan Ragnarsson) the Dane ravaged the whole of Tyneside and Hexham Church was plundered and burnt to the ground.
About 1050 one Eilaf was put in charge of Hexham, although as treasurer of Durham, he probably never came there. Eilaf was instructed to rebuild Hexham Church which then lay in utter ruin. His son Eilaf II completed the work, probably building in the Norman style.
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Humber
The Humber ( /ˈhʌmbər/) is a large tidal estuary on the east coast of Northern England. It is formed at Trent Falls, Faxfleet, by the confluence of the tidal River Ouse and the tidal River Trent. From here to the North Sea, it forms part of the boundary between the East Riding of Yorkshire on the north bank and North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire on the south bank. Although the Humber is an estuary from the point at which it is formed, many maps show it as the River Humber.
Below Trent Falls, the Humber passes the junction with the Market Weighton Canal on the north shore, the confluence of the River Ancholme on the south shore; between North Ferriby and South Ferriby and under the Humber Bridge; between Barton-upon-Humber on the south bank and Kingston upon Hull on the North bank (where the River Hull joins), then meets the North Sea between Cleethorpes on the Lincolnshire side and the long and thin (but rapidly changing) headland of Spurn Head to the North.
Ports on the Humber include Kingston upon Hull (better known as simply Hull), Grimsby, Immingham, New Holland and Killingholme. The estuary is navigable here for the largest of deep-sea vessels. Inland connections for smaller craft are extensive but currently only handle one quarter of the goods traffic handled in the Thames.
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Iona
Iona (Scottish Gaelic: Ì Chaluim Chille) is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the western coast of Scotland. It was a centre of Irish monasticism for four centuries and is today renowned for its tranquility and natural beauty. It is a popular tourist destination and a place for retreats. Its modern Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").
The Hebrides have been occupied by the speakers of several languages since the Iron Age, and as a result many of the names of these islands have more than one possible meaning. Nonetheless few, if any, can have accumulated so many different names over the centuries as the island now known in English as "Iona".
The earliest forms of the name enabled place-name scholar William J. Watson to show that the name originally meant something like "yew-place". The element Ivo-, denoting "yew", occurs in Ogham inscriptions (Iva-cattos [genitive], Iva-geni [genitive]) and in Gaulish names (Ivo-rix, Ivo-magus) and may form the basis of early Gaelic names like Eogan (ogham: Ivo-genos). It is possible that the name is related to the mythological figure, Fer hÍ mac Eogabail, foster-son of Manannan, the forename meaning "man of the yew".
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Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight is a county and the largest island of England, located in the English Channel, on average about 2–5 miles (3–7 km) off the south coast of the county of Hampshire, separated from the mainland by a strait called the Solent. The Island has many resorts which have been holiday destinations since Victorian times.
The Island has a rich history, including a brief status as an independent kingdom in the 15th century. Until 1995, like Jersey and Guernsey, the Island had its own Governor—most notably Lord Mountbatten from 1969 to 1974, after which he became Lord Lieutenant until his assassination in 1979.
It was home to the poets Swinburne and Alfred Lord Tennyson, and to Queen Victoria, who built her much-loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes. The Island's maritime and industrial history encompasses boat building, sail making, the manufacture of flying boats, the world's first hovercraft and the testing and development of Britain's space rockets. It is home to the Isle of Wight International Jazz Festival, Bestival and the recently revived Isle of Wight Festival, which, in 1970, was the largest rock music event ever held. The Island has some exceptional wildlife and is one of the richest locations of dinosaur fossils in Europe.
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Kent
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England, and one of the home counties. It borders East Sussex, Surrey and Greater London and has a defined boundary with Essex in the middle of the Thames Estuary. The ceremonial county boundaries of Kent include the shire county of Kent and the unitary borough of Medway. Kent has a nominal border with France halfway through the Channel Tunnel. Maidstone is its county town and historically Rochester and Canterbury have been accorded city status, though only the latter still holds it.
Kent's location between London and the continental Europe has led to its being in the front line of several conflicts, including the Battle of Britain during World War II. East Kent was known as Hell Fire Corner during the conflict. England has relied on the county's ports to provide warships through much of the past 800 years; the Cinque Ports in the 12th–14th centuries and Chatham Dockyard in the 16th–20th centuries were of particular importance to the country's security. France can be seen clearly in fine weather from Folkestone, and the iconic White Cliffs of Dover.
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Kingdom of Dyfed
The Kingdom of Dyfed is one of several Welsh petty kingdoms that emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain in south-west Wales, based on the former Irish tribal lands of the Déisi from c 350 until it was subsumed into Deheubarth in 920. In Latin, the country of the Déisi was Demetae, eventually to evolve into Welsh as Dyfed. Following the Norman invasions of Wales between 1067–1100, the region was conquered by the Normans and by 1138 incorporated into a new shire called Pembrokeshire after the Norman castle built in the Penfro cantref, and under the rule of the Marcher Earl of Pembroke.
In the latter days of the Roman Empire through to the early post-Roman period, the Déisi Muman peoples, a name which originates in Irish as déis meaning "vassal", migrated to the region between 350 and 400 ad. Their migration may have been with the support of Magnus Maximus, who contracted with them to become vassals and seafaring defenders of Britain from Wales to Cornwall, following standard Roman policies. Gaelic became, or remained, the predominant language of the region, as evidenced by twenty stones dated to this periode with Irish ogam inscriptions. One inscribed stone in Castelldwyran near Neath memoralizes one leader known as Voteporix in Latin and in ogam, with his title given as Protictoris, who claimed decent from a Magnus Maximus, suggesting that "one of his ancestors was a member of the retinue of an emperor and that the title had become hereditary," according to Professor John Davies. Davies suggests that Voteporix may be descended from the same Maximus that had encouraged the Déisi to settle in the region in the late 4th century.
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Kingdom of Gwynedd
Gwynedd (pronounced [ˈɡwɪnɛð]) was one petty kingdom of several Welsh successor states which emerged in 5th-century post-Roman Britain in the Early Middle Ages, and later evolved into a principality during the High Middle Ages. It was based on the former Brythonic tribal lands of the Ordovices, Gangani, and the Deceangli which were collectively known as Venedotia in late Romano-British documents. Between the 5th and 13th centuries Gwynedd grew to include Ynys Môn (Anglesey) and all of north Wales between the River Dyfi in the south and River Dee (Welsh Dyfrdwy) in the northeast. The Irish sea (Môr Iwerddon) washes the coast of Gwynedd to the west and north and lands formerly part of the Kingdom of Powys border Gwynedd in the south-east.
Gwynedd's strength lay in part due to the region's mountainous geography which made it difficult for foreign invaders to campaign in the country and impose their will effectively.
Popular tradition attributed to Nennius, a 10th-century Welsh chronicler, traced Gwynedd's foundation to Cunedda. According to Nennius, Cunedda migrated with his sons and followers from Brythonic Lothian, in southern Scotland, in the 5th century.
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Lindisfarne
Coordinates: 55°40′37″N 1°47′42″W / 55.677°N 1.795°W / 55.677; -1.795
Lindisfarne is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is also known as Holy Island and constitutes a civil parish in Northumberland. Both the Parker Chronicle and Peterborough Chronicle annals of AD793 record the Old English name, Lindisfarena, which means "[island of the] travellers from Lindsey", indicating that the island was settled from the Kingdom of Lindsey, or possibly that its inhabitants travelled there. In 2001 the island had a population of 162.
The island of Lindisfarne appears under the Old Welsh name Medcaut in the ninth-century Historia Brittonum. Following up on a suggestion by Richard Coates, Andrew Breeze proposes that the name ultimately derives from Latin Medicata (Insula) "Healing (Island)", owing perhaps to the island's reputation for medicinal herbs. The Historia Brittonum recounts how in the sixth century, Urien, prince of Rheged, besieged the Angles led by Theodoric at the island for three days and three nights.
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Melrose Abbey
Melrose Abbey is a Gothic-style abbey in Melrose, Scotland. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks, on the request of King David I of Scotland. It was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland (open all year; entrance charge). The ruins of Melrose are widely considered among the most beautiful of religious houses in the United Kingdom, being especially notable for a wealth of well-preserved figure-sculpture, and its architecture is considered to be some of the finest in Scotland.
The east end of the abbey was completed in 1146. Other buildings in the complex were added over the next 50 years. The abbey was built in the form of a St. John's cross. A considerable portion of the abbey is now in ruins, though a structure dating from 1590 is maintained as a museum open to the public.
Alexander II and other Scottish kings and nobles are buried at the abbey. The embalmed heart of Robert the Bruce is also said to rest on the abbey's grounds, while the rest of his body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey. In 1812, a stone coffin that some speculated was that of Michael Scot the philosopher and "wizard", was found in an aisle in the abbey's south chancel.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Northamptonshire
Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
Northamptonshire ( /nɔrˈθæmptənʃər/ or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; archaically, the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked ceremonial county in the East Midlands region of England. Its population is 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with eight other ceremonial counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd). The county seat is Northampton. Other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry.
Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip[citation needed].
Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.
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Northumbria
Northumbria (Old English: Norþanhymbra / Norþhymbre) was a mediæval kingdom of the Angles, in what is now Northern England and South-East Scotland, becoming subsequently an earldom in a united Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England. The name reflects the approximate southern limit to the kingdom's territory, the Humber Estuary.
Northumbria was formed by Æthelfrith in central Great Britain in Anglo-Saxon times. At the beginning of the 7th century the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira were unified. (In the 12th century writings of Henry of Huntingdon the kingdom was defined as one of the Heptarchy of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.) At its greatest the kingdom extended at least from just south of the Humber, to the River Mersey and to the Forth (roughly, Sheffield to Runcorn to Edinburgh) – and there is some evidence that it may have been much greater (see map).
The later (and smaller) earldom came about when the southern part of Northumbria (ex-Deira) was lost to the Danelaw. The northern part (ex-Bernicia) at first retained its status as a kingdom but when it become subordinate to the Danish kingdom it had its powers curtailed to that of an earldom, and retained that status when England was reunited by the Wessex-led reconquest of the Danelaw. The earldom was bounded by the River Tees in the south and the River Tweed in the north (broadly similar to the modern North East England).
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Oundle
Coordinates: 52°28′48″N 0°28′19″W / 52.480°N 0.472°W / 52.480; -0.472
Oundle ( /ˈaʊndəl/) is an ancient market town on the River Nene in Northamptonshire, England, with a population of around 5,800. It lies some 68 mi (109 km) north of London and 12 mi (19 km) south-west of Peterborough. The nearest railway station is at Corby, 9.3 mi (15.0 km) west of Oundle.
Inhabited since the Iron Age, Oundle was originally a trading place and market for local farmers and craftsmen. As the area became prosperous, wealthy traders set up shops and houses, and guilds were formed. Unlike other settlements in the vicinity, Oundle was unaffected by the Black Death in the mid-14th century.[citation needed]
Oundle had a grammar school since at least 1465, at which Sir William Laxton (Lord Mayor of London) was educated. He founded Laxton Grammar School in 1556, administered by the Worshipful Company of Grocers, from which Oundle School evolved.
In 1743, a group of mutineers from the Black Watch were captured at Ladywood, near Oundle. They had deserted in protest at being sent abroad, instead of patrolling the Highlands, for which the regiment had been raised.
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Reculver
Coordinates: 51°22′44″N 1°11′58″E / 51.3790°N 1.1995°E / 51.3790; 1.1995
Reculver is a village and coastal resort about 3 miles (5 km) east of Herne Bay in south-east England, in a ward of the same name, in the City of Canterbury district of Kent. It is about 30 miles (48 km) east by north of the county town of Maidstone, and about 58 miles (93 km) east by south from London. Reculver once occupied a strategic location at the north-western end of the Wantsum Channel, between the Isle of Thanet and the Kent mainland. This led the Romans to build a small fort there at the time of their conquest of Britain in 43 AD, and, starting late in the 2nd century, they built a larger fort, or "castrum", called Regulbium, which later was part of the chain of Saxon Shore forts. The military connection resumed in the Second World War, when Barnes Wallis's bouncing bombs were tested in the sea off Reculver.
After the Romans left Britain in the early 5th century, Reculver became a landed estate of the Anglo-Saxon kings of Kent. The site of the Roman fort was given over for the establishment of a monastery dedicated to St Mary in 669 AD, and King Eadberht II of Kent was buried there in the 760s. During the Middle Ages Reculver was a thriving township with a weekly market and a yearly fair, and it was a member of the Cinque Port of Sandwich. The twin spires of the church became a landmark for mariners known as the "Twin Sisters", supposedly after daughters of Geoffrey St Clare, and the 19th century facade of St John's Cathedral in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney, Australia, is a copy of that at Reculver.
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Ripon
Coordinates: 54°08′17″N 1°31′25″W / 54.13796°N 1.52365°W / 54.13796; -1.52365
Ripon is a cathedral city, market town and successor parish in the Borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire, England, located at the confluence of two streams of the River Ure in the form of the Laver and Skell. The city is noted for its main feature the Ripon Cathedral which is architecturally significant, as well as the Ripon Racecourse and other features such as its market. The city itself is just over 1,300 years old.
The city was originally known as Inhrypum and was founded by Saint Wilfrid during the time of Angle kingdom Northumbria, a period during which it enjoyed prominence in terms of religious importance in Great Britain. After a period of Viking control, it passed to the Cerdic dynasty who unified England and then the Normans who destroyed much of the city. After a brief period of building projects under the Plantagenets, the city emerged with a prominent wool and cloth industry. Ripon became well known for its production of spurs during the 16th and 17th century, but would later remain largely unaffected by the Industrial Revolution.
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Ripon Cathedral
Ripon Cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds and the mother church of the Diocese of Ripon and Leeds, situated in the small North Yorkshire city of Ripon, England.
A church on the site is thought to date from 672, when it is believed to have been the second stone building erected in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria[citation needed]. The crypt dates from this period.
People have been coming to worship and pray at Ripon for more than 1,350 years. The Cathedral building itself is part of this continuing act of worship, begun in the 7th century when Saint Wilfrid built one of England’s first stone churches on this site, and still renewed every day. Within the nave and choir, you can see the evidence of 800 years in which master craftsmen have expressed their faith in wood and stone.
Today’s church is the fourth to have stood on this site. Saint Wilfrid brought stonemasons, plasterers and glaziers from France and Italy to build his great basilica in AD 672. A contemporary account by Eddius Stephanus tells us:
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Selsey
Coordinates: 50°44′06″N 0°47′23″W / 50.73502°N 0.78977°W / 50.73502; -0.78977
Selsey is a seaside town and civil parish, about eight miles (12 km) south of Chichester, in the Chichester District of West Sussex, England. Selsey lies at the southernmost point of the Manhood Peninsula, almost cut off from mainland Sussex by the sea. It is bounded to the west by Bracklesham Bay, to the north by Broad Rife (rife being the local word for stream or creek), to the east by Pagham Harbour and terminates in the south at Selsey Bill. There are significant rock formations beneath the sea off both of its coasts, named the Owers rocks and Mixon rocks. Coastal erosion has been an ever present problem for Selsey.
There is only one road (the B2145) in and out of the town which briefly becomes a bridge at a point known as "the ferry", crossing the water inlet at Pagham Harbour. At one time Selsey was inaccessible at flood tide, and a boat was stationed at the ferry to take horses and passengers to and from Sidlesham.
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Sompting
Coordinates: 50°49′49″N 0°20′22″W / 50.8303°N 0.3395°W / 50.8303; -0.3395
Sompting is a village and civil parish in the Adur District of West Sussex, England, located between Lancing and Worthing, at the foot of the southern slope of the South Downs. Twentieth century development has linked it to Lancing. The civil parish covers an area of 10.35 square kilometres and has a population of 8,514 persons (2001 census). The name Sompting (known as Sultinges in the Domesday Book) is said to come from the Old English for dwellers by the marsh (Sompt + ingas).
The Church of St Mary the Blessed Virgin is a Grade I-listed Anglo-Saxon and Norman church, separated from the centre of the village since 1939 by the busy A27 road. Its tower is topped with a "Rhenish helm"—a four-sided gabled pyramidal cap which is unique in England. The church was originally built by the Saxons c.960 AD, then was adapted by the Normans when William de Braose granted it to the Knights Templar in the 12th century. The church later passed to the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] (
listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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Whitby Abbey
Whitby Abbey is a ruined Benedictine abbey overlooking the North Sea on the East Cliff above Whitby in North Yorkshire, England. It was disestablished during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under the auspices of Henry VIII. It is a Grade I Listed building in the care of English Heritage and its site museum is housed in Cholmley House.
The first monastery was founded in 657 AD by the Anglo-Saxon era King of Northumbria, Oswy (Oswiu) as Streoneshalh (the older name for Whitby). He appointed Lady Hilda, abbess of Hartlepool Abbey and niece of Edwin the first Christian king of Northumbria, as founding abbess. The name Streoneshalh is thought to signify Fort Bay or Tower Bay in reference to a supposed Roman settlement that previously existed on the site. This contention has never been proven though and alternate theories have been proposed, such as the name meaning Streona's settlement. Some believe that the name referred to Eadric Streona, but this is highly unlikely due to chronological considerations: Streona died in 1017 so the naming of Streoneshalh would have preceded his birth by several hundred years.
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Acca of Hexham
Acca (b c. 660 – 740 or 742), Bishop of Hexham.
Born in Northumbria, Acca first served in the household of Bosa, the future Bishop of York, but later attached himself to Saint Wilfrid, possibly as early as 678, and accompanied him on his travels. On the return from their second journey to Rome in 692, Wilfrid was reinstated at Hexham and made Acca abbot of St Andrew's monastery there. After Wilfrid's death in 709 Acca succeeded him as bishop.
Acca tackled his duties with much energy, in ruling the diocese and in conducting the services of the church. He also carried on the work of church building and decorating started by Wilfrid. He once brought to the North a famous cantor named Maban, who had learned in Kent the Roman traditions of psalmody handed down from Gregory the Great through Saint Augustine.
He was also famous for his theological learning; his theological library was praised by Bede. He was known also for his encouragement of students by every means in his power. It was Acca who persuaded Stephen of Ripon (Eddius) to take on the Life of St. Wilfrid, and he lent many materials for the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum to Bede, who dedicated several of his most important works, especially those dealing with Holy Scripture, to him.
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Accepted Frewen
Accepted Frewen (1588–1664) was a priest in the Church of England and Archbishop of York from 1660 to 1664.
Frewen was born at Northiam, in Sussex, the son of John Frewen who was the rector there. The unusual forename is an example of the type of puritan name not uncommon in the area in the late sixteenth century; his brother was called Thankful Frewen. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he became a Fellow in 1612.Anthony Wood describes him as being at that time "puritanically enclin'd". In 1617 and 1621 the college allowed him to act as chaplain to Sir John Digby, ambassador in Spain. In Madrid he preached a sermon that pleased Prince Charles, afterwards Charles I, who, on his accession, appointed him one of his chaplains.
In 1625 he became canon of Canterbury Cathedral and Vice-President of Magdalen College, and in the following year he was elected President. He was Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 1628 and 1629, and again in 1638 and 1639. In 1631 he was appointed (additionally) Dean of Gloucester. It was mainly by his instrumentality that the University plate was sent to the king at York in 1642.
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Adrian of Canterbury
Saint Adrian (or Hadrian) of Canterbury (died 710) was a famous scholar and the Abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury in the English county of Kent.
According to Bede, he was a Berber native of North Africa, and abbot of a monastery near Naples, called Monasterium Niridanum (perhaps a mistake for Nisidanum, as being situated on the island of Nisida). He was offered the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury, by Pope Vitalian (twice), but modestly declined the appointment. He first recommended that it should be given to Andrew, a monk belonging to a neighbouring nunnery (monachum quemdam de vicino virginum monasterio), who also declined on the plea of advanced years. Then, when the offer was again made to Adrian, he introduced to the pontiff his friend Theodore of Tarsus, who then chanced to be at Rome, and who consented to undertake the charge. Vitalian, however, stipulated that Adrian should accompany the new archbishop to Britain. He gave as his reasons that Adrian, having twice before made a journey into Gaul, knew the road and the mode of travelling.
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Agilbert
Agilbert (floruit circa 650–680 AD) was the second Bishop of the West Saxon kingdom and later Bishop of Paris. Son of a Neustrian noble named Betto, he was a first cousin of Audoin and related to the Faronids and Agilolfings, and less certainly to the Merovingians. His name, the Frankish language equivalent of Æthelberht, has been taken to suggest a link with the royal family of the Kingdom of Kent.
Agilbert was consecrated as a bishop in Francia before he travelled to Britain. He arrived in the West Saxon kingdom after the return to power of King Cenwalh of Wessex, who had been driven out by Penda of Mercia, either in the late 640s or 650s. He was appointed to succeed Birinus as Bishop of the West Saxons, or Bishop of Dorchester. Agilbert, according to Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, had "spent a long time in Ireland for the purpose of studying the Scriptures". His appointment was due to Cenwalh.
From Bede, it appears that Agilbert did not speak Old English, and it is said that his see was divided in two, with Wine being given half, because King Cenwalh "tired of his barbarous speech", although this may be mistaken. This insult supposedly led to Agilbert's resignation. He then travelled north to Northumbria, where he ordained Wilfrid. He was present at the Synod of Whitby in 664, where he led the pro-Roman party, but he had the young Wilfrid speak on his behalf.
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Aidan of Lindisfarne
Known as Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, Aidan the Apostle of Northumbria (died 651), was the founder and first bishop of the monastery on the island of Lindisfarne in England. A Christian missionary, he is credited with restoring Christianity to Northumbria. Aidan is the Anglicised form of the original Old Irish Aodhán. In 2008, he was proposed as a possible patron saint of the United Kingdom.
An Irishman, possibly born in Connacht, Aidan was a monk at the monastery on the Island of Iona in Scotland.
The Roman Empire had spread Christianity into Britain, but due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain, Anglo-Saxon paganism was now the dominant religion. Oswald of Northumbria and his brothers lived among the Gaels of Dál Riata as princes in exile since their banishment by a rival royal house in 616 AD. Oswald may have visited the island monastery of Iona, and certainly converted to Christianity and was baptized. In 634 he regained the kingship of Northumbria, and was determined to bring Christianity to the mostly pagan people there.
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Ailred of Rievaulx
Aelred (1110 – 12 January 1167), also Aelred, Ælred, Æthelred, etc., was an English writer, abbot of Rievaulx (from 1147 until his death), and saint.
Aelred was one of three sons of Eilaf, priest of St Andrew's at Hexham and himself a son of Eilaf, treasurer of Durham. He was born in Hexham, Northumbria, in 1110.
Aelred spent several years at the court of King David I of Scotland, rising to the rank of Master of the Household before leaving the court at age twenty-four (in 1134) to enter the Cistercian abbey of Rievaulx in Yorkshire. He may have been partially educated by Lawrence of Durham, who sent him a hagiography of Saint Brigid. Aelred became the abbot of a new house of his order at Revesby in Lincolnshire in 1142 and in 1147 was elected abbot of Rievaulx itself, where he spent the remainder of his life. Under his administration, the abbey is said to have grown to some hundred monks and four hundred lay brothers. He made annual visitations to Rievaulx's daughterhouses in England and Scotland and to the French abbeys of Cîteaux and Clairvaux.
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Alchmund of Derby
Alcmund of Derby or of Lilleshall, also spelt Ealhmund, Alhmund, Alkmund, or Alchmund (d. c. 800) was son of Alhred of Northumbria. After more than twenty years in exile among the Picts as a result of Northumbrian dynastic struggles, he returned with an army. He was killed in about 800, in some way which is not now clear but for which King Eardwulf of Northumbria was held responsible. Whatever the exact circumstances, his death was regarded as a martyrdom, and Alcmund as a saint.
Alcmund was buried at Lilleshall in Shropshire, where miracles were reported at the tomb. Due to Danish raids, his body was translated to Derby, and St Alkmund's Church and its replacement were dedicated to him. The church was demolished in the 20th century and several earlier churches were revealed stretching back to the 9th century. Artefacts found included the stone sarcophagus.
His feast day is 19 March.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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Alchmund of Hexham
Alcmund of Hexham, also spelt Ealhmund, Alhmund or Alchmund (died 7 September 781 AD) became the 7th bishop of the see of Hexham in Northumberland when he was consecrated on 24 April 767; the see was centred on the church there founded by Saint Wilfrid.[citation needed] Alcmund died on 7 September 781 and was buried beside Saint Acca outside the church. Virtually nothing is now known of his life, but he was apparently deeply venerated as one of the Hexham saints.
By the early 11th century, after the Danes had ravaged this part of the country, it seems that his tomb had been entirely forgotten. Symeon of Durham writes that Alcmund appeared in a vision to Dregmo, a man of Hexham, urging him to tell Alfred son of Westou, sacrist of Durham, to have his body translated (removed and re-buried as a relic). Alfred did so, but stole one of the bones to take back with him to Durham; the shrine however could not be moved by any strength of man until the bone was replaced.
In 1154, the church, having been ruined again, was again restored, and the bones of the Hexham saints, including Alcmund, were gathered into a single shrine. The Scots however pillaged and finally destroyed both church and shrine in a border raid in 1296.
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Aldhelm
Aldhelm (Old English: Ealdhelm) (c. 639 – 25 May 709), Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, Bishop of Sherborne, Latin poet and scholar of Anglo-Saxon literature, was born before the middle of the 7th century. He is said to have been the son of Kenten, who was of the royal house of Wessex. He was certainly not, as Aldhelm's early biographer Faritius asserts, the brother of King Ine.
Aldhelm received his first education in the school of an Irish scholar and monk, Máeldub (also Maildubh, Maildulf or Meldun) (died c. 675), who had settled in the British stronghold of Bladon (or Bladow) on the site of the town called Mailduberi, Maldubesburg, Meldunesburg, etc., and finally Malmesbury, after him.
In 668, Pope Vitalian sent Theodore of Tarsus to be Archbishop of Canterbury. At the same time the African scholar Hadrian, became abbot of St Augustine's at Canterbury. Aldhelm was one of his disciples, for he addresses him as the 'venerable preceptor of my rude childhood.' He must, nevertheless, have been thirty years of age when he began to study with Hadrian. His studies included Roman law, astronomy, astrology, the art of reckoning and the difficulties of the calendar. He learned, according to the doubtful statements of the early lives, both Greek and Hebrew. He certainly introduces many Latinized Greek words into his works.
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Alex Woolf
Alex Woolf is a medieval historian based at the University of St Andrews. He specialises in the history of the British Isles and Scandinavia in the Early Middle Ages, especially in relation to the peoples of Wales and Scotland. He is author of volume two in the New Edinburgh History of Scotland, covering the period between 789 and 1070. For this he won the 2008 Saltire Society award for "history book of the year".
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Alexander Neville
Alexander Neville (c. 1340–1392) was a late medieval prelate who served as Archbishop of York from 1374 to 1388.
Born in about 1340, Alexander Neville was a younger son of Ralph Neville, 2nd Baron Neville de Raby and Alice de Audley. He was a member of the Neville family, one of the most powerful families in the north of England.
Neville's first known ecclesiastical appointment was as a canon of York Minster, holding the prebendary of Bole from 1361 to 1373. He became a claiment to the Archdeaconry of Cornwall from 1361 until it was set aside in 1371, becoming instead Archdeacon of Durham from circa 1371 to 1373. He was appointed Archbishop of York on 3 or 14 April 1374, having been elected by the chapter of York in November 1373 and received royal assent on 1 January 1374. He was consecrated to the episcopate at Westminster on 4 June 1374 and enthroned at York Minster on 18 December 1374.
On the Lords Appellant rising against King Richard II in 1386, however, Neville was accused of treason and it was determined to imprison him for life in Rochester Castle.
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Amphibalus
Saint Amphibalus was formerly venerated as the Christian priest traditionally sheltered by Saint Alban, who was converted by him, as a consequence of which Alban was martyred.
Prior to Christianity becoming the official religion of the Roman Empire, Christians in Britain were persecuted by Romans. Alban sheltered Amphibalus in his home, and was converted to Christianity by him. When Roman soldiers came in search of the priest, Alban and Amphibalus exchanged cloaks, and Alban was arrested instead of Amphibalus. Alban was executed on the current site of St Albans Cathedral.
It is unlikely that Amphibalus was the genuine name of the priest - it is likely to be Geoffrey of Monmouth's misunderstanding of the Latin word used for the cloak, amphibalus, passed to Alban. Similarly, other details concerning the life of Amphibalus should be approached with historical caution. He is believed to have come from Caerleon, and to have converted numerous Britons to Christianity, including Saints Socrates and Stephen with whom he fled to Wales. He was later caught by the Romans, and returned to Verulamium where he was executed.
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Annemund
Saint Annemund, also known as Annemundus, Aunemundus and Chamond, was Archbishop of Lyon. His father, Sigon, was a prefect in Lyon, while his brother, Dalfin, was Count of Lyons.
Annemund was a councillor of Clovis II and a friend of Wilfrid. He died in 658. According to Bede (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum v.19), this occurred at the order of Queen Balthild.
Annemund's feast day is September 28. The French commune of Saint-Chamond is named after him.
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Archbishop of York
The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and metropolitan of the Province of York, which covers the northern portion of England (north of the Trent) as well as the Isle of Man. The archbishop is a member ex officio of the House of Lords, and is styled Primate of England. (The Archbishop of Canterbury is "Primate of All England".)
His throne is in York Minster in central York and his official residence is Bishopthorpe Palace in the village of Bishopthorpe, outside York. The incumbent, since 5 October 2005, is John Sentamu. He signs +Sentamu Ebor: (since both John and Sentamu are his forenames).
There was a bishop in York from very early Christian times. Bishops of York were present at the Councils of Arles and Nicaea. However, this early Christian community was later destroyed by the pagan Saxons and there is no direct succession from these bishops to the post-Augustinian ones.
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Arilda of Oldbury
Saint Arilda a little-known female saint from Oldbury-on-Severn in the English county of Gloucestershire. She probably lived in the 5th or 6th century and may have been of either Anglo-Saxon or Welsh origin.
Arilda was a virgin martyr who, according to John Leland, was slain by a Lad named Municus when she refused to lie with him.
Two churches in Gloucestershire are dedicated to Arilda, one at Oldbury-on-Severn near her traditional home, a second ("St Arild's Church") at Oldbury-on-the-Hill. Both places were called 'Aldberie' at the time of the Domesday Book, suggesting that their names may be derived from the saint.
There was a shrine to Arilda at St Peter's Abbey, Gloucester, which is now Gloucester Cathedral, but it was destroyed after the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
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Balthild
Saint Balthild of Ascania ( /ˈbɔːltɪld/;Old English: Bealdhild, "bold sword" or "bold spear"; c. 626 – January 30, 680), also called Bathilda, Baudour, or Bauthieult, was the wife and queen of Clovis II, king of Burgundy and Neustria (639–658). Born in around 626–627, two traditions, independent and conflicting, collaborate to form the history of her life. One is a hagiography which was intended to further her successful candidature for sainthood. The other is a record of chroniclers, including Jo Ann Mcnamara, Michael Frassetto and Lynda L. Coon. All of whom have a different, slightly less biased rhetoric when describing her deeds.
Both traditions represent her as an Anglo-Saxon originally of elite birth, perhaps a relative of King Ricberht of East Anglia, the last pagan king there. Ricberht was ousted by his Christian rival Sigeberht, who had spent time in the Frankish court. He was established as the rightful heir to the throne with Frankish help. Balthild was sold into slavery as a young girl and served in the household of Erchinoald, mayor of the palace of Neustria to Clovis. There are varying views of what exactly happened to her while in Erchinoald’s possession.
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Barbara Yorke
Barbara Yorke (born 1951) is a historian of Anglo-Saxon England.
She studied history and archaeology at Exeter University, where she completed both her undergraduate degree and her Ph.D. She is currently Emeritus Professor of Early Medieval History at the University of Winchester, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. In 2011 she will give the Toller Lecture.
Her publications include:
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Bede
Bede ( /ˈbiːd/ BEED; Old English: Bǣda or Bēda; 672/673 – 26 May 735), also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (Latin: Bēda Venerābilis), was an English monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow (see Monkwearmouth-Jarrow), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria. Bede's monastery had access to a superb library which included works by Eusebius and Orosius among many others.
He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) gained him the title "The Father of English History". In 1899, Bede was made a Doctor of the Church by Leo XIII, a position of theological significance; he is the only native of Great Britain to achieve this designation (Anselm of Canterbury, also a Doctor of the Church, was originally from Italy). Bede was moreover a skilled linguist and translator, and his work with the Latin and Greek writings of the early Church Fathers contributed significantly to English Christianity, making the writings much more accessible to his fellow Anglo-Saxons.
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Benedict Biscop
Benedict Biscop (c. 628 – 690), also known as Biscop Baducing, was an Anglo-Saxon abbot and founder of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Priory (where he also founded the famous library) and was considered a saint after his death.
Benedict was born of a noble Northumbrian family and was for a time a thegn of King Oswiu. At the age of 25 Benedict made the first of five trips to Rome, accompanying his friend Saint Wilfrid the Elder. However Wilfrid was detained in Lyon en route. Benedict completed the journey on his own and, when he returned to England, he was "full of fervour and enthusiasm ... for the good of the English Church."
Benedict made a second journey to Rome twelve years later, this time accompanied by Alchfrith of Deira, a son of King Oswiu. On this trip he met Acca and Wilfrid. On his return journey to England Benedict stopped at Lérins, a monastic island off the Mediterranean coast of Provence. During his two-year stay there, from 665 to 667, he underwent a course of instruction, taking monastic vows and the name of "Benedict".
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Bernicia
Bernicia (Old English: Bernice, Beornice; Latin: Bernicia) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.
The Anglian territory of Bernicia was approximately equivalent to the modern English counties of Northumberland and Durham, and the former Scottish counties of Berwickshire and East Lothian, stretching from the Forth to the Tees. In the early 7th century, it merged with its southern neighbour, Deira, to form the kingdom of Northumbria and its borders subsequently expanded considerably.
Bernicia is mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum (§ 61) under the Welsh name of Berneich or Birneich and in Old Welsh poetry and elsewhere under the name of Bryneich or Brynaich. This may reflect the name of a preceding Brythonic kingdom or province, which was subsequently adopted by the Anglian settlers and rendered as Bernice or Beornice in the Old English tongue. If such forms represent a Welsh version of Bernicia, it is unclear why Welsh would need to borrow a 'foreign' name for the area, so the former hypothesis is usually accepted, although no etymological analysis has produced a consensus. The etymology which is most widely cited is that tentatively proposed by Kenneth H. Jackson, which gives the meaning "Land of the Mountain Passes" or "Land of the Gaps". The earlier derivation from the tribal name of the Brigantes has been dismissed as linguistically unsound. In 1997 John T. Koch suggested the conflation of a probable primary form *Bernech with the native form *Brïγent for the old civitas Brigantum as a result of Anglian expansion in that territory during the 7th century.
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Bertha of Kent
Saint Bertha (or Saint Aldeberge) (539 – c. 612) was the Queen of Kent whose influence led to the introduction of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England. She was canonized as a saint for her role in its establishment during that period of English history.
Bertha was the daughter of Charibert I, Merovingian King of Paris. When she married the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent, she brought her chaplain, Liudhard, with her to England. She restored a Christian church in Canterbury, which dated from Roman times, dedicating it to Saint Martin of Tours. The present St Martin's at Canterbury occupies the same site. Augustine of Canterbury, whose Gregorian mission was sent by Pope Gregory I to preach the Gospel in England in 596, owed much of his favorable reception to the influence of Bertha.
Anglo-Saxon records indicate that Saint Bertha had two children:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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Billfrith
Billfrith (Old English: Billfrið; fl. early 8th century) is an obscure Northumbrian saint credited with providing the jewel and metalwork encrusting the former treasure binding of the Lindisfarne Gospels. His name is thought to mean "peace of the two-edge sword".
Symeon of Durham's Libellus de Exordio (ii.13), which calls him "St Billfrith the Anchorite", says he was a goldsmith and that he gilded an important book written by Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne. This book is the gospel book known today as the Lindisfarne Gospels. Symeon probably derived this information from a colophon added to the Lindisfarne Gospels by a scribe named "Aldred" at some point between 950 and 970. The colophons describes how:
Eadfrith, bishop of Lindisfarne church, originally wrote this book for God and for St Cuthbert and—jointly—for all saints whose relics are in the island. And Æthelwald, bishop of the Lindisfarne islanders, impressed it on the outside and covered it ... And Billfrið the anchorite forged the ornaments which are on it on the outside and adorned it with gold and gems and with gilded-on silver-pure metal ...
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Birinus
Birinus (c. 600–649), venerated as a saint, was the first Bishop of Dorchester, and the "Apostle to the West Saxons".
After Augustine of Canterbury performed initial conversions in England, Birinus, a Frank, came to the kingdoms of Wessex in 634, landing at the port of "Hamwic", now in the St. Mary's area of Southampton. During Birinus's brief time at Hamwic, St. Mary's Church was founded.
Birinus had been made bishop by Asterius in Genoa, and Pope Honorius I created the commission to convert the West Saxons. In 635, he persuaded the West Saxon king Cynegils to allow him to preach. Cynegils was trying to create an alliance with Oswald of Northumbria, with whom he intended to fight the Mercians. At the final talks between kings, the sticking point was that Oswald, being a Christian, would not ally himself with a heathen. Cynegils then converted and was baptized, and he gave Birinus Dorchester-on-Thames for his episcopal see. Birinus's original commission entailed preaching to parts of Britain where no missionary efforts had reached, and may have included instructions to reach the Mercians. But he ultimately remained in the kingdom of West Saxon kingdom, or Wessex as it became known.
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Bishop of Leicester
The Bishop of Leicester is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Leicester in the Province of Canterbury.
The first bishops of Leicester were originally prelates who administered an Anglo-Saxon diocese between the 7th and 9th centuries. The bishopric fell victim to the invasion by the Danes and the episcopal see was transferred to Dorchester.
After a thousand years the episcopal title was resurrected as a suffragan see within the diocese of Peterborough. The suffragan Bishop of Leicester assisted the diocesan Bishop of Peterborough in overseeing the diocese.
Through reorganisation within the Church of England, the Diocese of Leicester was refounded in 1927, and St Martin's Church became Leicester Cathedral. The present bishop's residence is Bishop's Lodge, Springfield Road, Leicester.
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Bishop of Lichfield
The Bishop of Lichfield is the ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lichfield in the Province of Canterbury.
The diocese covers 4,516 km² (1,744 sq. mi.) of the counties of Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire and West Midlands. The bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint Chad in the city of Lichfield. The Bishop's residence is Bishop's House, Lichfield. In the past, the title has had various forms (see below). The present bishop is the Right Reverend Jonathan Gledhill, the 98th Lord Bishop of Lichfield, who signs Jonathan Lichfield.
The diocese of Mercia was founded 656 by Diuma with its see at Repton. When Chad was made Bishop in 669, he moved his seat to Lichfield, thus the diocese was named after that city. In 691 the area over which the bishop held authority was divided to form the smaller dioceses of Lichfield, Leicester, Lindsey, Worcester and Hereford.
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Bishop of York
The Archbishop of York is a high-ranking cleric in the Church of England, second only to the Archbishop of Canterbury. He is the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of York and metropolitan of the Province of York, which covers the northern portion of England (north of the Trent) as well as the Isle of Man. The archbishop is a member ex officio of the House of Lords, and is styled Primate of England. (The Archbishop of Canterbury is "Primate of All England".)
His throne is in York Minster in central York and his official residence is Bishopthorpe Palace in the village of Bishopthorpe, outside York. The incumbent, since 5 October 2005, is John Sentamu. He signs +Sentamu Ebor: (since both John and Sentamu are his forenames).
There was a bishop in York from very early Christian times. Bishops of York were present at the Councils of Arles and Nicaea. However, this early Christian community was later destroyed by the pagan Saxons and there is no direct succession from these bishops to the post-Augustinian ones.
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Boisil
Saint Boisil (died 661) was a monk of Melrose Abbey, an offshoot of Lindisfarne, then in the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, but now in Scotland. He was trained by Saint Aidan, the founder of Lindisfarne, where he must have been one of the first generation of monks. He probably moved to the new foundation of Melrose when it was started, probably some time in the late 640s. He succeeded Eata as abbot in 659, having been prior since at least 651, when he welcomed the future St Cuthbert as a recruit, correctly prophesying a great future for the young novice.
Almost all that is known of Saint Boisil is learned from Bede. He derived his information from Sigfrid, a monk of Jarrow, who had previously been trained by Boisil at Melrose. St Boisil's fame is mainly due to his connection with his great pupil, Saint Cuthbert, but it is plain that the master was worthy of the disciple. Contemporaries were deeply impressed with Boisil's supernatural intuitions.
When Cuthbert presented himself at Melrose, Boisil exclaimed "Behold a servant of the Lord", and he obtained leave from Abbot Eata to receive him into the community at once. When in a great pestilence Cuthbert was stricken down, Boisil declared he would certainly recover. Somewhat later Boisil himself as he had foretold three years before, fell a victim to this terrible epidemic, but before the end came he predicted that Cuthbert would become a bishop and would effect great things for the Church.
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Bonaventure
Saint Bonaventure, O.F.M., (Italian: San Bonaventura; 1221 – 15 July 1274), born John of Fidanza (Italian: Giovanni di Fidanza), was an Italian medieval scholastic theologian and philosopher. The seventh Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, he was also a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. He was canonized on 14 April 1482 by Pope Sixtus IV and declared a Doctor of the Church in the year 1588 by Pope Sixtus V. He is known as the "Seraphic Doctor" (Latin: Doctor Seraphicus). Many writings believed in the Middle Ages to be his are now collected under the name Pseudo-Bonaventura.
He was born at Bagnoregio in Latium, not far from Viterbo. Almost nothing is known of his childhood, other than the names of his parents, Giovanni di Fidanza and Maria Ritella.
He entered the Franciscan Order in 1243 and studied at the University of Paris, possibly under Alexander of Hales, and certainly under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle. In 1253 he held the Franciscan chair at Paris and was proceeded as Master of Theology. Unfortunately for Bonaventure, a dispute between seculars and mendicants delayed his reception as Master until 1257, where his degree was taken in company with Thomas Aquinas. Three years earlier his fame had earned him the position of lecturer on the The Four Books of Sentences—a book of theology written by Peter Lombard in the twelfth century—and in 1255 he received the degree of master, the medieval equivalent of doctor.
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Bosa of York
Bosa (died c. 705) was a Northumbrian, educated at the great Abbey of Whitby under the abbess Hilda. He later joined the brethren there as a monk and became a noted scholar.
In 678, when Wilfrid was ejected from the bishopric of York and banished from Northumbria, Bosa was given his diocese over which to preside. Wilfrid declared that he was unable to work with Bosa because he considered Bosa not a member of the Catholic Church. His episcopate lasted nine years, but with Wilfrid back in favour in 687, Bosa was removed just like his predecessor. He was returned once more in 691. He is regarded as a saint, with a feast day of 9 March. While archbishop, Bosa introduced a communal life for the clergy of the cathedral, and set up a continuous liturgy in the cathedral.
Bosa was still alive in 704; the date of his death is not known. He appears as a saint in an eighth century liturgical calendar from York, but this is the only sign that he was venerated as a saint before the Norman Conquest of England. The 16th century English antiquary John Leland listed Bosa on his list of saint's resting places in England, giving it as York. His feast day is on 9 March.
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Botwine
Botwine (died 785 or 786) was a Northumbriaa saint venerated at Ripon and Peterborough. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recension E, recorded his death in the 780s (probably for 786) in one of three Ripon abbatial obits derived from a chronicle of Northumbrian origin.
The late 10th- and early 11th-century writer Byrhtferth of Ramsey in his Vita sancti Oswaldi claimed that Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York, discovered Botwine's relics at the monastery of Ripon (along with those of other early Ripon abbots) and encased them in a new shrine, an account described by historian Michael Lapidge as "problematical" on other points. It is known that in the 12th-century Peterborough Abbey also possessed some relics of Botwine.
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Botwulf of Thorney
Botwulf of Thorney (also called Botolph, Botulph or Botulf; died around 680) was an English abbot and saint. He is the patron saint of travellers and the various aspects of farming. His feast day is celebrated either on 17 June (in England) or 25 June (in Scotland), and his translation on 1 December.
Little is known about Botwulf's life, other than doubtful details in a surviving account written four hundred years after his death by the 11th-century monk Folcard. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records for the year 6531: The Middle Angles, under earldorman Peada, received the true faith. King Anna was killed and Botulf began to build the church at Ikanho. Icanho, which means 'ox hill', has now been identified as Iken, which is located by the estuary of the Alde in the East Anglian county of Suffolk: a church remains on top of an isolated hill in the parish.2 The Life of St Ceolfrith, written around the time of Bede by an unknown author, mentions an abbot named Botolphus in East Anglia, "a man of remarkable life and learning, full of the grace of the Holy Spirit".3
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Brannoc of Braunton
Brannoc of Braunton or Saint Brannock was a Christian saint associated with the village of Braunton in the English county of Devon.
Brannock is believed to have migrated from South Wales to establish a monastery at Braunton in the 6th century. He is believed to have been buried there. It is also believed that he built his church on a hill overlooking Braunton, but it has since collapsed. In a dream he was told to look for a sow and piglets for the site to build his new church. This story is commemorated in one of the stained glass windows and in a roof boss of St Brannock's Church, Braunton.
Braunton celebrates St Brannock's Day each 26 June, but Exeter Cathedral celebrates his feast day on 7 January and 7 April. The latter may be a conflation with Saint Brynach with whom some identify him.
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Byrhtferth
Byrhtferth (c. 970 – c. 1020) was a priest and monk who lived at Ramsey Abbey. He had a deep impact on the intellectual life of later Anglo-Saxon England and wrote many computistic, hagiographic, and historical works. He was a leading man of science and best known as the author of many different works (although he may not have written many of them). His Manual (Enchiridion), a scientific textbook, is Byrhtferth's best known work.
He studied with Abbo of Fleury, who was invited to Ramsey Abbey by Oswald of Worcester to help teach. Abbo was there during the period 985-987, and became a large influence on Byhrtferth who was interested in the same studies, such as history, logic, astronomy, and mathematics. We do not have contemporary biographies of Byrhtferth, and the only information we have is the one in his Manual and his Preface.
Byrhtferth's signature appears on only two unpublished works, his Latin and Old English Manual, and Latin Preface. He also composed a Latin life of St. Egwin, compiled a chronicle of Northumbrian history in the 990's, wrote a Latin life of Oswald of Worcester (the Vita Oswaldi) about the year 1000, and it is suggested that he is responsible for the early sections of the Historia regum, or History of the Kings, attributed to Simeon of Durham. This last attribution is based on the similarity of the style between Simeon and Byrhtferth. The last of Byrhtferth's works is an unsigned fragment of Old English text on computus in the Manuscript BL Cotton Caligula A.xv, fols. MS 142v-143r. It is attributed to him because of the stylistic similarity to the Old English that he wrote in Manual.
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Cedd
Cedd (c. 620 – 26 October 664) was an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop from Northumbria. He was an evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England and a significant participant in the Synod of Whitby, a meeting which resolved important differences within the Church in England. He is venerated by Anglican, Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians.
The little that is known about Cedd comes to us mainly from the writing of Bede in his Ecclesiastical History Of The English People. The following account is based entirely on Book 3 of Bede's History.
Cedd was born in the kingdom of Northumbria and brought up on the island of Lindisfarne by Aidan. He was one of four brothers: Chad (transcribed into Bede's Latin text as Ceadda), Cynibil and Caelin being his siblings. The first datable reference to Cedd by Bede makes clear that he was a priest by the year 653. This probably pushes his birth date back to the early 620s. It is likely that Cedd was oldest of the brothers and was acknowledged the head of the family. While he was alive, he seems to have taken the lead, while Chad was his chosen successor.
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Centwine of Wessex
Centwine (died after 685) was King of Wessex from circa 676 to 685 or 686, although he was perhaps not the only king of the West Saxons at the time.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports that Centwine became king circa 676, succeeding Æscwine. Bede states that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's dismissal of Æscwine and Centwine as merely sub-kings may represent the views of the supporters of the King Ine, whose family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. However, if the West Saxon kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it appears that it was reunited during Centwine's reign.
An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". This is the only event recorded in his reign. The Carmina Ecclesiastica of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne (d. 709), written a generation after Centwine's reign, records that he won three great battles. In addition, it states that he was a pagan for part of his reign, adopting Christianity and becoming a patron of the church. The Chronicle's version of his ancestry makes Centwine a son of King Cynegils, and thus a brother of King Cenwalh and King Cwichelm, but Aldhelm does not record any such relationship.
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Ceolfrith
Saint Ceolfrid (or Ceolfrith) (Pronounced "Chol-frid") (c. 642 – 716) was an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project Codex Amiatinus. He died in Burgundy while en route to deliver a copy of the codex to Pope Gregory I in Rome.
Not much is known about the earlier period of Ceolfrid's life. His desire to join the monastic community was likely due to his own brother Cynefrid's devotion to the traditions of Christian monasticism. Historians date Ceolfrid's induction into monastic tradition around the date of Cynefrid's death in 660 CE. Ceolfrid is known to have a strong family connection to monastic tradition. In addition to his brother, his cousin Tunbert was the first Abbot of the Monastery of Hexham. His first four years in cloister took place at Gilling Abbey, which was also attended by Cynefrid, prior to his departure to Ireland. Ceolfrid is described as having "behaved of the greater devotion, giving his mind continually to reading, to labour, and monastic discipline". After these four years, Ceolfrid left Gilling as he "sought a monastery of a stricter character". He soon took in with a band of men, led by Wilfrid, later canonized as Saint Wilfrid. These monks are identified by Boutflower as being the Benedictines of Ripon at a monastery under the same name. During this time, he came to refine his own understanding of proper monastic principles. At the age of 27, Ceolfrid was ordained as a Bishop, and began to acquaint himself to the utmost with the practices of monastic life, which started him on the road to Kent.
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Chad of Mercia
Chad (Old English: Ceadda; died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th century Anglo-Saxon churchman, who became abbot of several monasteries, Bishop of the Northumbrians and subsequently Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People. He was later canonized as a saint. He was the brother of Cedd, also a saint. He features strongly in the work of Bede the Venerable and is credited, together with Cedd, with introducing Christianity to the Mercian kingdom.
Most of our knowledge of Chad comes from the writings of Bede. Bede tells us that he obtained his information about Chad and his brother, Cedd, from the monks of Lastingham, where both were abbots. Bede gives this attribution great prominence, placing it in the introduction to his work. This may indicate that the brothers had become controversial figures: certainly Bede must have thought that his material about them would be of more than usual interest to the reader. Bede also refers to information he received from Trumbert, "who tutored me in the Scriptures and who had been educated in the monastery by that master", i.e. Chad. In other words, Bede considered himself to stand in the spiritual lineage of Chad and had gathered information from at least one who knew him personally.
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Charles Longley
Charles Thomas Longley (28 July 1794 – 27 October 1868) was a bishop in the Church of England. He served as Bishop of Ripon, Bishop of Durham, Archbishop of York and Archbishop of Canterbury from 1862 until his death.
He was born at Rochester, the fifth son of the late John Longley, Recorder of Rochester, and educated at Westminster School and the University of Oxford. He was ordained in 1818, and was appointed vicar of Cowley, Oxford, in 1823. In 1827, he received the rectory of West Tytherley, Hampshire, and two years later he was elected headmaster of Harrow School. He held this office until 1836, when he was consecrated bishop of the new see of Ripon. In 1856 he became Bishop of Durham, and in 1860 he became Archbishop of York.
In 1862, he succeeded John Bird Sumner as Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon afterwards the questions connected with the deposition of Bishop John William Colenso were referred to Longley but, while regarding Colenso's opinions as heretical and his deposition as justifiable, he refused to pronounce upon the legal difficulties of the case.
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Cissa of Crowland
Cissa of Crowland was a saint in the medieval Fenlands. He was the successor of Guthlac as abbot of Crowland, and is mentioned in Felix' Vita Guthlaci. According to the Crowland Chronicle his tomb was next to Guthlac's, and like the tomb of Guthlac, was destroyed by the Scandinavians. His relics were translated to Thorney Abbey in the 10th-century.
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Coenwulf of Mercia
Coenwulf (also spelled Cenwulf, Kenulf, or Kenwulph) (died 821) was King of Mercia from December 796 to 821. He was a descendant of a brother of King Penda, who had ruled Mercia in the middle of the 7th century. He succeeded Ecgfrith, the son of Offa; Ecgfrith only reigned for five months, with Coenwulf coming to the throne in the same year that Offa died. In the early years of Coenwulf's reign he had to deal with a revolt in Kent, which had been under Offa's control. Eadberht Præn returned from exile in Francia to claim the Kentish throne and Coenwulf was forced to wait for papal support before he could intervene. When Pope Leo agreed to anathematize Eadberht, Coenwulf invaded and retook the kingdom; Eadberht was taken prisoner, and was blinded and had his hands cut off. Coenwulf also appears to have lost control of the kingdom of East Anglia during the early part of his reign, as an independent coinage appears under King Eadwald. Coenwulf's coinage reappears in 805 indicating that the kingdom was again under Mercian control. Several campaigns of Coenwulf's against the Welsh are recorded, but only one conflict with Northumbria, in 801, though it is likely that Coenwulf continued to support the opponents of the Northumbrian king Eardwulf.
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Columbanus
Columbanus (540 – 23 November 615; Irish: Columbán, meaning "the white dove") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil (in present-day France) and Bobbio (Italy), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.
He spread among the Franks a Celtic monastic rule and Celtic penitential practices for those repenting of sins, which emphasized private confession to a priest, followed by penances levied by the priest in reparation for the sin. He is also one of the earliest identifiable Hiberno-Latin writers.
Columbanus (the Latinised form of Columbán) was born in Nobber, County Meath, Ireland, in the year Saint Benedict died, and from childhood was well instructed. His name may be looked on as the diminutive of "Colm" (a dove), or as Colm (Colum) Bán meaning the 'white dove'.
He left home to study under Sinell, Abbot of Cluaninis in Lough Erne. The Irish words "Cluan Innish", which mean "meadow and island", have been contracted to "Cleenish", where the remains of the monastery can be seen at Bellanaleck, County Fermanagh. Under Sinell's instruction, Columbanus composed a commentary on the Psalms (for another identification, see Mo Sinu moccu Min). He then moved to the celebrated monastery of Bangor on the coast of Down, which at that time had for its abbot St. Comgall. He spent many years there until c.589 he received Comgall's permission to travel to the continent.
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Cosmo Gordon Lang
William Cosmo Gordon Lang, 1st Baron Lang of Lambeth GCVO PC (known as Cosmo; 31 October 1864 – 5 December 1945) was a Scottish Anglican prelate who served as Archbishop of York (1908–1928) and Archbishop of Canterbury (1928–1942). His rapid elevation to Archbishop of York, within 18 years of his ordination, is unprecedented in modern Church of England history. As Archbishop of Canterbury during the abdication crisis of 1936, he took a strong moral stance, and comments he made in a subsequent broadcast were widely condemned as uncharitable towards the departed king.
The son of a Scots Presbyterian minister, Lang abandoned the prospect of a legal and political career to train for the Anglican priesthood. Beginning in 1890, his early ministry was served in slum parishes in Leeds and Portsmouth, except for brief service as an Oxford college chaplain. In 1901 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Stepney in London, where he continued his work among the poor. He also served as a canon of St Paul's Cathedral, London.
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Credan
Saint Credan of Evesham (died 19 August 780) is a saint in the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. He is also known in Latin as Credus or Credanus.
He was the Abbot of the Benedictine Abbey at Evesham, England, during the reign of King Offa of Mercia.[1] His office is attested by charters in King Offa's reign, but no details of St Credan's life have been preserved. [2]
His feast day is 19 August, which was the day of his death in 780.[3] [4] It is celebrated in the Orthodox as well as the Roman Catholic Church.[5]
Relics of St Credan at Evesham Abbey were put through an ordeal by fire in 1077, apparently because of Norman suspicion of this local saint, about whom little was known. The ordeal was conducted by the new Norman Abbot, Walter of Cerisy, who, after consultation with Archbishop Lanfranc, ordered a three day fast, and had the seven penitential psalms and appropriate litanies chanted while the santity of the bones was tested by fire (see H E J Cowdrey's Lanfranc, p 177)[6]. According to legend, the relics not only survived, but shone like gold when moved to a place of devotion.[7] This may, however, be a confusion with a similar account of the uncovering of St Credan's bones by Abbot Manny when his cult was originally developed. It is said that Abbot Manny "was frequently admonished in vision to take up the holy Abbot's relics and lay them in a shrine. When at length he came with great solemnity to do this, the body was found between two others, but distinguished from them by the great rightness with which it shone." (St Egwin and his Abbey of Evesham" 1904) [8]
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Cunipert
Cunincpert (also Cunibert or Cunipert) was king of the Lombards from 688 to 700. He succeeded his father Perctarit, though he was associated with the throne from 680.
Soon after his assumption of the sole kingship, Cunincpert was ousted by Alahis, duke of Brescia (who had previously been duke of Trento). Alahis had also rebelled during the reign of Perctarit but it was Cunincpert who, according to Paul the Deacon in the Historia Langobardorum had persuaded his father to show mercy. Perctarit is reported to have warned his son of the consequences. It was thus soon after Perctarit's death that Alahis forced Cunincpert to flee to Isola Comacina, an island in the middle of Lake Como.
The only extant record of the rule of Alahis is contained in Book V of the Historia Langobardorum of Paul the Deacon. His rule is portrayed as burdensome and tyrannical and particularly antagonistic to the Catholic Church. Having lost the support of the Church and crucially of the 'people' (notably Aldo and Grauso) Cunincpert was able to return to Pavia and resume control. Alahis, however was able to acquire sufficient support to bring the matter to battle. Cunincpert with the men of Piedmont defeated Alahis and the men of Venetia at the Battle of Coronate, on the Horn of the Adda, near Lodi in 689. Alahis was slain in battle.
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Cuthbert
Saint Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit, associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria. After his death he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, with a cult centred at Durham Cathedral. Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England. His feast day is 20 March.
He grew up near the new offshoot from Lindisfarne at Melrose Abbey, which is today in Scotland but was then in Northumbria. He had decided to become a monk after seeing a vision on the night in 651 that St Aidan, the founder of Lindisfarne, died, but seems to have seen some military service first. He was quickly made guest-master at the new monastery at Ripon, soon after 655, but had to return with Eata to Melrose when Wilfrid was given the monastery instead. About 662 he was made prior at Melrose, and around 665 went as prior to Lindisfarne. In 684 he was made bishop of Lindisfarne but by late 686 resigned and returned to his hermitage as he felt he was about to die, although he was probably only in his early 50s.
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Cuthburh
Saint Cuthburh or Cuthburg (died c. 718) was the first abbess of Wimborne Minster. She was the sister of Ine, King of Wessex and was married to the Northumbrian king Aldfrith.
King Osred was Cuthburh's son; whether King Osric, and the Offa killed in Eadberht's reign, were also her sons is less certain.
According to a report by "Florence of Worcester", writing long afterwards, at some time before Aldfrith's death in 705 he and Cuthburh "renounced connubial intercourse for the love of God." Following this, Cuthburh entered Abbess Hildelith's nunnery at Barking Abbey. The dedication of Aldhelm's treatise De virginitate includes Cuthburh, who was then at Barking; it is thought that she was in some way related to Aldhelm.
After Aldfrith's death, Cuthburh and Cwenburh established a double-monastery in her brother's kingdom of Wessex, at Wimborne in Dorset.
She is described as austere, and she communicated with prelates through a little hatch in the nunnery at Wimborne. Among Saint Boniface's surviving letters is an anonymous account of a vision of Abbess Cuthburh in hell. The feast day associated with her is August 31.
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Cuthmann of Steyning
Saint Cuthmann of Steyning (born c. 681 - died 8th century) was an Anglo-Saxon hermit, church-builder and saint.
In the biographies of the saints called the Acta Sanctorum which were preserved at the Abbey of Fécamp in Normandy it is said that he was born about 681 A.D., either in Devon or Cornwall, or more probably at Chidham, near Bosham, about 25 miles from Steyning. A birth in Chidham at that date would place him in the right time and area to be preached to by Saint Wilfrid, the Apostle of Sussex (680-685), and would probably make Wilfrid the man who converted and baptised Cuthmann and his parents.
His legend states he was a shepherd who had to care for his paralysed mother after his father's death. When they fell on hard times and were forced to beg from door to door, he built a one-wheeled cart or wheelbarrow (with a rope from the handles over his shoulders taking part of the weight) in which he moved her around with him. They set out east, towards the rising sun, from his home and, even though the rope broke, he improvised a new one from withies, deciding that when that rope broke he would accept it as a sign from God to stop at that place and build a church. The withy rope broke at the place now called Steyning, upon which (according to his biography) he prayed:
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Cynesige
Cynesige (or Kynsige; died 1060) was a medieval English Archbishop of York between 1051 and 1060. Prior to his appointment to York, he was a royal clerk and perhaps a monk. As archbishop, he built and adorned his cathedral as well as other churches, and active in consecrating bishops. After his death in 1060, the bequests he had made to a monastery were confiscated by the queen.
Cynesige perhaps came from Rutland, as he owned the manor of Tinwell there later in life. The Liber Eliensis claimed that he had been born by Caesarian section, but this is most likely a later accretion to his lifestory, added after his death because of efforts to have him declared a saint. The belief was that for an infant to survive a caesarian section was a miracle, and thus a fitting beginning for a future saint.
Cynesige had been a royal clerk prior to his appointment to York in 1051, although the monks of Peterborough Abbey maintained that he had been a monk in their house. It is possible he was both a monk and a royal clerk. He delayed his visit to Rome to receive his pallium until 1055, when he was given it by Pope Victor II. During his time as archbishop he consecrated both John and Michael as Bishops of Glasgow sometime after 1055, although the two bishops probably never lived in their diocese. John may have ended up as the Bishop of Mecklenburg in Germany. Cynesige dedicated the church of the Abbey of Waltham Holy Cross in the presence of King Edward the Confessor around 3 May 1060. This was at the invitation of Earl Harold Godwinson of Wessex. The chronicle of Waltham Abbey states that Cynesige did the consecration because the archbishopric of Canterbury was vacant. However, there was an occupant of Canterbury, Stigand, but his election to Canterbury was not considered canonical by the papacy, and Harold may have excluded him because of concerns about Stigand's canonical status.
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Cyril Garbett
Cyril Forster Garbett GCVO PC (6 February 1875 – 31 December 1955) was an Anglican bishop. He was the Archbishop of York from 1942 to 1955.
Garbett was born in the village of Tongham in Surrey, next to Aldershot in Hampshire, the son of the vicar of Tongham. At the age of 11 he was sent to Portsmouth Grammar School and then to Keble College, Oxford in 1894. After this he went to Cuddesdon Theological College to study theology and prepare for ordination.
Garbett was ordained in 1899 as a deacon and was sent to be a curate of St Mary's Portsea, where he was ordained to the priesthood in 1901 and remained until 1919, after 1909 as its vicar. In 1911 he was joined at Portsea by the newly ordained George Armitage Chase, who would later serve Garbett after his ordination to the episcopate, as examining chaplain.
Garbett was consecrated as the Bishop of Southwark and remained in this position until his translation as the Bishop of Winchester in 1932 before, in 1942, becoming the Archbishop of York.
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Cædwalla of Wessex
Cædwalla (c. 659 – 20 April 689) was the King of Wessex from approximately 685 until he abdicated in 688. His name is derived from the British Cadwallon. He was exiled as a youth, and during this time attacked the South Saxons and killed their king, Æthelwealh, in what is now Sussex. Cædwalla was unable to hold the territory, however, and was driven out by Æthelwealh's ealdormen. In either 685 or 686 he became king of Wessex. He may have been involved in suppressing rival dynasties at this time, as an early source records that Wessex was ruled by underkings until Cædwalla.
After his accession Cædwalla returned to Sussex and won the territory again, and also conquered the Isle of Wight, engaging in genocide and extinguishing the ruling dynasty there and forcing the population of the island at sword point to renounce their faith for Christianity.. He gained control of Surrey and the kingdom of Kent, and in 686 he installed his brother, Mul, as king of Kent. Mul was burned in a Kentish revolt a year later, and Cædwalla returned, possibly ruling Kent directly for a period.
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Dagobert II
Dagobert II (c. 650 – December 23, 679) was the king of Austrasia (676–79), the son of Sigebert III and Chimnechild of Burgundy. The Feast Date of St Dagobert II is 23 December
Dagobert II was the son of Sigibert III (631–56), an Austrasian king of the Merovingian line. The Arnulfing mayor of the Austrasian palace, Grimoald the Elder, the son of Pippin of Landen, and Dagobert's guardian, had had his own son Childebert adopted by Sigebert III, when Sigebert was still childless. Then when Sigebert died in 656, Grimoald seized the throne for his own son and had Dagobert tonsured, thus marking him unfit for kingship, and exiled.
The tale that Dagobert was ordered to be killed and his death published about, but that he was spirited out of the country, seems to be an embellishment, perhaps developed to explain the silence of Dagobert's mother Chimnechild. She may have cooperated with Grimoald to set up Childebert the Adopted; later she hoped by marrying her daughter Bilichild to Childeric II to keep the eventual Austrasian heir in her bloodline. It has also been hypothesised that Chimnechild was not Dagobert's mother, thus her reason for abandoning him.
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Decuman
Decuman (died ca. 706) was one of the Celtic saints who came to Somerset from South Wales during the seventh century, arriving on a raft (or his cloak) with a cow for a companion. There he was a pastor and physician to the local inhabitants.
Decuman is said to have been born of noble parents at Rhoscrowther in Pembrokeshire, Wales where the church is dedicated to him. He also had a chapel at nearby Pwllcrochan. Wishing to escape from worldly companions he crossed the Bristol Channel and landed at Dunster: he then became a hermit at nearby Watchet, living from the produce of his cow.
There he is said to have been killed by a pagan. Legend tells that the holy man's head was cut off by "a certain man more venomous than an asp, more poisonous than the adder...." Beheading is a legend which is found associated with several Celtic saints, but in this variant, the saint miraculously picks up his head, washes it, and replaces it. After this the local people assisted Decuman to build the church (Legends and Folklore of Watchet — Ben Norman).
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Deira
Deira (Old English: Derenrice (Scandinavian: Deren Riket; Germanic Deren Reich) or Dere) was a kingdom in Northern England during the 6th century AD. It extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia to the north to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, perhaps from Deifr, meaning "waters", or from Daru, meaning "oak", in which case it would mean "the people of the Derwent", a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, Derventio.
According to Simeon of Durham it extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. After the Brythonic kingdom centered around Eboracum, which may have been called Ebrauc, was taken by Edwin, the city of Eboracum became its capital and was called Eoforwic (boar-place) by the Angles. Before this it is likely that the capital would have been at or near Pocklington.
The first Deiran Anglian king of whom we have any record is Ælla, who flourished in the later 6th century after conquering the realm from the Britons in 581. After his death, Deira was subject to king Æthelfrith of Bernicia, who united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
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Domne Eafe
Domne Eafe (Saint Domneva, Æbbe or Ebba; floruit late 7th century) was, according to the Mildrith legend, a granddaughter of King Eadbald of Kent and the foundress of the double monastery at Minster-in-Thanet during the reign of her cousin King Ecgberht of Kent.
The various versions of the Mildrith legend disagree as to whether Domne Eafe or her sister Eormenburg was wife to King Merewalh of the Magonsæte and mother of Saint Mildrith, as do modern historians, while some instead say that Domne Eafe and Eormenburg were two names for the same person. Domne Eafe appears as a witness or beneficiary in a number of Kentish charters dating from the late 7th century, under the name "Æbbe", and it is presumed that "Domne Eafe" represents a vernacular corruption of Latin "Domina Æbbe", that is, "Lady Æbbe".
According to the Mildrith legend, Domne Eafe's father was Eormenred, son of King Eadbald of Kent and the Francian princess Ymme. Her mother is called Oslafa. It is probable that Eormenred shared the kingship of Kent with his brother Eorcenberht, the senior king, and also that he predeceased Eorcenberht.
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Donald Coggan
Frederick Donald Coggan, Baron Coggan, PC (9 October 1909 – 17 May 2000) was the 101st Archbishop of Canterbury from 1974 to 1980, during which time he visited Rome and met the Pontiff, in company with Bishop Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, future Cardinal of England and Wales.
Coggan was born in Highgate, London, England and educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood in its former location at Charterhouse Square, City of London and St. John's College, Cambridge. He studied oriental languages from 1928 to 1931 and took a first in both parts of the tripos, achieving a rare and distinguished double first. He then had a positions as a lecturer in Semitic languages at the University of Manchester (1931–1934), professor of New Testament at Wycliffe College in Toronto (1937–1944) and principal of the London College of Divinity (1944–1956).
Coggan served as curate of St Mary's Church, Islington from 1934 to 1937. He was ordained a priest in 1935, appointed Bishop of Bradford in 1956 and translated to Archbishop of York in 1961. After his retirement as Archbishop of Canterbury he was granted a life peerage and made Baron Coggan, of Canterbury and Sissinghurst in the County of Kent.
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Dryhthelm
Dryhthelm (fl. c. 700), also known as Drithelm or Drythelm, was a monk associated with the monastery of Melrose known from the Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum of Bede. According to the latter, before entering the religious life he lived with his family in "a district of Northumbria which is called Incuneningum".Incuneningum is thought by some modern scholars to refer to Cunninghame, now part of Ayrshire.
As Bede has it, Dryhthelm died (c. 700) but came back to life a few hours later, scaring away everyone but his wife. Dryhthelm portioned his wealth out between his wife, sons and the poor, and became a monk at Melrose. As a monk he established a reputation for being able to endure bodily torment, reciting psalms standing up in the river Tweed even when the river was icy.
While temporarily dead, Dryhthelm was apparently given a tour of the afterlife by a celestial guide. In the "vision of Dryhthelm", the future monk of Melrose was shown hell, purgatory, and heaven, along with some of the souls therein, but was denied entry to paradise. Purgatory was a place of extreme heat and cold, Hell a place where souls burned, heaven a place of intense light, and paradise a place of even greater light. As a result, one modern historian has called him "a remote precursor of Dante".
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Dunstan
Dunstan (909 – 19 May 988) was an Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey, a Bishop of Worcester, a Bishop of London, and an Archbishop of Canterbury, later canonised as a saint. His work restored monastic life in England and reformed the English Church. His 11th-century biographer, Osbern, himself an artist and scribe, states that Dunstan was skilled in "making a picture and forming letters", as were other clergy of his age who reached senior rank.
Dunstan served as an important minister of state to several English kings. He was the most popular saint in England for nearly two centuries, having gained fame for the many stories of his greatness, not least among which were those concerning his famed cunning in defeating the Devil.
Dunstan was born in Baltonsborough, Somerset. He was the son of Heorstan, a noble of Wessex. Heorstan was the brother of the bishops of Wells and of Winchester. It is recorded that his mother, Cynethryth, was a pious woman. Osbern's life of Dunstan relates that a messenger miraculously told her of the saintly child she would give birth to:
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Eadburh of Bicester
Eadburh of Bicester (often Edburga) was an English saint from the 7th century. A daughter of King Penda of Mercia, Edburga was a nun for most of her life.
She was originally buried in Bicester, Oxfordshire but her relics were moved by papal decree to Flanders in Belgium in 1500.
There is a shrine to her at Stanton Harcourt.
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Eadhæd
Eadhæd (or Eadhedus or Eadheath or Eadhaed) was a medieval Bishop of Lindsey and Bishop of Ripon.
He was a companion of Chad of Mercia. He was consecrated in 678. He was expelled from Lindsey and was made Bishop of Ripon around 679. This was part of the process whereby Bishop Wilfrid of York's large diocese was broken into three parts, with new bishoprics established at York, Hexham and Ripon. Along with Eadhæd, Bosa was appointed to York and Eata was appointed to Hexham. The medieval chronicler Bede, in his work Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, barely mentions Eadhæd outside of the division of the diocese. It appears that the see of Ripon was especially created to find a place for Eadhæd after his expulsion from Lindsey, for bishops were not usually appointed to that see.
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Eadnoth the Younger
Eadnoth the Younger or Eadnoth I was a medieval monk and prelate, successively Abbot of Ramsey and Bishop of Dorchester. From a prominent family of priests in the Fens, he was related to Oswald, Bishop of Worcester, Archbishop of York and founder of Ramsey Abbey. Following in the footsteps of his illustrious kinsman, he initially became a monk at Worcester. He is found at Ramsey supervising construction works in the 980s, and around 992 actually became Abbot of Ramsey. As abbot, he founded two daughter houses in what is now Cambridgeshire, namely, a monastery at St Ives and a nunnery at Chatteris. At some point between 1007 and 1009, he became Bishop of Dorchester, a see that encompassed much of the eastern Danelaw. He died at the Battle of Assandun in 1016, fighting Cnut the Great.
Eadnoth the Younger was the son of Æthelstan Mannessune by a kinswoman of Oswald, Bishop of Worcester and Archbishop of York. His father came from family of hereditary Fenland priests from in or around the Isle of Ely. Æthelstan had lands in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire and Bedfordshire, with "outlying" [Hart] estates in Norfolk and Lincolnshire. Eadnoth is styled "the Younger", Iunior, to distinguish him from Eadnoth "the Elder", Senior, the follower of Oswald who served as prior of the monastery of Ramsey in the years before Eadnoth the Younger became abbot.
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Ealdred (bishop)
Ealdred (or Aldred; died 11 September 1069) was Abbot of Tavistock, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York in Anglo-Saxon England. He was related to a number of other ecclesiastics of the period. After becoming a monk at the monastery at Winchester, he was appointed Abbot of Tavistock Abbey in around 1027. In 1046 he was named to the Bishopric of Worcester. Ealdred, besides his episcopal duties, served Edward the Confessor, the King of England, as a diplomat and as a military leader. He worked to bring one of the king's relatives, Edward the Exile, back to England from Hungary to secure an heir for the childless king.
In 1058 he undertook a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, the first bishop from England to do so. As administrator of the Diocese of Hereford, he was involved in fighting against the Welsh, suffering two defeats at the hands of raiders before securing a settlement with Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, a Welsh ruler.
In 1060, Ealdred was elected to the archbishopric of York, but had difficulty in obtaining papal approval for his appointment, only managing to do so when he promised not to hold the bishoprics of York and Worcester simultaneously. He helped secure the election of Wulfstan as his successor at Worcester. During his archiepiscopate, he built and embellished churches in his diocese, and worked to improve his clergy by holding a synod which published regulations for the priesthood.
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Eanbald I
Eanbald (usually known as Eanbald I to distinguish him from a later archbishop also named Eanbald; died 10 August 796) was an eighth century Archbishop of York.
Eanbald was a fellow student at York with Alcuin under Æthelbert, his predecessor at York. Alcuin called him a "brother and most faithful friend." Ethelbert put Alcuin and Eanbald in charge of rebuilding York Minster, as the duties of archbishop kept Ethelbert from handling the details.
Eanbald was elected Archbishop of York in 780. Alcuin was sent by King Ælfwald I of Northumbria to retrieve Eanbald's pallium from Pope Adrian I in Rome.
In 786 Eanbald presided over a church synod held in Northumbria with two papal legates from Adrian I and the king. Among the canons adopted were ones that debarred illigetimate children from inheriting kingdoms, that priests must not celebrate Mass while bare-legged, that bishops should not debate secular affairs at church councils, that there should be a clear difference between canons, monks, and laymen in dress and deportment, and that tithes must be given by all men to the Church. He also probably presided over councils held in 782, 787, and 788. Shortly before his death, he consecrated the new king, Eardwulf of Northumbria.
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Eanbald II
Eanbald (usually known as Eanbald II to distinguish him from an earlier archbishop also named Eanbald; died c. 808) was an eighth century Archbishop of York and correspondent of Alcuin
Eanbald was taught by Alcuin when Alcuin was the teacher of the school of York, and was affectionately nicknamed "Simeon" by Alcuin.
Eanbald was consecrated the successor of his namesake to the archbishopric of York on 14 August 796.
Alcuin wrote frequently to Eanbald, laying down many rules for the direction of his province. He sent many gifts to York, including a shipload of metal (stagnum) for the roof of the bell tower at York Minster.
Eanbald assisted Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury, in recovering the rights of the See of Canterbury which had been despoiled by Offa.
In 798 Eanbald assembled his clergy in synod at Finchale, near Durham. There, he enacted a number of regulations relating to the ecclesiastical courts and the observance of Easter. He may have been the first to introduce the Roman Ritual in the church of York.
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Earconwald
Earconwald (also Ercenwald, Erkenwald or Erconwald; died 693) was Bishop of London in the Anglo-Saxon Christian church between 675 and 693.
Erkenwald was born at Lindsey, and was supposedly of royal ancestry. Erkenwald gave up his share of family money[citation needed] to help establish two Benedictine abbeys, Chertsey Abbey in Surrey in 661 for men, and Barking Abbey for women. His sister, Æthelburg, was Abbess of Barking, while he served as Abbot of Chertsey.
In 675, Erkenwald became the Bishop of London, after Wine. He was the choice of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury. While bishop, he contributed to King Ine of Wessex's law code, and is mentioned specifically in the code as a contributor. He is also reputed to have converted Sebba, King of the East Saxons to Christianity in 677.[citation needed] Current historical scholarship credits Erkenwald with a large role in the evolution of Anglo-Saxon charters, and it is possible that he drafted the charter of Caedwalla to Farnham. King Ine of Wessex named Erkenwald as an advisor on his laws.
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Eata of Hexham
Eata (died 26 October 686), also known as Eata of Lindisfarne, was bishop of Lindisfarne from 678 until 685, and of Hexham from then until his death. He was the first native of Northumbria to take the bishopric of Lindisfarne.
Eata was originally taken to Lindisfarne as a boy under Aidan and trained as a monk. He was chosen as one of the 12 monks selected from Lindisfarne to found the new daughter monastery at Melrose. In 651 he was elected abbot of Melrose. Around 658 he left Melrose and founded a new monastery at Ripon in Yorkshire, taking with him the young St Cuthbert, who was his guest-master. In 661 King Alchfrith of Deira expelled Eata from Ripon, because he had appointed Wilfrid as the new abbot. Eata returned to Melrose.
In 663 Alhfrith and Wilfrid persuaded King Oswiu to hold the Synod of Whitby to decide which traditions within Christainty, Celtic or Roman, would take priority in Northumbria over matters such as the clerical tonsure and the date of Easter; the synod decided to accept the arguments of Wilfrid and the king for the Roman traditions, to which Eata, unlike Colmán of Lindisfarne, acquiesced.
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Ebroin
Ebroin (died 680 or 681) was the Frankish mayor of the palace of Neustria on two occasions; firstly from 658 to his deposition in 673 and secondly from 675 to his death in 680 or 681. In a violent and despotic career, he strove to impose the authority of Neustria, which was under his control, over Burgundy and Austrasia.
Following the failed coup of the Pippinid mayor Grimoald the Elder in Austrasia, the Merovingian court resided in Neustria. According to the Liber historiae Francorum, during the reign of Chlothar III the mayor Erchinoald of Neustria died. A council of Franks then elected Ebroin as his replacement.
The Life of Saint Eligius records that as of the middle 670s Ebroin had only one child, a son named Bobo; Bobo was then convalescing from an illness contracted during his adolescence. Based on that, Bobo was likely born c. 660.
The Venerable Bede (IV.1) took notice of an anecdote concerning Ebroin in 668. Bede tells that Ebroin waylaid an Englishman returning from Rome, for fear that the Byzantine Emperor (Constans II, residing in Syracuse (Sicily)) was plotting an alliance against his rule. It follows that Ebroin by 668 had arrogated to himself the de facto rule of Neustria and so (in theory) "of the Franks"; it also follows that Ebroin had a streak of paranoia.
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Ecgberht of Kent
Ecgberht (or Egbert) (died 4 July 673) was a King of Kent who ruled from 664 to 673, succeeding his father Eorcenberht s:Ecclesiastical History of the English People/Book 4#1.
He may have still been a child when he became king following his father's death on 14 July 664, because his mother Seaxburh was recorded as having been regent.
Ecgberht's court seems to have had many diplomatic and ecclesiastic contacts. He hosted Wilfrid and Benedict Biscop, and provided escorts to Archbishop Theodore and Abbot Adrian of Canterbury for their travels in Gaul.
The Mildrith legend reports that he had his cousins Aethelred and Aethelberht (sons of his uncle Eormenred) killed and had to pay wergild to their sister Domne Eafe; this may reflect a dynastic struggle that ended in the success of Eorcenberht's line.
A charter records his patronage of the monastery at Chertsey.
Ecgberht was succeeded by his brother Hlothhere, who was in turn succeeded by Eadric and still later by Wihtred.
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Ecgberht of Ripon
Saint Ecgberht (or Egbert) (died 729) was an Anglo-Saxon monk of Northumbria and Bishop of Lindisfarne. As a youth he went on a peregrinatio, or pilgrimage far from home, traveling to Ireland. One of his acquaintances at this time was Chad. He settled at the monastery of Rathelmigisi (Rathmelsigi), identified with Mellifont in County Louth or else in Connaught. His Northumbrian traveling companions, including Æthelhun, died of the plague, and he contracted it as well. Thinking he would die, Ecgberht wept in repentance as he recalled his past sins, and he prayed that God spare him long enough to allow him to atone for the ill deeds of his youth, and he also vowed to remain on perpetual pilgrimage from his homeland of Britain, reciting the Psalter daily and fasting frequently. He miraculously recovered, and kept his vow until his death at age 90. While in Ireland, Ecgberht was one of those present at the Synod of Birr in 697, when the Cáin Adomnáin was guaranteed.
He began to organize monks in Ireland to proselytize in Frisia; many other high-born notables were associated with his work: Saint Adalbert, Saint Swithbert, and Saint Chad. Ecgberht arranged the mission of Saint Willibrord, Saint Wigbert and others to the pagans. He, however, was dissuaded from this by a vision related to him by a monk who had been a disciple of Saint Boisil (the Prior of Melrose under Abbot Eata). In 684, he tried to dissuade King Ecgfrith of Northumbria from sending an expedition to Ireland under his general Berht, but he was unsuccessful. Ecgberht eventually become a monk on the island of Iona, in the distant Inner Hebrides, where he resided from 716 and gently persuaded the monks there to adhere to the Roman form of computing Easter, which had been adopted at the Synod of Whitby (664). He died on the first day that the Easter feast was observed by this manner in the monastery, on 24 April 729.
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Ecgwine of Evesham
Egwin of Evesham, O.S.B., (died 30 December 717) (also Ecgwin, Ecgwine and Eegwine) was a Benedictine monk and, later, the third Bishop of Worcester in England.
Having already become a monk, his biographers say that king, clergy, and commoners all united in demanding Egwin's elevation to bishop; but the popularity which led him to the episcopal office dissipated in response to his performance as bishop. He was consecrated bishop in 693.
Egwin was born in Worcester of a noble family, and was a descendant of Mercian kings. He may possibly have been a nephew of King Æthelred of Mercia. He struggled with the local population over the acceptance of Christian morality; especially Christian marriage and clerical celibacy
Egwin's stern discipline created a resentment which, as King Æthelred of Mercia was his friend, eventually found its way to his ecclesiastical superiors. He undertook a pilgrimage to Rome to seek vindication from the pope himself. According to a legend, he prepared for his journey by locking shackles on his feet, and throwing the key into the River Avon. While he prayed before the tomb of the Apostles in Rome, one of his servants brought him this very key — found in the mouth of a fish that had just been caught in the Tiber. Egwin then released himself from his self-imposed bonds and straightway obtained from the pope an authoritative release from his enemies' obloquy.
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Edgar the Peaceful
Edgar the Peaceful, or Edgar I (Old English: Ēadgār; c. 7 August 943 – 8 July 975), also called the Peaceable, was a king of England (r. 959–75). Edgar was the younger son of Edmund I of England.
Edgar was the son of Edmund I, grandson of Edward the elder, great-grandson of Alfred the Great, great-great grandson of Ethelwulf of Wessex, great-great-great grandson of Egbert of Wessex and great-great-great-great grandson of Ealhmund of Kent. His cognomen, "The Peaceable", was not necessarily a comment on the deeds of his life, for he was a strong leader, shown by his seizure of the Northumbrian and Mercian kingdoms from his older brother, Eadwig, in 958.[citation needed] A conclave of nobles held Edgar to be king north of the Thames, and Edgar aspired to succeed to the English throne.[citation needed]
Though Edgar was not a particularly peaceable man, his reign was a peaceful one. The Kingdom of England was at its height. Edgar consolidated the political unity achieved by his predecessors. By the end of Edgar's reign, England was sufficiently unified that it was unlikely to regress back to a state of division among rival kingships, as it had to an extent under Eadred's reign.
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Edith of Polesworth
Saint Edith of Polesworth (also known as Editha or Eadgyth) is an obscure Anglo-Saxon abbess associated with Polesworth (Warwickshire) and Tamworth (Staffordshire) in Mercia. Her historical identity and floruit are uncertain. Some late sources make her a daughter of King Edward the Elder, but there are differing opinions as regards her actual ancestry. Her feast day is 15 July.
Edith (Ealdgyth) is included in the first section of the late Old English saints' list known as Secgan, which locates her burial place at Polesworth. The question of St Edith's historical identity is fraught with difficulties.
The tradition which was written down at the monastery of Bury St Edmunds in the 12th century and was later by re-told by Roger of Wendover (d. 1236) and Matthew Paris (d. 1259) asserts that she was a sister of King Æthelstan, who gave her in marriage to Sihtric Cáech, the Danish king of southern Northumbria. It then suggests that the marriage was never consummated. When Sihtric broke his side of the agreement by renouncing the Christian religion and died soon thereafter, she returned south and founded a nunnery at Polesworth, not far from the Mercian royal seat at Tamworth, spending the rest of her life as a devout nun and virgin.
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Edith of Wilton
Saint Edith of Wilton (also known as Eadgyth, her name in Old English, or as Editha or Ediva, the Latin forms of her name) was an English nun, a daughter of the 10th century King Edgar of England, born at Kemsing, Kent, in 961. Following her death in 984, she became the patron saint of her community at Wilton Abbey and churches were dedicated to her in Wiltshire and in other parts of England. Her life was written by Goscelin, and her feast day is on 16 September.
Edith was the illegitimate daughter of King Edgar the Peaceful, by Wilfrida, or Wulfthryth, a woman of noble birth whom Edgar carried off forcibly from the nunnery at Wilton Abbey. He took her to his manor house at Kemsing, near Sevenoaks, where Edith was born. Under St Dunstan's direction, Edgar did penance for this crime by not wearing his crown for seven years. As soon as Wulfthryth could escape from Edgar, she returned to Wilton, taking Edith with her.
Edith was educated by the nuns of Wilton Abbey, where her mother had become abbess. Standing not far from a royal residence at Wilton, as part of its devotional work the abbey functioned as the contemporary equivalent of a boarding school for young ladies. She took the veil very early, with her father's consent. He offered to make her, while still a child, abbess of three different communities, but she chose to remain with her mother at Wilton. Her father died in 975.
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Edmund Grindal
Edmund Grindal (c. 1519 – 6 July 1583) was an English church leader who successively held the posts of Bishop of London, Archbishop of York and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Elizabeth I of England.
Tradition, also retailed by Grindal's biographer John Strype, had long held that Grindal was born in Hensingham, now a suburb of Whitehaven. However recent scholarship has shown that his birthplace was Cross Hill House, St. Bees, Cumberland. Grindal himself gave a description of his birth place in a letter to Sir William Cecil, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State, "... the house wherein I was born, and the lands pertaining thereto, being a small matter, under twenty shillings rent, but well builded at the charges of my father and brother", which corresponds to Cross Hill House. This has been proven by the discovery of the long-mislaid St. Bees long leases, which have provided the missing link in the chain of ownership back to William Grindal, Edmund's father, a farmer in the village. Edmund Grindal's exact date of birth is uncertain, but is c.1519.
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Edwald
Edwald (or Edwaldus) was Archbishop of York for a time, in the year 971. He resigned the see only months after his election.
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Edward the Confessor
Edward the Confessor, (Old English: Ēadƿeard se Andettere; French: Édouard le Confesseur; 1003–05 to 4 or 5 January 1066), son of Æthelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, was one of the last Anglo-Saxon kings of England and is usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex, ruling from 1042 to 1066.
He has traditionally been seen as unworldly and pious, and his reign as notable for the disintegration of royal power in England and the advance in power of the Godwin family. His biographers, Frank Barlow and Peter Rex, dispute this, picturing him as a successful king, who was energetic, resourceful and sometimes ruthless, but whose reputation has been unfairly tarnished by the Norman conquest shortly after his death. Other historians regard this picture as only partly true, and not at all in the later part of his reign. In the view of Richard Mortimer, the return of the Godwins from exile in 1052 "meant the effective end of his exercise of power". The difference in his level of activity from the earlier part of his reign "implies a withdrawal from affairs".
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Edward the Martyr
Edward the Martyr (Old English: Eadweard; c. 962 – 18 March 978) was king of the English from 975 until he was murdered in 978. Edward was the eldest son of King Edgar, but not his father's acknowledged heir. On Edgar's death, the leadership of England was contested, with some supporting Edward's claim to be king and others supporting his much younger half-brother Æthelred the Unready, recognized as a legitimate son of Edgar. Edward was chosen as king and was crowned by his main clerical supporters, the archbishops Dunstan and Oswald of Worcester.
The great nobles of the kingdom, ealdormen Ælfhere and Æthelwine, quarrelled and civil war almost broke out. In the so-called anti-monastic reaction, the nobles took advantage of Edward's weakness to dispossess the Benedictine reformed monasteries of lands and other properties which King Edgar had granted to them.
Edward's short reign was brought to an end by his murder at Corfe Castle in circumstances that are not altogether clear. His body was reburied with great ceremony at Shaftesbury Abbey early in 980. In 1001 Edward's remains were moved to a more prominent place in the abbey, probably with the blessing of his half-brother King Æthelred. Edward was already reckoned a saint by this time.
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Edwin of Northumbria
Edwin (Old English: Ēadwine; c. 586 – 12 October 632/633), also known as Eadwine or Æduini, was the King of Deira and Bernicia – which later became known as Northumbria – from about 616 until his death. He converted to Christianity and was baptised in 627; after he fell at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, he was venerated as a saint.
Edwin was the son of Ælle king of Deira and seems to have had (at least) two siblings. His sister Acha was married to Æthelfrith, king of neighbouring Bernicia. An otherwise unknown sibling fathered Hereric, who in turn fathered Abbess Hilda of Whitby and Hereswith, wife to Æthelric, the brother of king Anna of East Anglia.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that on Ælle's death a certain "Æthelric" assumed power. The exact identity of Æthelric is uncertain. He may have been a brother of Ælle, an elder brother of Edwin, an otherwise unknown Deiran noble, or the father of Æthelfrith. Æthelfrith himself appears to have been king of "Northumbria"—both Deira and Bernicia—by no later than 604. During the reign of Æthelfrith, Edwin was an exile. The location of his early exile as a child is not known, but late traditions, reported by Reginald of Durham and Geoffrey of Monmouth, place Edwin in the kingdom of Gwynedd, fostered by king Cadfan ap Iago, so allowing biblical parallels to be drawn from the struggle between Edwin and his supposed foster-brother Cadwallon. By the 610s he was certainly in Mercia, under the protection of king Cearl, whose daughter Cwenburg he married.
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English people
The English (from Old English: Englisc) are a nation and ethnic group native to England, who speak English. The English identity is of early mediaeval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn. England is now a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of English people in England are British Citizens. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, a Germanic people originally from Northern Germany who migrated to Britain.
Historically, the English population is descended from several genetically similar peoples—the earlier Britons (or Brythons), the Germanic tribes that settled in the area, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, who founded what was to become England (from the Old English Englaland), and the later Danes, Normans and other groups. Following the Act of Union in 1707, in which the Kingdom of England became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain, English customs and identity became closely aligned with British customs and identity.
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Eorcenberht of Kent
Eorcenberht of Kent (also Ærconberht, Earconberht, or Earconbert) (died 14 July 664) was king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Kent from 640 until his death, succeeding his father Eadbald.
The Mildrith legend suggests that he was the younger son of Eadbald and Emma of Austrasia, and that his older brother Eormenred was deliberately passed over, although another possibility is that they ruled jointly.
According to Bede (HE III.8), Eorcenberht was the first king in Britain to command that pagan "idols" (cult images) be destroyed and that Lent be observed. It has been suggested that these orders may have been officially committed to writing, in the tradition of Kentish law-codes initiated by Æthelberht, but no such text survives.
After the death of Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury, Eorcenberht appointed the first Saxon archbishop, Deusdedit, in 655.
Eorcenberht married Seaxburh of Ely s:Ecclesiastical History of the English People/Book 3#8, daughter of king Anna of East Anglia. They had two sons, Ecgberht and Hlothhere, who each consecutively became king of Kent, and two daughters who both were eventually canonized: Saint Eorcengota became a nun at Faremoutiers Abbey on the continent, and Saint Ermenilda became abbess at Ely.
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Erkenwald
Earconwald (also Ercenwald, Erkenwald or Erconwald; died 693) was Bishop of London in the Anglo-Saxon Christian church between 675 and 693.
Erkenwald was born at Lindsey, and was supposedly of royal ancestry. Erkenwald gave up his share of family money[citation needed] to help establish two Benedictine abbeys, Chertsey Abbey in Surrey in 661 for men, and Barking Abbey for women. His sister, Æthelburg, was Abbess of Barking, while he served as Abbot of Chertsey.
In 675, Erkenwald became the Bishop of London, after Wine. He was the choice of Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury. While bishop, he contributed to King Ine of Wessex's law code, and is mentioned specifically in the code as a contributor. He is also reputed to have converted Sebba, King of the East Saxons to Christianity in 677.[citation needed] Current historical scholarship credits Erkenwald with a large role in the evolution of Anglo-Saxon charters, and it is possible that he drafted the charter of Caedwalla to Farnham. King Ine of Wessex named Erkenwald as an advisor on his laws.
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Felix of Burgundy
Felix of Burgundy, also known as Felix of Dunwich (died 8 March 647 or 648), was a saint and the first bishop of the East Angles. He is widely credited as the man who introduced Christianity to the kingdom of East Anglia. Almost all that is known about the saint originates from The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed by Bede in about 731, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Bede praised Felix for delivering "all the province of East Anglia from long-standing unrighteousness and unhappiness".
Felix, who originated from the Frankish kingdom of Burgundy, may have been a priest at one of the monasteries in Francia founded by the Irish missionary Columbanus: the existence of a Bishop of Chalons with the same name may not be a coincidence. Felix travelled from his homeland of Burgundy to Canterbury before being sent by Honorius to Sigeberht of East Anglia's kingdom in about 630, (by sea to Babingley in Norfolk, according to local legend). On arrival in East Anglia, Sigeberht gave him a see at Dommoc (possibly Dunwich in Suffolk). According to Bede, Felix helped Sigeberht to establish a school in his kingdom "where boys could be taught letters". He died on 8 March 647 or 648, having been bishop for seventeen years. His relics were translated from Dommoc to Soham Abbey and then to the abbey at Ramsey.
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Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands and Germany. They are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia, that was a part of Denmark until 1864. They inhabit an area known as Frisia. The Frisian languages are still used by 500,000 speakers; dialects of Frisian are recognized as official languages in both the Netherlands and Germany.
The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drusus' 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and the Chauci. They occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. They are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti (i.e., Roman-era serfs). The discovery of a type of earthenware unique to 4th century Frisia, called terp Tritzum, shows that an unknown number of them were resettled in Flanders and Kent, probably as laeti under Roman coercion.
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Frithegod
Freithegod, (sometimes Frithegode; Fredegaud,Fredegaud of Brioude, or Frithegod of Canterbury; flourished circa (c.) 950 to c. 958) was a poet and clergyman in the middle 10th-century who served Oda of Canterbury, an Archbishop of Canterbury.
Frithegod was probably a native of France, as his name is obviously not Anglo-Saxon, and was probably an attempt to Anglicize the Frankish name Fredegaud. Where in France he originated is unknown, as is when he met Oda. It may have been in 936, when Oda visited France.
Frithegod served Oda as one of the teachers of Oda's nephew Oswald of Worcester, but he is generally known for his Latin poem Breviloquium Vitae Wilfridi, a hexameter work based on Stephen of Ripon's prose Life of St Wilfrid. The subject of both Frithegod and Stephen's works was Wilfrid, a late 7th and early 8th-century bishop and saint. Oda ordered the Breviloquium to commemorate Oda's securing of Wilfrid's relics around 950. Preceding the poem is a prose description of the actual acquisition, supposedly written by Oda, but more probably, on the basis of the writing style, written by Frithegod. The historian Michael Lapidge describes the Breviloquium as "one of the most difficult Latin poems written in pre-conquest England". It is 1400 lines and its meaning is not always clear, even when compared to the Life of St Wilfrid which was its basis. The poetic word adds nothing new to historian's knowledge of Wilfrid, being mainly a poetic exercise to show off Frithegod's writing. It contains a number of neologisms and Greek words, the rarity of some of which imply that Frithegod had some knowledge of the Greek language. The Breviloquium was influenced by Biblical hermeneutics, a type of study of biblical texts. A modern edition of the Breviloquium was published in 1950 with another edition appearing in the Biblioheca hagiographica latina series as number 8891.
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Frithestan
Frithestan (or Frithustan) was the Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester from 909 until his resignation in 931.
He is first recorded in 904 as a deacon who witnessed two charters in which King Edward the Elder granted land to the Old Minster, Winchester. According to William of Malmesbury, he was one of seven bishops who were consecrated on the same day in 909 by Plegmund, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Shortly after he was appointed, the diocese of Winchester was divided, and the area which is now Wiltshire and Berkshire was transferred to the new bishopric of Ramsbury..
When King Edward died in July 924, Ælfweard, his eldest son by his second wife Ælfflæd, was elected king by the nobles of Wessex at Winchester, while Æthelstan, Edward's son by his first wife Ecgwynn, was elected in Mercia. Ælfweard died within four weeks of his father, but resistance to Æthelstan centred on Winchester appears to have continued, and Frithestan was not present when Æthelstan was crowned king on 4 September 925.
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Frithuswith
Saint Frithuswith (c. 650 – 19 October 727; Old English: Friðuswīþ; also known as Frideswide, Frideswith, Fritheswithe, Frevisse, or simply Fris) was an English princess and abbess who is credited with establishing Christ Church in Oxford.
Two twelfth-century Latin lives (edited by John Blair) underlie two Middle English accounts of the Life of Saint Frithuswith included in the South English Legendary which differ slightly in their story. Frithuswith was born to Didan (an Anglo-Saxon sub-king) and his wife Safrida around AD 650. With the help of her father, Frithuswith founded a priory (St Frideswide's Priory) while still young, but even though Fritheswith was bound to celibacy, Algar (that is, Ælfgār), a Mercian king, sought to marry her. When Frithuswith refused him, Algar tried to abduct her.
According to the longer tale in the South English Legendary, Fritheswith flees to Oxford. There she finds a ship sent by God which takes her to Bampton. Meanwhile the King searches for her in Oxford, but the people refuse to tell him where she is. When he has searched the whole town but cannot find her, he becomes blind. In the shorter version, Frithuswith hides in a forest outside Oxford, but when Algar comes to look for her, she sneaks back into the town. The king follows her, but just outside the Oxford city gates he falls off his horse and breaks his neck.
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George Montaigne
George Montaigne (Mountain) (1569–1628) was an English bishop.
He graduated B.A. from Queens' College, Cambridge in 1590, and M.A. in 1593. In 1597 he was chaplain to Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, on his expedition against Cadiz. He became rector of Great Cressingham in 1602. He was Gresham College Professor of Divinity in 1607, and in 1608 Master of the Savoy and chaplain to James I of England.
He was Dean of Westminster in 1610. He was then Bishop of Lincoln in 1617, Bishop of London in 1621, and Bishop of Durham in 1627. He was Archbishop of York from July to October 1628. He was one of the Arminian group of bishops who arose in opposition to the general Calvinism that prevailed in the Church of England in the early seventeenth century. One manifestation of his views were prosecutions in his London diocese for the disrespectful wearing of hats in services.
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Godfrey Ludham
Godfrey Ludham (or Godfrey de Ludham or Godfrey Kineton; died 1265) was Archbishop of York from 1258 to 1265.
Ludham's parents were Richard and Eda of Ludham, Norfolk, and he had a brother Thomas who was also a priest.Matthew Paris gives him the name Godfrey Kineton, but without any explanation of why that was his name. He attended a university, for he bore the title of magister but the exact university is unknown.
Ludham was a clerk of Archbishop Walter de Gray before 17 June 1226 and was the rector of the moiety of Pengston by 26 August 1228. He was named Precentor of York by September 1249, and may have held that office by 1244.
Ludham served as Dean of York from 1256 to 1258 before being elected as Archbishop of York about 25 July 1258. He was consecreated on 22 September 1258 by Pope Alexander IV at Viterbo. His brother Thomas was papal chaplain, and held prebends at York Minster and Southwell Minster. He was enthroned at York Minster sometime around Christmas of 1258.
While archbishop, Ludham visited monasteries, and issued a set of synodal decrees for York were issued in 1259. He excommunicated the monks of Beverley because they had intruded into archiepiscopal property. In 1261 he put an interdict on the city of York for unspecified offenses against the cathedral chapter and himself. Unfortunately, no register of his acts survives, so no detailed study of his time as archbishop is possible. He, however, does not seem to have played any part in the political life of the kingdom.
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Guthlac of Crowland
Saint Guthlac of Crowland (Old English: Gūðlāc) (673–714) was a Christian saint from Lincolnshire in England. He is particularly venerated in the Fens of eastern England.
Guthlac was the son of Penwalh or Penwald, a noble of the English kingdom of Mercia, and his wife Tette. His sister is also venerated as Saint Pega. As a young man, he fought in the army of Æthelred of Mercia and subsequently became a monk at Repton Monastery in Derbyshire at age twenty-four. Two years later he sought to live the life of a hermit, and moved out to the island of Croyland, now called Crowland on St Bartholomew's Day, AD 699. His early biographer Felix asserts that Guthlac could understand the strimulentes loquelas of the British-speaking demons who haunted him there, only because Guthlac had spent some time in exile among British-speaking people.
Guthlac built a small oratory and cells to live in in the side of a plundered barrow on the island, and he lived there the rest of his life until his death on April 11 in AD 714. Felix, writing within living memory of Guthlac, described his eremitic life as follows:
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H. R. Loyn
Henry Royston Loyn (16 June 1922–9 October 2000), FBA, was a British historian specialising in the history of Anglo-Saxon England. His eminence in his field made him a natural candidate to run the Sylloge of the Coins of the British Isles, which he chaired from 1979 to 1993.
The Sylloge's natural emphasis is on Anglo-Saxon numismatics. Loyn's mastery of an extensive and specialised literature in an often-contentious area of history produced over four decades a series of cautious, even conservative syntheses of continuity and evolving changes in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman England, universally well-received in the academic press, which are still staples of student reading-lists.
Aside from numerous articles, occasional lectures such as The "matter of Britain": A historian's perspective (a Creighton Trust lecture), and his main publications (see below), he edited The Middle Ages: A Concise Encyclopedia. He has been praised for his "felicitous, economic writing style"
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Headda
Headda (or Headdus or Eatheadus of Sidnacester; died circa 721) was a medieval Bishop of Lichfield.
Headda was consecrated in 691 and died between 716 and 727. He held the see of Leicester along with Lichfield. In 706 Headda consecrated the new church constructed at Crowland by Guthlac.
Prior to Headda's consecration, he had "almost certainly" been abbot of the monastery at Breedon, in Leicestershire, before which he may also have been a monk at Medeshamstede.
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Henry Bowet
Henry Bowet (died 20 October 1423) was both Bishop of Bath and Wells and Archbishop of York.
Bowet was a royal clerk to King Richard II of England, and at one point carried letters of recommendation to Pope Urban VI from the king.
Bowet became Bishop of Bath and Wells on 19 August 1401, and succeeded to the Archbishopric of York on 7 October 1407, after it had been vacant for two and a half years.
The pope had already appointed Robert Hallam to the northern primacy, but, finding that Henry IV desired to see Bowet installed, he nominated Hallam to the see of Salisbury and gave the pallium to Bowet.
In 1402 Bowet briefly served as Lord High Treasurer, from February to October.
In 1417 the Scots invaded England and sat down before Berwick-on-Tweed. The Duke of Exeter marched to the relief of the town and Archbishop Bowet, then very old and feeble, had himself carried into the camp where his addresses are said to have greatly encouraged the English soldiers.
The Scots decamped hastily in the night, leaving behind them their stores and baggage. Bowet died on 20 October 1423 at Cawood Bishop's Palace and was buried in his cathedral of York Minster.
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Henry Mayr-Harting
Professor Henry Maria Robert Egmont Mayr-Harting was Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford and Lay Canon of Christ Church, Oxford from 1997 until 2003.
On 6 April 1936 Henry Maria Robert Egmont Mayr-Harting was born in Prague to a Viennese couple, Herbert Mayr-Harting and Anna Mayr-Harting, née Münzer, who had a distinguished career as a bacteriologist in Bristol, England.
Mayr-Harting was educated at Douai School and Merton College, Oxford (BA 1957, MA 1961, DPhil 1961). He was Lecturer in Medieval History at the University of Liverpool 1960-68. He then returned to Oxford to become Fellow and Tutor in Medieval History at St Peter's College from 1968 until 1997, when he was appointed Fellow Emeritus. From 1976 until 1997 he was also Lecturer in Medieval History at Merton College. He was Slade Professor of Fine Art for the academic year 1987-88 and in 1993 he was named University Reader in Medieval History. In 1997 he became the first Catholic and the first layperson to be appointed Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the University of Oxford and consequently he became the first Lay Canon of Christ Church Cathedral. He retired from these positions in 2003.
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Henry Murdac
Henry Murdac (died 1153) was abbot of Fountains Abbey and Archbishop of York in medieval England,
Murdac was a native of Yorkshire. He was friendly with Archbishop Thurstan of York, who secured his promotion in the cathedral chapter of York Minster, however Murdac resigned soon afterwards when Bernard of Clairvaux invited him to become a Cistercian monk at Clairvaux Abbey. He was a friend and companion there of the future Pope Eugene III. He was later appointed the first abbot of Vauclair Abbey in the diocese of Laon and in 1144 returned to Yorkshire to assume the abbacy at Fountains. Henry was a strict disciplinarian and a magnificent administrator, enforcing his rules by example, in living a life of great austerity and constantly wearing sackcloth next to his skin.
Murdac was also at the forefront of opposition to the appointment of William FitzHerbert to the see of York, by King Stephen of England. William, who was the king’s nephew, was accused by some of simony and unchaste living; in a letter to Pope Innocent II, Bernard maintained that fitzHerbert was ‘rotten from the soles of his feet to the crown of his head.’ FitzHerbert was first suspended by the pope and then in 1147 formally deposed by the Council of Rheims at the instigation of Pope Eugene III, like Murdac, a former monk of Clairvaux.
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Henry of Newark
Henry of Newark (died 15 August 1299) was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Nothing is known of Henry's ancestry, but he probably took his name from Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, where he owned some property. He wrote in 1298 that he had been brought up in the Gilbertine order of monks, but where exactly is unclear. Likewise, where he was educated is unknown. However, he was a master at Oxford University by 1270. He was also a royal clerk for King Edward I of England, and was sent on many diplomatic missions for the king, including missions to France, Gueldres, and Flanders.
Henry was canon of Hereford by 22 February 1273 and was named archdeacon of Richmond on 28 April 1279. He served Archbishop William de Wickwane of York as a clerk from about 1280, and served Wickwane's successor John le Romeyn as well. He was in office as dean of York on 27 February 1290. He also held the prebends of Holme, Strensall and Weighton in Yorkshire. He was also canon of Buckland Dinan between 30 January and 2 February 1293 and also prebend of London by 28 September 1294 and a canon of Southwell.
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Hilda of Whitby
Hilda of Whitby or Hild of Whitby (c. 614–680) was a Christian saint and the founding abbess of the monastery at Whitby, which was chosen as the venue for the Synod of Whitby. An important figure in the conversion of England to Christianity, she was abbess at several monasteries and recognized for the wisdom that drew kings to her for advice.
The source of information about Hilda is The Ecclesiastical History of the English by the Venerable Bede in 731, who was born approximately eight years before her death. He documented much of the conversion away from the Anglo-Saxon paganism established in England when it was invaded and settled by Germanic tribes that resulted in the recall of the legions of the Roman Empire from the province of Britannia in 410.
According to Bede, Hilda (or Hild, the Old English form of her name) was born in 614, the second daughter of Hereric, nephew of Edwin of Northumbria, and his wife Breguswith. Her elder sister, Hereswith, married Æthelric, brother of King Anna of East Anglia, who with all of his daughters became renowned for their saintly Christian virtues. Subsequently Hereswith became a nun at Chelles, Gaul (France); Hilda followed her example and founded Whitby.
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Hlothhere of Kent
Hlothhere (Old English: Hloþhere; died February 6, 685) was a King of Kent who ruled from 673 to 685.
He succeeded his brother Ecgberht I in 673. He must have come into conflict with Mercia, since in 676 the Mercian king Æthelred invaded Kent and caused great destruction; according to Bede, even churches and monasteries were not spared, and Rochester was laid waste.
Hlothhere's rule survived this onslaught, however. He appears for a time to have reigned jointly with his nephew Eadric, son of Ecgberht I, since a code of laws still extant was issued under both their names. In 685, Eadric went into exile and led the South Saxons against Hlothhere, who was defeated and died of his wounds.
The above information is derived from Bede, but Hlothhere is the earliest Kentish king for whom genuine charters survive. One charter is precisely dated to 1 April 675 in the first year of Hlothhere’s reign, which conflicts with accession date attributed to him by Bede. Two further charters attributed to Hlothere (S1648, S1648a), appear to have been altered copies of charters of Swæfheard (S10) and Swæfberht (S11) (Kelly 1995). A law code, the Law of Hlothhere and Eadric, is jointly attributed to him and his successor Eadric.
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Hrotheweard
Hrotheweard (or Lodeward) was Archbishop of York starting sometime between 904 and 928 and ending with his death in 931.
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Hwicce
Hwicce was a kingdom in the Heptarchy period of Anglo-Saxon England. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the kingdom was established in 577, after the Battle of Deorham. After 628 the kingdom became a client or sub-kingdom of Mercia as a result of the Battle of Cirencester.
It was assessed at 7000 hides in the Tribal Hidage, giving it a similar sized economy to the kingdoms of Essex and Sussex. The exact boundaries of their kingdom are uncertain, though it is likely that they coincided with those of the old Diocese of Worcester, founded in 679–80, the early bishops of which bore the title Episcopus Hwicciorum. The kingdom would therefore have included Worcestershire except the northwestern tip, Gloucestershire except the Forest of Dean, the southwestern half of Warwickshire, the neighbourhood of Bath north of the Avon, plus small parts of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire and north-west Wiltshire.
Various historians and archaeologists have examined the Hwicce Kingdom, including Della Hooke and Stephen J. Yeates in his book The Tribe of Witches (2008).
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Hædde
Hædde (or Hedda, Hedde, Haedda, Haeddi; died 705) was a medieval Bishop of Winchester.
Hædde was supposedly born in Headingley in West Yorkshire, and became a monk of Whitby Abbey. He was Bishop of Dorchester from 676. He moved the see to Winchester around 690 and died about 7 July 705, although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that he died in 703. In the law code of King Ine of Wessex, the bishop is mentioned as contributing to the laws. After his death, he was revered as a saint with a feast day of 7 July, and his large diocese was split in two.
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Ivo of Ramsey
Saint Ivo (also known as Ives) was a Cornish bishop and hermit, and became the eponymous saint of St Ives, Huntingdonshire. He appears in the historical sources in 1001/2 when a peasant allegedly found his coffin while ploughing at Slepe (later renamed St. Ives). The Abbot of Ramsey, Eadnoth the Younger, founded a monastery there as a daughter-house of Ramsey Abbey, providing Slepe as well as part of Elsworth and Knapworth as endowment. On 24 April 1002, Abbot Eadnoth translated Ivo's body, along with two of his companions, to the mother house at Ramsey.
Ivo was a Cornish saint. Rumours of a Persian link came about when Withman, Abbot of Ramsey, heard in the Holy Land of a Persian bishop named Ivo; subsequently the link to the Fenland Ivo was written down by Goscelin of St Bertin. The tradition is completely spurious. It is possible that Saint Ivo is a male double of Saint Neot, a suggestion made by historian Cyril Hart on the basis of the strangeness of two Cornish saints so close together far away in eastern England. Saint Neot turned up in Huntingdonshire around 1000 too.
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Iwig
Iwig (alternatively, Iwi, Iwigius, or Ywi of Lindisfarne) was a saint venerated in Wiltshire in the Middle Ages. He was reputedly a Northumbrian monk, said to have died and to have been buried in Brittany. Historian David Dumville called him "the other principal saint of Wilton", in reference to Saint Eadgyth. He was supposedly a follower (alumnus) of Saint Cuthbert.
He is listed in two 11th-century litanies. A narrative of this century claimed that his relics had been brought to Wilton Abbey by Breton monks in the 10th-century, and left for safe-keeping at the altar of Saint Eadgyth. The narrative claims that the relics subsequently became immovable [through the wish of the saint to reside there], though historian John Blair suspected that this story may have been invented to justify Wilton's theft of the relics.
His feast day was celebrated on 8 October. The Priory of Ivychurch in Wiltshire is thought to have been named after him.
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James the Deacon
James the Deacon (died after 671 AD) was an Italian deacon who accompanied Paulinus of York on his mission to Northumbria. He was a member of the Gregorian mission which came to England to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons from their native Anglo-Saxon paganism, although when he arrived in England is unknown. After Paulinus left Northumbria, James stayed near Lincoln and continued his missionary efforts, dying sometime after 671 according to the medieval chronicler Bede.
James was presumably an Italian, like the other members of the Gregorian mission. The dates of his birth and of his arrival in Britain are unknown. He went with Paulinus to Northumbria accompanying Æthelburh, sister of King Eadbald of Kent, who went to Northumbria to marry King Edwin. Traditionally this event is dated to 625, but the historian D. P. Kirby argues that the mission to Northumbria probably happened before 619.
Edwin died in battle at Hatfield fighting against Penda of Mercia and Caedwalla in 633. Edwin had been the main supporter of Paulinus' mission, and with his death, a pagan backlash set in. Paulinus fled to Kent, along with Æthelburg and Edwin and Æthelburg's daughter Eanflæd. James, however, remained behind in Northumbria and continued missionary efforts. James' efforts were centred in Lincoln, at a church that Paulinus had built there, the remains of which may lie under the church of St. Paul-in-the-Bail. This was in the dependent kingdom of Lindsey, where Paulinus had preached prior to Edwin's death, and it was reconquered by one of Edwin's successors, Oswald of Northumbria in the 640s.
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John Dolben
John Dolben (1625–1686) was an English priest and Church of England bishop and archbishop.
He was the son of William Dolben (died 1631), prebendary of Lincoln and bishop-designate of Gloucester. He was educated at Westminster School under Richard Busby and at Christ Church, Oxford. He fought on the Royalist side at the Battle of Marston Moor, in 1644. Subsequently he took orders and maintained in private the proscribed Anglican service. At the Restoration, he became canon of Christ Church (1660) and prebendary of St Paul's, London (1661). As Dean of Westminster (1662–1683), he opposed an attempt to bring the abbey under diocesan rule. In 1666 he was made Bishop of Rochester, and in 1683 Archbishop of York; he distinguished himself by reforming the discipline of the cathedrals in these dioceses. He was the first president of the Corporation of the Sons of the Clergy when it received its Royal Charter in 1678.
His son, John Dolben, was known as a politician.
The Archbishop Dolben cup presented at the York International 9s rugby league festival is named after John Dolben.
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John Kemp
John Kemp (c. 1380 – 22 March 1454) was a medieval English cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor of England.
Kemp was son of Thomas Kempe, a gentleman of Ollantigh, in the parish of Wye near Ashford, Kent. He was born about 1380 and educated at Merton College, Oxford.
Kemp practised as an ecclesiastical lawyer, was an assessor at the trial of Oldcastle, and in 1415 was made dean of the Court of Arches but did not do a good job as dean. He then passed into the royal service, and being employed in the administration of Normandy was eventually made chancellor of the duchy.[citation needed] He was briefly archdeacon of Durham. In 1418 he was made Keeper of the Privy Seal which he retained until 1421. Early in 1419 he was elected Bishop of Rochester, and was consecrated at Rouen on 3 December. In February 1421 he was translated to Chichester, and in November following to London.
During the minority of Henry VI Kemp had a prominent position in the English council as a supporter of Henry Beaufort,[citation needed] whom he succeeded as chancellor in March 1426. In this same year on 20 July he was promoted to the Archbishop of York. Kempe held office as chancellor for six years; his main task in government was to keep Humphrey of Gloucester in check.[citation needed] His resignation on 28 February 1432 was a concession to Gloucester. He still enjoyed Beaufort's favour, and retaining his place in the council was employed on important missions, especially at the congress of Arras in 1435, and the conference at Calais in 1438.
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John le Romeyn
John le Romeyn (or John Romanus), died 1296, was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Romeyn was the illegitimate son of John le Romeyn the elder, treasurer of York. The younger John was born while his father was still a subdeacon, and nothing is known about his mother, except for a 14th century chronicler's mention that she was a waiting woman. His birth was probably around 1230. He was a master at Oxford University and a Doctor of Theology at the University of Paris by 1276.
Romeyn was rector of Nether Wallop, Hampshire and precentor and chancellor of Lincoln as well as holding the prebend of Warthill in Yorkshire before being elected Archbishop of York on 29 October 1285. Romeyn went to Rome to receive his pallium, but while there questions arose about the canonical validity of his election, so John resigned, and a new election was held under Pope Honorius IV's supervision, where Romeyn was once more elected. He was consecrated 10 February 1286 by Latino Malabranca Orsini, the Bishop of Ostia in Rome. He was enthroned on 9 June 1286 at York Minster.
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John of Beverley
John of Beverley (died 7 May 721) was an English bishop active in the kingdom of Northumbria. He was the Bishop of Hexham and then the Bishop of York which was the most important religious designation in the area. He went on to found the town of Beverley by building the first structure there, a monastery. John was associated with miracles during and after his lifetime, he has since been made a saint when he was canonised by the Catholic Church in 1037.
John was said to have been born of noble parents at Harpham, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, He is said to have received his education at Canterbury under Adrian, and not Oxford as per some sources. However, all these facts are first recorded after his canonization in 1037, and may not be reliable. He was for a time a member of the Whitby community, under St Hilda, a fact recorded by his friend Bede. In 687 he was consecrated Bishop of Hexham and in 705 was promoted to the bishopric of York. He ordained Bede as a deacon and as a priest. He resigned perhaps about 717 and retired to a monastery which he had founded at Beverley, where he died on 7 May 721
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John of Thoresby
John of Thoresby (died 6 November 1373) was an English clergyman and politician, who was Bishop of St Davids, then Bishop of Worcester and finally Archbishop of York. He was Lord Chancellor of England under King Edward III starting from 1349.
John was the son of Hugh of Thoresby, Lord of the Manor of the hamlet of Thoresby, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, England.
John was, for a while, the King's proctor in the Court of Rome. In 1341, he became Master of the Rolls, an office he held till 1346. In 1345 he was given custody of the privy seal, becoming Lord Privy Seal, and held that office until 1347. Pope Clement VI appointed him Bishop of St. David's on 23 May 1347, and he was consecrated on 23 September 1347. In the same year, Thoresby was in attendance on the king at Calais with ninety-nine persons in his retinue.
John became Lord Chancellor of England in 1349, and was translated from St. David's to Worcester on 4 September 1349.
John's election as Archbishop of York was unanimous and approved by both King Edward III and Clement VI, the latter of whom appointed him on 16 August 1352 as of his own right, refusing to recognize the election of the Chapter.
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John Piers
John Piers (Peirse) (1522/3 – 1594) was Archbishop of York between 1589–1594. Previous to that he had been Bishop of Rochester and Bishop of Salisbury.
He was born at South Hinksey, near Oxford, and was educated at Magdalen College School. He became a demy of Magdalen College in 1542, and graduated B.A. in 1545, M.A. 1549, B.D. 1558, and D.D. 1565-6. He was elected probationer-fellow of Magdalen in 1545, and full fellow in 1546. In the following year he became a senior student of Christ Church, Oxford, on the condition of returning to his old college if at the end of twelve months he desired to do so. This he did, and was re-elected fellow in 1548-9.
He took holy orders, and in 1558 was instituted to the rectory of Quainton, Buckinghamshire. There, according to Anthony à Wood, he fell into the habit of drinking in alehouses, he was weaned of the habit by a clerical friend. He was rector of Langdon in Essex from 1567 to 1573. On his return he took a leading place in the university, and his course of promotion was steady and rapid. In 1570 he was elected Master of Balliol College, holding also the college living of Fillingham in Lincolnshire.
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John Sharp (bishop)
John Sharp (16 February 1644/5 – 2 February 1714), English divine, Archbishop of York, was born at Bradford, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge.
Sharp was ordained deacon and priest on 12 August 1667, and until 1676 was chaplain and tutor in the family of Sir Heneage Finch at Kensington House. Meanwhile he became archdeacon of Berkshire (1673), prebendary of Norwich, rector of St Giles's-in-the-Fields, and in 1681 dean of Norwich.
In 1686, when chaplain to James II, he was suspended for ten months on a charge of having made some reflections on the king, and in 1688 was cited for refusing to read the Declaration of Indulgence.
Under William and Mary he succeeded Tillotson as Dean of Canterbury in 1689, and (after declining a choice of sees vacated by non-jurors who were his personal friends) followed Thomas Lamplugh as archbishop of York in 1691. He made a thorough investigation of the affairs of his see, and regulated the disordered chapter of Southwell.
He preached at the coronation of Queen Anne and became her almoner and confidential adviser in matters of church and state. He welcomed the Arminian bishops who came to England in 1713, and corresponded with the Prussian court on the possibility of the Anglican liturgy as a means of reconciliation between Lutherans and Calvinists.
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Judith Herrin
Judith Herrin (born 1942) is Emeritus Professor of Late Antique and Byzantine Studies at King's College London. She studied history at the University of Cambridge and did her PhD at the University of Birmingham. She trained in Paris and Munich, worked as an archaeologist with the British School at Athens and on the site of Kalenderhane Mosque in Istanbul as a fellow of Dumbarton Oaks. She was Stanley J. Seeger Professor in Byzantine History, Princeton University (1991-95) before moving to King's. She was president of the [1] Association Internationale des Etudes Byzantines from 2011-2012.
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Justus
Justus (occasionally Iustus; died on 10 November between 627 and 631) was the fourth Archbishop of Canterbury. He was sent from Italy to England by Pope Gregory the Great, on a mission to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism, probably arriving with the second group of missionaries despatched in 601. Justus became the first Bishop of Rochester in 604, and attended a church council in Paris in 614.
Following the death of King Æthelberht of Kent in 616, Justus was forced to flee to Gaul, but was reinstated in his diocese the following year. In 624 Justus became Archbishop of Canterbury, overseeing the despatch of missionaries to Northumbria. After his death he was revered as a saint, and had a shrine in St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury.
Justus was an Italian and a member of the Gregorian mission sent to England by Pope Gregory I. Almost everything known about Justus and his career is derived from the early 8th-century Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum of Bede. As Bede does not describe Justus' origins, nothing is known about him prior to his arrival in England. He probably arrived in England with the second group of missionaries, sent at the request of Augustine of Canterbury in 601. Some modern writers describe Justus as one of the original missionaries who arrived with Augustine in 597, but Bede believed that Justus came in the second group. The second group included Mellitus, who later became Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury.
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Juthwara
Saint Juthwara was a British virgin and martyr from Dorset, who probably lived in the 6th century. Her relics were translated to Sherborne during the reign of Ethelred the Unready. Nothing further is known with certainty about her life.
Her name is how she is known in Anglo-Saxon, apparently a corruption of the British Aud Wyry (meaning Aud the Virgin), the name by which she is known in Brittany. She was said to have been the sister of Paul Aurelian, Sidwell of Exeter and Wulvela but this is hotly debated.
The legend of Saint Juthwara is known from John Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliae, after John of Tynemouth mid-14th century. According to this, she was a pious girl who was the victim of a jealous stepmother. She prayed and fasted often, and frequently gave alms. Upon the death of her father, she began to suffer a pain in her chest. Its source was ascribed to her sorrow and austerities. As a remedy, her stepmother recommended two soft cheeses be applied to her breasts, telling her own son, Bana, that Juthwara was pregnant. Bana felt her underclothes and found them moist, whereupon he immediately struck off her head. A spring of water appeared at the spot. Juthwara then miraculously picked up her head and carried it back to the church. Bana repented of his deed and became a monk, founding a monastery of Gerber (later known as Le Relecq) on a battlefield.
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Kingdom of Essex
The Kingdom of Essex or Kingdom of the East Saxons (Old English: Ēast Seaxna rīce) was one of the seven traditional kingdoms of the so-called Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was founded in the 6th century and covered the territory later occupied by the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex and (for a short while) Kent. Kings of Essex were frequently subservient to foreign overlords. The last king of Essex was Sigered and in 825, he ceded the kingdom to Egbert of Wessex.
The kingdom was bounded to the north by the River Stour and the Kingdom of East Anglia, to the south by the River Thames and Kent, to the east lay the North Sea and to the west Mercia. The territory included the remains of two provincial Roman capitals Colchester and London. The early kingdom included the land of the Middle Saxons, later Middlesex, most if not all of Hertfordshire and may at times have included Surrey. For a brief period in the 8th century, the Kingdom of Essex controlled what is now Kent.
The modern English county of Essex maintains the historic northern and the southern borders, but only covers the territory east of the River Lea, the other parts being lost to neighbouring Mercia during the 8th Century.
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Kingdom of Lindsey
Lindsey or Linnuis (Old English Lindesege) is the name of a petty Anglo-Saxon kingdom, absorbed into Northumbria in the 7th century.
It lay between the Humber and the Wash, forming its inland boundaries from the course of the Witham and Trent rivers (with the inclusion of an area inside of a marshy region south of the Humber known as the Isle of Axholme), and the Foss Dyke between them. It is believed that Roman Lindum (Lincoln) was the capital of this kingdom, with continuity of the place-name suggesting continuity of settlement traditions: in 625, Bede recounts, the missionary Paulinus of York was received by the praefectus of Lindum. Place-name evidence indicates that the Anglian settlement known as Lindisfaras spread from the Humber coast. Compare Winta and Winteringham.
Its name means the 'island of Lincoln'. This derives from the fact that it was surrounded by water and very wet land and had Lincoln towards its south-west corner. In the period of Anglo-Saxon settlement in Great Britain beginning in about 450, the kingdom of Lindsey was one of the lesser kingdoms within the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. Although it has its own list of kings, at an early date it came under external influence. It was from time to time effectively part of Deira, the Northumbrian kingdom and particularly later, of Mercia. Lindsey's independence was gone well before the arrival of the Danish Settlers.
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Lanfranc
Lanfranc (c. 1005 – 1089) was Archbishop of Canterbury, and a Lombard by birth.
Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia, where later tradition held that his father, Hanbald, held a rank broadly equivalent to magistrate. He was orphaned at an early age.
Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts, at that time a field in which northern Italy was famous (there is little or no evidence to support the myth that his education included much in the way of Civil Law, and none that links him with Irnerius of Bologna as a pioneer in the renaissance of its study). For unknown reasons at an uncertain date, he crossed the Alps, soon taking up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches, where he taught for three years with conspicuous success. But in 1042 he embraced the monastic profession in the newly founded Bec Abbey. Until 1045 he lived at Bec in absolute seclusion.
Lanfranc was then persuaded by Abbot Herluin to open a school in the monastery. From the first he was celebrated (totius Latinitatis magister). His pupils were drawn not only from France and Normandy, but also from Gascony, Flanders, Germany and Italy. Many of them afterwards attained high positions in the Church; one possible student, Anselm of Badagio, became pope under the title of Alexander II; another, Anselm of Bec succeeded Lanfranc as the Archbishop of Canterbury. In this way Lanfranc set the seal of intellectual activity on the reform movement of which Bec was the centre. The favourite subjects of his lectures were logic and dogmatic theology. He was therefore invited to defend the doctrine of transubstantiation against the attacks of Berengar of Tours. He took up the task with the greatest zeal, although Berengar had been his personal friend; he was the protagonist of orthodoxy at the councils of Vercelli (1050), Tours (1054) and Rome (1059).
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Lawrence Booth
Lawrence Booth (c. 1420–1480) was Prince-Bishop of Durham and Lord Chancellor of England, before becoming Archbishop of York.
A scion of the ancient Cheshire family of Booth which remained seated at Dunham Massey until the middle of the eighteenth century, Lawrence Booth started out reading both Civil and Canon Law at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, becoming a Licentiate. He was elected Master of his college in 1450, a post he held until his death, and later was also appointed Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. Whilst at Cambridge, he started a movement for both a School for the Arts and a School of Civil Law, and is believed to have produced his first miracle.
Outside Cambridge, Booth's career also advanced quickly. In 1449, he was appointed a Prebendary of St. Paul's Cathedral and, on 2 November 1456, became Dean of St Paul's. He was also a Prebendary of York Minster and of Lichfield Cathedral. From 1454 to 1457 he was Archdeacon of Richmond.
Booth's activity was not confined to the Church; he was also active in the government. He became Chancellor to Queen Margaret and, in about 1456, he became Keeper of the Privy Seal, and in that same year on 28 January he was also appointed one of the tutors and guardians of the Prince of Wales. He was Lord Privy Seal until 1460.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Langobards (Latin: Langobardī), were a Germanic tribe who from 568 to 774 ruled a Kingdom in Italy.
The Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the Historia Langobardorum that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili, dwelling in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan), who had migrated southward to seek new lands. In the 1st century AD they formed part of the Suebi, in northwestern Germany. By the end of the 5th century they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river, where they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552; his successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567.
Following this victory, Alboin decided to lead his people to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom there. The Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians, and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. By late 569 they had conquered all the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. At the same time, they occupied areas in central Italy and southern Italy. They established a Lombard Kingdom in Italy, later named Regnum Italicum ("Kingdom of Italy"), which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire. However, Lombard nobles continued to rule parts of the Italian peninsula well into the 11th century, when they were conquered by the Normans, and added to their Kingdom of Sicily. Their legacy is apparent in the regional appellation, Lombardy.
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Magonsæte
Magonsæte was a minor sub-kingdom of the greater Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, thought to be coterminous with the Diocese of Hereford.
The British territory of Pengwern was conquered by Oswiu of Northumbria in 656, while he was overlord of the Mercians. Western Pengwern was then occupied by Anglian groups. One group based itself at the old Roman town of Magnis or Caer Magon, modern Kenchester near Hereford.
The sub-kingdom of the Western Hecani existed in the late 7th and early 8th centuries, of which three rulers are known: Merewalh, Mildfrith, and Merchelm. By the later 8th century, the region would seem to have been reincorporated into Mercia, perhaps as Westerna, becoming known as the Magonsæte by the 9th century.
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Martin Carver
Martin Oswald Hugh Carver FSA HonFSA Scot (born 8 July 1941), is Emeritus Professor of Archaeology at the University of York, England, director of the Sutton Hoo Research Project and a leading exponent of new methods in excavation and survey. He specialises in the archaeology of early Medieval Europe. He has an international reputation for his excavations at Sutton Hoo, on behalf of the British Museum and the Society of Antiquaries and at the Pictish monastery at Portmahomack Tarbat, Easter Ross, Scotland. He has undertaken archaeological research in England, Scotland, France, Italy and Algeria.
After a 15 year career as an army officer in the Royal Tank Regiment Carver practised as a free-lance archaeologist (1973-1986), setting up the Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit (BUFAU), now called Birmingham Archaeology at the University of Birmingham to carry out archaeological contract work. He also set up Field Archaeology Specialists Ltd. (FAS), now FAS-Heritage, in 1992. FAS-Heritage is currently based in York and carries out archaeological research and heritage work in England and Scotland [1]. Carver was the first secretary of the Institute of Field Archaeology, now Institute for Archaeologists.
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Mellitus
Mellitus (died 24 April 624) was the first Bishop of London in the Saxon period, the third Archbishop of Canterbury, and a member of the Gregorian mission sent to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons from their native paganism to Christianity. He arrived in 601 AD with a group of clergymen sent to augment the mission, and was consecrated as Bishop of London in 604. Mellitus was the recipient of a famous letter from Pope Gregory I known as the Epistola ad Mellitum, preserved in a later work by the medieval chronicler Bede, which suggested the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons be undertaken gradually, integrating pagan rituals and customs. In 610, Mellitus returned to Italy to attend a council of bishops, and returned to England bearing papal letters to some of the missionaries.
Mellitus was exiled from London by the pagan successors to his patron, King Sæberht of Essex, following the latter's death around 616. King Æthelberht of Kent, Mellitus' other patron, died at about the same time, forcing him to take refuge in Gaul. Mellitus returned to England the following year, after Æthelberht's successor had been converted to Christianity, but he was unable to return to London, whose inhabitants remained pagan. Mellitus was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 619. During his tenure, he was alleged to have miraculously saved the cathedral, and much of the town of Canterbury, from a fire. After his death in 624, Mellitus was revered as a saint.
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Melor
Melor (also known in Latin as Melorius; in Cornish as Mylor; in French as Méloir; and other variations) was a Breton saint who, in England, was venerated particularly in Wiltshire where he was titular of Amesbury Abbey, which claimed his relics.
Melor had a popular cult in Brittany, but his story has been obfuscated by a number of biographers who confused names, dates and places to the point where reality has been almost completely obscured. There actually appear to have been at least three, if not four, saints of this or similar name:
The first and second individuals are generally believed to be the same, and the Melor commonly identified as the Amesbury saint.
Melor's legend makes him a prince who was only seven when his uncle, Riwal, murdered his father, St Miliau or Milio. Riwal wished the child's death also, but was dissuaded from carrying out his intentions by a council of bishops. At their intervention, he decided instead to maim the boy, cutting off his right hand (later replaced by a silver prosthesis) and left foot (replaced with one of bronze). Melor was then sent away to Quimper Abbey to be educated. Here, his metal limbs began to work as if they were natural, and to grow along with him. By the time the prince was fourteen, Riwal decided that he must die and ordered his guardian, Cerialtan, to kill him. The boy was decapitated. Riwal is said to have touched the severed head and to have died three days after. Melor was subsequently buried at Lanmeur.
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Mercia
Mercia ( /ˈmɜrsiə/, /ˈmɜrʃə/) was one of the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. It was centred on the valley of the River Trent and its tributaries in the region now known as the English Midlands. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English Mierce or Myrce, meaning "border people".
Mercia's neighbours included Northumbria, Powys and the kingdoms of southern Wales, Wessex, Sussex, Essex and East Anglia.
The name Mercia is still in use today by a wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies; and occurs as a female given name.
Mercia's exact evolution from the Anglo-Saxon invasions is more obscure than that of Northumbria, Kent, or even Wessex. Also, Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Archaeological surveys show that Angles settled the lands north of the River Thames by the 6th century. The name Mercia is Old English for "boundary folk" (see Welsh Marches), and the traditional interpretation is that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the native Welsh and the Anglo-Saxon invaders. However, P. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley.
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Merovingian dynasty
The Merovingians were a Salian Frankish dynasty that came to rule the Franks in a region known as Francia in Latin, largely corresponding to ancient Gaul, for 300 years from the middle of the 5th century.
The Merovingian dynasty was founded by Childeric I (c.457 – 481) the son of Merovech, leader of the Salian Franks, but it was his famous son Clovis I (481 – 511) who united all of Gaul under Merovingian rule.
After the death of Clovis there were frequent clashes between different branches of the family, but when threatened by its neighbours the Merovingians presented a strong united front.
During the final century of the Merovingian rule, the dynasty was increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. The Merovingian rule ended in March 752 when Pope Zachary formally deposed Childeric III. Zachary's successor, Pope Stephen II, confirmed and annointed Pepin the Short, in 754 beginning the Carolingian monarchy.
The Merovingian ruling family were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by contemporaries, as their long hair distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short. The term "Merovingian" comes from medieval Latin Merovingi or Merohingi ("sons of Merovech"), an alteration of an unattested Old West Low Franconian form, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing, with the final -ing being a typical patronymic suffix.
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Middle Angles
The Middle Angles were an important ethnic or cultural group within the larger kingdom of Mercia in England in the Anglo-Saxon period.
It is likely that Angles broke into the Midlands from East Anglia and the Wash in the early 6th century. Those who established their control first came to be called Middil Engli (Middle Angles). Their territory was centred in modern Leicestershire and East Staffordshire, but probably extended as far as the Cambridgeshire uplands and the Chilterns. This gave them a strategically important place within both Mercia and England as a whole, dominating both the great land routes of Watling Street and Fosse Way, and the major river route of the River Trent, together with its tributaries, the Tame and Soar.
The Middle Angles were incorporated into the wider kingdom of Mercia, apparently well before the reign of Penda (c.626-655), who evidently felt safe enough to locate his base in their territory. He placed his eldest son, Peada, in charge of the Middle Angles as sub-king. Bede specifies the Middle Angles as the target of a four-man Christian mission accepted by Peada, who converted to Christianity, partly in order to wed the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria. This mission arrived in 653 and included St. Cedd. Peada's conversion and acceptance of baptism in Northumbria possibly indicates a continuing sense of disunity or local particularism within Mercia. It is unlikely that Peada could have pursued so different a course from his father, at the strategic and political centre of the Mercian kingdom, without local support among the Middle Angles.
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Mildburh
Saint Mildburh (alternatively Milburga or Milburgh) (died 715) was the Benedictine abbess of Wenlock Priory.
She was a daughter of Merewalh, King of the Mercian sub-kingdom of Magonsaete, and Saint Ermenburga. Saint Mildrith and Saint Mildgytha were her sisters. She had a mysterious power over birds; they would avoid damaging the local crops when she asked them to. She was also known for performing miracles.
Her feast day is 23 February.
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Mildgyth
Saint Mildgyth (or Mildgytha) (Old English: Mildgȳð) (died 676) was the youngest daughter of Merewalh, king of Mercia and Saint Eormenburh. Her sisters were Saint Mildburh of Wenlock and Saint Mildrith.
She was a Benedictine nun and later abbess of a Northumbrian convent. Her feast day is January 17.
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Mildthryth
Saint Mildthryth (Old English: Mildþrȳð; floruit 694–716x733), also Mildrith, Mildryth or Mildred, was an Anglo-Saxon abbess.
Mildthryth was the daughter of King Merewalh of Magonsaete, a sub-kingdom of Mercia, and Eormenburh (Saint Eormenburga), herself the daughter of King Æthelberht of Kent. Her sisters Milburh (Saint Milburga of Much Wenlock) and Mildgytha (Saint Mildgyth) were considered to be saints. Goscelin, probably relying on a now-lost history of the rulers of the Kingdom of Kent, wrote a hagiography of Mildthryth.
Mildthryth's maternal family had close ties to the Merovingian rulers of Gaul, and Mildthryth is said to have been educated at the prestigious Merovingian royal abbey of Chelles. She entered the abbey of Minster-in-Thanet, which her mother had earlier established, and of which she became abbess by 694. Suggesting that ties to Gaul were maintained, a number of dedications to Mildthryth exist in the Pas-de-Calais, including at Millam. Mildthryth died at Minster-in-Thanet and was buried there.
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Milred
Milred (died about 775) (also recorded as Mildred and Hildred) was an Anglo-Saxon prelate who served as Bishop of Worcester from circa 745 until his death about 775.
He attended the major council of Clofesho in 747, and is found as a regular witness to charters of the Mercian kings Æthelbald and Offa. Milred is known to have travelled to Germany, where he met Boniface and Lull, in the early 750s. A letter from Milred to Lull written soon after his return, on the subject of Boniface's martyrdom shows that the writer was familiar with the works of Virgil and Horace.
A work by Milred, a compilation of epigrams and epigraphs on Anglo-Saxon churchmen, some of whom are known only from this work, is now lost apart from a single 10th century copy of one page, held by the library of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Antiquarian John Leland recorded some other parts of this work, which now survive only in his 16th century copies.
Bishop Milred's death is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
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Máel Dub
Máel Dub (the Gaelic name Máel meaning "disciple" and Dub being a byname, "dark"; Latinized as Maildubus, anglicized as Maildulf and other variants) was reputedly an Irish monk of the 7th century said to have founded a monastic house at Malmesbury.
It was implied by Bede that the monastery was said to have been named after him (HE 5.18, the monastery "which they call the monastery of Máel Dub" [quod Maildubi Urbem nuncupant]). There is evidence from a later charter that his name was actually Máel Duin.
Among his pupils were Aldhelm, the founder of Malmesbury Abbey, and Daniel of Winchester.
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Neot
Neot is a saint of the 9th century who lived as a monk in Cornwall. He is mentioned in an interpolated passage in Asser's Life of King Alfred and died around AD 870.
Neot seems to have begun his adult life as a soldier, later renouncing a martial lifestyle for life in a monastery. He served as sacristan at Glastonbury Abbey but later lived in Cornwall, at first alone, then with a growing group of other monks near Bodmin Moor. He was remembered (and given the status of a saint) because of his good work in caring for the poor. The Cornish village of St Neot and the Cambridgeshire town of St Neots are named after him.
The image to the right shows the commemorative mosaic of the saint in the Market Square in St Neots. The mosaic is based on a Saxon ornament, the Alfred Jewel. Two of the fifteen stained glass windows in the church of St Neot, Cornwall portray the saint: one of them consists of scenes from the life of the saint.
His bones were preserved as a holy relic in the Cornish village of his name but were later stolen by monks and taken to the medieval St Neot's Priory on the River Great Ouse near Bedford. They returned with their prize, pursued (according to some versions) by angry Cornishmen. The bones were housed in the priory for many years but were finally 'lost' during the reign of Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. His feast day is 31 July (celebrated at St Neot on the last Sunday of July). He is also the patron saint of fish
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Nicholas Heath
Nicholas Heath (c. 1501–1578) was archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor.
Heath was born in London and graduated BA at Oxford in 1519. He then migrated to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1520, MA in 1522, and was elected fellow in 1524. After holding minor preferments he was appointed archdeacon of Stafford in 1534 and graduated DD in 1535. He then accompanied Edward Fox, bishop of Hereford, on his mission to promote a theological and political understanding with the Lutheran princes of Germany. His selection for this duty implies a readiness on Heath's part to proceed some distance along the path of reform; but his dealings with the Lutherans did not confirm this tendency, and Heath's subsequent career was closely associated with the cause of reaction.
In 1539, the year of the Six Articles, he was made bishop of Rochester, and in 1543 he succeeded John Bell at Worcester. His Catholicism, however, was of a less rigid type than Gardiner's and Bonner's; he felt something of the force of the national antipathy to foreign influence, whether ecclesiastical or secular, and was always impressed by the necessity of national unity, so far as was possible, in matters of faith. Apparently he made no difficulty about carrying out the earlier reforms of Edward VI, and he accepted the first book of common prayer after it had been modified by the House of Lords in a Catholic direction.
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Osana
Osana (698–750) was a Northumbrian princess, whose local following as a saint developed informally after her death, though she was never officially canonised. Centuries after her death, she was described by the Norman-Welsh chronicler Geraldus Cambrensis (died 1223) as the sister of King Osred I of Northumbria, which would make her the daughter of King Aldfrith of Northumbria. Osana was depicted by Geraldus as inflicting a miraculous flagellation from her grave in Howden, Yorkshire, upon a concubine of the priest of the collegiate church there, a moral tale intended to inculcate clerical celibacy. Celibacy of the Anglo-Saxon clergy was not expected in Osana's time; when it began to be enforced from the top at even the higher levels, with Archbishop Anselm's council of London, 1102, it continued to be resisted in Britain, though it was a central objective of Gregorian reform.
Geraldus records
"In the north of England beyond the Humber, in the church of Hovedene, the concubine of the rector incautiously sat down on the tomb of St. Osana, sister of king Osred, which projected like a wooden seat; on wishing to retire, she could not be removed, until the people came to her assistance; her clothes were rent, her body was laid bare, and severely afflicted with many strokes of discipline, even till the blood flowed; nor did she regain her liberty, until by many tears and sincere repentance she had showed evident signs of compunction."
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Oscytel
Oscytel (or Oskytel; died 971) was a medieval Bishop of Dorchester and Archbishop of York.
Oscytel was probably of Danish ancestry. He was related to Oswald, Bishop of Worcester and later Archbishop of York, and Thurcytel, who was abbot of Bedford Abbey. All three men were landowners in the eastern midlands, with Oskytel owning lands at Beeby, in Leicestershire. No other information about Oskytel's birth and upbringing is known. A legend stated that his father was a Dane who arrived in England as part of a pagan war band.
Oscytel was selected to the see of Dorchester sometime between 934 and 951, probably pretty close to 951 for the Anglo Saxon Chronicle says that he had been a bishop for twenty-two years when he died. 951 is also when he first attests a charter as bishop. A previous mention of an "Oscetel" as either a sacrist or treasurer in 949 may or may not be the same person. Oskytel only starts showing up consistently after the death of King Eadred of England, who left the bishop some bequests in his will. At first Oskytel supported King Eadwig of England, but in about 958 he switched to supporting Eadwig's brother King Edgar of England.
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Osgyth
Osgyth (or Osyth) (died 700 AD) was an English saint. She is primarily commemorated in the village of Saint Osyth, Essex, near Colchester. Alternative spellings of her name include Sythe, Othith and Ositha.
Born in Quarrendon, Buckinghamshire (at that time part of Mercia), she was the daughter of Frithwald, a sub-king of Mercia in Surrey, and was the niece of Saint Edith and Saint Edburga of Bicester. Her mother was Wilburga, the daughter of the pagan King Penda of Mercia.
Raised in a convent in Warwickshire under the direction of Saint Modwen her ambition was to become an abbess, but she was too important as a dynastic pawn to be set aside.
Forced by her father into a dynastic marriage with Sighere, King of Essex, she did her dynastic duty and produced him a son. While her husband ran off to hunt down a beautiful white stag, Osgyth persuaded two local bishops to accept her vows as a nun. Then, eventually, perhaps after Sighere's death, she established a convent at Chich, in Essex, where she ruled as first abbess.
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Oswald of Worcester
Oswald of Worcester (died 29 February 992) was Archbishop of York from 972 to his death in 992. He was of Danish ancestry, but brought up by his uncle, Oda, who sent him to France to the abbey of Fleury to become a monk. After a number of years at Fleury, Oswald returned to England at the request of his uncle, who died before Oswald returned. With his uncle's death, Oswald needed a patron and turned to another kinsman, Oskytel, who had recently become Archbishop of York. His activity for Oskytel attracted the notice of Archbishop Dunstan who had Oswald consecrated as Bishop of Worcester in 961. In 972 Oswald was promoted to the see of York, although he continued to hold Worcester also.
As bishop and archbishop, Oswald was a supporter and one of the leading promoters (together with Æthelwold) of Dunstan's reforms of the church, including monastic reforms. Oswald founded a number of monasteries, including Ramsey Abbey, and reformed other seven, including Winchcombe in Gloucestershire and Pershore and Evesham in Worcestershire. Oswald also switched the cathedral chapter of Worcester from secular clergy to monks. While archbishop, he brought the scholar Abbo of Fleury to teach, and he spent two years in England, mostly at Ramsey. Oswald died in 992, while washing the feet of the poor. A hagiographical life was written shortly after his death, and he was quickly hailed as a saint.
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Oswiu of Northumbria
Oswiu (c. 612 – 15 February 670), also known as Oswy or Oswig (Old English: Ōswīg), was a King of Bernicia. His father, Æthelfrith of Bernicia, was killed in battle, fighting against Rædwald, King of the East Angles and Edwin of Deira at the River Idle in 616. Along with his brothers and their supporters, Oswiu was then exiled until Edwin's death in 633.
Following the death of his brother Oswald, defeated by Penda at the Battle of Maserfield on 5 August 642, Oswiu became King of the Bernicians. He passed the next decade in obscurity as one of many kings subject to Penda. In 655 Penda invaded Bernicia, driving Oswiu before him. The details of the campaign are unclear, but at the Battle of the Winwæd Oswiu unexpectedly defeated and killed Penda. This victory was followed by Oswiu's short-lived imperium—he is traditionally counted as a Bretwalda—over much of Great Britain. He established himself as King of Mercia, setting up his son-in-law, Penda's son Peada as a subject king.
Oswiu's unchallenged domination of Britain lasted only a short time, ending when a revolt among the Mercians established Penda's son Wulfhere as their king. A negotiated settlement appears to have been preferred on both sides to prevent war. Divisions within the Northumbrian church led to the Synod of Whitby in 664, where Oswiu agreed to settle the Easter controversy by adopting the Roman dating. His later years were marred by conflict with his son Ealhfrith. Oswiu died in 670 and was succeeded by his son Ecgfrith.
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Pega
Pega (c. 673-c.719), was an anchoress in the ancient Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Mercia, and the sister of Saint Guthlac. She was born in Mercia, and lived as an anchoress at Peakirk ("Pega's church") in the modern county of Cambridgeshire, not far from Guthlac's hermitage at Crowland. When Guthlac realized that his end was near in 714, he invited her to his funeral. For this she sailed down the River Welland, curing a blind man from Wisbech on the way. She inherited Guthlac's psalter and scourge, both of which, it was claimed, she later gave to Crowland Abbey. She went on pilgrimage to Rome and died there c.719. Ordericus Vitalis claimed that her relics survived in an unnamed Roman church in his day, and that miracles took place there. Her feast day is January 8.
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Perctarit
Perctarit (also Berthari) (died 688) was king of the Lombards from 661 to 662 the first time and later from 671 to 688. He was the son and successor of Aripert I. He shared power with his brother Godepert. He was a Catholic, whereas Godepert was an Arian. He ruled from Milan, Godepert from Pavia. Godepert called for the aid of Duke Grimoald I of Benevento in a war with Perctarit, but the Beneventan had him assassinated and took control of the kingdom, forcing Perctarit to flee. Perctarit first arrived at the court of the Avar khagan Kakar. Meanwhile his wife, Rodelinde, and their son Cunincpert were captured by Grimoald and sent to Benevento. Perctarit returned soon thereafter to conspire against Grimoald, but fled again to France. When Grimoald concluded a treaty with the Franks, Perctarit prepared to flee to England, but news of Grimoald's death reached him first.
In 671, Perctarit returned from exile and reclaimed his realm, which was being ruled on behalf of Grimoald's son Garibald. He made Catholicism the official religion , but did not recognise papal authority. He made peace with the Byzantines and associated Cunincpert with the throne in 678. He sought to put down the rebellion of Alagis, duke of Trent. It was to be his only campaign; he captured the duke, then pardoned and released him. Perctarit was assassinated in 688 by a conspiracy.
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Peter Hunter Blair
Peter Hunter Blair (1912–1982) was an English academic and historian specializing in the Anglo-Saxon period. In 1969 he married Pauline Clarke. She edited his Anglo-Saxon Northumbria in 1984.
Hunter Blair was a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. His published works include:
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Picts
The Picts were a group of Late Iron Age and Early Mediaeval Celtic people living in ancient eastern and northern Scotland. There is an association with the geographical distribution of brochs, Brythonic place name elements, and Pictish stones. Picts are recorded from before the Roman conquest of Britain until the 10th century, when they merged with the Gaels. They lived to the north of the rivers Forth and Clyde, and spoke the extinct Pictish language, thought to have been related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons to the south. They are assumed to have been the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the world map of Ptolemy. Pictland, also known as Pictavia, gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba (Scotland). Alba expanded, absorbing the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian, and by the 11th century the Pictish identity had been subsumed into the "Scots" amalgamation of peoples.
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Pope Agatho
Saint Agatho was a Christian pope from 26 June 678 to 10 January 681 and a saint that is venerated by both Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
Little is known of Agatho before his papacy. A letter written by St. Gregory the Great to the abbot of St. Hermes in Palermo mentions an Agatho, a Greek born in Sicily to wealthy parents. He wished to give away his inheritance and join a monastery, and in this letter Gregorgy advises that he may do so as long as his wife was willing to enter a convent. There is a possibility that Pope Agatho is this monk, but this would make him over 100 years old at the time of his election, and as such must be considered unlikely without further evidence to support a connection.
Shortly after Agatho became Pope, St Wilfrid, Archbishop of York, arrived at Rome to invoke the authority of the Holy See on his behalf. Wilfrid had been deposed from his see by Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, who had carved up Wilfrid's diocese and appointed three bishops to govern the new sees. At a synod which Pope Agatho convoked in the Lateran to investigate the affair, it was decided that Wilfrid's diocese should indeed be divided, but that Wilfrid himself should name the bishops.
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Pope Sergius I
Pope Saint Sergius I (c. 650 – 8 September 701) was pope from 687 to 701. Selected to end a schism between Antipope Paschal and Antipope Theodore, Sergius I ended the last disputed sede vacante of the Byzantine Papacy.
His papacy was dominated by his response to the Quinisext Council, whose canons he refused to accept. As a result of the dispute, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II ordered Sergius I's abduction (as his predecessor Constans II had done with Pope Martin I), but with the assistance of the exarch of Ravenna, Sergius I was able to avoid trial in Constantinople.
Sergius I came from an Antiochene Syrian family which had settled at Palermo in Sicily. Sergius left Sicily and arrived in Rome during the pontificate of Pope Adeodatus II. A fellow Sicilian, Pope Leo II, ordained him cardinal-priest of Santa Susanna on 27 June 683, and he rose through the ranks of the clergy. He remained cardinal-priest of S. Susanna until his selection as pope.
Sergius I owed his election as Pope Conon's successor to skillful intrigues against Antipope Paschal and Antipope Theodore, the other candidates. The two armed factions entered into open combat before Sergius I was chosen by a group of judges, soldiers, clergy, and citizens. He was brought to the Palatine imperial palace and then the Lateran. The "numerical superiority" of this new faction forced Theodore from the patriarchium, whereafter he acknowledged Sergius I as pope.
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Richard A. Fletcher
Richard A. Fletcher (March 28, 1944 - February 28, 2005) was a historian who specialized in the medieval period. He was Professor of History at the University of York and one of the outstanding talents in English and Spanish medieval scholarship.
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Richard Fleming
Richard Fleming (born around 1385; died 25 January or 26 January 1431, in Sleaford Castle), Bishop of Lincoln and founder of Lincoln College, Oxford, was born at Crofton in Yorkshire.
Fleming was descended from a gentry family, and was educated at University College, Oxford. Having taken his degrees, he was made prebendary of York in 1406, and the next year was junior proctor of the university. In 1409 he was appointed to the committee of twelve censors who were commissioned to examine the writings of John Wyclif and determine the heretical ideas they contained. Later that year he was accused of supporting some of Wyclif's errors in a public disputation, for which he incurred the censure of Archbishop Arundel. Fleming must have either been exonerated or renounced his supposed heresy because he was still a member of the committee of censors when its list of Wycliffe's errors was published in 1411.
Before 1415 Fleming was instituted to the rectory of Boston in Lincolnshire. He attended the Council of Constance from late 1416 to early 1418 where he delivered a number of sermons which survive, all of which reveal a strong concern for clerical reform.[citation needed] He was nominated to the see of Lincoln by papal provision on 20 November 1419 and on 28 April 1420 he was consecrated as bishop of Lincoln, by Martin V in Florence. He attended the Council of Pavia and Siena in 1428–1429 and, in the presence of the pope, reportedly made an eloquent speech in vindication of the rights of the English "nation" and in support of papal authority against the more radical proponents of conciliarism; this sermon apparently does not survive. It was probably on this occasion that he was named chamberlain to the pope.
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Richard le Scrope
Richard le Scrope (c. 1350 – 8 June 1405) was Bishop of Lichfield then Archbishop of York.
Scrope was a younger son of Henry Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Masham.
Scrope earned a Doctorate in canon law. He was provided to the see of Coventry and Lichfield on 18 August 1386, and consecrated on 19 August 1386. He was given the temporalities of the see on 15 November 1386. He was consecrated at Genoa. He made a profession of obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury on 27 March 1387 and was enthroned in his cathedral on 29 June 1387. He was translated to York between 27 February 1398 and 15 March 1398, and given control of the temporalities on 23 June 1398. He was arrested for treason on 29 May 1405 at his Bishopthorpe palace,[citation needed] and was beheaded outside the York city walls on 8 June 1405.
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Richard Neile
Richard Neile (1562–1640) was an English churchman, bishop of several English dioceses and Archbishop of York from 1631 until his death. He was involved in the last burning at the stake for heresy in England, that of the Arian Edward Wightman in 1612.
He was son of a tallow-chandler, though his grandfather had been a courtier and official under Henry VIII, until he was deprived for non-compliance with the Six Articles. He was educated at Westminster School, under Edward Grant and William Camden. He was sent by Mildred, Lady Burghley, on the recommendation of Gabriel Goodman to St John's College, Cambridge, as a poor scholar, admitted scholar on 22 April 1580, and matriculated on 18 May. He continued to enjoy the patronage of the Burghley family, residing in their household, and became chaplain to Lord Burghley, and later to his son Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury. He took the degree of doctor in divinity in 1600.
He preached before Queen Elizabeth, and became vicar of Cheshunt, Hertfordshire (resigned in 1609), and on 5 November 1605 he was installed Dean of Westminster. He resigned the deanery in 1610.
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Richard Southern
Sir Richard William Southern (1912–2001), who published under the name R. W. Southern, was a noted English medieval historian, based at the University of Oxford.
Southern was born in Newcastle-upon-Tyne and educated at the Royal Grammar School, Newcastle, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated with a first-class honours degree in history. At Oxford, Southern's mentors were Sir Maurice Powicke and Vivian Hunter Galbraith. He was a Fellow of Balliol from 1937 to 1961 (where he lectured alongside Christopher Hill), Chichele Professor of Modern History at Oxford from 1961 to 1969, and President of St John's College, Oxford, from 1969 to 1981. He was president of the Royal Historical Society from 1969 to 1973.
Southern was awarded the Balzan Prize for Medieval History in 1987. He was knighted in 1974. He died in Oxford in 2001.
Southern is one of twenty medieval scholars profiled in Norman Cantor's Inventing the Middle Ages: The Lives, Works and Ideas of the Great Medievalists of the Twentieth Century. Cantor describes Southern in Arthurian terms, with a group of devotees who surrounded their master following the publication of The Making of the Middle Ages. Like Arthurian legend, however, Cantor's story does not have an entirely happy ending, and Cantor describes his sense of disappointment when Southern fails to live up to expectations.
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Robert Hallam
Robert Hallam (died 4 September 1417) was an English churchman, Bishop of Salisbury and English representative at the Council of Constance. He was Chancellor of the University of Oxford from 1403 to 1405.
Hallam had been educated at Oxford. On leaving the chancellorship, he was nominated in May 1406 by Pope Innocent VII as Archbishop of York, but the appointment was vetoed by King Henry IV in the same year. However, in 1407 he was consecrated by Pope Gregory XII at Siena as Bishop of Salisbury. At the Council of Pisa in 1409 he was one of the English representatives. On 6 June 1411 Antipope John XXIII (Baldassare Cardinal Cossa) purported to make Hallam a cardinal, but this title was not recognized.
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Robert Hay Drummond
Robert Hay (10 November 1711 – 10 December 1776), known later as Robert Hay-Drummond of Cromlix and Innerpeffray, was Archbishop of York from 1761 to 1776.
Hay was the second son of George Hay, Viscount Dupplin (who succeeded his father as eighth Earl of Kinnoull, in 1719), and Abigail, the youngest daughter of Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, Lord High Treasurer. He was born in London on 10 November 1711. His birth was mentioned by Jonathan Swift in the Letters to Stella, and his infancy is thus referred to by Richard Bentley in the dedication of his edition of Horace to Lord Oxford, on 8 December 1711: 'Parvulos duos ex filia nepotes, quorum alter a matre adhuc rubet.'
When six years old he was 'carried' by Matthew Prior to Westminster School, of which Robert Freind was then head-master. There he was 'admired,' 'for his talents, and beloved for the pleasantry of his manners, and forming many valuable friendships among his schoolfellows.' While still a boy at Westminster he acted in the play 'Julius Caesar' before an audience including George II and Queen Caroline. His continuation of his part even when his plume of ostrich feathers caught fire attracted the notice of the queen, who continued his warm patroness till her death in 1737. From Westminster he moved to Christ Church, Oxford. Having after receiving his B.A. degree on 25 November 1731, he joined his cousin, Thomas, duke of Leeds, in the Grand Tour. When he came home afterwards in 1735 his uncle not only commented that he was not only 'untainted, but much improved'. He had been originally destined for the army, but on his return to England he went back to Christ Church and took his M.A. degree 13 June 1735. He then read divinity with a view to his entrance into holy orders.
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Robert Holgate
Robert Holgate (1481/1482 – 1555) was Bishop of Llandaff and then Archbishop of York (from 1545 to 1554). He recognised Henry VIII as leader of the Church of England.
Holgate, chaplain to Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, became master of the Gilbertine Order in 1536, and exerted his influence to prevent the surrender of the Gilbertine houses under the Act for the Suppression of the Smaller Monasteries in 1536 as only four out of twenty-six houses had revenues over £200 a year. In 1538, Holgate surrendered Sempringham Priory.
In 1550 Holgate married Barbara Wentworth, who was about 25 at the time. This may however have been a second marriage to make it fully legal, and Holgate and Wentworth may have first married in late 1547 with Roger Tongue officiating. In 1551 Arthur Norman claimed that he was already married to Barbara Wentworth, but the courts decided that their marriage when she was about seven had not been a binding legal transaction. Robert and Barbara remained married until 1553, when shortly after Mary I of England came to the throne she imprisoned Holgate on various charges, with his being a married clergy being central to these. In 1554 Holgate renounced his marriage claiming he had only entered it to avoid suspicion as a papist. In January 1555 Holgate was released from prison, but he was not restored to priestly office. He died later that year.
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Robert Waldby
Robert Waldby (died 1398) was a native of York and an Augustinian friar who followed Edward, the Black Prince into Aquitaine. After studying at Toulouse, he became professor of theology there.
There is a possibility Waldby was Bishop of Sodor and Man in 1381, although at the time John Dongan was the bishop from 1374 to 1391. He definitely became Bishop of Aire in Gascony in 1387, and translated to archbishoric of Dublin in Ireland on 14 November 1390. Five years later he translated to the bishopric of Chichester in England on 25 October 1395, and finally became Archbishop of York on 5 October 1396.
Waldby died on 6 January 1398 and was buried in the Chapel of St. Edmund in Westminster Abbey, where his monumental brass still remains.
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Rumbold of Mechelen
Saint Rumbold (alternatively: Rumold, Romuold, Rumoldus (Latin), Rombout (Dutch), Rombaut (French)) was an assumedly Irish or Scottish Christian missionary. He was martyred near Mechelen by two men whom he had denounced for their evil ways.
Saint Rumbold's feast day is celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church, and the Western Rite Orthodox on June 24; and celebrated in Ireland on 3 July. He is the patron saint of Mechelen, where St. Rumbold's Cathedral has at its high altar an elaborate golden shrine containing relics attributed to the saint, and it is rumoured that his remains are buried inside the cathedral. Twenty-five paintings in the choir illustrate his life.
Rumbold is assumed to have been consecrated a regionary Bishop at Rome. Aodh Buidhe Mac an Bhaird (c. 1590–1635) argued that Rumbold had been born in Ireland. He is also said to have been a Bishop of Dublin, the son of a Scottish king, and the brother of St. Himelin. He is assumed to have worked under St. Willibrord in Holland and Brabant, and to have been a close companion of the hermit St. Gummarus and of preacher monk Fredegand van Deurne (Turninum) who according to one tradition maintained contact with St. Foillan (who was murdered in the Sonian Forest around 665) and according to another was linked to St. Willibrord (who died in 739).
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Saint Alban
Saint Alban was the first British Christian martyr. Along with his fellow saints Julius and Aaron, Alban is one of three martyrs remembered from Roman Britain. Alban is listed in the Church of England calendar for 22 June and he continues to be venerated in the Anglican, Catholic, and Orthodox Communions. St Alban is mentioned in "Acta Martyrum", and also by Constantius of Lyon in his Life of St Germanus of Auxerre, written about 480. He also appears in Gildas' 6th century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae and Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.
In 2006 some Church of England clergy suggested that Alban should replace St George as the patron saint of England. There have also been claims that he should be patron saint of Britain as a whole.[citation needed]
According to Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, I.vii and xviii, Alban was a pagan living at Verulamium (now St Albans), who converted to Christianity, and was executed by decapitation on a hill above the Roman settlement of Verulamium. St Albans Abbey was later founded near this site.
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Saint Aldate
Saint Aldate (died 577) was a bishop of Gloucester, venerated as a saint with the feast day of February 4. Aldate's life is not detailed historically, but he was probably a Briton killed by the Anglo-Saxons at Deorham. He is reported to have roused the countryside to resist pagan invasion forces. He is mentioned in the Sarum and other martyrologies; his feast occurs in a Gloucester calendar (14th-century addition); churches were dedicated to him at Gloucester and Oxford, as well as a famous Oxford street: St Aldate's, Oxford and a minor street in Gloucester. But nothing seems to be known of him: it was even suggested (unconvincingly) that his name was a corruption of 'old gate'.
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Saint Bega
Saint Bega was reputedly a saint of the Early Middle Ages; an Irish princess who valued virginity. Promised in marriage to a Viking prince who, according to a medieval manuscript The Life of St Bega, was "son of the king of Norway", Bega "fled across the Irish sea to land at St. Bees on the Cumbrian coast. There she settled for a time, leading a life of exemplary piety, then, fearing the raids of pirates which were starting along the coast, she moved over to Northumbria". The most likely time for this would have been after 850, when the Vikings were settling Ireland.
The account of Bega's flight from Ireland is found in the Life of St Bega; which was part of a collection of various English saints' lives that belonged to Holmcultram Abbey and is dated to the mid 13th century. The Life continues:
Bega found the place covered with a thick forest, admirably adapted for a solitary life. Wishing to dedicate her life to God she built for herself a virgin cell in a grove near the seashore, where she remained for many years in strict seclusion. In the course of time the district began to be frequented by pirates. The good saint however dreaded not death, nor mutilation, nor the loss of temporal goods, of which she was destitute except her bracelet (armilla), but she feared the loss of her virginity, the most precious treasure with which heaven can endow her sex. By divine command Bega hastened her departure from the place, but she was induced to leave her bracelet behind her, that miracles in ages to come might be performed in that neighbourhood in testimony of her holy life.
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Saint Blaise
Saint Blaise (Armenian: Սուրբ Բարսեղ, Sourb Barsel; Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος, Agios Vlasios; Turkish: Aziz Vlas) was a physician, and bishop of Sebastea (modern Sivas, Turkey). According to his Acta Sanctorum, he was martyred by being beaten, attacked with iron carding combs, and beheaded.
In iconography, Blaise is often shown with the instruments of his martyrdom, steel combs. He blessed throats and effected many miracles according to his hagiography. The similarity of these instruments of torture to wool combs led to his adoption as the patron saint of wool combers in particular, and the wool trade in general. He may also be depicted with crossed candles. Such crossed candles are used for the blessing of throats on his feast day, which falls on 3 February, the day after Candlemas on the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. Blaise is traditionally believed to intercede in cases of throat illnesses, especially for fish-bones stuck in the throat.
Indeed, the first reference we have to him is in manuscripts of the medical writings of Aëtius Amidenus, a court physician of the very end of the 5th or the beginning of the 6th century; there his aid is invoked in treating objects stuck in the throat. He cured animals and lived in a cave. Before being killed, he spoke to a wolf and told it to release a pig it was harming. The wolf did so. Blaise was going to be starved but the owner of the pig secretly gave him food in order to survive. After a while, he was tortured because of his Christian faith but did not give up his beliefs. He died in the year 316.
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Saint Chad
Chad (Old English: Ceadda; died 2 March 672) was a prominent 7th century Anglo-Saxon churchman, who became abbot of several monasteries, Bishop of the Northumbrians and subsequently Bishop of the Mercians and Lindsey People. He was later canonized as a saint. He was the brother of Cedd, also a saint. He features strongly in the work of Bede the Venerable and is credited, together with Cedd, with introducing Christianity to the Mercian kingdom.
Most of our knowledge of Chad comes from the writings of Bede. Bede tells us that he obtained his information about Chad and his brother, Cedd, from the monks of Lastingham, where both were abbots. Bede gives this attribution great prominence, placing it in the introduction to his work. This may indicate that the brothers had become controversial figures: certainly Bede must have thought that his material about them would be of more than usual interest to the reader. Bede also refers to information he received from Trumbert, "who tutored me in the Scriptures and who had been educated in the monastery by that master", i.e. Chad. In other words, Bede considered himself to stand in the spiritual lineage of Chad and had gathered information from at least one who knew him personally.
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Saint Kenelm
Saint Kenelm (or Cynehelm) was an Anglo-Saxon saint, venerated throughout medieval England, and mentioned in the Canterbury Tales (the Nun's Priest's Tale, lines 290–301, in which the cock Chaunteecleer tries to demonstrate the reality of prophetic dreams to his wife Pertelote). William of Malmesbury, writing in the 12th century, recounted that "there was no place in England to which more pilgrims travelled than to Winchcombe on Kenelm's feast day".
In legend, St Kenelm was a member of the royal family of Mercia, a boy king and martyr, murdered by an ambitious relative despite receiving a prophetic dream warning him of the danger. His body, after being concealed, was discovered by miraculous intervention, and transported by the Monks of Winchcombe to a major shrine. There it remained for several hundred years. The two locales most closely linked to this legend are the Clent Hills, south of Birmingham, England, identified as the scene of his murder, and the small Gloucestershire town of Winchcombe, near Cheltenham, where his body was interred. The small church of St Kenelm, dating from the 15th century in a village called Kenelstowe, now stands with a handful of houses within the larger village of Romsley in the Clent Hills. For many years, villagers celebrated St Kenelm's Day (July 17) with a village fair and the ancient custom of "crabbing the parson" - bombarding the unfortunate cleric with a volley of crab apples.
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Saint Nectan
Saint Nectan, sometimes styled Saint Nectan of Hartland, was a 5th-century holy man who lived in Stoke, Hartland, in the English county of Devon, where the prominent Church of Saint Nectan, Hartland is dedicated to him.
A 12th-century manuscript found in Gotha is the fullest remaining account of the Life of Nectan.
This account holds that Nectan was the eldest of the 24 children of King Brychan of Brycheiniog (now Brecknock in Wales). Having received a vocation to become a monk earlier in his life, he and many of his relatives sailed to north Devon where Nectan settled by a spring (now St Nectan's Well) at Stoke, in the then dense forest of Hartland. Here, in this solitude, he lived as a hermit. Although, he is also associated with St Nectan's Glen and Waterfall (or Kieve) at Trethevy, near Tintagel, in Cornwall, where it is claimed he spent some time as a hermit.
At Hartland, Nectan lived in the solitude of a remote valley where he helped a swineherd recover his lost pigs and in turn was given a gift of two cows. Nectan's cows were stolen and after finding them he attempted to convert the robbers to the Christian faith. In return he was attacked by robbers who cut off his head. The same authority says that he picked his head up and walked back to his well before collapsing and dying.
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Saint Ninian
Saint Ninian (traditionally 4th-5th century) is a Christian saint first mentioned in the 8th century as being an early missionary among the Pictish peoples of what is now Scotland. For this reason he is known as the Apostle to the Southern Picts, and there are numerous dedications to him in those parts of Scotland with a Pictish heritage, throughout the Scottish Lowlands, and in parts of Northern England with a Northumbrian heritage. In Scotland, Ninian is also known as Ringan, and as Trynnian in Northern England.
Ninian's major shrine was at Whithorn in Galloway, where he is associated with the Candida Casa (Latin for 'White House'). Nothing is known about his teachings, and there is no unchallenged authority for information about his life.
A link between the Ninian of tradition and a person who actually appears in the historical record is not yet confirmed, though Finnian of Moville has gained traction as a leading candidate. This article discusses the particulars and origins of what has come to be known as the "traditional" stories of Saint Ninian.
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Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (Latin: Patricius; Primitive Irish: *Qatrikias;Old Irish: Cothraige or Coithrige;Middle Irish: Pátraic; Irish: Pádraig; Old Welsh: Patric; Middle Welsh: Padric; Welsh: Padrig; Old English: Patric; ca. 387 – 17 March, 493 or ca. 460) was a Romano-British and Christian missionary, who is the most generally recognized patron saint of Ireland or the Apostle of Ireland, although Brigid of Kildare and Colmcille are also formally patron saints.
Two authentic letters from him survive, from which come the only generally-accepted details of his life. When he was about 16, he was captured from Wales by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Ireland, where he lived for six years before escaping and returning to his family. After entering the Church, he returned to Ireland as an ordained bishop in the north and west of the island, but little is known about the places where he worked. By the seventh century, he had come to be revered as the patron saint of Ireland.
Most available details of his life are from later hagiographies from the seventh century onwards, and these are now not accepted without detailed criticism. Uncritical acceptance of the Annals of Ulster would imply that he lived from 340 to 440, and ministered in what is modern-day Northern Ireland from AD 428 onwards. The dates of Patrick's life cannot be fixed with certainty but, on a widespread interpretation, he was active as a missionary in Ireland during the second half of the fifth century.
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Samson of Dol
Saint Samson of Dol (born late 5th century) was a Christian religious figure who is counted among the seven founder saints of Brittany. Born in southern Wales, he died in Dol-de-Bretagne, a small town in north Brittany.
Samson was of noble blood, the son of Amon of Demetia, Wales and Anna of Gwent, daughter of Meurig ap Tewdrig, King of Glamorgan and Gwent. His father's brother also married his mother's sister and their son Saint Magloire was therefore his cousin. In view of the prophecy concerning his birth his parents placed him under the care of Saint Illtud, abbot of Llantwit Fawr, where he was raised and educated.
Later, after the death of Saint Pyr, Samson became abbot of Llantwit's daughter house on Caldey Island. He was ordained bishop by Bishop Dubricius on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (February 22) at the beginning of Lent, which can be calculated to have fallen in the year 521, the only certain date in Samson's life.
If the usual practice was observed and he was 35 years old at the time of his ordination this would mean he was born in 486, though he is recorded as having been in attendance at a church Council in Paris held sometime between 556 and 573 at which time he would have been between 70 and 87 years old.
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Sativola
Sativola or Sidwell was a virgin saint from the English county of Devon, possibly of British origin. Her historical existence is not well established.
The cultus of Sativola has been active at Exeter from early times. Pilgrims were visiting her shrine by 1000, and their activity is mentioned both by John Leland and William Worcestre. The Catalogus Sanctorum Pausantium in Anglia describes her as a native of Exeter who was beheaded by reapers, who were incited so to do by her stepmother. This legend bears a striking similarity to that of both Saint Urith and Saint Juthwara, her supposed sister. She is said to have been buried outside the city, where the sick could be healed at her grave. The Church of St Sidwell, located just outside the site of Exeter's east gate, is still extant, though it was largely rebuilt after being bombed during the Second World War. The site also once had a well at which cures are believed to have been effected. One of the main streets in Exeter is Sidwell Street.
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Seaxburh of Ely
Seaxburh (Old English: Sexburh); also Saint Sexburga of Ely, (died about 699) was the queen of King Eorcenberht of Kent, as well as an abbess and a saint of the Christian Church.
Seaxburh's sisters were Æthelburg of Faremoutiers, Saethryth, Æthelthryth and possibly Withburga. Her marriage to Eorcenberht produced two sons, both of whom ruled, and two daughters. After her husband's death in 664, Seaxburh remained in Kent to bring up her children. She acted as regent until her young son Ecgberht came of age.
Seaxburh founded the abbeys at Milton Regis and Minster-in-Sheppey, where her daughter Ermenilda was also a nun. She moved to the double monastery at Ely where her sister Æthelthryth was abbess and succeeded her when Æthelthryth died in 679. According to Bede, in 695, Seaxburh organised the movement (or translation) of Æthelthryth's remains to a marble sarcophagus, after they had lain for sixteen years in a common grave. On opening the grave, it was discovered that her body was miraculously preserved. The legend is described in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, which celebrates the saintly virtues of Æthelthryth, but speaks less highly of Seaxburh, referring only to her marriage, succession as abbess and translation of her sister's relics. The date of Seaxburh's death at Ely is not known. The surviving versions of the Vita Sexburge, compiled after 1106, describe her early life, marriage to Eorcenberht, retirement from secular life and her final years as a nun and abbess at Ely.
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Sewal de Bovil
Sewal de Bovil (died 1258) was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Nothing is known of Bovil's origins or his parents, but he attended Oxford University at around the same time as Edmund of Abingdon, who became Bovil's good friend. He first appears as a canon of York Minster in 1236, and was holding the prebend of Fenton by October 1240. He was Archdeacon of York by January of 1248, but had been named Dean of York by 21 September 1249. He earned a doctor of theology title by 1244.
Bovil was archbishop for only two years between 1256 and his death in 1258. He was selected about 1 October 1255, and was consecrated on 23 July 1256, at York by Walter de Cantilupe, Bishop of Worcester. He received a papal dispensation to become archbishop because he was illegitimate on 11 March 1256. Pope Alexander IV then provided Jordan, an Italian, to the now vacant deanery, but Bovil objected and attempted to keep Jordan out. Alexander IV then excommunicated the archbishop in 1257. After a compromise was reached whereby Jordan received a pension, Bovil was absolved. Godfrey Ludham was then promoted to the deanery. In July 1257 he was appointed to a commission to mediate between King Alexander III of Scotland and the Scottish nobles.
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Sigfrith
Sigfrith, abbot of Monkwearmouth Priory. He was a deacon at the time he was chosen "by Ceolfrid [abbot of the twin abbey at Jarrow] and the monks" (Bede, Lives of the abbots, 10 - 13). Bede states:
Soon afterwards, both he and the abbey's founder Benedict Biscop both fell fatally ill:
Two months later Sigfrid died, only four months before Benedict's own death.
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Simon Keynes
Simon Douglas Keynes MA, PhD, Litt.D, FBA (born 23 September 1952) is the current Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic at Cambridge University.
Keynes is the fourth and youngest son of Richard Darwin Keynes and his wife Anne Adrian, and thus a member of the Keynes family (and, by extension, of the Darwin-Wedgwood family). His elder brothers are the conservationist and author Randal Keynes and the medical scientist and fellow fellow of Trinity Roger Keynes,. He is the grandson of the surgeon Geoffrey Keynes and Nobelist Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, grandnephew of the economist John Maynard Keynes and great-great-grandson of Charles Darwin. He has a son Henry with the musicologist and architectural historian Tethys Carpenter.
He was born in Cambridge and educated at King's College School, The Leys School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was lecturer in Anglo-Saxon History at Cambridge from 1978, reader in Anglo-Saxon History from 1992, and Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, from 1999. He has been a Fellow of Trinity College since 1976. From 1999-2006 he was Head of the Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic.
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Stephen of Ripon
Stephen of Ripon is the author of the eighth-century Vita Sancti Wilfrithi ("Life of Saint Wilfrid"). Another name which has been traditionally attributed to him is Eddius Stephanus or Æddi Stephanus, but since his identification with the bearer of this name is no longer accepted by historians today, modern usage tends to favour Stephen.
Very little is known about his life. The author of the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi identifies himself as “Stephen, a priest”. Bede mentions that Wilfrid brought a singing master from Kent, Ædde Stephanus, to Ripon in 669 to teach chant, and he has traditionally been thought to be the same person as the “Stephen” mentioned. However, there is no more solid evidence that the two names describe the same person. If the two were in fact the same, Stephen would have been at least twenty years old when he came north, placing him in his sixties or older at Wilfrid’s death in 709.
Regardless of whether or not Stephen the priest was Wilfrid’s singing master from Kent, he appears to have been a follower of Wilfrid and was able to consult individuals who had known Wilfrid closely as sources for the Life of Wilfrid. He wrote for the monks in Ripon, many of whom had known Wilfrid.
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Swithun
Swithun (or Swithin, Old English: Swīþhūn; died c. 862) was an Anglo-Saxon bishop of Winchester and subsequently patron saint of Winchester Cathedral. His historical importance as bishop is overshadowed by his reputation for posthumous miracle-working. According to tradition, the weather on his feast day (15 July) will continue for forty days. The precise meaning and origin of St Swithin's name is unknown, but it is largely considered to mean 'Pig Man'.
Swithun was Bishop of Winchester from 30 October 852 to his death on 2 July 862. However, he is scarcely mentioned in any document of his own time. His death is entered in the Canterbury manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MS F) under the year 861. His signature is appended to the witness lists of several Anglo-Saxon charters. Of these charters three belong to 833, 838, 860–862. In the first Swithun signs as Swithunus presbyter regis Egberti, in the second as Swithunus diaconus, and in the third as Swithunus episcopus.
More than a hundred years later, when Dunstan and Æthelwold of Winchester were inaugurating their church reform, Swithun was adopted as patron of the restored church at Winchester, formerly dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul. His body was transferred from its almost forgotten grave to Æthelwold's new basilica on 15 July 971, and according to contemporary writers, numerous miracles preceded and followed the move.
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Sæbbi of Essex
Sebbi (also known as Saint Sebbi) was the joint King of Essex from 664 to 683 along with his brother, Sighere. After Sighere died, Sebbi became sole ruler of Essex until 694.
Sighere and Sebbi were cousins of their predecessor, Swithelm. In 665 Sighere apostatized and fell back into paganism, while Sebbi remained a faithful Christian. They soon developed a rivalry. Sighere found an ally in Wessex, and Sebbi in Mercia. As a result of their rivalry, King Wulfhere of Mercia established himself as overlord of Essex in 665. He despatched Jaruman, the Bishop of Mercia, who was assigned to reconvert the people of Essex to Christianity.
In 686, Cædwalla, a Wessex sub-king, established himself as overlord of Essex. He and Sebbi invaded Kent, expelling King Eadric, and Sebbi ruled over West Kent. It was presumably at the time that Sebbi founded the original abbey at Westminster.
Sebbi is believed to have abdicated in 694 in order to enter a monastery, and was succeeded by his sons, Sigeheard and Swaefred, who ruled jointly over Essex. Sebbi died in 695 and was buried in Old St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London where he was revered as a saint. Bede recounts the burial thus (4.11):
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Theodore of Tarsus
Theodore (602 – 19 September 690; sometimes known as Theodore of Tarsus or Theodore of Canterbury) was the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury, best known for his reform of the English Church and establishment of a school in Canterbury.
Theodore's life can be divided into the time before his arrival in Britain as Archbishop of Canterbury, and his archiepiscopate. Until recently, scholarship on Theodore had focused on only the latter period since it is attested in Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English, and also in Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, whereas no source directly mentions Theodore's earlier activities. However, Michael Lapidge and Bernard Bischoff have reconstructed his earlier life based on a study of texts produced by his Canterbury School.
Theodore was of Byzantine Greek descent born in Tarsus in Cilicia, a Greek-speaking diocese of the Byzantine Empire. Theodore's childhood experienced devastating wars between Byzantium and the Sassanid Empire, which resulted in the capture of Antioch, Damascus, and Jerusalem in 613-614. Tarsus was captured by Persian forces when Theodore was 11 or 12 years old. There is evidence that Theodore had experience of Persian culture. It is most likely that he studied at Antioch, the historic home of a distinctive school of exegesis, of which he was a proponent. Theodore also was familiar with Syrian culture, language and literature, and may even have traveled to Edessa.
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Thomas Arundel
Thomas Arundel (1353 – 19 February 1414) was Archbishop of Canterbury in 1397 and from 1399 until his death, an outspoken opponent of the Lollards.
Arundel was born, probably in Etchingham, Sussex, England. a younger son of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. His elder brother was John FitzAlan, 1st Baron Arundel.
Arundel was papally provided as Bishop of Ely on 13 August 1373 entirely by reason of his father's status and financial leverage with the Crown during the dotage of Edward III, happily abandoning his student days at Oxford, from which he gained little pleasure. A hugely wealthy near-sinecure, Ely seems to have captured the young bishop's genuine interest until his brother's political opposition to Richard II's policies both at home and towards France grew rancorous and dragged him in. In an extremely grave crisis, teetering towards civil war, 1386-8, the bishop found himself, at least in formal terms, right at the front of the dangerous attempts by five leading temporal lords to purge the king's advisors and control future policy.
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Thomas Herring
Thomas Herring (1693 – 23 March 1757) was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1747 to 1757.
He was educated at Wisbech Grammar School and later Jesus College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was a contemporary of Matthew Hutton, who succeeded him in turn in each of his dioceses. He received his MA in 1717 and was a fellow at Corpus Christi College from 1716 to 1723.
Herring became a close friend of Philip Yorke, the Solicitor General, who would later, as Lord Hardwicke, serve for many years as Lord Chancellor, and as such, was able to advance quickly. In 1728 he became Doctor of Divinity and a chaplain to George II, and in 1737 he was appointed Bishop of Bangor. Six years later he became Archbishop of York. On 23 September 1745, during the Jacobite rising, Herring gave a rousing sermon which, as Paul Langford notes, "captured the patriotic imagination as nothing previously had. It was to remain long in the collective mind of patriotic Protestantism". At a speech at York Castle on 24 September, Herring said:
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Thomas II of York
Thomas (died 24 February 1114) was a medieval archbishop of York. To distinguish him from his uncle, also a Thomas who was archbishop of York, Thomas is usually known as Thomas II or Thomas the Younger.
Thomas was the nephew of Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York, and the son of the elder Thomas' brother Samson, Bishop of Worcester. He was a royal chaplain, and then provost of Beverley in 1092, both appointments he owed to his uncle. He was raised in the cathedral chapter at York, and the clergy of York trusted him, and he proved himself devoted to York's cause against the primacy of Canterbury. Thomas' brother Richard became Bishop of Bayeux in about 1108 until Richard's death in 1133. Thomas and Richard's sister, Isabelle of Douvres, was the mistress of Robert of Gloucester, and their son Richard was Bishop of Bayeux from 1135 to 1142.
Thomas became archbishop in May 1108 at the request of the dean and cathedral chapter of York. Because he refused to profess obedience to the Archbishop of Canterbury, his consecration was delayed and formed part of the Canterbury-York dispute. Thomas said that the chapter would not allow him to make a written profession, and the chapter wrote as a body to Archbishop Anselm confirming this. Meanwhile, the dean of York went to Rome to procure the pallium for Thomas, which was sent with a papal legate. Anselm died in April 1109 without any resolution to the dispute between the two archbishops. Anselm had told the bishops before his death that he felt that Thomas must make a profession of obedience, and obediently the bishops appealed to the king's court to make Thomas do so. Henry I and his bishops finally decided against Thomas, who capitulated and was consecrated in London on 27 June 1109 by Richard de Beaumis, Bishop of London. He received his pallium from Cardinal Ulrich, the legate, on 1 August 1109.
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Thomas Lamplugh
Thomas Lamplugh (1615 – 5 May 1691) was an English churchman who ended up being Archbishop of York
He was the son of Christopher Lamplugh of Little Riston, Yorkshire and his wife Anne, daughter and coheir of Thomas Roper of Octon in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Many sources incorrectly cite his father as Thomas an MP for Cumberland, whose family had been seated at Dovenby in that county for a number of generations. There is an interpolation in the parish register of Lamplugh, Cumbria which has his baptism taking place on 13 June 1615. He was Dean of Rochester from 1673, and, from 1676, Bishop of Exeter. While in Exeter, he retained the Rochester deanery in commendam until his translation to York in 1688.
On receiving the news of the arrival of William of Orange at Brixham in Torbay, Bishop Lamplugh delivered a public address, in which he exhorted the people of his diocese to remain faithful to King James II. He fled to London, together with Dr. Annesley, the Dean. As a reward for Lamplugh's loyalty, James procured him the Archbishopric of York, which had been kept vacant for two years. He was confirmed in his new see before William's arrival in London, but his Jacobitism was of no very profound character and did not prevent him from assisting at William's coronation. He died at York in 1691.
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Thomas Langley
Thomas Langley (c.1363 – 20 November 1437) was an English prelate who held high ecclesiastical and political offices in the early to mid 1400s. He was Dean of York, Bishop of Durham, twice Lord Chancellor of England to three kings, and a Pseudocardinal. In turn Keeper of the King's signet and Keeper of the Privy Seal before becoming de facto England's first Foreign Secretary. He was the second longest serving Chancellor of the Middle Ages.
Langley was born in Middleton, Lancashire, the third son of Alice and William Langley. In 1375 he was sent to St Mary's Abbey, Thetford, a feeder for Corpus Christi in Cambridge. Langley attended this college until it was ransacked and destroyed by the Poll Tax rioters on 15 June 1381.
Langley returned to Middleton and in 1385 he was appointed rector of Radcliffe. The following year saw him appointed Dean of York. This was blocked by Pope Boniface IX, because of Langley's part in the deposition and murder of Richard II. In 1401 he was given custody of the privy seal, which office he held until 1405.
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Thomas of Bayeux
Thomas of Bayeux (died 18 November 1100) was Archbishop of York from 1070 until 1100. A native of Bayeux, he was educated at Liège and became a royal chaplain to Duke William of Normandy, who later became King William I of England. After the Norman Conquest, the king nominated Thomas to succeed Ealdred as Archbishop of York. After Thomas' election, Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, demanded an oath from Thomas to obey him and any future Archbishops of Canterbury; this was part of Lanfranc's claim that Canterbury was the primary bishopric, and its holder the head of the English Church. Thomas countered that York had never made such an oath. As a result, Lanfranc refused to consecrate him. The King eventually persuaded Thomas to submit, but Thomas and Lanfranc continued to clash over ecclesiastical issues, including the primacy of Canterbury, which dioceses belonged to the province of York, and the question of how York's obedience to Canterbury would be expressed.
After King William I's death Thomas served his successor, William II, and helped to put down a rebellion led by Thomas' old mentor Odo of Bayeux. Thomas also attended the trial for rebellion of the Bishop of Durham, William de St-Calais, Thomas' sole suffragan, or bishop subordinate to York. During William II's reign Thomas once more became involved in the dispute with Canterbury over the primacy when he refused to consecrate the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm, if Anselm was named the Primate of England in the consecration service. After William II's sudden death in 1100, Thomas arrived too late to crown King Henry I, and died soon after the coronation.
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Thomas of Corbridge
Thomas of Corbridge (sometimes Thomas Corbridge; died 1304) was Archbishop of York between 1299 and 1304.
Some sources state that Thomas' grandfather was the master-carpenter in charge of building the transepts of York Minster, others state that nothing is known of his ancestry. He probably came from Corbridge, Northumberland. He was a canon of York before 11 September 1277 and held the prebend of Osbaldwick. He was a Doctor of Theology, probably from Oxford University. He was appointed Chancellor of York by 17 February 1280, but resigned the office on 16 June 1290 when he was appointed to the chapel of St Mary and Holy Angels, but was obstructed from that office. He then attempted to resume the office of chancellor, but the office had already been assigned to another priest and he was excommunicated by Archbishop John le Romeyn of York on 31 July 1290. Eventually he gained control of the chapel and the excommunication was lifted on 24 March 1291.
Thomas was elected archbishop of York on 12 November 1299. Traveling to Rome for confirmation and the pallium, his election was set aside by Pope Boniface VIII who promptly provided him to the see and consecrated Thomas himself on 28 February 1300. Thomas was given the temporalities of the see on 30 April 1300.
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Thomas Rotherham
Thomas Rotherham (24 August 1423 – 29 May 1500), also known as Thomas (Scot) de Rotherham, was an English cleric and statesman. He served as bishop of several dioceses, most notably as Archbishop of York and, on two occasions as Lord Chancellor. He is considered a local hero in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, his town of birth.
Born in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, Rotherham was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Rotherham, of Brookgate in Rotherham, and his wife, Alice Scot. He was first educated as a young boy by a teacher of grammar, who came, according to Thomas, "I know not by what fate save it was the Grace of God". Afterwards he was sent to the newly founded Eton College in order to prepare for university entrance.
Rotherham attended King's College, Cambridge, becoming a Bachelor of Divinity and a Fellow of King's, and lectured on Grammar, Theology and Philosophy. After his ordination as a priest he served in many powerful positions in the Church, becoming prebendary of Lincoln in 1462 and of Salisbury in 1465. He was appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1468,Bishop of Lincoln in 1472, and then Archbishop of York from 1480 to 1500.
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Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey (c. March 1473 – 29 November 1530; sometimes spelled Woolsey) was an English political figure and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. When Henry VIII became king of England in 1509, Wolsey became the King's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state and was extremely powerful within the Church. The highest political position he attained was Lord Chancellor, the King's chief adviser, enjoying great freedom and often depicted as an alter rex (other king). Within the Church he became Archbishop of York, the second most important seat in England, and then was made a cardinal in 1515, giving him precedence over even the Archbishop of Canterbury. His main legacy is from his interest in architecture, in particular his old home of Hampton Court Palace, which stands today.
Thomas Wolsey was born circa 1473, the son of Robert Wolsey of Ipswich and his wife Joan Daundy. His father was widely thought to have been a butcher and a cattle dealer, but sources indicate that Robert Wolsey died at the Battle of Bosworth Field and was a significant casualty.[citation needed] Robert may have been a respected and wealthy cloth merchant, and the butcher story was perhaps invented to demean Wolsey and show how high he had climbed in terms of status.
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Tobias Matthew
Tobias Matthew (aka Tobie Mathew and Toby Mathew) (1546 – 29 March 1628) was Archbishop of York.
He was the son of Sir John Matthew of Ross in Herefordshire, England, and of his wife Eleanor Crofton of Ludlow. He was born at Bristol and was educated at Wells, Somerset, and then in succession at University College and Christ Church, Oxford. He proceeded BA in 1564, and MA in 1566.
He attracted the favourable notice of Queen Elizabeth I, and his rise was steady though not very rapid. He was public orator in 1569, President of St John's College, Oxford in 1572,Dean of Christ Church in 1576, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University in 1579,Dean of Durham in 1583, Bishop of Durham in 1595, and Archbishop of York in 1606.
In 1581, he had a controversy with the Jesuit Edmund Campion, and published at Oxford his arguments in 1638 under the title, Piissimi et eminentissimi viri Tobiae Matthew, archiepiscopi olim Eboracencis concio apologetica adversus Campianam. While in the north he was active in forcing the recusants to conform to the Church of England, preaching hundreds of sermons and carrying out thorough visitations.
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Walstan
Saint Walstan (or Walston) (died 1016) was born either in Bawburgh in Norfolk, or Blythburgh in Suffolk, and because of his life dedicated to farming and the care of farm animals, is the patron saint of farms, farmers, farmhands, ranchers and husbandrymen.
He was born into a wealthy family but when he was only twelve, he left his parents home and travelled to Taverham, in Norfolk, where he worked as a farm labourer. In 1016, after a vision from an angel, Walstan died while at work, scything a hay crop on 30 May. His body was laid on a cart, pulled by two white oxen, as he had instructed and the cortege ended up at Bawburgh, where he was buried. At the three points along the journey that the oxen stopped, a spring arose (though only the well at Bawburgh can now be found). By popular demand, he was declared a saint and a small chapel built off the existing church of St Mary, giving it a new dedication of St Mary and St Walstan. Since then, and until the present day, St Walstan has been honoured as a special saint of farm workers, farmers and farm animals. Throughout the days of medieval pilgrimage, his shrine was sought from pilgrims from far and wide as well as local farmers and farm labourers.
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Walter de Gray
Walter de Gray (died 1 May 1255) was an English prelate and statesman who rose to be Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor.
Gray was the son of John de Gray the Elder of Eaton in Norfolk and nephew of John de Gray (the Younger), Bishop of Norwich. His sister, Hawise, married the Justiciar of England, Philip Basset.[citation needed] He studied at the University of Oxford, attending lectures by Edmund of Abingdon.
Gray was a favorite of King John of England, who named him Lord Chancellor in 1205, having paid John 5000 marks for the office. He was named Bishop of Lichfield in 1210, but was not consecrated as bishop there. Gray was then elected Bishop of Worcester on 20 January 1214, and resigned as chancellor in October 1214. His consecration as Bishop of Worcester took place on 5 October 1214. Gray was present at the signing of Magna Carta in June 1215. While he was away from England on an errand for the king, he was appointed Archbishop of York, being elected on 10 November 1215 through the influence of John and Pope Innocent III. John had wanted Walter, but, the canons of York felt that Walter was uneducated, and selected Simon Langton, brother of Stephen Langton Archbishop of Canterbury instead. John objected, and wrote to Innocent III complaining of the election of the brother of one of his staunchest enemies, and Innocent agreed. However, Walter in the end paid more than ₤10,000 to the pope in various fees to get his election confirmed. Walter attended the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215.
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Walter Giffard
Walter Giffard (died April 1279) was Lord Chancellor of England and Archbishop of York.
Giffard was the son of Hugh Giffard, of Boyton in Wiltshire; his mother was Sibyl, the daughter and co-heiress of Walter de Cormeilles. Walter was born about 1225, and may have been the oldest son. Hugh and Sybil were entrusted with the care of the young Prince Edward in 1239. In 1256 Giffard and his mother received the king's license to live in Boyton Castle. Giffard's brother was Bishop Godfrey Giffard, who was Bishop of Worcester and also Lord Chancellor of England; his sister Mabel was the Abbess of Shaftesbury Abbey. Walter was also a kinsman of William of Bitton I, who was Walter's predecessor at Bath. The family was also related to Walter de Gray, who was Archbishop of York from 1215 to 1255.
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Walter Goffart
Walter Andre Goffart (b. February 22, 1934 in Berlin-) is a historian of the later Roman Empire and the early Middle Ages who specializes in research on the barbarian kingdoms of those periods. He is a senior research scholar and lecturer at Yale University.
He is a 1955 graduate of Harvard University, where he also received his doctorate in 1961. He was awarded the Haskins Medal in 1991. He taught history at the University of Toronto from 1960 to 1999. After retirement from Toronto, he joined the history faculty of Yale in 2000.
Alexander C. Murray edited a Festschrift for Goffart called After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History (1999).
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Werburgh
Werburh or Wærburh (also known as Werburgh and Werburga) (d. 3 February 699 at Trentham) is an English saint and the patron saint of Chester.
She was born at Stone (now in Staffordshire), and was the daughter of King Wulfhere of Mercia (himself the Christian son of the pagan King Penda of Mercia) and his wife St Ermenilda, herself daughter of the King of Kent. She was a nun for most of her life, and was tutored under her great aunt Etheldreda (or Audrey), the first Abbess of Ely and former queen of Northumbria.
Werburh was instrumental in convent reform across England. She eventually succeeded her mother Ermenilda, her grandmother Seaxburh, and great-aunt Etheldreda as fourth Abbess of Ely.
She was buried at Hanbury in Staffordshire and her remains were later transferred to Chester, of which church and monastery she became the great patroness (see Chester Cathedral). She is the last abbess whose name is recorded.
By the year 708 her brother Cenred had succeeded as king of Mercia; he now decided to move his sister's body to a more conspicuous place within the church at Hanbury. Her body was found to be miraculously intact. This was considered to be a sign of divine favour, and her tomb therefore became an object of veneration and a centre for pilgrimage. Her brother is said to have been so affected by this miracle that he decided to abdicate and enter holy orders himself; however, he came from a notably religious family (his mother, grandmother and great-aunt all being abbesses). It is possible that the anecdote about the saint reviving a goose dates from this time.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of Wessex ( /ˈwɛsɨks/) or Kingdom of the West Saxons (Old English: Westseaxna rīce) was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom of the West Saxons in South West England, from the 6th century until the emergence of a united English state under the Wessex dynasty in the 10th century. It was to be an earldom after Canute the Great's conquest of 1016, from 1020 to 1066. After the Norman Conquest there was a dissolution of the English earldoms and Wessex was split among the followers of William the Conqueror.
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Wighard
Wighard (or Wigheard; died between 664 and 667) was a medieval Archbishop-elect of Canterbury. What little is known about him comes from 8th-century writer Bede, but inconsistencies between various works have led to confusion about the exact circumstances of Wighard's election and whether he was ever confirmed in that office. What is clear is that he died in Rome after traveling there for confirmation by the papacy of his elevation to the archbishopric. His death allowed Pope Vitalian to select the next archbishop from amongst the clergy in Rome.
Wighard was a Saxon priest during the late 7th century, and a native of Kent. He served in the household of Archbishop Deusdedit of Canterbury, and was also a priest at Canterbury. The 8th-century writer Bede says that Wighard was selected to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and that he was sent to Rome to visit Pope Vitalian for confirmation and to receive his pallium. How exactly he was selected, and when that occurred, is open to debate, as Bede himself had two different stories. The first one, related in his Historia Abbatum, stated that Wighard was selected by King Ecgberht of Kent. Fifteen years after Bede's completion of the Historia Abbatum, Bede wrote the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, which states that Wighard was selected by Oswiu of Northumbria and Ecgberht with the consent of all the clergy and people. Some modern historians have followed Bede's second account, but others feel that only Ecgberht selected Wighard.
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Wigmund
Wigmund was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Wigmund was consecrated in 837 and died in 854.
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Wigstan
Wigstan (died 849), also known as Saint Wystan, was the son of Wigmund of Mercia and Ælfflæd, daughter of King Ceolwulf I of Mercia.
Wigstan may have been sub-king, or ealdorman, of the Hwicce, and may have ruled Mercia briefly in 840, before resigning the throne. Wigstan was killed by his successor, Beorhtwulf, who is said to have been his godfather. The cause of the dispute was Beorhtwulf's plan to marry his son Beorhtfrith to Wigstan's widowed mother. Wigstan objected to the marriage, and Beorhtwulf's response was to have him killed at a meeting. The site of his martyrdom has been variously claimed to be Wistanstow (Shropshire), Wistow (Leics) or Wistow (Cambs).
Wigstan's remains were reburied at Repton in 849, where his grandfather King Wiglaf was also buried, and a cult developed soon after. Repton became a centre of pilgrimage as a result. In the reign of Cnut the Great, his relics were translated to Evesham.
Of later kings of Mercia, Ceolwulf II is thought to be related to Wigstan, although the precise relationship is not known.
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Wihtburh
Wihtburh (or Withburga) (died 743) was an East Anglia saint, princess and abbess who was possibly a daughter of Anna of East Anglia. She founded a monastery at Dereham in Norfolk and a traditional story says that the Virgin Mary sent a pair of does to provide milk for her workers during the monastery's construction. Her body is supposed to have been uncorrupted when discovered half a century after her death: it was later stolen on the orders of the abbot of Ely and a spring then appeared at the site of the saint's empty tomb at Dereham.
Tradition describes Wihtburh as the youngest of the daughters of Anna of East Anglia, but she is not mentioned by Bede, who was well-informed about her elder sistersSeaxburh of Ely, Æthelthryth and Æthelburh of Faremoutiers and Sæthryth, her older half-sister.
After her father's death (c.653) Wihtburh built a convent in East Dereham, Norfolk. A traditional story relates that while she was building the convent she had nothing but dry bread to give to the workmen. She prayed to the Virgin Mary and was told to send her maids to a local well each morning. There they found two wild does which provided milk for the workers. This allowed the workers to be fed.
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Wilfrid
Wilfrid (originally spelled Wilfrith;c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Gaul, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman "party" at the Council of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
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Wilfrid II
Wilfrid (II) or Wilfrith (II) (died on 29 April in either 745 or 746) also known as Wilfrid the Younger, was the last Bishop of York, as the see was converted to an archbishopric during the time of his successor. In the 10th century, two different groups claim to have taken the relics of an earlier Wilfrid from Ripon; most likely one party took those of Wilfrid the Younger. Although considered a saint, the younger Wilfrid's feast does not seem to have had a widespread or popular veneration.
Wilfrid was a monk at Whitby and studied there when Hilda was abbess. He was concecrated abbot of the cathedral community in York during 718,[citation needed] and in 718 was consecrated as coadjutor bishop to John of Beverley.
Wilfrid was described as a very holy man, and interested in education. He embellished York Minster during his time, having silver vessels made for use at the altar and having the altar and the crosses covered with gold and silver leaf.
Wilfrid resigned the bishopric in 732. He died on 29 April in either 745 or 746, and was buried at Ripon, but it may have been his body that was later translated to Canterbury in the mistaken belief that it was that of the earlier Wilfrid. The younger Wilfrid is considered a saint, with his feast day being 29 April. However, he was never the object of strong cult, and only occasional mentions of him in occur in martyrologies.
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Wilhelm Levison
Wilhelm Levison (27 May 1876, Düsseldorf - 17 January 1947, Durham) was a German medievalist. He was well known as a contributor to Monumenta Germaniae Historica, especially for the vitae from the Merovingian era. He also edited Wilhelm Wattenbach's Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter. In 1935 he was forced to retire from his professorship at Bonn University because of the Nuremberg Laws. He fled Nazi Germany in the spring of 1939, to Durham University. He was Ford's Lecturer in the University of Oxford for the academic year 1942/3, and published his lectures as England and the Continent in the Eighth Century (1946). He died during the preparation of Aus Rheinischer und Fränkischer Frühzeit (1948).
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William de Wickwane
William de Wickwane (died 1285) was Archbishop of York, between the years 1279 and 1285.
Wickwane's background is unknown, as is his place of education, but he was referred to as magister so he probably attended a university. He was prebendary of North Newald in Yorkshire by 1265 and also held the prebend of Ripon. He was elected Archbishop of York on 22 June 1279, and consecrated on 17 September 1279 by Pope Nicholas III at Viterbo. On his return to England, he had his primatial cross carried in front of him through the see of Canterbury, thus reviving a centuries old controversy between York and Canterbury. He was enthroned at York Minster on Christmas Day 1279. The matter of the cross involved Wickwane in a dispute with Archbishop John Peckham of Canterbury.
While archbishop, in 1281 Wickwane tried make an archiepiscopal visitation of the cathedral chapter of Durham, but was forcibly prevented by the cathedral chapter, after which Wickwane excommunicated the chapter and Robert of Holy Island, the Bishop of Durham, and placed the entire diocese of Durham under interdict. The chapter and bishop appealed to Rome, and the case dragged on for six years before eventually being settled by a compromise. He also wrote to Bogo de Clare while the later was still a canon of York Minster, taking Bogo to task for the state of the vestments and other liturgical items in the cathedral. Wickwane also attempted to keep clergy who kept concubines from performing clerical functions in the diocese of York.
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William Greenfield
William Greenfield (died 6 December 1315) served as both the Lord Chancellor of England and the Archbishop of York. He was also known as William of Greenfield.
Greenfield was born in the eponymous Lincolnshire hamlet of Greenfield – but the date of his birth is now lost but we do know that he was related to a predecessor in the See, Archbishop Giffard – and it was Giffard that paid for the young Greenfield's Oxford education. in the year 1269 Giffard instructed that his bailiff at Churchdown (near Gloucester), "...to pay to Roger the miller of Oxford twenty shillings, for our kinsman William of Greenfield while he is studying there, because it would be difficult for us to send the money to him on account of the perils of the ways". After Oxford Greenfield studied in Paris, where he became a doctor of both civil and canon law. Giffard's brother was Bishop Godfrey Gifford – the Bishop of Worcester.
Greenfield was the first of a number of Archbishops who ruled the northern English Archiepiscopal diocese as well as being significant statesmen during the fourteenth century.
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William Langton
William Langton (or William of Rotherfield; died 1279) was a medieval English priest and nephew of Archbishop Walter de Gray. William was selected but never consecrated as Archbishop of York and Bishop of Carlisle.
Langton was the son of Robert de Gray of Rotherfield Greys, who was the brother of Walter de Gray, Archbishop of York. Langton held the prebend of Strensall by 24 June 1245. He was named Archdeacon of York by 21 September 1249. By 23 April 1255 he was the rector of Great Mitton, West Riding, Yorkshire, and was named Dean of York by 16 March 1262. On 12 March 1265 was elected to fill the Archbishopric of York, however his election was quashed in November 1265 by the pope. He continued to hold office as Dean and was elected Bishop of Carlisle on 13 December 1278 but refused the office.
Langton died on 15 July 1279 and was buried in the south transept of York Minster.
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William Maclagan
William Dalrymple Maclagan PC (18 June 1826, Edinburgh–19 September 1910, London) was Archbishop of York from 1891 to 1908, when he resigned his office, and was succeeded in 1909 by Cosmo Gordon Lang, later Archbishop of Canterbury. As Archbishop of York, Maclagan crowned Queen Alexandra in 1902.
Maclagan, the fifth son of a distinguished Scottish physician David Maclagan (1785–1865) was born in Edinburgh in 1826, and educated at the Royal High School. His elder brother was the surgeon and scholar Douglas Maclagan. He served five years in the Indian Army rising to the rank of lieutenant and resigning on grounds of ill health.
In 1852, he enrolled at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he received a degree in mathematics four years later. He was immediately ordained a Deacon, and served in the Church of England thereafter. In 1869, he was Rector at Newington, and in 1875, he was Vicar of St. Mary's Abbots, Kensington; both parishes being in London. During this period, he composed several hymns. On 24 June 1878, he became Bishop of Lichfield, in the same year that he made a prestigious second marriage.
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William of York
William of York (late 11th century – 8 June 1154), also known as William FitzHerbert, William I FitzHerbert and William of Thwayt, was an English priest and Archbishop of York. William FitzHerbert has the unusual distinction of having been Archbishop of York twice, both before and after his rival Henry Murdac. He was a relative of King Stephen of England, and the king helped secure FitzHerbert's election to York after a number of candidates had failed to secure papal confirmation. FitzHerbert faced opposition from the Cistercians who, after the election of the Cistercian Pope Eugene III, managed to have the archbishop deposed in favour of the Cistercian Murdac. From 1147 until 1153, FitzHerbert worked to secure his restoration to York, which he finally achieved after the deaths of both Murdac and Eugene III. He did not retain the see long, as he died shortly after returning to York, allegedly having been poisoned. After William's death miracles were reported at his tomb from the year 1177 onwards, and in the year 1227 he was declared a saint.
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William Zouche
William Zouche or William de la Zouche, (died 19 July 1352 at Cawood Palace, North Yorkshire) was a medieval treasury official and Archbishop of York.
Zouche was a younger son of William, Lord Zouche of Haringworth, in Northamptonshire.[citation needed]
Zouche entered the treasury and was appointed Keeper of the Great Wardrobe in 1329 (until 1334).In 1335 he was named Lord Privy Seal, having already been controller of the (household) wardrobe from 1334 to 1335 and Dean of York. In 1337 he was given the position of Lord High Treasurer, which he held until March 1338, and then once more was Treasurer from December 1338 to May 1340.
Zouche was appointed Archdeacon of Barnstaple in 1329. On 12 July 1330, he was collated Archdeacon of Exeter.
Upon the death of Archbishop Melton of York, King Edward III wanted his secretary, William of Kildesby elected to the post.[citation needed] However, the canons of York elected Zouche, their Dean, on 2 May 1340. The king endeavoured to set aside the election, but without effect, and, after a delay of two years, Zouche was consecrated, at Avignon, by Pope Clement VI on 7 July 1342.
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Willibrord
Willibrord (c. 658 – 7 November 739) was a Northumbrian missionary saint, known as the "Apostle to the Frisians" in the modern Netherlands. He became the first Bishop of Utrecht and died at Echternach, Luxembourg.
His father, Wilgils or St Hilgis, an Angle or, as Alcuin styles him, a Saxon, of Northumbria, withdrew from the world and constructed for himself a little oratory dedicated to St Andrew. The king and nobles of the district endowed him with estates until he was at last able to build a church, over which Alcuin afterwards ruled.
A disciple of St Wilfrid, he was sent to the Abbey of Ripon almost as soon as he was weaned. Later he joined the Benedictines. He spent the years between the ages of 20 and 32 in the Abbey of Rathmelsigi which was a center of European learning in the 7th century. During this time he studied under Saint Egbert, who sent him and twelve companions to Christianize the pagan North Germanic tribes of Frisia, at the request of Pepin, Christian king of the Franks and nominal suzerain over that region. At the request of Pepin he traveled twice, finally being consecrated Bishop of the Frisians in the Church of St. Cecilia. It was 21 November 695 and he was given the name of Clement. He was also given the pallium by the pope. He returned to Frisia to preach and to build numerous churches, among them a monastery at Utrecht, where he established his cathedral and is counted the first Bishop of Utrecht. In 698 he established an abbey at a Roman villa of Echternach, in Luxemburg near Trier, which was presented to him by Irmina, daughter of Dagobert II, king of the Franks.
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Wulfhere of Mercia
Wulfhere (died 675) was King of Mercia from the end of the 650s until 675. He was the first Christian king of all of Mercia, though it is not known when or how he converted from Anglo-Saxon paganism. His accession marked the end of Oswiu of Northumbria's overlordship of southern England, and Wulfhere extended his influence over much of that region. His campaigns against the West Saxons led to Mercian control of much of the Thames valley. He conquered the Isle of Wight and the Meon valley and gave them to King Æthelwealh of the South Saxons. He also had influence in Surrey, Essex, and Kent. He married Eormenhild, the daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent.
Wulfhere's father, Penda, was killed in 655 at the Battle of Winwaed, fighting against Oswiu of Northumbria. Penda's son Peada became king under Oswiu's overlordship but was murdered a year later. Wulfhere came to the throne when Mercian nobles organized a revolt against Northumbrian rule in 658 and drove out Oswiu's governors.
By 670, when Oswiu died, Wulfhere was the most powerful king in southern Britain. He was effectively the overlord of Britain south of the Humber from the early 660s, although not overlord of Northumbria as his father had been. In 674, he challenged Oswiu's son Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but was defeated. He died, probably of disease, in 675. Wulfhere was succeeded as King of Mercia by his brother, Æthelred. Stephen of Ripon's Life of Wilfrid describes Wulfhere as "a man of proud mind, and insatiable will".
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Wulfhere of York
Wulfhere (died c. 900) was Archbishop of York between 854 and 900.
Wulfhere was consecrated in 854.
In 867 the Danes attacked York, and captured it. Wulfhere made peace with the invaders and stayed in York.
In 872, the Northumbrians rebelled against the Danes and their collaborators, and Wulfhere fled York. Eventually he found refuge with King Burgred of Mercia.
Wulfhere was recalled in 873, and continued in York until his death in 892 or 900. After his death, the see remained vacant for eight years.
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Wulfram of Sens
Saint Wulfram of Fontenelle or Saint Wulfram of Sens (also Vuilfran, Wulfrann, Wolfran, Latin: Wulframnus, French: Vulfran or Vulphran; c. 640 – 20 March 703) was the Archbishop of Sens. His life was recorded eleven years after he died by the monk Jonas of Fontenelle. However, there seems to be little consensus about the precise dates of most events whether during his life or post mortem.
Saint Wulfram is depicted in art as baptising a young king, or the son of King Radbod. Sometimes the young king is near him and sometimes he is shown arriving by ship with monks to baptise the king. There are two churches dedicated to him in England, at Grantham, Lincolnshire and Ovingdean, Sussex, and one at Abbeville, in the French département of Somme. As a patron saint, he protects against the dangers of the sea.
Wulfram was born in the diocese of Meaux, at Mauraliacus, an insecurely identified place near Fontainebleau, probably Milly-la-Forêt, Essonne. He was the son of a certain Fulbert, a knight attached to the court of Dagobert I, king of the Franks. King Dagobert's kingdom was divided on his death, and it was close to the court of his partial successor, Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy that Wulfram is likely to have been born a little after Dagobert had died in 639.
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Wulfsige of York
Wulfsige was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Wulfsige was consecrated sometime after 808 and he died between 830 and 837.
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Wulfstan I
Wulfstan (died December 956) was Archbishop of York between 931 and 952. He is often known as Wulfstan I, to separate him from Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York.
Wulfstan was consecrated in 931.
In 939, King Olaf Guthfrithson of Dublin invaded Northumbria and occupied York. King Edmund of England marched north to remove Olaf from York, but in 940 Wulfstan and Archbishop Wulfhelm of Canterbury arranged a treaty that ceded the area between Watling Street and the border of Northumbria to Olaf. But Olaf died in late 940, and his rule in York was inherited by his cousin, Olaf Sitricson who became King of Jórvík. Wulstan's career is characterized by frequent swapping of allegiances, both among Viking leaders from Dublin and the Wessex kings. Perhaps Wulfstan played the part of 'king-maker' in Northumbrian politics in the mid-10th century, or perhaps he was guided by self-preservation and the interests of the Church in Northumbria. Later in 947 Wulfstan invited Erik Bloodaxe, the King of Orkney to become King of Jórvík. Eadred of Wessex brutally ravaged Northumbria in 948, forcing Eric to leave Northumbria. Olaf Cuaran then resumed his second reign at York. By 951, Wulfstan appears to have supported Erik's claim to the kingdom of York over Olaf as he ceased to witness charters at the English court. In 952, Olaf was driven out by the Northumbrians in favor of Eric. Eadred then re-invaded and imprisoned Wulfstan. The Anglo Saxon Chronicle version D says that Eadred arrested Wulfstan, but if this actually happened, the king and archbishop must have reconciled at some point before Eadred's death in 955, as Wulfstan was archbishop when Eadred died. He attested some charters in 953, so he was not imprisoned then.
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Wulfstan II
Wulfstan (sometimes Lupus; died 28 May 1023) was an English Bishop of London, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York. He should not be confused with Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York or Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a Benedictine monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the diocese of Worcester and the archdiocese of York, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or homilies, on the topic of Antichrist. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the Sermo Lupi ad Anglos, or the Sermon of the Wolf to the English.
Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings Æthelred the Unready and Cnut the Great of England. He is considered one of the two major writers of the late Anglo-Saxon period in England. After his death in 1023, miracles were said to have occurred at his tomb, but attempts to have him declared a saint never bore fruit.
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Æbbe of Coldingham
Saint Æbbe the Elder (c. 615 – 683) founded monasteries at Ebchester and St Abb's Head near Coldingham in Scotland.
Æbbe was a princess, the daughter of King Æthelfrith of Bernicia and Acha of Deira. Æthelfrith had invaded the neighbouring kingdom of Deira in 604. Assuming the throne, he united Deira with Bernicia thus becoming the first king of Northumbria. To cement this claim upon Deira he took the princess Acha of the royal house of Deira as his wife. However, when Æhelfirth had invaded Deira, he deposed prince Edwin, heir to the throne and brother of Acha, who fled into exile.
Edwin took refuge in the court of King Raedwald of East Anglia, and with his support in 616, raised an army against Æthelfrith. In the subsequent battle, Æthelfrith was defeated and killed. Edwin then gained the throne of Northumbria. Edwin on the throne meant Northumbria, was no longer safe for the children of Æthelfrith as they had a potential rival claim to the throne. Therefore when Æbbe was still young she, her mother and brothers fled north to exile in the court of King Domnall Brecc of Dál Riata. It was during this time of exile in western Scotland that she and her brothers were converted to Christianity.
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Æbbe of Oxford
Æbbe was a saint venerated in medieval Oxfordshire. St Ebbe's church in the southern English city of Oxford had been verifiably dedicated to the saint by 1091. It is believed that she represents a rare southern expression of the cult of the Northumbrian abbess and saint, Æbbe of Coldingham, to whom the church at Shelswell, also in Oxfordshire, was dedicated.
It has also been argued by several historians that Æbbe of Oxford is the same Æbbe as the conjectured abbess-saint who gave her name to nearby Abingdon ("hill of Æbbe").
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Æbbe the Younger
For the earlier Abbess of Coldingham, see Æbbe the Elder.
Saint Æbbe of Coldingham [also Ebbe, Aebbe, Abb], sometimes styled as "the Younger", (died 870) was an Abbess of Coldingham Priory in south-east Scotland. There are several local Scottish legends associated with Æbbe. However, little of historical value is known about her and her existence has been brought into doubt by some historians.
The most often recounted legend is of Æbbe the Younger and her nuns mutilating themselves in the attempt to preserve their chastity from a pillaging Viking horde. There is no contemporary record of this event happening. The first documentary evidence of this attack dates from the 14th century writings of Matthew Paris where he gives the year of the attack as 870. However, it is believed that the monastery at Coldingham had by then been abandoned for nearly 200 years, and historians have been unable to identify any raid on the coast of south-east Scotland for that year. The legend may be the origin of the phrase 'cutting off the nose to spite the face'.
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Ælfflæd of Whitby
Saint Ælfflæd (654–713) was the daughter of King Oswiu of Northumbria and Eanflæd. She was abbess of Whitby Abbey from the death of her kinswoman Hilda in 680, first jointly with her mother, then alone.
Most of Ælfflæd's life was spent as a nun. When she was about a year old, her father, in thanksgiving for his victory over Penda of Mercia at the Battle of the Winwæd, handed her over to abbess Hilda to be brought up at Hartlepool Abbey. When Hilda left to found Whitby Abbey in 657 or 658, she brought Ælfflæd with her.
Like her mother, Ælfflæd was associated with Bishop Wilfrid, and played a large part in the settlement which placed her nephew Osred son of Aldfrith on the throne in 705. She was an important political figure from the death of her brother Ecgfrith in 685 until her death.
Her piety was praised by contemporaries such as Bede and Eddius. Bede refers to her high degree of holiness and devotion, while Eddius calls her the consoler of the whole kingdom and the best counsellor.
Ælfflæd was considered a saint and her feast day was celebrated on 8 February. She was buried at Whitby. A late hagiography, the Vita sanctae Elfledae, survives, collected in John Capgrave's Nova Legenda Angliae of 1516.
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Ælfgar of Selwood
Ælfgar (Algar), according to 16th-century antiquarian John Leland, was a saint venerated at a chapel in the forest of Selwood, three miles from Mells (near Frome), Somerset. Leland wrote that at the chapel "be buryed the bones of S. Algar, of late tymes superstitiously soute of by the folische commune people". There is no other surviving information on the saint, and it is presumed he was an Anglo-Saxon hermit.
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Ælfgifu of Exeter
Ælfgifu of Exeter was an Anglo-Saxon saint, of unknown date or origin, whose relics were held by Exeter Cathedral. She is mentioned in the Old English Exeter relic-list as "the holy servant of Christ ... who would daily perform her confession before she went into church". It is possible that she is the 10th-century royal abbess, Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury wife of Edmund I (as one 12th-century writer believed), but it is "more likely" according to historian John Blair that she was not.
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Ælfheah the Bald
Ælfheah the Bald is the commonly used name for Ælfheah (died 12 March 951), the first English Bishop of Winchester of that name. He is sometimes known as Alphege, an older translation of his Old English name.
Ælfheah may have been a relative of Dunstan. He certainly began his career as a monk at the court of King Athelstan of England and was made Bishop of Winchester in 934. He was an early mover towards the monastic reforms of the next generation and was tutor of Aethelwold. He died on 12 March 951 and was buried in Old Minster in Winchester. He was subsequently revered as a saint.
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Ælfnoth of Stowe
Ælfnoth or Alnoth (died 700) was an English hermit and martyr. Little is known of his life, though he is mentioned in Jocelyn's life of Saint Werburgh as a pious neatherd at Weedon, who bore with great patience the ill-treatment of the bailiff placed over him, and who afterwards became a hermit in a very lonely spot, where he was eventually murdered by two robbers. On this ground he was honoured as a martyr; and there was some concourse of pilgrims to his tomb at Stowe near Bugbrooke in Northamptonshire. Ælfnoth is not mentioned in any surviving early calendars; his feast was later kept on 27 February or on 25 November.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Alnoth". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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Ælfric Puttoc
Ælfric Puttoc ( /ˈælfrɪk ˈpʌtək/; Old English: Ælfrīc Puttoc; died 22 January 1051), sometimes modernized Alfric Puttock, was a medieval Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester.
Ælfric first appears in the historical record as the provost of New Minster, Winchester. He was probably a native of Wessex. He became Archbishop of York in 1023, but did not hold the see of Worcester at the same time, which had been traditional for a number of years. He was consecrated by Æthelnoth, the Archbishop of Canterbury. He was replaced as Bishopric of Worcester by Lyfing, Abbot of Tavistock.
Ælfric traveled to Rome in 1026 to receive his pallium from Pope John XIX. He was the first archbishop of York to travel to Rome for their pallium, all other palliums held by the archbishops previous to this having been sent to York. During King Cnut of England's reign, Ælfric received the manor of Patrington in Holderness from the king and his wife Emma of Normandy. In 1036 he may have been the bishop who crowned Harold Harefoot king of England, since the Archbishop of Canterbury of the time was Æthelnoth, who supported Harold's rival Harthacnut.[citation needed]
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Æthelbald of York
Æthelbald (sometimes Æthelbeald, Athelbald, or Ethelbald) was a medieval Archbishop of York.
Æthelbald was consecrated in 900. He died between 904 and 928.
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Æthelberht of Kent
Æthelberht (also Æthelbert, Aethelberht, Aethelbert, or Ethelbert) (c. 560 – 24 February 616) was King of Kent from about 580 or 590 until his death. In his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, the eighth-century monk Bede lists Aethelberht as the third king to hold imperium over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In the late ninth century Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Æthelberht is referred to as a bretwalda, or "Britain-ruler". He was the first English king to convert to Christianity.
He was the son of Eormenric, succeeding him as king, according to the Chronicle. He married Bertha, the Christian daughter of Charibert, king of the Franks, thus building an alliance with the most powerful state in contemporary Western Europe; the marriage probably took place before Æthelberht came to the throne. The influence of Bertha may have led to the decision by Pope Gregory I to send Augustine as a missionary from Rome. Augustine landed on the Isle of Thanet in east Kent in 597. Shortly thereafter, Æthelberht was converted to Christianity, churches were established, and wider-scale conversion to Christianity began in the kingdom. Æthelberht provided the new church with land in Canterbury, at what came to be known as St Augustine's Abbey.
wn.com/Æthelberht_of_Kent -
Æthelbert of York
Æthelbert (or Æthelberht, Aethelberht, Adalberht, Ælberht, Aelberht, Aldbert or Ethelbert; died 8 November 780) was an eighth century scholar, teacher, priest and Archbishop of York.
Æthelbert, was the teacher and intimate friend of Alcuin, whose poem on the saints and prelates of the Church of York, De Sanctis et Pontificibus Ecclesiæ Eboracensis, is the principal source of information concerning Æthelbert's life. He was a kinsman of his predecessor Archbishop Ecgbert, brother to Eadberht, King of Northumbria and a pupil in the school founded at York by Ecgbert, who ordained him priest and made him master of the school. Alcuin's affectionate eulogy praised his erudition in grammar, rhetoric, law, poetry, astronomy, natural history, and Scripture, and his stern but supportive nature.
Æthelbert loved books ardently and spared no pains in forming a library at York, which was probably the largest contemporary collection of books to be found in Europe outside of Rome. Alcuin mentions several Latin and Greek classical authors, as well as the Fathers and other Christian writers that formed the 8th century canon. Æthelbert, in his search for books, travelled far, and we know that he visited Rome among other places. He taught both the trivium as well as the quadrivium, plus how to figure the dates of church festivals and natural science.
wn.com/Æthelbert_of_York -
Æthelburh of Barking
Saint Æthelburh (died after 686x688) or Ethelburga, founder and first Abbess of the dual monastery of Barking, was the sister of Eorcenwald, Bishop of London.
The main source for Æthelburh is Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum which recounts the foundation of Barking, early miracles there, and Æthelburh's death (Book IV, Chapters 6 to 10). Bede describes Æthelburg as "upright in life and constantly planning for the needs of her community".
A charter (Sawyer 1171), believed genuine and drafted by Bishop Eorcenwald in the reign of King Sebbi of Essex (reigned c. 664–c. 694), records a grant of lands in Essex by a certain Æthelred to Æthelburh and Barking. This is dated to between 686 and 688.
The 9th century Old English Martyrology records a vision, recounted by a nun of Barking, who saw Æthelburh being drawn up into heaven by golden chains. She was buried at Barking. The Old English Martyrology records her feast day as 11 October. Her successor as abbess was Hildelith.
The church of St Ethelburga the Virgin in the City of London is dedicated to her. It survived the Great Fire and the Blitz but was extensively damaged in an IRA attack in 1993; however, it has been restored and is now a centre for international reconciliation.
wn.com/Æthelburh_of_Barking -
Æthelburh of Kent
Saint Æthelburh (ca. 616 - 647), also known as Ethelburg, Ædilburh and Æthelburga (Old English: Æþelburh), was the second wife of Edwin of Northumbria. She was the daughter of King Ethelbert of Kent and the Merovingian princess Saint Bertha, as well as the sister of Eadbald and Edburga. Æthelburh’s marriage to Edwin in 625 triggered the conversion of the north of England to Christianity.
Æthelburh was born circa 616 to Æthelberht of Kent and Bertha of Kent. In 625 she married Edwin of Northumbria. Their marriage, which led to Edwin being converted to Christianity by Æthelburh, not only helped to spread Christianity in the kingdom, but also brought together the two kingdoms of Northumbria and Kent.
Æthelburh’s children with Edwin were:
After Æthelberht's death, she moved back to Kent, with her daughter, Eanfled. She then established one of the first Benedictine nunneries in the county, in Folkestone, Kent. There she served as abbess and taught medicine to women, healed and tended to the sick.
wn.com/Æthelburh_of_Kent -
Æthelgar
Æthelgar (died 990) was Archbishop of Canterbury, and previously Bishop of Selsey.
Æthelgar was a monk at Glastonbury Abbey before he was the discipulus of Aethelwold the Bishop of Winchester. He then continued as a monk at Abingdon Abbey, until 964 when he was appointed Abbot of the newly reformed monastery of New Minster, Winchester, by Bishop Aethelwold. He was consecrated Bishop of Selsey on 2 May 980. He succeeded Dunstan as Archbishop of Canterbury, but "lived for a short time after that – no more than a year and three months". He was transferred to Canterbury in 988. He may have continued to hold his abbacy along with his bishopric and archbishopric until his death. Æthelgar died on 13 February 990.
While archbishop, Æthelgar received two letters from monasteries in Flanders, seeking support and prayers from Æthelgar. One was from the Falrad, the abbot of Saint Vaast Abbey, which requested that relations between the abbey and Canterbury remain good, as they had in Dunstan's time, and implies that Falrad had given verbal instructions to the messenger carrying the letter to seek further support on other issues. The second letter was from Odbert, the abbot of Saint Bertin Abbey, and congratulates Æthelgar on becoming archbishop and solicits financial aid for his monastery.
wn.com/Æthelgar -
Æthelred of Kent
Saint Aethelred (also Ethelred) and his brother Aethelberht were princes of the Kingdom of Kent who were murdered in around 669 AD, and later commemorated as saints and martyrs. Their story forms an important element in the legend of Saint Mildrith, because the monastery of Minster in Thanet is said to have been founded in atonement for the crime.
King Eorcenberht of Kent seized the rule of Kent in 640 AD in precedence to his elder brother Eormenred. Both were sons of Eadbald of Kent (r. c616-640). The legend, contained in a Latin Passio, tells that Eormenred and his wife Oslava had several children including the two sons Aethelred and Aethelberht, and a daughter Eormenbeorg. Eormenbeorg married Merewalh, ruler of the Maegonsaetan, a people situated in the west Midlands in the Shropshire area. King Eorcenberht married Seaxburh, daughter of King Anna of East Anglia, and ruled as a Christian king: he was the first ruler to order the abandonment and destruction of idols throughout his kingdom, and to establish the forty days' fast of Lent to be observed by royal authority (Bede, Ecclesiastical History iii,8). He had two sons, Ecgberht and Hlothhere, and two daughters, Eormenhild and Eorcongota. On Eorconberht's death of the plague in 664, Ecgberht succeeded him as King of Kent.
wn.com/Æthelred_of_Kent -
Æthelred of Mercia
Æthelred ( /ˈæθəlrɛd/; died after 704) was King of Mercia from 675 until 704. He was the son of Penda of Mercia and came to the throne in 675, when his brother, Wulfhere of Mercia, died. Within a year of his accession he invaded Kent, where his armies destroyed the city of Rochester. In 679 he defeated his brother-in-law, Ecgfrith of Northumbria, at the Battle of the Trent: the battle was a major setback for the Northumbrians, and effectively ended their military involvement in English affairs south of the Humber. It also permanently returned the kingdom of Lindsey to Mercia's possession. However, Æthelred was unable to re-establish his predecessors' domination of southern Britain.
He was known as a pious and religious king, and made many grants of land to the church. It was during his reign that Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reorganized the church's diocesan structure, creating several new sees in Mercia and Northumbria. Æthelred befriended Bishop Wilfrid of York when Wilfrid was expelled from his see in Northumbria; Æthelred made Wilfrid Bishop of the Middle Angles during his exile, and supported him at the synod of Austerfield in about 702, when Wilfrid argued his case for the return of the ecclesiastical lands he had been deprived of in Northumbria.
wn.com/Æthelred_of_Mercia -
Æthelthryth
Æthelthryth (or Æðelþryð) (c. 636 – June 23, 679) is the proper name for the popular Anglo-Saxon saint often known, particularly in a religious context, as Etheldreda or by the pet form of Audrey (or variations). She was an East Anglian princess, a Fenland queen and Abbess of Ely in the English county of Cambridgeshire.
Æthelthryth was probably born in Exning, near Newmarket in Suffolk. She was one of four daughters of King Anna of East Anglia (killed c.653), all of whom eventually retired from secular life and founded abbeys.
Æthelthryth made an early first marriage (c. 652) to Tondberct, chief or prince of the South Gyrvians, or "fenmen" (gyr, Old English "fen") (d. 655). However, she managed to persuade her husband to respect her vow of perpetual virginity that she had made prior to their marriage. Upon his death in 655, Æthelthryth retired to the Isle of Ely, given to her as her morning gift by Tondberct.
wn.com/Æthelthryth -
Æthelwealh of Sussex
Æthelwealh (fl. c. 660–685) (also written Aedilualch, Aethelwalch, Aþelwold, Æðelwold, Æþelwald, or Ethelwalch) was the first historical king of Sussex. Æthelwealh became the first Christian king of Sussex and was king when Sussex was converted to Christianity in 681. In 661, Æthelwealh received the territories of the Meon Valley in modern-day Hampshire, and the Isle of Wight from his godfather, Wulfhere, king of Mercia. Æthelwealh was killed in around 685 by Cædwalla, at the time a prince of the Gewisse tribe of modern-day Oxfordshire, who had been operating as bandit in Sussex.
All known information about him comes from brief mentions in Eddius's The Life of Bishop Wilfrid, Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England, and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Æthelwealh was the third recorded ruler of the South Saxons in Sussex. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record Aelle as both the first Bretwalda and king of the South Saxons, although Slaughter refers to Bede on ancestral Saxon aldermen and argues that Aelle was probably the South Saxon Warlord (Rulers of the South Saxons before 825). The second ruler of the South Saxons in Sussex is recorded by Roger of Wendover as King Cissa. So Æthelwealh was the third recorded ruler of the South Saxons in Sussex.
wn.com/Æthelwealh_of_Sussex -
Æthelwine of Lindsey
Æthelwine (Ethelwine or Elwin) (d. circa (c.) 700) was the second bishop of Lindsey from circa 680, and is regarded as a saint.
Other than a reference in Bede's Historia to him and his family, very little is known of him. His brother was Edilhum, who was abbot of Peartney Abbey. His sister Ethelhild was an abbess. He probably died around 700. His feast day is 3 May or 29 June. The even less well evidenced Saint Aldwyn is sometimes said to have been his brother.
wn.com/Æthelwine_of_Lindsey
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Young Snag - Wilfrid Laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) french version ft DJ XO, Le Cid & Louis Vii (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Haitian rapper Young Snag bring you is new club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat deejay D,JX,O, Le Cid, Louis Vii (Bestyle ) jagwar lets make it rain with 5 dollar bills those blue bills. HAITIAN MOBB ALL DAY !!! VFK music group/Ego trig record
http://wn.com/Young_Snag_Wilfrid_Laurier_5_dollar_bills_french_version_ft_DJ_XO,_Le_Cid_Louis_Vii_HD
Haitian rapper Young Snag bring you is new club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat deejay D,JX,O, Le Cid, Louis Vii (Bestyle ) jagwar lets make it rain with 5 dollar bills those blue bills. HAITIAN MOBB ALL DAY !!! VFK music group/Ego trig record
Wilfrid Gordon Mcdonald Partridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Story about a small boy who lived next to an old people's home and he knew all the people who lived there.
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Gordon_Mcdonald_Partridge
Story about a small boy who lived next to an old people's home and he knew all the people who lived there.
- published: 11 Jun 2009
- views: 52297
- author: glrawe1
Young Snag - Wilfrid Laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) ft. DJ XO & Jagwar (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:09
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
Haitian rapper Young Snag bring you is new club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat DJ XO and Jagwar . lets make it rain with 5 dollar bills those blue bills. HAITIAN MOBB ALL DAY !!! VFK music group/Ego trig record
http://wn.com/Young_Snag_Wilfrid_Laurier_5_dollar_bills_ft_DJ_XO_Jagwar_HD
Haitian rapper Young Snag bring you is new club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat DJ XO and Jagwar . lets make it rain with 5 dollar bills those blue bills. HAITIAN MOBB ALL DAY !!! VFK music group/Ego trig record
- published: 19 May 2011
- views: 49339
- author: FEXentertainment
YOUNG SNAG & DJ XO PRESENT: WILFRID LAURIER (5 DOLLAR BILLS) REMIX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:33
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Haitian rapper YOUNG SNAG bring you the remix of is club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat DJ XO IPKISS, JB, GEE WUNDER, LILS THE GENERAL, lets make it rain !!! VFK music group
http://wn.com/YOUNG_SNAG_DJ_XO_PRESENT_WILFRID_LAURIER_5_DOLLAR_BILLS_REMIX
Haitian rapper YOUNG SNAG bring you the remix of is club hits Wilfrid laurier ( 5 dollar bills ) feat DJ XO IPKISS, JB, GEE WUNDER, LILS THE GENERAL, lets make it rain !!! VFK music group
- published: 07 Jan 2012
- views: 10286
- author: FEXentertainment
YOUNG SNAG & DJ XO PRESENT: WILFRID LAURIER (FRENCH) REMIX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:36
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
YOUNG SNAG, DJ XO, LE CID, LOUIS VII, IMPOSS, KASPER, SHODDY, L'ASSEMBLEE, DICE B, THUG ONE, MONALISA WILFRID LAURIER REMIX FRENCH (5 DOLLAR BILL)
http://wn.com/YOUNG_SNAG_DJ_XO_PRESENT_WILFRID_LAURIER_FRENCH_REMIX
YOUNG SNAG, DJ XO, LE CID, LOUIS VII, IMPOSS, KASPER, SHODDY, L'ASSEMBLEE, DICE B, THUG ONE, MONALISA WILFRID LAURIER REMIX FRENCH (5 DOLLAR BILL)
- published: 14 Nov 2011
- views: 41930
- author: FEXentertainment
Young Snag - 5 Dollar Bills - Wilfrid Laurier Remix (Francais)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:11
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Young Snag - 5 Dollar Bills - Wilfrid Laurier Remix (Francais) avec Dj XO, Le Cid, Louis Vii, Imposs, Kasper, Shoddy, L'assemblee, Dice B, Maze Le Patron, Thug One, Monalisa
http://wn.com/Young_Snag_5_Dollar_Bills_Wilfrid_Laurier_Remix_Francais
Young Snag - 5 Dollar Bills - Wilfrid Laurier Remix (Francais) avec Dj XO, Le Cid, Louis Vii, Imposs, Kasper, Shoddy, L'assemblee, Dice B, Maze Le Patron, Thug One, Monalisa
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 4389
- author: FEXentertainment
Wilfrid Laurier Young Snag Le Cid Bestyle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Young Snag New Track Feat. Le Cid And Bestyle. Wilfrid Laurier Lets Throw 5 Dollar Bills In The Club.
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Laurier_Young_Snag_Le_Cid_Bestyle
Young Snag New Track Feat. Le Cid And Bestyle. Wilfrid Laurier Lets Throw 5 Dollar Bills In The Club.
- published: 17 Apr 2010
- views: 4428
- author: FEXentertainment
South African Cardinal Wilfrid Napier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:43
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
South African Cardinal Wilfrid Napier on "International Dateline" LinkTV discussing the impact of the Catholic church on today's youth and the HIV/AIDS crisis.
http://wn.com/South_African_Cardinal_Wilfrid_Napier
South African Cardinal Wilfrid Napier on "International Dateline" LinkTV discussing the impact of the Catholic church on today's youth and the HIV/AIDS crisis.
- published: 20 Jul 2008
- views: 873
- author: ConstructiveFeedback
YOUNG SNAG - Wilfrid Laurier ( 5 Dollar Bills ) REMIX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
YOUNG SNAG - Wilfrid Laurier (5 Dollar Bills) Remix Ft. Dj XO, Ipkiss, JB, Gee Wunder, Lils the general, CANADA LETS MAKE IT RAIN !
http://wn.com/YOUNG_SNAG_Wilfrid_Laurier_5_Dollar_Bills_REMIX
YOUNG SNAG - Wilfrid Laurier (5 Dollar Bills) Remix Ft. Dj XO, Ipkiss, JB, Gee Wunder, Lils the general, CANADA LETS MAKE IT RAIN !
- published: 24 Aug 2011
- views: 1400
- author: FEXentertainment
Hey Ya Laurier - Wilfrid Laurier University
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:59
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
A parody of Outkast's Hey Ya by students at Wilfrid Laurier University - Produced by Jason Shim
http://wn.com/Hey_Ya_Laurier_Wilfrid_Laurier_University
A parody of Outkast's Hey Ya by students at Wilfrid Laurier University - Produced by Jason Shim
- published: 23 Oct 2005
- views: 26283
- author: perpetualstroll
Wilfrid Laurier University - Laurier International
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
A video for all of those students abroad who are interested in studying at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. This is a short message from some students who have studied at Wilfrid Laurier.
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Laurier_International
A video for all of those students abroad who are interested in studying at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. This is a short message from some students who have studied at Wilfrid Laurier.
- published: 01 Jul 2008
- views: 4376
- author: micdom
Merry Christmas from the staff of St Wilfrid's
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:41
- Updated: 25 Nov 2012
A Christmas gift from the staff to the Students of St Wilfrid's Catholic School, Crawley. Featuring many of the students' favourite teachers, this is a cracker!!
http://wn.com/Merry_Christmas_from_the_staff_of_St_Wilfrid's
A Christmas gift from the staff to the Students of St Wilfrid's Catholic School, Crawley. Featuring many of the students' favourite teachers, this is a cracker!!
- published: 15 Dec 2011
- views: 5178
- author: number1smithy
Marco Rodi Live at Salle Wilfrid Pelletier
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:17
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Marco Rodi Facebook Fanpage: www.facebook.com Marco Rodi Twitter twitter.com ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 minutes sample of my last solo bass show at Salle Wilfrid Pelletier. Show was in front of 3000 people. In this sample you'll hear a bit of Dont Forget Me ( Red Hot Chili peppers cover) Improvisation with Lion's King cool song My solo bass composition Stampede at night Every Breath You Take Enjoy! www.marcorodi.com
http://wn.com/Marco_Rodi_Live_at_Salle_Wilfrid_Pelletier
Marco Rodi Facebook Fanpage: www.facebook.com Marco Rodi Twitter twitter.com ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 minutes sample of my last solo bass show at Salle Wilfrid Pelletier. Show was in front of 3000 people. In this sample you'll hear a bit of Dont Forget Me ( Red Hot Chili peppers cover) Improvisation with Lion's King cool song My solo bass composition Stampede at night Every Breath You Take Enjoy! www.marcorodi.com
- published: 30 Mar 2009
- views: 6375
- author: propea
WILFRID LAURIER REMIX MAKING OF (ENGLISH VERSION)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
YOUNG SNAG, DJ XO, IPKISS, JB, GEE WUNDER, LILS THE GENERAL ON THE VIDEO SET OF WILFRID LAURIER THE REMIX
http://wn.com/WILFRID_LAURIER_REMIX_MAKING_OF_ENGLISH_VERSION
YOUNG SNAG, DJ XO, IPKISS, JB, GEE WUNDER, LILS THE GENERAL ON THE VIDEO SET OF WILFRID LAURIER THE REMIX
- published: 11 Nov 2011
- views: 1080
- author: FEXentertainment
RB Shaquille Murray-Lawrence #20 *SIGNED LOI TO LON MORRIS* Sir Wilfrid Laurier CI (SR Highlights)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Updated: 22 Nov 2012
RB Shaquille Murray-Lawrence #20 *SIGNED LOI TO LON MORRIS COLLEGE* Sir Wilfrid Laurier CI (SR Highlights)
http://wn.com/RB_Shaquille_Murray-Lawrence_20_*SIGNED_LOI_TO_LON_MORRIS*_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier_CI_SR_Highlights
RB Shaquille Murray-Lawrence #20 *SIGNED LOI TO LON MORRIS COLLEGE* Sir Wilfrid Laurier CI (SR Highlights)
- published: 09 Nov 2010
- views: 8833
- author: EvolutionCoach
San Ferry Ann (Barbara Windsor, David Lodge, Wilfrid Brambell, Joan Sims)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
Available on DVD from www.digitalclassics.co.uk and all major retailers. Starring the likes of Barbara Windsor, Wilfred Brambell and Joan Sims, San Ferry Ann finally gets a DVD release. This 'silent' British comedy sees a hapless group of tourist travel on the San Ferry Ann from Dover to Calais. A motley crew of British characters ride The San Ferry Ann to the shores of France where they embark on a weekend of calamity. The campervan family led by Dad and Mum (David Lodge and Joan Sims) create chaos from the moment they set their tires on the shore resulting in frequent run-ins with the Gendarme, while Lewd Grandad (Wilfred Brambell) finds his own misadventures with a newly acquainted friend, a mad German ex-soldier (Ron Moody). Also aboard for the ride is a saucy hitchhiker (Barbara Windsor) who causes a few heads to turn including that of a fellow traveller (Ronnie Stevens) who pursues her affection with comic results. By the end of this weekend the French may well be wishing to say au revoir to these trouble-making tourists. San Ferry Ann is a humorous take on the tradition of the British get-away. A classic sound effect comedy that sits with the likes of similarly praised titles such as The Plank, Futtocks End and Rhubarb Rhubarb. CAST DAVID LODGE Dad JOAN SIMS Mum WILFRED BRAMBELL Grandad BARBARA WINDSOR - Hitchhiker RON MOODY The German RONNIE STEVENS - Hitchhiker RODNEY BEWES Loverboy CATHERINE FELLER Lovergirl GRAHAM STARK Gendarme
http://wn.com/San_Ferry_Ann_Barbara_Windsor,_David_Lodge,_Wilfrid_Brambell,_Joan_Sims
Available on DVD from www.digitalclassics.co.uk and all major retailers. Starring the likes of Barbara Windsor, Wilfred Brambell and Joan Sims, San Ferry Ann finally gets a DVD release. This 'silent' British comedy sees a hapless group of tourist travel on the San Ferry Ann from Dover to Calais. A motley crew of British characters ride The San Ferry Ann to the shores of France where they embark on a weekend of calamity. The campervan family led by Dad and Mum (David Lodge and Joan Sims) create chaos from the moment they set their tires on the shore resulting in frequent run-ins with the Gendarme, while Lewd Grandad (Wilfred Brambell) finds his own misadventures with a newly acquainted friend, a mad German ex-soldier (Ron Moody). Also aboard for the ride is a saucy hitchhiker (Barbara Windsor) who causes a few heads to turn including that of a fellow traveller (Ronnie Stevens) who pursues her affection with comic results. By the end of this weekend the French may well be wishing to say au revoir to these trouble-making tourists. San Ferry Ann is a humorous take on the tradition of the British get-away. A classic sound effect comedy that sits with the likes of similarly praised titles such as The Plank, Futtocks End and Rhubarb Rhubarb. CAST DAVID LODGE Dad JOAN SIMS Mum WILFRED BRAMBELL Grandad BARBARA WINDSOR - Hitchhiker RON MOODY The German RONNIE STEVENS - Hitchhiker RODNEY BEWES Loverboy CATHERINE FELLER Lovergirl GRAHAM STARK Gendarme
- published: 09 May 2008
- views: 6420
- author: DigitalClassics
Interview with Sir Wilfrid Laurier statue artist
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 17 Nov 2011
To celebrate its 100th anniversary, Wilfrid Laurier University has commissioned a bronze statue of Sir Wilfrid Laurier for its Waterloo campus. This video is a short Interview with Marlene Hilton Moore, the statue artist. www.laurier100.ca/statue
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier_statue_artist
To celebrate its 100th anniversary, Wilfrid Laurier University has commissioned a bronze statue of Sir Wilfrid Laurier for its Waterloo campus. This video is a short Interview with Marlene Hilton Moore, the statue artist. www.laurier100.ca/statue
- published: 12 Apr 2011
- views: 1307
- author: LaurierVideo
Wilfrid Gordon McDonald Partridge
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
By Mem Fox. Read by Bradley Whitford. Wilfrid lives next to a retirement home, and his favorite old person is 96-year-old Miss Nancy. Everyone says Miss Nancy has lost her memory, and despite the fact that Wilfrid doesn't even know what a memory is, by accident he helps her find it. www.sagfoundation.org
http://wn.com/Wilfrid_Gordon_McDonald_Partridge
By Mem Fox. Read by Bradley Whitford. Wilfrid lives next to a retirement home, and his favorite old person is 96-year-old Miss Nancy. Everyone says Miss Nancy has lost her memory, and despite the fact that Wilfrid doesn't even know what a memory is, by accident he helps her find it. www.sagfoundation.org
- published: 21 May 2012
- views: 4700
- author: StorylineOnline
P1 Wilfrid Laurier University - Professor Richard Ennis PS 100 Lecture Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:27
- Updated: 01 Dec 2011
PS 100: Introduction to Psychology Part 1 Methods for understanding human and animal behaviour. Topics such as learning, perception, motivation, personality, physiological psychology, developmental processes, and social and abnormal behaviour are surveyed.
http://wn.com/P1_Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Professor_Richard_Ennis_PS_100_Lecture_Part_1
PS 100: Introduction to Psychology Part 1 Methods for understanding human and animal behaviour. Topics such as learning, perception, motivation, personality, physiological psychology, developmental processes, and social and abnormal behaviour are surveyed.
- published: 20 Apr 2009
- views: 4959
- author: LaurierUtube
Case Study - Wilfrid Laurier University - BlackBerry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Wilfrid Laurier University Helps Prepare MBA Students for Business World with BlackBerry Smartphones
http://wn.com/Case_Study_Wilfrid_Laurier_University_BlackBerry
Wilfrid Laurier University Helps Prepare MBA Students for Business World with BlackBerry Smartphones
- published: 20 Jun 2011
- views: 5355
- author: BlackBerry
Teacher, Teacher / 38 Special / Lipdub Wilfrid-Bastien 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Vidéo chantant « Lip Dub » réalisé le 31 octobre 2011 à l'école Wilfrid-Bastien de Saint-Léonard. Il mets en vedette les finissants de 6e année des deux iClasses. "Thanks for writing in and asking for permission for this project. You have the bands go ahead for the use of the song in the manner you describe. Please send us a link once it has been set up so we can check it out. Take care" Tom
http://wn.com/Teacher,_Teacher_38_Special_Lipdub_Wilfrid-Bastien_2011
Vidéo chantant « Lip Dub » réalisé le 31 octobre 2011 à l'école Wilfrid-Bastien de Saint-Léonard. Il mets en vedette les finissants de 6e année des deux iClasses. "Thanks for writing in and asking for permission for this project. You have the bands go ahead for the use of the song in the manner you describe. Please send us a link once it has been set up so we can check it out. Take care" Tom
- published: 01 Nov 2011
- views: 3695
- author: François Bourdon
Courtney Stephen - 2009 Football Hilites - Wilfrid Laurier Golden Hawks
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Updated: 25 Jul 2012
http://wn.com/Courtney_Stephen_2009_Football_Hilites_Wilfrid_Laurier_Golden_Hawks
McMaster University Football vs. Wilfrid Laurier University - 09/06/10
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 07 Jul 2012
McMaster University Football vs. Wilfrid Laurier University - 09/06/10
http://wn.com/McMaster_University_Football_vs_Wilfrid_Laurier_University_09_06_10
McMaster University Football vs. Wilfrid Laurier University - 09/06/10
- published: 08 Sep 2010
- views: 2454
- author: McMaster Marauders
photo: AP / Jason DeCrow
16 Dec 2012
NEWTOWN, Conn. — The gunman in the Connecticut shooting rampage committed suicide as first responders closed in, the governor said Sunday, raising the specter that Adam Lanza had planned an even more gruesome massacre and was stopped short. Lanza blasted his way into the building and used a high-power rifle to kill 20 children and six adults, including the principal who tried to stop him, authorities said ... Among the questions ... H ... The Rev....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Guang Niu, Pool
16 Dec 2012
Retired Col. Gen. Viktor Yesin yesterday wrapped up a visit to the United States during which he met with officials at the Pentagon, State Department as well as members of Congress warning about underestimating China’s tactical nuclear weapons buildup ... Yesin warns that U.S. and Western arms specialists are dramatically underestimating China’s nuclear arsenal ... Somewhere between the higher and lower estimates is no doubt the truth ... Mr ... Mr ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: AP / David Goldman
17 Dec 2012
WASHINGTON—Democrats say meaningful action in the wake of last week's elementary school shooting must include a ban on military-style assault weapons and a look at how the nation deals with individuals suffering from serious mental illness. Several Democratic lawmakers and Independent Sen ... Gun control was a hot topic in the early 1990s, when Congress enacted a 10-year ban on assault weapons ... He added ... Sen ... Rep ... ———....(size: 5.3Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
15 Dec 2012
December 15, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT). Newtown, Connecticut (CNN) -- The bodies of children and educators lay where they fell in a Newtown, Connecticut, elementary school -- in classrooms and hallways -- as investigators worked to identity the dead early Saturday while piecing together the path of the gunman ... J. Paul Vance, a spokesman for the Connecticut State Police. Timeline. School violence in U.S ... J ... HIDE CAPTION. << ... 1....(size: 24.9Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). Communications, Public Affairs & Marketing Year-end giving. Make sure you get [tax] credit. Thank you, Laurier donors! ... Cheques should be made out to Wilfrid Laurier University and mailed to the following address.. Wilfrid Laurier University . University Development, Alumni Hall. 75 University Avenue West ... This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca....(size: 3.2Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). Communications, Public Affairs & Marketing. Reviews to commence for Laurier's Vice-President. Academic & Provost, and Vice-President. Development & Alumni Relations. Dec 14/12 ... Robert Donelson's current term as Vice-President ... Dr ... This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca ... (noodl....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). Communications, Public Affairs & Marketing. Mercedes Rowinsky-Geurts receives Laurier's Residence Academic Partnership award. Dec 17/12. Mercedes Rowinsky-Geurts, associate professor in the Languages and Literatures Department, has received Laurier's Residence Academic Partnership award ... ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca....(size: 3.7Kb)
noodls
17 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). A panel of CBC Sports executives, producers, writers and broadcasters has come up with a list of the people they consider the most influential on the national sports scene over the past 12 months. Sidney Crosby was No. 1 ... (Getty Images/CBCSports.ca) ... The guy at the top, for example ... 1 ... Problem for Gary, however ... 2 ... ... This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca....(size: 12.7Kb)
The New York Times
16 Dec 2012
LONDON — To anyone who was seriously interested in design in postwar Britain, Typographica magazine was essential reading ... Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesarts for arts and entertainment news. Arts Twitter List ... He was fortunate in having joined Prinknash Abbey under Wilfrid Upson, an enlightened abbot, who encouraged him to pursue his passion for the arts and his research into different faiths and belief systems ... Box7 ... ....(size: 9.8Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
Wilfrid Laurier University) ... that implementation of the recommendations of the Task Force will be in accordance with the powers of Senate, the Board of Governors and the President, as enumerated in the Wilfrid Laurier University Act." ... This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca....(size: 2.1Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). Communications, Public Affairs & Marketing. Task force will recommend a cohesive approach to the first-year student experience. Dec 14/12 ... The initiative is a joint strategy of the vice-president ... The recommendations in the final report will go to Senate and the Board of Governors ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca ... (noodl....(size: 3.0Kb)
The Independent
14 Dec 2012
Although one critic complained that "the whole venture reeks of ancient music-hall jokes", Kellett enjoyed the experience and was happy to allow Barker to share in decision-making, something the star did increasingly on television as his own success grew ... Kellett also used it in the 1965 comedy San Ferry Ann, starring Joan Sims, Wilfrid Brambell and Barbara Windsor, which he wrote and produced ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University) IMG_1643. Andrew Mellanby. 884773581_A35AB-O ... 1 of 2 ... By the time the curtain falls this Saturday night, after three performances of Yuletide Spectacular at Centre in the Square, Mellanby might need a nap ... Mellanby, a graduate of the music program at Wilfrid Laurier University, joined the symphony two years ago ... N ... This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca....(size: 5.4Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
14 Dec 2012
GERRY O’DONOVAN, 1921-2012. Squadron leader Gerry O’Donovan was one of Bomber Command’s most experienced Pathfinder pilots and regularly acted as the master bomber on large-scale raids over Germany ... The main bomber force was composed of eight waves of 30 aircraft each ... Gerard Wilfrid O’Donovan was born at Ferndale, Glamorgan, on March 24 1921 and educated at Port Talbot Grammar School, where he was head boy ... Tweet ....(size: 4.2Kb)
Independent online (SA)
12 Dec 2012
Catholic Archbishop of Durban, Cardinal Wilfrid Napier, had strong words of caution for any couple contemplating an inter-faith marriage. tread warily before taking such a plunge. He said the Catholic Church was extremely cautious about inter-faith marriages and advised couples to give more than normal attention to religious differences and their likely effect on the marriage and family life ... He added ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
12 Dec 2012
(Source. Government of the Northwest Territories). Dec 122012. (check against delivery). Good afternoon ... Canadian economy. Achieving northern control over our own lands, water and resources is essential if we are going to achieve that vision ... However, we will continue to look to our water partners, such as Wilfrid Laurier University, the Canadian Water Network and others to help up build the capacity and knowledge we need to do this ... (noodl....(size: 12.3Kb)
noodls
11 Dec 2012
(Source. Wilfrid Laurier University). Communications, Public Affairs & Marketing Registration for spring/summer courses opens Jan. 15. Registration for 2013 spring/summer courses at Laurier will open on Jan ... 1 ... distributed by. This noodl was issued by Wilfrid Laurier University and was initially posted at www.wlu.ca ... (noodl....(size: 1.9Kb)
For other uses, see Wilfred (given name).
| Wilfrid | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of York | |
 Page from an 11th-century manuscript of the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi describing the foundation of Hexham Abbey |
|
| Diocese | York |
| Appointed | 664 |
| Reign ended | 678 |
| Predecessor | Chad |
| Successor | Bosa of York |
| Orders | |
| Consecration | 664 |
| Personal details | |
| Born | c. 633 Northumbria |
| Died | 709 or 710 Oundle, Northamptonshire |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 12 October or 24 April |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Anglican Communion |
| Attributes | (1) baptising; (2) preaching; (3) landing from a ship and received by the king; or (4) engaged in theological disputation with his crozier near him and a lectern before him |
| Patronage | Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough[1] Ripon[2] |
| Shrines | Ripon, Sompting (Sussex), and Frisia (Roeder). |
Wilfrid (originally spelled Wilfrith;[3] c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop and saint. Born a Northumbrian noble, he entered religious life as a teenager and studied at Lindisfarne, at Canterbury, in Gaul, and at Rome; he returned to Northumbria in about 660, and became the abbot of a newly founded monastery at Ripon. In 664 Wilfrid acted as spokesman for the Roman "party" at the Council of Whitby, and became famous for his speech advocating that the Roman method for calculating the date of Easter should be adopted. His success prompted the king's son, Alhfrith, to appoint him Bishop of Northumbria. Wilfrid chose to be consecrated in Gaul because of the lack of what he considered to be validly consecrated bishops in England at that time. During Wilfrid's absence Alhfrith seems to have led an unsuccessful revolt against his father, Oswiu, leaving a question mark over Wilfrid's appointment as bishop. Before Wilfrid's return Oswiu had appointed Ceadda in his place, resulting in Wilfrid's retirement to Ripon for a few years following his arrival back in Northumbria.
After becoming Archbishop of Canterbury in 668, Theodore of Tarsus resolved the situation by deposing Ceadda and restoring Wilfrid as the Bishop of Northumbria. For the next nine years Wilfrid discharged his episcopal duties, founded monasteries, built churches, and improved the liturgy. However his diocese was very large, and Theodore wished to reform the English Church, a process which included breaking up some of the larger dioceses into smaller ones. When Wilfrid quarrelled with Ecgfrith, the Northumbrian king, Theodore took the opportunity to implement his reforms despite Wilfrid's objections. After Ecgfrith expelled him from York, Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal to the papacy. Pope Agatho ruled in Wilfrid's favour, but Ecgfrith refused to honour the papal decree and instead imprisoned Wilfrid on his return to Northumbria before exiling him.
Wilfrid spent the next few years in Selsey, where he founded an episcopal see and converted the pagan inhabitants of the Kingdom of Sussex to Christianity. Theodore and Wilfrid settled their differences, and Theodore urged the new Northumbrian king, Aldfrith, to allow Wilfrid's return. Aldfrith agreed to do so, but in 691 he expelled Wilfrid again. Wilfrid went to Mercia, where he helped missionaries and acted as bishop for the Mercian king. Wilfrid appealed to the papacy about his expulsion in 700, and the pope ordered that an English council should be held to decide the issue. This council, held at Austerfield in 702, attempted to confiscate all of Wilfrid's possessions, and so Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal against the decision. His opponents in Northumbria excommunicated him, but the papacy upheld Wilfrid's side, and he regained possession of Ripon and Hexham, his Northumbrian monasteries. Wilfrid died in 709 or 710. After his death, he was venerated as a saint.
Historians then and now have been divided over Wilfrid. His followers commissioned Stephen of Ripon to write a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi (or Life of Wilfrid') shortly after his death, and the medieval historian Bede also wrote extensively about him. Wilfrid lived ostentatiously, and travelled with a large retinue. He ruled a large number of monasteries, and claimed to be the first Englishman to introduce the Rule of Saint Benedict into English monasteries. Some modern historians see him mainly as a champion of Roman customs against the customs of the British and Irish churches, others as an advocate for monasticism.
Contents |
Background[link]
Main article: Heptarchy
During Wilfrid's lifetime the British Isles consisted of a number of small kingdoms. Traditionally the English people were thought to have been divided into seven kingdoms, but modern historiography has shown that this is a simplification of a much more confused situation.[4] A late 7th-century source, the Tribal Hidage, lists the peoples south of the Humber river; among the largest groups of peoples are the West Saxons (later Wessex), the East Angles and Mercians (later the Kingdom of Mercia), and the Kingdom of Kent. Smaller groups who at that time had their own royalty but were later were absorbed into larger kingdoms include the peoples of Magonsæte, Lindsey, Hwicce, the East Saxons, the South Saxons,[5] the Isle of Wight, and the Middle Angles.[6] Other even smaller groups had their own rulers, but their size means that they do not often appear in the histories.[5] There were also native Britons in the west, in modern-day Wales and Cornwall, who formed kingdoms including those of Dumnonia, Dyfed, and Gwynedd.[7]
Between the Humber and Forth the English had formed into two main kingdoms, Deira and Bernicia, often united as the Kingdom of Northumbria.[8] A number of Celtic kingdoms also existed in this region, including Craven, Elmet, Rheged, and Gododdin. A native British kingdom, later called the Kingdom of Strathclyde, survived as an independent power into the 10th century in the area which became modern-day Dunbartonshire and Clydesdale.[9] To the north-west of Strathclyde lay the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata, and to the north-east a small number of Pictish kingdoms.[10] Further north still lay the great Pictish kingdom of Fortriu, which after the Battle of Dun Nechtain in 685 came to be the strongest power in the northern half of Britain.[11][12][13] The Irish had always had contacts with the rest of the British Isles, and during the early 6th century they immigrated from the island of Ireland to form the kingdom of Dál Riata, although exactly how much conquest took place is a matter of dispute with historians. It also appears likely that the Irish settled in parts of Wales, and even after the period of Irish settlement, Irish missionaries were active in Britain.[14]
Christianity had only recently arrived in some of these kingdoms.[15] Some had been converted by the Gregorian mission, a group of Roman missionaries who arrived in Kent in 597 and who mainly influenced southern Britain. Others had been converted by the Hiberno-Scottish mission, chiefly Irish missionaries working in Northumbria and neighbouring kingdoms.[16] A few kingdoms, such as Dál Riata, became Christian but how they did so is unknown.[17] The native Picts, according to the medieval writer Bede, were converted in two stages, initially by native Britons under Ninian, and subsequently by Irish missionaries.[18]
Sources[link]
The main sources for knowledge of Wilfrid are the medieval Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, written by Stephen of Ripon soon after Wilfrid's death, and the works of the medieval historian Bede, who knew Wilfrid during the bishop's lifetime.[19][20] Stephen's Vita is a hagiography, intended to show Wilfrid as a saintly man, and to buttress claims that he was a saint.[21][22] The Vita is selective in its coverage, and gives short shrift to Wilfrid's activities outside of Northumbria. Two-thirds of the work deals with Wilfrid's attempts to return to Northumbria, and is a defence and vindication of his Northumbrian career.[21] Stephen's work is flattering and highly favourable to Wilfrid, making its use as a source problematic;[23] despite its shortcomings however, the Vita is the main source of information on Wilfrid's life.[24][25] It views the events in Northumbria in the light of Wilfrid's reputation and from his point of view, and is highly partisan.[26] Another concern is that hagiographies were usually full of conventional material, often repeated from earlier saints' lives,[27] as was the case with Stephen's work.[28] It appears that the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi was not well known in the Middle Ages, as only two manuscripts of the work survive.[29]
Bede also covers Wilfrid's life in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, but this account is more measured and restrained than the Vita.[23] In the Historia, Bede used Stephen's Vita as a source, reworking the information and adding new material when possible. Other, more minor, sources for Wilfrid's life include a mention of Wilfrid in one of Bede's letters.[30] A poetical Vita Sancti Wilfrithi by Frithegod written in the 10th century is essentially a rewrite of Stephen's Vita, produced in celebration of the movement of Wilfrid's relics to Canterbury.[19] Wilfrid is also mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,[31] but as the Chronicle was probably a 9th-century compilation, the material on Wilfrid may ultimately have derived either from Stephen's Vita or from Bede.[32] Another, later, source is the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi written by Eadmer, a 12th-century Anglo-Norman writer and monk from Canterbury. This source is higly influenced by the contemporary concerns of its writer, but does attempt to provide some new material besides reworking Bede.[33]
Many historians, including the editor of Bede's works, Charles Plummer, have seen in Bede's writings a dislike of Wilfrid. The historian Walter Goffart goes further, suggesting that Bede wrote his Historia as a reaction to Stephen's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, and that Stephen's work was written as part of a propaganda campaign to defend a "Wilfridian" party in Northumbrian politics.[34] Some historians, including James Fraser, find that a credible view,[26] but others such as Nick Higham are less convinced of Bede's hostility to Wilfrid.[34]
Early life[link]
Childhood and early education[link]
Wilfrid was born in Northumbria in about 633.[35] James Fraser argues that Wilfrid's family were aristocrats from Deira, pointing out that most of Wilfrid's early contacts were from that area.[36] A conflict with his stepmother when he was about 14 years old drove Wilfrid to leave home, probably without his father's consent.[37] Wilfrid's background is never explicitly described as noble, but the king's retainers were frequent guests at his father's house, and on leaving home Wilfrid equipped his party with horses and clothes fit for a royal court.[25]
Queen Eanflæd became Wilfrid's patroness following his arrival at the court of her husband, King Oswiu.[37] She sent him to study under Cudda, formerly one of her husband's retainers, but by that time in about 648 a monk on the island of Lindisfarne.[19] The monastery on the island had recently been founded by Aidan, who had been instrumental in converting Northumbria to Christianity.[25] At Lindisfarne Wilfrid is said to have "learned the whole Psalter by heart and several books".[38] Wilfrid studied at Lindisfarne for a few years before going to the Kentish king's court at Canterbury in 652, where he stayed with relatives of Queen Eanflæd.[19] The queen had given Wilfrid a letter of introduction to pass to her cousin, King Eorcenberht, in order to ensure that Wilfrid was received by the king.[25] While in Kent, Wilfrid's career was advanced by Eanflæd's cousin Hlothere, who was later the King of Kent from 673 to 685.[39] The Kentish court included a number of visiting clergymen at that time, including Benedict Biscop, a noted missionary.[40] Wilfrid appears to have spent about a year in Kent, but the exact chronology is uncertain.[41]
Time at Rome and Lyon[link]
Wilfrid left Kent for Rome in the company of Benedict Biscop,[42] another of Eanflæd's contacts.[19] This is the first pilgrimage to Rome known to have been undertaken by English natives,[43] and took place some time between 653 and 658.[25] According to Wilfrid's later biographer, Stephen of Ripon, Wilfred left Biscop's company at Lyon, where Wilfrid stayed under the patronage of Annemund, the archbishop. Stephen says that Annemund wanted to marry Wilfrid to the archbishop's niece, and to make Wilfrid the governor of a Frankish province, but that Wilfrid refused and continued on his journey to Rome.[19] There he learned the Roman method of calculating the date of Easter, and studied the Roman practice of relic collecting.[44] After an audience with the pope, Wilfrid returned to Lyon.[19]
Stephen of Ripon says that Wilfrid stayed in Lyon for three years, leaving only after the archbishop's murder. However, Annemund's murder took place in 660 and Wilfrid returned to England in 658, suggesting that Stephen's chronology is awry.[19][a] Stephen says that Annemund gave Wilfrid a clerical tonsure, although this does not appear to mean that he became a monk, merely that he entered the clergy. Bede is silent on the subject of Wilfrid's monastic status,[46] although Wilfrid probably became a monk during his time in Rome, or afterwards while he was in Gaul.[47] Some historians, however, believe that Wilfrid was never a monk.[46] While in Gaul, Wilfrid absorbed Frankish ecclesiastical practices, including some aspects from the monasteries founded by Columbanus. This influence may be seen in Wilfrid's probable adoption of a Frankish ceremony in his consecration of churches later in his life, as well as in his employment of Frankish masons to build his churches.[48] Wilfrid would also have learned of the Rule of Saint Benedict in Gaul, as Columbanus' monasteries followed that monastic rule.[49]
Abbot of Ripon[link]
After Wilfrid's return to Northumbria in about 658, Cenwalh, King of Wessex, recommended Wilfrid to Alhfrith, Oswiu's son, as a cleric well-versed in Roman customs and liturgy.[50] Alhfrith was a sub-king of Deiria under his father's rule, and the most likely heir to his father's throne as his half-brothers were still young.[51] Shortly before 664 Alhfrith gave Wilfrid a monastery he had recently founded at Ripon,[42][50] formed around a group of monks from Melrose Abbey, followers of the Irish monastic customs.[51] Wilfrid ejected the abbot, Eata, because he would not follow the Roman customs;[50] Cuthbert, later a saint, was another of the monks expelled.[19] Wilfrid introduced the Rule of Saint Benedict into Ripon, claiming that he was the first person in England to make a monastery follow it,[52] but this claim rests on the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi and does not say where Wilfrid became knowledgeable about the Rule, nor exactly what form of the Rule was being referred to.[53] Shortly afterwards Wilfrid was ordained a priest by Agilbert, Bishop of Dorchester in the kingdom of the Gewisse, part of Wessex.[37] Wilfrid was a protege of Agilbert, who later helped in Wilfrid's consecration as a bishop.[54] The monk Ceolfrith was attracted to Ripon from Gilling Abbey, which had recently been depopulated as a result of the plague. Ceolfrith later became Abbot of Wearmouth-Jarrow during the time the medieval chronicler and writer Bede was a monk there.[55] Bede hardly mentions the relationship between Ceolfrith and Wilfrid, but it was Wilfrid who consecrated Ceolfrith a priest and who gave permission for him to transfer to Wearmouth-Jarrow.[56]
Whitby[link]
Main article: Synod of Whitby
Background to Whitby[link]
The Roman churches and those in the British Isles (often called "Celtic churches") used different methods to calculate the date of Easter. The church in Northumbria had traditionally used the former calculation, and that was the date observed by King Oswiu. His wife Eanflæd and a son, Alhfrith, celebrated Easter on the Roman date however,[57] which meant that while one part of the royal court was still observing the Lenten fast, the second would be celebrating with feasting.[58]
Oswiu called a church council held at Whitby Abbey in 664 in an attempt to resolve this controversy. Although Oswiu himself had been brought up in the "Celtic" tradition, political pressures may have influenced his decision to call a council, as well as fears that if dissent over the date of Easter continued in the Northumbrian church it could lead to internal strife.[57] The historian Richard Abels speculates that the expulsion of Eata from Ripon may have been the spark that led to the king's decision to call the council.[59] Regional tensions within Northumbria between the two traditional divisions, Bernicia and Deira, appear to have played a part, as churchmen in Bernicia favoured the Celtic method of dating and those in Deira may have leaned towards the Roman method.[60] Abels identifies several conflicts contributing to both the calling of the council and its outcome, including a generational conflict between Oswiu and Alhfrith and the death of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Deusdedit. Political concerns unrelated to the dating problem, such as the decline of Oswiu's preeminence among the other English kingdoms and the challenge to that position by Mercia, were also factors.[61]
Synod[link]
Wilfrid attended the synod, or council, of Whitby, as a member of the party favouring the continental practice of dating Easter, along with James the Deacon, Agilbert, and Alhfrith. Those supporting the "Celtic" viewpoint were King Oswiu, Hilda, the Abbess of Whitby, Cedd, a bishop, and Colmán of Lindisfarne, the Bishop of Lindisfarne.[62]
Wilfred was chosen to present the Roman position to the council;[62] he also acted as Agilbert's interpreter, as the latter did not speak the local language.[63][b] Bede describes Wilfrid as saying that those who did not calculate the date of Easter according to the Roman system were committing a sin.[64] Wilfrid's speech in favour of adopting Roman church practices helped secure the eclipse of the "Celtic" party in 664,[35][65][c] although most Irish churches did not adopt the Roman date of Easter until 704, and Iona held out until 716.[66][d] Many of the Irish monasteries did not observe the Roman Easter, but they were not isolated from the continent; by the time of Whitby the southern Irish were already observing the Roman Easter date, and Irish clergy were in contact with their continental counterparts.[67] Those monks and clergy unable to accept the Whitby decision left Northumbria, some going to Ireland[68] and others to Iona.[50]
York[link]
Elevation to the episcopate[link]
After the supporters of the "Celtic churches" had withdrawn following the Council of Whitby, Wilfrid became the most prominent Northumbrian cleric. As a result, and because of his performance at Whitby,[69] Wilfrid was elected to a bishopric in Northumbria about a year after the council.[70] It is unclear where his diocese was located, although he was considered to be Alhfrith's bishop.[50] The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi states that, nominated by both Oswiu and Alhfrith, he was made bishop at York, and that he was a metropolitan bishop, but York at that time was not a metropolitan diocese.[71][e] Bede says that Alhfrith alone nominated Wilfrid,[73] and that Oswiu subsequently proposed an alternative candidate, "imitating the actions of his son".[74] Several theories have been suggested to explain the discrepancies between the two sources.[71] One is that Alhfrith wished the seat to be at York,[50] another is that Wilfrid was bishop only in Deira, a third supposes that Wilfrid was never bishop at York and that his diocese was only part of Deira.[71] However, at that time the Anglo-Saxon dioceses were not strictly speaking geographical designations, rather they were bishoprics for the tribes or peoples.[75]
Wilfrid refused to be consecrated in Northumbria at the hands of Anglo-Saxon bishops. Deusdedit had died shortly after Whitby, and as there were no other bishops in Britain whom Wilfrid considered to have been validly consecrated[50] he travelled to Compiègne, to be consecrated by Agilbert, the Bishop of Paris.[76] During his time in Gaul Wilfrid was exposed to a higher level of ceremony than that practised in Northumbria, one example of which is that he was carried to his consecration ceremony on a throne supported by nine bishops.[77]
Delays and difficulties[link]
Wilfrid delayed his return from Gaul, only to find on his arrival back in Northumbria that Ceadda had been installed as bishop in his place.[42] The reason for Wilfrid's delay has never been clear, although the historians Eric John and Richard Abels theorise that it was caused by Alhfrith's unsuccessful revolt against Oswiu. They suggest that the rebellion happened shortly after Whitby, perhaps while Wilfrid was in Gaul for his consecration. Because Oswiu knew that Alhfrith had been a supporter of Wilfrid's, Oswiu prevented Wilfrid's return, suspecting Wilfrid of supporting his rivals.[69][78] That Ceadda was supported by Oswiu, and Wilfrid had been a supporter of Oswiu's son, lends further credence to the theory that Alhfrith's rebellion took place while Wilfrid was in Gaul.[79] Stephen of Ripon reported that Wilfrid was expelled by "Quartodecimans", or those who supported the celebration of Easter on the 14th day of the Jewish month Nisan, whether or not this was a Sunday. However, as the Irish church had never been Quartodecimans, Stephen in this instance was constructing a narrative to put Wilfrid in the best light.[80]
During his return to Northumbria Wilfrid's ship was blown ashore on the Sussex coast, the inhabitants of which were at that time pagan. On being attacked by the locals, Wilfrid's party killed the head priest before refloating their ship and making their escape.[19] The historian Marion Gibbs suggests that after this episode Wilfrid visited Kent again, and took part in the diplomacy related to Wigheard's appointment to the see of Canterbury. Wilfrid may also have taken part in negotiations to persuade King Cenwalh of Wessex to allow Agilbert to return to his see.[81]
Favourable outcome[link]
Denied episcopal office, Wilfrid spent the three years from 665 to 668 as abbot of the monastery at Ripon.[82] He occasionally performed episcopal functions in Mercia and Kent, but never did so north of the river Humber.[50] The historian James Fraser argues that Wilfrid may not have been allowed to return to Northumbria and instead went into exile at the Mercian court,[73] but most historians have argued that Wilfrid was at Ripon.[19][50][82]
File:WulfhereGenealogy.svg
Wulfhere of Mercia's family tree
Wilfrid's monasteries in Mercia may date from this time,[83] as King Wulfhere of Mercia gave him large grants of land in Mercia.[19] Wilfrid may have persuaded King Ecgberht of Kent in 669 to build a church in an abandoned Roman fort at Reculver.[84] When Theodore, the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, arrived in England in 669[85] it was clear that something had to be done about the situation in Northumbria. Ceadda's election to York was improper,[82] and Theodore did not consider Ceadda's consecration to have been valid.[86] Consequently Theodore deposed Ceadda,[f] leaving the way open for Wilfrid,[82] who was finally installed in his see in 669,[70] the first Saxon to occupy the see of York.[88] Wilfrid spent the next nine years building churches, including at the monastery at Hexham, and attending to diocesan business.[19] He continued to exercise control over his monastic houses of Ripon and Hexham while he was bishop.[87] Oswiu's death on 15 February 670 eliminated a source of friction and helped to assure Wilfrid's return.[89]
While at York, Wilfrid was considered the "bishop of the Northumbrian peoples"; Bede records that Wilfrid's diocese was contiguous with the area ruled by Oswiu.[90] The diocese was restricted to north of the Humber, however.[91] Wilfrid may also have sought to exercise some ecclesiastical functions in the Pictish kingdom, as he is accorded the title "bishop of the Northumbrians and the Picts" in 669. Further proof of attempted Northumbrian influence in the Pictish regions is provided by the establishment for the Picts in 681 of a diocese centred on Abercorn, in the old territory of the British kingdom of Gododdin. The grants of land to Wilfrid west of the Pennines testify to Northumbrian expansion in that area.[68] The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi claims that Wilfrid had ecclesiastical rule over Britons and Gaels.[92] In 679, while Wilfrid was in Rome, he claimed authority over "all the northern part of Britain, Ireland and the islands, which are inhabited by English and British peoples, as well as by Gaelic and Pictish peoples".[93]
Diocesan affairs[link]
Wilfrid did not attend the Council of Hertford held in September 672, but he did send representatives. Among the council's resolutions was one postponing a decision on the creation of new dioceses, which affected Wilfrid later.[94] Another ruling confirmed that the Roman calculation for the date of Easter should be adopted, and that bishops should act only in their own dioceses.[95] During the middle 670s Wilfrid acted as middleman in the negotiations to return a Merovingian prince, Dagobert II, from his exile in Ireland to Gaul.[96][g] Wilfrid was one of the first churchmen in Northumbria to utilise written charters as records of gifts to his churches. He ordered the creation of a listing of all benefactions received by Ripon, which was recited at the dedication ceremony.[19]
Wilfrid was an advocate for the use of music in ecclesiastical ceremonies. He sent to Kent for a singing master to instruct his clergy in the Roman style of church music, which involved a double choir who sang in antiphons and responses.[19] Bede says that this singing master was named Æddi (or Eddius in Latin) and had the surname Stephen. Traditionally historians have identified Æddi as Stephen of Ripon, author of the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, which has led to the assumption that the Vita was based on the recollections of one of Wilfrid's long-time companions. However, recent scholarship has come to believe that the Vita was not authored by the singing master, but by someone who joined Wilfrid in the last years of Wilfrid's life, not a close companion.[98]
Wilfrid introduced the Rule of Saint Benedict into the monasteries he founded.[19] It appears likely that he was the first to introduce the Benedictine Rule into England, as evidence is lacking that Augustine's monastery at Canterbury followed the Rule.[99] He also was one of the first Anglo-Saxon bishops to record the gifts of land and property to his church, which he did at Ripon. Easter tables, used to calculate the correct date to celebrate Easter, were brought in from Rome where the Dionysiac Easter tables had been recently introduced.[19] He set up schools and became a religious advisor to the Northumbrian queen Æthelthryth, first wife of Ecgfrith. Æthelthryth donated the land at Hexham where Wilfrid founded a monastery and built a church using some recycled stones from the Roman town of Corbridge.[100][101] When Wilfrid arrived in York as bishop the cathedral's roof was on the point of collapse; he had it repaired and covered in lead, and had glass set in the windows.[102]
The historian Barbara Yorke says of Wilfrid at this time that he "seems to have continued a campaign against any survival of 'Irish errors' and distrusted any communities that remained in contact with Iona or other Irish religious houses which did not follow the Roman Easter".[103] He also worked to combat pagan practices, building a church at Melrose on a pagan site.[104] Contemporaries said of him that he was the first native bishop to "introduce the Catholic way of life to the churches of the English".[105] He did not neglect his pastoral duties in his diocese,[25] making visits throughout the diocese to baptise and perform other episcopal functions, such as consecrating new churches.[106] Some of the monasteries in his diocese were put under his protection by their abbots or abbesses, who were seeking someone to help protect their endowments.[107] In ruling over such monasteries, Wilfrid may have been influenced by the Irish model of a group of monasteries all ruled by one person, sometimes while holding episcopal office.[108]
Wilfrid was criticised for dressing his household and servants in clothing fit for royalty.[109] He was accompanied on his travels by a retinue of warriors, one of whom, while at York, Wilfrid sent to abduct a young boy who had been promised to the church but whose family had changed their mind.[110] Wilfrid also educated young men, both for clerical and secular careers.[111]
Expulsion[link]
Dispute with the king[link]
In 677[112] or 678, Wilfrid and Ecgfrith quarrelled, and Wilfrid was expelled from his see.[19] Abbess Hilda of Whitby was a leader in a faction of the Northumbrian church that disliked Wilfrid, and her close ties with Theodore helped to undermine Wilfrid's position in Northumbria.[42] Another contributory factor in Wilfrid's expulsion was his encouragement of Æthelthryth's entry into a nunnery;[101] he had personally given her the veil, the ceremony of entering a nunnery, on her retirement to Ely Abbey.[113] Æthelthryth had donated the lands Wilfrid used to found Hexham Abbey, and the historian N. J. Higham argues that they had been part of the queen's dower lands, which, when Ecgfrith remarried, his new queen wanted to recover.[114] The historian Eric John feels that Wilfrid's close ties with the Mercian kingdom also contributed to his troubles with Egfrith, although John points out that these ties were necessary for Wilfrid's monastic foundations, some of which were in Mercia.[99] Wilfrid not only lost his diocese, he lost control of his monasteries as well.[82]
Theodore took advantage of the situation to implement decrees of some councils on dividing up large dioceses.[82] Theodore set up new bishoprics from Wilfrid's diocese, with seats at York, Hexham, Lindisfarne, and one in the region of Lindsey. The Lindsey see was quickly absorbed by the Diocese of Lichfield, but the other three remained separate.[115] The bishops chosen for these sees, Eata at Hexham, Eadhæd at Lindsey, and Bosa at York, had all either been supporters of the "Celtic" party at Whitby, or been trained by those who were.[87] Eata had also been ejected from Ripon by Wilfrid.[50] The new bishops were unacceptable to Wilfrid, who claimed they were not truly members of the Church because of their support for the "Celtic" method of dating Easter, and thus he could not serve alongside them.[87] Another possible problem for Wilfrid was that the three new bishops did not come from Wilfrid's monastic houses nor from the communities where the bishops' seats were based. This was contrary to the custom of the time, which was to promote bishoprics from within the locality.[116] Wilfrid's deposition became tangled up in a dispute over whether or not the Gregorian plan for Britain, with two metropolitan sees, the northern one set at York, would be followed through or abandoned.[117] Wilfrid seems to have felt that he had metropolitan authority over the northern part of England, but Theodore never acknowledged that claim, instead claiming authority over the whole of the island of Britain.[118]
Appeal to Rome[link]
Wilfrid went to Rome after his expulsion to appeal against Theodore and Ecgfrith's decisions,[112][119] the first Englishman to challenge a royal or ecclesiastical decision by petitioning the papacy.[82][h] On the way he stopped at the court of Aldgisl, the Frisian king in Utrecht for most of 678.[112] Wilfrid had been blown off course on his trip from England to the continent, and ended up in Frisia according to some historians.[121] Others state that he intended to journey via Frisia to avoid Neustria, whose mayor of the palace, Ebroin, disliked Wilfrid.[19] He wintered in Frisia, avoiding the diplomatic efforts of Ebroin, who according to Stephen attempted to have Wilfrid killed. During his stay, Wilfrid attempted to convert the Frisians, who were still pagan at that time. Wilfrid's biographer says that most of the nobles converted,[122] but the success was short-lived.[123] After Frisia, he stopped at the court of Dagobert II in Austrasia, where the king offered Wilfrid the Bishopric of Strasbourg, which Wilfrid refused.[19] Once in Italy, Wilfrid was received by Perctarit, a Lombard king, who gave him a place at his court.[124]
Pope Agatho held a synod in October 679, which although it ordered Wilfrid's restoration and the return of the monasteries to his control, also directed that the new dioceses should be retained.[112] Wilfrid was, however, given the right to replace any bishop in the new dioceses to whom he objected.[82][i] The council had been called to deal with the Monothelete controversy, and Wilfrid's concerns were not the sole focus of the council. In fact, the historian Henry Chadwick thought that one reason Wilfrid secured the mostly favourable outcome was that Agatho wished for Wilfrid's support and testimony that the English Church was free of the monothelete heresy.[126] Although Wilfrid did not win a complete victory, he did secure a papal decree limiting the number of dioceses in England to 12.[127] Wilfrid also secured the right for his monasteries of Ripon and Hexham to be directly supervised by the pope, preventing any further interference in their affairs by the diocesan bishops.[128]
Wilfrid returned to England after the council via Gaul. According to Stephen of Ripon, after the death of Dagobert II, Ebroin wished to imprison Wilfrid, but Wilfrid miraculously escaped.[129] In 680 Wilfrid returned to Northumbria and appeared before a royal council. He produced the papal decree ordering his restoration, but was instead briefly imprisoned and then exiled by the king.[130][131] Wilfrid stayed for a short time in the kingdom of the Middle Angles and at Wessex,[82] but soon took refuge in Sussex with King Æthelwealh of Sussex.[132]
Missions in Sussex[link]
Wilfrid spent the next five years preaching to, and converting the pagan inhabitants of Sussex, the South Saxons. He also founded Selsey Abbey,[42] on an estate near Selsey of 87 hides, given to Wilfrid by Æthelwealh, king of the South Saxons.[133] Bede attributes Wilfrid's ability to convert the South Saxons to his teaching them how to fish, and contrasts it with the lack of success of the Irish monk Dicuill.[134] Bede also says that the Sussex area had been experiencing a drought for three years before Wilfrid's arrival, but miraculously when Wilfrid arrived, and started baptising converts, rain began to fall.[135] Wilfrid worked with Bishop Erkenwald of London, helping to set up the church in Sussex. Erkenwald also helped reconcile Wilfrid and Theodore before Theodore's death in 690.[136] The mission was jeopardised when King Æthelwealh died during an invasion of his kingdom by Cædwalla of Wessex.[82] Wilfrid previously had contact with Cædwalla, and may have served as his spiritual advisor before Cædwalla's invasion of Sussex.[137] After Æthelwealh's death and Cædwalla's accession to the throne of Wessex, Wilfrid became one of the new king's advisors, and the king was converted.[138] Cædwalla confirmed Æthelwealh's grant of land in the Selsey area and Wilfrid built his cathedral church near the entrance to Pagham Harbour believed to be what is now Church Norton.[139]
Cædwalla sent Wilfrid to the Isle of Wight, which was still pagan, with the aim of converting the inhabitants.[82][j] The king also gave Wilfrid a quarter of the land on the island as a gift.[141] In 688, the king relinquished his throne and went on a pilgrimage to Rome to be baptised, but died shortly after the ceremony.[138] Wilfrid was probably influential in Cædwalla's decision to be baptised in Rome.[137]
During his time in Sussex Wilfrid was reconciled with Archbishop Theodore; the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says that Theodore expressed a desire for Wilfrid to succeed him at Canterbury.[142] Wilfrid may have been involved in founding monasteries near Bath as well as in other parts of Sussex, but the evidence backing this is based on the wording used in the founding charters resembling wording used by Wilfrid in other charters, not on any concrete statements that Wilfrid was involved.[143]
Return to Northumbria and exile[link]
Return from exile[link]
In 686 Wilfrid was recalled to Northumbria after the death of Ecgfrith in battle with the Picts.[70][144] During the 680s Theodore had created two more dioceses in Northumbria, at Ripon, and at Abercorn in the Pictish kingdom, but both were short-lived.[115] After Ecgfrith's death, Theodore wrote to the new king of Northumbria, Aldfrith, and to Æthelred, king of Mercia and the Abbess of Whitby, Ælfflæd, suggesting that an agreement be made allowing Wilfrid's return to Northumbria. Aldfrith agreed, Wilfrid returned to the north, and Bosa was removed from York. Wilfrid did not recover the whole of his previous bishopric however, as Hexham and Lindisfarne remained separate sees.[19][k]
Wilfrid appears to have lived at Ripon, and for a time he acted as administrator of the see of Lindisfarne after Cuthbert's death in 687.[144] In 691, the subdivision issue arose once more, along with quarrels with King Aldfrith over lands,[19] and attempts were made to make Wilfrid either give up all his lands or to stay confined to Ripon.[143] A proposal to turn Ripon into a bishopric was also a source of dispute. When no compromise was possible Wilfrid left Northumbria for Mercia, and Bosa was returned to York.[19]
Something of the reception to Wilfrid's expulsion can be picked up in a Latin letter which has survived only in an incomplete quotation by William of Malmesbury in his Gesta Pontificum. We have it on William's authority that the letter was written by Aldhelm of Malmesbury and addressed to Wilfrid's abbots. In it, Aldhelm asks the clergymen to remember the exiled bishop "who, nourishing, teaching, reproving, raised you in fatherly love" and appealing to lay aristocratic ideals of loyalty, urges them not to abandon their superior.[146][147] Neither William nor the citation itself gives a date, but the letter has been assigned to Wilfrid's exile under Aldfrith in the 690s.[148]
Mercia[link]
During his stay in Mercia Wilfrid acted as bishop with the consent of King Æthelred.[149] Information on Wilfrid's life at this time is meagre, as the Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says little of this period.[150] He is generally considered to have been Bishop of Leicester until about 706, when he is held to have been transferred to Hexham.[151] Wilfrid became involved in the missionary efforts to the Frisians, which he had started in 678 during his stay in Frisia. Wilfrid helped the missionary efforts of Willibrord, which were more successful than his own earlier attempts.[123] Willibrord was a monk of Ripon who was also a native of Northumbria.[152]
Wilfrid was present at the exhumation of the body of Queen Æthelthryth at Ely Abbey in 695. He had been her spiritual adviser in the 670s, and had helped the queen become a nun against the wishes of her husband King Ecgfrith of Northumbria. The queen had joined Ely Abbey, where she died in 679. The ceremony in 695 found that her body had not decayed, which led to her being declared a saint.[153] Wilfrid's testimony as to the character and virginity of Æthelthryth was recorded by Bede.[113]
In about 700, Wilfrid appealed once more to Pope Sergius I over his expulsion from York, and the pope referred the issue back to a council in England. In 702 King Aldfrith held a council at Austerfield that upheld Wilfrid's expulsion, and once more Wilfrid travelled to Rome to appeal to the pope.[154] The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi gives a speech, supposedly delivered by Wilfrid there, in defence of Wilfrid's record over the previous 40 years.[155] The council was presided over by Berhtwald, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, and the decision of the council was that Wilfrid should be deprived of all his monasteries but Ripon, and that he should cease to perform episcopal functions. When Wilfrid continued his appeal to the papacy, his opponents had him and his supporters excommunicated.[19]
Rome and final return to Northumbria[link]
On his way to Rome Wilfrid stopped in Frisia to visit Willibrord.[122] Following Wilfrid's arrival in Rome the pope held a council, which declared that the King of Northumbria should follow the earlier papal decrees restoring Wilfrid to his see.[154] Wilfrid was disconcerted to find that the papal court spoke Greek, and his biographer noted that Wilfrid was displeased when the pope discussed the appeal with advisers in a language Wilfrid could not understand.[156] The pope also ordered another council to be held in Britain to decide the issue, and ordered the attendance of Bosa, Berhtwald and Wilfrid. On his journey back to England Wilfrid had a seizure at Meaux, but he had returned to Kent by 705.[19]
Aldfrith died soon after Wilfrid's arrival back in England. The new king, Eadwulf, had been considered one of Wilfrid's friends, but after his accession to the throne he ordered Wilfrid to stay out of Northumbria. Eadwulf's reign lasted only a few months however, before he was expelled to make way for Aldfrith's son Osred,[19] to whom Wilfrid acted as spiritual adviser.[42] Wilfrid may have been one of Osred's chief supporters, along with Oswiu's daughter Abbess Ælfflæd of Whitby,[157] and the nobleman Beornhæth.[158] Once Osred was secure on the throne Wilfrid was restored to Ripon and Hexham in 706. When Bosa of York died, however, Wilfrid did not contest the decision to appoint John of Beverley to York. This appointment meant John's transfer from Hexham, leaving Wilfrid free to perform episcopal functions at Hexham,[19] which he did until his death.[159]
Other aspects[link]
Cult of St Oswald[link]
Main article: Oswald of Northumbria
Sometime after the translation of the relics of Oswald of Northumbria to Bardney Abbey by Osthryth between 675 and 679,[160] Wilfrid, along with Hexham Abbey, began to encourage and promote the cult of the dead king. Barbara Yorke sees this advocacy as a major factor in the prominence given to Oswald in Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum.[161] Historian D. P. Kirby regards Wilfrid's championing of Oswald as being a contributing factor in Wilfrid's expulsion from York in 678. Kirby believes that Ecgfrith felt Wilfrid was promoting Oswald's branch of the Northumbrian royal family over his own.[87] One of Wilfrid's proteges, Willibrord, became a missionary to the Frisians in 695, perhaps inspired by Wilfrid's example. Willibrord may have felt it expedient to leave Northumbria, where he was known as one of Wilfrid's followers.[162]
Monastic network[link]
Wilfrid's network of monasteries extended across at least three of the kingdoms of England in his day.[163] They included Hexham, Ripon, Selsey, and Oundle,[25] as well as possibly Peterborough, Brixworth, Evesham, Wing, and Withington.[164] At his monasteries and dioceses he built churches in a style akin to that of the continent and Rome,[165] travelling between them with a large entourage of up to 120 followers.[67] He made many contacts and friends, not only in Northumbria and the other English kingdoms, but also in Gaul, Frisia, and Italy. Nobles sent their sons to him for fostering, and Wilfrid was known to help his proteges, no matter if they became clerics or not. The historian Peter Brown speculated that one reason for Wilfrid's exile in 678 was that he was overshadowing the king as a patron.[166] His contacts extended to the Lombard kingdom in Italy, where they included King Perctarit and his son Cunipert.[25]
Wilfrid was a prolific founder of churches, which he then controlled until his death, and was a great fundraiser, acquiring lands and money from many of the kings he was in contact with.[167] He was also noted for his ability to attract support from powerful women, especially queens. Queen Eanflæd, his first patron, introduced him to a number of helpful contacts, and he later attracted the support of Queen Æthelthryth, who gave the endowment for Hexham Abbey.[168] Ælfflæd, sister of King Aldfrith of Northumbria and daughter of Wilfrid's old patron Queen Eanflæd, helped to persuade the Northumbrians to allow Wilfrid to return from his last exile.[169][170]
Builder and artistic patron[link]
Wilfrid built a church capable of accommodating a congregation of 2,000 at Hexham, using stone from Hadrian's Wall.[166] The 12th-century writer Ailred of Rievaulx, whose family helped restore Hexham, credited Wilfrid as the designer of a church beautifully embellished with paintings and sculpture.[171][172] It appears that the churches at Hexham and Ripon (which Wilfrid also built) were aisled basilicas, of the type that was common on the continent. Ripon was the first church in Northumbria to incorporate a porticus, similar to those of churches in Kent.[173] 12th-century pilgrims' accounts declared that the church at Hexham rivalled those of Rome.[19] The crypts at both Ripon and Hexham are unusual, and perhaps were intended by Wilfrid to mimic the Roman catacombs which he had seen on his travels.[19] They are still extant, although the fabric of Wilfrid's churches above ground has been replaced by later structures. The churches were finished with glazed windows, made by glassmakers brought over from the continent.[174]
As well as his building projects Wilfrid also commissioned works to embellish the churches, including altar cloths made of silk woven with gold threads, and a gospel book written on parchment dyed purple, with gold lettering. The gospels were then enclosed in a gold book cover set with gems. When the church he had built at Ripon was consecrated, a three-day feast was held to accompany the ceremony.[25][l]
Resignation and death[link]
After his final return to Northumbria Wilfrid retired to the monastery at Ripon, where he lived until his death during a visit to Oundle,[176] at the age of 75.[177] A little over a year before his death in either 709[176] or 710[178][m] Wilfrid suffered another stroke or seizure, which led him to make arrangements for the disposition of his monasteries and possessions. He was buried near the altar of his church in Ripon. Bede records the epitaph that was placed on the tomb.[19][n] Wilfrid was succeeded at Hexham by Acca of Hexham, a protégé who had accompanied him to Rome in 703.[179][180] The monastery at Ripon celebrated the first anniversary of Wilfrid's death with a commemoration service attended by all the abbots of his monasteries and a spectacular white arc was said to have appeared in the sky starting from the gables of the basilica where his bones were laid to rest.[159][181][182]
Wilfrid left large sums of money to his monastic foundations, enabling them to purchase royal favour.[183] Soon after his death a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, was written by Stephen of Ripon, a monk of Ripon.[176] The first version appeared in about 715 followed by a later revision in the 730s,[103] the first biography written by a contemporary to appear in England.[184] It was commissioned by two of Wilfrid's followers, Acca of Hexham, and the Abbot of Ripon, Tatbert.[25] Stephen's Vita is concerned with vindicating Wilfrid and making a case for his sainthood, and so is used with caution by historians,[137][185] although it is nevertheless an invaluable source for Wilfrid's life and the history of the time.[25]
Legacy[link]
Wilfrid's feast day is 12 October[186] or 24 April.[187] Both dates were celebrated in early medieval England, but the April date appears first in the liturgical calendars.[19] The April date is usually celebrated as his translation date, or the date when his relics were translated to a new shrine.[188] Immediately after his death his body was venerated as a cult object, and miracles were alleged to have happened at the spot where the water used to wash his body was discarded.[19] A cult grew up at Ripon after his death and remained active until 948, when King Eadred destroyed the church at Ripon; after the destruction, Wilfrid's relics were taken by Archbishop Oda of Canterbury,[189] and held in Canterbury Cathedral.[190] This account appears in a foreword written by Oda for Frithegod's later poem on Wilfrid's life.[191] However, according to Byrhtferth's Vita Sancti Oswaldi, or Life of Saint Oswald, Oda's nephew, Oswald, Archbishop of York, preserved the relics at Ripon and restored the community there to care for them.[19] The two differing accounts are not easily reconciled, but it is possible that Oswald collected secondary relics that had been overlooked by his uncle and installed those at Ripon.[192][o] The relics that were held at Canterbury were originally placed in the High Altar in 948, but after the fire at Canterbury Cathedral in 1067, Wilfrid's relics were placed in their own shrine.[193]
After the Norman Conquest of England, devotion continued to be paid to Wilfrid, with 48 churches dedicated to him and relics distributed between 11 sites.[19] During the 19th century, the feast of Wilfrid was celebrated on the Sunday following Lammas in the town of Ripon with a parade and horse racing, a tradition which continued until at least 1908.[194] He is venerated in the Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church[187] and the Anglican Communion.[186] He is usually depiction either as a bishop preaching and baptizing or else as a robed bishop holding an episcopal staff.[188]
Wilfrid was one of the first bishops to bring relics of saints back from Rome. The papacy was trying to prevent the removal of actual body parts from Rome, restricting collectors to things that had come in contact with the bodily remains such as dust and cloth.[195] Wilfrid was known as an advocate of Benedictine monasticism,[46] and regarded it as a tool in his efforts to "root out the poisonous weeds planted by the Scots".[196] He built at Ripon and Hexham, and lived a majestic lifestyle.[52] As a result of his various exiles, he founded monastic communities that were widely scattered over the British Isles, over which he kept control until his death.[183] These monastic foundations, especially Hexham, contributed to the blending of the Gaelic and Roman strains of Christianity in Northumbria, which inspired a great surge of learning and missionary activity; Bede and Alcuin were among the scholars who emerged from Northumbrian monasteries influenced by Wilfrid. Missionaries inspired by his example went from Northumbria to the continent, where they converted pagans in Germany and elsewhere.[197]
One commentator has said that Wilfrid "came into conflict with almost every prominent secular and ecclesiastical figure of the age".[198] Hindley, a historian of the Anglo-Saxons, states that "Wilfrid would not win his sainthood through the Christian virtue of humility".[37] The historian Barbara Yorke said of him that "Wilfrid's character was such that he seems to have been able to attract and infuriate in equal measure".[183] His contemporary, Bede, although a partisan of the Roman dating of Easter, was a monk and always treats Wilfrid a little uneasily, showing some concern about how Wilfrid conducted himself as a clergyman and as a bishop.[199] The historian Eric John feels that it was Wilfrid's devotion to monasticism that led him to believe that the only way for the Church to be improved was through monasticism. John traces Wilfrid's many appeals to Rome to his motivation to hold together his monastic empire, rather than to self-interest. John also challenges the belief that Wilfrid was fond of pomp, pointing out that the comparison between the Irish missionaries who walked and Wilfrid who rode ignores the reality that the quickest method of travel in the Middle Ages was on horseback.[99]
The historian Peter Hunter Blair summarises Wilfrid's life as follows: "Wilfrid left a distinctive mark on the character of the English church in the seventh century. He was not a humble man, nor, so far as we can see, was he a man greatly interested in learning, and perhaps he would have been more at home as a member of the Gallo-Roman episcopate where the wealth which gave him enemies in England would have passed unnoticed and where his interference in matters of state would have been less likely to take him to prison."[200] R. W. Southern, another modern historian, says that Wilfrid was "the greatest papal enthusiast of the century".[156] James Campbell, a historian specialising in the Anglo-Saxon period, said of him "He was certainly one of the greatest ecclesiastics of his day. Ascetic, deemed a saint by some, the founder of several monasteries according to the rule of St Benedict, he established Christianity in Sussex and attempted to do so in Frisia. At the same time, his life and conduct were in some respects like those of a great Anglo-Saxon nobleman."[201]
Notes[link]
- ^ Annemund was murdered at the command of Balthild, the regent of Chlothar III.[45]
- ^ Agilbert was later expelled from his English bishopric by the King of Wessex when the king could not understand Agilbert.[63]
- ^ It is unclear how much of the speech in Bede's account of the council is actually Wilfrid's and how much was composed by Bede.[62]
- ^ Some Welsh churches did not adopt the Roman Easter until 768.[66]
- ^ York did not attain metropolitan status until 735.[72]
- ^ Theodore shortly afterwards reconsecrated Ceadda and gave him the bishopric of Lichfield.[87] The Vita Sancti Wilfrithi says that Wilfrid urged Theodore to appoint Ceadda to Lichfield.[19]
- ^ Dagobert became king of Austrasia in 676, but was assassinated in 680.[97]
- ^ And he was the only English bishop to appeal a royal verdict to the papacy until 1088 when William de St-Calais appealed a decision of King William II of England to Rome.[120]
- ^ The copy of the decrees of Agatho has had interpolations added to it, partly to support the later Canterbury-York disputes over primacy that started under Archbishop Lanfranc after the Norman Conquest of England. However, the Life of Wilfrid also confirms the basics of the council decrees, it is only in the decrees discussion of metropolitan status for Theodore that it is possibly corrupt.[125]
- ^ When Wilfrid returned to Northumbria, he gave the Wight mission to his nephew,[82] Beornwine, who was not apparently an ordained priest.[140]
- ^ The only authority for the expulsion of Bosa is Stephen of Ripon's Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, and it is possible that Bosa was not expelled, as he was still bishop at his death in 706.[145]
- ^ The book, which was given to Ripon, does not survive.[175]
- ^ Both years are given as death dates in sources. The discrepancy over his death date involves the fact that two dates were associated with Wilfrid's cult, 24 April and 12 October. Stephen of Ripon expressly states that Wilfrid died on a Thursday, and neither date in 709 was a Thursday. 24 April 710, however, was a Thursday, and is likely to be Wilfrid's death date. A complication is the fact that the October date is the more common commemoration date, but the April date is the one first associated with Wilfrid's cult, appearing in 7th- and 8th-century saints calendars. The October date probably arose because the April date conflicted with Lent and Easter.[19]
- ^ The epitaph is recorded in Book V, Chapter XIX. An online translation is at the Medieval Sourcebook, part of the Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies by the City University of New York.
- ^ The early 12th century writer Eadmer, who wrote a Vita Sancti Wilfrithi, took this approach to the problem of the differing accounts of Wilfrid's relics, and appears to have been the first writer to suggest this solution.[33]
Citations[link]
- ^ "About the Diocese" Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough
- ^ "Saint Wilfrid" Patron Saint Index
- ^ Fraser From Caledonia to Pictland p. 47
- ^ Keynes "Heptarchy" Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
- ^ a b Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 9–11
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 5–7
- ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 37
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 74
- ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 38
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 83–86
- ^ Charles-Edwards "'Continuation of Bede" Seanchas pp. 137–145
- ^ Woolf "Dun Nechtain" Scottish Historical Review pp. 182–201
- ^ Woolf "Verturian hegemony" Mercia pp. 106–112
- ^ York Conversion of Britain pp. 50–56
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 2
- ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 123–124
- ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 114–115
- ^ Yorke Conversion of Britain pp. 128–129
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Thacker "Wilfrid (St Wilfrid] (c.634–709/10))" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 151
- ^ a b Goffart Narrators of Barbarian History pp. 285–286
- ^ Coredon Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases p. 146
- ^ a b Brown "Royal and Ecclesiastical" Renascence p. 28
- ^ Laynesmith "Stephen of Ripon" Early Medieval Europe p. 163
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fletcher Barbarian Conversion pp. 175–180
- ^ a b Fraser From Caledonia to Pictland pp. 266–267
- ^ Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 322
- ^ Heffernan Sacred Biography pp. 137–142
- ^ Higham (Re-)reading Bede pp. 98 and 237 footnote 200
- ^ Goffart Narrators of Barbarian History p. 322
- ^ Under the years 656, 661, 664, 675, 678, 685, 709, and 710. See the index to Michael Swanton's Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
- ^ Swanton "Introduction" Anglo-Saxon Chronicle pp. xviii–xix
- ^ a b Philpott "Eadmer, his Archbishops and the English State" Medieval State p. 101
- ^ a b Higham (Re-)reading Bede pp. 58–63
- ^ a b Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 107–112
- ^ Fraser Caledonia to Pictland pp. 190–191
- ^ a b c d Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 78–83
- ^ Quoted in Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 181
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 36–37
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 36
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 156
- ^ a b c d e f Thacker "St. Wilfrid" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 474–476
- ^ Herrin Formation of Christendom pp. 267–268
- ^ Brown "Royal and Ecclesiastical" Renascence pp. 29–31
- ^ Levison England and the Continent p. 10
- ^ a b c Cubitt "Clergy in Early Anglo-Saxon England" Historical Research p. 277
- ^ Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 22
- ^ Coates "Construction of Episcopal Sanctity" Historical Research pp. 1–2
- ^ Coates "Ceolfrid" Journal of Medieval History pp. 76–77
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 87–88
- ^ a b Higham Convert Kings p. 42
- ^ a b Lawrence Medieval Monasticism p. 57
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 199
- ^ Blair World of Bede pp. 111–112
- ^ Blair World of Bede pp. 162–163
- ^ Coates "Ceolfrid" Journal of Medieval History p. 82
- ^ a b Kirby Making of Early England pp. 46–47
- ^ John "Societal and Political Problems" Land, Church and People pp. 52–53
- ^ Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies p. 9
- ^ John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 24–25
- ^ Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies pp. 2–3
- ^ a b c Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 131
- ^ a b Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 263
- ^ Blair World of Bede pp. 83–84
- ^ Stenton Anglo Saxon England p. 123–125
- ^ a b Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 117
- ^ a b Brown Rise of Western Christendom pp. 361–362
- ^ a b Yorke Kings and Kingdoms pp. 84–85
- ^ a b John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 32–33
- ^ a b c Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 224
- ^ a b c John "Societal and Political Problems" Land, Church, and People pp. 42–49
- ^ Hall "York" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 428
- ^ a b Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 193
- ^ Quoted in Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 193
- ^ Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies p. 17
- ^ Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 129–147
- ^ Thomson Western Church p. 56
- ^ Abels "Council of Whitby" Journal of British Studies pp. 18–19
- ^ Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 23
- ^ Rollason "Hagiography and Politics" Holy Men and Holy Women p. 100
- ^ Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum pp. 220–221
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 34–35
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 95
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 95
- ^ Lapidge "Theodore" Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 445
- ^ Blair,Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 135
- ^ a b c d e Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 90–93
- ^ Brown Rise of Western Christendom Second Edition p. 359
- ^ Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 197
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 21
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 22
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 70–71
- ^ Quoted in Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 196
- ^ Stenton Anglo Saxon England 3rd ed. pp. 133–134
- ^ Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 136
- ^ Kirby Making of Early England p. 265
- ^ Wallace-Hadrill Long-haired Kings p. 238
- ^ Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review pp. 102–104
- ^ a b c John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England pp. 35–37
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 190–191
- ^ a b Stenton Anglo Saxon England 3rd ed. p. 135
- ^ Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 146
- ^ a b Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 12
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 186
- ^ Quoted in Brown Rise of Western Christendom p. 359
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 94
- ^ Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 24
- ^ Campbell "First Century of Christianity" Essays in Anglo-Saxon History p. 65
- ^ Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art p. 179
- ^ Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 78
- ^ Fraser Caledonia to Pictland p. 63
- ^ a b c d Stenton Anglo Saxon England p. 136
- ^ a b Goffart Narrators p. 322
- ^ Higham Kingdom of Northumbria pp. 135–136
- ^ a b Kirby Making of Early England pp. 48–49
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society pp. 98–99
- ^ Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum p. 216
- ^ Fraser Caledonia to Pictland pp. 209–210
- ^ Hindley A Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 48
- ^ Southern Western Society pp. 184–185
- ^ Blair Introduction to Anglo-Saxon England p. 137
- ^ a b Levison England and the Continent pp. 50–51
- ^ a b Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons pp. 121–122
- ^ Levison England and the Continent p. 14
- ^ Gibbs "Decrees of Agatho" Speculum pp. 217–219
- ^ Chadwick "Theodore" Archbishop Theodore pp. 88–95
- ^ Loyn Anglo-Saxon Governance p. 57
- ^ Levison England and the Continent pp. 24–25
- ^ Eddius Stephanus "Life of Wilfrid" Age of Bede pp. 142–143
- ^ Lyon Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England p. 49
- ^ Mayr-Harting Coming of Christianity p. 118
- ^ Stenton Anglo Saxon England 3rd ed. p. 138
- ^ Tyler "Reluctant Kings" History p. 149
- ^ Coates "Role of Bishops" History p. 180
- ^ Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 244
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 56
- ^ a b c Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 100
- ^ a b Kirby Making of Early England p. 50
- ^ Mee History of Selsey pp. 12–13
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 90
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 164
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings p. 102
- ^ a b Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 96
- ^ a b Stenton Anglo Saxon England p. 139
- ^ Cubitt "Wilfrid's "Usurping Bishops"" Northern History pp. 20–21
- ^ Ehwald (ed.) Aldhelmi Opera pp. 500–502
- ^ Whitelock English Historical Documents no. 165
- ^ Foley Images of Sanctity p. 53.
- ^ Kirby Earliest English Kings pp. 120–121
- ^ Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review p. 105
- ^ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 218
- ^ Fletcher Barbarian Conversion p. 199
- ^ Goffart Narrators pp. 260–261
- ^ a b Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 143
- ^ Goffart Narrators pp. 263–264
- ^ a b Southern Western Society pp. 57–58
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 88
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 92
- ^ a b Goffart Narrators p. 271
- ^ Craid "Oswald" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Yorke "Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts" Cross Goes North p. 249
- ^ John Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England p. 57
- ^ Campbell Anglo-Saxon State p. 46
- ^ Farmer "Introduction" Age of Bede p. 26
- ^ Brown Rise of Western Christendom p. 52
- ^ a b Brown Rise of Western Christendom pp. 362–363
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 97
- ^ Tyler "Reluctant Kings" History p. 156
- ^ Mitchell "Anglo-Saxon Double Monasteries" History Today p. 37
- ^ Thacker "Ælfflæd" Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England p. 6
- ^ Dodwell Anglo-Saxon Art pp. 92 and 275 footnote 38
- ^ Gilbert "Saint Wilfrid's Church at Hexam" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 81
- ^ Farmer "Saint Wilfrid" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 45
- ^ Kirby Making of Early England p. 259
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 228
- ^ a b c Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 62
- ^ Kirby Making of Early England p. 158
- ^ Kirby "Bede" English Historical Review p. 101
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 189
- ^ Levison England and the Continent p. 61
- ^ Farmer Age of Bede p.182
- ^ Forster St Wilfrid of Ripon p.16
- ^ a b c Yorke Conversion of Britain p. 163
- ^ Farmer "Saint Wilfrid" Saint Wilfrid at Hexham p. 38
- ^ Yorke Kings and Kingdoms p. 73
- ^ a b Holford-Strevens, et al. Oxford Book of Days pp. 411–412
- ^ a b Walsh New Dictionary of Saints p. 623–624
- ^ a b Farmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints pp. 536–538
- ^ Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 314
- ^ Gem "Significance of the 11th century Rebuilding of Christ Church and St Augustine's, Canterbury" Medieval Art and Architecture at Canterbury Before 1220 p. 2
- ^ Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 53
- ^ Thacker "Saint-making and Relic Collecting" St Oswald of Worcester pp. 254–255
- ^ Nilson Cathedral Shrines p. 64
- ^ "Feast of St Wilfrid" Folklore pp. 464–466
- ^ Ortenberg "The Anglo-Saxon Church and the Papacy" English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages p. 45
- ^ Quoted in Lawrence Medieval Monasticism p. 57
- ^ Higham Kingdom of Northumbria pp. 155–156
- ^ Quoted in Hindley Brief History of the Anglo-Saxons p. 62
- ^ Brown Rise of Western Christendom Second Edition pp. 363–364
- ^ Blair World of Bede p. 152
- ^ Campbell "Bede I" Essays in Anglo-Saxon History p. 16
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- Thacker, Alan (2004). "Wilfrid (St Wilfrid) (c.634–709/10)" (subscription or UK public library membership required). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/ref:odnb/29409. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29409. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
- Thomson, John A. F. (1998). The Western Church in the Middle Ages. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-60118-3.
- Tyler, Damian (April 2007). "Reluctant Kings and Christian Conversion in Seventh-Century England". History 92 (306): 144–161. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-229X.2007.00389.x.
- Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. (1982). The Long-haired Kings. Toronto: University of Toronto Press in association with Medieval Academy of America. ISBN 0-8020-6500-7.
- Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 0-86012-438-X.
- Whitelock, Dorothy (ed.). English Historical Documents: Volume 1 c. 500–1042 (Second ed.). London: Eyre Methuen. OCLC 23967961.
- Woolf, Alex (2006). "Dún Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts". The Scottish Historical Review 85 (2): 182–201. DOI:10.1353/shr.2007.0029.
- Woolf, Alex (2001). "The Verturian Hegemony: A Mirror in the North". In Brown, Michelle P; Farr, Carol Ann. Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 106–112. ISBN 0-7185-0231-0.
- Yorke, Barbara (2003). "The Adaptation of the Anglo-Saxon Royal Courts to Christianity". In Carver, Martin. The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe AD 300–1300. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 244–257. ISBN 1-84383-125-2.
- Yorke, Barbara (2006). The Conversion of Britain: Religion, Politics and Society in Britain c. 600–800. London: Pearson/Longman. ISBN 0-582-77292-3.
- Yorke, Barbara (1997). Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16639-X.
Further reading[link]
- Foley, W. T. (1989). "Imitation Apostoli: St Wilfrid of York and the Andrew Script". American Benedictine Review 40: 13–31.
- Pelteret, David (1998). "Saint Wilfrid: Tribal Bishop, Civic Bishop or Germanic Lord?". In Hill, Joyce and Swan, Mary. The Community, the Family and the Saint: Patterns of Power in Early Modern Europe. Brepols. pp. 159–180. ISBN 2-503-50668-2.
- Sims-Williams, Patrick (April 1988). "St Wilfrid and Two Charters Dated AD 676 and 680". Journal of Ecclesiastical History 39 (2): 163–183. DOI:10.1017/S0022046900020649.
- Stancliffe, Clare (2003). Bede, Wilfrid, and the Irish. Jarrow Lecture 46. Jarrow, UK: St Paul's Church Jarrow.
- Wood, I. N. (1995). "Northumbrians and Franks in the age of Wilfrid". Northern History 31: 10–21.
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wilfrid |
- Ecclesiastical History Book V – Chapter XIX contains Wilfrid's epitaph. From the Medieval Sourcebook
- Prosopography of Anglo Saxon England entry for Wilfrid – listing of most contemporary and close to contemporary mentions of Wilfrid in the primary sources. Includes some spurious charter listings.
| Catholic Church titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Chad of Mercia |
Bishop of the Northumbrians 664–678 |
Succeeded by Bosa as Bishop of York |
| Succeeded by Eata of Hexham as Bishop of Lindisfarne |
||
| Preceded by Cuthwine of Leicester |
Bishop of Leicester 692–705 |
Succeeded by Headda |
| Preceded by John of Beverley |
Bishop of Hexham 705–709 |
Succeeded by Acca |
|
|||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wilfrid |
| Alternative names | Wilfrith |
| Short description | Bishop of York; Saint; Bishop of Hexham; Bishop of Leicester |
| Date of birth | c. 634 |
| Place of birth | Northumbria |
| Date of death | 24 April, 709 |
| Place of death | Oundle, Northamptonshire |
http://wn.com/Wilfrid
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Вильфрид Йоркский
http://fr.wn.com/Wilfrid d'York
http://nl.wn.com/Wilfrid van York
http://de.wn.com/Wilfrid
http://it.wn.com/Vilfrido di York
http://pl.wn.com/Wilfryd z Yorku
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"Laurier" redirects here. For other uses, see Laurier (disambiguation).
| The Right Honourable Sir Wilfrid Laurier GCMG, PC, KC |
|
|---|---|
 |
|
| 7th Prime Minister of Canada | |
| In office 11 July 1896 – 6 October 1911 |
|
| Monarch | Victoria Edward VII George V |
| Preceded by | Charles Tupper |
| Succeeded by | Robert Borden |
| Member of Canadian Parliament | |
| In office 29 November 1877 – 17 February 1919 |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1841-11-20)20 November 1841 Saint-Lin, Canada East |
| Died | 17 February 1919(1919-02-17) (aged 77) Ottawa, Ontario |
| Political party | Liberal Party of Canada |
| Spouse(s) | Zoé Lafontaine |
| Children | none |
| Alma mater | McGill University |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, GCMG, PC, KC, baptized Henri-Charles-Wilfrid Laurier (20 November 1841 – 17 February 1919) was the seventh Prime Minister of Canada from 11 July 1896 to 6 October 1911.
Canada's first francophone prime minister, Laurier is often considered one of the country's greatest statesmen. He is well known for his policies of conciliation, expanding Confederation, and compromise between French and English Canada. His vision for Canada was a land of individual liberty and decentralized federalism. He also argued for an English-French partnership in Canada. "I have had before me as a pillar of fire," he said, "a policy of true Canadianism, of moderation, of reconciliation." And he passionately defended individual liberty, "Canada is free and freedom is its nationality," and "Nothing will prevent me from continuing my task of preserving at all cost our civil liberty." Laurier was also well regarded for his efforts to establish Canada as an autonomous country within the British Empire, though he supported the continuation of the British Empire if it was based on "absolute liberty political and commercial".
Laurier is the fourth-longest serving Prime Minister of Canada, behind William Lyon Mackenzie King, John A. Macdonald, and Pierre Trudeau. A 2011 Maclean's historical ranking of the Prime Ministers placed Laurier first.[1] Laurier also holds the record for the most consecutive federal elections won (4), and his 15 year tenure remains the longest unbroken term of office among Prime Ministers. In addition, his nearly 45 years (1874–1919) of service in the House of Commons is an all-time record for that house.[2] Finally, at 31 years, 8 months, Laurier was the longest-serving leader of a major Canadian political party, surpassing King by over two years. Laurier's portrait is displayed on the Canadian five-dollar bill.
Contents |
Early life[link]
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The second child of Carolus Laurier and Marcelle Martineau, Wilfrid Laurier was born in Saint-Lin, Canada East (today called Saint-Lin-Laurentides, Quebec) on 20 November 1841. Laurier was the 7th generation of his family in Canada. His ancestor François Cottineau, dit Champlaurier came to Canada from Saint-Claud, France. He grew up in a family where politics was a staple of talk and debate. His father, an educated man having liberal ideas, enjoyed a certain degree of prestige about town. In addition to being a farmer and surveyor, he also occupied such sought-after positions as mayor, justice of the peace, militia lieutenant and school board member. At the age of 11, Wilfrid left home to study in New Glasgow, a neighbouring village largely inhabited by immigrants from Scotland. Over the next two years, he had the opportunity of familiarizing himself with the mentality, language and culture of British people. Laurier attended the College of L'Assomption and graduated in law from McGill University.
He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec in the 1871 Quebec general election in Drummond-Arthabaska, but resigned on 19 January 1874 to enter federal politics.[3] He was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the 1874 election, serving briefly in the Cabinet of Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie as Minister of Inland Revenue.
Leadership[link]
Chosen as leader of the Liberal Party in 1887, he gradually built up his party's strength with his personal following in Quebec and elsewhere in Canada. He led the Liberal Party to victory in the 1896 election, and remained prime minister until the party's defeat in the 1911 election.
Quebec stronghold[link]
Laurier was able to build the Liberal Party a base in Quebec, which had been a Conservative stronghold for decades due to the province's social conservatism and the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, which distrusted the Liberals' anti-clericalism. He was aided by the growing alienation of French-Canadians from the Conservatives due to the national Tory party's links with anti-French, anti-Catholic Orangemen in English Canada.[4] These factors combined with the collapse of the Conservative Party of Quebec gave Laurier an opportunity to build a stronghold in French Canada and among Catholics across Canada.
Because Laurier believed in a separation of church and state, Roman Catholic bishops in Quebec repeatedly warned their parishioners never to vote for the man. Journalist and author Laurier LaPierre wrote in his 1996 biography of Laurier: "children were made to kneel and beg God that their parents not be damned should they have the temerity to vote for the Liberal candidate. When electors asked directly whom they should vote for, the cagey priests contented themselves with informing them that le ciel est bleu, l'enfer est rouge – heaven is blue, hell is red."
However, Laurier had rather good relations with Pope Pius X himself, and had complimented him during a diplomatic meeting. In part, the tension of the time can be attributed to Pius's encyclical Vehementer Nos, which condemned strict Church-State separation in Émile Combes' secularist France.
Prime Minister[link]
Laurier led Canada during a period of rapid growth, industrialization and immigration. His long career straddles a period of major political and economic change. As Prime Minister he was instrumental in ushering Canada into the 20th century and in gaining greater autonomy from Britain for his country.
One of Laurier's first acts as Prime Minister was to implement a solution to the Manitoba Schools Question, which had helped to bring down the Conservative government of Charles Tupper earlier in 1896. The Manitoba legislature had passed a law eliminating public funding for Catholic schooling (thereby going against the federal constitutional Manitoba Act, 1870, which guaranteed Catholic and Protestant religious education rights). The Catholic minority asked the federal Government for support, and eventually the Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba's legislation. Laurier opposed the remedial legislation on the basis of provincial rights, and succeeded in blocking its passage by Parliament. Once elected, Laurier proposed a compromise stating that Catholics in Manitoba could have a Catholic education if there were enough students to warrant it, on a school-by-school basis. This was seen by many as the best possible solution in the circumstances, making both the French and English equally satisfied.
In 1899, the United Kingdom expected military support from Canada, as part of the British Empire, in the Second Boer War. Laurier was caught between demands for support for military action from English Canada, and a strong opposition from French Canada which saw the Boer War as an "English" war and to some degree appreciated the similar places that Boers and French Canadians held in the British Empire. Henri Bourassa was an especially vocal opponent. Laurier eventually decided to send a volunteer force, rather than the militia expected by Britain, but Bourassa continued to oppose any form of military involvement.
In 1905, Laurier oversaw Saskatchewan and Alberta's entry into Confederation, the last two provinces to be created out of the Northwest Territories.[5] This followed the enactment of the Yukon Territory Act by the Laurier Government in 1898, separating the Yukon from the Northwest Territories.[6]
On 29 July 1910, while in Saskatoon to attend the opening of the University of Saskatchewan, he bought a newspaper from a young John Diefenbaker, a future Conservative Prime Minister. The young Diefenbaker, recognizing the Prime Minister, shared his ideas for the country and amused him. He inquired about the young man's business and expressed the hope that he would be a great man someday. The boy ended the conversation by saying, "Well, Mr. Prime Minister, I can't waste any more time on you. I must get back to work."[7]
Naval Bill[link]
The naval competition between the United Kingdom and the German Empire escalated in the early years of the 20th century. The British asked Canada for more money and resources for ship construction, precipitating a heated political division in Canada. The British supporters wished to send as much as possible, whereas those against wished to send nothing.
Aiming for compromise, Laurier advanced the Naval Service Bill of 1910 which created the Royal Canadian Navy. The navy would initially consist of five cruisers and six destroyers; in times of crisis, it could be made subordinate to the Royal Navy proper. The idea was lauded at the Imperial Conference on Defence in London, but it proved unpopular across the political spectrum in Canada, especially in Quebec as ex-Liberal Henri Bourassa organized an anti-Laurier force.
Reciprocity and defeat[link]
In 1911, another controversy arose regarding Laurier's support of trade reciprocity with the United States. His long serving Minister of Finance, William Stevens Fielding, reached an agreement allowing for free trade of natural products. This had the strong support of agricultural interests, but it alienated many businessmen who formed a significant part of the Liberals' support base. The Conservatives denounced the deal and played on long standing fears that reciprocity could eventually lead to the American annexation of Canada.
Contending with an unruly House of Commons, including vocal disapproval from Liberal MP Clifford Sifton, Laurier called an election to settle the issue of reciprocity. The Conservatives were victorious and Robert Laird Borden succeeded Laurier as Prime Minister.
Opposition and war[link]
Laurier led the opposition during World War I. He led the filibuster to the Conservatives' own Naval Bill which would have sent contributions directly to the Royal Navy; the bill was later blocked by the Liberal-controlled Senate. He was an influential opponent of conscription, which led to the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and the formation of a Union government, which Laurier refused to join for fear of having Quebec fall in the hands of nationalist Henri Bourassa. However, many Liberals, particularly in English Canada, joined Borden as Liberal-Unionists and the "Laurier Liberals" were reduced to a mostly French-Canadian rump as a result of the 1917 election. However, Laurier's last policies and efforts had not been in vain. As a result of Laurier's opposition of conscription in 1917, Quebec and its French-Canadian voters voted overwhelmingly to support the Liberal party starting in 1917. Despite one notable exception in 1958, the Liberal party continued to dominate federal politics in Quebec until 1984. His protege and successor as party leader William Lyon Mackenzie King led the Liberals to a landslide victory over the Conservatives in the 1921 election.
Family[link]
Wilfrid Laurier married Zoé Lafontaine in Montreal on 13 May 1868. She was the daughter of G.N.R. Lafontaine and his first wife, Zoé Lavinge dit Tessier. Laurier's wife Zoé was born in Montreal and educated there at the School of the Bon Pasteur, and at the Convent of the Sisters of the Sacred Heart, St. Vincent de Paul. The couple lived at Arthabaskaville until they moved to Ottawa in 1896. She served as one of the Vice-Presidents on the formation of the National Council of Women and was Honorary Vice-President of the Victorian Order of Nurses.[8] The couple had no children. Beginning in 1878 and for some twenty years while married to Zoé, Laurier had an "ambiguous relationship" with another married woman, Émilie Lavergne,[9] with whom he fell in love. Where Zoé loved plants, animals and home life, she was not an intellectual. Émilie was, and relished literature and politics like Wilfrid, whose heart she won. Rumour had it he fathered a son with her, yet Zoé remained with him until his death.
Death[link]
Laurier died of a stroke on 17 February 1919, while still in office as Leader of the Opposition. Though he had lost a bitter election two years earlier, he was loved nationwide for his "warm smile, his sense of style, and his "sunny ways"."[10] Some 50,000 people jammed the streets of Ottawa as his funeral procession marched to Notre Dame Cemetery. His remains would eventually be placed in a stone sarcophagus, adorned by sculptures of nine mourning female figures, representing each of the provinces in the union. His wife, Zoé Laurier, died in 1921 and was placed in the same tomb.
National Historic Sites[link]
Laurier is commemorated by three National Historic Sites of Canada.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier National Historic Site is in his birthplace, Saint-Lin-Laurentides, a town 60 km north of Montreal. Its establishment reflected an early desire to not only mark his birthplace (a plaque in 1925 and a monument in 1927), but to create a shrine to Laurier in the 1930s. Despite early doubts and later confirmation that the house designated as the birthplace was neither Laurier's nor on its original site, its development, and the building of a museum, satisfied the goal of honoring the man and reflecting his early life.[11]
His handsome brick residence in Ottawa is known as Laurier House National Historic Site, at the corner of what is now Laurier Avenue and Chapel Street. In their will, the Lauriers left the house to Prime Minister Mackenzie King, who in turn donated it to Canada upon his death. Both sites are administered by Parks Canada as part of the national park system.
The 1876 Italianate residence of the Lauriers during his years as a lawyer and Member of Parliament, in Victoriaville, Quebec, is designated Wilfrid Laurier House National Historic Site, and is a privately owned museum operated as the Laurier Museum.[12][13]
Recognition[link]
Laurier had titular honours including:
- the prenomial "The Honourable" and the postnomial "PC" for life by virtue of being made a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada on 8 October 1877.[14]
- His prenomial was upgraded to "The Right Honourable" when he was made a member of the Imperial Privy Council of the United Kingdom.
- the prenomial "Sir" and postnomial "GCMG" as a knight grand cross of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George.
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier Day is observed each year on 20 November, his birth date[15]
- Laurier is depicted on several banknotes issued by the Bank of Canada:
-
- The $1,000 note in the 1935 Series and 1937 Series
- The $5 note in the Scenes of Canada series, 1972 and 1979, Birds of Canada series, 1986, Journey series, 2002 and is scheduled to appear in the Frontier series, 2013
- Laurier has appeared on at least three postage stamps, issued in 1927 (two) and 1973
Many sites and landmarks were named to honor Wilfrid Laurier. They include:
See also: Laurier (disambiguation)
- Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier in British Columbia's Premier Range
- Laurier Avenue, located in Milton, Ontario
- Avenue Laurier, located in Shawinigan, Quebec
- Avenue Laurier, located in Montreal, Quebec
- Boulevard Laurier, located in Quebec City, Quebec
- Laurier Avenue, located in Ottawa, Ontario
- Laurier Avenue, located in Deep River, Ontario
- Laurier Drive, located in Saskatoon, SK
- Rue Laurier, located in Casselman, Ontario
- The Laurier Heights neighbourhood, including Laurier Drive, in Edmonton, Alberta
- Laurier Drive, located in Saskatoon's Confederation Park neighborhood, where the majority of the streets are named after former Canadian prime ministers
- The provincial electoral district of Laurier-Dorion (an honor shared with Canadian politician Antoine-Aimé Dorion)
- The federal electoral district of Laurier—Sainte-Marie
- On 1 November 1973, Waterloo Lutheran University, one of Ontario's publicly funded universities, located in Waterloo, Ontario, was renamed Wilfrid Laurier University; the university has since added a campus in Brantford, Ontario
- A Montreal Metro station, Laurier (Montreal Metro)
- CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier
- Chateau Laurier, a downtown Ottawa hotel of high reputation and a national historic site
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier Public School in Markham, Ontario
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board, an English school board located in Quebec; the school board serves the Laval, Laurentides, Lanaudière regions in Quebec
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School in London, Ontario
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier Secondary School in Ottawa, Ontario
- Sir Wilfrid Laurier Collegiate Institute in Scarborough, Ontario
- Laurier is also the personal hero of former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien who saw in Laurier's abilities at conciliation and at winning majority governments an ideal model to follow.[citation needed]
- Laurier was ranked #3 of the Prime Ministers of Canada (out of the 20 through Jean Chrétien) in the survey by Canadian historians included in Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders by J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer.
Supreme Court appointments[link]
Laurier chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
- Sir Louis Henry Davies (25 September 1901 – 1 May 1924)
- David Mills (8 February 1902 – 8 May 1903)
- Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau (as Chief Justice 21 November 1902 – 2 May 1906; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister Mackenzie, 7 October 1878)
- John Douglas Armour (21 November 1902 – 11 July 1903)
- Wallace Nesbitt (16 May 1903 – 4 October 1905)
- Albert Clements Killam (8 August 1903 – 6 February 1905)
- John Idington (10 February 1905 – 31 March 1927)
- James Maclennan (5 October 1905 – 13 February 1909)
- Sir Charles Fitzpatrick (as Chief Justice, 4 June 1906 – 21 November 1918)
- Sir Lyman Poore Duff (27 September 1906 – 2 January 1944)
- Francis Alexander Anglin (23 February 1909 – 28 February 1933)
- Louis-Philippe Brodeur (11 August 1911 – 10 October 1923)
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ Hillmer, Norman; Azzi, Steven (10 June 2011). "Canada's Best Prime Ministers". Maclean's. http://www2.macleans.ca/2011/06/10/canadas-best-prime-ministers/. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ "Years of service in Parliament". Parliament of Canada. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/YearsOfService.aspx?Menu=SEN-Politic&Section=03d93c58-f843-49b3-9653-84275c23f3fb&YearsOfService=44_99. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ "Biography" (in French). Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours. National Assembly of Quebec. http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/laurier-wilfrid-4029/index.html.
- ^ Pierre-Luc Bégin, Loyalisme et fanatisme: petit histoire du mouvement orangiste canadien, Québec: Éditions du Québécois, 2008.
- ^ Library and Archives Canada. Canadian Confederation: Alberta and Saskatchewan Entered Confederation: 1905. Retrieved on: 2011-12-14.
- ^ Government of Yukon. Yukon Historical Timeline (1886-1906). Retrieved on: 2011-12-14.
- ^ "The prime minister and the newspaper boy". Library and Archives Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/primeministers/h4-3182-e.html. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Morgan, Henry James Types of Canadian women and of women who are or have been connected with Canada : (Toronto, 1903) [1]
- ^ Réal Bélanger, Macdonald and Laurier Days
- ^ The death of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, CBC Digital Archives
- ^ Negotiating the Past: The Making of Canada's National Historic Parks and Sites: (Montreal & Kingston, 1990), C.J. Taylor, pp. 119-121.
- ^ Laurier Museum
- ^ Wilfrid Laurier House NHS, National Register of Historic Places
- ^ "Historical Chronological List Since 1867 of Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada". Privy Council Office (Canada). http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres/hist/1867-1910-eng.htm. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Sir Wilfrid Laurier Day Act, 2002
Further reading[link]
Main article: List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada
- Elizabeth H. Armstrong, The Crisis of Quebec, 1914-1918 (1937; reprinted 1973)
- H. Blair Neatby. Laurier and a Liberal Quebec: A Study in Political Management (1973)
- Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada: 1896-1921 A Nation Transformed (1983), standard history
- J. W. Dafoe, Laurier: A Study in Canadian Politics (1922)
- J.L. Granatstein and Norman Hillmer, Prime Ministers: Ranking Canada's Leaders. P.46-60. (1999). ISBN 0-00-200027-X.
- Laurier LaPierre Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Romance of Canada – (1996). ISBN 0-7737-2979-8
- Joseph Schull, Laurier. The First Canadian (1965)
- Oscar Douglas Skelton, Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier 2v (1921; reprinted 1965)
- Peter Busby Waite, Canada, 1874-1896: Arduous Destiny (1971), standard history
- Grace Stewart, Heather. "Sir Wilfrid Laurier: the weakling who stood his ground" (2006) ISBN 0-9736406-3-4
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wilfrid Laurier |
- "Wilfrid Laurier". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. 1979–2005.
- Wilfrid Laurier - Parliament of Canada biography
- Wilfrid Laurier on the platform; collection of the principal speeches made in Parliament or before the people, since his entry into active politics in 1871; by Wilfrid Laurier at archive.org
- Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier vol 1. at archive.org
- Life and letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier vol 2. at archive.org
- Article on Sir Wilfrid Laurier from The Canadian Encyclopedia
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.png){kind=small}
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Laurier, Wilfrid |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | 7th Prime Minister of Canada (1896 - 1911) |
| Date of birth | 20 November 1841 |
| Place of birth | Saint-Lin, Quebec |
| Date of death | 17 February 1919 |
| Place of death | Ottawa, Canada |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Olympic medal record | ||
|---|---|---|
| Men's football | ||
Competitor for  Canada |
||
| Gold | 1904 St. Louis | Team competition |
Gordon McDonald was a Canadian amateur football (soccer) player who competed in the 1904 Summer Olympics..
In 1904 he was a member of the Galt F.C. team, which won the gold medal in the football tournament.
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | McDonald, Gordon |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Footballer |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This biographical article relating to Canadian soccer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Wilfrid Brambell | |
|---|---|
| Born | Henry Wilfrid Brambell (1912-03-22)22 March 1912 Dublin, Ireland |
| Died | 18 January 1985(1985-01-18) (aged 72) Westminster, London, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Actor |
| Years active | 1930–85 |
| Spouse | Mary Josephine, m. 1948, divorced 1955 |
Henry Wilfrid Brambell (22 March 1912 – 18 January 1985) was an Irish film and television actor best known for his role in the British television series Steptoe and Son. He also performed alongside The Beatles in their film A Hard Day's Night, playing Paul McCartney's fictional grandfather.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Brambell was born in Dublin. His father worked at a Guinness Brewery and his mother was an opera singer. His first appearance was as a child, entertaining the wounded troops during the First World War. On leaving school he worked part-time as a reporter for The Irish Times and part-time as an actor at the Abbey Theatre before becoming a professional actor for the Gate Theatre. He also did repertory at Swansea, Bristol and Chesterfield.[1] In World War II he joined the British military forces entertainment organisation ENSA.
Acting career[link]
His television career began during the 1950s, when he was cast in small roles in three Nigel Kneale/Rudolph Cartier productions for BBC Television: as a drunk in The Quatermass Experiment (1953), as both an old man in a pub and later a prisoner in Nineteen Eighty-Four (1954) and as a tramp in Quatermass II (1955). All of these roles earned him a reputation for playing old men, though he was only in his forties at the time. Brambell hardly ever stopped working in his 36-year career.
Brambell also appeared as Bill Gaye in the 1962 Maurice Chevalier/Hayley Mills picture, In Search of the Castaways. He was heard in the original soundtrack of The Canterbury Tales, which was one of the quickest selling West End soundtrack albums of all time. He also released two 45-rpm singles, "Second Hand"/"Rag Time Ragabone Man", which played on his Steptoe and Son character, followed in 1971 by "Time Marches On", his tribute to The Beatles, with whom he had worked in 1964 (and met many times). It featured a Beatles-esque guitar riff with Brambell reciting words about the Beatles splitting up. The B-side was "The Decimal Song" which, at the time of Britain adopting decimal currency, was politically charged.
In 1965, he appeared on Broadway in the show Kelly which closed after just one performance.[2]
He featured in many prominent theatre roles. In 1966 he played Ebenezer Scrooge in a musical version of A Christmas Carol. This was adapted for radio the same year and appeared on Radio 2 on Christmas Eve. Brambell's booming baritone voice surprised many listeners: he played the role straight, true to the Dickens original, and not in the stereotype Albert Steptoe character.
In 1971, he starred in the premiere of Eric Chappell's play The Banana Box in which he played Rooksby. This part was later renamed Rigsby for the TV adaptation called Rising Damp which starred Leonard Rossiter.
Steptoe and Son[link]
It was this ability to play old men that led to his casting in his most famous role, as Albert Steptoe, the irascible father in Steptoe and Son (his son Harold being played by Harry H. Corbett). This began as a pilot on the BBC's Comedy Playhouse, and its success led to a full series being commissioned, running from 1962 to 1965, followed by a second run from 1970 to 1974. A constant thread throughout the series was Albert being referred to by Harold as a "dirty old man", particularly, for example, when he was eating pickled onions whilst taking a bath, and retrieving dropped ones from the bathwater. There were also two feature film spin-offs, a stage show and an American re-make entitled Sanford and Son, based on the original British scripts.
The success of Steptoe and Son made Brambell a high profile figure on British television, and earned him the major role of Paul McCartney's grandfather in the Beatles' first film, A Hard Day's Night, in 1964. A running joke is made throughout the film of his character being "a very clean old man", in contrast to his being referred to as a "dirty old man" in Steptoe and Son. In real life however, he was nothing like his Steptoe persona, being dapper and well-spoken. In 1965 Brambell told the BBC that he did not want to do another Steptoe and Son series, and in September of that year he went to New York to appear in the Broadway musical Kelly at the Broadhurst Theatre; however, it closed after just one performance.
In 1971 he was due to play the role of Jeff Simmons, bass guitarist with The Mothers of Invention, in Frank Zappa's film 200 Motels (a bizarre piece of casting, since the real Simmons was young, long-haired and American) but left the production after an argument with Zappa.[citation needed]
Although best known for Steptoe and Son, he achieved international recognition in many films. His performance in The Terence Davies Trilogy won him critical acclaim, far greater than any achieved for Steptoe and Son,[3] yet although appearing throughout the full 24-minute piece, Brambell did not speak a single word.
Personal and later life[link]
After the final season of Steptoe and Son was made in 1974, Brambell had some guest roles in films and on television, but both he and Corbett found themselves heavily typecast as their famous characters. In an attempt to take advantage of this situation, they undertook a tour of Australia in 1977 with a Steptoe and Son stage show. On one occasion, Brambell used bad language and was openly derogatory about New Zealand cathedrals in an interview. Despite this, Brambell did appear on the BBC's television news paying tribute to Corbett after the latter's death from a heart attack in 1982. The following year Brambell appeared in Terence Davies's film Death and Transfiguration, playing a dying elderly man who finally comes to terms with his homosexuality.
In 2002, Channel 4 broadcast a documentary film, entitled When Steptoe Met Son, about the off-screen life of Brambell and his relationship with Harry H. Corbett. The film claimed that the two men detested each other and were barely on speaking terms after the Australia tour, caused in part by Brambell's alcoholism, which led to the pair leaving the country on separate aeroplanes. This claim is disputed by the writers of Steptoe and Son, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson, who were unaware of any hatred or conflict.[4] Harry H. Corbett's nephew from his second marriage also released a statement which claimed that the actors did not hate each other. "We can categorically say they did not fall out. They were together for nearly a year in Australia, went on several sightseeing trips together, and left the tour at the end on different planes because Harry was going on holiday with his family, not because he refused to get on the same plane. They continued to work together after the Australia tour on radio and adverts."[5]
Brambell was homosexual[6][7] at a time when it was almost impossible for public figures to be openly gay, not least because male homosexual acts were illegal in the UK until 1967. In 1962 he was arrested in a toilet in Shepherd's Bush for persistently importuning and given a conditional discharge.[8][9] Earlier in his life he had been married, from 1948 to 1955, to Mary "Molly" Josephine but the relationship ended after she gave birth to the child of their lodger in 1953.[7]
Brambell died of cancer in Westminster,[10] London, aged 72. He was cremated on 25 January 1985 at Streatham Park Cemetery, where his ashes were scattered.
Legacy[link]
The Curse of Steptoe, a BBC TV play about Brambell and his co-star Harry H. Corbett, was broadcast on 19 March 2008 on digital BBC channel BBC Four, featuring Phil Davis as Brambell. The first broadcast gained the channel its highest audience figures to date, based on overnight returns.[11]
References[link]
- ^ The Times Obituary, 19 Jan 1965
- ^ The Times Obituary, 19 Jan 1985
- ^ Terence Davies interview on the Extras of the DVD release. Davies claims Brambell's performance won festival awards and achieved high critical acclaim
- ^ "Scriptwriters reject the 'Curse of Comedy', The Times, Published online 8 March 2008. Retrieved on 7 February 2011
- ^ "An important message from the Corbett family". steptoe-and-son.com. http://www.steptoe-and-son.com/corbettmessage.html. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
- ^ "Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender History Month UK". Lgbthistorymonth. http://www.lgbthistorymonth.org.uk/history/brambell.htm. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ a b Barrie, David (19 August 2002). "The dirty truth". The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2002/aug/19/broadcasting.arts.
- ^ "News in Brief: Conditional discharge for television actor". The Times (UK): p. 17. 13 December 1962. "Wilfred Brambell ... was conditionally discharged for a year and ordered to pay 25 guineas costs at West London Magistrates' Court yesterday for persistently importuning for an immoral purpose at Shepherds Bush Green on 6 November"
- ^ Teeman, Tim (20 March 2008). "The Curse of Steptoe". The Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article3585529.ece. "Brambell was arrested for importuning. “I'm not a homosexual,” he declared. “The very thought disgusts me.”"
- ^ Deaths England and Wales 1984–2006
- ^ Tryhorn, Chris (20 March 2008). "Multichannel ratings – March 19: BBC4 breaks ratings record". The Observer. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2008/mar/20/bbc4.ratings.
Further reading[link]
- Brambell, (Henry) Wilfrid (1912–1985), David Parkinson, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
Filmography[link]
- Another Shore (1948)
- The Quatermass Experiment (1953) .... Drunk (1953)
- Quatermass II .... Tramp (1955)
- The Adventures of Robin Hood (1957) .... Fisherman
- Serious Charge (1959).... Verger
- Urge to Kill (1960) .... Mr. Forsythe
- The Sinister Man (1961) .... Lock keeper
- Steptoe and Son (1962–1965, 1970–1974, 1977) (TV series) .... Albert Steptoe
- Flame in the Streets (1961) .... Mr. Palmer senior
- What a Whopper (1961) .... Postman
- In Search of the Castaways (1962) .... Bill Gaye
- The Small World of Sammy Lee (1963) .... Harry
- Crooks in Cloisters (1964) .... Phineas
- A Hard Day's Night (1964) .... John McCartney (Paul McCartney's Grandfather)
- The Three Lives of Thomasina (1964) .... Willie Bannock
- Go Kart Go (1964) .... Fred, Junkman
- San Ferry Ann (1965) .... Grandad
- Alice in Wonderland (1966 film) (1966) .... White Rabbit
- According to Dora (1968) (TV series) .... Various
- Witchfinder General (1968) (as Wilfred Brambell) .... Master Loach
- Lionheart (1968) .... Dignett
- Cry Wolf (1968) .... Delivery man
- Carry On Again Doctor (1969) ... Mr. Pullen, a patient
- Some Will, Some Won't (1970) ... Henry Russell
- Steptoe and Son (1972) .... Albert Steptoe
- Steptoe and Son Ride Again (1973) .... Albert Steptoe
- Holiday on the Buses (1973) .... Bert Thompson
- The Adventures of Picasso (1979) .... [Alice B. Toklas]
- Rembrandt (1980) .... Beggar Saul
- High Rise Donkey (1980) .... Ben Foxcroft
- The Terence Davies Trilogy: Death and Transfiguration (1984) .... Robert Tucker (old age)
- Sword of the Valiant: The Legend of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (1984) .... Porter
External links[link]
- Wilfrid Brambell at the Internet Movie Database
- Museum of Broadcast Communications encyclopaedia entry
- Wilfrid Brambell biography at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
- The dirty truth Guardian feature on the Channel 4 TV documentary on Steptoe and Son.
|
||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Brambell, Wilfrid |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 22 March 1912 |
| Place of birth | Dublin, Ireland |
| Date of death | 18 January 1985 |
| Place of death | Westminster, London, England, United Kingdom |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
