- published: 31 Jul 2008
- views: 11152
- author: USFLibraries
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- Acid
- Anchihaline caves
- Aquifer
- Arroyo Tapiado
- Australia
- Bedrock
- Bioerosion
- Calcium carbonate
- California
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbonate rock
- Carbonic acid
- Carlsbad Caverns
- Category Caves
- Causses
- Cave
- Cave conservation
- Cave painting
- Cave survey
- Cave-in
- Caves of Poland
- Caving
- Caving equipment
- Cenote
- Croatian language
- Dent de Crolles
- Discus macclintocki
- Doberdò del Lago
- Dolomite
- Dolostone
- Earth's atmosphere
- Erosion
- Foiba
- Foibe
- France
- Frasassi Caves
- German language
- Glacier cave
- Glaciokarst
- Granite
- Groundwater
- Guilin
- Gypsum
- Halong Bay
- Ice age
- Ice cave
- Indo-European
- Iowa
- Italy
- Jovan Cvijić
- Jura mountains
- Karst
- Karst fenster
- Karst spring
- Karst topography
- Karst valley
- Kras
- Labertouche Cave
- Landfill
- Lava
- Lava cave
- Lechuguilla Cave
- Ley tunnel
- Lijiang River
- Limestone
- Limestone pavement
- List of caves
- List of landforms
- Ljubljanica
- London
- Loue
- Lozère
- Makatea
- Mine exploration
- Minerve, Hérault
- Mining
- Mogote
- Mud Caves
- New Mexico
- Ouhans
- Paleocollapse
- Phangnga Bay
- Pit cave
- Polje
- Popo Agie Wilderness
- Pyrite
- Quartzite
- San Diego
- Scowle
- Sea cave
- Septic tank
- Serbia
- Show cave
- Sinkhole
- Slovene language
- Slovenia
- Snail
- Soil
- Solvation
- Speleogenesis
- Speleology
- Speleothem
- Speleothems
- Spring (hydrosphere)
- Subterranean river
- Sulfide
- Sulfuric acid
- Sump (cave)
- Template Caves
- Template talk Caves
- The Burren
- Thermokarst
- Tor (geography)
- Tropics
- Tufa
- Turlough (lake)
- Underground lake
- USA
- Victoria (Australia)
- Vietnam
- Vug
- Water pollution
- Water well
- Waterfall
- Weathering
- Wikisource
- Škocjan Caves
-
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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California
California (pronounced
i/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Causses
The Causses are a group of limestone plateaus (700–1,200 m) in the Massif Central. They are bordered to the north-west by the Limousin and the Périgord uplands, and to the east by the Aubrac and the Cévennes. Large river gorges cut through the plateaus, such as the Tarn, Dourbie, Jonte, Lot and Aveyron. Causse is an Occitan word meaning "limestone plateau".
Arranged from the north-west to the south-east, the following plateaus are found:
Many sites on the Causses are included in Natura 2000, notably the Parc Naturel Régional des Grands Causses on the Larzac, Méjean, and Noir plateaus.
Coordinates: 44°9′N 3°15′E / 44.15°N 3.25°E / 44.15; 3.25
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Doberdò del Lago
Doberdò del Lago (Slovene: Doberdob) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Gorizia in the Italian region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, located about 30 km northwest of Trieste and about 11 km southwest of Gorizia. The majority of the population are ethnic Slovenes.
Doberdò del Lago borders the following municipalities: Komen, Duino-Aurisina, Fogliano Redipuglia, Miren-Kostanjevica, Monfalcone, Ronchi dei Legionari, Sagrado, Savogna d'Isonzo. It is located in the westernmost part of the Kras Plateau.
Doberdò is the only municipality in the Province of Gorizia that lies entirely on the Kras (Carso) plateau. The Doberdò area has a crucial strategic position. Throughout the middle of the municipality, in fact, runs a relatively wide and flat canyon that stretches from north to south, connecting the Vipava Valley to the Adriatic sea. The canyon is called simply Dol (Slovene for vale). The main road between Gorizia and Trieste runs through this canyon, which is the most direct connection between the Goriška region and the seaside.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Guilin
Guilin (Chinese: 桂林; pinyin: Guìlín; Zhuang: Gveilinz) is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of far southern China, sitting on the west bank of the Li River. Its name means "forest of Sweet Osmanthus", owing to the large number of fragrant Sweet Osmanthus trees located in the city. The city has long been renowned for its unique scenery.
In 314 BC, a small settlement was established along the banks of the Li River (Guangxi).
In 111 BC, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Shi An County was established, which could be regarded as the beginning of the city.
In 507 AD, the town was renamed Guizhou.
Guilin prospered in the Tang and Song dynasties but remained a county. The city was also a nexus between the central government and the southwest border, and it was where regular armies were placed to guard that border. Canals were built through the city so that food supplies could be directly transported from the food-productive Yangtze plain to the farthest southwestern point of the empire.
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Iowa
Iowa (i/ˈaɪ.əwə/) is a state located in the Midwestern United States, an area often referred to as the "American Heartland". It derives its name from the Ioway people, one of the many American Indian tribes that occupied the state at the time of European exploration. Iowa was a part of the French colony of New France. After the Louisiana Purchase, settlers laid the foundation for an agriculture-based economy in the heart of the Corn Belt. Iowa is often known as the "Food Capital of the World".
In the latter half of the 20th century, Iowa's agricultural economy transitioned to a diversified economy of advanced manufacturing, processing, financial services, biotechnology, and green energy production. Iowa is the 26th most extensive and the 30th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital and largest city is Des Moines. Iowa has been listed as one of the safest states to live in.
Iowa is bordered by the Mississippi River on the east; the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River on the west; the northern boundary is a line along 43 degrees, 30 minutes north latitude. The southern border is the Des Moines River and a not-quite-straight line along approximately 40 degrees 35 minutes north, as decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Missouri v. Iowa after a standoff between Missouri and Iowa known as the Honey War.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jura mountains
The Jura Mountains (French pronunciation: [ʒyʁa]) are a sub-alpine mountain range located north of the western Alps, separating the Rhine and Rhone rivers and forming part of the watershed of each. The range is predominantly located in France and Switzerland, extending into Germany.
The name "Jura" is derived from juria, a Latinized form of a Celtic stem jor- "forest". The mountain range gives its name to the French department of Jura, the Swiss Canton of Jura, and the Jurassic period of the geologic timescale.
The Jura Mountains are a distinct physiographic province of the larger Central European uplands.
In France, the Jura covers most of the Franche-Comté region, stretching south into in the Rhône-Alpes region. The range reaches its highest point at Le Crêt de la Neige in the departments of Ain and finds its southern terminus in the northwestern part of the department of Savoie. The north end of the Jura extends into the southern tip of the Alsace region. Roughly 1,600 square kilometers of the mountain range in France is protected by the Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park.
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Kras
Karst (Italian: Carso; German: Karst; Slovene: Kras); also known as the Karst Plateau, is a limestone borderline plateau region extending in southwestern Slovenia and northeastern Italy. It lies between the Vipava Valley, the low hills surrounding the valley, the westernmost part of the Brkini Hills, northern Istria, and the Gulf of Trieste. The western edge of the plateau also marks the traditional ethnic border between Italians and Slovenes.
The region is famous for having given the name to karst topography. For this reason, it is also referred to as the Classical Karst.
The plateau rises quite steeply above the neighboring landscape, except for its northeastern side, where the steepness is less pronounced. The plateau gradually descends from the southeast to the southwest. On average it lies 334 m above sea level. Its western edge, known as the Karst Rim (Slovene: Kraški rob), is a continuation of the Učka mountain range in eastern Istria, and rises to the east and southeast of Trieste, ending in steep cliffs between Aurisina and Duino. Many interesting geological phenomena occur along the Karst Rim, including the picturesque Rosandra Valley (also known as Glinščica).
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Lozère
Lozère (French pronunciation: [lɔzɛʁ]; Occitan: Losera), is a department in southeast France near the Massif Central, named after Mont Lozère.
Lozère is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc.
The Beast of Gévaudan was a creature that terrorized the general area of the former province of Gévaudan, with nearly identical borders to today's Lozère, in the Margeride Mountains, in the general timeframe of 1764 to 1767.
Pliny's Natural History praised the cheese of Lozère:
The geography of Lozère is complicated, covering four mountain ranges. In the north-west, the basalt plateau of Aubrac rises between 1,000 and 1,450m, with a cold humid climate influenced by the Atlantic. The north and north-east of the department contains the Margeride mountains, which are formed of granite, and have peaks between 1,000 and 1,550m. The climate here is also cold, but dryer than Aubrac, with less snow.
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Makatea
Coordinates: 15°51′S 148°15′W / 15.85°S 148.25°W / -15.85; -148.25
Makatea, or Mangaia-te-vai-tamae, is a raised coral atoll in the northwestern part of the Tuamotus. It is located 79 km southwest from Rangiroa to the west of the Palliser group. It is surrounded by spectacular cliffs, rising to a plateau 80 meters above the sea level. This island is 7.5 km long, with a maximum width of 7 km in the south. It is 24 km² in area. Makatea is one of the only four islands of the Tuamotu Archipelago (along with Nukutavake, Tikei, and Tepoto Nord) that do not take the form of a typical atoll.
Mākatea is almost the only Paumotuan island with potable water. Its native name derived from the drinking water being brought out of its dark caves by the local people. "Mā," pure, clear; used here to mean water, "Atea," light of day and "K" for euphony. The other name of the Island was Mangaia-te-vai-tamāe, meaning "Mangaia of the purified (or clear) water."
This island was called "Aurora" by Dutch mariner Jakob Roggeveen in 1722. Later, the Polynesians called it "Papa Tea" (which means "white rock").
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Mud Caves
The Mud Caves are a popular feature in Anza Borrego Desert State Park in San Diego County, California. The caves, located in Arroyo Tapiado, were created by water flowing through a thick deposit of silt. There are at least 22 caves, some up to 1,000 feet (300 m) in length and 80 feet (24 m) in height. Many of the caves are easily accessed.
Some of the caves found here include:
Coordinates: 32°55′29″N 116°11′19″W / 32.9248°N 116.1887°W / 32.9248; -116.1887
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New Mexico
New Mexico (i/nuː ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/) is a state located in the southwest and western regions of the United States. New Mexico is also usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is the 5th most extensive, the 36th most populous, and the 6th least densely populated of the 50 United States.
Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, New Mexico has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, including descendants of Spanish colonists and recent immigrants from Latin America. It also has the second-highest percentage of Native Americans, after Alaska, and the fourth-highest total number of Native Americans after California, Oklahoma, and Arizona. The tribes in the state consist of mostly Navajo and Pueblo peoples. As a result, the demographics and culture of the state are unique for their strong Hispanic and Native American influences. The flag of New Mexico is represented by the red and gold colors, which represent Spain, as well as the Zia symbol, an ancient Native American symbol for the sun.
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Ouhans
Coordinates: 46°59′57″N 6°17′39″E / 46.9992°N 6.2942°E / 46.9992; 6.2942
Ouhans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
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The Burren
The Burren (Irish: Boireann, meaning "great rock", Boirinn, the dative form, is the modern form used by the Ordnance Survey) is a karst-landscape region or alvar in northwest County Clare, in Ireland. It is one of the largest karst landscapes in Europe. The region measures approximately 250 square kilometres and is enclosed roughly within the circle made by the villages Ballyvaughan, Kinvara, Tubber, Corofin, Kilfenora and Lisdoonvarna. It is bounded by the Atlantic and Galway Bay on the west and north, respectively.
A small portion of the Burren has been designated as Burren National Park. It is one of only six National Parks in the Republic of Ireland and the smallest in size (15 km²).
The Burren area formed part of the territory of Corco Modhruadh, meaning "seed or people of Modhruadh" which was coextensive with the diocese of Kilfenora. At some point around the 12th Century, the territory was divided in two: Corco Modhruadh Iartharach ("Western Corcomroe") and Corco Modhruadh Oirthearach ("Eastern Corcomroe") also known as Boireann which in the late 16th century became the English administrative baronies of Corcomroe and Burren respectively. The O'Loughlin (Ó Lochlainn) clan ruled Boireann down to the mid 17th century from their chief residence at Gragans Castle (towerhouse not the house of the same name). The chief of the family was known in later times as the 'Prince of Burren' and clan members were buried in the family tomb near the altar of Corcomroe Abbey. Their kinsmen the O'Connor (Ó Conchubhair) clan ruled Corco Modhruadh Oirthearach from Dough Castle near Liscannor. The villages and towns found within the medieval territory of Boireann include Lisdoonvarna, Ballyvaughan, New Quay / Burrin, Noughaval, Bealaclugga, Carron and Fanore / Craggagh.
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Vietnam
Vietnam (
listen), formally the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam; listen), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. With an estimated 91.5 million inhabitants as of 2012, it is the world's 13th-most-populous country, and the eighth-most-populous Asian country. The name Vietnam translates as "South Viet", and was officially adopted in 1945. The country is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea to the east.
The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in 938 AD, following the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. The First Indochina War eventually led to the expulsion of the French in 1954, leaving Vietnam divided politically into two states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy foreign intervention, during the Vietnam War, which ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
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Škocjan Caves
Skocjan Caves is a cave system in Slovenia. Due to its exceptional significance, Škocjan Caves was entered on UNESCO’s list of natural and cultural world heritage sites in 1986. International scientific circles have thus acknowledged the importance of the caves as one of the natural treasures of planet Earth. Ranking among the most important caves in the world, Škocjan Caves represents the most significant underground phenomena in both the Karst region and Slovenia. Following its independence, the Republic of Slovenia committed itself to actively protecting the Škocjan Caves area; for this reason, it established the Škocjan Caves Regional Park, Slovenia and its Managing Authority, the Škocjan Caves Park Public Service Agency.
Škocjan Caves is, above all, a natural phenomenon of global significance, ranking side by side with the Grand Canyon, the Great Barrier Reef, the Galapagos Islands, Mount Everest, and others. Ranking among the most important caves in the world, Škocjan Caves represents the most significant underground phenomena in both the Karst region and Slovenia. Škocjan Caves was also entered on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance on 18 May 1999. Together with the underground stream of the Reka River, they represent one of the longest karst underground wetlands in Europe.
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Jovan Cvijić
Jovan Cvijić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Цвијић, pronounced [jɔ̌ʋan tsʋǐːjitɕ]; 11 October 1865 – 16 January 1927) was a Serbian geographer, president of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences, and rector of the University of Belgrade. A world-renowned scientist, Cvijić is considered the founder of geography in Serbia.
Jovan (John) Cvijić was born on October 11 (September 19. according to Julian calendar) 1865. year in Loznica to Cvijić family of Spasojevic branch of Pivljani. His father's name was Todor Cvijić and originated from Old Herzegovina, today Montenegro. Jovan's grandfather was a chairman of Loznica municipality and a well-known supporter of House of Obrenović. Zivko was a "katana", during the "katana rising" against the defenders of the Constitution during 1844, and he was punished by lashing after a successful action conducted by Toma Vučić-Perišić. Soon he died.
His father, Jovan's great-grandfather, Cvijo Spasojević was pater familias of Cvijić family. Cvijo was a famous (hajduk leader in that part of Old Herzegovina. He fought against the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804, and after its failure in 1813, he moved to Loznica where he built a two-storey house between the trend and church and opened a store, a trading business for his family.
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What is Karst?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 27 Jan 2013
An overview of the importance of karst terrains for human and environmental health.
http://wn.com/What_is_Karst?
An overview of the importance of karst terrains for human and environmental health.
Karst - Sóvár (Official Video 2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
taken from the album "Cleaning a Cave" (2011). music and video self-produced by Karst. Karst [Orchestra Miskolc] are: Balázs - guitar Dániel - drums Kristóf - microphone Tamás - bass directed by Kristóf and Dániel cameramen: Kerek Balázs, Kormos Gábor and Kristóf performers: Nóri and Dániel cut & edit: Kristóf we are very grateful for all the help from our friends during the shootings. more info: www.karst.hu
http://wn.com/Karst_Sóvár_Official_Video_2012
taken from the album "Cleaning a Cave" (2011). music and video self-produced by Karst. Karst [Orchestra Miskolc] are: Balázs - guitar Dániel - drums Kristóf - microphone Tamás - bass directed by Kristóf and Dániel cameramen: Kerek Balázs, Kormos Gábor and Kristóf performers: Nóri and Dániel cut & edit: Kristóf we are very grateful for all the help from our friends during the shootings. more info: www.karst.hu
- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 5838
- author: karstofficial
Karst Landforms and Processes
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 12 Dec 2012
This is not my Video. It was a classmates video for Geomorphology class over Karst Landscapes. She presented it and I just got it online for her.
http://wn.com/Karst_Landforms_and_Processes
This is not my Video. It was a classmates video for Geomorphology class over Karst Landscapes. She presented it and I just got it online for her.
- published: 05 Nov 2008
- views: 7225
- author: Ry Blaisdell
Omega Massif - Im Karst
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:10
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Omega Massif -- Karpatia (2011) Country: Germany Genre: Post-Metal/Sludge Metal www.myspace.com www.lastfm.ru
http://wn.com/Omega_Massif_Im_Karst
Omega Massif -- Karpatia (2011) Country: Germany Genre: Post-Metal/Sludge Metal www.myspace.com www.lastfm.ru
- published: 01 Sep 2011
- views: 7989
- author: PolllkaAA
Im Karst - Omega Massif - Karpatia (2011)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:07
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
This is maybe the most awaited (instrumental) metal record of the year. Founded in 2006, OMEGA MASSIF quickly seized the attention and interest of listeners from several genres (metal to doom to sludge to instrumental postrock) through the years -- and that's a result of just 2 records in 5 years: their demo KALT and the first full length GEISTERSTADT. OMEGA MASSIF are a convincing studio and live band. These aspects and the fact that they have a keen sense of sophisticated song structures are maybe the main reasons why OMEGA MASSIF filled bigger venues step by step -- while having started with local squat, they have by now played festivals like ROADBURN, HELLFEST, SWINGFEST etc.! Their new and 2 nd album KARPATIA, a result of two years songwriting, again unites the well known calm melodic components with an immense dynamic and dark feeling in the monolithic heavy parts. In contrast to other instrumental bands, OMEGA MASSIF invent their own sound and are able to maintain the tension throughout the whole record without the usage of cheap climax ideas. We could continue to tell you how apocalyptic and intense this record is -- but it's maybe better to push the start button and to judge by your own if OMEGA MASSIF created another masterpiece after GEISTERSTADT. denovali.com www.myspace.com www.omegamassif.de
http://wn.com/Im_Karst_Omega_Massif_Karpatia_2011
This is maybe the most awaited (instrumental) metal record of the year. Founded in 2006, OMEGA MASSIF quickly seized the attention and interest of listeners from several genres (metal to doom to sludge to instrumental postrock) through the years -- and that's a result of just 2 records in 5 years: their demo KALT and the first full length GEISTERSTADT. OMEGA MASSIF are a convincing studio and live band. These aspects and the fact that they have a keen sense of sophisticated song structures are maybe the main reasons why OMEGA MASSIF filled bigger venues step by step -- while having started with local squat, they have by now played festivals like ROADBURN, HELLFEST, SWINGFEST etc.! Their new and 2 nd album KARPATIA, a result of two years songwriting, again unites the well known calm melodic components with an immense dynamic and dark feeling in the monolithic heavy parts. In contrast to other instrumental bands, OMEGA MASSIF invent their own sound and are able to maintain the tension throughout the whole record without the usage of cheap climax ideas. We could continue to tell you how apocalyptic and intense this record is -- but it's maybe better to push the start button and to judge by your own if OMEGA MASSIF created another masterpiece after GEISTERSTADT. denovali.com www.myspace.com www.omegamassif.de
- published: 04 Aug 2011
- views: 17639
- author: AwArDRzD
Karst - Burn It Down
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 29 Jan 2013
Musicvideo for Karst - Burn It Down (www.myspace.com - www.facebook.com filmed without any script, budget or standardized filmproduction-gear. This is to show you what you can do with Canon's handheld DSLR's. Producer: Richard Kårström - (www.richardkarstrom.se) Photographers Richard Kårström David Johansson - (yellowroom.se) Edit David Johansson Richard Kårström Budget: 48 beer, 5 Litres of Gasoline Filmed with: Canon EOS 5D Mark II Canon EOS 7D Canon EOS 550D Sigma 20mm Sigma 10-20mm Canon 50mm 1.4
http://wn.com/Karst_Burn_It_Down
Musicvideo for Karst - Burn It Down (www.myspace.com - www.facebook.com filmed without any script, budget or standardized filmproduction-gear. This is to show you what you can do with Canon's handheld DSLR's. Producer: Richard Kårström - (www.richardkarstrom.se) Photographers Richard Kårström David Johansson - (yellowroom.se) Edit David Johansson Richard Kårström Budget: 48 beer, 5 Litres of Gasoline Filmed with: Canon EOS 5D Mark II Canon EOS 7D Canon EOS 550D Sigma 20mm Sigma 10-20mm Canon 50mm 1.4
- published: 19 Oct 2010
- views: 3731
- author: Richard Kårström
Golden Sun 2 "Agatio and Karst Battle Theme" Music Request
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Music request by StardustDarkness. Sorry I havent been here for a LONG time mostly because of school. Anyway enjoy.
http://wn.com/Golden_Sun_2_Agatio_and_Karst_Battle_Theme_Music_Request
Music request by StardustDarkness. Sorry I havent been here for a LONG time mostly because of school. Anyway enjoy.
- published: 22 Mar 2008
- views: 52223
- author: Vitsyopkis
Karst Topography part 1.m2p
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Karst_Topography_part_1m2p
Moravian karst ( part 1 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
http://wn.com/Moravian_karst_part_1_
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 2557
- author: Vadim Fedorov
Golden Sun 34 Agatio and Karst's Theme
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Golden Sun Music
http://wn.com/Golden_Sun_34_Agatio_and_Karst's_Theme
Moravian karst ( part 2 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
http://wn.com/Moravian_karst_part_2_
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 1051
- author: Vadim Fedorov
Moravian karst ( part 3 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
http://wn.com/Moravian_karst_part_3_
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 637
- author: Vadim Fedorov
Moravian karst ( part 4 )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
http://wn.com/Moravian_karst_part_4_
www.czrealtor.com The Moravian Karst belongs to the most important karst areas in the central Europe. It consists of strongly karsted devon limestones. Visitors to one of the ecologically purest areas in the Czech Republic are attracted especially by its unique natural sights. http
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 717
- author: Vadim Fedorov
Rene Karst - Soms zit het tegen, soms zit het mee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Officiele videoclip van Rene Karst - 'Soms zit het tegen, soms zit het mee' komt van het album HELLUP die begin juni 2011 is verschenen Dit is de zomersingle van Rene Karst
http://wn.com/Rene_Karst_Soms_zit_het_tegen,_soms_zit_het_mee
Officiele videoclip van Rene Karst - 'Soms zit het tegen, soms zit het mee' komt van het album HELLUP die begin juni 2011 is verschenen Dit is de zomersingle van Rene Karst
- published: 29 Jun 2011
- views: 56419
- author: karstrene
Bboy Cavalli - Dong Van KARST PLATEAU (UNESCO Geopark) Trip
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 17 Aug 2012
Dong Van District - Vietnam good Trip for me. In here I see a lot of scenic beautiful and I know many things that I never know. So I... love.... Viet Nam :) :x
http://wn.com/Bboy_Cavalli_Dong_Van_KARST_PLATEAU_UNESCO_Geopark_Trip
Dong Van District - Vietnam good Trip for me. In here I see a lot of scenic beautiful and I know many things that I never know. So I... love.... Viet Nam :) :x
- published: 18 Jun 2011
- views: 1823
- author: Thuan Dao
Registered Dietician Karlene Karst
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:10
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
Karlene is the author of "Belly Fat Breakthrough" and she joins us to talk about some products that can assist in the fight against belly fat as well as improving our wellness.
http://wn.com/Registered_Dietician_Karlene_Karst
Karlene is the author of "Belly Fat Breakthrough" and she joins us to talk about some products that can assist in the fight against belly fat as well as improving our wellness.
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 424
- author: urbanrushshawtv4
Bottom-hole Karst Conduit in Water Well - Craig County, Virginia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Updated: 09 Jul 2012
This video shows a moderately sized water-filled karst conduit in a 6" diameter former supply well in Craig County, Virginia. The well is currently the only real-time state observation well for Craig County waterdata.usgs.gov The well is drilled in Ordovician Knox Group carbonate bedrock and shows the complex nature of conduit formation in this area. The well cap had been damaged by a bushhog prior to its incorporation into the observation network and sat with a very small opening (~1/4") for several years. Apparently, that was all it took to entice several generations of rodents to crawl in and fall to their death, slowly decompose and gently fall through the water column to a common resting place. Also note the large amount of fine silt in this conduit which would cause turbidity problems. The video was recorded by DEQ Groundwater Characterization staff on 8/6/09. www.deq.virginia.gov
http://wn.com/Bottom-hole_Karst_Conduit_in_Water_Well_Craig_County,_Virginia
This video shows a moderately sized water-filled karst conduit in a 6" diameter former supply well in Craig County, Virginia. The well is currently the only real-time state observation well for Craig County waterdata.usgs.gov The well is drilled in Ordovician Knox Group carbonate bedrock and shows the complex nature of conduit formation in this area. The well cap had been damaged by a bushhog prior to its incorporation into the observation network and sat with a very small opening (~1/4") for several years. Apparently, that was all it took to entice several generations of rodents to crawl in and fall to their death, slowly decompose and gently fall through the water column to a common resting place. Also note the large amount of fine silt in this conduit which would cause turbidity problems. The video was recorded by DEQ Groundwater Characterization staff on 8/6/09. www.deq.virginia.gov
- published: 09 Feb 2012
- views: 873
- author: VirginiaDEQ
Hidden Waters of Southwest China's Karst Region
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:34
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
The vast, yet inaccessible, underground waters in southwest Yunnan Province represent the front lines of China's freshwater crisis. Two openings in the earth — Shi Dong and Nan Dong caves, where the Yang Liu River slips into and out of the shadows — mark the point where a fluvial region, rich with surface streams, meets an unusual geologic formation of soluble rock layers known as a karst landscape. It is also a fateful human-dividing line; a place where China's challenges with water scarcity, land use, and pollution come into clear focus. See the full multimedia report online at www.circleofblue.org
http://wn.com/Hidden_Waters_of_Southwest_China's_Karst_Region
The vast, yet inaccessible, underground waters in southwest Yunnan Province represent the front lines of China's freshwater crisis. Two openings in the earth — Shi Dong and Nan Dong caves, where the Yang Liu River slips into and out of the shadows — mark the point where a fluvial region, rich with surface streams, meets an unusual geologic formation of soluble rock layers known as a karst landscape. It is also a fateful human-dividing line; a place where China's challenges with water scarcity, land use, and pollution come into clear focus. See the full multimedia report online at www.circleofblue.org
- published: 11 Mar 2010
- views: 1438
- author: circleofblue
Golden Sun: The Lost Age Part 124, Karst and Agatio Battle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:01
- Updated: 08 Nov 2012
This battle is optional, if you win or lose you still continue with the storyline. However, if you purposely lose I have no respect for you, it's still a good boss fight that should be won since you get a hell of a lot of experience. You start with just Felix and Piers, but after two turns Jenna comes back, then Sheba after another two. Then the battle can begin! Both Karst and Agatio are deadly, having around 6000 and 7000 HP respectively. The battle is similar in difficulty to Saturos and Menardi, because despite the HP differences you're a lot higher level than the first game at this point. Karst has Menardi's powerful Death Scythe (formerly Death Size) that has a chance of one hit KOing one of your party members. She also has Djinnfest, a move that does no damage but drains one Djinn from each party member. If your person is going to use a Djinni then that will be the one drained. Because of Piers' low speed he is the most vulnerable to this. Agatio has some strong Mars oriented moves like Rising Dragon and Meteor Blow. Those are all you really have to watch out for from him if you heal properly, if not then Rolling Flame will be a large threat too. Keep your health up and try to summon Eclipse or Boreas to deal huge damage. Karst will most likely go down first, and Agatio soon after if you did multi-target attacks. Jenna should heal because her attacks aren't very effective. It's around a 10-15 minute fight. Wow, I wrote a lot.
http://wn.com/Golden_Sun_The_Lost_Age_Part_124,_Karst_and_Agatio_Battle
This battle is optional, if you win or lose you still continue with the storyline. However, if you purposely lose I have no respect for you, it's still a good boss fight that should be won since you get a hell of a lot of experience. You start with just Felix and Piers, but after two turns Jenna comes back, then Sheba after another two. Then the battle can begin! Both Karst and Agatio are deadly, having around 6000 and 7000 HP respectively. The battle is similar in difficulty to Saturos and Menardi, because despite the HP differences you're a lot higher level than the first game at this point. Karst has Menardi's powerful Death Scythe (formerly Death Size) that has a chance of one hit KOing one of your party members. She also has Djinnfest, a move that does no damage but drains one Djinn from each party member. If your person is going to use a Djinni then that will be the one drained. Because of Piers' low speed he is the most vulnerable to this. Agatio has some strong Mars oriented moves like Rising Dragon and Meteor Blow. Those are all you really have to watch out for from him if you heal properly, if not then Rolling Flame will be a large threat too. Keep your health up and try to summon Eclipse or Boreas to deal huge damage. Karst will most likely go down first, and Agatio soon after if you did multi-target attacks. Jenna should heal because her attacks aren't very effective. It's around a 10-15 minute fight. Wow, I wrote a lot.
- published: 02 Feb 2009
- views: 5971
- author: TheFlyingGuy
GW2 Malchor's Leap - Karst Plain Skill Point
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 17 Feb 2013
Chances are that there is also a gold level 79 champion necromancer at the skill point, might want to bring 2-3. I couldn't kite it since it would teleport to me every time.
http://wn.com/GW2_Malchor's_Leap_Karst_Plain_Skill_Point
Chances are that there is also a gold level 79 champion necromancer at the skill point, might want to bring 2-3. I couldn't kite it since it would teleport to me every time.
- published: 04 Sep 2012
- views: 28128
- author: PuaaapHD
Michigan Karst Conservancy, Hendrie River Water Cave
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:29
- Updated: 10 Sep 2012
Visit to Hendrie River Water Cave during the Summer Meeting of the Michigan Karst Conservancy.
http://wn.com/Michigan_Karst_Conservancy,_Hendrie_River_Water_Cave
Visit to Hendrie River Water Cave during the Summer Meeting of the Michigan Karst Conservancy.
- published: 20 Jul 2010
- views: 1643
- author: Aaron Bird
Karst Region - The Burren
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:52
- Updated: 26 Jan 2013
Educational video explaining the make up of a Karst region, using the Burren in Co. Clare, Ireland as an example.
http://wn.com/Karst_Region_The_Burren
Educational video explaining the make up of a Karst region, using the Burren in Co. Clare, Ireland as an example.
- published: 17 Dec 2010
- views: 971
- author: Andrew Guckian
Geographic Journey: Karst and the Edward's Aquifer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:10
- Updated: 14 Jul 2012
Video tour of karst land formations and underground water in the Edward's Aquifer in Central Texas with Dr. Scott Walker. (c) 2008 Scott Walker
http://wn.com/Geographic_Journey_Karst_and_the_Edward's_Aquifer
Video tour of karst land formations and underground water in the Edward's Aquifer in Central Texas with Dr. Scott Walker. (c) 2008 Scott Walker
- published: 23 Oct 2008
- views: 938
- author: Scott Walker
photo: Public Domain
23 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. "No one who works full-time should have to live in poverty." -President Barack Obama, State of the Union Address, 2013. As of late, I have grown very fond and reflective of the workers at McDonalds. Since I do not have the internet in my apartment, I usually go there every Sunday where I drink coffee and read the latest online news ... the exploitation of one class by another....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / SANA
22 Feb 2013
MOSCOW ' Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov accused the United States on Friday of having double standards on Syria, saying it had blocked a UN Security Council statement condemning a car bomb attack in Damascus. Washington denied it had blocked the statement and said it had only asked for balance ... “We believe these are double standards,” Lavrov said after talks with China’s foreign minister ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
photo: UN / Sylvain Liechti
24 Feb 2013
Presidents from Africa's Great Lakes regional nations are set to sign a new peace deal aimed at bringing stability to the war-torn east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Ban Ki-moon, the UN secretary-general, who will witness the signing on Sunday at the African Union's headquarters in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, has invited 11 countries to the meeting ... But after almost two decades of war, expectations are low ... ....(size: 7.7Kb)
photo: AP
22 Feb 2013
Oscar Pistorius appears at the Magistrate Court in Pretoria on day four of his bail hearing. Photo. AFP. The lead lawyer prosecuting Oscar Pistorius on murder charges has told a Pretoria bail hearing the sprinter knows a long spell in jail is ‘‘almost guaranteed’’ and is a flight risk ... ‘‘He must realise that a long term of imprisonment is almost guaranteed ... AFP/AAP. ....(size: 3.0Kb)
Gizmodo
23 Feb 2013
Andrew Tarantola - . Australia’s Canberra region is as beautiful as it is rugged ... To capture this dichotomy, acrylic artist Phil Ryan teamed with photographer Glen Ryan in Karst Country. Karst topography, with its dramatically eroded limestone formations, is found throughout the world from China to Ireland. The Canberra region in Southeast Australia, is especially rich in these formations ... [Karst Country] ... Related Posts ... GIZ UK ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
Sydney Morning Herald
22 Feb 2013
Yahoo Daily News
22 Feb 2013
"It's going to help but it's not a fix, more is needed to bring the area out of drought," said Andy Karst, meteorologist for World Weather Inc. Karst said the snowfall amounts were variable with up to a foot or more in the north or roughly 0.75 inch of moisture and another lighter event is headed for the area for the weekend....(size: 2.4Kb)
The Saigon Times
20 Feb 2013
According to a Government decision approving the plan for preservation, restoration and promotion of Dong Van Karst Plateau Global Geopark signed by Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Thien Nhan on February 7, three theme parks and four tourism sites will be built in Dong Van ... The decision does not specify total investment ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
China Daily
20 Feb 2013
Waterfalls, rivers, mountains and history — Detian has it all. Ye Jun recommends this picturesque village as the perfect place to rejuvenate. Before my trip to Detian, I knew nothing about this village on the border of China and Vietnam, except for one fact — it's famous for its waterfalls ... We arrive at Mingshi Shanzhuang resort at night ... Detian is also known for its karst caves and landscapes ... But it is the best time to avoid the crowds....(size: 4.9Kb)
Stockhouse
20 Feb 2013
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Feb. 20, 2013) - Silver Bull Resources, Inc ... High grade zinc highlights from the fourth batch of 23 drill holes include. Hole T12172. 8.50 meters @ 17.22% Zn Hole T12166. 14.25 meters @ 16.31% Zn Hole T12185 ... The "Shallow Silver Zone" is an oxide silver deposit (+/- zinc & lead), hosted along an east-west trending fracture-karst system set in a cretaceous limestone-dolomite sequence ... U.S ... U.S ... ....(size: 12.4Kb)
Stockhouse
20 Feb 2013
VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA--(Marketwire - Feb. 20, 2013) - Silver Bull Resources, Inc ... High grade zinc highlights from the fourth batch of 23 drill holes include. Hole T12172. 8.50 meters @ 17.22% Zn Hole T12166. 14.25 meters @ 16.31% Zn Hole T12185 ... The "Shallow Silver Zone" is an oxide silver deposit (+/- zinc & lead), hosted along an east-west trending fracture-karst system set in a cretaceous limestone-dolomite sequence ... U.S ... U.S ... ....(size: 12.4Kb)
noodls
20 Feb 2013
(Source. Silver Bull Resources Inc) Vancouver, British Columbia - Silver Bull Resources, Inc. (TSX. SVB, NYSE MKT ... High grade zinc highlights from the fourth batch of 23 drill holes include.. Hole T12172. 8.50 meters @ 17.22% Zn Hole T12166 ... Figure 1 ... The "Shallow Silver Zone" is an oxide silver deposit (+/- zinc & lead), hosted along an east-west trending fracture-karst system set in a cretaceous limestone-dolomite sequence ... U.S....(size: 13.9Kb)
noodls
19 Feb 2013
(Source. Bank of Slovenia). Peasants in Slovenia rose up against their masters between the 15th and 17th centuries, as their social situation increasingly deteriorated due to wars, various diseases and taxes ... It involved the countryside around Tolmin and Gorizia and part of Carniola ... The peasants were appeased for a time but in May the uprising of Tolmin peasants spread to the Trieste Karst area ... A bloody judgement followed ... Source ... Weight....(size: 3.4Kb)
Joy Online
19 Feb 2013
China's water towns prove there are still a few places left in China that retain dreamy, rustic charm -- a welcome sight in a country that often feels like a giant construction site ... Hongcun Ancient Village, Anhui Province ... Admission ... Located in Guangxi Province, which claims to have the best water in China, Huangyao covers 360,000 square meters surrounded by steep karst mountains, which have plenty of large caves open for exploration ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)
Star Telegram
17 Feb 2013
Houston Chronicle. Tom Iliffe may know more about the nation's deepest underwater cave than any other explorer, but he and his associates say they still haven't reached the bottom or discovered all the mysteries that lie in the Phantom Springs cave ... "You never absolutely know what's around the next corner," Iliffe said ... On the Jan ... Besides the ADM Foundation, the project was supported by Karst Underwater Research of Florida and the U.S ... ....(size: 4.2Kb)
noodls
16 Feb 2013
(Source ... "The Cave Research Foundation has been a key partner with Mammoth Cave since 1956, sharing our commitment to cave and karst stewardship," said Craighead ... We have been able to reach this milestone because of the cooperative work of the Cave Research Foundation, the National Park Service, and also the Central Kentucky Karst Coalition working in a section of Mammoth Cave that lies outside the Park boundary." ....(size: 2.7Kb)
Forbes
15 Feb 2013
A look at the weighted underlying holdings of the WisdomTree SmallCap Dividend Fund (AMEX. DES) shows an impressive 10.1% of holdings on a weighted basis have experienced insider buying within the past six months. Click here to find out 10 ETFs With Stocks That Insiders Are Buying » ... Karst EVP, CFO & Assistant Secretary 2,000 $4.15 $8,300.00 11/13/2012 Robert A ... Karst EVP, CFO & Assistant Secretary 2,000 $4.59 $9,177.94....(size: 2.7Kb)
For other uses, see Karst (disambiguation).
 |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) |
Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite,[1] but has also been documented for weathering resistant rocks, such as quartzite given the right conditions.[2]
Due to subterranean drainage, there may be very limited surface water, even in the absence of any rivers and lakes. Many karst regions display distinctive surface features, with cenotes, sinkholes or dolines being the most common. However, distinctive karst surface features may be completely absent where the soluble rock is mantled, such as by glacial debris, or confined by a superimposed non-soluble rock strata. Some karst regions include thousands of caves, although evidence of caves large enough for human exploration is not a required characteristic of karst.
Contents |
Origin of the name[link]
The international community has settled on karst, the German name for Kras, a region in Slovenia partially extending into Italy, where it is called "Carso" and where the first scientific research of a karst topography was made. The name has an Indo-European origin (from karra meaning "stone"),[3] and in antiquity it was called "Carusardius" in Latin. The Slovene form grast is attested since 1177, and the Croatian kras since 1230.[citation needed].
Chemistry[link]
Karst landforms are generally the result of mildly acidic water acting on weakly soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolostone. The mildly acidic water begins to dissolve the surface along fractures or bedding planes in the limestone bedrock. Over time, these fractures enlarge as the bedrock continues to dissolve. Openings in the rock increase in size, and an underground drainage system begins to develop, allowing more water to pass through the area, and accelerating the formation of underground karst features.[4]
Main dissolution mechanism: carbonic acid[link]
The carbonic acid that causes these features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up CO2, which dissolves in the water. Once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that can provide much more CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves calcium carbonate. The sequence of reactions involved in the limestone dissolution is the following:
- H2O + CO2 → H2CO3
- CaCO3 → Ca2+ + CO32–
- CO32– + H2CO3 → 2 HCO3–
- CaCO3 + H2CO3 → Ca2+ + 2 HCO3–
This is the main dissolution mechanism of calcium carbonate in limestone.
Secondary dissolution mechanism: sulfide oxidation[link]
However, in particular and very rare conditions such as these encountered in the past in Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico (and more recently in the Frasassi Caves in Italy), other mechanisms may also play a role. The oxidation of sulfides leading to the formation of sulfuric acid can also be one of the corrosion factors in karst formation. As O2-rich surface waters seep into deep anoxic karst systems it brings oxygen which reacts with sulfide present in the system (pyrite or H2S) to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Sulfuric acid then reacts with calcium carbonate causing an increased erosion within the limestone formation. This can be summarized by the cascade of the following reactions:
- H2S + 2 O2 → H2SO4 (sulfide oxidation)
- H2SO4 + 2 H2O → SO42– + 2 H3O+ (sulfuric acid dissociation)
- CaCO3 + 2 H3O+ → Ca2+ + H2CO3 + 2 H2O (calcium carbonate dissolution)
- CaCO3 + H2SO4 → CaSO4 + H2CO3 (global reaction leading to calcium sulfate)
- CaSO4 + 2 H2O → CaSO4 · 2 H2O (hydration and gypsum formation)
As a result of this reaction the mineral gypsum forms.[5]
Morphology[link]
The karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include flutes, runnels, clints and grikes, collectively called karren or lapiez. Medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or cenotes (closed basins), vertical shafts, foibe (inverted funnel shaped sinkholes), disappearing streams, and reappearing springs. Large-scale features may include limestone pavements, poljes, and karst valleys. Mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers, or haystack/eggbox landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground drainage systems (such as karst aquifers) and extensive caves and cavern systems may form.
Erosion along limestone shores, notably in the tropics, produces karst topography that includes a sharp makatea surface above the normal reach of the sea and undercuts that are mostly the result of biological activity or bioerosion at or a little above mean sea level. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailand's Phangnga Bay and Halong Bay in Vietnam.
Calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time. In caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals.
Hydrology[link]
Farming in karst areas must take into account the lack of surface water. The soils may be fertile enough, and rainfall may be adequate, but rainwater quickly moves through the crevices into the ground, sometimes leaving the surface soil parched between rains.
A karst fenster is where an underground stream emerges onto the surface between layers of rock, cascades some feet, and then disappears back down, often into a sinkhole. Rivers in karst areas may disappear underground a number of times and spring up again in different places, usually under a different name (like Ljubljanica, the river of seven names). An example of this is the Popo Agie River in Fremont County, Wyoming. At a site simply named "The Sinks" in Sinks Canyon State Park, the river flows into a cave in a formation known as the Madison Limestone, and then rises again a half-mile down the canyon in a placid pool. A Turlough is a unique type of seasonal lake found in Irish karst areas which are formed through the annual welling-up of water from the underground water system.
Water supplies from wells in karst topography may be unsafe, as the water may have run unimpeded from a sinkhole in a cattle pasture, through a cave and to the well, bypassing the normal filtering that occurs in a porous aquifer. Karst formations are cavernous and therefore have high rates of permeability, resulting in reduced opportunity for contaminants to be filtered out.
Groundwater in karst areas is just as easily polluted as surface streams. Sinkholes have often been used as farmstead or community trash dumps. Overloaded or malfunctioning septic tanks in karst landscapes may dump raw sewage directly into underground channels.
The karst topography itself also poses difficulties for human inhabitants. Sinkholes can develop gradually as surface openings enlarge, but quite often progressive erosion is unseen and the roof of an underground cavern suddenly collapses. Such events have swallowed homes, cattle, cars, and farm machinery.
The Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge in Iowa protects Discus macclintocki, a species of ice age snail surviving in air chilled by flowing over buried karst ice formations.
Pseudokarst[link]
Pseudokarsts are similar in form or appearance to karst features, but are created by different mechanisms. Examples include lava caves and granite tors—for example, Labertouche Cave in Victoria, Australia and paleocollapse features.
Notable karst areas[link]
Main article: List of notable karst areas
Notable pseudokarst areas[link]
North America[link]
United States[link]
- Arroyo Tapiado in Anza-Borrego Desert State Park. Over two-dozen mud caves are found in this desert area east of San Diego, California.
Historical studies and early theories[link]
In 1689, Janez Vajkard Valvasor, a pioneer of study of karst in Slovenia and a fellow of the The Royal Society for Improving Natural Knowledge, London, introduced Karst to the European scholars, describing the phenomenon of underground flow of a river.
In 1893, Jovan Cvijić in his Das Karstphänomen theorized holo-karst as the type found along the eastern Adriatic, and mero-karst imperfectly developed with some karst forms as the type of karst that is found in eastern Serbia. He claimed that most types of dolines, "the diagnostic karst landforms", were created by rock dissolution.
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ "Glossary of Cave and Karst Terms". Speleogenesis.info. http://www.speleogenesis.info/glossary/. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ Geomorphological Landscapes of the World.
- ^ Gams, I., Kras v Sloveniji — v prostoru in casu (Karst in Slovenia in space and time), 2003, ISBN 961-6500-46-5.
- ^ "What is Karst (and why is it important)?". Karst Waters Institute. http://www.karstwaters.org/kwitour/whatiskarst.htm.
- ^ S. Galdenzi, M. Cocchioni, L. Morichetti, V. Amici, and S. Scuri; Sulfidic ground water chemistry in the Frasassi Cave, Italy. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, V. 70, No. 2, p.94-107.
Further reading[link]
- Ford, D.C., Williams, P., Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2007, ISBN 978-0-470-84996-5
- Jennings, J.N., Karst Geomorphology, 2nd ed., Blackwell, 1985, ISBN 0-631-14032-8
- Palmer, A.N., Cave Geology, 2nd Printing, Cave Books, 2009, ISBN 978-0-939748-66-2
- Sweeting, M.M., Karst Landforms, Macmillan, 1973, ISBN 0-231-03623-X
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Karst |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Karst. |
- Speleogenesis Network, a communication platform for physical speleology and karst science research
- Speleogenesis and Karst Aquifers – a large glossary of Karst related terms
- Acta Carsologica – research papers and reviews in all the fields related to karst
- SERA Karst Task Force – a non-profit resource organization dedicated to karst conservation and the clean up of cave and karst features
- CDK Citizens of the Karst – Citizens of the Karst, a non profit NGO dedicated to the protection of the Puerto Rican Karst (English site available)
http://wn.com/Karst
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http://ru.wn.com/Карст
http://nl.wn.com/Karst (geografie)
http://pt.wn.com/Carste
http://pl.wn.com/Kras (geologia)
http://fr.wn.com/Karst
http://de.wn.com/Karst
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
