County Clare

Monday, 14 January 2013

County Clare,(The Banner County), Ireland.

St. Patrick's Day in Ennis, Co. Clare Ierland, Watch in HD.2010

Cliffs of Moher - county clare - ireland

Wille Daly Matchmaker Co.Clare Ireland Sky News

This is Mountshannon, County Clare, Ireland.

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Aran Islands
The Aran Islands (Irish: Oileáin Árann — Aran Islands pronunciation: [ˈɪlɑːn ˈɑːrənʲ]) or The Arans (na hÁrainneacha — [nə ˈhɑːrənʲəxə]) are a group of three islands located at the mouth of Galway Bay, on the west coast of Ireland. They constitute the barony of Aran in County Galway, Ireland. From west to east they are: Inishmore (Árainn Mhór/Inis Mór — [ˈɑːrənʲ woːr] or [ˈɪnɪɕ woːr ˈɑːrənʲ]), the largest; Inishmaan (Inis Meáin/Inis Meadhóin — [ˈɪnɪɕ mʲɑːn]), the second-largest; and Inisheer (Inis Thiar/Inis Oírr/Inis Oirthir — [ˈɪnɪɕ iːr] or [ˈɪnɪɕ siːr]), the smallest. Irish is the main spoken language on all three islands, and is the language used naming the islands and their villages and townlands.
The approaches to the bay between the Aran Islands and the mainland are as follows:
The islands' geology is mainly karst limestone and is thus closely related to The Burren in Co. Clare (to the east), not the granites of Connemara to the north. This is most obvious in the construction of the walls around the fields.

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Ardsallis
Ardsallis (Irish: Ard na Sailchis, meaning "height of the sally kesh") (sometimes written as Ardsollus) is a townland in County Clare, in Ireland. The village is just outside the village of Quin and is to the south-east of Ennis. Previously it was served by the Ardsollus and Quin railway station which functioned from 1859 until 1963. In past times the area was famous for its horse racing and equestrian fairs.

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Ballaghline
Ballaghline is a townland on the western seaboard of County Clare, Ireland. It is 6 kilometers east of Lisdoonvarna, on the outskirts of Doolin.
Coordinates: 53°0′41.72″N 9°23′52.77″W / 53.0115889°N 9.3979917°W / 53.0115889; -9.3979917

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Ballynacally
Ballynacally (Irish: Baile na Caillí, meaning "town of the veil") is a village situated 16 km (9.9 mi) south west of Ennis, on the R473 coast road to Kilrush in County Clare, Ireland.
Ballynacally is generally translated as Baile na Cailleadh, meaning "the nun's land", because it belonged to the nuns of Killone Convent Ballynacally. It is home to many historical structures and monuments. Both St.Brendan and St. Senan visited the area and founded churches on the islands. At that time the islands were heavily populated. The churches were later plundered by the Danes travelling up the River Shannon on their way to Limerick.
In Norman times there was a flourishing community of nuns at Kilchreest. Norman castles were built in the area including castles at Dangan, Ballycorick, and Cragbrien. During famine times the dominant landlords were the Balls of Fortfergus and the Henns of Paradise. The Balls set up a Soup School on the village green and this eventually became the local national school and is now part of the Community Centre. With regard to the local landlords, the Balls are infamous for their eviction of two hundred families from the townland of Inisdia.

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Ballyvaughan
Ballyvaughan or Ballyvaghan (Irish: Baile Uí Bheacháin, meaning "Ó Beachán's townland") is a small harbour village in County Clare, Ireland. It is located on the south shores of Galway Bay, in the northwest corner of The Burren, an area of great rocky expanse, considered by many to be a unique landscape.
Ballyvaughan is a busy village with many pubs, restaurants, shops, B&Bs and other amenities including the new pier and slipway, constructed in 2006, which has opened up the area to boating, fishing, scuba diving and other maritime activities. Ballyvaughan is also home to the Burren College of Art. Ballyvaughan has been tagged Ireland's 'Gold Coast' as a result of the huge boom in property prices in the area. Demand for holiday homes had seen the average house price in the town rise from €45,000 in 1995 to a top of €480,000 in 2005.
Ballyvaughan is the home town of bassist and guitarist Daithí Ó Drónaí and the writer Sarah Poyntz.
In May 1921, an Irish Republican Army (IRA) unit of approximately 25 men successfully ambushed a party of 10 Royal Marines and their sergeant in the village near the old post office. The IRA unit captured some weapons and withdrew. Privates Chandler and Bolton were mortally wounded and Privates Lavin and Currell wounded.

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Barefield
Barefield or Gortlumman (Irish: Gort Lomán) is a village and townland in County Clare, Ireland. It is located on the N18 national primary road between Ennis and Gort. The village is 224 km from Dublin and 33 km from Limerick, the nearest city.
The village itself consists of The Church of the Immaculate Conception, Barefield National School, two shops and two pubs. Access to Barefield has changed in 2007 with the opening of the Ennis Bypass and changed again in 2010 upon the completion of the Gort Bypass.
Hollywood Agent Hylda Queally comes from Barefield. She is an agent to famous Oscar-winning actresses like Kate Winslet, Cate Blanchett and Marion Cottiard.
John O Brien and Colin Gallagher are two of Barefield's most famous sons. John O Brien for his contribution to Irish Sport and in particular tiathlons. Meanwhile Colin Gallagher has been a philanthropist and major contributor to the Arts in Ireland. In later life he became quite wealthy as a result of his indepth knowledge of the stock market. By coincident both these men attended the local primary school at the same time and are still heavily involved in the local community. Internationally renowned ballet dancer Morgan Finnerty is also from Barefield.

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Bodyke
Bodyke (Irish: Lúbán Díge) is a village in County Clare, Ireland. It is located eastern Clare. It is noted for its local church, the Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, which was originally built in 1844.
Coordinates: 52°53′2.18″N 8°35′54.17″W / 52.8839389°N 8.5983806°W / 52.8839389; -8.5983806

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Bunratty
Bunratty (Irish: Bun na Raite, meaning "End of the Raite river") is a village in County Clare in the parish of Newmarket on Fergus, Ireland.
The first settlement in Bunratty was by Vikings in 970 AD. Bunratty had reached it peak in 1804 AD, with a thriving economy, expanding community, and the construction of much of the buildings and infrastructure that remains to today. At the time, Bunratty Bridge was the largest single arched bridge in the country.
Throughout the famine years, Bunratty's population fell into decline. In the 1950s, Bunratty’s most prominent structure, Bunratty Castle, grabbed the attention of the Hunt family, Lord Gort and the Irish Government, and so began the most extensive renovation in the history of the Irish State. Although Bunratty Castle thrived, being a number one destination for early transatlantic tourist, the village continued to decline.
The village had been reduced to the pub, Durty Nellys (established around 1620) and a run down house.^[when?]
In recent times^[when?] there has been new construction including residential properties, holiday units, cafes, Bunratty Castle Hotel and a conference centre.^{[citation needed]}

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Carrigaholt
Carrigaholt (Irish: Carraig an Chabhaltaigh, meaning "Rock of the Fleet") is a small fishing village in County Clare, Ireland. It lies at the mouth of the Moyarta river, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon about 15 km from the tip of the Loop Head peninsula and about 10 km from the resort town of Kilkee on the north coast of the peninsula. The village boasts a ruined castle that stood guard over the mouth of the Shannon and the local fishing pier. Fishing is still continued in the village with a small number of boats delivering their catches to a local processing company. The village is also the local centre for the local farming community. The village has benefited recently from tourism, mainly provided by residents from Limerick some 110 km to the east. The village has two restaurants, a fast food take-away and four public houses, some of which offer live entertainment, particularly during the summer high season. There is a holiday caravan park located nearby. A local business (Carrigaholt Dolphin Watch) offers boating trips to observe dolphins in the mouth of the Shannon River, home to one of the largest pods in Europe. The Carrigaholt Sea Angling Centre offers fishing packages for up to 8 fisherman at a time and runs a purpose built boat. Catches include ray, conger, bass, dogfish, tope, cod, pollock, hake and turbot. Other features include a beach suitable for swimming and watersports, pubs and restaurants,two piers, and local village shops for food necessities. There is a school in Carrigaholt. The Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Carrigaholt, was built in 1832-1833.

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Clarecastle
Clarecastle (Irish: An Clár or Droichead an Chláir, meaning "Bridge of the Plateau") is a village located just south of Ennis, in County Clare, Ireland. Over the past ten years the village has a rapidly increasing population due to its close proximity to Ennis, Shannon and Limerick, and also less than an hour away from Galway city.
The main sport played in Clarecastle is hurling, Clarecastle GAA. The team colours are black and white and are known as the 'magpies'.

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Cliffs of Moher
Coordinates: 52°56′10″N 9°28′15″W / 52.93611°N 9.47083°W / 52.93611; -9.47083
The Cliffs of Moher (Irish: Aillte an Mhothair) are located at the southwestern edge of the Burren region in County Clare, Ireland. They rise 120 metres (390 ft) above the Atlantic Ocean at Hag's Head, and reach their maximum height of 214 metres (702 ft) just north of O'Brien's Tower, eight kilometres to the north. The cliffs receive almost one million visitors a year.
O'Brien's Tower is a round stone tower near the midpoint of the cliffs built in 1835 by Sir Cornelius O'Brien to impress female visitors. From the cliffs and from atop the watchtower, visitors can see the Aran Islands in Galway Bay, the Maumturks and Twelve Pins mountain ranges to the north in County Galway, and Loop Head to the south.
The cliffs take their name from an old fort called Moher that once stood on Hag's Head, the southernmost point of the cliffs. The writer Thomas Johnson Westropp referred to it in 1905 as Moher Uí Ruis or Moher Uí Ruidhin. The fort still stood in 1780 and is mentioned in an account from John Lloyd's a Short Tour Of Clare (1780). It was demolished in 1808 to provide material for a new telegraph tower. The present tower near the site of the old Moher Uí Ruidhin was built as a lookout tower during the Napoleonic wars.

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Clonlara
Clonlara, officially Cloonlara (from Irish: Cluain Lára), is a village in County Clare, Ireland.
Clonlara has a GAA club and an equestrian centre.
Irish rugby union player Marcus Horan and Irish hurlers Colm and Darach Honan were born in the village as was Jan O'Sullivan (née Gale), Labour Party Teachta Dála (TD) for Limerick East.
In 1956 in Clonlara, a local curate had a local group beat up two Jehovah's Witnesses and burn the literature which the two had been trying to distribute. Taoiseach John A. Costello "responded to a protest from Bishop Joseph Rodgers of Killaloe by writing that he appreciated 'the just indignation aroused among the clergy and the people by the activities of the Jehovah’s Witnesses.'"

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Cloonanaha
Cloonanaha (from Irish: Cluain an Fhathaigh) (less often Clounanaha) is a small village and townland in County Clare, Ireland. The village is just off the R460 road to the west of Inagh. It has a small school called Cloonanaha National School and a Catholic church. Cloonanaha is within the civil parish of Inagh and the barony of Inchiquin.
Catholic church of Clounanaha
Clounanaha National School
Coordinates: 52°52′4.86″N 9°16′23.84″W / 52.8680167°N 9.2732889°W / 52.8680167; -9.2732889

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Connacht
Connacht /ˈkɒnɔːt/ (Irish: Connachta / Cúige Chonnacht [ˈkɔnəxtə]), formerly anglicised as Connaught, is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the west of Ireland. In Ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" (in Irish: rí ruirech). Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties. In modern times, clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. The province itself, while enjoying common usage and forming a strong part of local identity, has no official function for local government purposes. Along with counties from other provinces, it lies in the North-West constituency for elections to the European Parliament.
It consists of the counties of Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon and Sligo. Its main urban centres are Galway in the south and Sligo in the north. It is the smallest of the four Irish provinces, with a population of 542,039.

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Coolmeen
Coolmeen is a townland in County Clare, Ireland. It is located on the Shannon Estuary to the south west of Kildysart. There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club Coolmeen GAA along with a national school.
Coordinates: 52°39′37.59″N 9°12′41.11″W / 52.6604417°N 9.2114194°W / 52.6604417; -9.2114194

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Cooraclare
Cooraclare (Irish: Cuar an Chláir, meaning "Recess of the Plain"), a village near Kilrush, in County Clare, Ireland, was formally part of the parish of Kilmacduane. Nearby is the village of Cree which is in the parish of Cooraclare.
There is a primary school, Montessori school, three public houses O' Doherty's, O'Keeffe's and Tubridy's is also a guest house, a post office (Garry's) two shops Daly's and Tom Macs country shop and a flower shop. Old Parochial House (c1872), a former Parish Priets's house provides self catering in restored stables. The community centre in the village was inaugurated in 1993 and also there is a sports complex added to it the following year. The previous community centre was the Marion Hall situated at the back of Tom McNamaras country shop. It also has a GAA Sports Field situated just outside the village in the townland of Carhue.
There is about 140 people living in the village. Famous people include Fianna Fáil Senator and former Minister For Social Welfare & Defence Brendan Daly and Tom Morrissey who played football for Clare in the 1992 Munster Senior Football Championship Final. (Beating Kerry)

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Coore
Coore (also known as Coor)(Irish: Cubhar. Meaning: angle of land) is a village that is in fact consisting out of two communities: Coore East and Coore West. It is located in the parish of Kilmurry Ibrickane, close to Mullagh and Milltown Malbay, in County Clare, Ireland
Coore West is split into two parts:
In 2011 a company is developing plans for a wind farm in the vicinity of Coore. The local people are deeply divided over that plan.
Coordinates: 52°48′40.67″N 9°21′4.71″W / 52.8112972°N 9.3513083°W / 52.8112972; -9.3513083

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Corcomroe Abbey
Corcomroe Abbey (Irish: Mainistir Chorco Modhruadh) is an early 13th-century Cistercian monastery located in the north of the Burren region of County Clare, Ireland, a few miles east of the village of Ballyvaughan. It was once known as "St. Mary of the Fertile Rock", a reference to the Burren's fertile soil.
The abbey is noted for its detailed carvings and other rich ornamentation, which are not commonly found in structures from this period. It features a typical cruciform church facing east, with a small chapel in each transept.
Construction on the abbey most likely began sometime between 1205 and 1210 and used local limestone. Legend maintains that the building was commissioned by King Conor na Siudane Ua Briain, who died in 1267 and whose tomb niche and effigy are visible in the north wall of the choir. According to the legend, Ua Briain executed the five masons who completed the abbey to prevent them from constructing a rival masterpiece elsewhere. In reality, it was probably built by Conor's grandfather, Donal Mór Ua Briain (Donald O'Brien), the patron of a number of other religious structures in the historic Thomond region.

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County Antrim
County Antrim (named after its former county town, Antrim) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,046 km², with a population of approximately 616,000. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, lying within the historical province of Ulster.
The Glens of Antrim offer isolated rugged landscapes, the Giant's Causeway is a unique landscape and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bushmills produces whiskey, and Portrush is a popular seaside resort and night-life area. The majority of the capital city of Northern Ireland, Belfast, is also in County Antrim, with the remainder being in County Down.

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County Armagh
County Armagh (named after its county town, Armagh) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Adjoined to the south shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 1,254 km², with a population of approximately 159,085. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, lying within the historical province of Ulster. County Armagh is known as the "Orchard County" because the land is very fertile for apple-growing.
The name "Armagh" derives from the Irish word Ard meaning "height" and Macha, together meaning "height (or high place) and Macha. Macha is mentioned in the Book of the Taking of Ireland, and is also said to have been responsible for the construction of the hill site of Emain Macha (now Navan Fort near Armagh City) to serve as the capital of the Ulaid kings (who give their name to Ulster), also thought to be Macha's height.
From its highest point at Slieve Gullion, in the south of the County, Armagh's land falls away from its rugged south with Carrigatuke, Lislea and Camlough mountains, to rolling drumlin country in the middle and west of the county and finally flatlands in the north where rolling flats and small hills reach sea level at Lough Neagh.

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County Carlow
County Carlow (Irish: Contae Cheatharlach) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Carlow, which lies on the River Barrow. Carlow County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 54,532 according to the 2011 census.
There are seven historic baronies in the county: Carlow, Forth, Idrone East, Idrone West, Rathvilly, St Mullin's Lower and St Mullin's Upper.
Local government in County Carlow is governed by the Local Government Acts, the most recent of which (Local Government Act 2001) established a two-tier structure of local government. The top tier of the structure consists of Carlow County Council. The second tier of local government consists of town councils. Outside the borough, the county council is solely responsible for local services. Two towns in the county have town councils: Carlow and Muine Bheag. There are 21 councillors in the county council who are returned from five local electoral areas: Borris (3), Carlow East (4), Carlow West (5), Muine Bheag (4) and Tullow (4).

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County Cavan
County Cavan (Irish: Contae an Chabháin) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Cavan. Cavan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 72,874 according to the 2011 census.
Cavan borders six counties; Leitrim to the west, Fermanagh and Monaghan to the north, Meath to the south-east, Longford to the south-west and Westmeath to the south. Cavan shares a 70 km (43 mi) border with County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland. Cavan is the 19th largest of the 32 counties in area and the 25th largest by population. It is also the sixth largest of Ulster's nine counties in size and the seventh largest by population.
There are eight historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".

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County Clare
County Clare (Irish: Contae an Chláir) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. Clare County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 116,885 according to the 2011 census.
Clare is north-west of the River Shannon covering a total area of 3,400 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi). Clare is the 7th largest of Ireland’s 32 traditional counties in area and the 19th largest in terms of population. Clare's nickname is the Banner County.
Bodies of water define much of the physical boundaries of Clare. To the southeast is the River Shannon, Ireland's longest river, and to the south is the Shannon Estuary. The border to the northeast is defined by Lough Derg which is the third largest lake on Ireland. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is Galway Bay.
County Clare contains The Burren, a unique karst region, which contains rare flowers and fauna. At the western edge of The Burren, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are the Cliffs of Moher. The highest point in County Clare is Moylussa, 532m, in the Slieve Bernagh range in the east of the county. The following islands lie off the coast of the county:

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County Cork
County Cork (Irish: Contae Chorcaí) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Cork (Irish: Corcaigh). Cork County Council is the local authority for the county.
There are two local authorities whose remit collectively encompasses the geographic area of the county and city of Cork. The county, excluding Cork city, is administered by Cork County Council while the city is administered separately by Cork City Council. Both city and county are part of the South-West Region. For standardized European statistical purposes, both Cork County Council and Cork City Council rank equally as first level local administrative units of the NUTS 3 South-West Region. There are 34 such LAU 1 entities in the Republic of Ireland.
Both local authorities are responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing.
The county is part of the South constituency for the purposes of European elections. For elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is divided into five constituencies - Cork East, Cork North–Central, Cork North–West, Cork South–Central and Cork South–West. Together they return 19 deputies (TDs) to the Dáil.

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County Donegal
County Donegal ( /ˈdʌnɨɡɔːl/ or /ˌdʌnɨˈɡɔːl/; Irish: Contae Dhún na nGall or Contae Thír Chonaill) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Donegal. Donegal County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 160,927 according to the 2011 census.
In terms of size and area, it is the largest county in Ulster and the fourth largest county in all of Ireland. Uniquely, County Donegal shares a border with only one other county in the Republic of Ireland – County Leitrim. The greater part of its land border is shared with three counties of Northern Ireland: County Londonderry, County Tyrone and County Fermanagh. This geographic 'isolation' from the rest of the Republic has led to Donegal people maintaining a distinct cultural identity and has been used to market the county with the slogan Up here it's different. While Lifford is the County Town, Letterkenny is by far the largest town in the county. Letterkenny and the nearby city of Derry form the main economic axis of the north-west of Ireland.

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County Down
County Down (named after its county town, Downpatrick) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland. Adjoined to the south-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 2,448 km², with a population of about 492,840. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, lying within the province of Ulster.
The county was archaically called Downshire. It borders County Antrim to the north, the Irish Sea to the east and south, County Armagh to the west, and County Louth to the southwest. In the east of the county is Strangford Lough and the Ards Peninsula. The largest town is Bangor, on the northeast coast. Three other large towns and cities are on its border: Newry lies on the western border with County Armagh, while Lisburn and Belfast lie on the northern border with County Antrim. Down contains both the southernmost point of Northern Ireland (Cranfield Point) and the easternmost point of Ireland (Burr Point).

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County Dublin
County Dublin (Irish: Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or Contae Átha Cliath) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Dublin Region and is in the province of Leinster. It is named after the city of Dublin, which is the capital of Ireland. County Dublin was one of the first parts of Ireland to be shired by King John of England following the Norman invasion of Ireland. The area of the county no longer has a single local authority; local government is now split between three authorities. The population of the county at large, which includes Dublin city, was 1,270,603 according to the census of 2011.
It is no longer used for local government purposes in Ireland. In 1994, the administrative county (which did not include the county borough of Dublin) was dissolved and the area divided among the administrative counties of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin each with its county seat. To these areas may be added the area of Dublin city which collectively comprise the Dublin Region (Réigiúin Átha Cliath) and come under the remit of the Dublin Regional Authority.

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County Fermanagh
County Fermanagh (pronunciation: /fərmˈænə/) (from Irish: Fear Manach meaning "men of Manach") is the only one of six counties that form Northern Ireland to not adjoin Lough Neagh. Lying within the historical province of Ulster, it is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland.
The county covers an area of 1,691 km² (653 sq; mi), with a population of approximately 57,527, with Enniskillen its county town. It is a mainly rural landscape.
It is one of four counties of Northern Ireland presently to have a majority of the population from a Catholic background, according to the 2001 census.
Fermanagh borders County Tyrone to the north-east, County Monaghan to the south-east, County Cavan to the south-west, County Leitrim to the west and County Donegal to the north-west.
The county is situated mostly in the basin of the River Erne. It is approximately 120 km (75 mi) from Belfast and 160 km (99 mi) from Dublin.
The Annals of Ulster which cover medieval Ireland between AD 431 to AD 1540 were written at Belle Isle on Lough Erne near Lisbellaw.

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County Galway
County Galway (Irish: Contae na Gaillimhe) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the city of Galway. Galway County Council is the local authority for the county. There are several strongly Irish-speaking areas in the west of the county. The population of the county is 250,541 according to the 2011 census.
The first inhabitants in the Galway area arrived over 7000 years ago. Shell middens tell us about the existence of people as early as 5000 BC.
The county originally comprised several kingdoms and territories which predate the formation of the county. They included Aidhne, Uí Maine, Maigh Seóla, Conmhaícne Mara, Soghain and Máenmaige. County Galway came into official existence c. 1569.
A number of inhabited islands are administered by the county; they include Oileáin Árann (Aran Islands) and Inis Bó Fine (Inishbofin).
With the arrival of Christianity many monasteries were built, and written records of events in the area and of its people were kept. These were followed by a number of law-tracts, genealogies, annals and miscellaneous accounts. Extant manuscripts containing references to Galway include:

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County Kerry
County Kerry (Irish: Contae Chiarraí) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the South-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the pre-Gaelic tribe who lived in part of the present county. Kerry County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 145,048 according to the 2011 census.
Kerry is the 5th largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the 13th largest by population. Uniquely, it is bordered by only two other counties: County Limerick to the east and County Cork to the south-east. The county town is Tralee. The diocesan see is Killarney, which is one of Ireland's most famous tourist destinations. The Lakes of Killarney, an area of outstanding natural beauty, are located in Killarney National Park. The tip of the Dingle Peninsula is the most westerly point of Ireland.
There are nine historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".

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County Kildare
County Kildare (Irish: Contae Chill Dara) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Mid-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 209,955 according to the 2011 census.
Kildare is the 24th largest of Ireland’s thirty-two counties in area and seventh largest in terms of population. It is the eighth largest of Leinster’s twelve counties in size, and second largest in terms of population. It is bordered by the counties of Carlow, Laois, Meath, Offaly, Dublin and Wicklow. As an inland county, Kildare is a generally lowland region. The county's highest points are the foothills of the Wicklow Mountains bordering to the east. The highest point in Kildare is Cupidstown Hill on the border with Dublin, with the better known Hill of Allen in central Kildare.
The county has three major rivers running through it: the Barrow, the Liffey and the Boyne. The Grand Canal crosses the county from Lyons on the east to Rathangan and Monasterevin on the west. A southern branch joins the Barrow navigation at Athy. The Royal Canal stretches across the north of the county along the border with Meath. Pollardstown Fen is the largest remaining calcareous fen in Ireland, covering an area of 220 hectares and is recognised as an internationally important fen ecosystem with unique and endangered plant communities, and declared a National Nature Reserve in 1986.

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County Kilkenny
County Kilkenny (Irish: Contae Chill Chainnigh) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the city of Kilkenny. The territory of the county was the core part of the ancient Irish Kingdom of Osraige which in turn was the core of the Diocese of Ossory. Kilkenny County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 95,360.
Kilkenny is the 16th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and the 21st largest in terms of population. It is the third largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and seventh largest in terms of population.
The county was also divided into subdivisions called baronies. Baronies are divided into townlands. There were 9 baronies and about 800 townlands in Kilkenny in 1802. Each barony was made up of a number of parishes or parts of parishes. Both civil parishes and baronies are now largely obsolete (except for some purposes such as legal transactions involving land) and are no longer used for local government purposes.

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County Laois
County Laois ( /ˈliːʃ/ LEESH; Irish: Contae Laoise) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It was formerly known as Queen's County (Irish: Contae na Banríona) until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. The county's name was formerly spelt as Laoighis and Leix. Laois County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 80,458 according to the 2011 census - 20% higher than it was in the 2006 census which is the highest percentage population growth in the country.
Laois is the 23rd largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and 24th largest in terms of population. It is the seventh largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and tenth largest in terms of population. The county is landlocked and, uniquely, does not border any other county which touches the coast. It is therefore considered to be "the most landlocked county in Ireland.", although County Roscommon is the geographical centre of Ireland.

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County Leitrim
County Leitrim (Irish: Contae Liatroma) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Border Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the village of Leitrim. Leitrim County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 31,778 according to the 2011 census.
Leitrim is the 26th largest of the 32 counties by area and the smallest by population. It is the smallest of Connacht’s 5 counties in both size and population. Leitrim is bordered by the counties of Donegal to the north, Fermanagh to the north-east, Cavan to the east, Longford to the south, Roscommon to the south-west and Sligo to the west. Fermanagh is in Northern Ireland while all the other neighbouring counties are within the Republic.
There are five historic baronies in the county. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units". They are Carrigallen, Drumahaire, Leitrim, Mohill and Rosclogher.

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County Limerick
County Limerick (Irish: Contae Luimnigh) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Limerick. Limerick County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county at large, including the city, is 191,306 according to the 2011 census.
Limerick is the tenth largest of Ireland’s 32 counties by area and the eighth largest by population. It is the fifth largest of Munster’s 6 counties in size and the second largest by population. The River Shannon flows through the city of Limerick into the Atlantic Ocean at the north of the county. Below the city, the waterway is known as the Shannon Estuary. Because the estuary is shallow, the county's most important port is several kilometres west of the city, at Foynes. Newcastle West is the most important county town outside of Limerick city with a population of around 10,000. Other towns mainly lie along the Limerick – Tralee roads (N21) and Limerick – Cork road (N20).

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County Londonderry
County Londonderry or County Derry is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the north-west shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 2,074 km², with a population of approximately 233,550. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, lying within the historical province of Ulster.
Since 1981, it has become one of four counties in Northern Ireland that has a Catholic majority (55.56% according to the 2001 Census), with 57% of the Catholic population residing within Derry City Council.
The highest point in the county is the summit of Sawel Mountain (678 m) on the border with County Tyrone. Sawel is part of the Sperrin Mountains, which dominate the southern part of the county. To the east and west, the land falls into the valleys of the Bann and Foyle rivers respectively; in the south-east, the county touches the shore of Lough Neagh, which is the largest lake in Ireland; the north of the county is distinguished by the steep cliffs, dune systems, and remarkable beaches of the Atlantic coast.

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County Longford
County Longford (Irish: Contae an Longfoirt) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Longford. Longford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 38,970 according to the 2011 census.
With an area of 1,091 km² (421 sq mi) and a population of 38,970, Longford is the fourth smallest of the 32 counties in area and second smallest in terms of population. It is also the fourth smallest of Leinster’s 12 counties by size and smallest by population.
Most of Longford lies in the basin of the River Shannon with Lough Ree forming much of the county's western boundary. The north-eastern part of the county, however, drains towards the River Erne and Lough Gowna. Lakeland, bogland, pastureland, and wetland typify Longford's generally low-lying landscapes: the highest point of the county is in the north-west - Carn Clonhugh (also known as Cairn Hill) at 279 m (916 feet). Cairn Hill is the site of a television transmitter broadcasting to much of the Irish midlands. Longford has one of the lowest in the county peaks list ahead of Meath and Westmeath. In general, the northern third of the county is hilly, forming part of the drumlin belt stretching across the northern midlands of Ireland. The southern parts of the county are low-lying, with extensive areas of raised bogland and the land being of better quality for grazing and tillage.

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County Louth
County Louth ( /ˈlaʊð/; Irish: Contae Lú) is a county of Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Louth. Louth County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 122,808 according to the 2011 census.
County Louth is colloquially known as 'the Wee County' as it is the smallest county by area (826 km² (319sq miles). It is the 19th largest in terms of population. It is the smallest of Leinster’s 12 counties by size and the sixth largest by population.
The official spelling in the Irish (Gaelic) language (Lú) must not be confused with the similar sounding superlative form lú meaning smaller or smallest of the adjective beag. Instead, it is derived from Lughbhaidh - the Celtic pagan god Lugh, whose festival was celebrated at Lughnasadh (Lúnasa). This is a county steeped in myth, legend and history, going back to the pre-historical days of the Táin Bó Cúailnge (Cooley Cattle Raid, see Cú Chulainn). Later it saw the influence of the Vikings as seen in the name of Carlingford Lough. There are a number of historic sites in the county, including religious sites at Monasterboice and Mellifont Abbey. In the early fourteenth century the Scottish army of Edward Bruce (brother of Robert of Bannockburn fame) was defeated in the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk, Edward losing not only his claim to the High Kingship Of Ireland, but also his life. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries featured many skirmishes and battles involving Irish and English forces. Oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 slaughtering the Royalist garrison and hundreds of the town's citizens (Siege of Drogheda). Towards the end of the same century the armies of the warring Kings, James and William, faced off in South Louth during the build-up to the Battle of the Boyne - the battle takes its name from the river Boyne which reaches the sea at Drogheda.

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County Mayo
County Mayo (Irish: Contae Mhaigh Eo) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the village of Mayo, which is now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 130,552 according to the 2011 census. The county was formed in 1585, and its boundaries reflect the Mac William Íochtar lordship at that time.
Mayo is the third largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second largest of Connacht’s five counties in both size and population. The main population centres are Castlebar and Ballina, located in the centre and in the north-east of the county respectively. There is a distinct geological difference between the north and the south of the county. The north consists largely of poor subsoils and is covered with large areas of extensive Atlantic blanket-bog, whereas the south is largely a limestone landscape. Agricultural land is therefore more productive in the south than in the north.

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County Meath
County Meath (/ˈmiːð/; Irish: Contae na Mí or simply an Mhí) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Mid-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Mide (meaning "middle"). Meath County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 184,034 according to the 2011 census.
The county is drained by the River Boyne.
Meath is the 14th largest of Ireland’s 26 counties in area and 9th largest in terms of population. It is the second largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and third largest in terms of population. The county town is Navan, where the county hall and government are located, although Trim, the former county town, has historical significance and remains a sitting place of the circuit court. County Meath also has the only two Gaeltacht areas in the province of Leinster, at Ráth Cairn and Baile Ghib.
There are eighteen historic baronies in the county. They include the baronies of Morgallion and Ratoath. While baronies continue to be officially defined units, they are no longer used for many administrative purposes. Their official status is illustrated by Placenames Orders made since 2003, where official Irish names of baronies are listed under "Administrative units".

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County Monaghan
Coordinates: 54°14′38″N 7°02′24″W / 54.244°N 7.040°W / 54.244; -7.040
County Monaghan ( /ˈmɒnəhən/; Irish: Contae Mhuineacháin) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Monaghan. Monaghan County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 60,495 according to the 2011 census.
Monaghan is the fourth smallest of the Republic's 26 counties in area and fourth smallest by population. It is the second smallest of Ulster’s nine counties in size and smallest in terms of population.
Notable mountains include Mullyash Mountain, Slieve Beagh (on the border with Tyrone and Fermanagh) and Coolberrin Hill (214 m, 702 ft). Lakes include Lough Egish, Lough Fea, Muckno Lough, Lough Avaghon, Inner Lough (in Dartrey Forest), Drumlona Lough, White Lough and Emy Lough. Rivers in Monaghan include the River Fane (along the Louth border), the River Glyde (along the Louth and Meath borders), the Ulster Blackwater (along the border with County Tyrone) and the Dromore river (along the border of County Cavan, linking Cootehill to Ballybay).

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County Offaly
County Offaly (Irish: Contae Uíbh Fhailí) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe and was formerly known as King's County until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 76,806 according to the 2011 census.
Offaly is the 18th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties by area and the 23rd largest in terms of population. It is the fifth largest of Leinster’s 12 counties by size and the 9th largest by population. It is the largest county by area and the second largest by population in the Midlands.
Tullamore is the county town and largest town in Offaly and is the 30th largest in Ireland. Offaly borders seven counties, the second most of any county after Tipperary, which borders eight. Offaly is bordered by Galway, Roscommon, Tipperary, Laois, Westmeath, Kildare and Meath. The Slieve Bloom Mountains are in the southern part of the county on the border with Laois. Offaly has the 24th highest county peak in Ireland. The highest point is Arderin (Irish: Ard Éireann) in the Slieve Blooms at 527 metres (1,729 ft). The Slieve Bloom Mountains contain the county's highest points including Stillbrook Hill and Wolftrap Mountain which are the county's second and third highest peaks. Croghan Hill rises from the Bog of Allen and is located in northern Offaly. Although only 234 metres high, it is known for its view over the surrounding area and it stands out by itself.

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County Roscommon
County Roscommon (Irish: Contae Ros Comáin) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the town of Roscommon. Roscommon County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 63,896 according to the 2011 census.
Roscommon is the 11th largest of the 32 counties of Ireland by area and the fifth least-populous county in Ireland. It has the second least population density after Leitrim. It is the third largest of Connacht’s five counties by size and fourth largest in terms of population. The county borders every other Connacht county (Galway, Mayo, Sligo and Leitrim). In 2008, a news report said that statistically, Roscommon has the longest life expectancy of any county on the island of Ireland.Lough Key in north Roscommon is noted for having thirty-two islands. The Geographical centre of Ireland is located in the county.
Roscommon comes from the Irish Ros meaning a wooded, gentle height and Comán, the name of the county's famous saint and the first bishop of the see. Rathcroghan was home to the Kings of Connacht and then to the High Kings of Ireland.

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County Sligo
County Sligo (Irish: Contae Shligigh) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Border Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the town of Sligo. Sligo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 65,270 according to the 2011 census. An archaeological recovery suggests the county may have been one of the earliest places of human settlement in Ireland.
Sligo is the 22nd largest of Ireland's 32 counties in area and 26th largest in terms of population. It is the fourth largest of Connacht's 5 counties in size and third largest in terms of population.
Sligo County Council is the governing body for the county. It is divided into five Local Electoral Areas (LEAs) Ballymote, Dromore, Sligo-Drumcliffe, Sligo-Strandhill and Tubbercurry. There are 25 members elected to Sligo County Council.
Sligo is part of the Sligo-North Leitrim constituency and has three representatives (TD's) in Dáil Éireann, Tony McLoughlin (FG), John Perry (FG) and Michael Colreavy (SF). It also has two representatives to Seanad Éireann, Marc MacSharry and Geraldine Feeney.

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County Tipperary
County Tipperary (Irish: Contae Thiobraid Árann) is a county of Ireland. It is located in the province of Munster and is named after the town of Tipperary. The area of the county does not have a single local authority; local government is split between two authorities. In North Tipperary, part of the Mid-West Region, local government is in the care of North Tipperary County Council. In South Tipperary, part of the South-East Region, local government is in the care of South Tipperary County Council. The population of the county is 158,652 according to the 2011 census.
Tipperary is the sixth largest of the 32 counties by area and the 11th largest by population. It is the third largest of Munster’s 6 counties by size and the third largest by population. The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diversified terrain contains several mountain ranges: the Knockmealdown, the Galtee, the Arra Hills and the Silvermine. The southern portion of the county is drained by the River Suir; the northern by tributaries of the Shannon which widens into Lough Derg. No part of the county touches the coast. The centre is known as 'the Golden Vale', a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork.

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County Tyrone
County Tyrone (from Irish: Tír Eoghain, meaning "land of Eoghan") is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the south-west shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of 3,155 km², with a population of approximately 166,516, with its county town being Omagh. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, lying within the historical province of Ulster.
Tyrone is the seventh largest of Ireland’s thirty-two counties in area and eighth largest in terms of population. It is the second largest of Ulster’s nine counties in size and fourth largest in terms of population.
The name Tyrone is derived from Irish: Tír Eoghain meaning "land of Eoghan". This Eoghan was son of king Niall of the Nine Hostages, and brother of Conall Gulban, who gave his name to the kingdom of Tír Chonaill. Historically, it was anglicised as Tirowen or Tyrowen, which are closer to the Irish pronunciation.
Historically Tyrone stretched as far north as Lough Foyle, and comprised part of modern day County Londonderry east of the River Foyle. The majority of County Londonderry was carved out of Tyrone between 1610-1620 when that land went to the Guilds of London to set up profit making schemes based on natural resources located there. Tyrone was the traditional stronghold of the various O'Neill clans and families, the strongest of the Gaelic Irish families in Ulster, surviving into the seventeenth century. The ancient principality of Tír Eoghain, the inheritance of the O'Neills, included the whole of the present counties of Tyrone and Londonderry, and the four baronies of West Inishowen, East Inishowen, Raphoe North and Raphoe South in County Donegal.

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County Waterford
County Waterford (Irish: Contae Phort Láirge) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Waterford which is derived from the Old Norse name Veðrafjǫrðr or Vedrarfjord. There is an Irish-speaking area in the south of the county. Waterford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county at large, including the city, is 113,707 according to the 2011 census.
County Waterford has two mountain ranges, the Knockmealdown Mountains and the Comeragh Mountains. The highest point in the county is Knockmealdown, at 794m. It also has many rivers, including Ireland's third longest river, the River Suir (184 km); and Ireland's fourth longest river, the Munster Blackwater (168 km). There are over 30^{[citation needed]} beaches along Waterford's volcanic^{[citation needed]} coast line. A large stretch of this coastline, known as the Copper Coast has been designated as a UNESCO Geopark, a place of great geological importance. The area around Ring (An Rinn) is a Gaeltacht, an Irish-speaking area.

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County Westmeath
County Westmeath (/wɛstˈmiːð/; Irish: Contae na hIarmhí) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Mide (meaning "middle") following the division of the Kingdom. Westmeath County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 85,961 according to the 2011 census.
Westmeath is the 20th largest of Ireland's 32 counties by area and the 22nd largest in terms of population. It is the sixth largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and eighth largest in terms of population. It was named after the historic kingdom and province of Mide, of which the county was the most western part. Westmeath was shired under The Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act of 1543. The Hill of Uisneach in the barony of Moycashel is sometimes regarded as the notional geographical centre of Ireland although the actual geographic centre of Ireland lies in neighbouring County Roscommon.
The head office of Westmeath County Council is located in Mullingar. There are currently 22 councillors. The five electoral areas of Westmeath are Athlone (7 seats), Coole (3 seats), Kilbeggan (3 seats), Mullingar East (4 seats) and Mullingar West (5 seats). The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, provided the framework for the establishment of County Councils throughout Ireland. The first meeting of Westmeath County Council was held on 22 April 1899.

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County Wexford
County Wexford (Irish: Contae Loch Garman) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Wexford. In pre-Norman times it was part of the Kingdom of Uí Cheinnselaig, whose capital was at Ferns.Wexford County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 145,273 according to the 2011 census.
Wexford is the 13th largest of Ireland’s thirty-two counties in area and 16th largest in terms of population. It is the largest of Leinster’s 12 counties in size and fourth largest in terms of population. The county is located in the south-east corner of the island of Ireland. It is bounded by the sea on two sides—on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and on the east by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. The River Barrow forms its western boundary. The Blackstairs Mountains form part of the boundary to the north, as do the southern edges of the Wicklow Mountains. The adjoining counties are Waterford, Kilkenny, Carlow and Wicklow.

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County Wicklow
County Wicklow (Irish: Contae Chill Mhantáin, [ˈkɔnˠt̪ˠeː ˈçɪl̪ʲ ˈwanˠt̪ˠaːnʲ]) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Mid-East Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the town of Wicklow, which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingalág or Wykynlo. Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 136,448 according to the 2011 census.
Wicklow is colloquially known as the Garden County. It is the 17th largest of Ireland’s 32 counties by area and 17th largest by population. It is the fourth largest of Leinster’s 12 counties by size and the fifth largest in terms of population.
The Wicklow Mountains range is the largest continuous upland region in Ireland. The highest mountain in the range, Lugnaquilla, rises to 925 metres, making Wicklow the second highest county peak after Kerry. The Wicklow Way is the oldest waymarked long distance walking trail in Ireland, and the area is a popular attraction, as the region offers multiple choices of recreation including fishing, rafting and hillwalking. Also in its midst lies the monastic settlement of Glendalough, believed to have been founded by St. Kevin, and now a popular tourist attraction; as well as Powerscourt Waterfall, the highest waterfall in Ireland.

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Cratloe
Cratloe (Irish: An Chreatlach, meaning "The Land of Sallow trees") is a village in County Clare, Ireland, situated between Limerick City and Shannon in the midwest of Ireland. It is possible that the name derives from Croit-shliabh meaning "hump-backed hill", referring to Woodcock Hill.
The Cratloe Woods, located on the overlooking hillside, are a popular recreational park and forestry area. Garranon Oak Wood, near Cratloe Church, provided the timbers for the roofs of London's Westminster Hall and the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.^{[citation needed]}. The claim that a certain oakwood was employed in building a famous building, particularly Westminster is widespread in Ireland. This seems unlikely. However St. Mary's in Limerick city is also claimed to have employed Cratloe timber which seems very likely given the relationship between the O'Brien family and that site. Within the Garranon Wood, on the edge of the now almost vanished old Limerick to Ennis road, a roadside well, known as the Squire's Well can be found with some searching. Craughaun Cemetery, just west of the Cratloe to Sixmilebridge road, contains a megalithic wedge tomb, the ruins of an old church and a family vault dedicated to the Blood family. D'Esterre Bridge, crossing the Ratty/O'gChearnaigh River near Rossmanaher Castle between Bunratty and Sixmilebridge, is characterised by the imposing ruins of the gate-towers remaining from its days as a toll-crossing. The remnants of several small ráths, or ring-forts can be found in various fields around Cratloe.

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Doolin
Doolin (Irish: Dúlainn) is a coastal village in County Clare, Ireland, on the Atlantic coast. It borders the spa town of Lisdoonvarna. It is a noted centre of traditional Irish music, which is played nightly in its pubs, making it a popular tourist destination. There are numerous nearby archaeological sites, many dating to the Iron Age and earlier. Doonagore Castle and Ballinalacken Castle are also in the area.
Doolin is one of three places (Galway and the village of Rossaveal on the northwest shore of Galway Bay are the others) with ferry services to the Aran Islands, which are visible from the town. Doolin is also close to the Cliffs of Moher, and a bus service between Galway and Limerick/Ennis calls at both Doolin and the cliffs in each direction. The area is at the south-western corner of the Burren region. Recently, a ferry service has begun bringing tourists from Doolin Pier to the base of the Cliffs of Moher.
The Aille River runs from the hills of the Burren down past Doolin to meet the sea. The small Crab Island is a short distance out from Doolin Harbor, barren except for the remains of a 19th century stone constabulary outpost.

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Doonaha
Doonaha (Irish: Dún Átha) is a small village on the Loop Head Peninsula in County Clare, Ireland. It is located along the R487 road and close to the banks of the Shannon River.
The Doonaha Battery was the northern part of the defences of the Shannon River. His counter part is the Corran Point battery on the souther banks. The Doonaha Battery is severely eroded and has lost its cannons.
The Doonaha River is crossing the village before entering the Shannon.
The Church of the Holy Spirit, Doonaha was built in 1808 and is one of the oldest churches in the Kilaloe diocese.
Doonaha National School was built in 1886.

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Doonbeg
Doonbeg (Irish: Dúnbeag, meaning "Small Fort") is a village in West County Clare, Ireland. It is situated on the N67 between the towns of Kilkee and Miltown Malbay. The nearest large towns are Kilrush and Kilkee which are both approximately 7 miles away.
The central point of the village is an architecturally significant seven arched stone bridge which crosses the Doonbeg river and divides the village. This is famous as a lady called Mary Belfast used to live under one of the arches and the remains of her dwelling exist to this day.^{[citation needed]} The crossing is overlooked by the remaining fortifications of Doonbeg castle.
The village is located in Killard parish and in the diocese of Killaloe. There is a modern Roman Catholic church, noteworthy for the stain glass windows that are uniquely designed so that the various colours illuminate the altar throughout the day. The church is built in 1976 and has an uncommon octogonal shape. It replaced the older crucifix shaped church that was built in 1813. There are also several pubs, Doonbeg National School, two shops, a post office and a village hall and tourist office.

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Dublin
Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɨn/; locally /ˈdʊbᵊlən/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə], occasionally Duibhlinn) is the capital and most populous city of Ireland. The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubhlinn, meaning "black pool". Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and the centre of the Dublin Region.
Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century; it was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe. Dublin entered a period of stagnation following the Act of Union of 1800, but it remained the economic centre for most of the island. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, the new parliament, the Oireachtas, was located in Leinster House. Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland.

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Dublin Airport
Dublin Airport, (Irish: Aerfort Bhaile Átha Cliath) (IATA: DUB, ICAO: EIDW), is operated by the Dublin Airport Authority. It is located in Collinstown, in the county of Fingal, Ireland. In 2011, 18.8 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the busiest of the state's airports by total passenger traffic, followed by Cork Airport and Shannon Airport. It also has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland followed by Belfast International Airport, George Best Belfast City Airport, Cork and Shannon.
The airport is located 5.4 NM (10.0 km; 6.2 mi) north of Dublin city in a once-rural area near Swords. It is served by buses and taxis. Plans to connect the airport to Swords and Dublin city centre via a rapid transit line (Metro North), have been postponed by the Government.
Dublin Airport is the headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier (Aer Lingus), Europe's largest low-cost carrier (Ryanair) and Ireland's regional airline (Aer Arann). Ireland's fourth airline, CityJet, operates flights from the airport and its HQ is located in the nearby town of Swords.

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Ennis
Ennis (Irish: Inis, meaning "island") is the county town of County Clare in Ireland. Situated on the River Fergus, it lies north of Limerick and south of Galway. Its name is a shortening of the original Inis Cluain Ramh Fhada ("island of the long rowing meadow").
The town is 19 km (12 mi) from Shannon and Shannon Airport. Geographically located near the mouth of the Fergus estuary, it is now a gateway to the West of Clare via the N85 Western relief road for people travelling from the Limerick and East Clare regions.
The 2006 census indicates that Ennis had a population of 24,253 making it the largest town in Munster and the sixth largest town in Ireland. It is the 11th largest urban centre in the country.
In 2005 Ennis won the Irish Tidy Towns Competition. The town has maintained this high status over the years coming 2nd in 2008, an improvement on the previous year.

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Ennistymon
Ennistymon or Ennistimon (Irish: Inis Diomáin) is a country market town in County Clare, near the west coast of Ireland. A popular tourist spot, it has a typical Irish main street, with many traditional pubs. The River Inagh, which has some small rapids known as "the Cascades" runs through the town, behind the main street. A bridge across the river leads to nearby Lahinch, on the N67 national secondary road. The town is connected to Ennis by the N85 (which is actually the main street through the town).
Ennistymon was the birthplace of Kootenay Brown (by birth John George Brown, 10 October 1839 – 18 July 1916), the Irish-Canadian polymath, soldier, trader and conservation advocate.
The town's official name is Ennistimon, although Ennistymon is the spelling most widely used. Historically, it was spelled Inishdymon. This is believed to derive from Inis Diomáin meaning "Diomán's island". However, Míchéal Ó Raghallaigh argues that the name is derived from Inis Tí Méan meaning "island of the middle house" or "river meadow of the middle house".

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Fanore
Fanore (Irish: Fán Óir, meaning "the golden slope") is a small village in County Clare, on the west coast of Ireland.
Lying on the road between Ballyvaughan and Doolin, Fanore is renowned for its extensive sandy beach. The village is very popular with walkers, surfers, tourists and is particularly interesting to botanists, owing to its location on the edge of the Burren – renowned for its unique flora and fauna. It has a pub, a post office/shop, and a restaurant, as well as a surfing school near the beach.
Fanore has appeared many times on Irish television: in particular, the Father Ted series often featured scenes filmed in Fanore and its surrounding villages. Phoebe Prince lived in Fanore before moving to the United States in 2009.

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Feakle
Feakle (historically Feakell and Fiakil, from Irish: an Fhiacail, meaning "the tooth") is a village in County Clare, Ireland. Its population in 2006 was 122. It neighbours Lough Derg and the towns of Tulla and Scarriff. Feakle is famous for its traditional music festival.
St. Mochonna is venerated as the patron saint of Feakle. The ancient ruins of his church were destroyed in the early 19th century.
On December 12, 1974, Irish Republican Army and Sinn Féin leaders met at Smith's Hotel, Feakle, with the leaders of the main Irish Protestant Christian denominations (Church of Ireland, Methodist, and Presbyterian) to discuss ways of resolving the Northern Ireland crisis. The Gardaí (Irish police) broke up the meeting. Although any wanted IRA men had already departed, the churchmen did pass on the list of Republican demands to the British government. Methodist leader Eric Gallagher was in attendance and later became the subject of the book Peacemaker by author Dennis Cooke.
Coordinates: 52°55′N 8°39′W / 52.917°N 8.65°W / 52.917; -8.65

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Fingal
Fingal (from Irish: Fine Gall meaning "foreign tribe") is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Dublin Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. Its name is derived from the medieval territory of Scandanavian foreigners (Irish: gaill) that settled in the area. Fingal County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 239,992 according to the 2006 census.
Fingal is one of three counties into which County Dublin was divided in 1994. Swords is the county seat. Large urban centres include Blanchardstown, Swords, Balbriggan, Castleknock, Howth, Malahide and Portmarnock. Small rural settlements exist in the northern and western parts of the county. The motto of the arms of Fingal reads "Flúirse Talaimh is Mara" meaning "Abundance of Land and Water". The motto reflects the strong farming and fishing ties historically associated with the area. It also features a Viking longboat, which represents the arrival of the Norse in Fingal, where they became integrated with the existing Irish. Fingal is bordered by counties Meath to the north, Kildare to the west and by Dublin city to the south. At the Strawberry Beds, the River Liffey separates the county from South Dublin.

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Galway
Galway (Irish: Gaillimh, pronounced [ˈɡalʲɪvʲ]) or City of Galway (Cathair na Gaillimhe) is a city on the west coast of Ireland. It is located on the River Corrib between Lough Corrib and Galway Bay and is surrounded by County Galway. It is the third largest city within the state (after Dublin and Cork), though if the wider urban area is included then it falls into fourth place behind Limerick. The population of Galway city at the 2011 census was 75,529, rising to 76,778 across the entire urban area.
The city takes its name from the Gaillimh river (River Corrib) that formed the western boundary of the earliest settlement, which was called Dún Bhun na Gaillimhe ("Fort at the mouth of the Gaillimh"). The word Gaillimh means "stony" as in "stony river" (the mythical and alternative derivations are given in History of Galway). Historically, the name was written as Gallive, which is closer to the Irish pronunciation.
The city also bears the nickname "City of the Tribes" Irish: Cathair na dTreabh because "fourteen tribes of" merchant families led the city in its Hiberno-Norman period. The term tribes was often a derogatory phrase in Cromwellian times. The merchants would have seen themselves as Irish gentry and loyal to the King. They subsequently adopted the term as a badge of honour and pride in defiance of the town's Cromwellian occupiers.

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Galway Bay
Galway Bay (Irish: Loch Lurgan or Cuan na Gaillimhe) is a large bay (or sea lough) on the west coast of Ireland, between County Galway in the province of Connacht to the north and the Burren in County Clare in the province of Munster to the south. Galway city is located on the northeast side of the bay. It is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and from 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to 30 kilometres (19 mi) in breadth. The Aran Islands (Oileáin Árann) are to the west across the entrance and there are numerous small islands within the bay. The approaches to the bay between the Aran Islands and the mainland are as follows; the North Sound (An Súnda ó Thuaidh) lies between Inishmore and Leitir Mealláin in Connemara, it was formerly known as Bealach Locha Lurgan in Irish. Gregory's Sound (Súnda Ghríoghóra) lies between Inishmore and Inishmaan, it was formerly known as Bealach na h-Áite. Foul Sound (An Súnda Salach) lies between Inishmaan and Inisheer, it was formerly known as Bealach na Fearbhaighe. South Sound (An Súnda ó Theas) formerly known as Bealach na Finnise lies between Inisheer and County Clare.

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Hurlers Cross
Hurlers Cross (Irish: Cros an Iománaí) is a small village in County Clare, situated close to Shannon Town and 6 km from both Sixmilebridge and Newmarket-on-Fergus. It forms a part of Newmarket-on-Fergus parish.
The name is derived from the meeting of three roads: to Shannon, Ennis and Limerick. The last named is now closed off at the western end of the village, following the opening of a dual-carriageway bypass (N18/N19) serving the Limerick to Ennis route, which has taken away the heavy traffic that was once a feature of Hurlers Cross.

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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km² (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.

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Inagh
Inagh (Irish: Eidhneach, meaning "ivy in irish") is a village located 14 km west of Ennis in County Clare, Ireland. It comprises seven townlands lying north-east of Mount Callan. The village is situated on the N85, Ennis - Ennistymon / Lahinch road, making Inagh a popular tourist route serving north and west Clare.
Inagh has seen some recent development, including a new housing estate and the new Ark Crèche facility, with more development having been granted planning permission. Plans are also afoot to develop the parish hall (and adjoining old national school building) further. Inagh is also home to the organic goat's milk cheese farm of St. Tola.
There are a number of activities groups in Inagh such as the Youth Club, angling, walking, golfing and reading clubs. There are also active hurling (currently amalgamating with Kilnamona hurling club) and camogie clubs, who have enjoyed recent success. Inagh has had a strong tradition of Irish music and dancing. Many famous traditional musicians have played in Inagh and the parish has produced some fine musicians of its own.

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Inisheer
Inisheer (Irish: Inis Oírr, the island's official name, Inis Oirthir, meaning "east island", and traditionally Inis Thiar, meaning "rear island") is the smallest and most eastern of the three Aran Islands in Galway Bay, Ireland.
The official name, Inis Oírr, was brought into usage by the Ordnance Survey Ireland. It may be a compromise between the traditional local name Inis Thiar and the previous official name Inis Oirthir. There is no Irish word corresponding to the second element in the official name. It seems from the annals that the island's name always contained the element iarthar or thiar in the sense of "rear or back island" and not "west" as is the usual sense of this word. The form Inis Oirthir, used by the 17th century scholar Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, seems to have arisen out of his own misreading of the annals.

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Inishmore
Inishmore (Irish: Árainnmhór) / Inis Mhór) is the largest of the Aran Islands in Galway Bay in Ireland and has an area of 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi). The island is famous for its strong Irish culture, loyalty to the Irish language, and a wealth of Pre-Christian and Christian ancient sites including Dún Aengus, described as "the most magnificent barbaric monument in Europe" by George Petrie.
Prior to the 20th century, the island was more commonly called Inis Bant, or as Árainn na Naomh (Irish: Árainn Mhór) (i.e. "Great Aran") in English; from the traditional Irish name, leading to confusion with Arranmore, County Donegal. The Irish word Árainn means "long ridge" which is an apt description for the island. The name Inishmore was established by the British Ordnance Survey in the mid-19th century. The new name is grammatically incorrect in standard Irish: because inis "island" is a feminine noun, a following adjective must be lenited, so the expected name would be Inis Mhór. Árainn is still the official Irish name.

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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.

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Irish Free State
The Irish Free State (Irish: Saorstát Éireann) (6 December 1922–1937) was the state established as a dominion under the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed by the British government and Irish representatives exactly twelve months beforehand. On the day the Irish Free State was established, it comprised the entire island of Ireland, but Northern Ireland almost immediately exercised its right under the treaty to remove itself from the new state. The Irish Free State effectively replaced both the self-proclaimed Irish Republic (founded 21 January 1919) and the Provisional Government of Southern Ireland. W. T. Cosgrave, the first President of the Irish Free State had led both of these "governments" since August 1922.
The Irish Free State came to an end in 1937, when the citizens voted by referendum to replace the 1922 constitution. It was succeeded by the sovereign, modern state of the Republic of Ireland.
The Easter Rising of 1916, and in particular the decision of the British military authorities to execute many of its leaders after courts martial, generated sympathy for the republican cause in Ireland. Republicans and some independent Nationalists who led opposition to the idea of compulsory military service for Irish men in the conscription crisis of early 1918. The Irish Parliamentary Party, who supported the Allied cause in World War I in response to the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill in 1914 was discredited by the crisis. In the December 1918 general election, a large majority of Irish seats in the Westminster parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland were won by Sinn Féin, with 73 of 105 constituencies returning Sinn Féin members. Sinn Féin was a previously non-violent separatist party founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905. Under Éamon de Valera's leadership from 1917, it had campaigned aggressively for an Irish republic.

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Ivarstown
Ivarstown (Irish: Baile an hÍomhar) is a small village in County Clare, Munster in Ireland. The village covered a total area of 13 acres (53,000 m²) and was located within the parish of Kilfinaghta, in the barony of Lower Bunratty. It takes its name from the Ievers family and is located on the opposite back of the O'Garney river from the village of Sixmilebridge.
Coordinates: 52°44′35″N 8°46′21″W / 52.74306°N 8.7725°W / 52.74306; -8.7725

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Kilbaha
Kilbaha, County Clare, Ireland, is a small fishing village located on the Loop Head peninsula.
According to Parliamentary Gazeteer of Ireland 1845 the village had a population of 460 in 1831, and 531 in 1841.
The village is near the tip of the Loop Head peninsula, far away from major roads (the N67 road being the closest, 25 kilometres east of the village). Kilbaha and its setting on the Loop Head peninsula on the west coast of Clare was the winner of a European Destinations of Excellence Award 2010 for Aquatic Tourism.
It is surrounded by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Shannon river. It is a place of outstanding natural beauty, unspoilt and yet with much to offer visitors. There is a wide range of accommodation available in the vicinity. The local pub Keating's claims to be the nearest pub to New York.

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Kildysart
Kildysart, officially Killadysert (from Irish: Cill an Dísirt, meaning "church of the wilderness"), is a village in County Clare, Ireland. It is on the north bank of the Shannon Estuary on the R473 coastal route between Ennis and Kilrush. Recently re-branded as 'The Fisherman's Haven' it is famed for the excellent fishing resources nearby.^{[citation needed]}
Although regarded as a quiet village, Kildysart has many local facilities. It has three minimarkets, hardware shops, a bank, pharmacist, clinic, veterinary clinic, credit union, garage, RC church, Community Centre, Quay Marina and seven pubs.^{[citation needed]}
Kildysart has much history and is mentioned in the Moland Report of 1703, which stated "Kildizert is distant from Lymerick 25 miles and 10 from Ennis, has on it ye ruins of an old church and several cabins."
According to Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of Ireland in 1837, the population of Kildysart had risen to 4501 inhabitants covering 9,485 acres (38.38 km²). In 1837 the village contained about 60 houses, irregularly built.

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Kilfenora
Kilfenora (Irish: Cill Fhionnúrach, meaning "Church of the Fertile hillside or Church of the White brow") is a small village in County Clare in Ireland, just south of The Burren. The village is noted for being the home to the Kilfenora Ceili Band and the location for much of the filming of the sitcom Father Ted.

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Kilkee
Kilkee (Irish: Cill Chaoi, meaning "Church of Chaoineadh Ita - lamentation for Ita") is a small coastal town in County Clare, Ireland. It is located midway between Kilrush and Doonbeg on the N67 road. The town, one of the most famous resorts in Ireland, is particularly popular as a seaside resort with people from Limerick City. It has been a resort since the early 19th century when it was featured on the front page of the Illustrated London News as the premier bathing spot in what was then the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The town retains some of its 19th-century Victorian feel, and also features many modern amenities. The horseshoe bay is protected from the Atlantic Ocean weather by the Duggerna Reef. Kilkee has regularly been awarded the Blue Flag by the European Commission. In 2006, a statue of Richard Harris was unveiled in Kilkee by actor Russell Crowe who spoke very highly of the town saying it had some of the best public walks in the world. Summer holidays in 1950s Kilkee are evocatively described in Homan Potterton's memoir, Rathcormick (2001).

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Kilkishen
Kilkishen (Irish: Cill Chisín) is a village in southeast County Clare, Ireland. The village is 8 kilometres east of Quin and 14 kilometres north of Shannon.
The population of Kilkishen at the 2006 Census was 443. Which was a rise from 324 at the 2002 Census. According to a report by Samuel lewis in 1837, the village had a population of 519 at that time.
Kilkishen National School is located in the village and according to their website has an enrollment of 108 students. The village also contains the ruins of Kilkishen Church (Church of Ireland), which was built in 1811, the outer structure is all the remains today.
Kilkishen GAA was a hurling team which is now defunct. The team won the Clare Senior Hurling Championship in 1923 and 1932 and were finalists in 1938. The village still has a junior level camogie club.
Coordinates: 52°48′24.71″N 8°44′40.34″W / 52.8068639°N 8.7445389°W / 52.8068639; -8.7445389

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Killimer
Killimer is a village in County Clare, Ireland. The village is located at the northern banks of the Shannon and the N67 is passing through the village. Killimer is best known for the ferry Killmer-Tarbert, part of the N67. The ferry is operated by Shannon Ferries.
According to the geographer Samuel Lewis the parish counted 3023 inhabitants in 1837. The Census 2006 returned 482 inhabitants for Killimer.
Easterly of the village is the coal-fired electricity generation station Moneypoint power station.
Killimer was once a independent parish. Nowadays it is merged into the parish of Kilrush. It is part of the Diocese of Killaloe.
Due to a declining population Killimer has no full Gaelic Athletic Association-club anymore. Most seniors now play with Kilrush GAA, only the youth-teams fly the flag of Killimer GAA. Despite the present decline Killimer GAA still can boast about winning the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1896.

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Kilmaley
Kilmaley is a village situated 12 km west of the town of Ennis, County Clare, Ireland. The name "Kilmaley" came from the Irish language "Cill Mhaile" which translates to Church of (S t) Maley.
Kilmaley village is part of the wider Kilmaley Parish which comprises two other villages (Connolly and Inch) and surrounding townlands. The Kilmaley Parish area is the largest in County Clare. The Kilmaley Parish is one of the largest in the dioceses of Kilaloe.
There two sport fields in Kilmaley. The main field is a Gaelic Athelics Associate (GAA) field and is used for GAA activities. The second field is located behind Kilmaley National School and is used mainly for hurling and camogie but also for playing men's and women's soccer.
Athletics is also very prominent where St. Cronans Athletic club lead the way in activities.
There are three primary schools in Kilmaley parish; Kilmaley National School, Connolly National School and Inch National School. Two other schools; Kinkurk National School and Lisroe National School closed in 1969 and 1970 respectively due to low class numbers. There is now also a playschool/crèche located adjacent to Kilmaley National School and the main parish church (St Johns Church).

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Kilmihil
Kilmihil (Irish: Cill Mhichíl, meaning "Church of St. Michael the Archangel") is a village located in west County Clare.
It is believed that St. Michael’s Church was founded by St. Senan around 530AD. He dedicated this church to St. Michael. For centuries it became a place of pilgrimage to St. Michael, especially in September as his feast day is on September 29. In 1937 the Curate of the parish Fr. Patrick O’Reilly, organised the improvement of the well and the surrounding area. The well is now enclosed and over this building is the Statue of St. Michael enclosed in glass.
Tradition credits the founding of a church here to St. Senan in honour of Michael the Archangel. During the reign of Pope Galasius (AD 492-496) an apparition of the Archangel took place on the summit of Mt. Garganus in Apulia in Italy. This apparition and the founding of the church in Kilmihil both took place during St. Senan’s lifetime (488 – 554 AD). After visiting Rome about 530 AD, he returned to Ireland wishing to foster devotion to Michael. While travelling from Scattery Island to Doolough he stopped in Kilmihil where he founded the church.

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Kilnaboy
Kilnaboy or Killinaboy (Irish: Cill Iníne Baoith, meaning "church of Baoth's daughter") is the name of a small village, townland and parish in County Clare, Ireland. It is situated in The Burren, an area rich in heritage and natural beauty and Mullaghmore mountain is close by. There are over 300 national monuments in the area with Lemenagh Castle and Cahercommaun stone fort, two of the most prominent.
The first mention in print of Kilnaboy can be traced back to the Papal taxation of 1302-06. Kilnaboy has a medieval church of 11th century origin, repaired in 1715. The Church includes a Sheela na Gig (possible medieval fertility symbol) over the door and a cross on the church gable. There is a round tower nearby.
Glanquin house, Kilnaboy was used as an exterior of "Craggy Island Parochial House" in the hit comedy series Father Ted.
Kilnaboy is home to the former Minister for defence, Tony Killeen. Declan Kelleher is the former President of the I.N.T.O. In sport, Michael Sonny Murphy was an Olympic athlete who represented Ireland at the 1932 Los Angeles Summer games. He was also the holder of many National records and titles. The Sonny Murphy Road Race is held in Kilnaboy every year and has just recently^[when?] had its 25th anniversary. Seamus Clancy is the first Clare footballer to win an All-Star award which was achieved in 1992. His brother Colm also played a starring role in that Munster championship winning side and their father Donal was one of the selectors. PJ Curtis is a well-known author, radio presenter and was manager of the well-known group, The Bothy Band.

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Kilnamona
Kilnamona (Irish: Cill na Móna, meaning "Church of the Bog or Marshy Field") is located in the parish of Inagh-Kilnamona, situated just north-west of Ennis, County Clare, Ireland. It consists of 27 townlands in an area of just over 6,000 acres (24 km²). It is bounded to the west by Inagh, to the east Drumcliffe, to the north Dysart and to the south by Inch and Kilmaley. It is located in the historic barony of Inchiquin. It is located in the Diocese of Killaloe.

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Kilrush
Kilrush (Irish: Cill Rois, meaning "Church of the Woods") is a coastal town in County Clare, Ireland. It is located near the mouth of the River Shannon in the south-west of the county. Kilrush is a town of great historical significance, being one of the listed Heritage Towns of Ireland.
Kilrush has existed since the 16th century but it was not until the 18th century that it underwent major development. This development coincided with the succession of John Ormsby Vandeleur as the wealthiest landlord in the district. Of Dutch origin, the Vandeleur family was the most prominent landlord family in West Clare. They designed the layout of the town and many of the present day street names derive from Vandeleur family names.
John Ormsby Vandeleur built the large family home, Kilrush House in 1808. He owned much of Kilrush. With wealth achieved from a financially beneficial marriage and some political skulduggery, he decided to develop the town. A Scots businessman James Paterson, who had been a gunboat lieutenant until 1802, assisted him in this project. Paterson entered the oats trade in west Clare and in 1802 he was given a site on the square from Vandeleur and erected a six-storey building.

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Kingdom of Ireland
The Kingdom of Ireland (Irish: Ríoghacht Éireann) refers to the country of Ireland in the period between the proclamation of Henry VIII as King of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 and the Act of Union in 1800. It replaced the Lordship of Ireland, which had been created in 1171. King Henry VIII was recognised as monarch of Ireland by some Protestant powers in Europe, although not by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. However his daughter Mary I was recognised as Queen of Ireland by the pope in 1555. The separate Kingdom of Ireland ceased to exist when Ireland joined with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
The papal bull Laudabiliter of Pope Adrian IV was decreed in 1155. It granted the Angevin King Henry II of England who ruled from Anjou in France, the title Dominus Hibernae. Laudabiliter enabled the king to invade Ireland, in order to bring the country into the European sphere. In return, Henry was required to remit a penny per hearth of the tax roll to the Pope. This was reconfirmed by Adrian's successor Pope Alexander III in 1172.

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Labasheeda
Labasheeda (Irish: Leaba Shioda) is a village in the parish of Kilmurry McMahon in County Clare, Ireland. The name Leaba Shioda means 'Bed of Silk'. The village is set on a peninsula on the banks of the Shannon estuary.
The local Gaelic Athletic Association team is called Shannon Gaels while the local athletics club is called St. Marys AC.

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Lahinch
Lahinch or Lehinch (Irish: An Leacht or Leacht Uí Chonchubhair, meaning "The Memorial cairn of O'Connor") is a village on Liscannor Bay, on the northwest coast of County Clare, Ireland. It lies on the N67 national secondary road.
The village is a widely known seaside resort and is home to the world famous Lahinch Golf Club. There is also a 1.6 km (1 mi) sandy beach at Lahinch. Lahinch has long been a popular destination for golfers, but in recent times, has also become a popular resort for surfing.
The village is located in the now obsolete Barony of Corcomroe which is coextensive with the territory of Corco Modhruadh Iartharach which forms the western portion of the túath of Corco Modhruadh which itself is coextensive with the Diocese of Kilfenora.^{[citation needed]}
Lahinch is the anglicised form of Leath Inse and not related to Leacht Uí Chonchubhair. Recorded by the Four Masters as Leith Innse, which is a variant of the Irish word for a peninsula leithinis ("half island"), the name describes the village's location between the Inagh river and the sea. The ancient name for Lahinch, Leacht Uí Chonchubhair, which is still commonly used in Irish instead of the shortened official name An Leacht, refers to the memorial cairn (Leacht) marking the burial place of one of the O’Connor chieftains, who were the ruling clan of the district of Corco Modhruadh Iartharach. Nowadays. The town name is mostly spelt "Lahinch", but a selection of road signs in the area use the spelling "Lehinch". Pronunciation of the placename is somewhat between the two spellings.

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Leinster
Leinster (/ˈlɛnstər/ — Irish: Laighin / Cúige Laighean — pronounced [ˈl̪ˠaːjɪnʲ]) is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the east of Ireland. It comprises the ancient Kingdoms of Mide, Osraige and Leinster. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the historic fifths of Leinster and Mide gradually merged, mainly due to the impact of the Pale, which straddled both, thereby forming the present-day province of Leinster. The ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties. In modern times, clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. The province itself, while enjoying common usage and forming a strong part of local identity, has no official function for local government purposes. The population of Leinster is 2,501,208 according to the 2006 census, making it the most populous province in the country. The traditional flag of Leinster features a golden harp on a green background.

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Limerick
Limerick ( /ˈlɪmrɪk/; Irish: Luimneach [ˈl̪imʲɨnʲəx]) is a city in the Mid-West or Shannon Region of Ireland. It is the fifth most populous city on the island of Ireland and when taking the extra-municipal suburbs into account, Limerick is the third largest urban area in the Republic of Ireland, with a population of 91,454. Limerick is also the second-largest city in the province of Munster, an area that constitutes the midwest and southwest of Ireland. The city is built on several curves and islands of the River Shannon, which spreads into an estuary shortly downriver from Limerick. Road infrastructure features four main crossing points near the city centre (an additional river tunnel to the west of the three bridges opened in July 2010). Limerick is one of the constituent cities of the Cork-Limerick-Galway corridor, which has a population of 1 million.
Luimneach originally referred to the general area along the banks of the Shannon Estuary known as Loch Luimnigh. The earliest settlement in the city, Inis Sibhtonn, was the original name for King's Island during the pre-Viking and Viking eras. This island was also called Inis an Ghaill Duibh, The Dark(haired) Foreigner's Island. The name is recorded in Viking sources as Hlymrekr.

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Liscannor
Liscannor (Irish: Lios Ceannúir, meaning "ringfort of Ceannúr") is a coastal village in County Clare, Ireland. Lying on the west coast of Ireland, on Liscannor Bay, the village is located on the R478 road between Lahinch, to the east, and Doolin, to the north. The Cliffs of Moher are about 5 km (3.1 mi) west of the village. Between Lahinch and Liscannor lies the small village of Moymore.
The area around Liscannor belonged in former times to the Chieftains of Corcomroe – the O’Connors. Corcomroe was one of five ancient divisions into which the County of Clare was divided. The four others were:
Some say Liscannor takes its name from the old castle beside the local National School; “Lis” meaning a “fort” and “Cannor” a corruption of the name “Connor”. Others say that it is derived from “Lis”, a “fort”, “cean” a “head or headland” and “or” (uir) meaning “slaughter”.
The village of Liscannor was said not to exist before the yea 1775. In a statistical survey of the district made about 1810 we are informed that at this latter date there were nearly 200 houses in it, and about ten of them had flag roofs. It is of interest that though Liscannor was not in existence until relatively recently it was in existence before Ennistymon was built up. Almost all the county about Ennistymon save for a few gentlemen’s residences and their demesnes was up to the early 19th century covered with woods mainly of oak and ash.

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Lisdoonvarna
Lisdoonvarna (Irish: Lios Dúin Bhearna, meaning "Enclosure at the Fort by the Gap") is a spa town of 822 people (2002 census) in County Clare in Ireland.
Famous for its music and festivals, in September each year one of Europe's largest matchmaking events is held in the town attracting upwards of 40,000 romantic hopefuls, bachelor farmers and accompanying revellers. The month-long event is an important tourist attraction. The current matchmaker is Willie Daly, a fourth-generation matchmaker.
A now-defunct music festival which took place near the town is celebrated in a song of the same name written by the Irish folk singer, Christy Moore. This festival took place until 1983, when the last event was marred by a riot.
The town takes its name from the Irish Lios Dúin Bhearna meaning the "lios dúin", or enclosured fort, of the gap ("bhearna"). It is believed that the fort referred to in this name is the green earthen fort of Lissateeaun (fort of the fairy hill), which lies 3 km to the north-east of the town, near the remains of a Norman-era castle.

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Lissycasey
Lissycasey (Irish: Lios Uí Chathasaigh, meaning "ringfort of the Caseys") is a village in County Clare, Ireland. It forms one half of the parish of Clondegad-Kilchrist. The village straddles the N68 Ennis-Kilrush road for some 3.5 km. The area stretches east-west from Caherea to Crown and north-south from Frure North to Cloncolman. Lissycasey were Clare county champions in football in 2007 and won the Cusack Cup that year. It boasts Irelands oldest family-owned pub, Fanny O Dea's.^{[citation needed]}
It is also the birthplace of Rosemary Almond, who later found fame as the mother of David Almond.
Coordinates: 52°44′37″N 9°09′35″W / 52.74361°N 9.15972°W / 52.74361; -9.15972

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Loop Head
Loop Head (Irish: Ceann Léime, meaning "leap head"), is a headland on the north side of the mouth of the River Shannon, in County Clare in the west of Ireland.
Loop Head is marked by a prominent lighthouse. The opposite headland on the south side of the Shannon is Kerry Head. The Shannon Foynes Port Company controls navigation in the Shannon estuary and river.
Loop Head peninsula, has the Atlantic Ocean on one side and the Shannon Estuary on the other, with barely a mile of land saving it from island status.
In 2010, the Loop Head peninsula was awarded a European Destinations of Excellence Award, which is an EU accolade for emerging tourism destinations which are developing in a responsible and sustainable manner.
Coordinates: 52°33′N 9°56′W / 52.55°N 9.933°W / 52.55; -9.933

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Milltown Malbay
Milltown Malbay (Irish: Sráid na Cathrach, meaning "street of the stone ringfort") is a town and parish in the west of County Clare, Ireland, near Spanish Point.
There is a townland on the southern edge of the town called Poulawillin or Pollawillin (from Irish: Poll a' Mhuillinn, meaning "hole/pool of the mill"). There is evidence that this name was once applied to the town – for example, in the Parish Namebook of the Ordnance Survey (1839) there is a reference to "Baile an Mhuillinn anciently Poll a’ Mhuillinn, Milltown Malbay".
Malbay is the name of the bay to the west of Milltown. The name Malbay is thought to come from the Irish meall-bhaigh, which roughly means "treacherous coast". It could also stem from the legend of the witch "Mal" who was drowned in the bay by Fionn mac Cumhaill.^{[citation needed]}
The main sources of employment in the area are tourism & hospitality, construction and agriculture.
The town has thirteen pubs and 5 hairdresser/barber's shop. Other businesses are, amongst others, four supermarkets, a hostel, a hardware shop, a bank, a post office, a bridal shop, a bookmaker's office, a Chinese restaurant/takeaway, a pizzeria, a clothes shop, a surf shop and a photo studio. There are two pharmacies and two restaurants in the town. Lyons Travel is the main coach hire business in the area.

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Mountshannon
Mountshannon (Irish: Baile Uí Bheoláin, meaning "townland of Ó Beoláin", historically anglicised as Ballybolan) is a village in east County Clare, Ireland. The village is on the western shore of Lough Derg, north of Killaloe.
The village was designed and built from scratch by Alexander Woods, a Limerick merchant, who intended it as a purely Protestant settlement from which the surrounding Catholic population would be so impressed by the thrift and industry of the settlers that they would quickly convert to the Reformed Church; even as late as the 1830s there was not a single Catholic resident in the village. In fact the reverse happened - it was the Catholics who colonised the village, and the picturesque Protestant church in a wooded churchyard bears mute testimony to Woods and his scheme.
Mountshannon was home to the last manually operated telephone exchange in Ireland. The exchange was finally converted to automatic service at noon on May 28, 1987.
Today, Mountshannon boasts 4 pubs, one of which is a hotel, a corner shop/cafe, a restaurant, a garage/shop and a pizzeria. Mountshannon is a very well kept and pretty village, and it is a jumping off point for a visit to the nearby Inish Cealtra, or Holy Island. Now uninhabited, it was once a monastic settlement. It has a fine round tower, and the ruins of several small churches, as well as part of 4 high crosses and a holy well. The cemetery on this island is still in use, the coffins being transported from the Clare side in small boats. There is a stone with a hole in it, through which lovers held hands and promised to be true. Boat trips can be taken from the harbour to the island.

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Munster
Munster (Irish: an Mhumhain / Cúige Mumhan, pronounced [ənˈvuːnʲ]) is one of the Provinces of Ireland situated in the south of Ireland. In Ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" Irish: rí ruirech. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into a number of counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties. In modern times, clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. The province itself, while enjoying common usage and forming a strong part of local identity, has no official function for local government purposes. Apart from County Clare, much of the area lies in the South constituency for elections to the European Parliament. Geographically, Munster covers a total area of 24,675 km² (9,527 sq mi) and the most populated city is Cork.

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Murroogh
Murroogh (Irish: Muiriúch Tuaithe), sometimes named Murrooghtoohy or Murroghtwohy, is a hamlet in County Clare, Ireland. It covers the townlands of Murrooghtoohy North and Murrooghtoohy South. It is within the parish of Glaninagh, in the barony of Burren.
Coordinates: 53°7′59.77″N 9°16′30.23″W / 53.1332694°N 9.2750639°W / 53.1332694; -9.2750639

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North Tipperary
North Tipperary (Irish: Tiobraid Árann Thuaidh) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Mid-West Region and is also located in the province of Munster. It is named after the town of Tipperary and consists of 48% of the land area of the traditional county of Tipperary. The county was established in 1898 and has had a county council ever since, with separate assize courts since 1838. North Tipperary County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 70,219 according to the census of 2011.
The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diversified terrain contains several mountain ranges: the Arra Hills, the Silvermine and the Devil's Bit. The county is landlocked. The southern part of county is drained by the River Suir; the northern part is drained by tributaries of the River Shannon which widens into Lough Derg. The centre is known as 'the Golden Vale', a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork.

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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ( listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.

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Ogonnelloe
Ogonnelloe (Irish: Tuath Uí gConaile, meaning "Land of the Connollys") is a small townland in east County Clare, Ireland, mainly situated along the R463 regional road between Scariff and Killaloe. Despite this, most of the parish is in the hills and backroads surrounding Ogonnelloe.
Ogonnelloe is situated on the Western banks of Lough Derg on the River Shannon about thirty miles North of Limerick.

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Oireachtas
The Oireachtas (Irish pronunciation: [ɛrʲaxt̪ˠasˠ]), sometimes referred to as Oireachtas Éireann, is the "national parliament" or legislature of Ireland. The Oireachtas consists of:
The Houses of the Oireachtas sit in Leinster House in Dublin, an eighteenth-century ducal palace. The directly elected Dáil is by far the most powerful branch of the Oireachtas.
Dáil Éireann, the lower house, is directly elected under universal suffrage of all Irish and United Kingdom citizens who are resident and at least eighteen years of age. An election is held at least once in every five years as required by law. However the house can usually be dissolved at any time at the request of the Taoiseach (head of government). Dáil elections occur under the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The Dáil has had 166 members since 1981. The Seanad is not directly elected but consists of a mixture of members selected in a number of ways. 43 senators are elected by councillors and parliamentarians, 11 are appointed by the Taoiseach, and six are elected by two university constituencies, giving a total of 60 members. The President of Ireland is directly elected once in every seven years, for a maximum of two terms. However if, as has occurred on a number of occasions, a consensus among the larger political parties can result in only a single candidate being nominated, then no actual ballot occurs.

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Parteen
Parteen (Irish: An Pairtín) is a small village in south-east County Clare and the diocese of Limerick. The village has a large Roman Catholic church, Saint Patrick's, three public houses, a national school and a few other shops. It is located within sight of the Ardnacrusha hydro-electric power station.
On sports, the village offers a Pitch and Putt and Parteen-St. Nicholas GAA.

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Poulnabrone dolmen
Poulnabrone Dolmen (Poll na mBrón in Irish meaning "hole of the quern stones" (bró in Irish)") is a portal tomb in the Burren, County Clare, Ireland, dating back to the Neolithic period, probably between 4200 BC to 2900 BC. It is situated 8 km (5 miles) south of Ballyvaughan in the parish of Carran, 9.6 km (6 miles) north-west of Kilnaboy. (grid ref: 123 200)
The dolmen consists of a twelve-foot, thin, slab-like, tabular capstone supported by two slender portal stones, which lift the capstone 1.8 m (6 ft) from the ground, creating a chamber in a 9 m (30 ft) low cairn. The cairn helped stabilize the tomb chamber, and would have been no higher during the Neolithic. The entrance faces north and is crossed by a low sill stone.
A crack was discovered in the eastern portal stone in 1985. Following the resulting collapse, the dolmen was dismantled, and the cracked stone was replaced. Excavations during this time found that between 16 and 22 adults and 6 children were buried under the monument. Personal items buried with the dead included a polished stone axe, a bone pendant, quartz crystals, weapons and pottery. In the Bronze Age, around 1700BC, a newborn baby was buried in the portico, just outside the entrance. With its dominating presence on the limestone landscape of the Burren, the tomb was likely a centre for ceremony and ritual until well into the Celtic period or it may have served as a territorial marker in the Neolithic landscape.

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Quin Abbey
Quin Abbey, in Quin, County Clare, Ireland, was built between 1402 and 1433 by Sioda Cam MacNamara, for Fathers Purcell and Mooney, friars of the Franciscan order. Although mostly roofless, the structure of the abbey is relatively well preserved. There is an intact cloister, and many other surviving architectural features make the abbey of significant historical value.
A far earlier monastery had existed on the site, which burned down in 1278. A Norman castle was built soon after by Thomas de Clare, a military commander.. The foundations of the castle's enormous corner towers can still be seen. Around 1350 the castle, by then a ruin, was rebuilt as a church by the McNamara clan. It was this structure which the MacNamaras subsequently rebuilt as the present abbey. In 1541, during the Reformation, King Henry VIII confiscated the abbey and it passed into the hands of Conor O'Brian, Earl of Thomond. In about 1590 the MacNamaras regained control of the abbey and once again set about repairing and restoring it. In about 1640 the building became a college and is alleged to have had 800 students. Oliver Cromwell arrived only 10 years later, murdering the monks and destroying the abbey. In 1671 the abbey was once again restored, but never regained its former status. Eventually in 1760 the monks were expelled, although the last Friar, John Hogan, remained there until his death in 1820, by which time the buildings were ruined by neglect.

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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.

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River Fergus
The River Fergus (Irish: An Forghas) is a river in County Clare, Ireland. It rises in Loughnagowan which lies a few kilometers west of Corofin and flows into the Shannon Estuary. It is noted for its trout and salmon fishing. Trummer is an island in the river. There are six bridges crossing it in Ennis alone.
Settlements along the river include Corofin, Ennis, Clarecastle and Newmarket-on-Fergus.
Coordinates: 52°42′N 9°00′W / 52.7°N 9°W / 52.7; -9

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Scarriff
Scarriff or Scariff Irish: An Scairbh, meaning "The Rocky ford") is a large village in east County Clare, Ireland, situated in the midwest of Ireland. The town is on the West end of Lough Derg and is best known for its harbour. The Scarriff Market House is easily recognisable, and it is therefore often used to represent the town.
Little is known of the Scariff area in pre-Christian times. However, the presence of the remains of a wedge tomb at Cappabane tells us that the area has been inhabited for at least 4,000 years.
The name Scariff is derived from the Gaelic "Scairbh" which means a rocky ford or crossing place. Long before the present town came into being the area was of great strategic importance to those who held the territory about and to those who sought to hold it - the presence of the great river Shannon on the one hand and the mountainous terrain on the other rendered this Scairbh a most important crossing point on a journey north or south. The National School about a minute away from the town centre is the school for nearly all the children in the parish. The Camogie and Hurling teams are hugely successful with both gettin to the semi-finals of the Feile Na nGael.

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Shannon Airport
Shannon Airport, (Irish: Aerfort na Sionainne) (IATA: SNN, ICAO: EINN) is one of Ireland's three primary airports along with Dublin and Cork. In 2010 around 1,750,000 passengers passed through the airport, making it the third busiest airport in the state after Dublin and Cork, and the fifth busiest airport on the island of Ireland after Dublin, Belfast International, Belfast City and Cork. The airport is located in Shannon, County Clare and mainly serves Limerick, Ennis, Galway and the south-west of Ireland.
In the late 1930s, transatlantic air traffic was dominated by flying boats, and a flying boat terminal was located at Foynes on the south side of the Shannon Estuary. However, it was realised that changing technology would require a runway and airport.
In 1936 the Government of Ireland confirmed that it would develop a 3.1 km² (1.2 sq mi) site at Rineanna for the country's first transatlantic airport. The land on which the airport was to be built was boggy, and on 8 October 1936 work began to drain the land. By 1942 a serviceable airport had been established and was named Shannon Airport. By 1945 the existing runways at Shannon were extended to allow transatlantic flights to land.

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Shannon Estuary
The Shannon Estuary (Irish: Loch Luimnigh) is a large estuary where the River Shannon flows into the Atlantic Ocean. The estuary has Limerick at its head and its seaward limits are marked by Loop Head to the north and Kerry Head to the south. The estuary defines the main boundary between County Kerry/County Limerick to the south and County Clare to the north.
Historically, the estuary was used by transatlantic seaplanes as a first landfall or kayla point in the 1930s and 1940s. In 1945, Shannon Airport opened on the northern shores and the estuary as a landing site gradually fell into disuse. The estuary is still used by tankers to deliver fuel to the Shannon Airport Jetty.
Shannon Foynes Port Company is the port authority for the entire estuary. It owns facilities at Foynes Dock, Limerick City and at airport jetty. It provides marine services, including pilotage and towage to privately owned facilities at Moneypoint, Tarbert Island and Aughinish.
Zoology: Bottle-nosed Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (Montagu 1821).

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Sixmilebridge
Sixmilebridge (Irish: Droichead Abhann Uí gCearnaigh, meaning "Bridge of the River of O'Kearney") is a small town in County Clare, Ireland. Located midway between Ennis and Limerick city, the town is a short distance away from the main N18 road, being on the old "back road" between the two. The village of Kilmurry (Irish: Cill Mhuire) is also part of the Sixmilebridge parish.
Sixmilebridge partly serves as a dormitory town for workers in Limerick City, Ennis and Shannon region, with hundreds of modern housing units being built to accommodate demand in recent years. The commercial core of Sixmilebridge has effectively tripled in size in recent years too, with many new retail units and businesses choosing to locate in the village.
The unusual English name of the village derives, as Thomas Dineley who visited Sixmilebridge in 1681, describes:
From Bunratty, the seat of the Earl of Thomond, into the town of Sixmilebridge, belonging also to that noble family, is 3 miles; from whence to the city of Limerick, to which are two ways, namely by the oil mills and the seat of the Mc Namaras beyond it, or over the high mountain, famous for its admirable prospect, hanging as it were over Sixmilebridge town and commonly known as Gallows Hill; this is the upper, the other the lower way to Limerick and from town to the city six miles either way, whence the town hath its name.

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Slieve Bearnagh
Slieve Bearnagh (from the Irish: Sliabh Bearna) is a mountain in the Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland. Its summit is crowned by a number of rocky tors. The Mourne Wall crosses the summit of Slieve Bearnagh east to west. Paths lead to the cols on either side of the mountain, namely Pollaphuca ("pool of the púca") to the west and Hare's Gap to the east. From the latter, one can also descend southwards to the head of the Ben Crom reservoir.
Coordinates: 54°11′06″N 5°59′22″W / 54.18509°N 5.98949°W / 54.18509; -5.98949

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South Dublin
South Dublin (Irish: Áth Cliath Theas) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Dublin Region and is also located in the province of Leinster. It is named after the city of Dublin. South Dublin County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 246,935 according to the 2006 census.
The county seat is Tallaght. Other important centres of population are Lucan and Clondalkin. Much of the county is heavily urbanised but small rural settlements exist in the western parts of the county. South Dublin has a population of 246,935 according to the 2006 census. The heraldic crest for South Dublin reads "This We Hold In Trust" in both English and Irish, while incorporating elements relating to the history, geography and present day infrastructure of the area.
South Dublin has an area of 222.74 square kilometres. It is bounded by Dublin city (15 km to the north east), the Dublin mountains and County Wicklow to the south, the River Liffey to the north separating it from Fingal, and County Kildare to the west

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South Tipperary
South Tipperary (Irish: Tiobraid Árann Theas) is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is also located in the province of Munster. It is named after the town of Tipperary and consists of 52% of the land area of the traditional county of Tipperary. The county was established in 1898 and has had a county council ever since, with separate assize courts since 1838. South Tipperary County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 88,433 according to the 2011 census.
The administrative county of Tipperary (South Riding) was established in 1898 and continued in existence until 2002. The area also had a separate existence as a judicial county following the establishment of assize courts in 1838.
The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the diversified terrain contains several mountain ranges: the Knockmealdown, the Galtee. No part of the county touches the coast. The county is drained by the River Suir. The centre is known as 'the Golden Vale', a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork.

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Spanish Point
Spanish Point (Irish: Rinn na Spáinneach) is a village in the parish of Miltown Malbay in County Clare, Ireland, situated on the west coast of Ireland. The town is home to many holiday homes, and during the winter has a significantly smaller population. It is also one of the better surf breaks in County Clare. The name refers to the wrecking of some ships of the Spanish Armada off the coast.
On the coast, 2.5 km from Miltown Malbay, Spanish Point was named after the unfortunate Spanish who died here in 1588, when many ships of the Spanish Armada were wrecked during stormy weather. Those who escaped from their sinking ships and made it safely to land were later executed by Sir Turlough O'Brien of Liscannor and Boethius Clancy, High Sheriff of Clare.
The village is also the birthplace of the sixth President of Ireland, Patrick Hillery.
The village has a fine beach which is popular for swimmers and water enthusiasts.
There is also a nine-hole golf course. Spanish Point is home to Spanish Point golf course which at over 110 years old is one of the oldest courses in Ireland.

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The Burren
The Burren (Irish: Boireann, meaning "great rock", Boirinn, the dative form, is the modern form used by the Ordnance Survey) is a karst-landscape region or alvar in northwest County Clare, in Ireland. It is one of the largest karst landscapes in Europe. The region measures approximately 250 square kilometres and is enclosed roughly within the circle made by the villages Ballyvaughan, Kinvara, Tubber, Corofin, Kilfenora and Lisdoonvarna. It is bounded by the Atlantic and Galway Bay on the west and north, respectively.
A small portion of the Burren has been designated as Burren National Park. It is one of only six National Parks in the Republic of Ireland and the smallest in size (15 km²).
The Burren area formed part of the territory of Corco Modhruadh, meaning "seed or people of Modhruadh" which was coextensive with the diocese of Kilfenora. At some point around the 12th Century, the territory was divided in two: Corco Modhruadh Iartharach ("Western Corcomroe") and Corco Modhruadh Oirthearach ("Eastern Corcomroe") also known as Boireann which in the late 16th century became the English administrative baronies of Corcomroe and Burren respectively. The O'Loughlin (Ó Lochlainn) clan ruled Boireann down to the mid 17th century from their chief residence at Gragans Castle (towerhouse not the house of the same name). The chief of the family was known in later times as the 'Prince of Burren' and clan members were buried in the family tomb near the altar of Corcomroe Abbey. Their kinsmen the O'Connor (Ó Conchubhair) clan ruled Corco Modhruadh Oirthearach from Dough Castle near Liscannor. The villages and towns found within the medieval territory of Boireann include Lisdoonvarna, Ballyvaughan, New Quay / Burrin, Noughaval, Bealaclugga, Carron and Fanore / Craggagh.

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Tuamgraney
Tuamgraney (Irish: Tuaim Gréine, meaning "Tomb of Gráinne") is a village in eastern County Clare in the west of Ireland. Situated a kilometer from the River Graney which flows into Lough Derg, it is an ancient settlement, noted for St Cronin's church, said to be the oldest church in constant use in Ireland.
The village lies in such close proximity to the town of Scariff that today the two are often considered to be one single settlement. The well known novelist Edna O'Brien was born in Tuamgraney in 1930.
The Ó Cillín family were coarbs of Tuamgraney.
Until 2011 the village also housed to the Republic of Ireland's only chipboard factory.^{[citation needed]}

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Tulla
Tulla (Irish: An Tulach, meaning "hill") is a town in County Clare, Ireland. The town is the commercial centre for Tulla parish and the surrounding area. Tulla church was founded about 620 by Mochuille and the town received its town charter in the 13th century. Tulla is home to a famous Pipe Band.
Tulla is translated as Tulach, meaning a hill, but the name of this East Clare village is a shortened version of its full name, Tulach Na nAspal, the hill of the apostles, or possibly Tulach Na nEaspag, the hill of the bishops.
Tulla church was founded about 620 by Mochuille, or Mochulla, son of Dicuil, and was fortified by his converts. In 1086 the monastery was blockaded and nearly taken. In 1141 a detailed account of the life of St. Mochulla was written by a monk in the neighbourhood of Limerick.
The village of Tulla grew up around St. Mochulla's monastery and he became its patron saint. The place was known as Tulach na n-easpoc. It appears as Tulach in 1278. It is named among the parish churches of the diocese of Killaloe in 1302 as Tulach. In 1314, Murchad O'Brien and the Clan Thoirdhealbhaigh ravaged east Clare. The church of Tulach was broken into and despoiled of much goods.

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Tullig
Tullig is a small village located in the Loop Head peninsula in County Clare, Ireland.
It was described in the 1845 Parliamentary Gazeteer as:

Coordinates: 52°36′49.07″N 9°46′57.27″W / 52.6136306°N 9.782575°W / 52.6136306; -9.782575

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Ulster
Ulster (Irish: Ulaidh or Cúige Uladh, Ulster Scots: Ulstèr or Ulster) is one of the four provinces of Ireland, located in the north of the island. In ancient Ireland, it was one of the fifths ruled by a "king of over-kings" Irish: rí ruirech. In modern times, clusters of counties have been attributed to certain provinces but these clusters have no legal status. The province itself, while enjoying common usage and forming a strong part of local identity, has no official function for local government purposes.
Ulster is composed of nine counties. Six of these (almost 57% of the land area) make up Northern Ireland: Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone. The three remaining counties (about 43% of the land area) are in the Republic of Ireland: Cavan, Donegal and Monaghan.
The name Ulster derives from the Irish Cúige Uladh (IPA: [ˈkuːɟ ˈʌlˠu, ˈʌlˠi]) meaning "The fifth of Uladh", a reference to the five regions into which ancient Ireland was divided. In the English language, the first part of the name ("Ul")refers to the Ulaidh tribes inhabiting this northernmost region. The latter part of the name ("ster") derives either from the Irish tír or the Old Norse staðr, both of which translate as "land" or "territory".

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Brian Boru
Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, (c. 941–23 April 1014), (English: Brian Boru, Middle Irish: Brian Bóruma, Irish: Brian Bóroimhe), was an Irish king who ended the domination of the High Kingship of Ireland by the Uí Néill. Building on the achievements of his father, Cennétig mac Lorcain, and especially his elder brother, Mathgamain, Brian first made himself King of Munster, then subjugated Leinster, making himself ruler of the south of Ireland. He is the founder of the O'Brien dynasty.
The Uí Néill king Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, abandoned by his northern kinsmen of the Cenél nEógain and Cenél Conaill, acknowledged Brian as High King at Athlone in 1002. In the decade that followed, Brian campaigned against the northern Uí Néill, who refused to accept his claims, against Leinster, where resistance was frequent, and against the Norse Gaelic Kingdom of Dublin. Brian's hard-won authority was seriously challenged in 1013 when his ally Máel Sechnaill was attacked by the Cenél nEógain king Flaithbertach Ua Néill, with the Ulstermen as his allies. This was followed by further attacks on Máel Sechnaill by the Dubliners under their king Sihtric Silkbeard and the Leinstermen led by Máel Mórda mac Murchada. Brian campaigned against these enemies in 1013. In 1014, Brian's armies confronted the armies of Leinster and Dublin at Clontarf near Dublin on Good Friday. The resulting Battle of Clontarf was a bloody affair, with Brian, his son Murchad, and Máel Mórda among those killed. The list of the noble dead in the Annals of Ulster includes Irish kings, Norse Gaels, Scotsmen, and Scandinavians. The immediate beneficiary of the slaughter was Máel Sechnaill who resumed his interrupted reign.

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Cantabri
The Cantabri (Ancient Greek: Καντάβροι | Kantabroi) were a pre-Roman Celtic people which lived in the northern Atlantic coastal region of ancient Hispania, from the 4th to late 1st centuries BC.
A detailed analysis of place-names in ancient Cantabria shows a strong Celtic element along with an almost equally strong "Para-Celtic" element (both Indo-European) and thus disproves the idea of a substantial pre-Indo-European or Basque presence in the region. This supports the earlier view that Jürgen Untermann considered the most plausible, coinciding with archaeological evidence put forward by Ruiz-Galvez in 1998, that the Celtic settlement of the Iberian Peninsula was made by people who arrived via the Atlantic Ocean in an area between French Brittany and the mouth of the River Garona, finally settling along the Galician and Cantabrian coast.
The Cantabri inhabited the highlands of the northern Spanish Atlantic coast, comprising the whole of modern Cantabria province, the eastern Asturias, the nearby mountainous regions of Castile-León and the northern fringes of Palencia and Burgos provinces. They comprised eleven or so tribes whose tribal names betray Ligurian, Aquitanian, Indo-Aryan, Celtiberian and Gallic affiliation – the Avarigines, Blendii, Plentusii, Camarici (or Tamarici), Concani, Coniaci, Moroecani, Noegi, Orgenomesci, Salaeni, Vadinienses and the Velliques.^{[citation needed]}

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Cormac Ó Gráda
Cormac Ó Gráda is an Irish economist, a professor of economics at University College Dublin, and a prolific author of books and academic papers.
As a historian of economics his most quoted works are on the Irish famine of the late 1840s, and studies of fluctuations in the Irish population. Over 100 of his academic papers are available online. He is a member of the Cliometric Society, the Economic History Society, the European Historical Economics Society, the Irish Economic and Social History Society and the Royal Irish Academy. He is also a co-editor for the European Review of Economic History, a learned journal.
He also contributes to the "Irish Economy" blogging website. with comments on the 2008–2010 Irish financial crisis. Earlier in 2008 he gave an open verdict on the future of the Celtic Tiger economy that was about to wind down.

wn.com/Cormac_Ó_Gráda
Gaels
The Gaels or Goidels are speakers of one of the Goidelic Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. Goidelic speech originated in Ireland and subsequently spread to western and northern Scotland and the Isle of Man.
The Goidelic languages are one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic languages, the other being Brythonic.
The modern English term Gael derives ultimately from the Old Irish (Ancient Gaelic) word Goídel, which was spelled in various ways by Gaelic writers at different times. The modern Gaelic spellings are Gael (Irish) and Gàidheal (Scottish Gaelic).
Early Greek and Roman authors called the Irish Ιουερνοι and Iverni, respectively, both derived from the Proto-Irish ethnic name *Iwerni ("people of *Iweriū"). Later Greek and Latin variants of this name included Ίερνοι, Hierni, and Hiberni.
Scoti or Scotti was another generic Latin name for the Irish that came into use by the 4th century. It is not believed that any Gaelic groups called themselves Scot(t)i in ancient times, except when referring to themselves in Latin. It is also conjectured that the Latin term may mean "raider/pirate" as it is widely accepted that raiders from Ireland were attacking Britain's west coast during and following the Roman occupation.

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Irish Civil War
The Irish Civil War (Irish: Cogadh Cathartha na hÉireann; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State as an entity independent from the United Kingdom within the British Empire.
The conflict was waged between two opposing groups of Irish nationalists: the forces of the "Provisional Government" that established the Free State in December 1922, who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty, and the Republican opposition, for whom the Treaty represented a betrayal of the Irish Republic. The war was won by the Free State forces.
The Civil War may have claimed more lives than the War of Independence against Britain that preceded it, and left Irish society divided and embittered. Today, two of the main political parties in the Republic of Ireland, Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael, are direct descendants of the opposing sides in the war.
The Anglo-Irish Treaty arose from the Irish War of Independence, fought between Irish separatists (organised as the Irish Republic) and the British government, from 1919–1921. The treaty provided for a self-governing Irish state in 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, having its own army and police. However, rather than creating the independent republic favoured by most nationalists, the Irish Free State would be an autonomous dominion of the British Empire with the British monarch as head of state, in the same manner as Canada and Australia. This had been suggested by the British in secret correspondence even before treaty negotiations began, but rejected by de Valera. The treaty also stipulated that members of the new Irish Oireachtas (parliament) would have to take the following "Oath of Allegiance"

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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.

wn.com/Irish_people
John Joseph Lee
John Joseph Lee (born 9 July 1942) is an Irish historian and former senator. He is currently Professor of History and Glucksman Professor for Irish Studies and Director of Glucksman Ireland House, at New York University.
Born in Tralee, Co Kerry, he spent his early years in Castlegregory in the same county.
He graduated in 1962 from University College Dublin with first-class honours in History and Economics. He completed his MA some years later on the history of the railways in nineteenth-century Ireland. He was also a graduate student of Peterhouse, Cambridge.
In 1973, he published The Modernisation of Irish Society, 1848-1918. The following year he moved back to Ireland to become Professor of Modern History at University College Cork, succeeding Oliver McDonagh. He held the chair until 2002.
His 1989 Ireland 1912-1985 - Politics and Society won the Irish Independent/Irish Life Prize for History in 1991; and both the Aer Lingus/Irish Times Prize for Literature and the J.S. Donnelly, Snr. Prize for History and Social Sciences in 1992.

wn.com/John_Joseph_Lee
Michael Cusack
Michael Cusack (Irish: Mícheál Ó Cíosóg) (20 September 1847 – 27 November 1906) was an Irish teacher and founder of the Gaelic Athletic Association.
Cusack was born to Irish speaking parents, in the parish of Carron on the eastern fringe of the Burren, County Clare, in 1847. Cusack became a national school teacher, and after teaching in various parts of Ireland became a professor in 1874 in Blackrock College, then known as the French College. In 1877, Cuasck established his own Civil Service Academy, 'Cusack's Academy' in Dublin which proved successful in preparing pupils for the civil service examinations.
A romantic nationalist, Cusack was also "reputed" to have been associated with the Fenian movement. He was also a member of the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language which was founded in 1876, and later the Gaelic League who in 1879 broke away from the Society. Also in 1879, Cusack met Pat Nally, who was a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and a leading nationalist and athlete. Cusack found that Nally's views on the influence of British landlordism on Irish athletics were the same as his. Cusack would recall how both Nally and himself while walking through the Phoenix Park in Dublin seeing only a handful of people playing sports in the park so depressed them that they agreeded it was time to "make an effort to preserve the physical strength of our race." Nally organised a National Athletics Sports meeting in County Mayo in September 1879 which was a success, with Cusack organising a similar event which was open to 'artisans' in Dublin the following April.

wn.com/Michael_Cusack
Micho Russell
Micho Russell (March 15, 1915 – February 19, 1994) was an Irish musician and author best known for his expert tin whistle performance. He also played the simple-system flute and was a collector of traditional music and folklore.
Russell was born in Doonagore, Doolin, County Clare, Ireland. Russell came from a musically renowned family, his mother played the concertina, and his father was a sean-nós singer. He had two brothers, Packie and Gussie, who were also musicians. He also had two sisters. He never married.
Russell taught himself to play the tin whistle by ear starting at age eleven. The 1960s revival of Irish traditional music brought him attention and performance opportunities. In 1973, Russell won the All-Ireland tin whistle competition, which further increased demand for his performances. Like Séamus Ennis, Russell was also known for his spoken introductions to tunes in his live performances, which incorporated folklore and legend. His knowledge of tradition extended past music to language, stories, dance, herbal lore, and old country cures.

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Normans
The Normans (in French: Normands) were the people who gave their name to Normandy, a region in northern France. They were descended from Norse Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock. Their identity emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and gradually evolved over succeeding centuries.
They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe and even the Near East. They were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their Christian piety. They quickly adopted the Romance language of the land they settled, their dialect becoming known as Norman or Norman-French, an important literary language. The Duchy of Normandy, which they formed by treaty with the French crown, was one of the great fiefs of medieval France. The Normans are famed both for their culture, such as their unique Romanesque architecture, and their musical traditions, as well as for their military accomplishments and innovations. Norman adventurers established a kingdom in Sicily and southern Italy by conquest, and a Norman expedition on behalf of their duke, William the Conqueror, led to the Norman Conquest of England. Norman influence spread from these new centres to the Crusader States in the Near East, to Scotland and Wales in Great Britain, and to Ireland.

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Patrick Hillery
Patrick John "Paddy" Hillery (Irish: Pádraig J. Ó hIrghile)(2 May 1923 – 12 April 2008) was an Irish politician and the sixth President of Ireland from 1976 until 1990. First elected at the 1951 general election as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for Clare, he remained in Dáil Éireann until 1973. During this time he served as Minister for Education (1959–1965), Minister for Industry and Commerce (1965–1966), Minister for Labour (1966–1969) and Minister for Foreign Affairs (1969–1973). In 1973 he was appointed Ireland's first European Commissioner, serving until 1976 when he became President. He served two terms in the presidency, and, though widely seen as a somewhat lacklustre President, he was credited with bringing stability and dignity to the office, and he won widespread admiration when it emerged that he had withstood political pressure from his own Fianna Fáil party during a political crisis in 1982.
Patrick John Hillery, more popularly known as Paddy Hillery, was born in Spanish Point, Miltown Malbay, County Clare in 1923. The son of Michael Joseph Hillery, a local doctor, and Ellen McMahon, a district nurse, he was educated locally at Miltown Malbay national school before later attending Rockwell College. At third level Hillery attended University College Dublin where he qualified with a degree in medicine. Upon his conferral in 1947 he returned to his native town where he followed in his father’s footsteps as a doctor. Hillery’s medical career in the 1950s saw him serve as a member of the National Health Council and as Medical Officer for the Miltown Malbay Dispensary District. He also spent a year working as coroner for West Clare.

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Percy French
(William) Percy French (1 May 1854 – 24 January 1920) was one of Ireland's foremost songwriters and entertainers in his day. In more recent times, he has become recognised for his watercolour paintings as well.
French was born at Cloonyquin House, near Elphin, County Roscommon, the son of a Protestant landlord. He was educated at Foyle College, Derry, and wrote his first successful song while studying at Trinity College Dublin (TCD) in 1877 for a "smoking concert". The song "Abdul Abulbul Amir" was sold for £5 to an unscrupulous publisher. The song later became hugely popular and was falsely claimed by other authors.
He graduated from TCD as a civil engineer in 1881 and joined the Board of Works in County Cavan as an Inspector of Drains. It is said that he wrote his best songs during this period. He also painted: he was a prolific painter of landscape watercolours and during this period considered art to be his true vocation. In fact, when he became well-known later in his life, his paintings from his time as a civil engineer became fashionable and sought after. When the Board reduced its staff around 1887, French turned to journalism as the editor of The Jarvey, a weekly comic paper. When the paper failed, French's long and successful career as a songwriter and entertainer began. Around this time he married Ethel (Ettie) Kathleen Armitage-Moore (b.1871), second daughter of William Armytage-Moore, brother of Countess of Annesley, (wife of the Third Earl). But she (and her daughter) died in childbirth at the age of 20.

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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.

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Sharon Shannon
Sharon Shannon (born 12 November 1968 in Ruan, County Clare) is an Irish musician. She is best known for her work with the accordion and for her fiddle technique. She also plays the tin whistle and melodeon. Her 1991 album Sharon Shannon is the best selling album of traditional Irish music ever released there. Beginning with Irish folk music, her work demonstrates a wide-ranging number of musical influences, including reggae, cajun music, Portuguese music, and French Canadian music. Her single What You Make It (da, da, da, da) featured hip hop music artists. She won the lifetime achievement award at the 2009 Meteor Awards.
At eight years old, Shannon began performing with Disirt Tola, a band from County Clare. With Disirt Tola, Shannon toured the United States at age fourteen.
Shannon also worked as a competitive showjumper, but gave it up at age sixteen to focus on her music performing.
Shannon similarly abandoned studying at University College Cork.
In the mid-1980s, Shannon studied the accordion with Karen Tweed and the fiddle with Frank Custy, and performed with the band Arcady, of which she was a founding member.

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William Camden
William Camden (2 May 1551 – 9 November 1623) was an English antiquarian, historian, topographer, and officer of arms. He wrote the first chorographical survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I of England.
Camden was born in London. His father, Sampson Camden, was a member of The Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers. He attended Christ's Hospital and St Paul's School, and in 1566 entered Oxford (Magdalen College, Broadgates Hall, and finally Christ Church). At Christ Church, he became acquainted with Philip Sidney, who encouraged Camden's antiquarian interests. He returned to London in 1571 without a degree. In 1575, he became Usher of Westminster School, a position that gave him the freedom to travel and pursue his antiquarian researches during school vacations.
In 1577, with the encouragement of Abraham Ortelius, Camden began his great work Britannia, a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was "to restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britaine to its antiquity." The first edition was published in 1586. The work, which was written in Latin, was very popular, going into seven editions by 1607, each considerably enlarged from its predecessor. The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden, and engraved by William Kip and William Hole (who also engraved the fine title page). The first English language edition, again expanded, translated by Philemon Holland (probably in collaboration with Camden), appeared in 1610.

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Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera (/ˈeɪmən dɛvəˈlɛrə/; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was one of the dominant political figures in twentieth century Ireland. His political career spanned over half a century, from 1917 to 1973; he served multiple terms as head of government and head of state. He also led the introduction of the Constitution of Ireland.
De Valera was a leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from Britain in the War of Independence and of the anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War (1922–1923). In 1926, he founded Fianna Fáil, and was head of government from 1932 to 1948, 1951 to 1954 and 1957 to 1959. His political creed evolved from militant republicanism to social and cultural conservatism.
Assessments of De Valera's career have varied; he has often been characterised as a stern, unbending, devious, and divisive Irish politician. Biographer Tim Pat Coogan sees his time in power as being characterised by economic and cultural stagnation, while Diarmaid Ferriter argues that the stereotype of De Valera as an austere, cold and even backward figure was largely manufactured in the 1960s and is misguided.

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New Grass Revival - County Clare

Bela Fleck Sam Bush Pat Flynn John Cowan...

published: 28 Dec 2007

author: BluegrassLibrary

Silage 2012 Careys Co Clare.Part 1

Vintage Silage Cutting on the 26 May 2012...

published: 23 Jul 2012

author: careyb1000

County Clare,(The Banner County), Ireland.

www.setdancingnews.net North County Clare, The Burren etc. How did County Clare get its na...

published: 13 Nov 2007

author: clarebannerman

St. Patrick's Day in Ennis, Co. Clare Ierland, Watch in HD.2010

www.latifyahia.net - COPYRIGHT - © Happy St. Patrick's day to all my Irish friends around ...

published: 18 Mar 2010

author: LatifYahiaChannel

My County Clare

Sung by PJ Murrihy from Mullagh,County Clare...

published: 21 Nov 2008

author: sliotharball

Cliffs of Moher - county clare - ireland

A visit to the stunning cliffs of moher on the west coast of Ireland. O'Briens tower overl...

published: 23 Jan 2008

author: wwwcelticvideocom

Wille Daly Matchmaker Co.Clare Ireland Sky News

Farmer-Turned-Matchmaker Pens Book Ireland Willie Daly - Sky News...

published: 05 Jun 2010

author: fitzytube

The Boys And Girl From County Clare 1/9

The Boys And Girl From County Clare 1...

published: 20 Feb 2009

author: mateuszfetings

County Clare

Butch Osborne and Steven Moore play Bela Fleck's County Claire...

published: 19 Nov 2007

author: AFBluegrass

This is Mountshannon, County Clare, Ireland.

A video of Mountshannon County Clare, Ireland. A different and entertaining Céad Míle Fáil...

published: 22 May 2012

author: clare virtually

Holidays in Ireland - Lahinch Co Clare

www.fionoora.webs.com The hidden gem of Lahinch (Lehinch), in Co Clare on the West Coast o...

published: 16 May 2009

author: DarraghWhiteboy

EMER HOWLEY ; Kilfenora, Co Clare

Emer plays a Jig & a Reel on the tenor banjo. The reel is from Kevin Griffins cd, and he c...

published: 11 Aug 2009

author: ShaskeenReel

Kilrush/Miltown Malbay,County Clare.

www.setdancingnews.net Two towns in West Clare steeped in Traditional Irish Music.(God pro...

published: 14 May 2007

author: clarebannerman

Muhammad Ali in Ennis, Co. Clare, Ireland. 1st September 2009, Visiting Ancestral Home

Excellent viewing figures for the production! #16 - Most Viewed Entertainment Video in Ire...

published: 02 Sep 2009

author: Colm Flynn

County Clare

Bad movie of a beautiful place. The wind was too strong and it was difficult to make the m...

published: 01 Mar 2012

author: Monika

Lahinch County Clare

published: 15 Oct 2009

author: Joanna Piros

Kerla & Brock | County Clare, Ireland

published: 01 Dec 2009

author: Barnaby Draper Studios

Dromoland Castle Wedding County Clare, Ireland

This is a sample video of www.brooksvideo.com. More samples can be seen on our website. Dr...

published: 22 Jan 2010

author: Paschal Brooks

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photo: AP / Mohamed Sheikh Nor

File - Al-Shabaab fighters display weapons as they conduct military exercises in northern Mogadishu, Somalia,Thursday, Oct. 21, 2010.

French secret service hostage and soldiers killed in Somali rescue mission

The Guardian

12 Jan 2013

Helicopter raid fails to rescue agent 'Denis Allex' from Islamist group al-Shabaab, as French combat pilot killed in Mali. French secret service hostage 'Denis Allex' pictured in Somalia in October 2012. Photograph. SITE Monitoring Service/AFP/Getty Images. A French hostage and two French soldiers have been killed during a failed secret service rescue mission in Somalia ... The group said it had also captured a wounded French commando ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)

photo: US Navy / MCS2 Gretchen Albrecht

File - Electronics Technician 3rd Class Jackie McBride hands a box to Electronics Technician 2nd Class Shawn Cutter as they attempt to clear a street in Staten Island, New York that was leveled during Hurricane Sandy, Nov. 9, 2012.

Now no one can deny that the world is getting warmer

The Observer

13 Jan 2013

The draft version of the US National Climate Assessment, released on Friday, makes remarkable reading – not just for Americans but for all humanity. Put together by a special panel of more than 240 scientists, the federally commissioned report reveals that the US is already reeling under the impact of global warming ... Nor is there any doubt about the cause of these rising temperatures ... A bitter struggle lies ahead ... Sender's name ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)

photo: AP / Remy de la Mauviniere

One of the three bodies of the killed Kurdish women is taken out of the building in Paris, Thursday Jan. 10, 2012.

Kurdish assassination mystery grips Paris

France24

11 Jan 2013

The executions of three Kurdish women in Paris have sparked questions over the motives for the high-level assassinations. FRANCE 24 asks Kendal Nezan, president of the Kurdish Institute in Paris, for his views on the mysterious murders. By Ségolène ALLEMANDOU (text).   ... Sakine Cansiz, Fidan Dogan and Leyla Soylemez were found shot dead inside the Kurdish Institute of Paris. Screen grab of Firatnews ... France 24 ... Kendel Nezan ... FRANCE 24 ... ....(size: 9.7Kb)

photo: AP / Jacques Brinon

French President Francois Hollande, center, reviews troops, Wednesday, Jan. 9, 2013, of the twelfth cuirassiers regiment in the military base of Olivet, near Orleans, central France, before delivering his New Year's greetings to French army forces.

France launches military operation in Mali

The Star

11 Jan 2013

PARIS/BAMAKO (Reuters) - France's armed forces began a military intervention in Mali on Friday to help the government stem a push south by Islamist rebels who control much of the north, President Francois Hollande said. Women hold banners urging national talks to end the political paralysis in the south of Mali, in the capital Bamako January 10, 2013. REUTERS/Francois Rihouay ... The U.N ... REINFORCEMENTS ARRIVE ... Related Stories . ... ....(size: 4.7Kb)

photo: AP / Arshad Butt

Pakistani police officers and local residents gather at the site of a bomb blast that targeted paramilitary soldiers in a commercial area in Quetta, Pakistan, killing at least 12 people and wounding more than 40 others, according to police, Thursday, Jan. 10, 2013.

Bombings kill 115 in Pakistan

Newsday

11 Jan 2013

QUETTA, Pakistan -- A series of bombings killed 115 people in Pakistan yesterday, including 81 who died in a sectarian attack on a billiard hall in the southwest city of Quetta, officials said. The blasts punctuated one of the deadliest days in recent years in Pakistan, where the government faces a bloody insurgency by militants in the northwest and Baluch militants in the southwest ... No group claimed responsibility for the attack.. . .....(size: 7.7Kb)

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Bobcat hunting season under way in northern Michigan

Detroit Free Press

10 Jan 2013

... counties in the Lower Peninsula ... Clare, Crawford, Gladwin, Iosco, Kalkaska, Missaukee, Ogemaw, Osceola, Roscommon and Wexford, plus a portion of Arenac County....(size: 0.8Kb)

St. Patrick's Parade grand marshal has plenty of parade experience

Syracuse

10 Jan 2013

Syracuse, NY -- "I love parades," Thomas Maroney said moments after it was announced he would be this year's grand marshal of the Syracuse St. Patrick's Parade. Maroney, a retired Syracuse University law professor and former U.S. attorney, wondered aloud how many parade miles he has marched ... "Talk about negotiation skills," he said ... "Being in front of it is the real deal," he said ... Maroney said his family came from Feakle, in County Clare....(size: 2.7Kb)

Secret hotels of Washington DC

Fox News

08 Jan 2013

The lobby at the Phoenix Park Hotel.Phoenix Park Hotel/Budget Travel. Our forefathers worked hard to make our nation's capital great. Unfortunately, not as much effort went into making it affordable ... Phoenix Park ... Irish charms are sprinkled throughout the nearly 90-year-old property ... The 149 rooms are as jubilant as a cloudless day in County Clare, due in part to the color wheel of gold, burgundy, and green ... 520 N ... PEEK INSIDE THE HOTELS ... ....(size: 7.5Kb)

Secret hotels of Washington, D.C.

Palm Beach Post

05 Jan 2013

 Phoenix Park. The Irish-American owner has sprinkled Irish charms throughout this nearly 90-year-old property (with an adjacent pub) in Capitol Hill ... The area hums with activity during the day, when government workers are busy bees and tourists madly try to squeeze it all in before closing time ... The 149 rooms are as jubilant as a cloudless day in County Clare, due in part to the color wheel of gold, burgundy, and green ... 520 N....(size: 7.1Kb)

The Residences at Kapalua Bay Names Timbers Resorts as New Manager and Operator

Business Wire

04 Jan 2013

Current Timbers Collection properties include Dancing Bear Aspen in Aspen, Colorado; Esperanza in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico; Doonbeg in County Clare, Ireland; The Orchard at The Carneros Inn in Napa, CA; The Rocks Club in Scottsdale, Arizona; The Timbers Club in Snowmass, Colorado; Mayacama in Sonoma, California; The Villas at Rancho Valencia in ......(size: 8.4Kb)

Minister Varadkar commends Coast Guard teams for saving 161 lives in 2012 (Department of the Taoiseach)

noodls

31 Dec 2012

(Source. Department of the Taoiseach). 8% increase in incidents compared with 2011. 2012 is Coast Guards busiest year since its foundation. Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport Leo Varadkar has commended Coast Guard Units and volunteers across Ireland for their hard work and commitment in assisting 2,593 people and saving 161 lives this year ... Ends. Issued by. ... Next stationhouse proposed for construction will be in Doolin County Clare....(size: 10.1Kb)

Meet the feckers: searching for the heart and soul of Irish music

The Guardian

28 Dec 2012

Our writer travels to County Clare in search of the sort of Irish pub experience you can swear by – and to avoid the 'tourist plague' spread by a certain TV priest ... The west coast of Ireland, more precisely County Clare, is under attack, you see, from a plague that originated on Channel 4 in the late 1990s ... I would not be party to the downfall of County Clare ... Nowadays County Clare has a big reputation among Irish music enthusiasts....(size: 15.7Kb)

See powered up for Leopardstown

Sporting Life

22 Dec 2012

"We'll be going to the Paddy Power on the 27th," said County Clare-based Glynn. Profiles N F Glynn Becauseicouldntsee (IRE). "He was terrible in Cheltenham - it wasn't his run ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)

Becauseicouldntsee is set to contest a third Paddy Power Chase

Sky Sports

22 Dec 2012

"We'll be going to the Paddy Power on the 27th," said County Clare-based Glynn. "He was terrible in Cheltenham - it wasn't his run ... Paddy Power Chase Antepost. Becauseicouldntsee. Share . ....(size: 1.2Kb)

UCD honours three medics for their historic role in Irish politics (UCD - University College Dublin)

noodls

20 Dec 2012

Patrick Hillery - the fifth President of Ireland - and much more, belongs to a younger generation than Lynn and Ryan. He was born in 1923 in Spanish Point, county Clare, the son of a local general practitioner. He registered as a UCD medical student in the autumn of 1939, but when it was discovered that he was only 16 years old - ......(size: 11.5Kb)

Christmas with a Seanache

The Examiner

16 Dec 2012

An Irish Christmas story excerpt from Helen Walsh Folsom. ----------------------------------------------------------------. It was Christmas Eve at the O'Farrell cottage in County Clare, Ireland. The family was home from church as was most of the folks who occupied the small village. Large Christmas candles in the windows brightened the dark countryside, welcoming any travelers to come in out of the cold. So one did ... Dermott continued ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)

Academic to step down during plagiarism inquiry

Irish Times

15 Dec 2012

SEÁN FLYNN and GRÁINNE FALLER ... The letter from staff claims Garvey’s dissertation, A Study of the Saiocht of a Parish in County Clare, contains large sections of text identical to earlier published sources either “uncited or cited in a manner that suggests that Mr Garvey is their author” ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)

Celtic special has local roots

Buffalo News

07 Dec 2012

Look for Buffalo-born singer and stage performer Faith Marion Robinson in “A Celtic Awakening” at 6.30 p.m. Sunday on WNED-TV. The program, a musical voyage through Irish history, was filmed at the Masonic Temple Chapel in Detroit and on location in Dublin, Antrim in Northern Ireland, County Clare and County Kerry ... I love the storytelling of Irish songs.” ... Songs include ... Dec. 27 ... email. jkwiatkowski@buffnews.com ....(size: 2.5Kb)

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For other uses, see County Clare (disambiguation).

County Clare

Contae an Chláir

Coat of arms

Motto: Dílis d'ar nOidreacht (Irish)
"True to our heritage"

Dáil Éireann

EU Parliament

Government

• Type

County Council

Area

• Total

3,450 km² (1,330 sq mi)

Area rank

7th

Population (2011)

116,885

• Rank

19th

Car plates

Website

www.clarecoco.ie

County Clare (Irish: Contae an Chláir) is a county in Ireland. It is located in the Mid-West Region and is also part of the province of Munster. Clare County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 116,885 according to the 2011 census.^[1]

1 Geography and political subdivisions
2 History
3 Local government and Dáil Éireann representation
4 Demography
5 Religion
6 Culture
7 Transport
8 See also
9 Sources
- 9.1 Notes
- 9.2 References
10 External links

Geography and political subdivisions [link]

Clare is north-west of the River Shannon covering a total area of 3,400 square kilometres (1,300 sq mi). Clare is the 7th largest of Ireland’s 32 traditional counties in area and the 19th largest in terms of population. Clare's nickname is the Banner County.^[2]

Towns and villages [link]

Physical geography [link]

The Cliffs of Moher.

Bodies of water define much of the physical boundaries of Clare. To the southeast is the River Shannon, Ireland's longest river, and to the south is the Shannon Estuary. The border to the northeast is defined by Lough Derg which is the third largest lake on Ireland. To the west is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north is Galway Bay.

County Clare contains The Burren, a unique karst region, which contains rare flowers and fauna. At the western edge of The Burren, facing the Atlantic Ocean, are the Cliffs of Moher. The highest point in County Clare is Moylussa, 532m, in the Slieve Bernagh^[3] range in the east of the county. The following islands lie off the coast of the county:

Climate [link]

Climate data for County Clare
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	8.1 (46.6)	8.5 (47.3)	10.4 (50.7)	12.7 (54.9)	15.3 (59.5)	17.8 (64.0)	19.3 (66.7)	19.1 (66.4)	17.1 (62.8)	14.1 (57.4)	10.4 (50.7)	8.9 (48.0)	13.5 (56.3)
Average low °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	2.7 (36.9)	3.6 (38.5)	4.8 (40.6)	7.3 (45.1)	10 (50)	12 (54)	11.7 (53.1)	10.1 (50.2)	7.9 (46.2)	4.5 (40.1)	3.6 (38.5)	6.7 (44.1)
Precipitation mm (inches)	99 (3.9)	74 (2.9)	69 (2.7)	58 (2.3)	61 (2.4)	66 (2.6)	74 (2.9)	89 (3.5)	84 (3.3)	97 (3.8)	97 (3.8)	107 (4.2)	986 (38.8)
Source: Clare Tour^[4]

History [link]

Poulnabrone dolmen in The Burren.

There was a Neolithic civilisation in the Clare area — the name of the peoples is unknown, but the Prehistoric peoples left evidence behind in the form of ancient dolmen; single-chamber megalithic tombs, usually consisting of three or more upright stones. Clare is one of the richest places for these tombs in Ireland, the most noted is in The Burren area, it is known as Poulnabrone dolmen which translates as the hole of sorrows.^[5] The remains of the people inside the tomb have been excavated and dated to 3800 BC.^[5] Ptolemy created a map of Ireland in his Geographia with information dating from 100 AD, it is the oldest written account of the island with geographical features.^[6] Within his map Ptolemy names the Gaelic tribes inhabiting it and the areas in which they resided; in the area of Clare he identified a tribe known as the Gangani.^[7] Historians have found the tribes on the west of Ireland hardest to identify with known peoples, however Camden and O'Conor speculated a possible connection between the Gangani and the Concani,^[8]^[9]^[10] one of the eleven tribes in the confederacy of the Cantabri in the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula.^[11]

The Tau Cross at Roughan Hill near Corofin, County Clare, Ireland

During the Early Middle Ages the area was part of the Kingdom of Connacht ruled by the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne, until it was annexed to the Kingdom of Munster to be settled by the Dalcassians in the mid-10th century. It was renamed Thomond, meaning North Munster and spawned Brian Boru during this period, perhaps the most noted High King of Ireland. From 1118 onwards the Kingdom of Thomond was in place as its own petty kingdom, ruled by the O'Brien Clan. There was some Norman influence during the 14th century due to battles with the de Clare's for control. The county's name comes from the Irish word Clár, meaning a board or plank. A board was placed across the River Fergus outside Ennis, at a place which was to become known as Clare, (now Clarecastle town). This Clare was a place of some importance as early as the 12th Century.^[12]^[13]

Sovereignty of Thomond was handed over to the Tudors in 1543 and the area joined the Kingdom of Ireland as a county. After the kingdom was merged into the United Kingdom, there were wars in the 20th century which resulted in secession of the Irish Free State. The conclusion of the pro-treaty, anti-treaty Irish Civil War confirmed its status — the state became the present republic Ireland in 1937.

County Clare succeeded the district of Thomond (which was part of Connacht), and when first created it was sometimes called County Thomond. Its nickname is the Banner County, which may refer to a former local tradition of carrying banners at political meetings and public occasions.

Under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, part of the judicial county of Galway (Drummaan, Inishcaltra North and Mountshannon electoral divisions) was transferred to county Clare. This area contains the village of Mountshannon on the north-western shore of Lough Derg.

Local government and Dáil Éireann representation [link]

The county seat is at Ennis, which also serves as a major regional hub for County Clare. Among its emergency services, it contains the Ennis Regional Hospital, the HQ of the Clare Divisional Garda, the Clare Fire Brigade and Civil Defence.

Clare is represented by its own parliamentary constituency in Dáil Éireann, the lower house of the Irish parliament or Oireachtas and has since 1921. Clare is currently served by four Teachtaí Dála, known as TDs. Briefly a small area of Clare was in the Clare-Galway South constituency during the 1970s before its abolition. The second tier of local governance is represented by the town councils—Clare has four in the form of Ennis, Kilrush, Kilkee and Shannon.

The constituency has historically been a Fianna Fáil stronghold. However Fianna Fáil lost its overall majority on the council in 2004.^[14] As of the 2009 local elections Fine Gael is the largest party with 12 seats.^[15] It won 40% of the vote in the Clare constituency in the 2011 Irish general election.

Prominent former TDs for Clare include Éamon de Valera who went on to become Taoiseach and President, former president Patrick Hillery and former Cabinet Minister Brendan Daly.

Demography [link]

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
1659	16,914	—
1821	208,089	+1130.3%
1831	258,322	+24.1%
1841	286,394	+10.9%
1851	212,440	−25.8%
1861	166,305	−21.7%
1871	147,864	−11.1%
1881	141,457	−4.3%
1891	124,483	−12.0%
1901	112,334	−9.8%
1911	104,232	−7.2%
1926	95,064	−8.8%
1936	89,879	−5.5%
1946	85,064	−5.4%
1951	81,329	−4.4%
1956	77,176	−5.1%
1961	73,702	−4.5%
1966	73,597	−0.1%
1971	75,008	+1.9%
1979	84,919	+13.2%
1981	87,567	+3.1%
1986	91,344	+4.3%
1991	90,918	−0.5%
1996	94,006	+3.4%
2002	103,277	+9.9%
2006	110,950	+7.4%
2011	116,885	+5.3%
^[16]

The population of Clare accounted for 116,885 people at the most recent census in 2011.^[17] The main urban areas are Ennis with a population of 24,253 and Shannon with 9,222. The demographic profile for Clare in general is fairly young: 22% are under age 14, while 12% are over 65, compared to the national average of 20% and 11%, respectively.^[18] There is a slightly higher percentage of males with 50.5%, while females number 49.5%.^[17]

English is the main language spoken in Clare. The vast majority of the population are native Irish people, accounting for 86%; immigration to Clare is relatively low compared to places with larger urban areas in Ireland such as Dublin for example. Most immigrants are Europeans totaling an additional 7,520; there is also a small African minority of 1,124 people while other groups are very small in number.^[19]

In addition to this there is a large Clare diaspora due to vast migration during the 19th century. There are millions of people around the world who can trace their family background to Clare; these are mostly present in North America, Great Britain, Australia, South Africa, Argentina and New Zealand.^[20] While this has stunted the population growth in a significant way, in the modern day it has meant that many people visit the area to trace their family roots and background.^[20] Most of the names in Clare are derived from septs of the Dalcassian race of Gaels; some of the most common examples are O'Brien, O'Dea, McMahon, McNamara, McGarry, Moloney, O'Grady, Hogan, Considine and Lynch.^[20]^[21] There are also some names of assimilated Norman origin such as Burke, Dalton, Comyn and Bonfield.^[22]

Religion [link]

Corcomroe Abbey.

The most dominant religion in County Clare is Christianity; at least 92% of the people in the area polled as part of the Ireland Census 2006 identified as Christians.^[23] There are numerous abbeys and priories in Clare; some of the ruins of these such as Scattery Island, Bishop's Island and Drumcliff Monasteries are ancient, dating back to the 6th century when Christianity was first introduced to Ireland. The former was founded by Saint Senan who was born locally near Kilrush in 488 and is counted amongst the Twelve Apostles of Ireland.^[24] There are numerous other saints from Clare, such as Flannan, Mochulleus, Moula, Caimin, Maccreiche, Munchin and more.^[25] In the present day the Catholic Church are in the majority with 88% of the populance declaring themselves as followers of the religion, this is slightly above the national average.^[23]

File:Diocese of Killaloe.png

Killaloe Diocese.

Most of Clare falls under the Catholic bishopric of the Diocese of Killaloe which is part of the ecclesiastical province of Cashel and Emly.^[26] The Bishop of Killaloe is seated at the St Peter and Paul Cathedral in Ennis. A small portion of the north-western part of Clare falls under the Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora.^[27] As part of the local council's architectural conservation project around eighty Christian churches are protected structures, some of the more notable structures include the ruins of Corcomroe Abbey, Quin Abbey and Dysert O Dea Monastery.^[28]

The largest religious minority is the Church of Ireland which is part of the Anglican Communion, with just under 2000 adherents^[23] in Clare. The county is part of the Diocese of Limerick and Killaloe, one of the three cathedrals of the diocese being St Flannan's Cathedral in Killaloe.^[29] Other religious communities in Clare are very small in comparison, while there is also a minority who declare no religion.^[23]

Culture [link]

Places of interest [link]

County Clare is known for beautiful natural scenery.

Kilbaha
Loop Head
Cliffs of Moher
Doolin
The Burren
Spanish Point
Scattery Island
Inish Cealtra (Holy Island) in Lough Derg
Sliabh Aughty Mountains

Music [link]

County Clare has a strong history of Traditional music. It is home of the Kilfenora Céilí Band, the Tulla Céilí Band, Stockton's Wing, Sharon Shannon, Noel Hill, Peadar O'Loughlin, Martin Hayes and legendary tin-whistler Micho Russell. Ennis in County Clare is also the birthplace of Grammy-nominated songstress Maura O'Connell whose grandmother started a fish market in the town. The county has many traditional music festivals and one of the most well known is the Willie Clancy Summer School, which is held every July in the town of Milltown Malbay in memory of the renowned uilleann piper, Willie Clancy.

Miltown Malbay is home to Oidhreacht an Chlair, an institute for higher education in all aspects of Irish tradition, history and literature.^[30]

Sport [link]

The Clare hurling team has one of the best records of success in the country in recent years with many cups such as the Liam McCarthy Cup having been won in 1995 and 1997 and also finalists in 2002. Clare won the Munster Final in football in 1992 beating Kerry. There is a strong Gaelic Athletic Association(GAA) presence in County Clare with the founder of the GAA, Michael Cusack, having been born in Carron which is situated in the heart of The Burren in North Clare. Irish rugby internationals from Clare include Keith Wood, Anthony Foley & Marcus Horan.

Transport [link]

Clare is served by two national primary roads—a classification referring to the major routes between major urban centres in Ireland.^[31] This includes the N18 connecting Limerick to Galway, which passes through Ennis and by route of the N19—Shannon.^[31] These two roads are part of the wider Western and Southern Corridor connecting many of the major settlements right across the island in these areas. There are also some significant national secondary roads—across the coast, stretching from Ballyvaughan, through Ennistymon and Kilkee, before arriving at Kilrush is the N67.^[31] In addition to this the N68 connects Kilrush to Ennis, while Ennis is connected to Ennistymon via the N85.^[31]

View from aircraft as it comes down to land at Shannon Airport.

Mainland public transport is mostly limited to buses ran by Irish Government owned company Bus Éireann; there are around 25 buses running frequent routes which pass through the majority of large settlements in Clare.^[32] The Ennis railway station operated by government owned Iarnród Éireann is the most significant railway station in Clare today; it was opened on 2 July 1859.^[33] By route of Limerick the trains run from Ennis to Dublin and it generally takes 3 hours to complete the journey.^[34]^[35] There was previously a far more extensive local railway network in Clare, laid while part of the United Kingdom, the West Clare Railway was in existence from its opening in 1887 by Charles Stewart Parnell until 1961 covering much of the county.^[36] It was quite inefficient however, leading Percy French to write the song Are Ye Right There Michael? about his experience. Much of it was dug up and dismantled by the Irish government from the 1950s—1970s after being deemed uneconomic, however there remains local advocacy groups who wish to conserve and restore parts of it.^[37]

Killimer—Tarbert Island ferry.

The second busiest airport in Ireland is located in Clare with the Shannon International Airport, which officially opened in 1945.^[38] Along with Dublin Airport and Cork Airport it is one of the three primary airports in the country, handling 3.62 million passengers in 2007. Shannon was the first airport in Ireland to receive transatlantic flights.^[38] Ryanair is the main airline handling flights with Great Britain and Continental European countries such as Spain, France, Italy and Germany as the primary destinations.^[39] Much traffic from the United States is received, which Aer Lingus mostly handles; it is sometimes used as a military stopover which has caused some controversy in the country,^[40] but nonetheless has generated significant revenue for the airport.^[41] There are some local ferry services as much of the county is surrounded by water; there is one from Killimer to Tarbert Island in Kerry^[42] and also from Doolin to the Aran Islands of Inisheer and Inishmore.^[43]

Sources [link]

Notes [link]

^ "Census 2006 - Population of each province, county and city". Beyond2020.cso.ie. 2007-07-16. http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=75467. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ "Clare, The Banner County - World Cultures European". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ NB: not related to the Slieve Bearnagh mountain in County Down.
^ "Climate". Clare-Tour.com. 25 December 2008. http://www.clare-tour.com/climate/.
^ ^a ^b "Neolithic Sites in Ireland". MyGuideIreland.com. http://www.myguideireland.com/neolithic-sites-in-ireland. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
^ "Ptolemy's map of Ireland: a modern decoding". InformAWorld.com. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a791562641~db=all~jumptype=rss. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
^ "The Arrival of the Celts". WesleyJohnston.com. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/iron_age.html. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
^ O'Laughlin, The Families of County Clare, Ireland, 7.
^ "Before there were Counties". RootsWeb.com. http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/irehstry.htm. Retrieved on 2 October 2008.
^ Four Masters, "The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan., 393.
^ Anthon, A Classical Dictionary, 368.
^ "Origin of the name "Clare"". Irishcultureandcustoms.com. http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACounty/Clare.html. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ "Thom's Directory, 1931". From-ireland.net. http://www.from-ireland.net/county/article/Emigration-%26-Education-Statistics,-1931,-Co.-Clare/Clare. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ Mark Hennessy and Michael O'Regan (15 June 2004). "'A very bad performance' - Ahern". The Irish Times. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2004/0615/1086274489602.html. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ "2009 Local Elections - Electoral Area Details". Elections Ireland. http://electionsireland.org/results/local/council.cfm?election=2009L&area=245. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ for post 1821 figures, 1653 and 1659 figures from Civil Survey Census of those years, Paper of Mr Hardinge to Royal Irish Academy March 14, 1865, For a discussion on the accuracy of pre-famine census returns see JJ Lee “On the accuracy of the pre-famine Irish censuses” in Irish Population, Economy and Society edited by JM Goldstrom and LA Clarkson (1981) p54, in and also New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700-1850 by Joel Mokyr and Cormac Ó Gráda in The Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov., 1984), pp. 473-488.
^ ^a ^b "Population of each Province, County and City, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://www.cso.ie/statistics/popofeachprovcountycity2006.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Persons, males and females in each Province, County and City classified by age group, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=73676. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Persons, males and females usually resident in each Province and County, and present in the State on Census Night, classified by ethnic or cultural background, 2006". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://beyond2020.cso.ie/Census/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5780. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Clare Diaspora". Clare Heritage & Genealogical Research Centre. http://www.clareroots.com/. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Dál gCais or The Dalcassians of Thomond". DalcassianSeptembercom. http://www.dalcassiansept.com/pedigrees/dalcassian.htm. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
^ "Norman and Cambro-Norman Surnames of Ireland". Family-Crests.com. http://www.family-crests.com/family-crest-coat-of-arms/last-names/norman-surnames-of-ireland.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Census 2006 - Volume 13 - Religion". Central Statistics Office Ireland. http://www.cso.ie/census/census2006_volume_13.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ Gratton-Flood, W.H. (March 1, 1907). "The Twelve Apostles of Erin". The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: Robert Appleton Company) I. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01632a.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-09
^ "County Clare Folk-Tales and Myths: Early Christian Period". ClareLibrary.ie. http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/folklore/folk_tales/chapter5.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "History of the Killaloe Diocese". KillaloeDiocese.ie. http://www.killaloediocese.ie/HISTORY.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "Diocese of Galway, Kilmacduagh and Kilfenora". GalwayDiocese.ie. http://www.galwaydiocese.ie/. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Record of Protected Structures in Co. Clare - Churches". County Clare Council. http://www.clarecoco.ie/planning/cons_rps_churches.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "St Flannan's Cathedral, Killaloe". Cathedral.Killaloe.Anglican.org. http://cathedral.killaloe.anglican.org/. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Oidhreacht an Chláir Teo". Oac.ie. http://www.oac.ie/site/. Retrieved 2012-04-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "National Route: Lengths as of 2007". National Roads Authority. http://www.nra.ie/Publications/DownloadableDocumentation/GeneralPublications/file,15886,en.pdf. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Bus services for County Clare Council". CarlBerry.co.uk. http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnlistr.asp?C=CLAI&op=B. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Ennis station". Railscot - Irish Railways. http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Details of train travel between Dublin and Ennis". CarlBerry.co.uk. http://www.carlberry.co.uk/rfnshowr.asp?RE=IR006A. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Your Journey - Timetables". Irish Rail. http://www.irishrail.ie/your_journey/timetables_junction1.asp. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "A Short History Of The West Clare Railway". WestClareRailway.ie. http://www.westclarerailway.ie/wcrhistory.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ "The West Clare Railway Co". WestClareRailway.ie. http://www.westclarerailway.ie/wcrproject.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. ^{[dead link]}
^ ^a ^b "Shannon Airport Facts & Figures". Thrifty.ie. http://www.thrifty.ie/aboutsapfacts.php. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Flights from Shannon Airport". FlightMapping.com. http://www.flightmapping.com/Ireland/Shannon/. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Peaceful protest at Shannon airport draws 1,700 people". AllBusiness.com. http://www.allbusiness.com/operations/shipping-air-freight/437795-1.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Almost 200,000 troops use Shannon". Irish Times. 11 November 2008. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2008/1106/1225893547102.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Killimer Tarbert Car Ferry". DiscoverIreland.com. http://www.discoverireland.com/gb/ireland-plan-your-visit/listings/product/?fid=FI_71068. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
^ "Doolin Ferry Timetable". DoolinFerry.com. http://www.doolinferry.com/aran_island_ferry_timetable.html. Retrieved 25 December 2008. ^{[dead link]}

References [link]

Anthon, Charles (1855). A Classical Dictionary. Harvard University. http://books.google.com/books?id=-LAMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA368&dq=Concani,+Cantabri.
O'Laughlin, Michael C. (2000). The Families of County Clare, Ireland. Irish Roots Cafe. ISBN 0-940134-98-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=w0eKGvhwsJIC&pg=PA7&dq=Concani+clare.
The Four Masters (2003). "The Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters" as translated by Owen Connellan. Irish Roots Cafe. ISBN 0-940134-14-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=IEITng6KDSIC&pg=PA393&dq=Concani.

External links [link]

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v t e Places in County Clare

County town: Ennis

Towns	Ennis Kilkee Kilrush Shannon

Villages	Ardnacrusha Aughinish Ballynacally Ballyvaughan Barefield Bodyke Bridgetown Broadford Cahiracon Carrigaholt Clarecastle Clonlara Cloonanaha Connolly Cooraclare Coore Corofin Cratloe Cree Cross Crusheen Doolin Doonaha Doonbeg Ennistymon Fanore Feakle Hurlers Cross Inagh Ivarstown Kilbaha Kildysart Kilfenora Kilkishen Killaloe Killimer Kilmihil Kilnamona Knock Labasheeda Lahinch Liscannor Lisdoonvarna Lisseycasey Meelick Milltown Malbay Mountshannon Mullagh Murroogh Newmarket-on-Fergus O'Brien's Bridge O'Callaghans Mills Parteen Quilty Quin Ruan Scarriff Sixmilebridge Spancill Hill Spanish Point Tuamgraney Tulla Whitegate

Townlands	Ardsallis Ballaghline Burren Coolmeen Deer Island Drumcliff Inis Cathaig (or Scattery Island) Ogonnelloe Tullig

Baronies	Bunratty Lower Bunratty Upper Burren Clonderalaw Corcomroe Ibrickan Inchiquin Islands Moyarta Tulla Lower Tulla Upper

List of townlands in County Clare Category:Mountains and hills of County Clare Category:Rivers of County Clare Category:Geography of County Clare

v t e Counties of Ireland

The counties are listed per province

Connacht	Galway Leitrim Mayo Roscommon Sligo

Munster	Clare Cork Kerry Limerick Tipperary (North Tipperary · South Tipperary) Waterford

Leinster	Carlow Dublin (Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown · Fingal · South Dublin) Kildare Kilkenny Laois Longford Louth Meath Offaly Westmeath Wexford Wicklow

Ulster	Antrim^† Armagh^† Cavan Donegal Down^† Fermanagh^† Londonderry^† Monaghan Tyrone^†

Italics denote non-administrative counties. Brackets denote non-traditional counties. ^†denotes non-administrative counties of Northern Ireland

Coordinates: 52°50′N 9°00′W / 52.833°N 9°W / 52.833; -9

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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.

"Cassius Clay" redirects here. For the 19th-century politician and abolitionist, see Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician).

This article is about the American boxer. For other people named Muhammad Ali, see Muhammad Ali (disambiguation).

Muhammad Ali

Ali in 1967

Statistics

Nickname(s)

The Greatest
The People's Champion
The Louisville Lip

Rated at

Heavyweight

Height

6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)

Reach

80 in (203 cm)

Nationality

American

Born

January 17, 1942 (age 70)
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.

Stance

Orthodox

Boxing record

Total fights

Wins

Wins by KO

Losses

Draws

No contests

Medal record

Men's boxing
Competitor for the USA
Summer Olympics
Gold	1960 Rome	Light heavyweight

Muhammad Ali (born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr.; January 17, 1942) is an American former professional boxer,^[1] philanthropist^[2] and social activist.^[2] Considered a cultural icon, Ali was both idolized and vilified.^[3]^[4]

Originally known as Cassius Clay, Ali changed his name after joining the Nation of Islam in 1964, subsequently converting to Sunni Islam in 1975, and more recently practicing Sufism.^{[clarification needed]}^[5] In 1967, three years after Ali had won the World Heavyweight Championship, he was publicly vilified for his refusal to be conscripted into the U.S. military, based on his religious beliefs and opposition to the Vietnam War. Ali stated, "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... No Viet Cong ever called me nigger" – one of the more telling remarks of the era.^[6]

Widespread protests against the Vietnam War had not yet begun, but with that one phrase, Ali articulated the reason to oppose the war for a generation of young Americans, and his words served as a touchstone for the racial and antiwar upheavals that would rock the 1960s. Ali's example inspired Martin Luther King Jr. – who had been reluctant to alienate the Johnson Administration and its support of the civil rights agenda – to voice his own opposition to the war for the first time.^[7]

Ali was eventually arrested and found guilty on draft evasion charges; he was stripped of his boxing title, and his boxing license was suspended. He was not imprisoned, but did not fight again for nearly four years while his appeal worked its way up to the U.S. Supreme Court, where it was eventually successful.

Ali would go on to become the first and only three-time lineal World Heavyweight Champion.

Nicknamed "The Greatest," Ali was involved in several historic boxing matches.^[8] Notable among these were three with rival Joe Frazier, which are considered among the greatest in boxing history, and one with George Foreman, where he finally regained his stripped titles seven years later. Ali was well known for his unorthodox fighting style, which he described as "float[ing] like a butterfly, sting[ing] like a bee", and employing techniques such as the Ali Shuffle and the rope-a-dope.^[9] Ali had brought beauty and grace to the most uncompromising of sports and through the wonderful excesses of skill and character, he had become the most famous athlete in the world.^[10] He was also known for his pre-match hype, where he would "trash talk" opponents, often with rhymes.

In 1999, Ali was crowned "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated and "Sports Personality of the Century" by the BBC.^[11]^[12]

Biography [link]

Amateur career and Olympic gold [link]

Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr., was born on January 17, 1942, in Louisville, Kentucky.^[13] The younger of two boys, he was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr., who was named after the 19th century abolitionist and politician of the same name. His father painted billboards and signs,^[13] and his mother, Odessa O'Grady Clay, was a household domestic. Although Cassius Sr. was a Methodist, he allowed Odessa to bring up both Cassius and his elder brother Rudolph "Rudy" Clay (later renamed Rahman Ali) as Baptists.^[14] He is a descendant of pre-Civil War era American slaves in the American South, and is predominantly of African-American descent, with some Irish ancestry.^[15]

Clay was first directed toward boxing by the white Louisville police officer and boxing coach Joe E. Martin,^[16] who encountered the 12-year-old fuming over a thief taking his bicycle. He told the officer he was going to "whup" the thief. The officer told him he better learn how to box first.^[17] For the last four years of Clay's amateur career he was trained by legendary boxing cutman Chuck Bodak.^[18]

Clay won six Kentucky Golden Gloves titles, two national Golden Gloves titles, an Amateur Athletic Union National Title, and the Light Heavyweight gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.^[19]^[20] Clay's amateur record was 100 wins with five losses.

Ali states in his 1975 autobiography that he threw his Olympic gold medal into the Ohio River after being refused service at a 'whites-only' restaurant, and fighting with a white gang.^[21] Whether this is true is still debated, although he was given a replacement medal at a basketball intermission during the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he lit the torch to start the games.

Early professional career [link]

After his Olympic triumph, Clay returned to Louisville to begin his professional career. There, on October 29, 1960, he won his first professional fight, a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia.

Standing at 6'3" (1.91 m), Clay had a highly unorthodox style for a heavyweight boxer. Rather than the normal style of carrying the hands high to defend the face, he instead relied on foot speed and quickness to avoid punches, and carried his hands low.

From 1960 to 1963, the young fighter amassed a record of 19–0, with 15 knockouts. He defeated boxers such as Tony Esperti, Jim Robinson, Donnie Fleeman, Alonzo Johnson, George Logan, Willi Besmanoff, Lamar Clark (who had won his previous 40 bouts by knockout), Doug Jones and Henry Cooper.

Clay built a reputation by correctly predicting the round in which he would "finish" several opponents, and by boasting before his triumphs.^[13] Clay admitted he adopted the latter practice from "Gorgeous" George Wagner, a popular professional wrestling champion in the Los Angeles area who drew thousands of fans.^[13] Often referred to as "the man you loved to hate," George could incite the crowd with a few heated remarks, and Clay followed suit.

Among Clay's victims were Sonny Banks (who knocked him down during the bout), Alejandro Lavorante, and the aged Archie Moore (a boxing legend who had fought over 200 previous fights, and who had been Clay's trainer prior to Angelo Dundee). Clay had considered continuing using Moore as a trainer following the bout, but Moore had insisted that the cocky "Louisville Lip" perform training camp chores such as sweeping and dishwashing. He considered having his idol, Sugar Ray Robinson, as a manager, but instead hired Dundee.

Clay first met Dundee on February 19, 1957 when the latter was in Louisville the day before a fight with light heavyweight champ Willie Pastrano.^[22] The teenaged Golden Gloves winner traveled downtown to the fighter's hotel, called Dundee from the house phone, and was asked up to their room. He took advantage of the opportunity to query Dundee (who had worked with champions Sugar Ramos and Carmen Basilio) about what his fighters ate, how long they slept, how much roadwork (jogging) they did, and how long they sparred.

Following his bout with Moore, Clay won a disputed 10-round decision over Doug Jones in a matchup that was named "Fight of the Year" for 1963. Clay's next fight was against Henry Cooper, who knocked Clay down with a left hook near the end of the fourth round. The fight was stopped in the fifth due to deep cuts over Cooper's eyes.

Despite these close calls, Clay became the top contender for Sonny Liston's title. However, although he had an impressive record, he was not widely expected to defeat the champ. The fight was scheduled for February 25, 1964 in Miami, Florida, but was nearly canceled when the promoter, Bill Faversham, heard that Clay had been seen around Miami and in other cities with the controversial Malcolm X, a member of Nation of Islam. Because of this, news of this association was perceived as a potential gate-killer to a bout which, given Liston's overwhelming status as the favorite to win (7–1 odds),^[23] had Clay's colorful persona and nonstop braggadocio as its sole appeal.

Faversham confronted Clay about his association with Malcolm X (who, at the time, was actually under suspension by the Nation as a result of controversial comments made in the wake of President Kennedy's assassination). While stopping short of admitting he was a member of the Nation, Clay protested the suggested cancellation of the fight. As a compromise, Faversham asked the fighter to delay his announcement about his conversion to Islam until after the fight. The incident is described in the 1975 book The Greatest: My Own Story by Ali (with Richard Durham).

During the weigh-in on the day before the bout, the ever-boastful Clay, who frequently taunted Liston during the buildup by dubbing him "the big ugly bear" (among other things), declared that he would "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee," and, summarizing his strategy for avoiding Liston's assaults, said, "Your hands can't hit what your eyes can't see."

First title fight and aftermath [link]

Main article: Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston

At the pre-fight weigh-in, Clay's pulse rate was around 120, more than double his norm of 54.^[24] Liston, among others, misread this as nervousness. In the opening rounds, Clay's speed kept him away from Liston's powerful head and body shots, as he used his height advantage to beat Liston to the punch with his own lightning-quick jab.^[24]

By the third round, Clay was ahead on points and had opened a cut under Liston's eye.^[24] Liston regained some ground in the fourth, as Clay was blinded by a substance in his eyes.^[24] It is unconfirmed whether this was something used to close Liston's cuts, or deliberately applied to Liston's gloves;^[24] however, Bert Sugar has claimed that "in two of his previous fights, Liston's opponents had complained about their eyes 'burning,'"^[25] suggesting the possibility that the Liston corner deliberately attempted to cheat.

Liston began the fourth round looking to put away the challenger. As Clay struggled to recover his vision, he sought to escape Liston's offensive. He was able to keep out of range until his sweat and tears rinsed the substance from his eyes, responding with a flurry of combinations near the end of the fifth round. By the sixth, he was looking for a finish and dominated Liston. Then, Liston shocked the boxing world when he failed to answer the bell for the seventh round, stating he had a shoulder injury. At the end of the fight, Clay boasted to the press that doubted him before the match, proclaiming, "I shook up the world!"

When Clay beat Liston, he was the youngest boxer (age 22) ever to take the title from a reigning heavyweight champion, a mark that stood until Mike Tyson won the title (age 20) from Trevor Berbick on November 22, 1986. At the time, Floyd Patterson (dethroned by Liston) had been the youngest heavyweight champ ever (age 21), but he won the title during an elimination tournament following Rocky Marciano's retirement by defeating Archie Moore, the light-heavyweight champion at the time.

In the rematch with Liston, which was held in May 1965 in Lewiston, Maine, Ali (who had by then publicly converted to Islam and changed his name) won by knockout in the first round as a result of what came to be called the "phantom punch." Many believe that Liston, possibly as a result of threats from Nation of Islam extremists, or in an attempt to "throw" the fight to pay off debts, waited to be counted out (see Muhammad Ali versus Sonny Liston). Others, however, discount both scenarios and insist that it was a quick, chopping Ali punch to the side of the head that legitimately felled Liston. Ali was declared the winner after 1 minute and 52 seconds.^[26]

Early title defenses [link]

On November 22, 1965, Ali fought Floyd Patterson in his second title defense. Patterson lost by TKO at the end of the 12th round. As would later occur with Ernie Terrell, many sportswriters accused Ali of "carrying" Patterson so that he could physically punish him without knocking him out. Ali countered that Patterson, who said his punching prowess was limited when he strained his sacroiliac, was not as easy to down as may have appeared. During the fight Ali called out "What's my name?" to Patterson, a gesture he would later repeat during the Terrell fight.

Ali was scheduled to fight WBA champion Ernie Terrell (the WBA stripped Ali of his title after his agreement to fight a rematch with Liston) on March 29, 1966, but the llinois Athletic Commission wouldn't approve the Terrell fight unless Ali went to Chicago and apologized for his remarks about the war.^[27] The fight destination continued to change venues and ultimately was delayed. Ali won a 15-round decision against substitute opponent George Chuvalo. He then went to England and defeated Henry Cooper by stoppage on cuts May 21, and knocked out Brian London in the third round in August. Ali's next defense was against German southpaw Karl Mildenberger, the first German to fight for the title since Max Schmeling. In one of the tougher fights of his life, Ali stopped his opponent in round 12.

Ali returned to the United States in November 1966 to fight Cleveland Williams in the Houston Astrodome. According to the Sports Illustrated account, the bout drew an indoor world record 35,460 fight fans. A year and a half before the fight, Williams had been shot in the stomach at point-blank range by a Texas policeman. As a result, Williams went into the fight missing one kidney and 10 feet (3.0 m) of his small intestine, and with a shriveled left leg from nerve damage from the bullet that was still lodged in his body. Ali beat Williams in three rounds. Bert Sugar wrote that it had been Ali's greatest performance in the ring.^[28]

On February 6, 1967, Ali returned to a Houston boxing ring to fight Terrell in what is regarded as one of the uglier fights in boxing. Terrell angered Ali by calling him Clay, and the champion vowed to punish him for this insult. During the fight, Ali kept shouting at his opponent, "What's my name, Uncle Tom ... What's my name?" Terrell suffered 15 rounds of brutal punishment, losing 13 rounds on two judges' scorecards, but Ali did not knock him out. Analysts, including several who spoke to ESPN on the sports channel's "Ali Rap" special, speculated that the fight continued only because Ali wanted to thoroughly punish and humiliate Terrell. After the fight, Tex Maule wrote, "It was a wonderful demonstration of boxing skill and a barbarous display of cruelty." When asked about this during a replay of the fight on ABC's popular "Wide World of Sports" by host Howard Cosell, Ali said he was not unduly cruel to Terrell- boxers are paid to punch their opponents into submission or defeat. He pointed out that if he had not hit and hurt Terrell, Terrell would have hit and hurt him, which is standard practice. Cosell's repeated reference to the topic surprised Ali. Following his final defense against Zora Folley in March 1967, Ali was stripped of his title the following month for refusing to be drafted into the Army^[13] and had his professional boxing license suspended.

Conversion to the Nation of Islam [link]

Ali at an address by Elijah Muhammad

After winning the championship from Liston in 1964, Clay revealed that he was a member of the Nation of Islam (often called the Black Muslims at the time) and the Nation gave Clay the name Cassius X, discarding his surname as a symbol of his ancestors' enslavement, as had been done by other Nation members. On Friday, March 6, 1964, Malcolm X took Clay on a guided tour of the UN building (for a second time). Malcolm X announced that Clay would be granted his "X." That same night, Elijah Muhammad recorded a statement over the phone to be played over the radio that Clay would be renamed Muhammad (one who is worthy of praise) Ali (fourth rightly guided caliph). Only a few journalists (most notably Howard Cosell) accepted it at that time. Venerable boxing announcer Don Dunphy addressed the champion by his adopted name, as did British reporters. The adoption of this name symbolized his new identity as a member of the Nation of Islam.

Many sportswriters of the early 1960s reported^[where?] that it was Ali's brother, Rudy Clay, who converted to Islam first (estimating the date as 1961). Others wrote^[where?] that Clay had been seen at Muslim rallies a few years before he fought Liston. Ali's own version^[where?] is that he would sneak into Nation of Islam meetings through the back door roughly three years before he fought Sonny Liston.

Aligning himself with the Nation of Islam made him a lightning rod for controversy, turning the outspoken but popular champion into one of that era's most recognizable and controversial figures. Appearing at rallies with Nation of Islam leader Elijah Muhammad and declaring his allegiance to him at a time when mainstream America viewed them with suspicion—if not outright hostility—made Ali a target of outrage, as well as suspicion. Ali seemed at times to provoke such reactions, with viewpoints that wavered from support for civil rights to outright support of separatism. For example, Ali once stated, in relation to integration: "We who follow the teachings of Elijah Muhammad don't want to be forced to integrate. Integration is wrong. We don't want to live with the white man; that's all."^[29] And in relation to inter-racial marriage: "No intelligent black man or black woman in his or her right black mind wants white boys and white girls coming to their homes to marry their black sons and daughters."^[29] Indeed, Ali's religious beliefs at the time included the notion that the white man was "the devil" and that white people were not "righteous." Ali claimed that white people hated black people.

Ali converted from the Nation of Islam sect to mainstream Sunni Islam in 1975. In a 2004 autobiography, written with daughter Hana Yasmeen Ali, Muhammad Ali attributes his conversion to the shift toward Sunni Islam made by Warith Deen Muhammad after he gained control of the Nation of Islam upon the death of Elijah Muhammad in 1975. Later in 2005 he embraced spiritual practices of Sufism.^[30]

Vietnam War [link]

In 1964, Ali failed the U.S. Armed Forces qualifying test because his writing and spelling skills were sub-par. However, in early 1966, the tests were revised and Ali was reclassified as 1A.^[13] This classification meant he was now eligible for the draft and induction into the U.S. Army during a time when the United States was involved in the Vietnam War. When notified of this status, he declared that he would refuse to serve in the United States Army and publicly considered himself a conscientious objector.^[13] Ali stated that "War is against the teachings of the Holy Qur'an. I'm not trying to dodge the draft. We are not supposed to take part in no wars unless declared by Allah or The Messenger. We don't take part in Christian wars or wars of any unbelievers." He famously said in 1966: "I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... They never called me nigger." Rare for a heavyweight boxing champion in those days, Ali spoke at Howard University, where he gave his popular "Black Is Best" speech to 4,000 cheering students and community intellectuals after he was invited to speak by sociology professor, Nathan Hare, on behalf of the Black Power Committee, a student protest group.^[31]^[32]

Appearing shortly thereafter for his scheduled induction into the U.S. Armed Forces on April 28, 1967 in Houston, he refused three times to step forward at the call of his name. An officer warned him he was committing a felony punishable by five years in prison and a fine of $10,000. Once more, Ali refused to budge when his name was called. As a result, he was arrested and on the same day the New York State Athletic Commission suspended his boxing license and stripped him of his title. Other boxing commissions followed suit. Ali would not be able to obtain a license to box in any state for over three years.^[33]

At the trial on June 20, 1967, after only 21 minutes of deliberation, the jury found Ali guilty.^[13] After a Court of Appeals upheld the conviction, the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court. During this time, the public began turning against the war and support for Ali began to grow. Ali supported himself by speaking at colleges and universities across the country, where opposition to the war was especially strong. On June 28, 1971, the Supreme Court reversed his conviction for refusing induction by unanimous decision in Clay v. United States.^[13] The decision was not based on, nor did it address, the merits of Clay's/Ali's claims per se; rather, the Government's failure to specify which claims were rejected and which were sustained, constituted the grounds upon which the Court reversed the conviction.^[34]

Quotes about Vietnam war [link]

“

I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong... they never called me nigger.^[35]

”

“

No, I am not going 10,000 miles to help murder, kill, and burn other people to simply help continue the domination of white slavemasters over dark people the world over. This is the day and age when such evil injustice must come to an end.^[36]

”

“

Why should they ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like dogs and denied simple human rights?^[35]

”

The Fight of the Century [link]

Main article: Fight of the Century

In 1970, while his case was still on appeal, Ali was allowed to fight again. On August 12, 1970, with the help of Leroy R. Johnson, a Georgia State Senator, he was granted a license to box by the City of Atlanta Athletic Commission.^[37] In Atlanta on October 26, 1970, he stopped Jerry Quarry on a cut after three rounds. Shortly after the Quarry fight, the New York State Supreme Court ruled that Ali had been unjustly denied a boxing license. Once again able to fight in New York, he fought Oscar Bonavena at Madison Square Garden in December 1970. After a tough 14 rounds, Ali stopped Bonavena in the 15th, paving the way for a title fight against Joe Frazier, who was himself undefeated.

Ali and Frazier met in the ring on March 8, 1971, at Madison Square Garden. The fight, known as "The Fight of the Century," was one of the most eagerly anticipated bouts of all time and remains one of the most famous. It featured two skilled, undefeated fighters, both of whom had legitimate claims to the heavyweight crown. Frank Sinatra—unable to acquire a ringside seat—took photos of the match for Life magazine. Legendary boxing announcer Don Dunphy and actor and boxing aficionado Burt Lancaster called the action for the broadcast, which reached millions of people. The fight lived up to the hype, and Frazier punctuated his victory by flooring Ali with a hard, leaping left hook in the 15th and final round. Frazier retained the title on a unanimous decision, dealing Ali his first professional loss.

Ali rebounded with six victories in 1972, notching wins over Floyd Patterson and Jerry Quarry. In 1972 Muhammad Ali won six boxing matches including one over light-heavyweight champion of the world Bob Foster.

In 1973, Ali fought Ken Norton, who had broken Ali's jaw and won by split decision over 12 rounds in their first bout in 1972. Ali won the rematch, by split decision, on September 10, 1973, which set up Ali-Frazier II, a nontitle rematch with Joe Frazier, who had already lost his title to George Foreman. The bout was held on January 28, 1974, with Ali winning a unanimous 12-round decision.

The Rumble in the Jungle [link]

Main article: The Rumble in the Jungle

In one of the biggest upsets in boxing history, Ali regained his title on October 30, 1974 by defeating champion George Foreman in their bout in Kinshasa, Zaire. Hyped as "The Rumble in the Jungle", the fight was promoted by Don King.

Almost no one, not even Ali's long-time supporter Howard Cosell, gave the former champion a chance of winning. Analysts pointed out that Joe Frazier and Ken Norton had given Ali four tough battles in the ring and won two of them, while Foreman had knocked out both of them in the second round. As a matter of fact, so total was the domination that, in their bout, Foreman had knocked down Frazier an incredible six times in only four minutes and 25 seconds.

During the bout, Ali employed an unexpected strategy. Leading up to the fight, he had declared he was going to "dance" and use his speed to keep away from Foreman and outbox him. However, in the first round, Ali headed straight for the champion and began scoring with a right hand lead, clearly surprising Foreman. Ali caught Foreman nine times in the first round with this technique, but failed to knock him out. He then decided to take advantage of the young champion's weakness: staying power. Foreman had won 37 of his 40 bouts by knockout, mostly within three rounds. Eight of his previous bouts did not go past the second round. Ali saw an opportunity to outlast Foreman, and capitalized on it.

In the second round, the challenger retreated to the ropes—inviting Foreman to hit him, while counterpunching and verbally taunting the younger man. Ali's plan was to enrage Foreman and absorb his best blows to exhaust him mentally and physically. While Foreman threw wide shots to Ali's body, Ali countered with stinging straight punches to Foreman's head. Foreman threw hundreds of punches in seven rounds, but with decreasing technique and potency. Ali leaned on the ropes while covering up his body as Foreman threw punches that were deflected and didn't land squarely. The technique was later termed "The Rope-A-Dope".

By the end of the seventh round, Foreman was exhausted. In the eighth, Ali dropped Foreman with a combination at center ring and Foreman failed to make the count. Against the odds, Ali had regained the title.

The "Rumble in the Jungle" was the subject of a 1996 Academy Award winning documentary film, When We Were Kings. The fight and the events leading up to it are extensively depicted in both John Herzfeld's 1997 docudrama Don King: Only in America and Michael Mann's 2001 docudrama, Ali.

The Thrilla in Manila [link]

Main article: Thrilla in Manila

In March 1975, Ali faced Chuck Wepner in a bout that inspired the original Rocky. While it was largely thought that Ali would dominate, Wepner surprised everyone by not only knocking Ali down in the ninth round, but nearly going the distance. Ali eventually stopped Wepner in the fading minutes of the 15th round. Following a title defense with Ron Lyle, in July Ali faced Joe Bugner, winning a 15 round decision.

On October 1, 1975, Ali fought Joe Frazier for the third time.^[13] Taking place in the Philippines, the bout was promoted as the Thrilla in Manila^[13] by Don King, who had ascended to prominence following the Ali-Foreman fight. The anticipation was enormous for this final clash between two great heavyweights. Ali believed Frazier was "over the hill" by that point. Ali's frequent insults, slurs and demeaning poems increased the anticipation and excitement for the fight, but enraged a determined Frazier. Regarding the fight, Ali famously remarked, "It will be a killa... and a chilla... and a thrilla... when I get the gorilla in Manila."

The fight lasted 14 grueling rounds in temperatures approaching 100 °F (38 °C). Ali won many of the early rounds, but Frazier staged a comeback in the middle rounds, while Ali lay on the ropes. By the late rounds, however, Ali regained control and the fight was stopped when Frazier was unable to answer the bell for the 15th and final round (his eyes were swollen shut). Frazier's trainer, Eddie Futch, refused to allow Frazier to continue.

Subsequent bouts and retirement [link]

Ali being interviewed by WBAL-TV's Curt Anderson, 1978, Baltimore, Maryland

In February 1976, Ali easily beat Jean-Pierre Coopman. In April 1976, he defeated Jimmy Young and then Richard Dunn the following month, which would turn out to be Ali's last knockout victory.

Following that fight, he staged an exhibition match with professional wrestler and martial artist Antonio Inoki.^[38] Although widely perceived as a publicity stunt, the match against Inoki would have a long-term detrimental effect on Ali's mobility. Inoki spent much of the fight on the ground trying to damage Ali’s legs, while Ali spent most of the fight dodging the kicks or staying on the ropes.^[39] At the end of 15 rounds, the bout was called a draw. Ali's legs, however, were bleeding, leading to an infection. He suffered two blood clots in his legs as well.^[38]

In September 1976, at Yankee Stadium, Ali faced Ken Norton in their third fight, with Ali winning a close but unanimous 15-round decision. Soon after the fight, Ali temporarily quit boxing to spread the faith of Islam.^[40]

In May 1977, Ali defended his title against Alfredo Evangelista. In September of that year he faced a battering 15 rounds with Earnie Shavers. Fight doctor Ferdie Pacheco left Ali's camp following the Shavers fight after being rebuffed for advising Ali to retire.

In February 1978, Ali lost the heavyweight title to 1976 Olympic Light-Heavyweight Champion Leon Spinks. On September 15, 1978, Ali fought a rematch in the New Orleans Louisiana Superdome against Spinks for the WBA version of the Heavyweight title, winning it for a record third time. Ali retired following this victory on June 27, 1979, but returned in 1980 to face current champion Larry Holmes in an attempt to win a heavyweight title an unprecedented four times. Angelo Dundee refused to let his man come out for the 11th round, in what became Ali's only loss by anything other than a decision. The fight has been cited as a contributing factor in Ali's development of Parkinson's Disease.^[41] Ali's final fight, a loss by unanimous decision after 10 rounds, was to up-and-coming challenger Trevor Berbick in 1981.

Ali's legacy [link]

Muhammad Ali defeated every top heavyweight in his era, which has been called the golden age of heavyweight boxing. Ali was named "Fighter of the Year" by Ring Magazine more times than any other fighter, and was involved in more Ring Magazine "Fight of the Year" bouts than any other fighter. He is an inductee into the International Boxing Hall of Fame and holds wins over seven other Hall of Fame inductees. He is one of only three boxers to be named "Sportsman of the Year" by Sports Illustrated.

In 1978, three years before Ali's permanent retirement, the Board of Aldermen in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky, voted 6–5 to rename Walnut Street to Muhammad Ali Boulevard. This was controversial at the time, as within a week 12 of the 70 street signs were stolen. Earlier that year, a committee of the Jefferson County Public Schools considered renaming Central High School in his honor, but the motion failed to pass. At any rate, in time, Muhammad Ali Boulevard—and Ali himself—came to be well accepted in his hometown.^[42]

In 1993, the Associated Press reported that Ali was tied with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athlete, out of over 800 dead or alive athletes, in America. The study found that over 97% of Americans over 12 years of age identified both Ali and Ruth.^[43]

He was the recipient of the 1997 Arthur Ashe Courage Award.

In retirement [link]

Muhammad Ali in retirement

Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's syndrome in 1984,^[44]^[45] a disease to which those subject to severe head trauma, such as boxers, are many times more susceptible than average.^[46] Despite the disability, he remains a beloved and active public figure. In 1985, he served as a guest referee at the inaugural WrestleMania event.^[47]^[48] In 1987 he was selected by the California Bicentennial Foundation for the U.S. Constitution to personify the vitality of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights in various high profile activities. Ali rode on a float at the 1988 Tournament of Roses Parade, launching the U.S. Constitution's 200th birthday commemoration. He published an oral history, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times by Thomas Hauser, in 1991. That same year Ali traveled to Iraq during the Gulf War and met with Saddam Hussein in an attempt to negotiate the release of American hostages.^[49] Ali received a Spirit of America Award calling him the most recognized American in the world. In 1996, he had the honor of lighting the flame at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.

The Muhammad Ali Center, alongside Interstate 64 on Louisville's riverfront

He appeared at the 1998 AFL (Australian Football League) Grand Final, where Anthony Pratt invited him to watch the game. He greets runners at the start line of the Los Angeles Marathon every year. Since 1994, Ali has hosted an annual charity event in Phoenix, Arizona called "Celebrity Fight Night", which has raised more than $70 million for the Muhammad Ali Parkinson Center and other charities.^[50]

In 1999, the BBC produced a special version of its annual BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award ceremony, and Ali was voted their Sports Personality of the Century,^[51] receiving more votes than the other four contenders combined. His daughter Laila Ali became a boxer in 1999,^[52] despite her father's earlier comments against female boxing in 1978: "Women are not made to be hit in the breast, and face like that... the body's not made to be punched right here [patting his chest]. Get hit in the breast... hard... and all that."^[53]

On September 13, 1999, Ali was named "Kentucky Athlete of the Century" by the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame in ceremonies at the Galt House East.^[54]

Ali's Presidential Medal of Freedom on display at the Ali Center

In 2001, a biographical film, entitled Ali, was made, directed by Michael Mann, with Will Smith starring as Ali. The film received mixed reviews, with the positives generally attributed to the acting, as Smith and supporting actor Jon Voight earned Academy Award nominations. Prior to making the Ali movie, Will Smith had continually rejected the role of Ali until Muhammad Ali personally requested that he accept the role. According to Smith, the first thing Ali said about the subject to him was: "Man, you're almost pretty enough to play me."^[55]

On November 17, 2002, Muhammad Ali went to Afghanistan as "U.N. Messenger of Peace".^[56] He was in Kabul for a three-day goodwill mission as a special guest of the UN.^[57]

On January 8, 2005, Muhammad Ali was presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President George W. Bush.

He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony on November 9, 2005,^[58]^[59] and the "Otto Hahn Peace Medal in Gold" of the UN Association of Germany (DGVN) in Berlin for his work with the US civil rights movement and the United Nations (December 17, 2005).

As Mrs. Lonnie Ali looks on, President George W. Bush embraces Muhammad Ali after presenting him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 9, 2005, during ceremonies at the White House.

On November 19, 2005 (Ali's 19th wedding anniversary), the $60 million non-profit Muhammad Ali Center opened in downtown Louisville. In addition to displaying his boxing memorabilia, the center focuses on core themes of peace, social responsibility, respect, and personal growth.

According to the Ali Center website, "Since he retired from boxing, Ali has devoted himself to humanitarian endeavors around the globe. He is a devout Muslim, and travels the world over, lending his name and presence to hunger and poverty relief, supporting education efforts of all kinds, promoting adoption and encouraging people to respect and better understand one another. It is estimated that he has helped to provide more than 22 million meals to feed the hungry. Ali travels, on average, more than 200 days per year."

At the FedEx Orange Bowl on January 2, 2007, Ali was an honorary captain for the Louisville Cardinals wearing their white jersey, number 19. Ali was accompanied by golf legend Arnold Palmer, who was the honorary captain for the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, and Miami Heat star Dwyane Wade.

A youth club in Ali's hometown and a species of rose (Rosa ali) have been named after him. On June 5, 2007, he received an honorary doctorate of humanities at Princeton University's 260th graduation ceremony.^[60]

Ali lives in Scottsdale, Arizona with his fourth wife, Yolanda "Lonnie" Ali.^[61] They own a house in Berrien Springs, Michigan, which is for sale. On January 9, 2007, they purchased a house in eastern Jefferson County, Kentucky for $1,875,000.^[62] Lonnie converted to Islam from Catholicism in her late 20s.^[63]

On August 17, 2009, it was voted unanimously by the town council of Ennis, Co Clare, Ireland to make Ali the first Freeman of Ennis. Ennis was the birthplace of Ali's great grandfather before he emigrated to the U.S. in the 1860s, before eventually settling in Kentucky.^[64] On September 1, 2009, Ali visited the town of Ennis and at a civic reception he received the honour of the freedom of the town.^[65]

Ranking in heavyweight history [link]

Muhammad Ali's boxing gloves are preserved in the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History

Ali is generally considered to be one of the greatest heavyweights of all time by boxing commentators and historians. Ring Magazine, a prominent boxing magazine, named him number 1 in a 1998 ranking of greatest heavyweights from all eras.^[66]

Ali was named the second greatest fighter in boxing history by ESPN.com behind only welterweight and middleweight great Sugar Ray Robinson.^[67] In December 2007, ESPN listed Ali second in its choice of the greatest heavyweights of all time, behind Joe Louis.^[68]

The Associated Press voted Ali the No. 1 heavyweight of the 20th century in 1999.^[69]

Personal life [link]

Muhammad Ali has been married four times and has seven daughters and two sons. Ali met his first wife, cocktail waitress Sonji Roi, approximately one month before they married on August 14, 1964.^{[citation needed]} Roi's objections to certain Muslim customs in regard to dress for women contributed to the breakup of their marriage. They divorced on January 10, 1966.

On August 17, 1967, Ali married Belinda Boyd. After the wedding, she, like Ali, converted to Islam and more recently to Sufism,^[70] changed her name to Khalilah Ali, though she was still called Belinda by old friends and family. They had four children: Maryum (b. 1968), Jamillah and Rasheda (b. 1970), and Muhammad Ali Jr. (b. 1972).^[71] Maryam has a career as an author and rapper.^[72]

In 1975, Ali began an affair with Veronica Porsche, an actress and model. By the summer of 1977, Ali's second marriage was over and he had married Veronica.^[73] At the time of their marriage, they had a baby girl, Hana, and Veronica was pregnant with their second child. Their second daughter, Laila, was born in December 1977. By 1986, Ali and Veronica were divorced.

On November 19, 1986, Ali married Yolanda ("Lonnie") Williams. They had been friends since 1964 in Louisville. They have one son, Asaad Amin, who they adopted when Amin was five.^[71]^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]

Ali was a resident of Cherry Hill, New Jersey in the early 1970s.^[78] Ali has two other daughters, Miya and Khaliah, from extramarital relationships.^[71]^[79]

In the media and popular culture [link]

File:StangoAli.jpg

Pop art painting of Muhammad Ali by John Stango

Main article: Muhammad Ali in media and popular culture

As a world champion boxer and social activist, Ali has been the subject of numerous books, films and other creative works. In 1963, he released an album of spoken word on Columbia Records titled I am the Greatest! He has appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated on 37 different occasions, second only to Michael Jordan.^[80] He appeared in the documentary film Black Rodeo (1972) riding both a horse and a bull. His autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story, written with Richard Durham, was published in 1975.^[81] In 1977 the book was adapted into a film called The Greatest, in which Ali played himself and Ernest Borgnine played Angelo Dundee. When We Were Kings, a 1996 documentary about the Rumble in the Jungle, won an Academy Award,^[82] and the 2001 biopic Ali garnered an Oscar nomination for Will Smith's portrayal of the lead role.^[83]

For contributions to the entertainment industry, Ali was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard.^[84]

The Muhammad Ali Effect [link]

The Muhammad Ali Effect is a term used in psychology that was named after him when he stated, "I only said I was the greatest, not the smartest" in his autobiography The Greatest: My Own Story.^[81] According to this effect, when people are asked to rate their intelligence and moral behavior in comparison to others, people will rate themselves as more moral, but not more intelligent than others.^[85]^[86]

Professional boxing record [link]

56 Wins (37 knockouts, 19 decisions), 5 Losses (4 decisions, 1 TKO), 0 Draws^[1]
Res.	Opponent	Type	Round, Time	Date	Age	Location	Notes
Loss	Trevor Berbick	Decision (unanimous)	10 (10)	01981-12-11December 11, 1981	&1000000000000003900000039 years, &10000000000000328000000328 days	Nassau, Bahamas	"Drama in the Bahamas"^[87]
Loss	Larry Holmes	TKO (Corner Stoppage)	10 (15)	01980-10-02October 2, 1980	&1000000000000003800000038 years, &10000000000000259000000259 days	Las Vegas, NV	Lost The Ring World Heavyweight title. For WBC World Heavyweight title.
Win	Leon Spinks	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01978-09-15September 15, 1978	&1000000000000003600000036 years, &10000000000000241000000241 days	New Orleans, LA	Won The Ring & WBA World Heavyweight titles; Vacated WBA title on 1979-09-06.
Loss	Leon Spinks	Decision (split)	15 (15)	01978-02-15February 15, 1978	&1000000000000003600000036 years, &1000000000000002900000029 days	Las Vegas, NV	Lost The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Earnie Shavers	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01977-09-29September 29, 1977	&1000000000000003500000035 years, &10000000000000255000000255 days	New York City	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Alfredo Evangelista	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01977-05-16May 16, 1977	&1000000000000003500000035 years, &10000000000000119000000119 days	Landover, MD	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Ken Norton	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01976-09-28September 28, 1976	&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000255000000255 days	The Bronx, New York	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Richard Dunn	TKO	5 (15)	01976-05-24May 24, 1976	&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000128000000128 days	Munich, West Germany	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Jimmy Young	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01976-04-30April 30, 1976	&1000000000000003400000034 years, &10000000000000104000000104 days	Landover, MD	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Jean-Pierre Coopman	KO	5 (15)	01976-02-20February 20, 1976	&1000000000000003400000034 years, &1000000000000003400000034 days	San Juan, Puerto Rico	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Joe Frazier	TKO	14 (15), 0:59	01975-10-01October 1, 1975	&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000257000000257 days	Quezon City, Philippines	"The Thrilla in Manila"; Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Joe Bugner	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01975-06-30June 30, 1975	&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000164000000164 days	Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Ron Lyle	TKO	11 (15)	01975-05-16May 16, 1975	&1000000000000003300000033 years, &10000000000000119000000119 days	Las Vegas, NV	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Chuck Wepner	TKO	15 (15), 2:41	01975-03-24March 24, 1975	&1000000000000003300000033 years, &1000000000000006600000066 days	Richfield, OH	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	George Foreman	KO	8 (15), 2:58	01974-10-30October 30, 1974	&1000000000000003200000032 years, &10000000000000286000000286 days	Kinshasa, Zaire	"The Rumble in the Jungle"; Won The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Joe Frazier	Decision (unanimous)	12 (12)	01974-01-28January 28, 1974	&1000000000000003200000032 years, &1000000000000001100000011 days	New York City, NY	Retained NABF Heavyweight title; Vacated title later in 1974.
Win	Rudi Lubbers	Decision (unanimous)	12 (12)	01973-10-20October 20, 1973	&1000000000000003100000031 years, &10000000000000276000000276 days	Jakarta, Indonesia
Win	Ken Norton	Decision (split)	12 (12)	01973-09-10September 10, 1973	&1000000000000003100000031 years, &10000000000000236000000236 days	Inglewood, CA	Won NABF Heavyweight title.
Loss	Ken Norton	Decision (split)	12 (12)	01973-03-31March 31, 1973	&1000000000000003100000031 years, &1000000000000007300000073 days	San Diego, CA	Lost NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	Joe Bugner	Decision (unanimous)	12 (12)	01973-02-14February 14, 1973	&1000000000000003100000031 years, &1000000000000002800000028 days	Las Vegas, NV
Win	Bob Foster	KO	7 (12)	01972-11-21November 21, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000309000000309 days	Stateline, NV	Retained NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	Floyd Patterson	TKO	7 (12)	01972-09-20September 20, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000247000000247 days	New York City, NY	Retained NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	Alvin Lewis	TKO	11 (12), 1:15	01972-07-19July 19, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000184000000184 days	Dublin, Ireland
Win	Jerry Quarry	TKO	7 (12), 0:19	01972-06-27June 27, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000162000000162 days	Las Vegas, NV	Retained NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	George Chuvalo	Decision (unanimous)	12 (12)	01972-05-01May 1, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &10000000000000105000000105 days	Vancouver, Canada	Retained NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	Mac Foster	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01972-04-01April 1, 1972	&1000000000000003000000030 years, &1000000000000007500000075 days	Tokyo, Japan
Win	Jürgen Blin	KO	7 (12), 2:12	01971-12-26December 26, 1971	&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000343000000343 days	Zurich, Switzerland
Win	Buster Mathis	Decision (unanimous)	12 (12)	01971-11-17November 17, 1971	&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000304000000304 days	Houston, TX	Retained NABF Heavyweight title.
Win	Jimmy Ellis	TKO	12 (12), 2:10	01971-07-26July 26, 1971	&1000000000000002900000029 years, &10000000000000190000000190 days	Houston, TX	Won vacant NABF Heavyweight title.
Loss	Joe Frazier	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01971-03-08March 8, 1971	&1000000000000002900000029 years, &1000000000000005000000050 days	New York City, NY	"The Fight of the Century"; Lost The Ring World Heavyweight title. For WBA & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Oscar Bonavena	TKO	15 (15), 2:03	01970-12-07December 7, 1970	&1000000000000002800000028 years, &10000000000000324000000324 days	New York City, NY	Retained The Ring World Heavyweight title.
Win	Jerry Quarry	TKO	3 (15)	01970-10-26October 26, 1970	&1000000000000002800000028 years, &10000000000000282000000282 days	Atlanta, GA	Retained The Ring World Heavyweight title.
Win	Zora Folley	KO	7 (15), 1:48	01967-03-22March 22, 1967	&1000000000000002500000025 years, &1000000000000006400000064 days	New York City, NY	Retained The Ring, WBC & WBA World Heavyweight titles; Stripped of titles on 1967-04-28.
Win	Ernie Terrell	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01967-02-06February 6, 1967	&1000000000000002500000025 years, &1000000000000002000000020 days	Houston, TX	Retained The Ring WBC & won WBA World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Cleveland Williams	TKO	3 (15)	01966-11-14November 14, 1966	&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000301000000301 days	Houston, TX	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Karl Mildenberger	TKO	12 (15)	01966-09-10September 10, 1966	&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000236000000236 days	Frankfurt, West Germany	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Brian London	KO	3 (15)	01966-08-06August 6, 1966	&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000201000000201 days	London, England	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Henry Cooper	TKO	6 (15), 1:38	01966-05-21May 21, 1966	&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000124000000124 days	London, England	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	George Chuvalo	Decision (unanimous)	15 (15)	01966-03-29March 29, 1966	&1000000000000002400000024 years, &1000000000000007100000071 days	Toronto, Canada	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Floyd Patterson	TKO	12 (15), 2:18	01965-11-22November 22, 1965	&1000000000000002300000023 years, &10000000000000309000000309 days	Las Vegas, NV	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Sonny Liston	KO	1 (15), 2:12	01965-05-25May 25, 1965	&1000000000000002300000023 years, &10000000000000128000000128 days	Lewiston, ME	Retained The Ring & WBC World Heavyweight titles.
Win	Sonny Liston	TKO	7 (15)	01964-02-25February 25, 1964	&1000000000000002200000022 years, &1000000000000003900000039 days	Miami Beach, FL	Won The Ring, WBA & WBC World Heavyweight titles; Stripped of WBA title on 1964-06-19.
Win	Henry Cooper	TKO	5 (10), 2:15	01963-06-18June 18, 1963	&1000000000000002100000021 years, &10000000000000152000000152 days	London, England
Win	Doug Jones	Decision (unanimous)	10 (10)	01963-03-13March 13, 1963	&1000000000000002100000021 years, &1000000000000005500000055 days	New York City, NY
Win	Charley Powell	KO	3, 2:04	01963-01-24January 24, 1963	&1000000000000002100000021 years, &100000000000000070000007 days	Pittsburgh, PA
Win	Archie Moore	TKO	4 (10), 1:35	01962-11-15November 15, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000302000000302 days	Los Angeles, CA
Win	Alejandro Lavorante	KO	5 (10), 1:48	01962-07-20July 20, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000184000000184 days	Los Angeles, CA
Win	Billy Daniels	TKO	7 (10), 2:21	01962-05-19May 19, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &10000000000000122000000122 days	New York City, NY
Win	George Logan	TKO	4 (10), 1:34	01962-04-23April 23, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000009600000096 days	New York City, NY
Win	Don Warner	TKO	4, 0:34	01962-03-28March 28, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000007000000070 days	Miami Beach, FL
Win	Sonny Banks	TKO	4 (10), 0:26	01962-02-10February 10, 1962	&1000000000000002000000020 years, &1000000000000002400000024 days	New York City, NY
Win	Willi Besmanoff	TKO	7 (10), 1:55	01961-11-29November 29, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000316000000316 days	Louisville, KY
Win	Alex Miteff	TKO	6 (10), 1:45	01961-10-07October 7, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000263000000263 days	Louisville, KY
Win	Alonzo Johnson	Decision (unanimous)	10 (10)	01961-07-22July 22, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000186000000186 days	Louisville, KY
Win	Duke Sabedong	Decision (unanimous)	10 (10)	01961-06-26June 26, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &10000000000000160000000160 days	Las Vegas, NV
Win	LaMar Clark	KO	2 (10), 1:27	01961-04-19April 19, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000009200000092 days	Louisville, KY
Win	Donnie Fleeman	TKO	7 (8)	01961-02-21February 21, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000003500000035 days	Miami Beach, FL
Win	Jim Robinson	KO	1 (8), 1:34	01961-02-07February 7, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &1000000000000002100000021 days	Miami Beach, FL
Win	Tony Esperti	TKO	3 (8), 1:30	01961-01-17January 17, 1961	&1000000000000001900000019 years, &100000000000000000000000 days	Miami Beach, FL
Win	Herb Siler	KO	4 (8)	01960-12-27December 27, 1960	&1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000345000000345 days	Miami Beach, FL
Win	Tunney Hunsaker	Decision (unanimous)	6 (6)	01960-10-29October 29, 1960	&1000000000000001800000018 years, &10000000000000286000000286 days	Louisville, KY

Notes [link]

^ ^a ^b "Muhammad Ali – Boxer". Boxrec.com. http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=000180&cat=boxer. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ ^a ^b "Muhammad Ali Biography". Biography.com. January 17, 1942. http://www.biography.com/articles/Muhammad-Ali-9181165?part=0. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "Muhammad Ali – Biography of Muhammad Ali – Page 2". History1900s.about.com. http://history1900s.about.com/od/people/a/muhammadali_2.htm. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ Cagle, Jess (December 17, 2001). "Ali: Lord of the Ring". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001498,00.html. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ BY: Interview by Deborah Caldwell. "Muhammad Ali has embraced Sufi Islam and is on a new spiritual quest". Beliefnet.com. http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Islam/2005/02/Muhammad-Alis-New-Spiritual-Quest.aspx. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ Plimpton, George (June 14, 1999). "MUHAMMAD ALI: The Greatest". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991256,00.html#ixzz1WkE11Voo. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "BACKTALK; Today's Athletes Owe Everything to Ali – Page 3 – New York Times". The New York Times. April 30, 2000. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/30/sports/backtalk-today-s-athletes-owe-everything-to-ali.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "Muhammad Ali". ESPN. January 20, 2012. http://espn.go.com/sports/boxing/topics/_/page/muhammad-ali. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ "Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. by Muhammad Ali". Quotedb.com. http://www.quotedb.com/quotes/3980. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
^ Plimpton, George (June 14, 1999). "MUHAMMAD ALI: The Greatest". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,991256,00.html#ixzz1WjqptGlj. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "CNN/SI – SI Online – This Week's Issue of Sports Illustrated – Ali named SI's Sportsman of the Century – Friday December 03, 1999 12:00 AM". Sports Illustrated. December 3, 1999. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/cover/news/1999/12/02/awards. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
^ "Ali crowned Sportsman of Century". BBC News. December 13, 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/561352.stm.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dawson, Dawn P; Salem Press (February 1, 2002). Great Athletes. 1 (Revised ed.). Salem Press. pp. 38–41. ISBN 978-1-58765-008-6. http://books.google.com/?id=TnIAPwAACAAJ.
^ Hauser 2004, p. 14
^ "Ali has Irish ancestry". BBC News. February 9, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/1810535.stm. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
^ Kandel, Elmo (April 1, 2006). "Boxing Legend – Muhammad Ali". Article Click (Elmo Kandel). http://www.articleclick.com/Article/Boxing-Legend---Muhammad-Ali/938509. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
^ "Muhammad Ali". University of Florida. http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Spring05/Shaffer/clay.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
^ “GODFATHER” OF CUTMEN-CHUCK BODAK SUFFERS STROKE September 2, 2007 by Pedro Fernandez, ringtalk.com
^ "Muhammad Ali Timeline". Infoplease. http://www.infoplease.com/spot/malitimeline1.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
^ Nathan Ward "'A Total Eclipse of the Sonny,'" American Heritage, Oct. 2006.^{[dead link]}
^ "Biographies: Muhammad Ali". Gale.cengage.com. http://www.gale.cengage.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/ali_m.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ Irusta, Carlos (January 17, 2012). "Dundee: Ali was, still is 'The Greatest'". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/boxing/story/_/id/7470417/muhammad-ali-was-continues-greatest. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
^ "Boxing Classics – Sonny Liston v Cassius Clay – February 25, 1964". Saddo Boxing. http://www.saddoboxing.com/boxing-article/Sonny-Liston-v-Cassius-Clay.html. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lipsyte, Robert (February 26, 1964). "Clay Wins Title in Seventh-Round Upset As Liston Is Halted by Shoulder Injury". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/10/25/specials/ali-upset.html. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
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^ "Celebrities celebrate with Muhammad Ali", ABC15.com, March 24, 2012
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^ "Laila Ali". Womenboxing.com. http://www.womenboxing.com/lailaali.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
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^ Spears, Marc J. (September 14, 1999). "Ali: The Greatest of 20th century; Show stops when the champ arrives for awards dinner". The Courier-Journal. http://www.courier-journal.com/localnews/1999/9909/14/990914ali.html. Retrieved January 7, 2007. ^{[dead link]}
^ "FILM , Will Smith peaks as Ali". BBC News. December 25, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1719162.stm. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
^ "UN Messenger of Peace Muhammad Ali arrives in Afghanistan". Web.archive.org. December 13, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20021213180823/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=5382&Cr=Muhammad&Cr1=Ali. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
^ "Muhammad Ali visits Kabul". Getty Images. http://www.life.com/image/1647010?epmid=1. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
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^ "Bush presents Ali with Presidential Medal of Freedom". ESPN. November 14, 2005. http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/boxing/news/story?id=2219166. Retrieved February 16, 2009.
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^ Patricia Sheridan (December 3, 2007) "Patricia Sheridan's Breakfast With ... Lonnie Ali" Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved on July 28, 2009.
^ McDonald, Brian (August 12, 2009). "Fightin' talk as Ennis awaits Muhammed Ali". Irish Independent. http://www.independent.ie/national-news/fightin-talk--as-ennis-awaits-mohammed-ali-1857049.html. Retrieved August 26, 2009.
^ "Ennis honours Muhammad Ali". RTÉ News. September 1, 2008. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0901/alim.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
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^ "Muhammad Ali's Daughter, May May Ali, Writes Children's Book About His Boxing Career", Jet 104 (24): 38, 8 Dec 2003, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=L7QDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38
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^ Miller, Davis (September 12, 1993). "Still Larger Than Life – To Millions, Muhammad Ali Will Always Be The Champ". Seattle Times Newspaper (Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com). http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19930912&slug=1720560. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
^ page 9. Google Books. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4120-5335-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=mzTW9Nitee4C&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
^ By Rhett Bollinger / MLB.com. "Angels draft boxing legend Ali's son". Mlb.mlb.com. http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090611&content_id=5270622&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb. Retrieved August 5, 2009.
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^ "The Biography Channel – Muhammed Ali Biography". Web.archive.org. May 23, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060523172332/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/741:610/1/Muhammed_Ali.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
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^ ^a ^b Durham, Richard; Ali, Muhammad; Richard Durham (1975-10). The greatest, my own story. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-46268-4. OCLC 1622063. http://books.google.com/?id=EkfhAAAAMAAJ.
^ When We Were Kings (1996).
^ Ali (2001).
^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame database". HWOF.com. http://hwof.com/star/live-theatre/muhammad-ali/2435.
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References [link]

Hauser, Thomas (October 21, 2004). Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times. Robson Books. ISBN 978-1-86105-738-9. OCLC 56645513. http://books.google.com/?id=UkFxgibeS1AC.
Schulke, Flip; Matt Schudel (2000). Muhammad Ali: The Birth of a Legend, Miami, 1961–1964. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20340-5. http://books.google.com/?id=5h2JHAAACAAJ.

External links [link]

	Book: Muhammad Ali
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Muhammad Ali

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad Ali

Achievements
Preceded by Sonny Liston	WBA Heavyweight boxing champion February 25, 1964 – June 19, 1964 (Stripped)	Succeeded by Ernie Terrell filled vacancy
Preceded by Sonny Liston	WBC Heavyweight boxing champion February 25, 1964 – March 11, 1969 (Stripped)	Succeeded by Joe Frazier filled vacancy
Preceded by Ernie Terrell	WBA Heavyweight boxing champion February 6, 1967 – April 28, 1967 (Stripped)	Succeeded by Jimmy Ellis filled vacancy
Preceded by Leotis Martin (Vacated)	NABF Heavyweight boxing champion December 17, 1970–1971 (Vacated)	Succeeded by George Foreman filled vacancy
Preceded by George Foreman (Vacated)	NABF Heavyweight boxing champion Ju1y 26, 1971 – March 31, 1973	Succeeded by Ken Norton
Preceded by Ken Norton	NABF Heavyweight boxing champion September 10, 1973–1974 (Vacated)	Succeeded by Ken Norton filled vacancy
Preceded by George Foreman	WBA Heavyweight boxing champion October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978	Succeeded by Leon Spinks
Preceded by George Foreman	WBC Heavyweight boxing champion October 30, 1974 – February 15, 1978	Succeeded by Leon Spinks
Preceded by Leon Spinks	WBA Heavyweight boxing champion September 15, 1978 – September 6, 1979 (Vacated)	Succeeded by John Tate filled vacancy
Awards
Preceded by none	United Press International Athlete of the Year 1974	Succeeded by João Carlos de Oliveira
Preceded by O.J. Simpson	Hickok Belt Winner 1974	Succeeded by Pete Rose
Preceded by Dick Tiger	Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year 1963	Succeeded by Emile Griffith
Preceded by Joe Frazier	Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year Shared award with Carlos Monzon 1972	Succeeded by George Foreman
Preceded by George Foreman	Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year 1974, 1975	Succeeded by George Foreman
Preceded by Carlos Zarate	Ring Magazine Fighter of the Year 1978	Succeeded by Sugar Ray Leonard
Preceded by Willie Pastrano	BWAA Fighter of the Year 1965	Succeeded by Dick Tiger
Preceded by George Foreman	BWAA Fighter of the Year 1974, 1975 (shared award with Joe Frazier)	Succeeded by U.S. Olympic Boxing Gold Medalists – Sugar Ray Leonard, Leo Randolph, Howard Davis, Jr., Leon Spinks and Michael Spinks
Olympic Games
Preceded by Antonio Rebollo	Final Summer Olympic Torchbearer Atlanta 1996	Succeeded by Cathy Freeman

v t e Muhammad Ali

Fights	Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics · Muhammad Ali vs. Sonny Liston · Fight of the Century (Ali-Frazier I) · Ali-Frazier II · The Rumble in the Jungle (Ali-Foreman) · Thrilla in Manila (Ali-Frazier III)

Media	a.k.a. Cassius Clay (film) · I Am the Greatest: The Adventures of Muhammad Ali (animated series) · Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (comic book) · The Greatest (film) · Muhammad Ali Heavyweight Boxing (video game) · Foes of Ali (video game) · When We Were Kings (film) · King of the World (TV movie) · Ali: An American Hero (TV movie) · Muhammad Ali (song) · Ali (film) · Facing Ali (film)

People	Cassius Marcellus Clay, Sr. (father) · Odessa Grady Clay (mother) · Rahman Ali (brother) · Veronica Porsche Ali (wife) · Laila Ali (daughter) · Chuck Bodak (trainer and cutman) · Angelo Dundee (cornerman) · Drew Bundini Brown (trainer and cornerman) · Ferdie Pacheco (personal physician and cornerman) · Joe E. Martin (first trainer) · Archie Moore (trainer)

Other	Clay v. United States · Muhammad Ali vs. Antonio Inoki · Muhammad Ali Center · Sufism · Malcolm X

Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year

1954: Roger Bannister
1955: Johnny Podres
1956: Bobby Morrow
1957: Stan Musial
1958: Rafer Johnson
1959: Ingemar Johansson
1960: Arnold Palmer
1961: Jerry Lucas
1962: Terry Baker
1963: Pete Rozelle
1964: Ken Venturi
1965: Sandy Koufax
1966: Jim Ryun
1967: Carl Yastrzemski
1968: Bill Russell
1969: Tom Seaver
1970: Bobby Orr
1971: Lee Trevino
1972: Billie Jean King & John Wooden
1973: Jackie Stewart
1974: Muhammad Ali
1975: Pete Rose
1976: Chris Evert
1977: Steve Cauthen
1978: Jack Nicklaus
1979: Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell
1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team
1981: Sugar Ray Leonard
1982: Wayne Gretzky
1983: Mary Decker
1984: Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton
1985: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
1986: Joe Paterno
1987: Bob Bourne, Judi Brown King, Kipchoge Keino, Dale Murphy, Chip Rives, Patty Sheehan, Rory Sparrow, & Reggie Williams
1988: Orel Hershiser
1989: Greg LeMond
1990: Joe Montana
1991: Michael Jordan
1992: Arthur Ashe
1993: Don Shula
1994: Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss
1995: Cal Ripken, Jr.
1996: Tiger Woods
1997: Dean Smith
1998: Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa
1999: U.S. Women's Soccer Team
2000: Tiger Woods
2001: Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson
2002: Lance Armstrong
2003: David Robinson & Tim Duncan
2004: Boston Red Sox
2005: Tom Brady
2006: Dwyane Wade
2007: Brett Favre
2008: Michael Phelps
2009: Derek Jeter
2010: Drew Brees
2011: Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt

Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year

1931: Pepper Martin
1932: Gene Sarazen
1933: Carl Hubbell
1934: Dizzy Dean
1935: Joe Louis
1936: Jesse Owens
1937: Don Budge
1938: Don Budge
1939: Nile Kinnick
1940: Tom Harmon
1941: Joe DiMaggio
1942: Frank Sinkwich
1943: Gunder Hägg
1944: Byron Nelson
1945: Byron Nelson
1946: Glenn Davis
1947: Johnny Lujack
1948: Lou Boudreau
1949: Leon Hart
1950: Jim Konstanty
1951: Dick Kazmaier
1952: Bob Mathias
1953: Ben Hogan
1954: Willie Mays
1955: Howard Cassady
1956: Mickey Mantle
1957: Ted Williams
1958: Herb Elliot
1959: Ingemar Johansson
1960: Rafer Johnson
1961: Roger Maris
1962: Maury Wills
1963: Sandy Koufax
1964: Don Schollander
1965: Sandy Koufax
1966: Frank Robinson
1967: Carl Yastrzemski
1968: Denny McLain
1969: Tom Seaver
1970: George Blanda
1971: Lee Trevino
1972: Mark Spitz
1973: O. J. Simpson
1974: Muhammad Ali
1975: Fred Lynn
1976: Bruce Jenner
1977: Steve Cauthen
1978: Ron Guidry
1979: Willie Stargell
1980: U.S. Olympic Hockey Team
1981: John McEnroe
1982: Wayne Gretzky
1983: Carl Lewis
1984: Carl Lewis
1985: Dwight Gooden
1986: Larry Bird
1987: Ben Johnson
1988: Orel Hershiser
1989: Joe Montana
1990: Joe Montana
1991: Michael Jordan
1992: Michael Jordan
1993: Michael Jordan
1994: George Foreman
1995: Cal Ripken, Jr.
1996: Michael Johnson
1997: Tiger Woods
1998: Mark McGwire
1999: Tiger Woods
2000: Tiger Woods
2001: Barry Bonds
2002: Lance Armstrong
2003: Lance Armstrong
2004: Lance Armstrong
2005: Lance Armstrong
2006: Tiger Woods
2007: Tom Brady
2008: Michael Phelps
2009: Jimmie Johnson
2010: Drew Brees
2011: Aaron Rodgers

v t e Olympic Boxing Champions in Men's Light Heavyweight

1920-1936: 160-175 lb (72.6-79.4 kg), 1948: 73-80 kg 1952-2008: 75-81 kg

1920: Eddie Eagan (USA) 1924: Harry Mitchell (GBR) 1928: Víctor Avendaño (ARG) 1932: David Carstens (RSA) 1936: Roger Michelot (FRA) 1948: George Hunter (RSA) 1952: Norvel Lee (USA) 1956: James Boyd (USA) 1960: Cassius Clay (USA) 1964: Cosimo Pinto (ITA) 1968: Danas Pozniakas (URS) 1972: Mate Parlov (YUG) 1976: Leon Spinks (USA) 1980: Slobodan Kačar (YUG) 1984: Anton Josipović (YUG) 1988: Andrew Maynard (USA) 1992: Torsten May (GER) 1996: Vassiliy Jirov (KAZ) 2000: Aleksandr Lebziak (RUS) 2004: Andre Ward (USA) 2008: Zhang Xiaoping (CHN)

Authority control: LCCN: n79054611 | WorldCat

Persondata
Name	Ali, Muhammad
Alternative names	Clay, Cassius Marcellus, Jr.
Short description	American boxer, world heavyweight champion, Olympic gold medalist; anti-Vietnam War activist
Date of birth	January 17, 1942
Place of birth	Louisville, Kentucky
Date of death
Place of death

This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali

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