- published: 01 Nov 2011
- views: 8129730
- author: Mugiwarettes
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Angoumois
Angoumois (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ɡumwa]) was a county and province of France, nearly corresponding today to the Charente département. Its capital was Angoulême.
Coordinates: 45°39′N 0°10′E / 45.65°N 0.167°E / 45.65; 0.167
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Anjou
Anjou (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃ʒu]) is a former county (in the sense of being ruled by a count, from c. 880), duchy (1360) and province centred on the city of Angers in the lower Loire Valley of what, since the early 13th century, we know as western France. Its traditional Latin name was Andegavia.
Anjou was united with the English Crown from 1151-1199, when Henry II, and, in turn, his (third) son Richard the Lionheart, inherited the county, and thus themselves became Counts of Anjou. At its peak, the Angevin Empire then spread from Ulster to the Pyrenees. But Richard had no legitimate issue, so in 1199 Anjou passed to his nephew, Arthur of Brittany (the posthumous son of Henry II’s fourth son, Geoffrey), while the Crown of England passed to Henry II’s fifth son and Richard’s youngest brother, John. Count Arthur was taken prisoner by John in 1203, and disappeared in murky circumstances. In 1204, the county as a whole was in turn seized by France. Its status was elevated to that of a duchy for Prince Louis, the second son of John II of France, and remained as such until the Revolution. Today, Anjou corresponds largely to the present-day département of Maine-et-Loire.
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Artois
Artois (French pronunciation: [aʁtwa]; adjective Artesian; Dutch: Artesië) is a former province of northern France. Its territory has an area of around 4000 km² and a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras (Dutch: Atrecht), Saint-Omer, Lens and Béthune.
Artois occupies the interior of the Pas-de-Calais département, the western part of which constitutes the former Boulonnais. Artois roughly corresponds to the arrondissements of Arras, Béthune, Saint Omer, and Lens, and the eastern part of the Arrondissement of Montreuil. It occupies the western end of the coalfield which stretches eastward through the neighbouring Nord département and across central Belgium.
Originally a feudal county itself, Artois was annexed by the county of Flanders. It came to France in 1180 as a dowry of a Flemish princess, Isabelle of Hainaut, and was again made a separate county in 1237 for Robert, a grandson of Isabelle. Through inheritance, Artois came under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in 1384. At the death of the fourth duke, Charles the Bold, Artois was inherited by the Habsburgs and passed to the dynasty's Spanish line. After the religious revolts of 1566 in the Netherlands, Artois briefly entered the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the Pacification of Ghent until it formed the Union of Atrecht in 1579. After the Union of Atrecht, Artois and Hainaut (Dutch: Henegouwen) reached a separate agreement with Philip II. Artois remained with the Spanish Netherlands until it was conquered by the French during the Thirty Years War. The annexation was acknowledged during the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and it became a French province. Though Artois had already been largely French-speaking, it was considered part of the Netherlands until the French annexation.
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Asturias
Asturias (English /əˈstʊriəs/, /əˈstjʊəriəs/, /ɑːˈstʊərjəs/), officially the Principality of Asturias (Spanish: Principado de Asturias [pɾinθiˈpaðo ðe asˈtuɾjas]; Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies [pɾinθiˈpaw ðasˈtuɾjes]), is an autonomous community of Spain. It is coextensive with the province of Asturias, and contains nearly all of the territory that was part of the Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. The autonomous community of Asturias is bordered by Cantabria to the east, by Castile and León to the south, by Galicia to the west, and by the Bay of Biscay to the north.
The most important cities are the communal capital, Oviedo (Uviéu), the seaport and largest city Gijón (Xixón), and the industrial town of Avilés. Other popular municipalities include Cangas de Onís (Cangues d'Onís), Cangas del Narcea, Gozón, Grado (Grau), Langreo (Llangréu), Laviana (Llaviana), Lena (Ḷḷena), Llanes, Mieres, Siero, Valdés, Vegadeo (A Veiga) and Villaviciosa (see also List of municipalities and comarcas in Asturias).
wn.com/Asturias -
Aunis
Aunis is a historical province of France, situated in the north-west of the department of Charente-Maritime. Its historic capital is La Rochelle, which took over from Castrum Allionis (Châtelaillon) the historic capital which gives its name to the province.
It was a fief of the Duchy of Aquitaine. It extended to Marais Poitevin in the north, Basse Saintonge (and Niortais) in the east, and Rochefortais in the south. Aunis had an influence approximately 20–25 km into the Isle of Ré (l'Île de Ré).
The province was officially recognised during the reign of Charles V of France in 1374:"In 1374, Charles V separated La Rochelle from Saintonge to set up a provincial government, comprising the jurisdictions of Rochefort, Marennes and, for a time, Benon. It was thus that Aunis legally became a separate province."
Aunis was the smallest province in France, in terms of area. Nowadays it is a part of the Charente-Maritime département together with Saintonge.
People from Aunis were called Aunisien (masculine) or Anisienne (feminine).
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Bay of Biscay
The Bay of Biscay (Spanish: Golfo de Vizcaya; French: Golfe de Gascogne; Basque: Bizkaiko golkoa; Breton: Pleg-mor Gwascogn; Gascon: Golf de Gasconha) is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean located south of the Celtic Sea. It lies along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal, and is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.
The average depth is 1,744 metres (5,722 ft) and maximum depth is 2,789 metres (9,150 ft).
Parts of the continental shelf extend far into the bay, resulting in fairly shallow water in many areas and thus cause the rough seas for which the region is known. The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's fiercest weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Up until recent years it was a regular occurrence for merchant vessels to founder in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have reduced the toll of the storms.
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Belle Île
Belle-Île, Belle-Île-en-Mer, or Belle Isle (ar Gerveur in Modern Breton; Guedel in Old Breton) is a French island off the coast of Brittany in the département of Morbihan, and the largest of Brittany's islands. It is 14 km from the Quiberon peninsula.
Administratively, the island forms a canton: the canton of Belle-Île. It is divided into four communes:
The island measures 17 km by 9 km and has an average altitude of 40 m. The area is about 84 km2. The coasts are a mixture between dangerously sharp cliff edges on the southwest side, the Côte Sauvage (Wild coast), and placid beaches, the largest being les Grands Sables (The great sands) and navigable harbours on the northeast side. The island's climate is oceanic, having less rain and milder winters than on the mainland.
The two main ports are Le Palais (accessible by ferry from Quiberon) and Sauzon (accessible by ferry from Quiberon and Lorient).
There used to be forests on the island, but these have long disappeared due to increasing agricultural use of the land.
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Bodilis
Coordinates: 48°31′51″N 4°06′56″W / 48.5308°N 4.1156°W / 48.5308; -4.1156
Bodilis (Breton: Bodiliz) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
Inhabitants of Bodilis are called in French Bodilisiens.
Notre-Dame Church,
Porch left side
Notre-Dame Church,
Porch right side
Notre-Dame Church,
Nave and choir
Notre-Dame Church,
Main altar
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Bourbonnais
Bourbonnais (French pronunciation: [buʁbɔnɛ]; Occitan: Borbonés / Barbonés) was a historic province in the centre of France that corresponded to the modern département of Allier, along with part of the département of Cher. Its capital was Moulins.
Its first known lord was Adhémar (or Aymar) in the 10th century AD. He acquired the castle of Bourbon (today Bourbon-l'Archambault) which gave its name to the family, the House of Bourbon.
The first House of Bourbon ended in 1200 with the death of Archambault VII. It left only one heiress, Mahaut de Bourbon, whose husband, Guy II of Dampierre, added Montlucon to the possessions of the lords of Bourbon, extending to the River Cher during the 11th and 12th centuries.
The second house of Bourbon started in 1218 with Archambault VIII, son of Guy II and Mahaut, and brother of William II of Dampierre. He was followed by his son Archambaut IX, who died in Cyprus in 1249 during a crusade. Bourbonnais was then acquired by the House of Burgundy.
In 1272, Beatrice of Burgundy (1258-1310), Lady of Bourbon, married Robert de France (1256-1318), Count of Clermont, son of king Louis IX (Saint-Louis). It was the beginning of the long-lasting House of Bourbon, providing kings of France from Henry IV through Louis-Phillipe in 1848, when monarchy was abolished in France.
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Brittany
Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] (
listen); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain). Brittany is considered as one of the six Celtic nations.
Brittany occupies the northwest peninsula of continental Europe in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay.
In 1956, French regions were created by gathering departments between them. The Region of Brittany comprises, since then, four of the five Breton departments (80% of historical Brittany), while the remaining area of the old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department, around Nantes, forms part of the Pays de la Loire region. This territorial organisation is regularly contested. The Kingdom and the Duchy of Brittany, the province of Brittany, and the modern Region of Brittany cover the Western part of Armorica, as it was known during the period of Roman occupation.
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Béarn
Béarn (French pronunciation: [be.aʁn]; Gascon: Bearn or Biarn; Basque: Bearno) is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France. Along with the three Basque provinces of Soule, Lower Navarre, and Labourd, the principality of Bidache, as well as small parts of Gascony and Bigorre, it forms in the southwest the current département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques (64). The capitals of Béarn were Beneharnum (until 841), Morlaàs (starting ca. 1100), Orthez (starting second half of 13th century), then Pau (beginning in the mid 15th century).
Béarn is bordered by Basque provinces Soule and Lower Navarre to the west, by Gascony (Landes and Armagnac) to the north, by Bigorre to the east, and by Spain (Aragon) to the south.
The name Béarn comes from Beneharnum, the capital city of the Venarni people, destroyed by Vikings by 840.
Today, the mainstays of the Béarn area are the petroleum business, the aerospace industry through the helicopter manufacturer Turbomeca, tourism and agriculture (much of which is corn grown for seed). Pau was the birthplace of Elf Aquitaine, which has now become a part of Total petroleum company.
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Camp Conlie
Camp Conlie was one of eleven military camps established by the Republican Government of National Defense under Léon Gambetta during the Franco-Prussian war. It became notable because of events which have led to it being described as a "concentration camp", in which troops from Brittany were supposedly incarcerated and persecuted. This became a significant atrocity story within Breton nationalism.
After the defeat of French forces at the Battle of Sedan, and the fall of the monarchy of Napoleon III, a new republic was proclaimed. The new government decided to form a new army and continue the war. Major General Émile de Kératry was made responsible for establishing a camp at Conlie in the region of Le Mans and mobilized volunteers from the west of France to form an "army of Brittany". The mobilized quota from the five departments of Brittany was 80,000 men. It was intended that these troops would be equipped with the weapons left over from the American Civil War, but these promised weapons failed to materialize.
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Cap Fréhel
Cap Fréhel is a peninsula in Côtes-d'Armor, in northern Brittany, France which extends off the Côte d'Émeraude into the Golfe de Saint-Malo. No towns or villages are situated on the peninsula however two lighthouses, one from the 17th century and the other one from 1950, are located at the tip of it. The Cap is located 8.5 km from the town centre of Fréhel, although, administratively, it is located within the territory of the commune of Plévenon.
The peninsula is surrounded by mainly cliffs which make it difficult to access it via sea. The whole of the undulating terrain is covered in moorland and marshes which make it difficult to construct any structure on the site.
Cap Fréhel give his name to Cape Freels when sailors from Newfoundland beginn to fish Atlantic cods
It is also the finish of Stage 5 of the 2011 Tour de France.
French actress and singer Fréhel had taken her stage name from this peninsula.
Coordinates: 48°41′N 2°19′W / 48.683°N 2.317°W / 48.683; -2.317
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Carnac
Coordinates: 47°35′05″N 3°04′46″W / 47.5847°N 3.0794°W / 47.5847; -3.0794
Carnac (Breton: Karnag) is a commune beside the Gulf of Morbihan on the south coast of Brittany in the Morbihan department in north-western France.
Its inhabitants are called Carnacois. Carnac is renowned for the Carnac stones – one of the most extensive Neolithic menhir collections in the world – as well as its beaches, which are popular with tourists.
Located on a narrow peninsula halfway between the medieval town Vannes and the seaside resort Quiberon, Carnac is split into two centres - Carnac-Ville and Carnac-Plage (the beachfront). In total there are five beaches, including la Grande Plage, and further to the east, Plage Men Dû and Beaumer.
Carnac is famous as the site of more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones. The stones were hewn from local rock and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany. Local tradition claims that the reason they stand in such perfectly straight lines is that they are a Roman legion turned to stone by Merlin (Brittany has its own local versions of the Arthurian cycle).
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Comtat Venaissin
The Comtat Venaissin, often called the Comtat for short (Occitan: lo Comtat Venaicin, la Comtat in classical norm and lou Coumtat Venessin, la Coumtat in mistralian norm), is the former name of the region around the city of Avignon in what is now the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of France. It comprised roughly the area between the Rhône, the Durance and Mont Ventoux, with a small exclave located to the north around the town of Valréas. The entire region was an enclave within the Kingdom of France. The Comtat also bordered (and mostly surrounded) the Principality of Orange. Avignon itself was, however, never part of the Comtat but constituted a separate comtat (county) in its own right, in effect forming an enclave within an enclave. The region is still known informally as the Comtat Venaissin, although this no longer has any political meaning.
In 1096, the Comtat was part of the Margraviate of Provence that was inherited by Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse from William Bertrand of Provence. These lands in the Holy Roman Empire belonged to Joan, the hereditary Countess of Toulouse and wife of Alphonse, Count of Poitiers. Alphonse had bequeathed it to the Holy See on his death in 1271. Since this happened during the interregnum, there was no Holy Roman Emperor to protect Joan's rights. The Comtat became a Papal territory in 1274. The region was named after its former capital, Venasque, which was replaced as capital by Carpentras in 1320.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (
/ˈkɔrnwɔːl/ or /ˈkɔrnwəl/;Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]; Latin: Cornubia or Cornuvia) is a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Cornwall has a population of 537,400 and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi). The administrative centre and only city is Truro.
The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Brythons with distinctive cultural relations to neighbouring Wales and Brittany. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish at the Tamar. From the early Middle Ages, British language and culture was apparently shared by Brythons trading across both sides of the Channel, evidenced by the corresponding high medieval Breton kingdoms of Domnonee and Cornouaille and the Celtic Christianity common to both territories.
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Corsica
Corsica ( /ˈkɔːrsɪkə/; French: Corse, IPA: [kɔʁs]; Corsican: Corsica; Italian: Corsica, IPA: [ˈkɔrsika]) is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the Italian island of Sardinia. Mountains comprise two-thirds of the island, forming a single chain.
Corsica is one of the 27 régions of France, although strictly speaking Corsica is designated as a territorial collectivity (collectivité territoriale) by law. As a territorial collectivity, it enjoys greater powers than other French régions, but for the most part its status is quite similar. Corsica is referred to as a "région" in common speech, and is almost always listed among the other régions of France.
Although the island is separated from the continental mainland by the Ligurian Sea and is closer to Italy than to the French mainland, politically Corsica is part of Metropolitan France. It was once briefly an independent Corsican Republic, until being incorporated into France in 1769. Its culture has French and Italian elements blended into it.
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County of Foix
The County of Foix (French pronunciation: [fwa]) was an independent medieval fief in southern France, and later a province of France, whose territory corresponded roughly the eastern part of the modern département of Ariège (the western part of Ariège being Couserans).
During the Middle Ages, the county of Foix was ruled by the counts of Foix, whose castle overlooks the town of Foix. In 1290 the counts of Foix acquired the viscountcy Béarn, which became the center of their domain, and from that time on the counts of Foix rarely resided in the county of Foix, preferring the richer and more verdant Béarn.
The county of Foix was an independent fief of the kingdom of France and consisted of an agglomeration of small holdings ruled by lords, who, though subordinate to the counts of Foix, had some voice in the government of the county.
The provincial-states of the county, which can be traced back to the 14th century, consisted of three orders and possessed considerable power and energy. In the 17th and 18th centuries Foix formed one of the thirty-three gouvernements, or military areas, of France and kept its provincial-states until the French Revolution. In 1790 it was joined with Couserans to form the département of Ariège.
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County of La Marche
The County of Marche (Occitan: la Marcha) was a medieval French county, approximately corresponding to the modern département of Creuse.
Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century, when William III, Duke of Aquitaine, gave it to one of his vassals named Boso, who took the title of count. In the 12th century, the countship passed to the family of Lusignan. They also were sometimes counts of Angoulême and counts of Limousin.
With the death of the childless Count Guy in 1308, his possessions in La Marche were seized by Philip IV of France. In 1316 the king made La Marche an appanage for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards Charles IV. Several years later in 1327, La Marche passed into the hands of the House of Bourbon. The family of Armagnac held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons.
In 1527 La Marche was seized by Francis I and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute Marche and Basse Marche, the estates of the former continuing until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution, the province was under the jurisdiction of the parlement of Paris.
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Dauphiné
The Dauphiné (pronounced: [dofine]) or Dauphiné Viennois is a former province in southeastern France, whose area roughly corresponded to that of the present departments of Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes. The Dauphiné (also called Dauphiny in ancient English) was an independent state from 1040 to 1349, under the rule of the Counts of Albon, before joining the Kingdom of France. As a French province, it maintained its autonomy until 1457.
The historical capital is Grenoble and the other main towns are Vienne, Valence, Montélimar, Gap and Romans-sur-Isère.
Its inhabitants are called Dauphinois.
Le Dauphiné Libéré is a famous regional French newspaper, and organized the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré (now known as the Critérium du Dauphiné) cycle stage race prior to 2010.
Under the Ancien Régime, the province was bordered in the North by the River Rhône which separated the Dauphiné from the Bresse ("Brêsse") and Bugey ("Bugê"). To the east it bordered the Savoy and Piedmont, and to the south the Comtat Venaissin and Provence. The western border was marked by the Rhône to the south of Lyon. The Dauphiné extended up to what is now the centre of Lyon.
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Douarnenez
Coordinates: 48°05′34″N 4°19′45″W / 48.0928°N 4.3292°W / 48.0928; -4.3292
Douarnenez, (Breton: douar (land) an enez (the island) or land of the island), is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
It lies at the mouth of the Pouldavid estuary on the southern shore of Douarnenez Bay in the Atlantic Ocean, 25 kilometres (16 mi)(15 miles) north-west of Quimper. The population in 1999 was 15,827, a decrease over previous counts. It still has fish canning facilities (sardines and mackerel) although sardine fishing, for which the town became famous, has fallen off in recent years. Increasingly, Douarnenez has become an attraction for tourists, not only in view of its pleasant location and warm climate but because of its marinas, its maritime museum, its regattas and its sandy beaches. The island of Tristan off Douarnenez has a mysterious past, linked as it is to the legend of Tristan and Iseult.
The legendary city of Ys, of Breton folklore, is believed to lie beneath Douarnenez Bay. The port is also associated with the medieval story of Tristan, lover of Iseult, for whom Tristan Island is named. The island was originally named St Tutuarn Island after the priory founded there in the 12th century. Douarnenez has several 16th and 17th century churches, including the Church of Ploaré, which has a Gothic steeple (1548–86), and the chapels of Sainte-Croix, Sainte-Hélène, and Saint-Michel.
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English Channel
The English Channel (French: la Manche, Breton: Mor Breizh, Cornish: Mor Bretannek), often referred to simply as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates southern England from northern France, and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest to 34 km (21 mi) in the Strait of Dover. It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi).
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows:
On the West. A line joining Isle Vierge (48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028) to Lands End (50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717).
On the East. The Southwestern limit of the North Sea.
The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as "a line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)". The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais (50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E / 50.985°N 1.9166667°E / 50.985; 1.9166667), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent (51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E / 51.1666667°N 1.4°E / 51.1666667; 1.4).
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Finistère
Finistère (French pronunciation: [fi.nis.tɛʁ]; Breton: Penn-ar-Bed) is a département of France, in the extreme west of Brittany.
The name Finistère derives from the Latin Finis Terræ, meaning end of the earth, and may be compared with Land's End on the opposite side of the English Channel. The Breton name for Finistère Penn ar Bedd translates as Head/End of the World and is cognate with the Cornish equivalent for Land's End Pen-an-Wlas (Head/End of the country). Finistère is not to be confused with Finisterre in Spain.
The present department consists of the historical region of Léon and parts of Cornouaille and Trégor.
The largest population center in Finistère is Brest. Other large towns in the department include Quimper (the capital), Morlaix, Carhaix, and Douarnenez. Finistère includes the island of Ushant (Eusa in Breton, Ouessant in French).
Finistère is the westernmost region of France (excluding the overseas departments). By several criteria, Finistère can also claim to be the most coastal department in Metropolitan France. Of its 283 communes, 118 are located on the coast. Its total coastline of approximately 1,250 km (776.71 mi) accounts for almost a quarter of the entire French coast-line.
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Flanders
Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen (help·info)) is the (political) community of the Flemings, one of the communities of Belgium, and also a geographical region located in parts of present-day Belgium, France and the Netherlands.
"Flanders" can also refer to the northern part of Belgium that contains Brussels, Bruges, Ghent and Antwerp. Over the course of history, the geographical territory that was called "Flanders" has varied. In the second half of the twentieth century, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power from French-speaking Wallonia (which was industrialized earlier) to the Flemish.
To the English-speaking peoples, Flanders meant historically (from circa 1000 AD) the land situated along the North Sea from the Strait of Dover to the Scheldt estuary. The southern borders were generally ill-defined. Over the last millennium, it was mostly the southern and western borders that receded to give the present day borders within northern Belgium.
Flanders has figured prominently in European history. Between the early 17th century and 1945, the political outcomes of modern Spain, France, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria were often decided by battles on the plains of Flanders. Even earlier in British and Irish history, the Flemings (or Flemish) were important allies of the Normans in their conquest of England (1066) and invasion of Ireland (1169–71).
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Forez
Forez is a former province of France, corresponding approximately to the central part of the modern Loire département and a part of the Haute-Loire and Puy-de-Dôme départements.
The final "z" in Forez (French pronunciation: [fɔʁe]) is not pronounced in the Loire département, however, it is pronounced in the western part of the former province, essentially when referring to the correspondent Forez Mountains (on the border between Puy-de-Dôme and Loire. The name is derived from the city of Feurs. Franco-Provençal is the language that was historically spoken in the region.
Residents of the Forez are called Foréziens.
The rue du Forez in the third arrondissement of Paris was built in the late 16th century and appears on Turgot's map of Paris.
Coordinates: 45°44′30″N 4°13′36″E / 45.741667°N 4.226667°E / 45.741667; 4.226667
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France
France (English
i/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gascony
Gascony ( /ˈɡæskəni/; French: Gascogne [ɡaskɔɲ]; Gascon: Gasconha [ɡasˈkuɲɔ]) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; sometimes they are considered to overlap, and sometimes Gascony is considered a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of Bordeaux.
It is currently divided between the Aquitaine région (départements of Landes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, south and west of Gironde, and south of Lot-et-Garonne) and the Midi-Pyrénées région (départements of Gers, Hautes-Pyrénées, southwest of Tarn-et-Garonne, and west of Haute-Garonne).
Gascony was historically inhabited by Basque-related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to Basque. The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see Wasconia below). From medieval times until the nineteenth century, the Gascon language was spoken, which is a regional variant of the Occitan Language. It is also the land of d'Artagnan, who inspired Alexandre Dumas's character in The Three Musketeers. It is also home to the hero of the play Cyrano de Bergerac (though this character has little in common with the real Cyrano de Bergerac, who was a Parisian) and to Henry III of Navarre who later became king of France as Henry IV.
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Glénan islands
The Glénan islands (French: Îles des Glénan or Archipel des Glénan) are an archipelago located off the coast of France. They are located in the south of Finistère, near Concarneau and Fouesnant, and comprise seven major islands: Saint-Nicolas, the Loc'h, Penfret, Cigogne, Drenec, Bananec, and Brunec. In addition, there are over a dozen smaller islets.
The Glénan islands have been home to the Glénans sailing school since it was founded in 1947. An international diving school is also present on the islands.
Île aux Moutons, half way to continent, is considered to be a part of the archipelago.
The islands are a popular tourist destination, particularly as a daytrip for those holidaying in the rest of Finistère. Both the presence of a shallow seabed and the availability of a catamaran with windows in its base have greatly contributed to this. It is difficult to stay on the islands overnight, as there is no hotel, and camping is forbidden. One or two small guesthouses exist.
The islands are powered by a combined power plant.
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Groix
Coordinates: 47°38′22″N 3°27′13″W / 47.6394°N 3.4536°W / 47.6394; -3.4536
Groix (French: Île de Groix, Breton: Enez Groe) is an island and a commune in the Morbihan department of the region of Brittany in north-western France.
Groix lies a few kilometres of the coast off Lorient. Several ferries a day run from Lorient to Groix.
There are a few small towns on the island. High cliffs are on its north coast and sandy beaches in secluded coves on the south coast. Groix is also home to a wide variety of sea birds.
The geology of Groix is distinct from that of the nearby continent, and the east and south coasts have been designated a mineral nature reserve since 1982.[citation needed] More than 60 minerals can be found on the island, particularly blue glaucophane (observable on the surface), epidote or garnet.[citation needed] The island mainly consists of schist.[citation needed]
Groix provides a dramatic backdrop for the fourth novel of Peter May's "Enzo" series, Freeze Frame, published in 2010.
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Gulf of Morbihan
The Gulf of Morbihan is a natural harbour on the coast of the Département of Morbihan in the south of Brittany, France. This English name is taken from the French version: le golfe du Morbihan. It is more accurately called 'the Morbihan' directly from its Breton name which is Ar Mor Bihan, meaning 'the little sea' (Compare the Welsh y môr bychan), as opposed to the Atlantic Ocean outside, (Ar Mor Bras). Legend says that there are as many islands in the Gulf as there are days of the year. However, this is untrue and the gulf has about 40, depending on the tide. Many islands are private property, except the largest two, l'Île-aux-Moines and l'Île-d'Arz.
The area around the gulf features an extraordinary range of megalithic monuments. There are passage dolmens, stepped pyramids with underground dolmen chambers, stone circles, and giant menhirs, among others. The site best known to outsiders is Carnac, where remains of a dozen rows of huge standing stones run for over ten kilometers. The passage grave of Gavrinis, on a small island in the Gulf, is one of the most important such sites in Europe. Some of the ruins have been dated to at least 3300 BC — 200 years older than England's Stonehenge.
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Guyenne
Guyenne ( /ɡwiːˈjɛn/; French: [ɡɥijɛn]; Occitan: Guiana [ˈɡjanɔ]) or Guienne is a vaguely defined historic region of south-western France. The Province of Guyenne, sometimes called the Province of Guyenne and Gascony, was a large province of pre-revolutionary France.
The name Guyenne comes from the Occitan Guiana, which is itself a corruption of the word Aquitaine. However the words Aquitaine and Guyenne came to indicate different entities. The region of Guyenne also became confused with the region of Gascony until this took on a distinct identity in the 17th Century. From this time "Guyenne and Gascony" was a common term corresponding roughly to modern northern Aquitaine.
The Duchy of Guyenne appears for the first time in the Treaty of Paris of 1229 which brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade, and may have been actually created by that treaty. The capital was Bordeaux. The Duchy was under the Kings of England, as Guyenne had been since 1154, and remained an English vassal until 1453. In 1453 it became land directly under the French Crown, except from 1469 to 1472 when it was granted to Charles de Valois (until his death).
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Houat
Coordinates: 47°23′25″N 2°57′22″W / 47.3903°N 2.9561°W / 47.3903; -2.9561
Houat (Enez Houad in Breton) is a French island off the south coast of Brittany in the department of Morbihan. It is located, along with two other major islands, in the entrance to the Baie de Quiberon. Its "twin sister" island is Hoëdic.
Administratively, Île-d'Houat is a commune of the Morbihan department.
5 km (3.1 mi) long, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) at the widest. The island is mostly granite cliffs except for a long beach lined with dunes on the eastern coast.
Inhabitants of Île-d'Houat are called Houatais.
Houat is the setting for Iain Pears' 2005 novel The Portrait.
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Hoëdic
Coordinates: 47°20′25″N 2°52′40″W / 47.3403°N 2.8778°W / 47.3403; -2.8778
Hoëdic (officially Hœdic, in Breton: Edig) is an island off the south coast of Brittany in north-western France. Its bigger "twin sister" island is Houat.
Administratively, Hoëdic is a commune in the Morbihan department.
Inhabitants of Hoëdic are called Hoëdicais.
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Ireland
Coordinates: 53°20′N 08°00′W / 53.333°N 8°W / 53.333; -8
Ireland (pronounced [ˈaɪrlənd] ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster Scots: Airlann or Airlan) is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth. To its east is the larger island of Great Britain, from which it is separated by the Irish Sea.
Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers just under five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom, which covers the remainder and is located in the northeast of the island. The population of Ireland is approximately 6.4 million. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland and just under 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland.
Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain epitomise Ireland's geography with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate, which avoids extremes in temperature. Thick woodlands covered the island until the 17th century. Today, it is one of the most deforested areas in Europe. There are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man ( /ˈmæn/; Manx: Ellan Vannin, pronounced [ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn]), otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, IPA: [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although the United Kingdom does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is ultimately the responsibility of the Crown (that is, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, and the Manx language, a branch of the Gaelic languages, gradually emerged. In the 9th century, the Norse began to settle there. A Norse-Gaelic culture arose and the island came under Norse control. In 1266, the island became part of Scotland as formalised by the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal overlordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1764 but the island never became part of Great Britain or its successor the United Kingdom and retained its status as an internally self-governing Crown dependency.
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Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).
Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the port on the extreme north-east coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family. His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.
In 1534, the year the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with France in the Edict of Union, Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean le Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The king had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524. Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery of new lands in the New World".
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Lancieux
Coordinates: 48°36′30″N 2°08′55″W / 48.6083°N 2.1486°W / 48.6083; -2.1486
Lancieux (Breton: Lanseeg, Gallo: Lansioec) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in north-western France.
Inhabitants of Lancieux are called in French lancieutins or lancieutains.
British-Canadian poet Robert W. Service is buried in town, where his summer house was located.
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Languedoc
Languedoc (/ˌlɒŋɡəˈdɒk/; French: [lɑ̃ɡdɔk]; Occitan: Lengadòc [ˌleŋɡɔˈðɔ]) is a former province of France, now continued in the modern-day régions of Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées in the south of France, and whose capital city was Toulouse, now in Midi-Pyrénées. It had an area of approximately 42,700 km² (16,490 sq. miles).
The traditional provinces of the kingdom of France were not formally defined. A province was simply a territory of common traditions and customs, but it had no political organization. Today, when people refer to the old provinces of France, they actually refer to the gouvernements as they existed in 1789. Gouvernements were military regions established in the middle of the 16th century and whose territories closely matched those of the traditional provinces. However, in some cases, small provinces had been merged with a large one into a single gouvernement, so gouvernements are not exactly the same as the traditional provinces.
Historically, the region was called the county of Toulouse, a county independent from the kings of France. The county of Toulouse was made up of what would later be called Languedoc, but it also included the province of Quercy (now département of Lot and northern half of the département of Tarn-et-Garonne) and the province of Rouergue (now département of Aveyron), both to the northwest of Languedoc. At some times it even included the province of Agenais (now eastern half of the département of Lot-et-Garonne) to the west of Languedoc, the province of Gévaudan (now département of Lozère), the province of Velay (now the central and eastern part of the département of Haute-Loire), the southern part of the province of Vivarais (now the southern part of the département of Ardèche), and even all the northern half of Provence. After the French conquest the entire county was dismantled, the central part of it being now called Languedoc.
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Lille
Coordinates: 50°38′14″N 3°03′48″E / 50.6372°N 3.0633°E / 50.6372; 3.0633
Lille (French pronunciation: [lil] ( listen); Dutch: Rijsel) is a city in northern France (French Flanders). It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium. It is the capital of the Nord-Pas de Calais region and the prefecture of the Nord department.
The city of Lille, which annexed Lomme on 27 February 2000, had a population of 226,014 at the 2006 census. Meanwhile, the Lille Métropole, which also includes Roubaix, Tourcoing and numerous suburban communities, had a population of 1,091,438. The eurodistrict of Lille-Kortrijk, which also includes the areas of the Belgian cities of Kortrijk, Tournai, Mouscron and Ypres, had 1,905,000 residents.[citation needed]
The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of "L'Isle" at 640. Although the first mention of the town appears in archives from the year 1066, some archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC[citation needed], most notably in the modern-day quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes, and Old Lille.
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Locmariaquer
Coordinates: 47°34′12″N 2°56′39″W / 47.57°N 2.9442°W / 47.57; -2.9442
Locmariaquer (Breton: Lokmaria-Kaer) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France.
It lies 8.5 mi (13.7 km) south of Auray by road.
This coat of arms was created 30 years ago by the local artist Jean-Baptiste Corlobé. The arms portray:
All are surmounted by a baronial crown (Locmariaquer was part of the former barony of Kaër). It bears the Breton language motto: "Kaër e mem bro" which can be interpreted in two ways: "Kaër is my country" or "my country is beautiful" (the phrase originated with JM François Jacob in 1933).
The municipality of Locmariaquer is located at the western tip of the Gulf of Morbihan in Brittany and has many beaches facing the Atlantic Ocean and the bay Quiberon.
This small town contains the Locmariaquer megaliths, some of the most significant neolithic remains in Europe, including the Broken Menhir of Er Grah, the largest known single block of stone to have been transported and erected by Neolithic man. It is beside the Table des Marchands, a famous dolmen with notable carvings.
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Locronan
Coordinates: 48°06′00″N 4°12′24″W / 48.1000°N 4.2067°W / 48.1000; -4.2067
Locronan (Lokorn in Breton) is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
Locronan is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.
The village's name means the "hermitage of Ronan", after the eponymous founder Saint Ronan. It has previously been known as Saint-René-du-Bois.
Saint Ronan is greatly venerated in Brittany. He was a Celtic (possibly Cornish or Irish) missionary of the 6th century. His association with Locronan is close, and a portion of his relics are kept in the parish church.
Locronan is a small town built at the foot of a hill, and was granted town status in 1505 by Anne of Brittany, who went there on a pilgrimage.
Since the 15th century, hemp has been blossoming in Locronan's surroundings. This led to a hemp industry in the town at the time, making the town quite prosperous. Locronan's hemp used to be shipped around the world, and was also vital for rigging the shipping, both commercial and military, that operated from Brittany's many ports. It was at this time that the Saint Ronan church was built as well as the small chapel of Penity.
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Lorient
Coordinates: 47°45′N 3°22′W / 47.75°N 3.36°W / 47.75; -3.36
Lorient, or L'Orient, (French pronunciation: [lɔ.ʁjɑ̃]; Breton: An Oriant) is a commune and a seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France.
At the beginning of the 17th century, merchants who were trading with India had established warehouses in Port-Louis. They later built additional warehouses across the bay in 1628, at the location which became known as L'Orient (the Orient in French). Later, the French East India Company, founded in 1664 and chartered by King Louis XIV, established shipyards there, thus giving an impetus to the development of the city. In 1746 during the War of the Austrian Succession, Britain launched an unsuccessful Raid on Lorient to destroy French shipping.
In attempts to destroy German submarine pens (U-boat bases) and their supply lines, most of this city was destroyed by Allied bombing during World War II (see section below). Thus, today's Lorient reflects an architectural style of the 1950s.
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Louannec
Coordinates: 48°47′41″N 3°24′34″W / 48.7947°N 3.4094°W / 48.7947; -3.4094
Louannec (Breton: Louaneg) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France.
The inhabitants are called louannecains in French and louanegad (Louanegiz) in Breton.
In 2008, 5.82% of primary school children attended bilingual schools.
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Lower Navarre
Lower Navarre (Basque: Nafarroa Beherea or Baxenabarre, French: Basse-Navarre, Spanish: Baja Navarra) is a part of the present day Pyrénées Atlantiques département of France. Along with Navarre of Spain, it was once ruled by the Kings of Navarre. Lower Navarre was historically one of the kingdoms of Navarre. Its capital were Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port and Saint-Palais. In the extreme north there was the little sovereign principality of Bidache.
Its extent is of 1,284 km2, and has a decreasing population of 44,450 (in 1901), 25,356 (in 1990).
Although this denomination is not completely correct from the historical point of view, it is also known as Merindad de Ultrapuertos ("the regions beyond the mountain passes") by the southerners, and Deça-ports ("this side of the mountain passes") by the gascon-speakers.
Lower Navarre is a collection of valleys in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The Aldudes valley, around the town of Saint-Étienne-de-Baïgorry in the south of Lower Navarre, preserves many old traditions, with houses of pink sandstone and contests of Force Basque, the games of strength. The Irouléguy wines are produced in the area around the town of Irouléguy.
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Lyon
Coordinates: 45°45′35″N 4°50′32″E / 45.7597°N 4.8422°E / 45.7597; 4.8422
Lyon (French pronunciation: [ljɔ̃] ( listen), locally: [lijɔ̃]; Occitan: Lion [liˈu]; Arpitan: Liyon [ʎjɔ̃]; English: /liːˈɒn/), traditionally spelt Lyons in English, is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located approximately 470 km (292 mi) from Paris, 320 km (199 mi) from Marseille, 420 km (261 mi) from Strasbourg, 160 km (99 mi) from Geneva, 280 km (174 mi) from Turin. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais.
The city of Lyon has 483,181 inhabitants. Together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Lyon forms the largest conurbation in France outside Paris with a population estimated to be 1,422,331; its overall metropolitan area was estimated to have a population of 2,118,132. Its urban region represents half of the Rhône-Alpes region population with 2.9 million inhabitants. Lyon is the capital of this region, as well as the capital of the smaller Rhône département.
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Lyonnais
The Lyonnais is a historical province of France which owes its name to the city of Lyon.
The geographical area known as the Lyonnais became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy after the division of the Carolingian Empire. The disintegration of Imperial control, especially after the fall of the Hohenstaufens in 1254, led to French encroachment and eventual acquisition by King Philip IV of France in 1313. Lyonnais now often simply refers to the area around the city of Lyon.
The local speech-form known as Lyonnais is a dialect of the Arpitan language that is spoken in the region.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Molène
Coordinates: 48°23′50″N 4°57′20″W / 48.3972°N 4.9556°W / 48.3972; -4.9556
Molène (Breton: Molenez: 'bald island') is an island off the west coast of Brittany and one of the Ponant Islands, the largest of an archipelago of some twenty islands. Administratively, it is part of a commune of the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
Together with several neighbouring islets, it forms the commune of Île-Molène. The island is small, less than 1 by 0.9 km (0.56 mi), and has an area of 75 hectares. Its population has declined in recent decades, but Molène remains inhabited, with a population of 277 (2005 census). The community and only port are located to the east of the island, opposite a small island called the Lédénes of Molène that becomes connected at low tide.
Inhabitants of Île-Molène are called in French Molénais.
The island's electricity is produced by a small diesel generator. Potable water supplies are from rainwater catchment, with each household additionally maintaining its own cistern.
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Montbéliard
Coordinates: 47°30′37″N 6°47′56″E / 47.5103°N 6.7989°E / 47.5103; 6.7989
Montbéliard (French pronunciation: [mɔ̃.be.ljaʁ]; archaic German: Mömpelgard) is a city in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It is one of the two subprefectures of the department.
Mentioned first in 985 as Mons Beliardae, it became a county of the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. In 1397 the town, known in German as Mömpelgard, passed by marriage of Henriette, heiress of county to Eberhard IV, Count of Württemberg, to the House of Württemberg . In 1524, ten years earlier than in Württemberg, duke Ulrich and reformer William Farel made Mömpelgard Protestant (specifically Lutheran). From 1598 to 1608, the architect Heinrich Schickhardt built several landmarks of the city, like St. Martin, a castle, a bridge, a college and several hotels.
After the French Revolution, it was briefly incorporated into the Rauracian Republic.[citation needed] In 1793 the town was annexed to France, which was confirmed in 1796 and by the German Mediatisation of 1806, when Württemberg was compensated with other areas, and became a kingdom.
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Morbihan
Morbihan (French pronunciation: [mɔʁbi.ɑ̃]; Breton: Mor-Bihan) is a department in Brittany, situated in the northwest of France. It is named after the Morbihan (small sea in Breton), the enclosed sea that is the principal feature of the coastline. It is famous for the Carnac stones, which are more extensive and predates the more familiar Stonehenge.
Morbihan is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. It was created from a part of the Duchy of Brittany. It is the only French department which has no French name; the word Morbihan is Breton. It is also the only department in France which has kept its original name.
Morbihan is part of the current region of Brittany and is surrounded by the departments of Finistère, Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine, and Loire-Atlantique, and the Atlantic Ocean on the southwest.
The Gulf of Morbihan has many islands: 365 according to legend, but, in reality, between 30 and 40, according to how they are counted. There are also many islets which are too small to be built on. Of these islands, all but two are private: l'Île aux Moines and l'Île D'Arz. The others are privately owned, some by movie stars or fashion designers.
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Mulhouse
Coordinates: 47°44′58″N 7°20′24″E / 47.7495°N 7.3399°E / 47.7495; 7.3399
Mulhouse (French: Mulhouse, pronounced: [myluz]; Alsatian: Milhüsa or Milhüse, [mɪlˈyːzə]; German: Mülhausen; i.e. mill hamlet) is a city and commune in eastern France, close to the Swiss and German borders. With a population of 110,514 and 278,206 inhabitants in the metropolitan area in 2006, it is the largest city in the Haut-Rhin département, and the second largest in the Alsace region after Strasbourg. Mulhouse is the principal commune of the 32 making up the Communauté d'agglomération Mulhouse Alsace Agglomération (MAA, population 252,000).
Mulhouse is famous for its museums, especially the Cité de l’Automobile (also known as "Musée national de l’automobile") and the Musée Français du Chemin de Fer (also known as "Cité du train"), respectively the largest automobile and railway museums in France. An industrial town nicknamed "the French Manchester", Mulhouse is also the main seat of the Upper Alsace University, where the secretariat of the European Physical Society can be found.
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Nantes
Coordinates: 47°13′05″N 1°33′10″W / 47.2181°N 1.5528°W / 47.2181; -1.5528
Nantes (French pronunciation: [nɑ̃t]) (Breton: Naoned, Gallo: Naunnt) is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, 50 km (31 mi) from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants.
Nantes is the capital city of the Pays de la Loire region and Loire-Atlantique département. Together with Vannes, Rennes and Carhaix, it was one of the major cities of the historic province of Brittany, and the ancient Duchy of Brittany. Culturally, Nantes is a Breton city.
In 2004, Time described Nantes as "the most liveable city in Europe". In 2010, Nantes was named a hub city for innovation in the Innovation Cities Index by innovation agency, 2thinknow. The city was ranked 36th globally from 289 cities and 4th overall in France, behind Paris, Lyon and Strasbourg for innovation across multiple sectors of the economy.
The name Nantes, pronounced [nɑ̃t] in French, derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Namnetes, who founded a town there around 70 BC. The city was called Portus Namnetum during the Roman occupation that began in 56 BC. The inhabitants of Nantes are known in French as Nantais ([nɑ̃tɛ]).
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Nazi Germany
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Nivernais
Nivernais (French pronunciation: [nivɛʁnɛ]) is former province of France, around the city of Nevers and the département of Nièvre.
The raw climate and soils cause the area to be heavily wooded.
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Orléanais
Orléanais (French pronunciation: [ɔʁleanɛ]) is a former province of France, around the cities of Orléans, Chartres, and Blois.
The name comes from Orléans, its main city and traditional capital. The province was one of those into which France was divided before the French Revolution. It was the country around Orléans, the pagus Aurelianensis; it lay on both banks of the Loire, and for ecclesiastical purposes formed the diocese of Orléans. It was in the possession of the Capet family before the advent of Hugh Capet to the throne of France in 987, and in 1344 Philip VI gave it with the title of duke to Philip of Valois (d. 1375), one of his younger sons. In a geographical sense the region around Orléans is sometimes known as the Orléanais, but this is somewhat smaller than the former province.
Orléanais was also a dialect of the French language spoken in the province of Orléanais until the beginning of the 19th century.
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Pays de la Loire
Pays de la Loire (French pronunciation: [pɛ.i də la lwaʁ]; Breton: Broioù al Liger) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is one of the regions created in the late 20th century to serve as a zone of influence for its capital, Nantes, one of a handful so-called "balancing metropolises" (métropoles d'équilibre)¹. Other examples of "artificially created" regions include Rhône-Alpes, which was created as the region for Lyon, and Midi-Pyrénées, which was created as the region for Toulouse.
Pays de la Loire is made up of the following historical provinces:
Consequently, the name of the region, chosen by the French central government, was not based on history, but purely on geographical references: Pays (i.e. "lands") de la Loire (i.e. "of the Loire River"). However, the majority of the famous châteaux of the Loire Valley are located in the Centre region, and not inside Pays de la Loire, despite the confusing name. The Pays de la Loire present many great monuments as the castles of Angers, Laval, Mayenne and the Nantes "Château des Ducs de Bretagne", the Royal Fontevraud Abbey (the widest monastic ensemble in Europe), the old city of Le Mans, and also many natural parks such as the Brière and the Marsh of Poitou.
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Picardy
Picardy (French: Picardie, French pronunciation: [pikaʁdi]) is one of the 27 regions of France. It is located in the northern part of France.
The historical province of Picardy stretched from north of Noyon to Calais, via the whole of the Somme department and the north of the Aisne department. The province of Artois (Arras area) separated Picardy from French Flanders.
In the 5th century the area was occupied by the Franks, and in the feudal period it encompassed the six countships of Boulogne, Montreuil, Ponthieu, Amiénois, Vermandois, and Laonnois.
The name "Picardy" (which may have referred to a Frankish tribe of picards or pike-bearers) was not used until the 12th or 13th century. During this time, the name applied to all lands where the Picard language was spoken, which included all the territories from Paris to the Netherlands. In the Latin Quarter of Paris, people identified a "Picard Nation" (Nation Picarde) of students at Sorbonne University, most of whom actually came from Flanders.
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Plouha
Coordinates: 48°41′N 2°56′W / 48.68°N 2.93°W / 48.68; -2.93
Plouha (Breton: Plouha, Gallo: Plóha) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in north-western France.
Inhabitants of Plouha are called in French plouhatins.
Plouha is twinned with Killorglin located in County Kerry, Ireland.
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Plymouth
Plymouthi/ˈplɪməθ/ is a city and unitary authority area on the south coast of Devon, England, about 190 miles (310 km) south-west of London. It is situated between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west, where they join Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the City of Plymouth has included the suburbs of Plympton and Plymstock, which are on the east side of the River Plym.
Plymouth's history goes back to the Bronze Age, when its first settlement grew at Mount Batten. This settlement continued to grow as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until the more prosperous village of Sutton, the current Plymouth, surpassed it. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers left Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.
Throughout the Industrial Revolution, Plymouth grew as a major commercial shipping port, handling imports and passengers from the Americas, while the neighbouring town of Devonport grew as an important Royal Naval shipbuilding and dockyard town. In 1914 the three neighbouring and independent towns, viz., the county borough of Plymouth, the county borough of Devonport, and the urban district of East Stonehouse were merged to form a single County Borough. The new, merged town took the name of Plymouth which, in 1928, achieved city status. The city's naval importance later led to its targeting and partial destruction during World War II, an act known as the Plymouth Blitz. After the war the city centre was completely rebuilt.
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Poitou
Poitou (French pronunciation: [pwatu]) was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers.
The region of Poitou was called Thifalia (or Theiphalia) in the sixth century.
There is a marshland called the Poitevin Marsh (French Marais Poitevin) on the Gulf of Poitou, on the west coast of France, just north of La Rochelle and west of Niort.
Many of the Acadians who settled in what is now Nova Scotia beginning in 1604 and later to New Brunswick, came from the region of Poitou. After the Acadians were deported by the British beginning in 1755, a number of Acadians eventually took refuge in Poitou and in Québec. A large portion of these refugees also migrated to Louisiana in 1785 and following years became known as Cajuns (see Cajuns).
Perhaps paradoxically, during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries Poitou had been a hotbed of Huguenot (French Calvinist) activity among the nobility and bourgeoisie and was severely impacted by the French Wars of Religion (1562–1598).
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Portsmouth
Portsmouth (i/ˈpɔːtsməθ/) is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island. It is situated 64 miles (103 km) south west from London and 19 miles (31 km) south east from Southampton.
As a significant naval port for centuries, Portsmouth is home to the world's oldest dry dock still in use and also home to some famous ships, including HMS Warrior, the Tudor carrack Mary Rose and Lord Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory. Although smaller than in its heyday, the naval base remains a major dockyard and base for the Royal Navy and Royal Marine Commandos whose Headquarters resides there. There is also a thriving commercial ferryport serving destinations on the continent for freight and passenger traffic. The City of Portsmouth and Portsmouth Football Club are both nicknamed Pompey.
The Spinnaker Tower is a striking recent addition to the city's skyline. It can be found in the redeveloped former HMS Vernon, formerly a shore establishment or 'stone frigate' of the Royal Navy, now an area of retail outlets, restaurants, clubs and bars now known as Gunwharf Quays.
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Rennes
Coordinates: 48°06′53″N 1°40′46″W / 48.1147°N 1.6794°W / 48.1147; -1.6794
Rennes ([ʁɛn] ( listen) French: Rennes, Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon, Latin: Condate, Civitas Redonum) is a city in the east of Brittany in northwestern France. Rennes is the capital of the region of Brittany, as well as the Ille-et-Vilaine department.
Rennes is the administrative capital of the French department Ille-et-Vilaine.
Prior to the French Revolution, when France was a Kingdom, Rennes was considered the capital of the Province of Brittany. Prior to the integration of the Duchy of Brittany into the Kingdom of France, Rennes was at times the capital of the Duchy, with the other historical capitals of Brittany's Ducal period being Nantes and Vannes. It has a long history due to its location at the confluence of two rivers and its proximity to the bordering regions from which arose various challenges to the borders of Brittany.
The eastern Armorican people of Redones founded Condate —an ancient Celtic word meaning confluent— at the confluence of the Ille and Vilaine rivers and made it the capital of a territory that extended to the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel. The name of the city of Redon also reflects that of the Redones. Early in the 1st century BCE, they adopted the Greek and Roman practice of issuing coinage, adapting the widely imitated gold staters of Philip II of Macedon, in the characteristic Celtic coin metal alloy called billion. Without inscriptions, as the Celtic practice was, the Redones coinage features a charioteer whose pony has a human head. Large hoards of their coins were unearthed in the "treasure of Amanlis" found in June 1835 and that of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande, discovered in February 1941. The Museum at Rennes contains a large representative collection.
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Roscoff
Coordinates: 48°43′38″N 3°59′04″W / 48.7272°N 3.9844°W / 48.7272; -3.9844
Roscoff (Breton: Rosko) is a commune in the Finistère département of Brittany in northwestern France.
Roscoff is renowned for its picturesque architecture, labeled « Petite cité de caractère de Bretagne (small town of character) » since 2009. Roscoff is also a traditional departure point for Onion Johnnies.
After lobbying by local economic leaders headed by Alexis Gourvennec, the French Government agreed in 1968 to provide a deep water port at Roscoff. Existing ferry operators were reluctant to take on the relatively long Plymouth/Roscoff crossing, so Gourvennec and colleagues founded Brittany Ferries. Since the early 1970s, Roscoff has been developed as a ferry port for the transport of Breton agricultural produce, and for car-based tourism. Brittany Ferries' and Irish Ferries link Roscoff with the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland which provides a boost to the local economy.
The nearby Île de Batz, called Enez Vaz in Breton, is a small island that can be reached by launch from the harbour.
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Rosslare Europort
Rosslare Europort (Irish: Calafort Ros Láir) is a modern seaport located at Rosslare Harbour in County Wexford, Ireland, near the southeastern-most point of Ireland's coastline, handling passenger and freight ferries to and from Wales and France.
The port, formerly called Rosslare Harbour, is operated by Iarnród Éireann, Ireland's national railway operator, which provides direct services to Dublin Connolly railway station from Rosslare Europort railway station, about 1 km from the port. Some of these trains are conveniently timed to connect to/from ferries to Wales and France.
The Rosslare Harbour/Europort ferry connection using Stena Line to Fishguard Harbour and then by train operated by Arriva Trains Wales to Carmarthen, Swansea and Cardiff links into the First Great Western to primarily Bristol Parkway, Reading and London Paddington. This way of travel is popular with Rugby fans going to the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, or travelling to Lansdowne Road in Dublin. Currently train and ferry connections are promoted between places across the Irish Sea using rail and ferry as a viable alternative to air [1]
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Roussillon
Roussillon (French pronunciation: [ʁusiˈjɔ̃]; Catalan: Rosselló, IPA: [rusəˈʎo]) is one of the historical counties of the former Principality of Catalonia, corresponding roughly to the present-day southern French département of Pyrénées-Orientales (Eastern Pyrenees). It may also refer to French Catalonia or Northern Catalonia, the latter used by Catalan-speakers. A 1998 survey found that 34% of respondents stated they speak Catalan, and a further 21% understand it.
Also a French province before the Revolution (and Spanish before the Thirty Years' War), Roussillon derived its name from Ruscino (Rosceliona, Castel Rossello), a small fortified place near modern-day Perpignan where Gaulish chieftains met to consider Hannibal's request for a conference. The region formed part of the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis from 121 BC to AD 462, when it was ceded with the rest of Septimania to the Visigoth Theodoric II. His successor, Amalaric, on his defeat by Clovis in 531 retired to Hispania, leaving a governor in Septimania.
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Saintonge
Saintonge (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃tɔ̃ʒ]) is a small region and historical province on the Atlantic coast of France within the département Charente-Maritime, west and south of Charente in the administrative region of Poitou-Charentes. It derives its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the Santones who lived in this area, around the current city of Saintes.
The Saintonge was the center of the French Huguenots. Today, the region is famous for its production of the grapes that are used to produce cognac and Pineau des Charentes.
It was the birthplace of the explorer Jean Allefonsce and Samuel de Champlain who founded Quebec.
Saintongeais (patouê saintonjhouê, jhabrail) is spoken in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis, and Angoumois
This area is also famous for its widely exported medieval pottery, shards of which are found in large quantities on medieval excavations throughout Ireland and other European countries. These shards are from vessels made and exported as a by-product of the Bordeaux wine trade (Deroeux and Dufournier, 1991). They consist of an off-white micaceous fabric with moderate amounts of quartz and sparse inclusions of haematite. They are glazed on the external surface only, with a clear lead glaze. In Saintonge Green wares the addition of copper filings produces a mottled mid-green colouring. Many forms of Saintonge wares were produced, including Saintonge Polychrome, Saintonge Green, and in some cases unglazed wares.
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Savoy
Savoy (/ˈsævɔɪ/; Arpitan: Savouè, IPA: [saˈvwɛ]; French: Savoie, IPA: [savwa]; Italian: Savoia) is a region of France. It comprises roughly the territory of the Western Alps situated between Lake Geneva in the north and Dauphiné in the south.
The historical land of Savoy emerged as the feudal territory of the house of Savoy during the 11th to 14th centuries. The historical territory is shared between the modern republics of France and Italy.
Installed by Rudolph III, King of Burgundy, officially in 1003, the House of Savoy became the longest surviving royal house in Europe.[citation needed] It ruled the County of Savoy to 1416 and then the Duchy of Savoy from 1416 to 1714.
The territory of Savoy was annexed to France in 1792 under the French First Republic, before being returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in 1815. Savoy was finally annexed to France, under the Second French Empire in 1860, as part of a political agreement brokered between the French emperor Napoleon III and King Victor Emmanuel II of the Kingdom of Sardinia that began the process of unification of Italy. Victor Emmanuel's dynasty, the House of Savoy, retained its Italian lands of Piedmont and Liguria and became the ruling dynasty of Italy.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Second French Empire
The Second French Empire (French: Le Second Empire Français) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
Although the machinery of government was almost the same under the Second Empire as it had been under the First, its founding principles were different. The function of the Empire, as Emperor Napoleon III often repeated, was to guide the people internally towards justice and externally towards perpetual peace. Holding his power by universal male suffrage, and having frequently, from his prison or in exile, reproached previous oligarchical governments with neglecting social questions, he set out to solve them by organising a system of government based on the principles of the "Napoleonic Idea", i.e. of the emperor, the elect of the people as the representative of the democracy, and as such supreme; and of himself, the representative of the great Napoleon I of France, "who had sprung armed from the French Revolution like Minerva from the head of Jove", as the guardian of the social gains of the revolutionary period.
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Touraine
The Touraine (French pronunciation: [tuʁɛn]) is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. During the political reorganization of French territory in 1790, the Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, Loir-et-Cher and Indre.
Traversed by the Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne, the Touraine makes up a part of the Paris Basin. It is well known for its viticulture. The TGV, which connects Tours with Paris in less than an hour, has made the Touraine a place of residence for people who work in the capital but seek a different quality of life.
The Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the region about two thousand years ago. In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the Angevins, who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154, the castle of Chinon being their greatest stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a royal duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings, and the dark and gloomy castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.
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Tréguier
Coordinates: 48°47′09″N 3°13′52″W / 48.7858°N 3.2311°W / 48.7858; -3.2311
Tréguier (Breton: Landreger) is a port town in the Côtes-d'Armor department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is the capital of the province of Trégor.
Tréguier is located 36 m. N.W. of Saint-Brieuc by road. The port is situated about 5½ m. from the English Channel at the confluence of two streams that form the Tréguier River.
Tréguier (Trecorum), which dates from the sixth century, grew up round a monastery founded by Saint Tudwal (died c. 564). In the 9th century it became the seat of a bishopric, suppressed on July 12, 1790 (decree of November 14, 1789). Pop. (1906), 2605.
Inhabitants of Tréguier are called trécorrois.
In 2008, 11.78% of primary school children attended bilingual schools.
The cathedral, remarkable in having three towers over the transept, one of which is surmounted by a fine spire, dates from the 14th and 15th centuries. It contains the sumptuous modern mausoleum of Ivo of Kermartin (St Yves; d. 1303), a canon of the cathedral and patron saint of lawyers. The building of the cathedral was largely due to him. The Pardon of Saint Ivo, a religious festival, attracts an international audience drawn from the legal profession. To the south of the church there is a cloister (1468) with graceful arcades.
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Vannes
Coordinates: 47°39′21″N 2°45′37″W / 47.6559°N 2.7603°W / 47.6559; -2.7603
Vannes (French pronunciation: [van]; Breton: Gwened) is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany in north-western France. It was founded over 2000 years ago.
Vannes is located on the Gulf of Morbihan at the mouth of two rivers, the Marle and the Vincin. It is around 100 km northwest of Nantes and 450 km south west of Paris. Vannes is a market town and often linked to the sea.
The name Vannes comes from the Veneti, a seafaring Celtic people who lived in the south-western part of Armorica in Gaul before the Roman invasions. The Veneti were defeated by Julius Caesar's fleet in 56 BC in front of Locmariaquer; all the Veneti were then either slaughtered or sold into slavery. The Romans settled a town called Darioritum (the romanized Gaulish name of Vannes) in a location previously belonging to the Veneti.
The diocese of Vannes was erected in the 5th century. The Council of Vannes was held there in 461.
The first historical ruler of Vannes was Waroch.
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Wales
Walesi/ˈweɪlz/ (Welsh: Cymru;Welsh pronunciation: [ˈkəm.rɨ] ( listen)) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain,bordered by England to its east and the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea to its west. It has a population of three million, and a total area of 20,779 km2 (8,023 sq mi). Wales has over 1,200 km (750 mi) of coastline, including its offshore islands; the largest, Anglesey (Ynys Môn), is also the largest island in the Irish Sea. Wales is largely mountainous, with its highest peaks in the north and central areas, especially in Snowdonia (Eryri), which contains Snowdon (Yr Wyddfa), its highest summit.
During the Iron Age and early medieval period, Wales was inhabited by the Celtic Britons. A distinct Welsh national identity emerged in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations today. Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was recognised as King of Wales in 1057. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales. The castles and town walls erected to ensure its permanence are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to what was to become modern Wales, in the early 15th century. Wales was subsequently annexed by England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 since when, excluding those matters now devolved to Wales, English law has been the legal system of Wales and England. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and The Welsh Language Society in 1962. The National Assembly for Wales, created in 1999 following a referendum, holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.
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Île de Batz
Coordinates: 48°44′43″N 4°00′35″W / 48.7453°N 4.0097°W / 48.7453; -4.0097
The Île de Batz (Enez Vaz in Breton) is an island off Roscoff in Brittany, France. Administratively, it is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
Inhabitants of Île-de-Batz are called in French Batziens or Îliens.
As of the census of 1999, the island has a population of 575, estimated as 594 in 2005.
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Île de Sein
Coordinates: 48°02′12″N 4°50′58″W / 48.0367°N 4.8494°W / 48.0367; -4.8494
The Île de Sein is a French island in the Atlantic Ocean, off Finistère, 8 kilometres from the Pointe du Raz (raz meaning "water current"), from which it is separated by the Raz de Sein. Its Breton name is Enez Sun. The island, with its neighbouring islets, forms the commune of Île-de-Sein in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.
Lying on the sea routes going south from the English Channel, Sein is well known for the dangers of its waters, the Chaussée de Sein, a vast zone of reefs stretching more than thirty miles from east to west, requiring numerous lighthouses, beacons, and buoys. In the past, it was also known for its wreckers[citation needed]
During World War II, all the men of the island, a total of 124 between the age of fourteen and fifty-four, embarked on their fishing boats for England where they joined Charles de Gaulle's Free French in London after hearing de Gaulle's call to resistance in his appeal to the French on 18 June 1940. In 1946, the island as a whole was admitted into the extremely select Order of the Liberation for this feat and its residents were exempted from paying income tax, a privilege they enjoy to this day[citation needed].
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Alan Stivell
Alan Stivell (born Alan Cochevelou January 6, 1944) is a Breton musician and singer, recording artist and master of the celtic harp who from the early 1970s revived global interest in the Celtic (specifically Breton) harp and Celtic music as part of world music.
Alan was born in the Auvergnat town of Riom. His father Georges (Jord in Breton) Cochevelou was a civil servant in the French Ministry of Finance who achieved his dream of recreating a Celtic or Breton harp in the small town of Gourin, Brittany. In 1953, Alan began playing the instrument at the age of nine under the tutelage of his father and Denise Megevand, a concert harpist. Alan also learned Celtic mythology, art and history as well as the Breton language, traditional Breton dance and the Scottish bagpipe and the bombarde, a traditional Breton instrument, from the oboe family. Alan began playing concerts at eleven years and studying traditional Breton, English, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh folk music, also learning the drum, Irish flute, and tin whistle. He competed in and won several Breton traditional music competitions in the Bleimor Pipe band. Alan spent his childhood in Paris, with its cosmopolitan influences from France, Algeria, Morocco and elsewhere. But he fell in love with Breton music and Celtic culture in general, and often went back in his teens to Brittany.
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Alsace
Alsace (French: Alsace [alzas]; Alsatian: Elsàss [ˈɛlsɑs]; German: Elsass, pre-1996: Elsaß, IPA: [ˈɛlzas]; Latin: Alsatia) is the fifth-smallest of the 27 regions of France in land area (8,280 km²), and the smallest in metropolitan France. It is also the seventh-most densely populated region in France and third most densely populated region in metropolitan France, with ca. 220 inhabitants per km² (total population in 2006: 1,815,488; 1 January 2008 estimate: 1,836,000). Alsace is located on France's eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany and Switzerland. The political, economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg. Because that city is the seat of dozens of international organizations and bodies, Alsace is politically one of the most important regions in the European Union.
The name "Alsace" can be traced back to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, meaning "foreign domain". An alternative explanation derives it from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning "seated on the Ill", a river in Alsace. The region was historically part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was gradually annexed by France in the 17th century under kings Louis XIII and Louis XIV and made one of the provinces of France. Alsace is frequently mentioned in conjunction with Lorraine, because German possession of parts of these two régions (as the imperial province Alsace-Lorraine, 1871–1918) was contested in the 19th and 20th centuries, during which Alsace changed hands four times between France and Germany in 75 years.
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Anatole le Braz
Anatole le Braz, the "Bard of Brittany" (1859–1926) was a Breton folklore collector and translator. He was highly regarded amongst both European and American scholars, and known for his warmth and charm.
Le Braz was born in Saint-Servais (Côtes-d'Armor, Brittany) and raised amongst woodcutters and charcoal burners, speaking the Breton language; his parents did not speak French. He spent his holidays in Trégor, which inspired his later work. He began school aged 10 at Saint-Brieuc and progressed swiftly to a degree at the Sorbonne, where he studied for seven years.
He then returned to Brittany, where for 14 years he taught at the Lycée at Quimper and gradually translated old Breton songs into modern French, continuing the folklore work of François-Marie Luzel. He often entertained local peasants and fishermen in the old manor house where he lived, recording their songs and tales. His book, Chansons de la Bretagne ("Songs of Brittany") was awarded a prize by the Académie française.
In 1898, he became president of the Union régionaliste bretonne formed in Morlaix following the Breton festivals. In 1899 he joined the Association des bleus de Bretagne. He was made lecturer and then professor in the Faculty of Arts at Rennes University between 1901 and 1924.
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Anne of Brittany
Anne, Duchess of Brittany (25 January 1477 – 9 January 1514), also known as Anna of Brittany (French: Anne de Bretagne; Breton: Anna Vreizh), was a Breton ruler, who was to become queen to two successive French kings. She was born in Nantes, Brittany, and was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany and Margaret of Foix. Her maternal grandparents were Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of Foix. Upon her father's death, she became sovereign Duchess of Brittany, Countess of Nantes, Montfort and Richmont and Viscountess of Limoges. In her time, she was the richest European woman.
Anne was the only child of Francis and Margaret to survive childhood (she had a younger sister, Isabeau, who died in 1490). Accordingly, she was brought up as the heiress to the Duchy. She was given a good education under the guidance of Françoise de Dinan, Lady of Laval and Chateaubriant, and the poet Jean Meschinot.
Since the Breton War of Succession, Brittany had been understood to operate according to semi-Salic Law–women could only inherit if the male line had died out. By the time Anne was born, her father was the only male left of the Breton House of Montfort. The War of Succession had ended with an agreement that, in the absence of a male heir, the heirs of Joanna of Penthièvre would succeed. After a century, however, this agreement had been forgotten. Thus, in 1486 Anne's father had her recognised as heiress by the Breton estates; however, the question of her marriage remained a diplomatic issue. Francis had no intention of allowing Brittany to be absorbed by France. Therefore, he sought for his daughter a marriage with a figure capable of withstanding French power.
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Breton people
The Bretons are an ethnic group located in the region of Brittany in France. They trace much of their heritage to groups of Brythonic speakers who emigrated from southwestern Great Britain in waves from the 3rd to 6th century into the Armorican peninsula, subsequently named Brittany after them.[citation needed]
The main traditional language of Brittany is Breton (Brezhoneg) and is spoken in Western Brittany. Today Breton is spoken by approximately 365,000 people, of whom about 240,000 speak it fluently. Another linguistic minority is present in Brittany, namely speakers of the Gallo language; Gallo is only spoken in Eastern Brittany, where Breton has virtually never been. Breton is closely related to the Brythonic languages Cornish (closely) and Welsh (more distantly) while the Gallo language is a Romance language of the langue d'oil family. Bretons' native language is mainly French nowadays.
Brittany and its people are included as one of the six Celtic nations. Ethnically, along with the Cornish and Welsh, the Bretons are the last vestiges of the ancient British. The actual number of ethnic Bretons in Brittany and France as a whole is difficult to assess as the French government does not make such statistics. The present day population of Brittany based on a January 2007 estimate is 4,365,500.
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Brioc
Saint Brioc (Welsh: Briog ; also known in French as Brieuc, in Breton as Brieg, and in Cornwall as Breock) was an early 6th century Welshman who became the first Abbot of Saint-Brieuc in Brittany. He is one of the seven founder saints of Brittany.
Very little is known about his early life, as his 9th century 'life' is not altogether reliable. James Ussher, the 17th century Primate of All Ireland, says that the saint was of Irish birth. However, there is no evidence for this assertion and his life states that he came from Ceredigion where, indeed, he has a church at Llandyfriog. He was originally named Briafael or Briavel and is supposed to have studied under a certain 'Germanus', but whether this is supposed to be Saint Germanus of Auxerre or Germanus of Paris is unclear. According to his 'life', he performed miracles even before ordination. He founded the church of St Breock in Cornwall, but eventually settled in Brittany where he founded a monastery at Landebaeron. He then went to Upper Brittany and established an oratory at a place still referred to as St Brieuc-des-Vaux where he eventually became the abbot of a monastery. The 'life' provides details of many miracles, including a cure of Count Riguel, who donated to him his palace at Champ-du-Rouvre and estates in gratitude.
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Celtic nations
The Celtic nations are territories in Northern and Western Europe in which that area's own Celtic languages and some cultural traits have survived.
The term "nation" is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common traditional identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory or region. It is not synonymous with "sovereign state".
The six territories recognised as Celtic nations are Brittany (Breizh), Cornwall (Kernow), Ireland (Éire), the Isle of Man (Mannin), Scotland (Alba), and Wales (Cymru). Each of these regions has a Celtic language that is either still spoken or was spoken into modern times. In addition, areas of north-western Spain, particularly Galicia, Cantabria and Asturias, are sometimes identified as Celtic, due to the unique culture of the region. Unlike the others, however, no Celtic language has been spoken there in modern times. Before the expansions of the Roman Republic and Germanic tribes, a significant part of Europe was Celtic.
Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language. In Wales, Scotland, Brittany, and Ireland, these have been spoken continuously through time, while Cornwall and the Isle of Man have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages. In both of the latter regions, however, revitalization movements have led to the adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers.
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Celts
The Celts (usually pronounced /ˈkɛlts/ but sometimes /ˈsɛlts/, see pronunciation of Celtic) or Kelts were an ethno-linguistic group of tribal societies in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had a similar culture.
The earliest archaeological culture that may justifiably be considered as Proto-Celtic is the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of central Europe from the last quarter of the second millennium BC. Their fully Celtic descendants in central Europe were the people of the Iron Age Hallstatt culture (c. 800-450 BC) named for the rich grave finds in Hallstatt, Austria. By the later La Tène period (c. 450 BC up to the Roman conquest), this Celtic culture had expanded over a wide range of regions, whether by diffusion or migration: to the British Isles (Insular Celts), France and The Low Countries (Gauls), much of Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula (Celtiberians, Celtici and Gallaeci) and northern Italy (Golaseccans and Cisalpine Gauls) and following the Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC as far east as central Anatolia (Galatians).
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Columbanus
Columbanus (540 – 23 November 615; Irish: Columbán, meaning "the white dove") was an Irish missionary notable for founding a number of monasteries on the European continent from around 590 in the Frankish and Lombard kingdoms, most notably Luxeuil (in present-day France) and Bobbio (Italy), and stands as an exemplar of Irish missionary activity in early medieval Europe.
He spread among the Franks a Celtic monastic rule and Celtic penitential practices for those repenting of sins, which emphasized private confession to a priest, followed by penances levied by the priest in reparation for the sin. He is also one of the earliest identifiable Hiberno-Latin writers.
Columbanus (the Latinised form of Columbán) was born in Nobber, County Meath, Ireland, in the year Saint Benedict died, and from childhood was well instructed. His name may be looked on as the diminutive of "Colm" (a dove), or as Colm (Colum) Bán meaning the 'white dove'.
He left home to study under Sinell, Abbot of Cluaninis in Lough Erne. The Irish words "Cluan Innish", which mean "meadow and island", have been contracted to "Cleenish", where the remains of the monastery can be seen at Bellanaleck, County Fermanagh. Under Sinell's instruction, Columbanus composed a commentary on the Psalms (for another identification, see Mo Sinu moccu Min). He then moved to the celebrated monastery of Bangor on the coast of Down, which at that time had for its abbot St. Comgall. He spent many years there until c.589 he received Comgall's permission to travel to the continent.
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Conan Meriadoc
Conan Meriadoc is a legendary British leader credited with founding Brittany. Versions of his story circulated in both Brittany and Great Britain from at least the early 12th century, and supplanted earlier legends of Brittany's foundation. His story is known in two major versions, which appear in the Welsh text known as The Dream of Maxen Wledic, and in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae. Both texts associate him with Maxsen Wledic (Magnus Maximus), a Roman usurper of the Valentinian dynasty who was widely regarded as having deprived Britain of its defenses when he took its legions to claim the imperial throne. Conan's cousin or sister Elen Luyddog is said to have been Maxsen Wledic's wife.
The earliest undisputed evidence connecting Conan to the foundation of Brittany appears in the Life of Saint Gurthiern, included in the Kemperle Cartulary compiled between 1118 and 1127. This text traces the descent of Gurthiern back to the ancestor figure Beli Mawr, given as a son of Outham Senis (Outham the Old), the figure known in later sources as Eudaf and Octavius. Outham is given another son, Kenan (an Old Welsh spelling of Conan), who is said to have been the founder of Brittany. This reference shows that the Conan story was known in Brittany from a comparatively early date, but certain evidence suggests that it was imported from Wales. The text's compiler, Gurheden, says that his source for the information was one "Iuthael son of Aidan"; while the name Iuthael is a Brythonic name known in both Wales and Brittany, the Gaelic Aidan is not attested in early Brittany, but is known in Wales. Additionally, Gurthiern's genealogy corresponds strongly with the descent elsewhere attributed to the Welsh saint Cadoc, further suggesting a Welsh origin.
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Corentin of Quimper
Saint Corentin (Corentinus; in Breton, Sant Kaourintin) (d. 460 AD) is a Breton saint. He is venerated as a saint and as the first bishop of Quimper. His feast day is December 12. He was a hermit at Plomodiern and regarded as one of the seven founder saints of Brittany. Corentin is the patron saint of Cornouaille, Brittany, and also the patron saint of seafood.
Quimper Cathedral is dedicated to him. In iconography, Corentin's attribute is a fish. This refers to the legend that Corentin made daily use of a miraculous fish near his hermitage; Corentin would nourish himself by cutting a piece of this fish, which would then regrow its missing parts. He is also known in Cornwall where the church of Cury is dedicated to him.
In the Breton legend of the city of Ys, Corentin sometimes replaces Saint Winwaloe (Guénolé) as the saint who spoke against sin in Ys and warned King Gradlon of the evil committed by his daughter Dahut (Ahes)
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Cornish people
The Cornish (Cornish: Kernowyon) are a people associated with Cornwall, a county in the South West of England, in the United Kingdom, which is seen in some respects as distinct from the rest of England and having more in common with the other Celtic parts of the UK such as Wales as well as with other Celtic nations in Europe. It has been long argued that the Cornish represent a distinct ethnic group within the UK, which can trace its roots to the ancient Britons who inhabited southern and central Great Britain prior to the Roman conquest, and some in the county today continue to assert a distinct identity, separately or in addition to English or British identities. Cornish identity has been adopted by migrants into Cornwall, as well as by emigrant and descendant communities from Cornwall, the latter sometimes referred to as the Cornish diaspora. Although not included as an explicit option in the UK census, the numbers of those claiming Cornish ethnic and national identity are officially recognised and recorded.
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Dan Ar Braz
Dan Ar Braz, born Daniel Le Bras (15 January 1949, Quimper, Brittany), is a French (Breton) guitarist and the founder of Héritage des Celtes.
At the age of 13 Daniel Le Bras owned his first guitar. He modelled himself on The Shadows, then Bob Dylan then Jimi Hendrix. Daniel's father insisted that he study catering instead of music. In 1967, while on a catering course in Benodet he met Alan Stivell who invited him to join his group. Alan Stivell and his musicians embraced Breton, Scottish, Irish music, and included Gabriel Yacoub who later formed Malicorne. After a successful tour in France in 1972 they travelled around Europe, North America and Australia. Alan's father had made a reconstruction of the ancient Breton harp in 1953 and Alan learned to play the harp, bagpipes and Irish flute. Daniel Le Bras changed his name to Dan Ar Bras to show that he belonged to Breton culture rather than French. The sound of his electric guitar made an exciting mix with Alan's celtic instruments and voice.
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Franks
The Franks (Latin: Franci or gens Francorum) were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as populating a broad strip of land on the right bank of the Lower and Middle Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a kingdom on Roman-held soil that was acknowledged by the Romans after 357. In the climate of the collapse of imperial authority in the West, the Frankish tribes were united under the Merovingians and conquered all of Gaul except Septimania in the 6th century. The Salian political elite was one of the most active forces in spreading Christianity over western Europe. The Franks had created one of the most strong and stable barbaric kingdoms.
The Merovingian dynasty, descended from the Salians, founded one of the Germanic monarchies which replaced the Western Roman Empire from the fifth century. The Frankish state consolidated its hold over large parts of western Europe by the end of the eighth century, developing into the Carolingian Empire which dominated most of Western Europe. This empire would gradually evolve into France and the Holy Roman Empire.
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Gildas
Gildas (c. 500 – 570) was a 6th-century British cleric. He is one of the best-documented figures of the Christian church in the British Isles during this period. His renowned learning and literary style earned him the designation Gildas Sapiens (Gildas the Wise). His work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, which contains narratives of the post-Roman history of Britain, is the only substantial source for history of this period written by a near-contemporary. He was ordained in the Church and, in his works, favours the monastic ideal. Fragments of letters he wrote reveal that he composed a Rule for monastic life that was somewhat less austere than the Rule written by his contemporary, Saint David, and set suitable penances for its breach.
There are two Lives of Gildas: the earlier written by a monk of Rhuys in Brittany, possibly in the 9th century, the second written by Caradoc of Llancarfan, a friend and contemporary of Geoffrey of Monmouth, composed in the middle of the 12th century. Caradoc, presumably writing at Llancarfan in Wales, does not mention any connection with Brittany, and some scholars[who?] think that Gildas of Britain and Gildas of Rhuys were distinct personages. In other details, however, the two Lives complement each other.
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Irish people
The Irish people (Irish: Muintir na hÉireann or na hÉireannaigh; Ulster-Scots: Airisch or Airish fowk) are an ethnic group who originate in Ireland, an island in northwestern Europe. Ireland has been populated for around 9,000 years (according to archaeological studies, see Prehistoric Ireland). The Irish people's earliest ancestors are recorded in legends – they are claimed to be descended from groups such as the Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolg, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians.Lebor Gabála Érenn, a book of Irish mythology tells that Tuatha Dé Dananns were Scythian descendants.
The main groups that interacted with the Irish in the Middle Ages include the Picts, Scots, and the Vikings. Due to this contact, Icelanders are noted for having some Irish descent. The Anglo-Norman invasion of the High Middle Ages, the English plantations and the subsequent English rule of the country introduced the Normans and Flemish into Ireland. Welsh, Picts, Bretons, and small parties of Gauls and even Anglo-Saxons are known in Ireland from much earlier times.
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Ivo of Kermartin
Saint Ivo of Kermartin, T.O.S.F., (17 October 1253 – 19 May 1303), also known Yvo or Ives, as Erwann (in Breton) and as Yves Hélory (also Helori or Heloury in French), was a parish priest among the poor of Louannec, the only one of his station to be canonized in the Middle Ages. He is the patron of Brittany, lawyers, and abandoned children. His feast day is May 19. Poetically, he is referred to as "Advocate of the Poor."
Born at Kermartin, a manor near Tréguier in Brittany, Ivo was the son of Helori, lord of Kermartin, and Azo du Kenquis. In 1267 Ivo was sent to the University of Paris, where he graduated in civil law. He went to Orléans in 1277 to study Canon law. On his return to Brittany, having received minor orders he was appointed "official", the title given to an ecclesiastical judge, of the archdeanery of Rennes (1280); meanwhile he studied Scripture, and there are strong reasons for believing the tradition held among Franciscans that he joined the Third Order of St. Francis sometime later at Guingamp. He was soon invited by the Bishop of Tréguier to become his official, and accepted the offer in 1284. He displayed great zeal and rectitude in the discharge of his duty and did not hesitate to resist taxation by the king, which he considered an encroachment on the rights of the Church. Due to his charity he gained the title of advocate and patron of the poor. Having been ordained he was appointed to the parish of Tredrez in 1285 and eight years later to Louannec, where he died of natural causes after a life of hard work and repeated fasting.
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Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier (December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a French explorer of Breton origin who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).
Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Saint-Malo, the port on the extreme north-east coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family. His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.
In 1534, the year the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with France in the Edict of Union, Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean le Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The king had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524. Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery of new lands in the New World".
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Julian Maunoir
Julien Maunoir (1606–1683) (also Julian; Breton: Juluan Maner), was a French-born Jesuit priest known as the "Apostle of Brittany". He was beatified in 1951 by Pope Pius XII and is commemorated by the Roman Catholic Church on 29 January and 2 July.
A classmate of Saints Isaac Jogues and Gabriel Lalemant, he aspired to become a missionary to the peoples of Canada. During his period of priestly formation with the Society of Jesus he was required to learn to preach in the Breton language of the Celtic people of Brittany who reside in the northwestern region of France.
Father Maunoir worked as a missionary to the Breton people for 43 years, and by 1683 had formed 1000 Breton missionaries who carried on the pastoral works that he had begun. Julien Maunoir died in Plévin, Brittany, in 1683 and was buried in the parish church grounds at the insistence of his people.
Maunoir is also considered a noted orthographer of the Breton language, having completed a Breton grammar.
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar], July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.
In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.
These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC. This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.
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Louis Duchesne
Louis Marie Olivier Duchesne (13 September 1843 – 21 April 1922) was a French priest, philologist, teacher and a critical historian of Christianity and Roman Catholic liturgy and institutions.
Descended from a family of Breton sailors, he was born in 1843 in Saint-Servan, Roulais place, now part of Saint-Malo on the Breton coast, and was orphaned at a young age, in 1849, after the death of his father Jacques Duchesne. Marc Tanguy, a relative, was one of the survivors of 74-gun ship Redoutable at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Louis' brother Jean-Baptiste Duchesne settled in Oregon, and arrived at Oregon City in 1849.
He was ordained to the priesthood in 1867. Louis Duchesne taught for many years in Saint-Brieuc, then went to study in Paris, where he influenced the reformist Alfred Firmin Loisy, a founder of the failed movement to bring Catholicism into sympathy with science, the modern social sciences and philosophy, called "Catholic modernism" which eventually precipitated the crisis in the Church under Pope Pius X in the years around 1907. In 1876 he became a member of the École française in Rome; he eventually became its director. He was an amateur archaeologist and organized expeditions from Rome to Mount Athos, to Syria, and Asia Minor, from which he gained an interest in the early history of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Léon Fleuriot
Léon Fleuriot (1923–1987) was a French academic specializing in Celtic languages (Old Breton, Welsh and Irish) and in history, particularly that of Gallo-Roman Brittany and of the Early Middle Ages.
Born on 5 April 1923 in Morlaix, Brittany, in a family originating in the region of Quintin and having studied Breton in his youth, he passed his university history agrégation in 1950. He taught at lycées and collèges in Paris and the surrounding suburbs, as well as at the Prytanée National Militaire in La Flèche. He entered the Centre national de la recherche scientifique in 1958 and earned his doctorate at the Sorbonne University in 1964, defending a thesis called Le vieux-breton, éléments d'une grammaire (Old Breton, an Elementary Grammar), along with a complementary thesis, Dictionnaire des gloses en vieux-breton (Dictionary of Old Breton Glosses).
In 1966, Fleuriot was named chair of Celtic studies at the University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany in Rennes, and at the same time research director at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. He strongly contributed to the growth of Breton language teaching at the university level.
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Magnus Maximus
Magnus Maximus (Latin: Flavius Magnus Maximus Augustus) (ca. 335 – August 28, 388), also known as Maximianus and Macsen Wledig in Welsh, was Western Roman Emperor from 383 to 388.
In 383 as commander of Britain, he usurped the throne against emperor Gratian; and through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I the following year he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul - while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa. In 387 Maximus' ambitions led him to invade Italy, resulting in his defeat by Theodosius I at the Battle of the Save in 388. His death marked the end of real imperial activity in northern Gaul and Britain. After Maximus, no significant Roman emperor (ignoring shadowy and short-lived usurpers) ever went north of Lyons again.
Maximus was a distinguished general, who served under Count Theodosius (Theodosius the elder) in Africa in 373 and on the Danube in 376. It is likely he also may have been a junior officer in Britain in 368, during the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Assigned to Britain in 380, he defeated an incursion of the Picts and Scots in 381.
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Manx people
The Manx (Manx: Manninee) are an ethnic group coming from the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea in northern Europe. They are often described as a Celtic people, though they have had a mixed background including Norse and English influences.
According to the 2006 interim census, the Isle of Man is home to 80,058 people, of whom 26,218 reside in the island's capital Douglas. Most of the population is born in the British Isles, with 47.6% born in the Isle of Man, 37.2% born in England, 3.4% in Scotland, 2.1% in Northern Ireland, 2.1% in the Republic of Ireland, 1.2% in Wales and 0.3% born in the Channel Islands, with 6.1% of people being born elsewhere in the world.
Manx people living in the UK were commonly grouped by the 2001 census under "White British". As well as major immigration from England, the Isle of Man has had many Irish residents, and to a lesser degree, Scottish and Welsh people. The extremely high proportion of foreigners to natives has mostly corrupted local culture and vernacular speech, replacing it with a generic northern english culture and accent.[citation needed]
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Marc Chagall
Marc Chagall (/ʃəˈɡɑːl/ shə-GAHL;Russian: Марк Заха́рович Шага́л; (7 July [O.S. 24 June] 1887 – 28 March 1985), was a Russian-French artist associated with several major artistic styles and one of the most successful artists of the 20th century. He was an early modernist, and created works in virtually every artistic medium, including painting, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramic, tapestries and fine art prints.
Art critic Robert Hughes referred to Chagall as "the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century". According to art historian Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was considered to be "the last survivor of the first generation of European modernists". For decades, he "had also been respected as the world's preeminent Jewish artist". Using the medium of stained glass, he produced windows for the cathedrals of Reims and Metz, windows for the UN, and the Jerusalem Windows in Israel. He also did large-scale paintings, including part of the ceiling of the Paris Opéra.
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Nominoe
Nominoe (or Nomenoe) (French: Nominoë, Breton: Nevenoe) (died 7 March 851) was the first Duke of Brittany from 846 to his death. He is a sort of Breton pater patriae and to Breton nationalists he is known as Tad ar Vro ("father of the country").
After a general rebellion which had enveloped the entire Carolingian Empire was put down, a general assembly was held at Ingelheim in May 831. It was probably there that the emperor Louis the Pious appointed Nominoe, a Breton, to rule the Bretons (which corresponded to "almost all" of Brittany).Regino of Prüm in his famous Chronicon writes, inaccurately for the year 837, that:
Murmanus rex Brittonum moritur et Numenoio apud Ingelheim ab imperator ducatus ipsius gentis traditur.
Morman, king of the Bretons, died and Numenoi [Nominoe] was created duke of that same people by the emperor at Ingelheim.
Nominoe was a staunch ally of Louis the Pious until the emperor's death in 840. He supported Louis in the several civil wars of the 830s and he supported the monastery of Redon Abbey, even ordering the monks to pray for Louis in light of the emperor's "strife". Nominoe's power base was in the Vannetais and two charters refer to him as Count of Vannes, though it is unknown when that title was held, be it as early as 819 or as late as 834. Nominoe may not have possessed any land outside Vannes and his ability to gather revenue in Breton-speaking territories was probably no greater than any other aristocrat of those regions. His chief source of income after he broke with his overlord was plunder from raids into Frankish territory and from the despoliation of churches. He did have the political authority to exact payment (wergild) in the form of land from a man who had murdered his follower Catworet.
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Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (French pronunciation: [øˈʒɛn ãˈʁi ˌpol ɡoˈɡɛ̃]; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French Post-Impressionist artist who was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of colors and synthetist style that was distinguishably different from Impressionism. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many modern artists, such as Pablo Picasso, and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death and many of his paintings were in the possession of Russian collector, Sergei Shchukin. He was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, print-maker, ceramist, and writer. His bold experimentation with coloring led directly to the Synthetist style of modern art while his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.
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Paul Signac
Paul Signac (French pronunciation: [pɔl siɲak]) (11 November 1863 – 15 August 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter who, working with Georges Seurat, helped develop the pointillist style.
Paul Victor Jules Signac was born in Paris on 11 November 1863. He followed a course of training in architecture before deciding at the age of 18 to pursue a career as a painter after attending an exhibit of Monet's work. He sailed around the coasts of Europe, painting the landscapes he encountered. He also painted scenes of cities in France in his later years.
In 1884 he met Claude Monet and Georges Seurat. He was struck by the systematic working methods of Seurat and by his theory of colors and became Seurat's faithful supporter. Under his influence he abandoned the short brushstrokes of impressionism to experiment with scientifically juxtaposed small dots of pure color, intended to combine and blend not on the canvas but in the viewer's eye, the defining feature of pointillism.
Many of Signac's paintings are of the French coast. He loved to paint the water. He left the capital each summer, to stay in the south of France in the village of Collioure or at St. Tropez, where he bought a house and invited his friends.
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Raymond Wintz
Raymond Wintz (Joseph Raimond Wintz) (1884-1956) was a Paris-born painter and engraver whose most famous paintings were of marine and coastal views in Brittany. He is best known for his painting The Blue Door, which is still widely available as a poster and print.
Raymond Wintz was born on 25 March 1884. He was the son of the painter Guillaume Wintz (1823-1899) and the husband of the painter Renée Carpentier-Wintz (1913-2003).
Raymond Wintz was trained at the School of Decorative Arts and the National College of Fine Arts in Paris. He was a pupil of Jules Adler at the Ecole Francais and started exhibiting at the Salon des Artistes Francais in 1910.
Among the awards and distinctions he held were:
Raymond Wintz died in 1956 and is buried in Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris.
The best known of Raymond Wintz’s paintings is The Blue Door, which is still sold as a poster and print. It is believed to have been painted in 1924 and the French title, which appears on some older prints, is Un coin du port a Doelan. It contains many of his typical themes and motifs: a partially seen room with an open door to a balcony overlooking a harbour or coastal scene. A vase or plant-pot containing geraniums or hydrangeas often features. A similarly themed painting, The Open Door, was sold in the USA as a "Paint it Yourself Art Program" in the 1950s . The information accompanying this states that Wintz painted the scene following a trip to Brittany in 1924 and that it is based on the actual view from a friend’s villa. Brittany was the location for The Blue Door and for most of his landscapes which carry the name of the location and include Camaret and Morning Light at Dalan (Finisterre).
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Red Cardell
Red Cardell are a Breton Rock band formed in 1992. Its members include Jean-Pierre Riou, as singer and guitarist, Jean-Michel Moal on the accordion, Manu Masko on Drums, and since spring 2011, Mathieu Péquériau on Harmonica.
Red Cardell are one of the most famous bands from Brittany, France. Formed in Quimper, 20 years ago, they have recorded 13 albums and played at nearly 2000 concerts all over Europe and North America, including famous festivals such as: Vieilles Charrues Festival, Eurockéennes, Nuits Européennes and Festival Interceltique de Lorient in France). They have also played in Germany, Ukraine, Italy, Finland, Belgium, USA and Canada.
They have performed with many British musicians, either on records or live. These artists include: Dave Pegg (Jethro Tull, Fairport Convention), Jimme O'Neill (The Silencers) and Dr Das(Asian Dub Foundation).
Their music is a mix of Breton, slavic or North African music with Rock and French realistic song. Their album Soleil Blanc (2010) was recorded and mixed by the English producer Clive Martin (who has worked with famous artists such as Queen, Sting, David Byrne) and co-produced by the French musician Stéfane Mellino, singer and guitarist of Les Négresses Vertes.
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Robert Surcouf
Robert Surcouf (12 December 1773–8 July 1827) was a famous French corsair. During his legendary career, he captured 47 ships and was renowned for his gallantry and chivalry, earning the nickname of Roi des Corsaires ("King of Corsairs").
Robert Surcouf was born 12 December 1773 in Saint-Malo, a fortified town in Brittany, traditionally a corsair stronghold, from a Norman family. He attended a religious school and was educated by the Jesuits. At 13, he escaped his teachers and stole a small craft to prove his ability to sail; he was subsequently caught in a tempest and had to be rescued.
At age 15, he enlisted on a merchantman to India.
In 1792 he came back to Saint-Malo and discovered the political changes France had undergone in the wake of the French Revolution. He sailed to Île de France (present-day Mauritius) in August on a commercial brig, and was informed on his arrival of the outbreak of war against Britain. Surcouf served as first officer of the 40-gun frigate Cybèle during the Action of 22 October 1794.
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Ronan of Locronan
Saint Ronan (fl. c. 6th century?) is the name of an Irish pilgrim saint and hermit in western Brittany, eponymous founder of Locronan and co-patron of Quimper, together with its founder, Saint Corentin.
The village of Locronan (lit. “the place of Ronan”), which is located about 17 km northwest of Quimper, owes its name to its reputed founder, the Irish pilgrim St Ronan. To judge by his entry in the cartulary of the abbey of Quimper, he is known to have been venerated at Locronan since at least the 1030s.
At some later stage, his remains were translated to the nearby abbey of Quimper, whose patron saint was St Corentin. This must have occurred by 1274 at the latest, when the abbey produced an inventory mentioning the saint’s body and head among its cherished relics. Sometime in the same century, a Latin Life of the saint, the Vita S. Ronani, was written at Quimper to familiarise the local community with the origins of the saint and his posthumous importance for the town through the miracles wrought by his relics.
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Saint Anne
Saint Anne (also Ann or Anna, from Hebrew Hannah חַנָּה, meaning "favor" or "grace") of David's house and line, was the mother of the Virgin Mary and grandmother of Jesus Christ according to Christian and Islamic tradition. English Anne is derived from Greek rendering of her Hebrew name Hannah. Mary's mother is not named in the canonical gospels or the Qur'an, and her name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha, of which the Protoevangelium of James, written perhaps around 150, seems to be the earliest that mentions them.
The story bears a similarity to that of the birth of Samuel, whose mother Hannah had also been childless. Although Hanna receives little attention in the Western church prior to the late 12th century, dedications to Hanna in the Eastern church occur as early as the 6th century. In the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Eastern Catholic Churches, she is revered as Hanna. In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Hanna, is ascribed the title Forbear of God, and both the Birth of Mary and the Dedication of Mary to the Temple are celebrated as two of the Twelve Great Feasts. The Dormition of Hanna is also a minor feast in the Eastern Church. In Protestant tradition it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as a monk after receiving heavenly aid from St. Anne.
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Samson of Dol
Saint Samson of Dol (born late 5th century) was a Christian religious figure who is counted among the seven founder saints of Brittany. Born in southern Wales, he died in Dol-de-Bretagne, a small town in north Brittany.
Samson was of noble blood, the son of Amon of Demetia, Wales and Anna of Gwent, daughter of Meurig ap Tewdrig, King of Glamorgan and Gwent. His father's brother also married his mother's sister and their son Saint Magloire was therefore his cousin. In view of the prophecy concerning his birth his parents placed him under the care of Saint Illtud, abbot of Llantwit Fawr, where he was raised and educated.
Later, after the death of Saint Pyr, Samson became abbot of Llantwit's daughter house on Caldey Island. He was ordained bishop by Bishop Dubricius on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter (February 22) at the beginning of Lent, which can be calculated to have fallen in the year 521, the only certain date in Samson's life.
If the usual practice was observed and he was 35 years old at the time of his ordination this would mean he was born in 486, though he is recorded as having been in attendance at a church Council in Paris held sometime between 556 and 573 at which time he would have been between 70 and 87 years old.
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Scottish people
The Scottish people (Scots Gaelic: Albannaich), or Scots, are a nation and ethnic group native to Scotland. Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Picts and Gaels, incorporating neighbouring Britons to the south as well as invading Germanic peoples such as the Anglo-Saxons and the Norse. Later the Normans also had some influence.
In modern use, "Scottish people" or "Scots" is used to refer to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from within Scotland. The Latin word Scotti originally applied to a particular, 5th century, Goidelic tribe that inhabited Ireland. Though sometimes considered archaic or pejorative, the term Scotch has also been used for the Scottish people, though this usage is current primarily outside Scotland.
There are people of Scottish descent in many countries other than Scotland. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish participation in the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, resulted in Scottish people being found throughout the world. Large populations of Scottish people settled the new-world lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. There is a Scottish presence at a particularly high rate in Canada, which has the second largest population of descended Scots ancestry, after the United States. They took with them their Scottish languages and culture.
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Ulster Scots people
The Ulster Scots (Ulster-Scots: tha Ulstèr-Scotch [fowk]) are an ethnic group that has lived on the island of Ireland since the 17th Century, and are predominantly citizens of the United Kingdom. Their ancestors were Scots from the Scottish Lowlands and English people from counties close to Scotland, many being from the "Border Reivers" culture. These people migrated to the island of Ireland in large numbers with the Plantation of Ulster, a planned process of colonisation which took place under the auspices of James VI of Scotland and I of England on land often confiscated from the Irish nobility, most extensively in the Province of Ulster. The term "Ulster-Scots" refers to both these colonists of the 17th century and, less commonly, to the Gallowglass who began to arrive from what is now northwest Scotland centuries earlier.
Ulster-Scots were largely descended from colonists from Galloway, Ayrshire, and the Scottish Borders Country, although some descend from people further north in the Scottish Lowlands and the Highlands. Ulster-Scots emigrated in significant numbers to the United States and all corners of the then-worldwide British Empire — Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa — and to a lesser extent to Argentina and Chile. Scotch-Irish is a traditional term for Ulster Scots who later emigrated to what is now the United States; "Scots-Irish" is a more recent form of the American term, and is not to be confused with Irish-Scots, i.e., recent Irish immigrants to Scotland.
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Welsh people
The Welsh people (Welsh: Cymry) are an ethnic group and nation native to Wales and associated with the Welsh language. Welsh people historically spoke the Welsh language; however, in recent years English has predominated in most of Wales.
John Davies argues that the origin of the "Welsh nation" can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries, following the Roman departure from Britain, although Brythonic Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer. The term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Today Wales is a country of the United Kingdom, and the majority of people living in Wales are British citizens.
An analysis of the geography of Welsh surnames commissioned by the Welsh Government found that 718,000 people, or nearly 35% of the Welsh population, have a family name of Welsh origin, compared with 5.3% in the rest of the United Kingdom, 4.7% in New Zealand, 4.1% in Australia, and 3.8% in the United States, with an estimated 16.3 million people in the countries studied having Welsh ancestry.
wn.com/Welsh_people
Brittany Filmography
- The Contract (2002)
- Hotel Tales (2001)
- Their Cheatin' Ways (1999)
- 100% Amateur 50 (1998)
- Silver Screen Confidential (1998)
- Rainwoman 10 (1997)
- New Wave Hookers 5 (1997)
- Airotica (1996)
- Guilty as Sin (1996)
- Deep Focus (1995)
- Pussywoman 2 (1994)
- Racquel's Treasure Hunt (1994)
- Pussywoman 1: Sisters in Sin (1994)
- Pussywoman 1: Sisters in Sin (1994)
- Haunted Nights (1993)
- The Smart Ass Returns (1993)
- Silent Stranger (1992)
- The Devil Made Her Do It (1992)
- Back to Nature (1991)
- Lover's Trance (1991)
- Wicked (1991)
- Female Persuasion (1990)
- 19 and Nasty (1990)
- Anal Alley (1990)
- Backpackers (1990)
- Breast Side Story (1990)
- Family Affairs (1990)
- Famous Anus (1990)
- Jail Babes (1990)
- Juggernaut (1990)
- Kinky Couples (1990)
- Legend (1990)
- Money Honey (1990)
- Porn on the 4th of July (1990)
- Precious Peaks (1990)
- Secret (1990)
- Switch Hitters 5: Night Games (1990)
- The Rebel (1990)
- The Smart Ass 2: Rusty's Revenge (1990)
- The Smart Ass Vacation (1990)
- Vegas 3: Let It Ride (1990)
- Wire Desire (1990)
- Breast Stroke 3 (1989)
- Head Co-ed Society (1989)
- Behind You All the Way (1989)
- Friday Night Fever (1989)
- The End of the Innocence (1989)
- Trouble (1989)
Brittany Filmography
Brittany Filmography
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Brittany And The Chipettes- Bad Romance (Chipwrecked)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Brittany_And_The_Chipettes_Bad_Romance_Chipwrecked
The Voice Australia: Kelsie vs Brittany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:03
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Battle of the blonde bombshells as Kelsie Rimmer takes on Brittany Cairns. Singing Turning Tables by Adele. Watch the clip in full at thevoice.com.au check out Kelsie's iTunes page tinyurl.com and visit Brittany's iTunes page: tinyurl.com facebook.com | twitter.com |
http://wn.com/The_Voice_Australia_Kelsie_vs_Brittany
Battle of the blonde bombshells as Kelsie Rimmer takes on Brittany Cairns. Singing Turning Tables by Adele. Watch the clip in full at thevoice.com.au check out Kelsie's iTunes page tinyurl.com and visit Brittany's iTunes page: tinyurl.com facebook.com | twitter.com |
- published: 07 May 2012
- views: 1063001
- author: TheVoiceAustralia
Abigail and Brittany Hensel "Due Ragazze con un corpo solo"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Incredibile, due ragazze Americane vivono con un corpo solo!
http://wn.com/Abigail_and_Brittany_Hensel_Due_Ragazze_con_un_corpo_solo
Incredibile, due ragazze Americane vivono con un corpo solo!
- published: 06 Nov 2007
- views: 36506032
- author: paolosoru
Brittany's Nerd - Alli Simpson ft. Cody Simpson and Madison Pettis!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:28
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Brittany's Nerd. A mini movie, by Alli Simpson (actress). Featuring artist and brother Cody Simpson and Madison Pettis from the Game Plan and Disney's "Cory In The House". Be nice to the nerds, they could be your boss one day! It's not what you look like on the outside, it always stays the same inside. www.twitter.com www.twitter.com www.twitter.com NO HATERZ
http://wn.com/Brittany's_Nerd_Alli_Simpson_ft_Cody_Simpson_and_Madison_Pettis!
Brittany's Nerd. A mini movie, by Alli Simpson (actress). Featuring artist and brother Cody Simpson and Madison Pettis from the Game Plan and Disney's "Cory In The House". Be nice to the nerds, they could be your boss one day! It's not what you look like on the outside, it always stays the same inside. www.twitter.com www.twitter.com www.twitter.com NO HATERZ
- published: 14 Mar 2011
- views: 1164034
- author: SoAlli
The Voice Australia: Brittany Cairns (@_brittanycairns ) sings Gravity
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:50
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
One of the performances of the series, Brittany's soulful voice makes all four coaches spin their chairs. To watch the clip in full visit thevoice.com.au and download this performance from iTunes at http facebook.com | twitter.com |
http://wn.com/The_Voice_Australia_Brittany_Cairns_@_brittanycairns_sings_Gravity
One of the performances of the series, Brittany's soulful voice makes all four coaches spin their chairs. To watch the clip in full visit thevoice.com.au and download this performance from iTunes at http facebook.com | twitter.com |
- published: 24 Apr 2012
- views: 1089933
- author: TheVoiceAustralia
Brittany Murphy - Somebody To Love (Music Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Music video by Brittany Murphy Somebody To Love, Enjoy
http://wn.com/Brittany_Murphy_Somebody_To_Love_Music_Video
Music video by Brittany Murphy Somebody To Love, Enjoy
- published: 25 Jun 2010
- views: 634343
- author: kampac alan
Paul Oakenfold feat Brittany Murphy - Faster Kill Pussycat [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Paul_Oakenfold_feat_Brittany_Murphy_Faster_Kill_Pussycat_HD_
GLEE: Meet Heather Morris (Brittany)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:17
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
All-new episodes of GLEE return this fall to FOX! Brittany on Facebook! bit.ly bit.ly ('Like' on Facebook) bit.ly (Follow on Twitter) Watch full episodes: bit.ly
http://wn.com/GLEE_Meet_Heather_Morris_Brittany
All-new episodes of GLEE return this fall to FOX! Brittany on Facebook! bit.ly bit.ly ('Like' on Facebook) bit.ly (Follow on Twitter) Watch full episodes: bit.ly
- published: 25 May 2010
- views: 2438727
- author: GleeOnFox
"Pitch Perfect" Anna Kendrick & Brittany Snow Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Bit.ly - Click to Subscribe! Facebook.com - Become a Fan! Twitter.com - Follow Us! Dana Ward sat down with Anna Kendrick & Brittany Snow from "Pitch Perfect" to chat about their favorite scenes from the movie, dancing, improv and their favorite song to cover. "Pitch Perfect" opens in select theaters September 28 and everywhere October 5.
http://wn.com/Pitch_Perfect_Anna_Kendrick_Brittany_Snow_Interview
Bit.ly - Click to Subscribe! Facebook.com - Become a Fan! Twitter.com - Follow Us! Dana Ward sat down with Anna Kendrick & Brittany Snow from "Pitch Perfect" to chat about their favorite scenes from the movie, dancing, improv and their favorite song to cover. "Pitch Perfect" opens in select theaters September 28 and everywhere October 5.
- published: 26 Sep 2012
- views: 195769
- author: clevverTV
RIP Brittany Murphy - Acting/Singing Career Tribute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:58
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
When I found out that Brittany Murphy died, I was deeply saddened by the tragic news. I still can't believe it. She was gone WAY too soon. Brittany has always been one of my favorite actresses. I'm a big fan of her work and I have all of her movies. I wanted to make a video to show what a great actress and great singer she was. There are SO many more movies and television shows/appearances that Brittany did that were not in this video. I couldn't fit them all in. But I hope you enjoy what I could fit in the video! RIP Brittany Anne Murphy November 10, 1977 - December 20, 2009 Your legacy will live on forever. Clips include: 1993 - Twix Commercial 1993 - Almost Home 1995 - Boy Meets World 1995 - Clueless 1997 - 2009 - King Of The Hill 1999 - Girl, Interrupted 2001 - Riding In Cars With Boys 2002 - MTV Movie Awards 2002 - Spun 2003 - Just Married 2003 - Uptown Girls 2004 - Little Black Book 2006 - Paul Oakenfold Feat. Brittany Murphy - Faster Kill Pussycat 2006 - Happy Feet 2006 - Happy Feet Interview Last clip with the song "Molly Smiles" is from Uptown Girls. Song playing: 'Hear You Me' by Jimmy Eat World No copyright infringement intended! For YouTube Staff: Ihave followed the copyright law correctly, its non-profit and the songs are credited. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by ...
http://wn.com/RIP_Brittany_Murphy_Acting_Singing_Career_Tribute
When I found out that Brittany Murphy died, I was deeply saddened by the tragic news. I still can't believe it. She was gone WAY too soon. Brittany has always been one of my favorite actresses. I'm a big fan of her work and I have all of her movies. I wanted to make a video to show what a great actress and great singer she was. There are SO many more movies and television shows/appearances that Brittany did that were not in this video. I couldn't fit them all in. But I hope you enjoy what I could fit in the video! RIP Brittany Anne Murphy November 10, 1977 - December 20, 2009 Your legacy will live on forever. Clips include: 1993 - Twix Commercial 1993 - Almost Home 1995 - Boy Meets World 1995 - Clueless 1997 - 2009 - King Of The Hill 1999 - Girl, Interrupted 2001 - Riding In Cars With Boys 2002 - MTV Movie Awards 2002 - Spun 2003 - Just Married 2003 - Uptown Girls 2004 - Little Black Book 2006 - Paul Oakenfold Feat. Brittany Murphy - Faster Kill Pussycat 2006 - Happy Feet 2006 - Happy Feet Interview Last clip with the song "Molly Smiles" is from Uptown Girls. Song playing: 'Hear You Me' by Jimmy Eat World No copyright infringement intended! For YouTube Staff: Ihave followed the copyright law correctly, its non-profit and the songs are credited. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by ...
- published: 27 Dec 2009
- views: 39549
- author: KirstenElizabeth613
Brittany Murphy's Final Days
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:48
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Although she died at 32, Brittany Murphy left behind a rich legacy of her work in movies and on TV, dating back almost two decades.
http://wn.com/Brittany_Murphy's_Final_Days
Although she died at 32, Brittany Murphy left behind a rich legacy of her work in movies and on TV, dating back almost two decades.
- published: 22 Jan 2011
- views: 44649
- author: The Hollywood Reporter
Brittana's story; Brittany and Santana - Glee
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:07
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
All the love story between Brittany S. Pierce and Santana Lopez of "Glee." Glee - Seasons 1-2-3; Brittana/Santitanny. Song: "Unfaithful" (Karaoke/Instrumental) by Rihanna.
http://wn.com/Brittana's_story;_Brittany_and_Santana_Glee
All the love story between Brittany S. Pierce and Santana Lopez of "Glee." Glee - Seasons 1-2-3; Brittana/Santitanny. Song: "Unfaithful" (Karaoke/Instrumental) by Rihanna.
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 244271
- author: bobosuccubus
Geek Love: Ep. 3 -- Geekily Ever After (Brittany)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:37
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
"What would give you a nerdgasm?" Will this gaming gal find her player 2? Brittany spends her days teaching kindergarten, but by night she lets her true geek colors fly. She's much more likely to spend her evenings gaming on her custom-built beast of a machine than braving the dating world,...
http://wn.com/Geek_Love_Ep_3_-_Geekily_Ever_After_Brittany
"What would give you a nerdgasm?" Will this gaming gal find her player 2? Brittany spends her days teaching kindergarten, but by night she lets her true geek colors fly. She's much more likely to spend her evenings gaming on her custom-built beast of a machine than braving the dating world,...
- published: 17 Jan 2013
- views: 64509
- author: START
The Wit of Brittany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:09
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Brittany has possibly the best lines in THAT SHOW WHICH MUST NOT BE NAMED ;-) Hope you enjoy watching :-) Sorry it cut off the very start but there's so many gems here anyway ;-) No copyright infringement intended. No profit being made. Just a fan sharing their love of this show with other fans.
http://wn.com/The_Wit_of_Brittany
Brittany has possibly the best lines in THAT SHOW WHICH MUST NOT BE NAMED ;-) Hope you enjoy watching :-) Sorry it cut off the very start but there's so many gems here anyway ;-) No copyright infringement intended. No profit being made. Just a fan sharing their love of this show with other fans.
- published: 20 May 2011
- views: 93825
- author: itsjustlikemagic1
Happy Feet Soundtrack - Brittany Murphy - Somebody to Love (HQ) + Lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Brittany Murphy performing "Somebody To Love" from the hit movie Happy Feet. SUBSCRIBE for more Happy Feet songs & songs from other films or albums. Song: Somebody to Love Artist: Brittany Murphy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
http://wn.com/Happy_Feet_Soundtrack_Brittany_Murphy_Somebody_to_Love_HQ_+_Lyrics
Brittany Murphy performing "Somebody To Love" from the hit movie Happy Feet. SUBSCRIBE for more Happy Feet songs & songs from other films or albums. Song: Somebody to Love Artist: Brittany Murphy ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------...
- published: 17 May 2010
- views: 304269
- author: GlassWonderland
Brittany's Best Season1 Moments
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
gotta love brittnay
http://wn.com/Brittany's_Best_Season1_Moments
PITCH PERFECT Interviews: Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, Anna Camp, Skylar Astin and more!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:15
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Emmy winner Jake Hamilton sits down with the stars of PITCH PERFECT -- Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, Anna Camp, Skylar Astin, Ester Dean and Hana Mae Lee -- only on JAKE'S TAKES! Follow Jake around the world at twitter.com/jakestakes
http://wn.com/PITCH_PERFECT_Interviews_Anna_Kendrick,_Brittany_Snow,_Anna_Camp,_Skylar_Astin_and_more!
Emmy winner Jake Hamilton sits down with the stars of PITCH PERFECT -- Anna Kendrick, Brittany Snow, Anna Camp, Skylar Astin, Ester Dean and Hana Mae Lee -- only on JAKE'S TAKES! Follow Jake around the world at twitter.com/jakestakes
- published: 23 Sep 2012
- views: 229376
- author: jakethemovieguy
Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow on Terrifying Musical Boot Camp For Pitch Perfect
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:29
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow play members of an all-female a capella group in the upcoming Pitch Perfect, and while both actresses had solid voices to begin with, they were still put through the paces as they prepped to play competitive singers. We caught up with Anna and Brittany at a recent press day for the movie to hear about the musical boot camp they and their costars were put through and why shooting the comedy sometimes made them feel like they were away at college. Check out our interview, and catch Pitch Perfect in theaters everywhere on Oct. 5. Subscribe to PopSugarTV! www.youtube.com Visit our website for more celebrity and entertainment news! www.popsugar.com Are we friends yet? Join us on Facebook! https Get the latest updates via Twitter! twitter.com
http://wn.com/Anna_Kendrick_and_Brittany_Snow_on_Terrifying_Musical_Boot_Camp_For_Pitch_Perfect
Anna Kendrick and Brittany Snow play members of an all-female a capella group in the upcoming Pitch Perfect, and while both actresses had solid voices to begin with, they were still put through the paces as they prepped to play competitive singers. We caught up with Anna and Brittany at a recent press day for the movie to hear about the musical boot camp they and their costars were put through and why shooting the comedy sometimes made them feel like they were away at college. Check out our interview, and catch Pitch Perfect in theaters everywhere on Oct. 5. Subscribe to PopSugarTV! www.youtube.com Visit our website for more celebrity and entertainment news! www.popsugar.com Are we friends yet? Join us on Facebook! https Get the latest updates via Twitter! twitter.com
- published: 03 Oct 2012
- views: 144087
- author: PopSugarTV
Syrup TEASER 1 (2012) - Amber Heard, Brittany Snow Movie HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:24
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Subscribe to TRAILERS: bit.ly Subscribe to COMING SOON: bit.ly Syrup TEASER 1 (2012) - Amber Heard, Brittany Snow Movie HD The average person has three million-dollar ideas per year. Scat, an unemployed marketing graduate who knows you don't get noticed calling yourself Michael, has had his first. It's a sure-fire ticket to the life of shallow fame and fleeting celebrity he craves. But first he has to deal with 6, who is possibly the love of Scat's life or possibly ripping him off, and Sneaky Pete, marketing genius, refugee from Tokyo, and Scat's best friend—as far as Scat knows. Based on the novel by Max "Maxx" Barry. movieclips "movie clips" movieclipstrailers "new trailers" "trailers HD" hd trailers movieclipsDOTcom trailer 2012 official HD zefr "syrup teaser" "syrup trailer" "syrup movie" "amber heard" "brittany snow" "max barry" novel book adaptation "aram rappaport" "kellan lutz" "shiloh fernandez" "greg paul" "new york city" nyc business drama comedy "based on novel" "scat and 6" product marketing "energy drink"
http://wn.com/Syrup_TEASER_1_2012_Amber_Heard,_Brittany_Snow_Movie_HD
Subscribe to TRAILERS: bit.ly Subscribe to COMING SOON: bit.ly Syrup TEASER 1 (2012) - Amber Heard, Brittany Snow Movie HD The average person has three million-dollar ideas per year. Scat, an unemployed marketing graduate who knows you don't get noticed calling yourself Michael, has had his first. It's a sure-fire ticket to the life of shallow fame and fleeting celebrity he craves. But first he has to deal with 6, who is possibly the love of Scat's life or possibly ripping him off, and Sneaky Pete, marketing genius, refugee from Tokyo, and Scat's best friend—as far as Scat knows. Based on the novel by Max "Maxx" Barry. movieclips "movie clips" movieclipstrailers "new trailers" "trailers HD" hd trailers movieclipsDOTcom trailer 2012 official HD zefr "syrup teaser" "syrup trailer" "syrup movie" "amber heard" "brittany snow" "max barry" novel book adaptation "aram rappaport" "kellan lutz" "shiloh fernandez" "greg paul" "new york city" nyc business drama comedy "based on novel" "scat and 6" product marketing "energy drink"
- published: 24 Sep 2012
- views: 48388
- author: MovieclipsCOMINGSOON
santana + brittany - are we dating
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Because so many people have been asking here are the episodes used: 0:00-0:26: I kissed A girl 0:29-0:32: Sectionals. 0:33-0:38: Reigonals (I think) 0:39-0:43: Duets 0:44-0:52: The Rocky Horror Glee Show 0:52-2:07: Sexy 2:08-2:17: Original Song 2:18-2;42: Born this way 2:42-3:06: Rumours 3:06:3:29: Prom Queen 3:29- 3:39: New York 3:40-3:46: I am Unicorn 3:46-4:08: Pot O Gold 4:09-4:28: Mash Off 4:29- 4:41: I kissed a girl 4:42- 4:48: Heart 4:49- 4:58: Pot O gold 4:58-5:09: Heart Hey Guys *Edited Again* Over 80'000 views WHAT!! I havnt done a video in a while i know but I have been busy and I have lost all my predone videos! Annoying right. I may redo the glee tribute but I think I may do alot more of theese type of videos. The next one will probably be klaine cause I have never vidded them before. I will also do Faberry sometime and maybe The Unholy trinity. *Edit* Thanks for watching! Im not going to lie to you, this video took about 1 hour to make, which if you make videos, you'll know isnt very long. I made this video quickly one afternoon so that I would have something to put on this channel. So you can understand that I am super happy that this video now has over 20000 views. I really dont think I deserve so many views but I am super happy and super grateful. I just cant believe that one of my videos could have had 20000 people viewing. Thankyou so much! Please subscribe If you want a video made please send me a message or comment. Im open to anything glee related ...
http://wn.com/santana_+_brittany_are_we_dating
Because so many people have been asking here are the episodes used: 0:00-0:26: I kissed A girl 0:29-0:32: Sectionals. 0:33-0:38: Reigonals (I think) 0:39-0:43: Duets 0:44-0:52: The Rocky Horror Glee Show 0:52-2:07: Sexy 2:08-2:17: Original Song 2:18-2;42: Born this way 2:42-3:06: Rumours 3:06:3:29: Prom Queen 3:29- 3:39: New York 3:40-3:46: I am Unicorn 3:46-4:08: Pot O Gold 4:09-4:28: Mash Off 4:29- 4:41: I kissed a girl 4:42- 4:48: Heart 4:49- 4:58: Pot O gold 4:58-5:09: Heart Hey Guys *Edited Again* Over 80'000 views WHAT!! I havnt done a video in a while i know but I have been busy and I have lost all my predone videos! Annoying right. I may redo the glee tribute but I think I may do alot more of theese type of videos. The next one will probably be klaine cause I have never vidded them before. I will also do Faberry sometime and maybe The Unholy trinity. *Edit* Thanks for watching! Im not going to lie to you, this video took about 1 hour to make, which if you make videos, you'll know isnt very long. I made this video quickly one afternoon so that I would have something to put on this channel. So you can understand that I am super happy that this video now has over 20000 views. I really dont think I deserve so many views but I am super happy and super grateful. I just cant believe that one of my videos could have had 20000 people viewing. Thankyou so much! Please subscribe If you want a video made please send me a message or comment. Im open to anything glee related ...
- published: 26 Feb 2012
- views: 179909
- author: AnnieeLovesGlee
My Secrets Video - Brittany
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
promisemethisisreal.tumblr.com ^there is the link to my blog. One thing I have to say, if you think videos similar to these are "Such a waste of time" don't comment because then you are taking your time and effort to sit there and post your negativity when you will either get called out on it, or it will be ignored. So go find something productive to do with your time. Thanks. ;* The songs are Everybody Hurts - Avril Lavinge, Breathe - He is We and Unfold - Marie Digby. I do not own these songs, nor am I using them for profit in any way, shape or form. I didn't post this video for sympathy reasons, whatsoever. I did it for my own purposes-to help myself and to help others. You don't know me, and many other people out there and what they could be going through; so stop judging and being immature about the situation. Don't sit there and call people out on their flaws, it only makes yourself look like a fool. End of story.
http://wn.com/My_Secrets_Video_Brittany
promisemethisisreal.tumblr.com ^there is the link to my blog. One thing I have to say, if you think videos similar to these are "Such a waste of time" don't comment because then you are taking your time and effort to sit there and post your negativity when you will either get called out on it, or it will be ignored. So go find something productive to do with your time. Thanks. ;* The songs are Everybody Hurts - Avril Lavinge, Breathe - He is We and Unfold - Marie Digby. I do not own these songs, nor am I using them for profit in any way, shape or form. I didn't post this video for sympathy reasons, whatsoever. I did it for my own purposes-to help myself and to help others. You don't know me, and many other people out there and what they could be going through; so stop judging and being immature about the situation. Don't sit there and call people out on their flaws, it only makes yourself look like a fool. End of story.
- published: 02 Aug 2011
- views: 120282
- author: justberealx3
On the Scene - Alternative Apparel Flagship Opening Brittany Snow Joy Bryant
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
Join Stylehaul as they drop in on the official opening of Alternative Apparel's new flagship boutique in Venice, CA . Since 1995, Alternative has grown into a leading lifestyle apparel brand that specializes in hand-crafted garments with a signature vintage softness. The eco-friendly brand chose Earth Day as the perfect day to open its doors to the world, inviting celebs and fashion gurus to eat, drink, and shop. Watch Brittany Snow, Joy Bryant, and others dish on what they're wearing and why they love Alternative Apparel. Also hear how founder Greg Alterman went from college freshman to Chief Creative Officer of a successful apparel company currently selling in more than 300 department and specialty stores around the country. Tune in now! www.alternativeapparel.com KEYWORDS: ------------------ Brittany Snow Joy Bryant Alternative Apparel Greg Alterman Earth Day Venice, CA
http://wn.com/On_the_Scene_Alternative_Apparel_Flagship_Opening_Brittany_Snow_Joy_Bryant
Join Stylehaul as they drop in on the official opening of Alternative Apparel's new flagship boutique in Venice, CA . Since 1995, Alternative has grown into a leading lifestyle apparel brand that specializes in hand-crafted garments with a signature vintage softness. The eco-friendly brand chose Earth Day as the perfect day to open its doors to the world, inviting celebs and fashion gurus to eat, drink, and shop. Watch Brittany Snow, Joy Bryant, and others dish on what they're wearing and why they love Alternative Apparel. Also hear how founder Greg Alterman went from college freshman to Chief Creative Officer of a successful apparel company currently selling in more than 300 department and specialty stores around the country. Tune in now! www.alternativeapparel.com KEYWORDS: ------------------ Brittany Snow Joy Bryant Alternative Apparel Greg Alterman Earth Day Venice, CA
- published: 01 May 2011
- views: 8574
- author: stylehaul
Brittany Klaine Skit Glee Live 28.6.11 London HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:55
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Glee Skit in the live concert London 28th June 2011
http://wn.com/Brittany_Klaine_Skit_Glee_Live_28611_London_HD
Glee Skit in the live concert London 28th June 2011
- published: 29 Jun 2011
- views: 62195
- author: Rayad Ali
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
24 Jan 2013
North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Anis Belghoul
22 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When then-Vice President Dick Cheney stated. "If there's a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis...it's about our response,"(1) it was clearly evident that the "war on terror" had been lost ... And when Zacarias Moussaoui shouted. "America you lost ... 11....(size: 9.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: AP / Patric Schneider
23 Jan 2013
HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three people were wounded, one critically, on Tuesday when gunfire erupted during an altercation between two people on a community college campus near Houston, police said, the latest in a series of shootings on U.S. college and school campuses. Two people "of interest" in the Lone Star College shooting were detained for questioning, including one with a student identification, according to authorities....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / Burhan Ozbilici
21 Jan 2013
Germany has sent 240 soldiers to southern Turkey as part of a NATO mission using Patriot missiles to deter cross-border airstrikes from war-torn Syria. Units are also being provided by the Netherlands and the US. The main German contingent flew out of Berlin Sunday, headed for Kahramanmaras, 100 kilometers (62 miles) inside Turkey's border with Syria, where two German Patriot units are to be fully operational by early February ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
Following its appointment after a four-way pitch in August 2012, Bray Leino, part of The Mission Marketing Group plc (the missiontm), has launched an integrated campaign for Brittany Ferries ... "Brittany Ferries has a unique offering, providing travellers and holiday makers access to the heart of Spain and France, with a travel experience that provides limitless possibilities....(size: 2.2Kb)
The Star
24 Jan 2013
Paul Gauguin was the most famous of the group, but he left the Brittany region for more exotic locations like Tahiti ... a man, is no longer Paul Gauguin, but Brittany." ... And that passion for creative freedom and for Brittany can be seen at Pont-Aven's Atelier Grognard....(size: 1.4Kb)
North Jersey
24 Jan 2013
— People at Bowler City still talk about Brittany Hovan's perfect game. PHOTO/ANTHONY LOCICERO. Junior Brittany Hovan is the top performer on the Paramus High School girls bowling team, while Takuya Tokunaga is the top boy bowler. "Word gets around," she said, adding that people sometimes overhear her conversations with others and join in to talk about it. ... ....(size: 11.1Kb)
The Examiner
24 Jan 2013
"It's the craziest thing," said So You Think You Can Dance alum Lauren Gottlieb of landing the lead role in the Bollywood dance film ABCD ... For more from Brittany Frederick, visit my official website and follow me on Twitter (@tvbrittanyf). (c)2013 Brittany Frederick ... All rights reserved ... Brittany Frederick, LA Fan Cultures Examiner. Brittany Frederick is an award-winning entertainment and sports journalist, screenwriter, and novelist ... ....(size: 8.9Kb)
Herald Tribune
24 Jan 2013
PITTSBURGH - Kayla McBride scored 19 points to help No ... #1 BAYLOR66. #24 IOWA STATE51 ... 24 Iowa State (13-4, 4-3). KANSAS STATE(OT) 76 ... -- Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, hitting six 3- pointers, and Kansas State (12-7, 3-4 Big 12) rode its 3-point shooting to an overtime upset of No ... -- Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, hitting six 3- pointers, and Kansas State (12-7, 3-4 Big 12) rode its 3-point shooting to an overtime upset of No ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
Tampabay.com
24 Jan 2013
Brittany Alana DavisTampa Bay Times In Print. Thursday, January 24, 2013. ADVERTISEMENT. ADVERTISEMENT. Story Tools Print this story Purchase reprints Contact the editor Email Newsletters ... The seven-member Planning and Zoning Board considers applications from new businesses, among other duties ... But commissioners were not swayed ... "This is not a threat, but it is a promise ... Contact Brittany Alana Davis at bdavis@tampabay.com or 850-323-0353....(size: 4.5Kb)
STL Today
24 Jan 2013
AFFTON • As she stepped to the free-throw line with the game on the line Wednesday night, Erin Birschbach had an unpleasant flashback ... “I was just thinking, 'Please don’t let that happen to me again.'” ... “We win with our defense,” Donald said ... No ... HANCOCK 43, BAYLESS 42 • Despite 24 points from Bayless senior forward Brittany Walker, the Tigers (1-16) edged the Bronchos for their first victory of the season ... Brittany Walker, sr., Bayless....(size: 5.4Kb)
The News & Observer
24 Jan 2013
Email Print Order Reprint Share This. Text. tool name. tool goes here. The Associated Press. The Associated Press. MANHATTAN, Kan. -- Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, and Kansas State rode its 3-point shooting to a 76-70 overtime upset of No. 12 Oklahoma State on Wednesday night. Chambers made six of Kansas State's 16 3-pointers ... Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, and Kansas State rode its 3-point shooting to a 76-70 overtime upset of No ... ....(size: 10.8Kb)
The Washington Post
24 Jan 2013
MANHATTAN, Kan. — Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, and Kansas State rode its 3-point shooting to a 76-70 overtime upset of No. 12 Oklahoma State on Wednesday night ... Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
STL Today
24 Jan 2013
STL Today
24 Jan 2013
The Charlotte Observer
24 Jan 2013
MANHATTAN, Kan. Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, and Kansas State rode its 3-point shooting to a 76-70 overtime upset of No. 12 Oklahoma State on Wednesday night ... ....(size: 0.9Kb)
Sacramento Bee
24 Jan 2013
MANHATTAN, Kan. -- Brittany Chambers scored 26 points, and Kansas State rode its 3-point shooting to a 76-70 overtime upset of No. 12 Oklahoma State on Wednesday night ... Order Reprint ....(size: 0.9Kb)
This article is about the cultural region in the north-west of France. For the current French administrative region, see Brittany (administrative region). For other uses, see Brittany (disambiguation).
| Brittany Bretagne / Breizh / Bertaèyn |
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|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Motto: Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret Rather death than dishonour |
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| Anthem: None (de jure) De facto "Bro Gozh ma Zadoù" Old Land of My Fathers |
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 |
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| Country |  France |
||
| Largest settlements | |||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 34,023 km2 (13,136 sq mi) | ||
| Population (January 2007 estimate) | |||
| • Total | 4,365,500 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] ( listen); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain). Brittany is considered as one of the six Celtic nations.[1][2][3][4]
Brittany occupies the northwest peninsula of continental Europe in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay.
In 1956, French regions were created by gathering departments between them.[5] The Region of Brittany comprises, since then, four of the five Breton departments (80% of historical Brittany), while the remaining area of the old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department, around Nantes, forms part of the Pays de la Loire region. This territorial organisation is regularly contested. The Kingdom and the Duchy of Brittany, the province of Brittany, and the modern Region of Brittany cover the Western part of Armorica, as it was known during the period of Roman occupation.
In January 2007 the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,365,500. Of these, 71% lived in the region of Brittany, while 29% lived in the region of Pays-de-la-Loire. At the 1999 census, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (711,120 inhabitants), Rennes (521,188 inhabitants), and Brest (303,484 inhabitants).
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Brittany
The peninsula that came to be known as Brittany was a centre of ancient megalithic constructions in the Neolithic era. It has been called the "core area" of megalithic culture.[6] It later became the territory of several Celtic tribes, of which the most powerful was the Veneti. After Julius Caesar's conquest of Gaul, the area became known to the Romans as Armorica, from the Celtic term for "coastal area". Its transformation into Brittany occurred in the late Roman period, with the establishment of Romano-British settlement in the area. The history behind such an establishment is unclear, but medieval Breton and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as Conan Meriadoc. Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica with the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus, who took his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica. Regardless of the truth of this story, Brythonic (British Celtic) settlement probably increased during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th century. Scholars such as Léon Fleuriot have suggested a two-wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the Brythonic Breton language in Armorica.[7] Over time the Armorican British colony expanded, forming a group of petty kingdoms which were later unified in the 840s under Nominoe in resistance to Frankish control.[8]
In the mid-9th century Nominoe and his successors won a series of victories over the Franks which secured an independent Duchy of Brittany. In the High Middle Ages the Duchy was sometimes allied to England and sometimes to France. The pro-English faction was victorious in 1364 in the Breton War of Succession, but the independent Breton army was eventually defeated by the French in 1488, leading to dynastic union with France following the marriage of Duchess Anne of Brittany to two kings of France in succession.[9] In 1532 the Duchy was incorporated into France.
Two significant revolts occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries: the Revolt of the papier timbré (1675) and the Pontcallec Conspiracy (1719). Both arose from attempts to resist centralisation and assert Breton constitutional exceptions to tax.[10] The Duchy was legally abolished during the French Revolution and divided into five departments. The area became a centre of royalist and Catholic resistance to the Revolution during the Chouannerie. During the Second Empire conservative Catholic values were reasserted. When the Republic was reinstituted in 1871, there were rumours that Breton troops were mistrusted and mistreated at Camp Conlie during the Franco-Prussian War because of fears that they were a threat to the Republic.[11]
In the 19th century the Celtic Revival led to the foundation of the Breton Regionalist Union (URB) and later to independence movements linked to Irish, Welsh and Scottish independence parties in the UK and to pan-Celticism. There was a cultural renaissance in the 20th century associated with the movement Seiz Breur.[12] The alliance of the Breton National Party with Nazi Germany in World War II weakened Breton nationalism in the post-war period. In 1956, Brittany was legally reconstituted as the Region of Brittany, although the region excluded the ducal capital of Nantes and the surrounding area. Over this period the Breton language declined precipitously. Children were not allowed to speak Breton at school, and were punished by teachers if they did. Famously, signs in schools read: "It is forbidden to speak Breton and to spit on the floor" ("Il est interdit de parler breton et de cracher par terre").[13] As a result, a generation of native Breton speakers were made to feel ashamed of their language and avoided speaking it or teaching it to their children. These factors contributed to the decline of Breton. Nevertheless Brittany retained its cultural distinctiveness.
Sights[link]
Brittany is home to many megalithic monuments which are scattered across the peninsula. The largest alignments are near Karnag/Carnac. The purpose of these monuments is still unknown, and many local people are reluctant to entertain speculation on the subject.
Brittany is also known for its calvary sculptures, elaborately carved crucifixion scenes found at crossroads in villages and small towns, especially in Western Brittany.
Besides its numerous intact manors and châteaux, Brittany also has several old fortified towns. The walled city of Saint-Malo (Sant-Maloù), a popular tourist attraction, is also an important port linking Brittany with England and the Channel Islands. It was the birthplace of the historian Louis Duchesne, the acclaimed author Chateaubriand, the corsair Surcouf and the explorer Jacques Cartier. The town of Roscoff (Rosko) is served by ferry links with England and Ireland.
Significant urban centres include:
-
- Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt, Breton: Naoned) : 282,853 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 804,833 in the urban area.
- Rennes (Gallo: Resnn, Breton: Roazhon) : 209,613 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 521,188 in the urban area.
- Brest (Breton Brest) : 148,316 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 300,000 in the urban area.
- Saint-Nazaire (Gallo: Saint-Nazère, Breton: Sant-Nazer) : 71,373 inhabitants in the commune (2006); located in the urban area of Nantes.
- Lorient (Breton: an Oriant) : 58,547 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 190,000 in the urban area.
- Quimper (Breton: Kemper) : 64,900 inhabitants in the commune (2006).
- Vannes (Breton: Gwened, Gallo: Vann) : 53,079 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 132,880 in the urban area.
- Saint-Brieuc (Gallo: Saint-Bérieu, Breton: Sant-Brieg) : 46,437 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 121,237 in the urban area (2005).
- Saint-Malo (Gallo: Saent-Malô, Breton: Sant-Maloù) : 52,737 inhabitants in the commune (2007), 81,962 in the urban area.
- Redon (Gallo: Rdon, Breton: Redon) : 9,601 inhabitants in the commune (2006), 52,758 in the urban area.
The island of Ushant (Breton: Enez Eusa, French: Ouessant) is the north-westernmost point of Brittany and France, and marks the entrance to the English Channel. Other islands off the coast of Brittany include:
The coast at Brittany is unusual due to its colouring. The Côte de Granit Rose (pink granite coast) is located in the Côtes d'Armor department of Brittany. It stretches for more than 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Plestin-les-Greves to Louannec and is one of the outstanding coastlines of Europe. This special pink rock is very rare and can be found in only three other places in the world, Ontario, Canada, Corsica and China.[14]
The landscape has inspired artists, including Paul Signac, Marc Chagall, Raymond Wintz and his wife Renee Carpentier Wintz, who both painted coastal and village scenes. Paul Gauguin and his famous School of Pont-Aven in the Finistère department, Brittany also painted many village scenes.
Festivals[link]
Brittany has a vibrant calendar of festivals and events. Several are of course maritime themed while others reflect Brittany’s lively music heritage or the region’s diverse culture. Traditional Breton festivals, fest noz in Breton, regularly take place in towns and villages throughout Brittany and include local music and dancing. Brittany also hosts some of France’s biggest contemporary music festivals.
Cultural festivals
- Festival de Cornouaille: July (Quimper, Finistère)
A long-established festival that showcases Brittany’s cultural diversity.
- Les Filets Bleus: August (Concarneau, Finistère)
This long-standing festival celebrates fishing traditions in the coastal town of Concarneau.
- Festival Interceltique de Lorient: August (Lorient, Morbihan)
An internationally renowned festival that celebrates Celtic traditions.
- Festival du Film Britannique: October (Dinard,Côtes-d’Armor)
This British film festival screens previews of British films in France.
Music festivals
- Art Rock: May (Saint-Brieuc, Côtes d'Armor)
Pop, rock and electro festival.
- Vieilles Charrues: July (Carhaix, Finistère)
This music festival is the Breton equivalent of Glastonbury in the UK.
- Astropolis: July (Brest, Finistère)
A prominent electro and techno festival.
- La Route du Rock: August (St-Malo, Ille-et-Vilaine)
Pop and rock, often with an Anglo-Saxon flavour.
- Les Transmusicales: December (Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine)
Known for showcasing brand new acts : Nirvana and Portishead did some of their early gigs at this festival.
Maritime festivals
- Fêtes Maritimes de Brest: July (Brest, Finistère)
This sailing event takes place every 4 years (the next one is in 2012).
- La Route du Rhum: November (St-Malo, Ille-et-Vilaine)
This transatlantic single-handed yacht race takes place every 4 years (the next one is in 2014).
Regional languages[link]
Main articles: Breton language and Gallo language
French, the only official language of the French Republic, is today spoken throughout Brittany. The two regional languages are supported by the regional authorities within the constitutional limits: Breton, strongest in the west but to be seen all over Brittany, is a Celtic language most closely related to Cornish and Welsh. Gallo, which is spoken in the east, is one of the romance Langues d'oïl.
Breton was traditionally spoken in the west (Breton: Breizh-Izel, or Lower Brittany), and Gallo in the east (French: pays Gallo, Breton: Breizh Uhel, Gallo: Haùtt-Bertaèyn, or Upper Brittany). The dividing line stretched from Plouha on the north coast to a point to the south east of Vannes. French had, however, long been the main language of the towns. The Breton-speaking area once covered territory much farther east than its current distribution.
Since the 13th century, long before the union of Brittany and France, the main administrative language of the Duchy of Brittany was French, and previously it was Latin. Breton (in the West) and Gallo (in the East) remained the two languages of the rural population of Brittany, but since the Middle Ages the bourgeoisie, the nobility, and the higher clergy spoke French. Government policies in the 19th and 20th centuries, which forbade the speaking of Breton in schools, along with the demands of education, pushed many non-French speakers into adopting the French language. Nevertheless, until the 1960s Breton was spoken and understood by most of the inhabitants of western Brittany.
In the Middle Ages, Gallo gradually expanded into formerly Breton-speaking areas. Now restricted to a much reduced territory in the east of Brittany, Gallo finds itself under pressure from the dominant Francophone culture. It is also felt by some to be threatened by the Breton language revival, which is gaining ground in territories that were not previously part of the main Breton-speaking area.
Diwan ("seed") schools, where classes are taught in Breton by the immersion method, play an important part in the revival of the Breton language. These schools are privately funded, as they receive no French central government support. The issue of whether they should be funded by the State has long been, and remains, controversial. Some bilingual classes are also provided in ordinary schools.[citation needed]
Bilingual (Breton and French) road signs may be seen in some areas, especially in the traditional Breton-speaking area of Lower Brittany. Signage in Gallo is much rarer.
Some villages have received an influx of English-speaking immigrants and second-home owners, adding to the linguistic diversity.
Be Breizh: Breizh is the Breton word for Brittany and given that the Bretons are particularly proud of their roots, you will see the word – or simply the letters BZH – in evidence throughout the region. Along with the black and white Breton flag (the Gwenn Ha Du) and the triskell, you will see these symbols of Breton identity on cars, t-shirts and shop fronts. In 2011, the regional tourist board adopted the phrase ‘Be Breizh’ to sum up this unique Breton spirit.
Religion[link]
While Christianization may have occurred during Roman occupation, the first recorded Christian missionaries came to the region from Wales and are known as the "Seven founder saints":
- St Pol Aurelian, at Saint-Pol-de-Léon (Breton: Kastell-Paol),
- Saint Tudwal (sant Tudwal), at Tréguier (Breton: Landreger),
- St Brioc, at Saint-Brieuc (Breton: Sant-Brieg, Gallo: Saent-Berioec),
- St Malo, at Saint-Malo (Breton: Sant-Maloù, Gallo: Saent-Malô),
- St Samson of Dol, at Dol-de-Bretagne (Breton: Dol, Gallo: Dóu),
- St Patern, at Vannes (Breton: Gwened),
- St Corentin (sant Kaourintin), at Quimper (Breton: Kemper).
Other notable early evangelizers are Gildas and the Irish saint Columbanus. With more than 300 "saints" (only a few recognised by the Catholic Church), the region is strongly Catholic. Since the 19th century at least, Brittany has been known as one of the most devoutly Catholic regions in France, in contrast to many other more secularised areas (see "Bl. Julien Maunoir"). The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. As in other Celtic regions, the legacy of Celtic Christianity has left a rich tradition of local saints and monastic communities, often commemorated in place names beginning Lan, Lam, Plou or Lok. The patron saint of Brittany is Saint Anne, the Virgin's mother. But the most famous saint is Saint Ivo of Kermartin ('saint Yves' in French, 'sant Erwan' in Breton), a 13th century priest who devoted his life to the poor.
Once a year, believers go on a "Pardon", the saint's feast day of the parish. It often begins with a procession followed by a mass in honour of the saint. There is always a secular side, with some food and craft stalls. The three most famous Pardons are:
- from Sainte-Anne d'Auray/Santez-Anna-Wened, where a poor farmer in the 17th century explained how the saint had ordered him to build a chapel in her honour.
- from Tréguier/Landreger, in honour of St Yves, the patron saint of the judges, advocates, and any profession involved in justice.
- from Locronan/Lokorn, in honour of St Ronan, with a troménie (a procession, 12 km-long) and numerous people in traditional costume (Locronan is also very close to a more known city Douarnenez which used to be the very famous rendez-vous point for all sailers in the world every 4 years).
There is a very old pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh (tour of Brittany), where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one of the seven founder saints to another. Historically, the pilgrimage was made in one trip (a total distance of around 600 km) for all seven saints. Nowadays, however, pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol, Sant Brieg, and Sant Samzun. It is believed that whoever does not make the pilgrimage at least once in his lifetime will be condemned to make it after his death, advancing only by the length of his coffin each seven years.[15]
Many distinctive traditions and customs have also been preserved in Brittany. The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death". Sometimes a skeleton wrapped in a shroud with the Breton flat hat, sometimes described as a real human being (the last dead of the year, devoted to bring the dead to Death), he makes his journeys by night carrying an upturned scythe which he throws before him to reap his harvest. Sometimes he is on foot but mostly he travels with a cart, the Karrig an Ankou, drawn by two oxen and a lean horse. Two servants dressed in the same shroud and hat as the Ankou pile the dead into the cart, and to hear it creaking at night means you have little time left to live.[16]
Breton music[link]
Main article: Music of Brittany
Brittany is an area of strong Celtic heritage, rich in its cultural heritage. Though long under the control of France and influenced by French traditions, Brittany has retained and, since the early 1970s, revived its own folk music, modernising and adapting it into folk rock and other fusion genres (see, for example, Alan Stivell, Dan Ar Braz, and Red Cardell).
Gastronomy[link]
Although some white wine is produced near the Loire, the traditional drinks of Brittany are:
- cider (Breton: sistr or chistr) – Brittany is the second largest cider-producing region in France;[17] Traditionally served in a ceramic cup resembling an English Tea cup ("bolennad" in breton, "bolée" in french).
- beer (Breton: bier) – Brittany has a long beer brewing tradition, tracing its roots back to the seventeenth century; Young artisanal brewers are keeping a variety of beer types alive,[18] such as Coreff de Morlaix, Tri Martolod and Britt;
- a sort of mead made from wild honey called chouchenn;
- an apple eau de vie called lambig.
Historically Brittany was a beer producing region. However, as wine was increasingly imported from other regions of France, beer drinking and production slowly came to an end in the early to mid-20th century. In the 1970s, due to a regional comeback, new breweries started to open and there are now about 20 of them. Whisky is also produced by a handful of distilleries with excellent results, such as Eddu distillery at Plomelin near Quimper, which elaborates a real and successful creation using buckwheat, Glann ar Mor distillery which makes an un-peated Single Malt, as well as a peated expression named Kornog. Another recent drink is kir Breton (crème de cassis and cider) which may be served as an apéritif. Tourists often try a mix of bread and red wine. Large, thin pancakes made from buckwheat flour (blé noir) are eaten with ham, eggs and other savoury fillings. They are made with plain buckwheat flour and water in Eastern Brittany and called galettes (Breton: galetes). La Galette Saucisse, a hot grilled pure pork Breton sausage wrapped in a cold galette, is the "fast food" of Eastern Brittany, sold from road side stands, and served at every occasion from football matches to the local school fête.[19] In the western parts of Brittany buckwheat pancakes are made with eggs and called crêpes de blé noir (Breton: krampouezh). Galettes are often served with a cup of cider, but in Brittany they should traditionally be accompanied by Breton buttermilk called lait ribot (Breton: laezh-ribod). Brittany also has a dish similar to the pot-au-feu known as the Kig ha farz, which consists of stewed pork or beef with buckwheat dumplings.
Thin crêpes made from wheat flour are eaten for dessert or for breakfast. They may be served cold with local butter. Other pastries, such as kouign amann ("butter cake" in Breton) made from bread dough, butter and sugar, or far, a sort of sweet Yorkshire pudding, or clafoutis with prunes, are traditional.
Surrounded by the sea, Brittany offers a wide range of fresh sea food and fish, especially mussels and oysters. Among the sea food specialities is cotriade.
Climate[link]
Located on the west coast of France, Brittany has a warm, temperate climate. Rainfall occurs regularly – which has helped keep its countryside green and wooded, but sunny, cloudless days are also common.
In general, Brittany has a moderate climate during both summer and winter. In the summer months temperatures in the region can reach 30 °C (86 °F), yet the climate remains comfortable, especially when compared to parts of France south of the Loire. In Brittany a common expression and response to people complaining about the rain is "En Bretagne, il ne pleut que sur les cons", which literally translates as "In Brittany, it only rains on the idiots", and should be understood as if one is not pleased with Brittany, he should leave it.
Brittany's most popular summer resorts are on the south coast (La Baule, Belle Île, Gulf of Morbihan), although the wilder and more exposed north coast (the Côte de granite rose, Perros-Guirec, etc.) also attracts summer tourists.
Transport[link]
Airports in Brittany serving destinations in France, Great Britain and Ireland include Brest, Saint-Malo, Lorient and Rennes. Flights between Brittany and the Channel Islands are served by Saint-Brieuc airport. Several cities in Great Britain and Ireland are also served from Nantes, Loire-Atlantique department and former capital of the historic province of Brittany. The main airlines include, among others, Ryanair, Flybe, Aer Arann, Aer Lingus, Air France and EasyJet.
Others smaller airport operates domestic flights in Quimper, and Lannion
TER Bretagne is the regional train that operates in Brittany and the TGV train services link the region with cities such as Paris, Lyon, Marseille, and Lille in France. In addition there are ferry services that take passengers, vehicles and freight to Ireland, England and the Channel Islands.
Brittany Ferries operates the following regular services:
- Plymouth-Roscoff (Armorique, Pont-Aven, certain winter sailings operated by Bretagne)
- Portsmouth-St Malo (Bretagne with winter service operated by Pont-Aven)
- Roscoff-Cork (Pont-Aven, occasionally Bretagne)
Irish Ferries operates the following routes:
Image gallery[link]
-
Neolithic complex at Locmariaquer, Morbihan
-
The Bagad Arduinn
-
The Windmill at Lancieux
-
Timber Framed houses at Place Rallier du Baty in Rennes
-
Les Tas de Pois off the Pointe de Penhir in Camaret-sur-Mer
-2006.jpg)
References[link]
- ^ "The Celtic League". The Celtic League. http://www.celticleague.net/. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "Festival Interceltique de Lorient 2010". Festival Interceltique de Lorient. http://www.festival-interceltique.com/festival/nations-celtes.cfm. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "Official website of the French Government Tourist Office: Brittany". Us.franceguide.com. http://us.franceguide.com/Cultural-Brittany.html?NodeID=1&EditoID=193027. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ The Celtic connection. Google Books. 30 March 1986. http://books.google.com/books?id=iKIWY4P9uFwC. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ Michèle Cointet, op. cit., pp. 183–216 (p. 216 pour la citation)
- ^ Mark Patton, Statements in Stone: Monuments and Society in Neolithic Brittany, Routledge, 1993, p.1
- ^ Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration, Paris, Payot, 1980.
- ^ Smith, Julia M. H. Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp.80–83.
- ^ Constance De La Warr, A Twice Crowned Queen: Anne of Brittany, Peter Owen, 2005
- ^ Joël Cornette, Le marquis et le Régent. Une conspiration bretonne à l'aube des Lumières, Paris, Tallandier, 2008.
- ^ "Rennes, guide histoire" (PDF). http://www.rennes.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Telechargements/rennais/rn382/histoire.pdf. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ J. R. Rotté, Ar Seiz Breur. Recherches et réalisations pour un art Breton moderne, 1923–1947, 1987.
- ^ Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l ... – Google Books. Google Books. 19 June 2008. http://books.google.com/books?id=h99nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Il+est+interdit+de+parler+breton+et+de+cracher+par+terre%22&dq=%22Il+est+interdit+de+parler+breton+et+de+cracher+par+terre%22&ei=BcJMS8PWMILmzASN-dn2Cw&cd=2. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "Cote de Granit Rosé (pink granite coast)". Frenchconnections.co.uk. http://www.frenchconnections.co.uk/en/guide/miniguidepage/150687-cote-de-granit-ros%C3%A9---brittany. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ Bretagne: poems (in French), by Amand Guérin, Published by P. Masgana, 1842: page 238
- ^ Anatole le Braz, La Legende de la Mort, BiblioBazaar reprint, LLC, 2009, pp. 430ff.
- ^ "Le Cidre – Mediaoueg , Ar Vediaoueg – La Médiathèque". Servijer.net. http://servijer.net/mediaoueg/Le-Cidre. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "bierbreizh – Accueil". Bierbreizh.info. http://www.bierbreizh.info/. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
- ^ "Galette saucisse – Wikipédia" (in (French)). Fr.wikipedia.org. 25 April 2011. http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galette_saucisse. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brittany |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brittany. |
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Breton edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- Brittany at the Open Directory Project
- The official site for Brittany Tourism – Brittany Regional Tourist Board
- Personelezh Breizh e saozneg – Breton identity
- Western France Tourist Board Brittany tourism information
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Coordinates: 48°00′N 3°00′W / 48°N 3°W / 48; -3
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http://nl.wn.com/Bretagne (schiereiland)
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Abigail and Brittany Hensel | |
|---|---|
| Born |
Abigail Loraine Hensel (1990-03-07) March 7, 1990 (age 22) Carver County, Minnesota |
| Residence | St. Paul, Minnesota, USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Education |
Lutheran High School in Mayer, Minnesota Bethel University |
| Home town | New Germany, Minnesota, USA |
| Parents | Patty and Mike Hensel |
| Relatives |
Dakota (Brother) Morgan (Sister) |
Abigail Loraine Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990) are dicephalic parapagus twins, meaning that they are conjoined twins of whom each has a separate head, but whose bodies are joined. They are highly symmetric, giving the appearance of having just a single body with little variation from normal proportion. In fact, several vital organs are doubled up, each twin having a separate heart, stomach, spine and spinal cord.
Each twin controls her half of their body, operating one of the arms and one of the legs. This means that as infants, the initial learning of physical processes that required bodily coordination, such as clapping, crawling, and walking required the cooperation of both children. While each is able to eat and write separately and simultaneously, activities such as running and swimming must be coordinated and alternate symmetrically. Other activities as diverse as brushing hair and driving a car require that each twin perform a sequence of quite separate actions that coordinate with the other.
Despite the curiosity that their condition has generated, the Hensel twins have managed to live private lives with relatively little press attention. At the age of 16, they gave an interview on The Learning Channel on December 17, 2006, in which they discussed aspects of their daily lives and plans for the future.
Contents |
Background[link]
Abigail and Brittany Hensel were born in Carver County, Minnesota, the daughters of Patty, a registered nurse, and Mike Hensel, a carpenter and landscaper. The twins have a younger brother named Dakota, or Koty for short, a younger sister named Morgan, and a dog named Sadie. They were raised in New Germany and attended Lutheran High School in Mayer, Minnesota.
Physiology[link]
The Hensel twins have a single body with separate heads and necks, a chest that is wider than normal, two arms and two legs. At birth, they had a rudimentary arm attached to a shoulder blade at the back. The arm was removed, leaving the shoulder blade.
Abigail's head tilts laterally outward about 5 degrees to the right, while Brittany's head tilts laterally at about 15 degrees to the left, causing Brittany to appear shorter. At age 12, they underwent surgery at Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare to correct scoliosis and to expand their chest cavity to prevent future difficulties with breathing.[1]
Each of the twins manages one side of their conjoined body. The sense of touch of each is restricted to her body half; this shades off at the midsagittal plane such that there is a small amount of overlap at the midline. They are effective in cooperatively using their limbs when both hands or both legs are required. By coordinating their efforts, they are able to walk, run, swim and ride a bicycle normally—all tasks that they learned at a normal speed. Together, they can type on a computer keyboard at a normal speed and drive a car.
Organ distribution[link]
Abigail and Brittany have individual organs in the upper part of their body, while most of the organs located at or below the level of the navel are shared, the exception being the spinal cord.[2]
- 2 heads
- 2 spines merging at the coccyx and joined at the thorax by sections of ribs. Surgery was employed to correct scoliosis.
- 2 completely separate spinal cords
- 2 arms (originally 3, but rudimentary central arm was surgically removed, leaving central shoulder blade in place)
- 1 broad ribcage with 2 highly fused sternums and traces of bridging ribs. Surgery was employed to expand the pleural cavities.
- 2 breasts
- 2 hearts in a shared circulatory system (nutrition, respiration, medicine taken by either affects both)
- 4 lungs with the medial lungs moderately fused, not involving Brittany's upper right lobe; three pleural cavities
- 1 diaphragm with well-coordinated involuntary breathing, slight central defect
- 2 stomachs
- 2 gallbladders
- 1 liver, enlarged and elongated right lobe
- Y-shaped small intestine, which experiences a slightly spastic double peristalsis at the juncture
- 1 large intestine with one colon
- 3 kidneys: 2 left, 1 right
- 1 bladder
- 1 set of reproductive organs
- 2 separate half-sacrums, which converge distally
- 1 slightly broad pelvis
- 2 legs
Separation[link]
Upon their birth, their parents rejected the option to attempt surgical separation after hearing from doctors that it was not likely that both girls would survive the operation. As the girls grew and learned to walk and develop other skills, the parents confirmed their decision against separation, arguing that the quality of life for the surviving twin or twins living separately would be less than their quality of life as conjoined beings.[3]
Adulthood[link]
The Hensel twins both successfully passed their drivers license exams, both the written and driving tests. They had to take the tests twice, once for each twin. Abby controls the pedals, radio, heat, defogger, and other devices located to the right of the driver's seat, while Brittany controls the turn signal and lights; together, they control the steering wheel.
They both graduated from high school in 2008. They began college at Bethel University in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
In conversation, the twins are clearly distinct persons, with distinct likes and dislikes. Their preferences in food, clothing color, etc., differ. Some of their clothes are altered by their seamstress so that they have two separate necklines in order to emphasize their individuality. They will usually have separate meals, but sometimes will share a single meal for the sake of convenience (e.g., each takes a bite of the same hamburger). Abigail is better at mathematics, and Brittany is better at writing. For tasks such as responding to e-mail, they type and respond as one, anticipating each other's feelings with little verbal communication between them. In such cases as the latter, their choice of grammatical person is to use the first person singular out of habit when they agree, but when their responses do differ, they use their names in the third person singular.
There is some concern about their ability to have continued good health, because only four known sets of conjoined twins who share an undivided torso and two legs have ever survived into adulthood, and most have congenital heart defects or other organ anomalies. None have shown up in the Hensels' case. They have so far had no desire to make themselves available for any medical studies. They intend to make a rather limited number of media appearances in the future, primarily just to appease the world's curiosity and to reduce the number of people who might otherwise be taken aback by their unusual body configuration. They intensely dislike being stared at or photographed by strangers while going about their private lives.[4] In the interviews made for Discovery Channel in 2006, the girls, then 16, said that they hoped to date, get married, and have children. They also stated that they hoped that by providing some information about themselves, they would be able to lead otherwise fairly typical social lives as together, they continue to make new friends.[4][5]
Media appearances[link]
In April 2006, they appeared in Joined for Life, a TV documentary produced by Advanced Medical and distributed on the Discovery Health Channel. They also appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 8 and April 29, 1996. In April 1996, the twins were featured on the cover of Life under the caption "One Body, Two Souls", and their daily lifestyle was depicted in the corresponding article entitled "The Hensels' Summer". Life followed up with another story in September 1998. In 2003, an updated story of them at age 11 (filmed in 2001) was published in Time and again in Life. They appeared in a follow-up documentary on The Learning Channel on December 17, 2006, filmed around the time of their 16th birthday, in which they discuss dealing with puberty and getting their driver's licenses. In the summer of 2006, they had a vacation in Texas at the home of a family whose dicephalus twin girls had died at a few hours old.[3][6][7][8][9][10]
Filmography[link]
Documentaries and other television appearances include:
| First aired | Title | Distributor | Produced by |
|---|---|---|---|
| April 8, 1996 | The Oprah Winfrey Show | King World Productions | Harpo Productions |
| March 27, 2003 | Joined for Life | Discovery Channel | Advanced Medical Productions, American Broadcasting Company |
| December 17, 2006 | Joined for Life: Abby and Brittany Turn 16 | The Learning Channel | Advanced Medical Productions |
| February 19, 2007 | Extraordinary People: The Twins Who Share a Body | Five (UK) | One North |
References[link]
- ^ "The Twins Who Share a Body". Mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk. http://www.mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/misc/shared-body.html. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Abigail and Brittany Hensel: an extraordinary bond | Mail Online". London: Dailymail.co.uk. 2006-12-31. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-425736/Abigail-Brittany-Hensel-extraordinary-bond.html. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ a b Wallis, Claudia (1996-03-25). "The Most Intimate Bond". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,984307,00.html. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ a b Hoffman, Kevin (2008-02-28). "Minnesota's Abby and Brittany Hensel, conjoined twins, make Newsweek - Minneapolis News - The Blotter". Blogs.citypages.com. http://blogs.citypages.com/blotter/2008/02/minnesotas_abby.php. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Susanna Schrobsdorff (2008-02-23). "Reality’s Believe It or Not - The Daily Beast". Newsweek.com. http://www.newsweek.com/id/114742/page/2. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "Joined for life - co-joined six-year-old Hensel twins share many body parts: includes a related article on a set of sextuplets - Cover Story | Science World". Find Articles. 1996-10-04. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_n3_v53/ai_18773111. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Rob Hutchison. "Joined for Life :: Figure 8 Films". Figure8films.tv. http://www.figure8films.tv/content/shows/jfl.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ "ABC TV Documentaries: Joined For Life". Abc.net.au. 2003-03-27. http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/stories/s814409.htm. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Piccolo, Cynthia M. (August 22, 2004). "Article: Shared Lives: From the types of joining to separation surgeries, the issues around conjoined twins are varied and complex. - MedHunters". Medhunters.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040825150554/http://www.medhunters.com/articles/sharedLives.html. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
- ^ Channel 5 (UK TV) television program Extraordinary People, 9-10 pm Wednesday 21 November 2007
External links[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Hensel, Abigail & Brittany |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | March 7, 1990 |
| Place of birth | Carver County, Minnesota |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Abigail_and_Brittany_Hensel
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Хенсел, Эбигейл и Бриттани
http://fr.wn.com/Abigail et Brittany Hensel
http://nl.wn.com/Abigail en Brittany Hensel
http://pt.wn.com/Abigail e Brittany Hensel
http://it.wn.com/Abigail e Brittany Hensel
http://pl.wn.com/Abigail i Brittany Hensel
http://es.wn.com/Abigail y Brittany Hensel
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_and_Brittany_Hensel
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Cody Simpson | |
|---|---|
 Simpson on Radio Disney in August 2011. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Cody Robert Simpson |
| Born | (1997-01-11) 11 January 1997 (age 15) Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| Origin | Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| Genres | Pop, R&B[1] |
| Occupations | Singer, songwriter, musician and dancer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar and piano |
| Years active | 2009–present |
| Labels | Warner Bros. Records/Atlantic (2010–present) |
| Website | codysimpson.com |
Cody Robert Simpson (born 11 January 1997) is an Australian pop singer from Gold Coast, Queensland, who is currently signed to US record label Atlantic Records.[2]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Simpson was born to Brad and Angie Simpson. He has two younger siblings, Tom and Alli.[3] He is also a talented swimmer, winning two gold medals at the Queensland Swimming Championships.[4] Simpson trained at the Miami Swimming Club under coach Ken Nixon.[5] Simpson's mother Angie works as a volunteer at the club.[6]
Simpson began to record songs in his bedroom during the summer of 2009 on YouTube, performing "I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz,[7] "Cry Me a River"[8] and "Señorita"[9] by Justin Timberlake, "I Want You Back" by the Jackson 5,[10] and his own songs, "One"[11] and "Perfect".[12] He was subsequently discovered on YouTube by Shawn Campbell,[13] a Grammy-nominated record producer who has produced for Jay-Z and other artists.
Career[link]
Simpson's rise to recognition was featured on The 7.30 Report in December 2009.[14] He released his debut single, "iYiYi" (which features American rapper Flo Rida), on 15 May 2010. It was digitally released on 30 May 2010.[15] The music video for "iYiYi" was released on 30 June 2010.
[16] The music video for Simpson's second single, "Summertime", was released on 20 September 2010.[17]
Simpson relocated to Los Angeles in June 2010 with his family to record his songs with Atlantic Records and his producer Shawn Campbell.[18] His manager is Michael 'Blue' Williams. [19] That same month, Simpson appeared on Sunrise.[20] On 22 June 2010, it was announced that Simpson would participate in the Camplified 2010 Tour, along with other artists, touring across the United States. The tour began on 5 July 2010 and ended on 14 August 2010. It was also Simpson's first public tour.[21] While on tour, Simpson performed a song called "Love So Strong". In an interview with Popstar Magazine, Simpson stated that his inspiration for the song was "A girl, back home. That's all I can say."[22]
On 4 December 2010, it was announced on Simpson's official website that an EP entitled 4 U would be released through iTunes on 21 December 2010. The EP includes five tracks in total, four of them being previously unreleased.[23]
Simpson recorded a remake of the song "I Want Candy" by The Strangeloves as the main theme song for the Easter-themed live-action/CGI-animated film Hop.
On 23 April 2011, Simpson released the single "On My Mind" through his website. It was released on iTunes on 23 May 2011 and the music video was released on 17 June 2011.
Simpson is currently working on tracks for an upcoming EP on Atlantic Records. It will be released on 20 September 2011. Simpson's best friend, Campbell Carsley announced the release date on twitter on 18 July 2011. It will be called Coast To Coast, the same name as his current mall tour. On 22 September, it was announced that Cody Simpson hired Justin Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun as his manager.[24][25]
In December 2011 The Wish Factory released a Cody Simpson doll in two formats.[26]
Touring[link]
Simpson has been on tour recently promoting his new EP, making stops at various locations in the United States. Most notably, Simpson participated in the "Camplified 2010" tour in June.[27] Other tours include a middle school tour that took place from October–November 2010 and covered 9 U.S states.[28]
In May 2011, Simpson was "egged" during a live performance at Miranda Fair in Sydney. Simpson told Australian radio show The Kyle & Jackie O Show that he wasn't in fact hit by the eggs and that he was upset on behalf of his fans because the remainder of his show was cancelled because of security concerns.[29][30]
Filmography[link]
Television[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | So Random! | Himself | Musical guest singing "All Day" |
| PrankStars | Episode, "Walk the Prank", alongside host Mitchel Musso and Zendaya | ||
| N.B.T (Next Big Thing) | Guest star | ||
| Extreme Makeover: Home Edition | Episode, "The Walker Family" | ||
| 2012 | Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures | Himself | Guest star |
| Finding Cody | Himself | Lead role |
Discography[link]
Main article: Cody Simpson discography
- Studio albums
- Paradise (2012)
- Extended plays
- 4 U (2010)
- Coast to Coast (2011)
Tours[link]
- Waiting 4U Tour
- Coast to Coast Mall Tour
- Welcome to Paradise
Awards and nominations[link]
| Year | Type | Award | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Nickelodeon Australian Kids Choice Awards 2010 | Fresh Aussie Musos | Won |
| Breakthrough Of The Year Awards 2010 | Breakthrough Internet Sensation | Won | |
| J-14 Teen Icon Awards 2010 | Iconic Fan Favorite | Nominated | |
| Icon of Tomorrow | Nominated | ||
| Capricho Awards 2010 | International Singer | Nominated | |
| Hollywood Teen TV Awards | "Teen Pick Music: Male Artist" | Nominated | |
| 2011 | Nickelodeon Australian Kids Choice Awards 2011 | Super Fresh Award | Won |
| Aussie Musos | Won | ||
| Awesome Aussie | Won | ||
| 2012 | 2012 Kids' Choice Awards | Favorite Aussie Superstar | Won |
References[link]
- ^ "Cody Simpson". http://artists.letssingit.com/cody-simpson-fxw34/overview. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
- ^ "Atlantic Records – Cody Simpson". atlanticrecords.com. http://www.atlanticrecords.com/codysimpson. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
- ^ Grant, Dwayne (19 June 2010). "The Cody Simpson Effect". goldcoast.com.au. http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2010/06/19/229321_news.html. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
- ^ Dew, Jake (14 December 2009). "Rickard motivated by loss". goldcoast.com.au. http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2009/12/14/169285_gold-coast-sport.html. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ "2009 Qld Championships a Huge Success!". clubsonline.com.au. 22 January 2010. http://www.clubsonline.com.au/news/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_main&NewsID=11584&orgid=4033&cfid=42832036&cftoken=86561938&dts=29120105725. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
- ^ Chambers, Geoff; Dew, Jake (12 May 2009). "$500 a year to watch kids swim". goldcoast.com.au. http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2009/05/12/77885_gold-coast-news.html. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
- ^ "Cody Simpson singing "I'm Yours" by Jason Mraz". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vnp2e2O8P0. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Cry Me a River – Cody Simpson Cover". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CkO1RoX6qWA. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Justin Timberlake – Señorita cover – Cody Simpson". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8x0quR56aU. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ He also made covers of "Wanted Dead or Alive" by Bon Jovi, and "The Man Who Can't Be Moved" by The Script"I Want You Back by Michael Jackson – Cody Simpson Cover". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xkwaAdt0Rh8. Retrieved 19 August 2010.
- ^ "'One' – Cody Simpson". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-ZuRlvggMo. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Perfect – Original by Cody Simpson". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMZb1iP9WhY. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Cody Simpson is Queensland's Answer to Justin Bieber". couriermail.com.au. 7 May 2010. http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/confidential/cody-simpson-is-queenslands-answer-to-justin-bieber/story-e6freq7o-1225863802065. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ Baillie, Rebecca (17 December 2009). "YouTube launches Gold Coast boy". abc.net.au. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2009/s2775128.htm. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Cody Simpson iTunes Store Retrieved 13 June 2010
- ^ Herrera, Monica (1 June 2010). "Cody Simpson Surfs up in 'iYiYi' Video". billboard.com. http://www.billboard.com/column/viralvideos/cody-simpson-surfs-up-in-iyiyi-video-1004101862.story#/news/cody-simpson-surfs-up-in-iyiyi-video-1004101862.story. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
- ^ "Cody Simpson – Summertime (Official Video)". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i287hxbZ8-k. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
- ^ Dickinson, Alex (17 May 2010). "Teen singer Cody Simpson hits US big time". couriermail.com.au. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/teen-singer-cody-simpson-hits-us-big-time/story-e6freoof-1225867546162. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
- ^ . http://www.codysimpsonzone.com/category/cody-simpson-news/cody-simpson-music-news/.
- ^ "Cody goes global". au.tv.yahoo.com/sunrise. 2 June 2010. http://au.tv.yahoo.com/sunrise/video/play/-/7330775/cody-goes-global/. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
- ^ Announcing The Camplifed 2010 Tour with Atlantic Recording Artist Cody Simpson Retrieved 11 July 2010
- ^ "Cody Simpson Talks About His New Song, 'Love So Strong'". popdirt.com. http://popdirt.com/cody-simpson-talks-about-his-new-song-love-so-strong/79592/. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "New Cody Simpson Music – 4 U". codysimpson.com. 4 December 2010. http://www.codysimpson.com/blog/new-cody-music/. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ^ http://www.thehothits.com/news/26000/it's-official---scooter-braun-is-cody-simpson's-manager
- ^ http://www.topjustinbieber.com/category/justin-bieber-september-21-2011/
- ^ Cashmere, Paul. "Cody Simpson Is A Doll". noise11.com. http://www.noise11.com/news/cody-simpson-is-a-doll-20111210. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
- ^ "Cody Announces Camplified Tour Dates!". codysimpson.com. 16 July 2010. http://www.codysimpson.com/blog/cody-announces-camplified-tour-dates/. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ^ "Cody Simpson Middle School Tour". codysimpson.com. 14 October 2010. http://www.codysimpson.com/blog/cody-simpson-middle-school-tour/. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- ^ Simpson, Matt (2011-05-31). Celebrity interview. Interview with The Kyle & Jackie O Show. Today Network. 2DayFM. Sydney, Australia.
- ^ http://www.skynews.com.au/national/article.aspx?id=618896&vId=
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cody Simpson |
- Official website
- Cody Simpson at the Internet Movie Database
- Cody Simpson on Twitter
- Cody Simpson's's channel on YouTube
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Simpson, Cody |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Singer |
| Date of birth | 11 January 1997 |
| Place of birth | Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Cody_Simpson
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Симпсон, Коди
http://fr.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://nl.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://pt.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://de.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://it.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://pl.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://id.wn.com/Cody Simpson
http://es.wn.com/Cody Simpson
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cody_Simpson
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Madison Pettis | |
|---|---|
 Madison Pettis in 2010 |
|
| Born | Madison Michelle Pettis[1] (1998-07-22) July 22, 1998 (age 13) Arlington, Texas, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress, voice actress, dancer, model |
| Years active | 2006–present |
Madison Michelle Pettis (born July 22, 1998) is an American teen actress, best known for playing Sophie Martinez on the Disney Channel sitcom Cory in the House and as Peyton Kelly in the 2007 film The Game Plan. She currently lives in Los Angeles, California and is working on Life With Boys and Jake and the Never Land Pirates.
Contents |
Life and career[link]
Madison Pettis was born in Texas, to Steven and Michelle Pettis. Her father is African-American and her mother is Mexican-American.[2] Pettis was first noticed when her mother entered into an annual cover search held by FortWorthChild, a local parenting magazine.[3] From that she began modeling and acting in commercials; she had an agent and a website from the age of five.[4] In this role she was seen in one episode of Hannah Montana. '. She portrayed Isabelle Tyler in an episode of The 4400. She was the 2007 Disney Channel Games commentator, and also appeared on Barney & Friends as Bridget, in which she sang, danced and acted. In 2008, she cameoed in Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who!, and had roles in Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out? and A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa. Pettis also had a small role in Seven Pounds as Lorena. She has a voice role in the Disney Channel animated series Special Agent Oso. In 2009, Pettis had a role in Free Style as Bailey Bryant with Corbin Bleu and appeared as herself on the syndicated version of the game show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?. She is now a model with LovePastry and has a Disney Junior show Jake and the Never Land Pirates.
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Air Bud: Seventh Inning Fetch | Rocky Raccoon | |
| 2005 | Barney: Can You Sing That Song? | Bridget | |
| 2007 | The Game Plan | Peyton Kelly | Main role |
| 2008 | Horton Hears a Who! | Additional voices | Animated film |
| 2008 | Mostly Ghostly: Who Let the Ghosts Out? | Tara Roland | Direct-to-DVD film |
| 2008 | A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa | Claire | Television film |
| 2008 | Seven Pounds | Connie's Daughter | Theatrical film |
| 2008 | Free Style | Bailey Bryant | Main role |
| 2010 | The Search for Santa Paws | Willamina | Direct-to-DVD film |
| 2011 | Beverly Hills Chihuahua 2 | Lala | Direct-to-DVD film |
| 2012 | Beverly Hills Chihuahua 3 | Lala | Direct-to-DVD film |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Jericho | Stacy Clemons | "Pilot" (season 1: episode 1) |
| 2006 | Barney & Friends | Bridget | "Pets and Vets" (season 10: episode 9) "Playing Games and Fun with Reading" (season 10: episode 12) |
| 2007–2008 | Cory in the House | Sophie Martinez | Main role; Disney Channel Original Series |
| 2007 | Hannah Montana | Sophie Martinez | "Take This Job and Love It" (season 2: episode 8) |
| 2007 | The 4400 | Young Isabelle Tyler | "Daddy's Little Girl" (season 4: episode 9) |
| 2009 | Special Agent Oso | Katie / Tara | "The Living Flashlight/Sand Castle Royale" (season 1: episode 17) "Tie Another Day/You Only Start PreSchool Once" (season 1: episode 19) |
| 2009–present | Phineas and Ferb | Adyson Sweetwater | Voice role; Disney Channel Original Series |
| 2009 | Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? | Herself | Recurring guest; 18 episodes |
| 2011–present | Jake and the Never Land Pirates | Izzy | Voice role; Disney Junior Original Series |
| 2011 | R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour | Julie | "The Black Mask" (season 1: episode 13) |
| 2011–present | Life with Boys | Allie Brookes | Main cast |
References[link]
- ^ Twitter: Madison Pettis (verified account)
- ^ Twitter.com/madisonpettis22
- ^ Charean Williams (2006-11-27). "She's a chip off the old Rock". Fort Worth Star Telegram. Archived from the original on 2006-11-27. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-27918776_ITM. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
- ^ Lisa Sewards (last updated 2008-03-07). "Meet the million dollar baby: Madison Pettis, 9, joins Hollywood's new crop of child stars.". Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-528012/Meet-million-dollar-baby-Madison-Pettis-10-joins-Hollywoods-new-crop-child-stars.html. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Madison Pettis |
- Madison Pettis at the Internet Movie Database
- Madison Pettis on Twitter
- Video on YouTube
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pettis, Madison |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | July 22, 1998 |
| Place of birth | Arlington, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Madison_Pettis
Related pages:
http://ru.wn.com/Петтис, Мэдисон
http://fr.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://nl.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://pt.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://de.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://it.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://pl.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://id.wn.com/Madison Pettis
http://es.wn.com/Madison Pettis
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Pettis
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Brittany Murphy | |
|---|---|
 Murphy at the Australian premiere of Happy Feet, December 10, 2006 |
|
| Born | Brittany Anne Bertolotti[1] (1977-11-10)November 10, 1977 Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Died | December 20, 2009(2009-12-20) (aged 32)[2] Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pneumonia |
| Resting place | Forest Lawn Memorial Park |
| Occupation | Actress, singer, voice artist |
| Years active | 1991–2009 |
| Spouse | Simon Monjack (m. 2007–2009) |
Brittany Anne Murphy-Monjack[3] (November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009),[2] known professionally as Brittany Murphy, was an American actress and singer. She starred in films such as Clueless, Just Married, Girl Interrupted, Spun, 8 Mile, Uptown Girls, Sin City, Happy Feet, and Riding in Cars with Boys. She voiced Luanne Platter on the animated TV series King of the Hill. Her final film, Something Wicked, was released on August 25, 2011.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Brittany Murphy was born as Brittany Anne Bertolotti[1] in Atlanta, Georgia, on November 10, 1977.[4] Her parents, Sharon Kathleen Murphy[3] and Angelo Joseph Bertolotti,[5][6] divorced when she was two years old, and Murphy was raised by her mother in Edison, New Jersey, where she attended Edison High School. Bertolotti was so estranged from the family that he was not named as the father on the first death certificate.[6] The family later moved to Los Angeles so that Murphy could pursue an acting career.[7][8][9] Murphy said her mother never tried to stifle her creativity, and she considered her mother a crucial factor in her later success: "When I asked my mom to move to California, she sold everything and moved out here for me. ... She always believed in me."[4] Murphy's mother is of Irish and Eastern European descent and her father is Italian American.[10][11] She was raised a Baptist and later became a non-denominational Christian.[12][13] She had two older half-brothers and a younger half-sister.[14]
Acting[link]
Brittany Murphy attended Verne Fowler School of Dance and Theatre Arts in Colonia, New Jersey, in 1982. From the age of four, she trained in singing, dancing, and acting until her move to California at 13.[15] Murphy made her Broadway debut in 1997, as Catherine, in a revival of Arthur Miller's A View From The Bridge opposite veteran actors Anthony LaPaglia and Allison Janney.[16]
Murphy landed her first job in Hollywood when she was 13, starring as Brenda Drexell in the series Drexell's Class. She then went on to play Molly Morgan in the short-lived The Torkelsons spinoff Almost Home. Murphy also guest-starred on several television series, including Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Blossom, seaQuest 2032, Murder One and Frasier. She also had recurring roles on Sister, Sister; Party of Five and Boy Meets World.
Murphy starred in several films, including Clueless (1995); Girl, Interrupted (1999); Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999); Don't Say a Word (2001); the TV adaptation of the novel The Devil's Arithmetic (2001); 8 Mile (2002) and Uptown Girls (2003) as well as many lesser-known films, such as Spun (2002) and Neverwas (2005), which was never released to theaters. In 2003, she starred in the romantic comedies Just Married and Little Black Book (2004) and the critically acclaimed Sin City (2005). She starred in two Edward Burns films: Sidewalks of New York (2001) and The Groomsmen (2006). Film critic Roger Ebert acclaimed her acting talent, giving good reviews to several of her films and comparing her to Lucille Ball.[17] In 2009, she was cast in the Lifetime TV movie, Tribute, as the main character, Cilla. She was set to appear in the Sylvester Stallone film, The Expendables, which was released in August 2010.[4]
Murphy was also a voice actor. She voiced the character Luanne Platter on the FOX animated sitcom King of the Hill for the entirety of the show's run from 1997 to 2009, and Joseph Gribble until season 5. She also provided the voice for Gloria the penguin in the 2006 feature Happy Feet. She was nominated for an Annie Award for voice acting in the King of the Hill episode "Movin' On Up".[18]
Murphy completed her last film, the thriller/drama Abandoned, in June 2009, released in 2010.[19]
In November 2009, Murphy left the production of The Caller, which was being filmed in Puerto Rico, and was replaced by Rachelle Lefevre. Murphy denied media reports that she had been fired from the project after being difficult on set, and cited "creative differences".[20]
Music[link]
Murphy's career also included work as a singer. She commented: "My singing voice isn't like my speaking voice...I've just always kept it a secret and never taken credit because I wanted to learn how to work behind the microphone in a recording studio, and some of the singers don't even know it was me recording on their albums."[21]
She was in a band called Blessed Soul with fellow actor Eric Balfour in the early 1990s. On June 6, 2006, Murphy and Paul Oakenfold released the single "Faster Kill Pussycat", from the album A Lively Mind. The song became a club hit, and hit number one on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart.[22] It also hit number seven in Oakenfold's native United Kingdom in June 2006.[23]
She dabbled in music again with the release of the film Happy Feet, in which she covered Queen's Somebody to Love and Earth, Wind & Fire's Boogie Wonderland. Murphy said about her character Gloria, "Oddly enough, of all the characters I've played, Gloria is the most like me. And she's a penguin! George Miller always wanted one person to do both [the speaking and the singing]. I said, 'I can sing,' and I asked him to give me a shot. I don't think he took me very seriously because most actors say they can do most things."[21]
Murphy starred in Wheatus' video "A Little Respect" alongside actor Shawn Hatosy. She also appeared in the music video for Luscious Jackson's "Here" and Tears for Fears' "Closest Thing to Heaven."[24]
Modeling[link]
In 2005, Murphy signed as the spokesmodel for Jordache jeans.[25]
Personal life[link]
In late 2002, Murphy began dating Ashton Kutcher, her co-star in Just Married.[26] Once engaged to talent manager Jeff Kwatinetz, Murphy became engaged to Joe Macaluso in December 2005, a production assistant she met while working on the film Little Black Book.[27] In August 2006, they ended their engagement.[27] In May 2007, Murphy married British screenwriter Simon Monjack in a private Jewish ceremony in Los Angeles.[28] For the last three and a half years of her life, Murphy, her mother and Monjack lived together in the same house.[29]
In the early 2000s, Murphy lost a large amount of weight,[30][31] which led to rumors of cocaine addiction.[30][32] In 2005, Murphy disputed such claims to Jane magazine, saying, "No, just for the record I have never tried it in my entire life, I've never even seen it, and I don't leave the house too much, except to go to work."[30][32]
Death[link]
At 08:00 (16:00 GMT) on December 20, 2009, the Los Angeles Fire Department responded to "a medical request"[33] at the Los Angeles home Murphy and Monjack shared. She had apparently collapsed in a bathroom.[4] Firefighters attempted to resuscitate Murphy on the scene. She was transported to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where she was pronounced dead on arrival[34] at 10:04 after going into cardiac arrest.[4][33]
Shortly after her death, Assistant Chief Coroner Ed Winter told the Associated Press: "It appears to be natural."[35][36][37] An autopsy was performed on December 21, 2009. Her death certificate listed the cause of death as "deferred".[38] On February 4, 2010, the Los Angeles County coroner stated that the primary cause of Murphy's death was pneumonia, with secondary factors of iron-deficiency anemia and multiple drug intoxication. On February 25, 2010, the coroner released a report stating that Murphy had been taking a range of over-the-counter and prescription medications, with the most likely reason being to treat a cold or respiratory infection. These included "elevated levels" of hydrocodone, acetaminophen, L-methamphetamine and chlorpheniramine. All of the drugs were legal and the death was ruled to be an accident, but the report observed: "the possible adverse physiological effects of elevated levels of these medications cannot be discounted, especially in her weakened state."[39]
Murphy was buried at Forest Lawn Hollywood Hills on December 24, 2009.[40]
On May 23, 2010, her widower Simon Monjack was found dead at the same Hollywood Hills residence.[41] In July 2010, Los Angeles Assistant Chief Coroner Ed Winter stated that the cause of his death was acute pneumonia and severe anemia.[42] It was reported that the Los Angeles County Department of Health had considered toxic mold in their house as a possible cause of the deaths, but this was dismissed by Ed Winter, who stated that there were "no indicators" that mold was a factor.[43] Murphy's mother Sharon described the reports of mold contributing to the deaths as "absurd" and went on to state that inspecting the home for mold was never requested by the Health Department.[44] On January 11, 2012, Angelo Bertolotti applied to the Superior Court of California requesting that the Los Angeles County Coroner's Office be required to hand over samples of his daughter's hair for independent testing.[45][46]
Legacy[link]
In January 2010 Murphy's mother, Sharon, and her widower, Simon Monjack, established the Brittany Murphy Foundation, a charitable fund for children's arts education, as well as supporting the USO and cancer research.[citation needed][47]
The foundation was launched on February 4, 2010, at a fundraising event at the Saban Theatre in Beverly Hills.[48] After a records search revealed that the foundation's not-for-profit status had not been filed, the foundation announced that it would refund any donations received and issued an official letter on the foundation's website. They stated that in an effort to get the foundation set up as quickly as possible, they had established it as a private foundation with plans to apply for nonprofit status later. However, they said that they had decided to wait until the foundation's nonprofit status was approved before going any further in order to truly honor Murphy and the foundation's charitable goals.[49]
Filmography[link]
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Family Prayers | Elise | Alternative title: A Family Divided |
| 1995 | Clueless | Tai | Nominated for Young Artist Award for Best Professional Actress/Singer and Young Artist Award For Best Young Supporting Actress – Feature Film |
| 1996 | Freeway | Rhonda | |
| 1997 | Bongwater | Mary | Nominated for DVD Exclusive Award for Best Supporting Actress |
| 1998 | Drive | Deliverance Bodine | |
| 1998 | Falling Sky | Emily Nicholson | |
| 1998 | Prophecy II, TheThe Prophecy II | Izzy | Direct-to-video release |
| 1998 | Phoenix | Veronica | |
| 1998 | Zack and Reba | Reba Simpson | Nominated for DVD Exclusive Award for Best Actress |
| 1999 | Drop Dead Gorgeous | Lisa Swenson | Young Artist Awards |
| 1999 | Girl, Interrupted | Daisy Randone | Nominated for Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress |
| 2000 | Trixie | Ruby Pearli | |
| 2000 | Angels! | Nurse Bellows | |
| 2000 | Cherry Falls | Jody Marken | |
| 2000 | Audition, TheThe Audition | Daniella | Short subject |
| 2001 | Sidewalks of New York | Ashley | |
| 2001 | Summer Catch | Dede Mulligan | |
| 2001 | Don't Say a Word | Elisabeth Burrows | Nominated for Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture |
| 2001 | Riding in Cars with Boys | Fay Forrester | |
| 2002 | Spun | Nikki | |
| 2002 | Something in Between | Sky | Short subject |
| 2002 | 8 Mile | Alex Latourno | Nominated for Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liplock (shared with Eminem) and Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress – Drama/Action Adventure |
| 2003 | Just Married | Sarah |
|
| 2003 | Uptown Girls | Molly Gunn | |
| 2003 | Good Boy! | Nelly (voice) | |
| 2004 | Little Black Book | Stacy Holt | Nominated for Teen Choice Award For Choice Movie Actress: Drama |
| 2005 | Sin City | Shellie | Nominated: Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast Nominated: Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble Cast |
| 2005 | Neverwas | Maggie Paige | |
| 2006 | Groomsmen, TheThe Groomsmen | Sue | |
| 2006 | Love and Other Disasters | Emily "Jacks" Jackson | |
| 2006 | Happy Feet | Gloria (voice) | |
| 2006 | Dead Girl, TheThe Dead Girl | Krista Kutcher | |
| 2008 | Ramen Girl, TheThe Ramen Girl | Abby | |
| 2008 | Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs | Colleen O'Hallahan (voice) | Direct-to-video release |
| 2009 | Deadline | Alice | Direct-to-video release |
| 2009 | Across the Hall | June | |
| 2010 | Abandoned | Mary | Direct-to-video release |
| 2012 | Something Wicked | Susan | Posthumous release |
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Murphy Brown | Frank's sister | Episode: "On Another Plane: Part 1" |
| 1991– 1992 |
Drexell's Class | Brenda Drexell | 18 episodes |
| 1992 | Kids Incorporated | Celeste | Episode: "Lay Off" |
| 1992 | Parker Lewis Can't Lose | Angie | Episode: "The Kiss" |
| 1993 | Almost Home | Molly Morgan | 13 episodes |
| 1993 | Blossom | Wendy | Episode: "Blossom in Paris: Part 1" |
| 1994 | Frasier | Olsen | Episode: "Give Him the Chair!" |
| 1994 | Party of Five | Abby | 2 episodes |
| 1994– 1995 |
Sister, Sister | Sarah | 6 episodes |
| 1995 | Boy Meets World | Trini Martin | 2 episodes |
| 1995 | Marshal, TheThe Marshal | Lizzie Roth | Episode: "These Foolish Things" |
| 1995 | seaQuest DSV | Christine VanCamp | Episode: "Second Chance" |
| 1995 | Murder One | Diane "Dee-Dee" Carson | Episode: "Chapter Nine" |
| 1996 | Double Jeopardy | Julia | Television film |
| 1996 | Nash Bridges | Carrie | Episode: "Night Train" |
| 1996 | Clueless | Jasmine | Episode: "Driving Me Crazy" |
| 1997– 2009 |
King of the Hill | Luanne Platter (voice) Various characters (voice) |
|
| 1998 | David and Lisa | Lisa |
|
| 1999 | Devil's Arithmetic, TheThe Devil's Arithmetic | Rivkah | Showtime film |
| 1999– 2000 |
Pepper Ann | Tank the 8th grader (voice) | 3 episodes |
| 2000 | Common Ground | Dorothy Nelson | Television film |
| 2005 | I'm Still Here | Voiceover | Documentary about The Holocaust |
| 2009 | Tribute | Cilla McGowan | Television film |
| 2009 | Megafault | Dr. Amy Lane | Television film |
Awards and nominations[link]
| Annie Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | King of the Hill | Best Individual Achievement: Voice Acting be a Female Performer in a TV Production | Nominated |
| 2000 | King of the Hill | Best Individual Achievement: Voice Acting be a Female Performer in a TV Production | Nominated |
| 2005 | King of the Hill | Best Individual Achievement: Voice Acting be a Female Performer in a TV Production | Won |
| DVD Exclusive Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 | Bongwater | Best Supporting Actress | Nominated |
| 2001 | Zack and Reba | Best Actress | Nominated |
| Razzie Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Just Married | Worst Screen Couple (shared with Ashton Kutcher) | Nominated |
| 2004 | Just Married | Worst Supporting Actress | Nominated |
| Satellite Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Don't Say a Word | Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture | Nominated |
| Teen Choice Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Just Married | Choice Movie Actress—Comedy | Nominated |
| 2003 | 8 Mile | Choice Movie Actress—Drama/Action-Adventure | Nominated |
| 2003 | 8 Mile | Choice Lip Lock (shared with Eminem) | Nominated |
| 2003 | Just Married | Choice Lip Lock (shared with Ashton Kutcher) | Nominated |
| 2005 | Little Black Book | Choice Movie Actress—Drama | Nominated |
| Young Artist Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | N/A | Best Professional Actress/Singer | Nominated |
| 1996 | Clueless | Best Young Supporting Actress in a Feature Film | Nominated |
| 1999 | David and Lisa | Best Performance in a TV Movie/Pilot/Mini-Series or Series—Leading Young Actress | Nominated |
| 2000 | Girl, Interrupted | Best Young Leading Actress in a Feature Film | Nominated |
References[link]
- ^ a b "In Step with Brittany Murphy." Parade Magazine November 28, 2006. Link to Article. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ a b "Actress Brittany Murphy dead at 32". CNN. December 20, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/12/20/brittany.murphy/index.html. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ a b "Brittany Murphy Death Certificate" (PDF). http://images.eonline.com/static/news/pdf/BrittanyMurphyDeathCertificate.pdf. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e Wheaton, Sarah (December 21, 2009). "Brittany Murphy, Actress in ‘Clueless,’ Dies at 32". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/21/movies/21murphy.html. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ Salamone, Gina (December 21, 2009). "Brittany Murphy's father Angelo Bertolotti 'mystified' over actress' tragic death". New York: Articles.nydailynews.com. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-12-21/gossip/17941836_1_simon-monjack-difficult-time-mystified. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ a b "Brittany Murphy's father puts his name on daughter's death certificate, 16 months after she passes away". Daily Mail (London). April 12, 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1375908/Brittany-Murphys-father-finally-adds-death-certificate-16-months-passing.html. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
- ^ Rochlin, Margy (September 30, 2001). "Film; A Young Trouper Who Plays Crazy as Well as Sexy". The New York Times: p. 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/30/movies/film-a-young-trouper-who-plays-crazy-as-well-as-sexy.html. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ The Associated Press (December 20, 2009). "Brittany Murphy's father mourns actress' death". Florida AP. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/florida/AP/story/1391840.html. Retrieved December 20, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Brittany Murphy Dead: Dies At Just 32". Huffington Post (USA). December 20, 2009. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/20/brittany-murphy-dead-dies_n_398576.html. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ Wollman Rusoff, Jane (October 18, 2001). "The rising actress switches gears and goes from crazy to sexy for Riding in Cars With Boys". Mr. Showbiz. http://www.brittanymurphy.8m.com/mrshowbiz.html. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
- ^ McGoldrick, Debbie (2005). "Brittany: I’m Irish!". Irish Voice. http://www.irishabroad.com/news/irishinamerica/entertainment/brittanyimirish-050713.asp. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
- ^ Horowitz, Josh (December 28, 2006). "Role Call: Brittany Murphy On Playing Prostitute, Penguin". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1548870/20061226/story.jhtml. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ "Uptown Brittany, Effervescent Actress Finds Herself Cast As A Tabloid Darling While Her Career Moves Into Fast Lane". San Jose Mercury News. August 11, 2003. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FCE7E2A9ADD3D7E&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved December 20, 2009. ; "A non-denominational Christian, she wears a cross around her neck and has my whole life —I feel more comfortable with a cross."
- ^ What Went Wrong With Brittany Murphy?: Was It Drugs, Anorexia or Her 'Shady' Husband" That Led to Her Death at 32? Luchina Fisher. ABC News. December 22, 2009.
- ^ "Mentor remembers Brittany Murphy as 'talented child'". CNN. December 21, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Movies/12/21/brittany.murphy.remembered/index.html. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
- ^ The Broadway League (November 10, 1977). "The official source for Broadway Information". IBDB. http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=70024. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ "Little Black Book". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. August 6, 2004. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20040719/REVIEWS/40719006/1023. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ King of the Hill awards IMDB
- ^ Cady, Jennifer (December 23, 2009). "Preview Brittany Murphy's Final Film, Abandoned". E!. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b159407_preview_brittany_murphys_final_film.html. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ Angus, Kat (December 1, 2009). "Twilight New Moon actress replaces Brittany Murphy, who 'was not' fired from movie". The Vancouver Sun. Retrieved on December 6, 2009.
- ^ a b Carroll, Larry (December 21, 2009). "Brittany Murphy: The Music Career That Might Have Been – MTV Movie News". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1628620/brittany-murphy-music-career-that-might-have-been.jhtml. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
- ^ "Paul Oakenfold Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs?chartDate=2006-05-27#/artist/paul-oakenfold/chart-history/36785?f=359&g=Singles. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ ""Faster Kill Pussycat" Chart Stats page". www.chartstats.com. http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=1334.
- ^ Brittany Murphy Trivia and Quotes TV.com. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ "Brittany Murphy, new face of Jordache". MSNBC. July 25, 2005. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8701300/. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Miller, Samantha (January 20, 2003). "Baby, Let's Play Married". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20139060,00.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ a b Ingrassia, Lisa (August 22, 2006). "Brittany Murphy, Fiancé End Engagement". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1254881,00.html. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
- ^ Fleeman, Mike (August 5, 2007). "Brittany Murphy Marries Writer-Director". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20037875,00.html.
- ^ By Lorenzo Benet, PEOPLE.com (December 22, 2009). "Brittany Murphy's husband mourns". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/12/22/brittany.murphy.husband.destroyed/. Retrieved March 5, 2010.
- ^ a b c Dillon, Nancy; Kolodner, Meredith (December 20, 2009). "Clueless actress Brittany Murphy dies after collapsing in shower; death 'appears to be natural'". New York Daily News . http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/12/20/2009-12-20_actress_brittany_murphy_dies_at_32_of_heart_attack_report.html. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
- ^ "Brittany Murphy, 32, dies of cardiac arrest". Entertainment Weekly. http://news-briefs.ew.com/2009/12/20/brittany-murphy-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-report/. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
- ^ a b "INSIDE STORY: Brittany Murphy's 'Inner Demons'". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20332146,00.html. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
- ^ a b Helfand, Duke (December 20, 2009). "Actress Brittany Murphy dead at 32". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2009/12/actress-brittany-murphy-dead-at-32-.html. Retrieved December 20, 2009.
- ^ Dore, Shalini (December 20, 2009). "Actress Brittany Murphy dies at 32". Variety. http://www.variety.com/VR1118012992.html. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ McCartney, Anthony (December 21, 2009). "Actress Brittany Murphy dies in LA at age 32". Associated Press. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091221/ap_on_en_mo/us_obit_brittany_murphy. Retrieved December 21, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Brittany Murphy's family pay tribute to 'shining star'". BBC News. December 21, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/8424022.stm. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ Davies, Rebecca (December 21, 2009). "Brittany Murphy death was "natural"". Digital Spy. http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/showbiz/news/a192243/brittany-murphy-death-was-natural.html. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
- ^ "L.A. Coroner Releases Brittany Murphy's Death Certificate" US Magazine. December 29, 2009. Retrieved December 30, 2009.
- ^ "Cold medicines contributed to Brittany Murphy's death, coroner says". CNN. February 25, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/25/brittany.murphy.autopsy/. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
- ^ Dillon, Nancy (December 24, 2009). "Brittany Murphy's family, friends gather for somber Christmas Eve funeral". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/12/24/2009-12-24_brittany_murphys_family_friends_gather_for_somber_christmas_eve_funeral.html.
- ^ Blankstein, Andrew; Connell, Rich (May 23, 2010). "Husband of actress Brittany Murphy found dead at home". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2010/05/husband-of-actress-brittany-murphy-found-dead-at-home-.html. Retrieved May 24, 2010.
- ^ "Coroner finds Simon Monjack's death was similar to Brittany Murphy's". CNN. July 22, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/21/simon.monjack.autopsy/?hpt=Sbin#fbid=6WrwH-jxChO. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
- ^ "Coroner: No indication mold killed Brittany Murphy or Simon Monjack". CNN. July 26, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SHOWBIZ/celebrity.news.gossip/07/26/murphy.monjack.mold/#fbid=6WrwH-jxChO. Retrieved April 9, 2011.
- ^ "Brittany Murphy's Mother Calls Toxic Mold Reports 'Absurd'". People. July 26, 2010. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20405130,00.html.
- ^ "Complaint for release of specimens of Brittany Anne Murphy-Monjack to plaintiff for independent testing" (PDF). http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/283232/actress-brittany-murphys-father-files-lawsuit.pdf.
- ^ "Brittany Murphy's father sues coroner over death investigation". Los Angeles Times. January 13, 2012. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/01/brittany-murphys-father-sues-coroner-over-death-investigation.html.
- ^ Brittany Murphy Foundation Official Site. Retrieved February 15, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Monjack Seeking $1,000 Donations to Attend Brittany Murphy Event". USMagazine.com. http://www.usmagazine.com/celebritynews/news/simon-monjack-seeking-donations-to-attend-brittany-murphy-201022?page=2. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
- ^ Brittany Murphy Foundation 'not a charity', news.com.au. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brittany Murphy |
- Brittany Murphy at the Internet Movie Database
- Brittany Murphy at Yahoo! Movies
- Brittany Murphy at Find a Grave
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Murphy, Brittany |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Actress, recording artist |
| Date of birth | November 10, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Date of death | December 20, 2009 |
| Place of death | Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
