- published: 15 Jan 2013
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- author: aristocratprash
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Accra
Accra /əˈkrɑː/ is the capital and largest city of Ghana, with an estimated urban population of 2,291,352 as of 2012[update]. Accra is also the capital of the Greater Accra Region and of the Accra Metropolitan District, with which it is coterminous. Accra is furthermore the anchor of a larger metropolitan area, the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA), which is home to about 4 million people, making it the largest metropolitan conglomeration in Ghana by population, and the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in Africa.
Accra stretches along the Ghanaian Atlantic coast and extends north into the country's interior. Originally built around a port, it served as the capital of the British-ruled Gold Coast between 1877 and 1957. Once merely a 19th-century suburb of Victoriaborg, Accra has since transitioned into a modern metropolis; the city's architecture reflects this history, ranging from 19th-century British colonial buildings to modern skyscrapers and apartment blocks.
Accra is Ghana's primate city, serving as the nation's economic and administrative hub. It is furthermore a centre of culture and tourism, sporting a wide range of nightclubs, restaurants and hotels. Since the early 1990s, a number of new buildings have been built, including the multi-storey French-owned Novotel hotel. The city's National Theatre was built with Chinese assistance. In 2010, the GaWC designated Accra a Gamma-minus-level world city, indicating a growing level of international influence and connectedness.
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Adoor
Adoor is a town and a municipality in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India, spread over an area of 20.42 km2. The town is located midway between Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam. It is among one of the three municipalities in Pathanamthitta district.
It is believed that the name Adoor is derived from "attipperu avakaasam ulla ooru". Vanjipuzha Chief (Land Lord from Chengannur) got the "attipperu avakasam" (full ownership without tax) from the Maharaja of Travancore.
As of 2001[update] India census, Adoor had a population of 28,943. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Adoor has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 49% of the males and 51% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The main attraction in Adoor is the Krishna Sree Parthasarathy Temple. The temple is dedicated to Lord Krishna, known here by the name of Parthasarathy. It is one of the oldest Krishna temples in Kerala. Gajamela, the elephant pageant on the concluding day of annual festival at the temple, is the main highlight of the 10-day festival celebrations. Trichenda Mangalam Mahadeva Temple Peringanad, Mahavishnu Temple Elamannoor, Sreedharma Sastha Temple Chennampallil, Punthalaveettil Devi Temple Pazhakulam, Sreenarayanapuram Temple Manakala, Kuttiyil Sree Rajarajeswari Temple, Choorakode, Vellaramkunnu Bhagavathi Temple, Vellakkulangara, Sree Bhuvaneswari Subrahmania Swami Temple, Kalathattu are some of the other important temples. There is only one Amman Kovil is located at Kottamukal.
wn.com/Adoor -
Agadir
Agadir (Berber: Agadir, ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ, Moroccan Arabic: أڭادير) is a major city in southwest Morocco, capital of the Agadir province (MA-AGD) and the Sous-Massa-Draa economic region. A majority of its inhabitants speak Berber as a mother tongue.
The word Agadir means in Berber "wall, masoned wall enclosing a town, fortress, town".
Agadir has a population of 678,596 (2004; census figures for the agglomeration include the nearby cities of Inezgane and Aït Melloul). The population of the city proper is estimated at 200,000. The mild winter climate (January average midday temperature 20.5°C/69°F) and good beaches have made it a major "winter sun" destination for Northern Europeans. The mayor is Tariq Kabbaj.
The city is located on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, near the foot of the Atlas Mountains, just north of the point where the Souss River flows into the ocean.
Agadir is an important fishing and commercial port, the first sardine port in the world, (exporting cobalt, manganese, zinc and citrus).It is also a seaside resort with a long sandy beach. Because of its large buildings, wide roads, modern hotels, and European-style cafés, Agadir is not a typical city of traditional Morocco, but it is a modern, busy and dynamic town.
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Alappuzha
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ
pronunciation (help·info)), also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.This town is considered to be the oldest planned town in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the town is the first of its kind along the Arabian coast(refer encyclopedia of Kerala in Malayalam language). As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated 62 kilometres (39 mi) to the south of Kochi and 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of Trivandrum. A town with picturesque canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, it was described as the one of the places known as "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon . It is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District. Malayalam is the most spoken language. Hindi, English and Tamil are also widely spoken in the town.[citation needed]
Alleppey is an important tourist destination in India.Backwaters of Alleppey are world famous and is the most popular tourist attraction in Kerala. A houseboat cruise in these backwaters is a delightful experience. It connects Kumarakom and Cochin towards north and Quilon to the South. Alappuzha is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, held on the second Saturday of August every year, is the most competitive and popular of the boat races in India. The mullackal chirap is also one of the attractions of Allapuzha which is the festive season held ten colorfull days every year in the month of December.
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Alappuzha district
Alappuzha (Malayalam: ആലപ്പുഴ) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala in India. It was formed as Alleppey District on August 17, 1957. The name of the district was officially changed to Alappuzha in 1990. The district is a widely known tourist destination, and is well known for its coir factories. Most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around Alappuzha. The district is also known for its communist traditions. It is home to the Punnapra Vayalar strikes against the British and also the revolt against feudal raj. Alappuzha is strongly connected by waterways to various other parts of Kerala, including the famous tourist destination, Kumarakom.
Alleppey has a wonderful past. Though the present town owes its existence to the sagacious Diwan Rajakesavadas in the second half of 18th century, district of Alappuzha figures in classified Literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala with the unending stretch of paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age. History says Alappuzha had trade relations with ancient Greece and Rome in B.C and in the Middle Ages.
wn.com/Alappuzha_district -
Alengad
Alangad(ml:ആലങ്ങാട്) is a census town and panchayat in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam District, Kerala, India.
Alangadu is located just 7 km away from North Paravur and 8 km away from Aluva. The State Highway connecting North Paravur with Aluva passess through this village. It contains Thiruvallur temple and Kunnel church. Servant of God Varghese Payapilly Palakkappilly had served as the parish priest of Alengad Syrian Catholic Church (1911-13).
wn.com/Alengad -
Aluva
Aluva (Malayalam: ആലുവ, formerly Alwaye), is a suburb of Kochi in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. Located on the River Periyar, Aluva is the industrial epicentre of the state. A major transportation hub, with easy access to all major forms of transportation, Aluva acts as corridor which links the highland districts to the rest of the state. The proximity of the Naval Armament Depot - one of the six in the country - situated in the outskirts of the town makes Aluva a strategically important town.
Aluva, home to the summer residency of the Travancore royal family - the Alwaye Palace - is also famous for the Sivarathri festival celebrated annually at the sandbanks of Periyar. The Advaita Ashrams in Aluva founded in 1913 by Sree Narayana Guru, one of India's greatest social reformers adds to the cultural significance of the town. Today, whilst part of the Kochi urban agglomeration, Aluva is an autonomous municipality, its civic administration conducted by Aluva Municipal Council. The town also serves as the administrative centre of the Aluva taluk.
wn.com/Aluva -
Ambalappuzha
Ambalappuzha is a small town in Alappuzha district of Kerala state, south India. The town is famous for its Sri Krishna temple. The Ambalappuzha temple is one of the three important Sri Krishna temples in the state of Kerala.
Ambalapuzha is divided into 2 panchayats: Ambalapuzha North and Ambalapuzha South.
The Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple is believed to have been built in the year 790 M.E by the local ruler Chembakasserry Pooradam Thirunal-Devanarayanan Thampuran.
This temple is directly associated to the Guruvayoor Sri Krishna Temple. During the raids Tipu Sultan in 1789, the idol of Sri Krishna from the Guruvayoor Temple(guruvayoor appan) was brought to the Ambalappuzha Temple for safe keeping.
The payasam served in the Ambalappuzha Temple is famous among Hindu devotees. This sweet pudding made of rice and milk has an interesting mythological legend behind it.It is very famous
An idol of Sri Krishna, The Lord Parthasarathy idol was installed in the temple.
The Aarattu festival commences with the flag hoisting ceremony on the Atham star in Meenam (March–April). The important Aarattu festival takes place on the Thiruvonam day of the same month. The aarattu ezhunnullathu starts from Erattakulangara Mahadeva Temple(The famous temple amongst one of the siva temples, facing to west)
wn.com/Ambalappuzha -
Angamaly
Angamaly (Malayalam: അങ്കമാലി, Aṅkamāli) is a satellite town of the city of Kochi, situated 34 kilometres (21 mi) north of the city center and a municipality in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. It is one of the entry points or gateways to Ernakulam district from northern Kerala. The Main Central road terminates in Angamaly where it also intersects the National Highway 47.
As of the 2001 India census, Angamaly had a population of 33,424. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Angamaly has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 50% of the males and 50% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Angamaly is distinguished by a number of churches of different rites and was the leading ecclesiastical centre in early modern times (later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries) .
Angamaly assembly constituency is part of Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency).
wn.com/Angamaly -
Anosy
Anosy is a region of Madagascar located along the south-eastern coast of the country, with the name "Anosy" meaning island(s) in Malagasy.
Due initially to its strategic importance, Anosy has been a crossroads for the Malagasy and the rest of the world over the last 500 years. In the 1500s it served as a stopping point for European ships traveling to and from India, and in the mid-1600s it was the location of an early French colonial port in the Indian Ocean. The region was part of the Merina Kingdom for much of the 1800s and part of the French colony of Madagascar from the late-1800s to 1960. Its exports have included human slaves (shipped to Réunion, Mauritius and the US in the 1700s), live cattle (exported to Réunion for almost 300 years), natural rubber, graphite, uranothorite, lobster, sapphires, and, in the last five years, ilmenite. Due to its biodiversity and natural beauty, efforts commenced in the 1980s to promote environmental conservation and tourism in the region.
Anosy is a region in southeastern Madagascar. It borders Androy region in west, Atsimo-Andrefana in north-west, Ihorombe in north and Atsimo-Atsinanana in north-east. This region, covering 25,731 km2 (9,935 sq mi), about the size of the US State of Vermont, the island of Cyprus or the nation of Israel, runs from approximately Manantenina in the northeast corner of the region, west to Ranomafana, west to the Mandrare river. The distance from Manantenina at the northern edge of Anosy to the Mandrare river at the south is almost 150 km. "Anosy" means island or islands in Malagasy. Some[who?] argue anosy is named after the island in the Fanjahira (now named Efaho) river where the Zafiraminia first settled when they arrived in this region in the 16th century, while others[who?] argue it means "land of the islands" because of the large amount of water in this region. During the rainy season, the Efaho valley floods, creating many temporary islands.
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Arguin
Arguin (Portuguese: Arguim) is an island off the western coast of Mauritania in the Bay of Arguin, at 20° 36' N., 16° 27' W. It is six km long by two broad. Off the island are extensive and dangerous reefs. It is now part of The Banc d'Arguin National Park.
Arguin has long been coveted by seafaring nations for its strategic location, and control over the island has changed hands numerous times. The first European to visit the island was the Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão in 1443. In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island, which acquired gum arabic and slaves for Portugal. By 1455, 800 slaves were shipped from Arguin to Portugal every year.
In 1633, during its war against Spain (which then controlled Portugal), the Netherlands seized control of Arguin. It remained under Dutch rule until 1678, although Dutch governance was interrupted by English rule in 1665. France briefly controlled the island in September 1678, but the island was then abandoned until 1685.
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Arookutty
Arookutty is a census town in Alappuzha district in the state of Kerala, India.
Arookutty is located at 9°52′19″N 76°19′43″E / 9.87194°N 76.32861°E / 9.87194; 76.32861. Vaduthala Jn: is located at lat=9.8500576, lon=76.3270035
As of 2001[update] India census, Arookutty had a population of 17,387. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Arookutty has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 53% of the males and 47% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The nearest major railway station is Ernakulam Junction and the nearest airport is Cochin International Airport.
Cherthala - Arookutty road runs parallel to National Highway 47. Nearest Railway Station Aroor Railway Station.
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Asilah
Asilah or Arzila (Arabic: أصيلة، أرزيلة; "authentic") is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 31 km from Tangier. Its ramparts and gateworks remain fully intact. Its history dates back to 1500 B.C., when the Phoenicians used it as a base for trade.
The Portuguese conquered the city in 1471, but John III later decided to abandon it because of an economic crisis in 1549.
In 1692, the town was taken by the Moroccans under the leadership of Moulay Ismail. Asilah served then as a base for pirates in the 19th and 20th centuries.
From 1912-1956 it was part of Spanish Morocco. A major plan to restore the town was undertaken in 1978.
It is now a popular seaside resort, with modern holiday apartment complexes on the coast road leading to the town from Tangier. It hosts annual music and arts festivals, including a murales painting festival: the best paintings remain on the Medina walls for the following years.
Portuguese fortress
Street in Arzila
Portuguese fortress and houses
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Assisi Vidyaniketan
Assisi Vidyaniketan is a public school situated in Kochi in the state of Kerala, India.
Assisi Vidyaniketan Public School is a school in Kakkanad, Kochi. More popularly known as AVPS or simply Assisi it was founded by the Jesuit fathers (Late Rev.Fr. Kannikal) in June 1994. With initially just one building, the school has now grown to have most facilities than any other school in Kochi. Assisi now has the best results in the board examinations of 10th and 12th making it one of the best schools in Kochi. Assisi Vidyaniketan also has a School in Vypeen, which is also called Assisi Vidyaniketan. Assisi now has the best facilities in Kochi including two indoor swimming pools, spacious computer labs in each building and two indoor courts for badminton and basketball. It also has a fleet of nine buses plying to almost all parts of Kochi and outside.In fact Assisi gives importance to the comprehensive all round development of the student. Situated in the beautiful compound set in Chembumukku, Assisi is easily accessible. The school is set away from the busy hustle and bustle of city life.
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Attingal
Attingal is a municipality in the Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, India. It is a suburb of the extended metropolitan region of Thiruvananthapuram city. It is situated 30 km to the north of Thiruvananthapuram.
According to the 2001 census, Attingal has a population of 35,648. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. Attingal has an average literacy rate of 95%, with 98% of males and 92% of females literate. 11% of the population is under the age of 6. The town is famed for its cleanliness in recent years. The municipality has undertaken many plans which had been succeeded. the municipality also achieved a couple of awards for the success.
The Attingal assembly constituency is part of Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency).
The Attingal Palace had an important role in the history of Kerala. It played a significant role in the growth of the Tranvancore Dynasty. The Attingal Palace gained prominence in the 14th century when Udaya Marthanda Varma ascended the throne of Travancore. He adopted two princesses from the royal family of the Kolathiris of North Malabar. A palace for each one of them was built by the king at Attingal and Kunnummel. The palace witnessed the first ever united rebellion against the British. The first uprising took place on April 15, 1721. A British contingent comprising 140 men were killed. It triggered off a series of insurrections. The walls of the palace are adorned with murals. The main edifice of the palace is now under the control of the Devaswom Board.
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Ayyampuzha
Ayyampuzha is a village and panchayat in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. Ayyampuzha is located near Angamaly. Kalady plantations is a part of the panchaayat.
As of 2001[update] India census, Ayyampuzha had a population of 14902 with 7665 males and 7237 females.
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Azemmour
Azemmour or Azamor (Arabic: أزمور; from Berber ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ azemmur, i.e. "The Olives"; Portuguese: Azamor) is a Moroccan city, on the left bank of the Oum Er-Rbia River, 75 km southwest of Casablanca. Although it was a dependency of the King of Fez, Azemmour had great autonomy. In 1486 its inhabitants became vassals and tributaries of João II of Portugal. Manuel I of Portugal confirmed the treaty in 1497 and the city paid 10 000 savéis every year. Later, unrest started to grow and thus Manuel sent a small fleet commanded by João de Meneses to conquer the city in 1508.
In 1513 Azemmour's governor Moulay Zayam refused to pay the tribute and mustered a powerful, well-equipped army. Manuel responded to this challenge by sending a massive fleet of five hundred ships and fifteen thousand soldiers (Bergreen, 19). James, Duke of Braganza led this army and on 1 September he conquered the city with no resistance from its inhabitants. Ferdinand Magellan, the man famed for leading the first-ever circumnavigation of the earth, was among the Portuguese soldiers there and lost his horse in skirmishes outside the city. However, Portuguese control of the city lasted for a short period as it was abandoned by João III of Portugal in 1541 due to economic difficulties.
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Bahrain
Bahrain ( pronunciation) (Arabic: البحرين, al-Baḥrayn) (Persian: بحرين, Baḥrain), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (Arabic: مملكة البحرين, Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn), is a small island state near the western shores of the Persian Gulf. It is ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family. The population in 2010 stood at 1,234,571, including 666,172 non-nationals. Formerly an emirate, Bahrain was declared a kingdom in 2002.
Bahrain is an archipelago of 33 islands, the largest being Bahrain Island, at 55 km (34 mi) long by 18 km (11 mi) wide. Saudi Arabia lies to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway. The peninsula of Qatar is to the southeast across the Gulf of Bahrain. The planned Qatar Bahrain Causeway will link Bahrain and Qatar and become the world's longest marine causeway.
Known for its oil and pearls, Bahrain is also home to many large structures, including the Bahrain World Trade Center and the Bahrain Financial Harbour, with a proposal in place to build the 1,022 m (3,353 ft) high Murjan Tower. The Qal'at al-Bahrain (the harbour and capital of the ancient land of Dilmun) was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2005. The Bahrain Formula One Grand Prix takes place at the Bahrain International Circuit.
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Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
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Barbados
Coordinates: 13°10′N 59°33′W / 13.167°N 59.55°W / 13.167; -59.55
Barbados (
i/bɑrˈbeɪdɒs/ or /bɑrˈbeɪdoʊs/) is a sovereign island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is 34 kilometres (21 mi) in length and up to 23 kilometres (14 mi) in width, covering an area of 431 square kilometres (166 sq mi). It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres (62 mi) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about 168 kilometres (104 mi) east of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago. Barbados is outside of the principal Atlantic hurricane belt.
Barbados was initially visited by the Spanish around the late 1400s to early 1500s and first appears on a Spanish map from 1511. The Spanish explorers may have plundered the island of whatever native peoples resided therein to become slaves. The Portuguese visited in 1536, but they too left it unclaimed, with their only remnants being an introduction of wild hogs for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. The first English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados in 1624. They took possession of it in the name of the British king James I. Two years later in 1627 the first permanent settlers arrived from England and it became an English and later British colony.
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Beypore
Beypore or Beypur is an ancient port town and part of Calicut municipal corporation in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. The place was formerly known as Vaypura / Vadaparappanad. Tippu Sultan named the town “Sultan Pattanam”. There is a marina and a beautiful beach. Beypore port is one of the oldest ports in Kerala from where trading was done to the Middle East. Beypore is also famous for building wooden ships, called Dhows or Urus in Malayalam language. These ships are usually bought by Arab merchants for trading, fishing and now used as tourist ships. According to Captain Iwata, founder member of the Association of Sumerian ships in Japan, Sumerian ships might have been built in Beypore. There is evidence to prove that Beypore had direct trade links with Mesopotamia and was a prominent link on the maritime silk route.
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Bidiyah
Bidiyah is the name of a settlement in Fujairah.
The remains of a fort excavated at Bidiyah have been identified as the Portuguese fort of 'Libedia' recorded by Pedro Barreto de Resende in his 1646 map.
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Bioko
Bioko (spelled also Bioco, in Europe traditionally called Fernando Pó) is an island 32 km off the west coast of Africa, specifically Cameroon, in the Gulf of Guinea. It is the northernmost part of Equatorial Guinea with a population of 260,000 and an area of 2,017 km2 (779 sq mi). It is volcanic with its highest peak the Pico Basile at 3,012 m (9,882 ft).
Bioko has a total area of 2,017 km2 (779 sq mi). It is 70 km long from NNE to SSW and about 32 km across. It is volcanic and very mountainous with the highest peak Pico Basile (3,012 m (9,882 ft)). It thus resembles neighbouring islands São Tomé and Príncipe. Like them it lies on the Cameroon Line.
Bioko used to be the end of a peninsula attached to the mainland in what is now Cameroon, but it was cut off when sea levels rose 10,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.
The island has a population of 260,000 inhabitants (2001), most of whom belong to the Bubi people. The rest of the population are Fernandinos, Spaniards and immigrants from Río Muni, Nigeria and Cameroon.
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Bissau
Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. The city's borders are conterminous with the Bissau Autonomous Sector. In 2007, the city had an estimated population of 407,424 according to the Instituto Nacional de Estatística e Censos. The city which is located on the Geba River estuary, off the Atlantic Ocean, is the country's largest city, major port, administrative and military centre.
The city was founded in 1687 by Portugal as a fortified port and trading center. In 1942 it became the capital of Portuguese Guinea. After the declaration of independence by the anti-colonial guerrillas of PAIGC, in 1973, the capital of the de facto independent territories was declared to be Madina do Boe, but Bissau remained as the capital of the Portuguese-occupied regions, and the de jure capital of the entire Portuguese Guinea. When Portugal recognized the independence of Guinea-Bissau and pulled out in 1974 due to the military coup of April 25 in Lisbon, the two territories merged and Bissau became the capital of the new independent state. The city is known for its annual carnival.
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Cacheu
Cacheu is a town in north western Guinea-Bissau, lying on the Cacheu River. Population 9,849 (2008 est).
The town of Cacheu is situated in territory of the Papel people.
Cacheu was one of the earliest European colonial settlements in sub-saharan Africa, due to its strategic location on the Cacheu river. Cacheu developed a European/Afro-European population from the late fifteenth century through informal settlement of Cape Verdian and Portugues traders, adventurers and outcasts (lancados). The authorities in mainland Portugal also sent to Cacheu degregados - people condemned to exile for a variety of offences.
For most of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Cacheu was the official slave trading point for the Portuguese in the Upper Guinea region - the point at which duties on all slaves exported had to be paid.
Notable buildings in Cacheu include the Portuguese-built 16th century fort, dating from the period when Cacheu was a centre for the slave trade.
Roads in the town are paved with oil palm kernels. Other attractions in the town include the Tarafes de Cacheu Natural Park mangrove swamp and a regular market.
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Calicut
Kozhikode (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് [koːɻikːoːɖ] (
listen), also known as Calicut, is a city in the state of Kerala in southern India on the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode is the third largest city in Kerala and is part of the second largest urban agglomeration in Kerala with a metropolitan population of 2,030,519 as per 2011 census.It is the headquarters of the Kozhikode district.
During classical antiquity and the middle ages, Kozhikode was dubbed the "City of Spices" for its role as the major trading point of eastern spices. It was the capital of an independent kingdom of the same name ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins) in middle ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar district under British rule. Muslim Arab merchants traded with Kozhikode as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on May 20, 1498. A Portuguese factory and fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until the Fall of Calicut), the English landed in 1615 (constructed a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of his occupation.
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Ceuta
Ceuta (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈθeuta]) is an 18.5-square-kilometre (7.1 sq mi) autonomous city of Spain and an exclave located on the north coast of North Africa surrounded by Morocco. Separated from the Iberian peninsula by the Strait of Gibraltar, Ceuta lies on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. After Spain returned Ifni to Morocco in 1969, Ceuta and Melilla remained the sole Spanish enclave territories within mainland Africa. Ceuta was deemed a part of Cadiz province prior to 14 March 1995, when the city's Statute of Autonomy was passed.
Ceuta (like Melilla) was a free port before Spain joined the European Union. As of 2011, it has a population of 78,674. Its population consists of Christians, Muslims (chiefly Moroccan Arabic speakers), and small minorities of Jews and Hindus. Spanish is the official language.
Morocco had previously called for negotiations on the future of Ceuta, Melilla and a number of Mediterranean islands and enclaves that border it. The majority of the city's population are ethnic Spanish who are opposed to the idea of being ruled by Morocco. A poll conducted by Instituto Opina found that 87.9% of people from mainland Spain consider the two cities to be Spanish.
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Chaul
Coordinates: 18°32′46″N 72°55′38″E / 18.5461°N 72.9272°E / 18.5461; 72.9272 Chaul is a former city of Portuguese India, now in ruins. It is located 60 km south of Mumbai, in Raigad District of Maharashtra state in western India.
In 1508, the Egyptian Mamluks, allied with the Gujarat Sultanate vanquished the Portuguese in the Battle of Chaul. The first Portuguese settlement at Chaul took place in 1521 with the construction of the first fort on the south bank of the Kundalika River. In October 1531, the Portuguese erected a new square stone fortress, named Santa Maria do Castello, which contained a church and dwellings for 120 men. A town developed around the fortress, but a 1558 treaty precluded fortifying the town. The town was destroyed in a 1570-71 siege by the Nizam Shahi Sultan of Ahmadnagar, but a treaty was concluded which lifted the siege, and the town was rebuilt and surrounded by walls and bastions. A fort (Korlai fort) was built on the Morro de Chaul, a rocky promontory on the north side of the river opposite the town. The town withstood several further attacks, and its defense works were expanded in 1613.
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Chellanam
Chellanam is a village in the Kochi sub-district of Ernakulam District in the South Indian state of Kerala.
Chellanam formed the southern border of the pre-colonial Kingdom of Cochin. At one time, there was a police station called "chouki"[clarification needed] at the southwest end of the forest, where policemen guarded shipments transported through the canal and collected the tariffs on goods brought into the country.
On May 24, 2010 residents of Maruvakad, staying near Thiruhridaya Chapel, just 100 meters from Velankanni Matha Pilgrim Center; dug an old well which is to be believed that, it was built and used by Dutch Army around 200 years ago.
This will help and will be a new resource for drinking water. Water is the most precious element for the people of Chellanam. The story of chellanam goes like this: The Maharaja of kochi had a marine fleet which had a captain named Mr. Thobias Cappithan. When he won a battle he was presented with a piece of land called "chellavanam". It was a vanam (forest) then which normally nobody goes to but he and his family settled there. He had three sons; one stayed near a cross statue later his descendants came to be known as Kurisingal family, another stayed at Valiyaparambu and became Valyaparambu family, and the third son who stayed near "Kalam" became Kalathumkal family. Chellavanam now is called Chellanam.
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Chendamangalam
Chendamangalam (or Chennamangalam) is a small town and a panchayat in Paravur Taluk, Ernakulam district in the state of Kerala, India. It is about 35 km from Ernakulam. It has three rivers, seven inlets, hillocks and large expanses of green plain. Chendamangalam is a part of Greater Cochin.
The Paliam Palace, residence of the Paliath Achans, hereditary Prime Ministers to the former Maharajas of Kochi, is one of the architectural splendours of Kerala. The Palace is over 450 years old and houses a collection of historic documents and relics.
The hillocks at Kottayil Kovilakom are unique as the site of a Hindu temple, a Christian church, a mosque and the remains of a Jewish synagogue, all within 1 km of each other. The synagogue was built in 1614 AD and is in a peaceful wooded area. In the courtyard behind the synagogue, it is possible to find old Jewish graves, including one of a Jewish woman, dated 1264 AD.
The Jews arrived in Chendamangalam after the destruction of the second temple and the final desolation of Jerusalem in (AD 69) and founded a colony. They moved to Fort Kochi in 1341 AD after the Great flood. All the synagogues in Kerala - Chendamangalam, Mala, and Kochi - have similar traditional architectural features: a central bimah of brass or silver metal on a concrete or stone base, an ark on the western wall, a balcony above the eastern entry to the sanctuary that is used by the reader on certain holidays. Behind the balcony is the women's gallery, with a stairway leading up to it, usually from outside the building. The synagogue has been restored and has an exhibit which is open to visitors from 9:30 to 5:00 during the week. Ask for the brochure or upload it on www.chensyn.com.
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Chengannur
Chengannur , (Malayalam: ചെങ്ങന്നൂര്) is a municipal town in Alappuzha district of the state of Kerala in South India. Chengannur (also spelled Chenganoor, Chenganur, and Chengannoor) is located in the extreme eastern part of Alappuzha district. It is 117 kilometres (73 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram on the MC Road. Chengannur is connected to Kollam and Kottayam by NH 220. Chengannur is noted for its Shiva temple Chengannur Mahadeva Kshetram and tens of others and its Old Syrian Church. Chengannur is one of the major sabarimala pilgrim destination.
The nearest towns are Pandalam to the south, Thiruvalla to the north, Mavelikkara to the west and Aranmula, Kozhencherry, and Pathanamthitta to the east. The taluk contains villages such as Kurattissery, Mannar, Ennakkad, Pandanad, Thiruvanvandoor, Chengannur, Mulakuzha, Ala, Puliyoor, Cheriyanad, Venmony.
As of the 2001 India census, Chengannur had a population of 125,391. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Chengannur has an average literacy rate of 88%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 88% and female literacy of 88%. Nine percent of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Chennai
Chennai /ˈtʃɛnaɪ/, formerly Madras /məˈdræs/, is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is a major commercial, cultural, and educational centre in South India, while the port of Chennai is the second largest port in India. As of the 2011 census, the city had 4.68 million residents making it the sixth most populous city in India; the urban agglomeration, which comprises the city and its suburbs, was home to approximately 8.9 million, making it the fourth most populous metropolitan area in the country.
Although the area has been part of successive South Indian kingdoms through centuries, the recorded history of the city began in the colonial times, specifically with the arrival of British East India Company and the establishment in 1644 of Fort St George, an English settlement. The British defended several attacks from the French colonial forces, and from the kingdom of Mysore, on Chennai's way to become a major naval port and presidency city by late eighteenth century. Following the independence of India, Chennai became the capital of Tamil Nadu and a hotbed of regional politics that tended to bank on Dravidian identity of the populace. Chennai had become a bustling metropolis with beautiful classical and colonial European styled buildings, lining the city’s thoroughfares.
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Cherai
Cherai (Malayalam: ചെറായി) is a region in the island of Vypin, a suburb of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is at a distance of about 25km from the High Court Junction, Kochi. Cherai has the longest beach in Kochi - the Cherai beach. The beach is located towards the centre-north of the Vypin island.
The Cherai Beach is 10 km long.[citation needed] Dolphins are occasionally seen here. It has the calm serene Backwaters on the other side and the land is filled with coconut trees
Cherai has played an important role in the history of modern Kerala by becoming the birth place of two prominent political personsages of modern Kerala - Mathai Manjooran and Sahodaran Ayyappan.
Cherai Gowreeshwara Temple is one of the main Hindu temple. Temple is mainatained by Vijnana Vardhini Sabha (V. V Sabha). It also known as Kerala palani. The festival in the temple is biggest festival in Eranakulam district. The festival happens every year towards the last 2 weeks of January or first 2 weeks of February. The main attractions are Elephant march(around 20-30 elephants).
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Cheranallur
Cheranallur or Cheranellore or Cheranelloor (Malayalam: ചേരാനല്ലൂര്) is a northern suburb of Cochin city in the state of Kerala, India and lies on the banks of the Periyar River. According to tradition, the area was named by its earlier inhabitants who found this place very fertile and beautiful. The name in its local language Malayalam means "Good place to join".
The National Highway 17(New Number NH 66), which connects Cochin with Mumbai-Panvel, goes through Cheranalloor crossing the Vallarpadam International Container National Highway National Highway 47C (India) (the only junction between the two Highways). Cheranallur is a place surrounded by backwaters, and brackish lagoons which are commonplace in Kerala. The former ruler of these area was known as "Cheranallor Karthavu" - he was one of the influential lords around Cochin area before the Sakthan Thampuran of Cochin.
As of 2001[update] India census, Cheranallur had a population of 26,330. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Cheranallur has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 87% and female literacy of 84%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Cheranallur used to be a very busy ferry in NH17 but the opening of the bridge called Varapuzha Bridge has negated the importance of the place. The only significant trade in the area is arecanut trading. The new National Highway to the vallarpadam container terminal from kalamassery passes through cheranellore cutting the NH17, forming the only junction in this highway, which is considered to become one of the biggest junction in the city. This makes cheranellore a hotspot as it connects Edappally, Kalamassery, Paravur and Ernakulam.. The cheranalloor ferry connects Eloor, Mannamthuruth and Cheranallur. All the three places are bus terminals. Cheranallur is connected to Ernakulam through Chittoor and Edappally and Palarivattom.
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Cherthala
Cherthala (Malayalam: ചേര്ത്തല, formerly Shertallai or Shertallay) is a town located in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India. It is located 30 km south of the city of Kochi and 22 km north of Alappuzha town, on the Kochi-Alappuzha streatch of both the National Highway 47 as well as the costal Rail-route.
In local administration, the Cherthala town is a municipality while in the state administrative structure Cherthala is a Taluk in the district of Alappuzha. The Corporation of Cochin has drafted a Master Plan that aims to develop Cherthala as the satellite town around the Kochi city.
According to the local legend, once Vilwamangalam Swamiyar, the well known Kerala Hindu Saint, while travelling through Cherthala, found an idol of the Devi with its head immersed in a muddy pond. The swami understood the divinity of the idol, took it out from the mud, cleaned it and consecrated it in a temple near the pond. Thus the place is believed to have got its name as Cher means Mud and Thala means Head in Malayalam and the deity of the temple got the name as Cherthala Karthiyayani. The word put together means Head from the mud. Unlike in other Kerala temples, the idol of Cherthala Karthiyayani Devi is consecrated in the Sreekovil just below the ground level and cannot be directly viewed by the devotees.
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Chirayinkeezhu taluk
Chirayinkeezhu Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is situated in the northern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and two municipalities. Chirayinkeezhu taluk is the birthplace of a host of illustrious personalities like Raja Ravi Varma, the painter among princes and a prince among painters, the great poet and social reformer Kumaran Asan, the practical saint and sanyasin Sree Narayana Guru, Prem Nazir etc.
There are 29 villages and two municipalities are in the taluk.
Alamcode, Ayiroor, Azhoor, Chemmaruthy, Cherunniyoor, Chirayinkeezhu, Edakkode, Edava, Kadakkavoor, Karavaram, Keezhattingal, Kilimanoor, Koonthalloor, Koduvazhannoor, Kudavoor, Madavoor, Manamboor, Mudakkal, Nagaroor, Navaikulam, Ottoor, Pallickal, Pazhayakunnummel, Perunguzhi, Pulimath, Sarkara-Chirayinkeezhu, Vakkom, Vellalloor, Vettoor·
There are two municipalities: Varkala and Attingal.
Chirayinkeezh is blessed with a network of backwaters and canals, which is quite typical of Kerala.Also there are many Temples and important tourist places. Some of them are given below.
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Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is a commerce and industry hub, and a port city, in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 5.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
A trading post since the 9th century, Chittagong has a multicultural heritage of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as the result of different waves of settlements throughout the Middle Ages and well into the start of the British Raj. A few parts of Chittagong were developed in the early 20th century under the British to accommodate a railway hub. The city also became a focal point for revolutionary activities against the British, notably the armed uprising led by Surya Sen in 1930. It was also an important military base and supply point for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. After the partition of India in 1947, Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. It was then that several key outlying areas were included into the city of Chittagong, including Agrabad, a modern commercial centre today. Chittagong regained prominence as an important investment destination and sea port in the eastern part of a newly independent country. In 1971, as East Pakistanis rebelled against West Pakistan’s refusal to accept results of the 1970 Pakistan General Election, the declaration of East Pakistan's secession into Bangladesh was announced in Chittagong. The city went onto witness atrocities and naval blockades during the liberation war that followed. Chittagong's development has been heavily affected by neglectfulness by the government, and centralization of the capital has taken toll to the cities development and growth.
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Chittoor
Chittoor (Telugu: చిత్తూరు; also known as Chittur) is a City and municipal corporation located in the Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is conveniently located on major highway linking the cities of Bangalore and Chennai.
Chittoor city lies on the banks of Ponnai River at the southernmost part of Andhra Pradesh. The Chittoor district (Area 15,359 km², population 2,267,769–1991 census) is bounded by Anantapur District to the northwest, Cuddapah District to the north, Nellore District to the northeast, Vellore & Tiruvallur districts of Tamil Nadu state to the south, and Karnataka state to the southwest. The city is strategically located at the junction of Bangalore-Chennai national highway 4 and national highway 18. The city is famous for Kanipakam Vinayaka Temple which is located at a distance of 12 km in Irala Mandal, and in addition, the district is known for Tirupati and Sri Kalahasti temples. Chittoor's culture is the combination of Telugu Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Tamil Nadu.
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Chittur
Chittur is a small town in Palakkad district of Kerala, South India.
Chittur assembly constituency is part of Alathur (Lok Sabha constituency). It contains 16 panchayats.
As of 2001[update] India census, Chittur-Thathamangalam had a population of 31,884. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Chittur-Thathamangalam has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 84% and female literacy of 74%. 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Cochin College
The Cochin College is an arts and science college located at Kochi, India. The college was started by the Jesuit missionaries from Europe, who arrived in the city to impart theological and literary training to the locals.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 9°56′56″N 76°15′07″E / 9.949°N 76.252°E / 9.949; 76.252
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Cochin shipyard
Coordinates: 9°57′17″N 76°17′17″E / 9.954585°N 76.28814°E / 9.954585; 76.28814
Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is the largest ship building and maintenance facility in India. It is part of a line of maritime related facilities in the port-city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India.
Of the services provided by the shipyard are building platform supply vessels and double-hulled oil tankers". Presently it is building the first indigenous aircraft carrier for the Indian Navy.
Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in 1972 as a Government of India company, with the first phase of facilities coming online in 1982. The yard has facilities to build vessels up to 1.1 Million tons and repair vessels up to 1.25 Million tons, the largest such facilities in India.
The shipyard also trains graduate engineers in marine engineering. Around hundred students are trained each year.
The first ship to roll out of the Cochin Shipyard was the MV Rani Padmini in 1981.
The yard has delivered two of India’s largest double hull Aframax tankers each of 95,000 DWT.
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Cochin Shipyard
Coordinates: 9°57′17″N 76°17′17″E / 9.954585°N 76.28814°E / 9.954585; 76.28814
Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is the largest ship building and maintenance facility in India. It is part of a line of maritime related facilities in the port-city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India.
Of the services provided by the shipyard are building platform supply vessels and double-hulled oil tankers". Presently it is building the first indigenous aircraft carrier for the Indian Navy.
Cochin Shipyard was incorporated in 1972 as a Government of India company, with the first phase of facilities coming online in 1982. The yard has facilities to build vessels up to 1.1 Million tons and repair vessels up to 1.25 Million tons, the largest such facilities in India.
The shipyard also trains graduate engineers in marine engineering. Around hundred students are trained each year.
The first ship to roll out of the Cochin Shipyard was the MV Rani Padmini in 1981.
The yard has delivered two of India’s largest double hull Aframax tankers each of 95,000 DWT.
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Coloane
Coloane is one of the two main islands of the Macau Special Administrative Region, located directly south of Macau's other main island, Taipa (氹仔, Dàngzǎi), and east of Hengqin Island of Zhuhai in Guangdong province.
Coloane was known in Cantonese as Gau Ou Saan (九澳山, lit. "Nine-inlet Mountain", transcribed in Portuguese as Ká-Hó) and Yim Zou Waan (鹽灶灣, lit. "Salt-stove Bay"). The Portuguese name "Coloane" is derived from the Cantonese pronunciation of Gwo Lou Waan (過路環, lit. "Passing-road Ring").
Coloane has an area of 8.07 km² (4-km long) and is 5.6 km from the Macau Peninsula. It is connected to Taipa by a 2.2 km land-fill bridge, the Estrada do Istmo, however land reclamation has physically connected the two islands and a new town called Cotai has been built between Taipa and Coloane, which is home to the Cotai Strip and many other casinos under development.
The narrowest part of Coloane is 300 metres. The highest points in Macau are eastern and central Coloane, with the highest point being the 171-metre Alto de Coloane (Chin.: 疊石塘山, Port.: Alto de Coloane ). The northern shore of the island is 4.5 m deep, and is the site of the Macau Deepwater Port. The eastern Hac Sa Beach (Chin.: 黑沙海灘, Port.: Baía de Hác Sá) and the southern Cheoc Van Bay (Chin.: 竹灣, Port.: Baía de Cheoc Van) are popular swimming beaches. At Baía de Hác Sá there is a Portuguese restaurant called "Fernandos", famous amongst locals in Macau and tourists from Hong Kong.
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Colombo
Colombo (Sinhala: කොළඹ, pronounced [ˈkoləmbə]; Tamil: கொழும்பு) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is located on the west coast of the island and adjacent to Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, the capital of Sri Lanka. Colombo is often referred to as the capital of the country, since Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte is a satellite city of Colombo. Colombo is a busy and vibrant city with a mixture of modern life and colonial buildings and ruins and a population of 647,100. The Colombo Metropolitan Region, defined by the districts of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara, has an estimated population of 5,648,000, and covers an area of 3,694.20 km². As per the Provincial Gross Domestic Product-2010, The Western Province, which includes the cities of Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara recorded GDP per capita of USD 3,808, the highest recorded GDP per capita for any region in South Asia. It was formerly the political capital of Sri Lanka, before Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte.
Due to its large harbour and its strategic position along the East-West sea trade routes, Colombo was known to ancient traders 2,000 years ago. It was made the capital of the island when Sri Lanka was ceded to the British Empire in 1815, and its status as capital was retained when the nation became independent in 1948. In 1978, when administrative functions were moved to Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, Colombo was designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
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Colonial Brazil
The Viceroyalty of Brazil (Portuguese: Vice-Reino do Brasil) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to kingdom alongside Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
During the over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploration of the territory was based first on brazilwood extraction (16th century), sugar production (16th–18th centuries), and finally on gold and diamond mining (18th century). Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of Brazilian economy.
In contrast to the neighbouring fragmented Spanish possessions, the Portuguese colony, built up by the Portuguese in Latin America, kept its territorial unity and linguistic integrity after the independence, giving rise to the largest country in the region.
Portugal and Spain pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the World's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization. In addition to the adventurous undertaking of discovery and colonization of far off lands, these years were filled with pronounced advancements in cartography, shipbuilding and navigational instruments, from which the Portuguese and Spanish explorers took advantage.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Dejima
Dejima (出島?, literally "exit island"; Portuguese: Dejima or Decima, Dutch: Desjima or Deshima or sometimes latinized as Decima or Dezima) was a small fan-shaped artificial island built in the bay of Nagasaki in 1634 by local merchants. This island, which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula, remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period. Dejima was built to constrain foreign traders as part of sakoku, the self-imposed isolationist policy. Originally built to house Portuguese traders, it was used by the Dutch as a trading post from 1641 until 1853. Covering an area of 120 m x 75 m (9000 square meters, or 0.9 hectares), it later was integrated into the city.
"Dejima Dutch Trading Post" has been designated a Japanese national historic site.
In 1543 Portuguese traders were the first to land in Japan, on Tanegashima. Six years later the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier landed in Kagoshima. At first Portuguese traders were based in Hirado, but they moved in search of a better port. In 1570 daimyo Ōmura Sumitada converted to Catholicism (choosing Bartolomeu as his Christian name) and made a deal with the Portuguese to develop Nagasaki; soon the port was open for trade. In 1580 Sumitada gave the jurisdiction of Nagasaki to the Jesuits, and the Portuguese obtained the de facto monopoly on the silk trade with China through Macau.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Devikulam
Devikulam is a small hill station about 16 km from Munnar in the Idukki District of the southern state of Kerala in India. It is 1800 m above sea level.
The name Devikulam means:
Devi -> Seeta Devi and Kulam -> Pond
According to legend, the goddess Sita Devi of the Ramayana epic bathed in the beautiful Devikulam lake waters surrounded by lush, green hills, now named Sita Devi Lake. The lake draws tourists not only because of its sacredness but also for the curative powers of its mineral waters. Most of the inhabitants in this town speak Tamil. Nearby, are the scenic Pallivasal Waterfalls, dense, green tea plantations, and the natural vegetation of slim red and blue and yellow gum trees.
Population of approximately 350 people (2010)
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Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.
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Edappally
Edappally is one of Kochi's well developed areas. Its name in English literally translates as 'The City with a Church in the Centre' (Eda=Malayalam for centre; Palli= Malayalam for Church). Pally is still the most popular affix used along with place, plot and family names in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra. The Pali word Pally means a non Hindu/ Brahmanic place of worship. In the ancient times it denoted a Jain or Buddhist shrine. Buddhism guided culture and society in the south for more than a millennium. The famous church in the centre is St. George's Church which is quite old and is a pilgrimage centre. It is said to be one of the fastest growing areas in the city of Kochi. Edappally was the seating place of the Edapally Rajas, the rulers of this place. Edappally was a Panchayath before getting included in Cochin Corporation. This is a place which comes partly under Thripunithura legislative constituency and partly under Ernakulam constituency.
The Cochin bypass connects Edappaly with Aroor which is an industrial town which is on south end of the city of Cochin. Bypass Junction in Edappally is the north end of the Cochin bypass which extends up to Aroor. This entire root is evolving into a major business hub with big-time stores and five-star hotels. Outlets of Mercedes, Hyundai, Maruti Suzuki,and many more foreign car companies are situated on the road. The world-famous museum of Kerala History and sculpture is also located in Edappally (outside the city limits). Thrikkakkara temple is only 2 kilometers away from Edappally Toll junction.
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Edappally Junction
Coordinates: 10°01′28″N 76°18′29″E / 10.024550°N 76.308045°E / 10.024550; 76.308045
Edappally Junction is an intersection at Edappally, Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. Four main road intersect at the junction. The National Highway 47 , National Highway 17 , National Highway 47A and Kochi Bypass intersect here. It is one of the busiest junction in Kerala.
The National Highway 17 starts at the Edappally Junction and ends in Panvel in Maharashtra. It is the 7th longest highway in India with 1,296 km. The highway starts at the north side of the junction.
The National Highway 47 passes through the Edappally Junction. It is located at the west side of the junction.
The Kochi Bybass starts at the Edappally Junction and ends at the Vyttila Junction. This 17-km stretch of road running across the city has become the hub of business for the city.
Lulu Cochin mall is a shopping mall under construction located on bypass junction. It will be built on an area of 2,200,000 square feet (204,000 m2), with total area for mall alone at 1,698,000 square feet (157,700 m2) making it the biggest shopping mall of India.
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El Jadida
El Jadida (Berber: ⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰⵏ Mazghan, Arabic:الجديدة "new") is a port city on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, in the province of El Jadida. It has a population of 144,440 (2004 census). From the sea, El Jadida's old city; has a very "un-Moorish" appearance; it has massive Portuguese walls of hewn stone.
El Jadida, previously known as Mazagan (Portuguese: Mazagão), was seized in 1502 by the Portuguese, and they controlled this city until 1769, when they abandoned Mazagão. Its inhabitants were evacuated to Brazil, where they founded new settlement Nova Mazagão (now in Amapá). El Jadida was then taken over by Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah.
The Portuguese Fortified City of Mazagan was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004, on the basis of its status as an "outstanding example of the interchange of influences between European and Moroccan cultures" and as an "early example of the realisation of the Renaissance ideals integrated with Portuguese construction technology".
According to UNESCO, the most important buildings from the Portuguese period are the cistern, and the Manueline Church of the Assumption.
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Elmina
Elmina, is a city and is the capital of Komenda/Edina/Eguafo/Abirem district, a district in the Central Region of Ghana, situated on a south-facing bay on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ghana, about 12 km west of Cape Coast. The first European settlement in West Africa, it now has a population of around 33,000 people.
The city grew around São Jorge da Mina Castle, built by the Portuguese Diogo de Azambuja in 1482 on the site of a town or village called Amankwakurom or Amankwa. It was Portugal's West African headquarters for trade and exploitation of African wealth. The original Portuguese interest was gold but this later expanded to include tens of thousands of slaves channeled through the trading post of Elmina. The location of Elmina made it a significant site for reprovisioning ships headed south towards the Cape of Good Hope on their way to India. The Dutch West India Company captured it in 1637; in subsequent centuries it was mostly used for the slave trade. The British attacked the city in 1782, but it remained in Dutch hands until 1872, when the Dutch Gold Coast was sold to the British.
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Eloor
Eloor is a suburb of Kochi and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala, India. It is an industrial area north of Cochin. It is an island of 14.21 km² formed between two distributaries of river Periyar and is the largest industrial belt in Kerala. Eloor is a part of Kochi metropolitan area.
There are more than 247 industries of different kinds e.g., Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore (FACT), Travancore Cochin Chemicals, Indian Rare Earths Limited, Hindustan Insecticides Limited (the world's largest manufacturer of DDT) and many others manufacturing a range of products like chemical-petrochemical products, pesticides and insecticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilizers, zinc/chromium compounds and leather products.
As a result of its heavy industry, the town also suffers from heavy pollution, and is rated as one of the toxic hotspots of the world by Green Peace International.
As of 2001[update] India census, Eloor had a population of 30,092. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Eloor has an average literacy rate of 84%, somewhat higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 81%.
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Eranad taluk
Eranad Taluk is a taluk (tehsil) in Malapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is at Manjeri.
Eranad (from "Erala-nadu", the Land of the Cattles according to William Logan) was originally a province in the Chera Kingdom (9th-12th century AD) ruled by a clan known as the Eradis. They had their provincial capital was at Nediyiruppu, near present day Kondotty. The ruler of the Eralanadu was known as the Eralanadu Utaiyavar, Elar-thiri or Nediyiruppu Mooppan. Manavepala Manaviyan, a Governor of the Eralanadu, signs in the famous Jewish Copper Plate (1000 AD). The Syrian Copper Plate (1225 AD) is also signed by the Eralanadu ruler.
After the fall of the Cheras, the region became a indepedenet political entity. Later, the Eradis expanded thier Kingdom to the west and moved their capital to Calicut. The Eradis came to be known as the "Kings of the Oceans" (Samoothiri/Zamorin) in later times.
The region was the centre of the Moplah Uprising of 1921. The armed uprising, infamous for the abusive crimes committed, was brutally eliminated by the Colonial goverment.
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Ernakulam
Ernakulam (Malayalam: എറണാകുളം, Eṟṇākulaṁ) refers to the eastern one of the twin cities Ernakulam - Kochi in Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district. Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala. The Kerala High Court, the Office of the Corporation of Cochin and the Cochin Stock Exchange are situated here.
The name 'Ernakulam' is derived from the name of a very famous temple of Lord Shiva called the Ernakulathappan Temple. It is also said that the word Ernakulam was drawn from Malayalam words 'Ere naal Kulam', which mean 'Pond for a long time'. It is also said that the name Ernakulam is a long modified form of "Eraivanar Kulam" (Eraivan = God, in Tamil, and Kulam = Pond). It is also said that the temple pond is called 'Rishingakkulam', and the name 'Ernakulam' is the corrupted form of that word.
Ernakulam is located at 9°59′N 76°17′E / 9.98°N 76.28°E / 9.98; 76.28. It has an average elevation of 4 m (13 ft).
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Ernakulam district
Ernakulam District is a district of the state of Kerala in southern India. The district includes the largest metropolitan region of the state Greater Cochin. Ernakulam District is the highest revenue yielding district in the state and is called and known as the commercial capital of Kerala. It is the third most populous district in Kerala,after Malappuram and Thiruvananthapuram (out of 14). Ernakulam district also hosts the highest number of number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala state.
It is surrounded by Thrissur District to the north, Idukki District to the east, Alappuzha and Kottayam districts to the south and Arabian sea to west. Its headquarters is located at Kakkanad, a suburb of Kochi city.
The language people speak in Ernakulam is Malayalam which is the mother-tongue of the State of Kerala. English is widely used in business circles.
The word/name Ernakulam is derived from a Tamil word Erayanarkulam which means abode of Lord Shiva.
From ancient times Arabs, Chinese, Dutch, British and Portuguese seafarers followed the sea route to Kingdom of Cochin and left their impressions in the town. The word Ernakulam was drawn from the words Erayanar and kulam means abode of Lord Shiva temple near pond.
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Essaouira
Mogador redirects here, for the hamlet in Surrey see Mogador, Surrey.
Essaouira (Arabic: الصويرة, as-Ṣawīra; Berber Tassort) is a city in the western Moroccan economic region of Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz, on the Atlantic coast. Since the 16th century, the city has also been known by its Portuguese name of Mogador or Mogadore. The Berber name means the wall, a reference to the fortress walls that originally enclosed the city.
Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds.
Essaouira has long been considered as one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited the place in the 5th century BC and established the trading post of Arambys.
Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires. This dye colored the purple stripe in Imperial Roman Senatorial togas.
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Ezhikkara
Ezhikkara is a panchayat and a suburb of North Paravur in Paravur Taluk of Ernakulam District, Kerala. The North Paravur - Chathanad road (9 km) passes through this village. Ezhikkara is situated close to Aluva Town, Ernakulam City and Cochin Corporation. At present there is a ferry service between Chathanad and Kadamakkudy, as well as a boat service to Ernakulam and Cochin. Ezhikkara is famous for its pokkali (a type of rice) fields and prawn farms.
Ezhikkara is a quintessentially Kerala village surrounded by lagoons and lush greenary. Fishing and rice farming are the main source of income for the people. Ezhikkara is famous for its Pokkali rice cultivations and fresh water prawn farms. The neighboring areas of the panchayat are Veeran Puzha part of NW-3 (Kollam-Kottapuram); Vypin Island in west, Kottuvally Panchayat in east; Kadamakkudy Panchayat in South and North Paravur Municipality in north.
Ezhikkara Panchayat is situated at Panchayathpadi. Ezhikkara panchayat belongs to Paravur Block Panchayat. Ezhikkara comes under Paravur Assembly constituency. These are the places or wards in this village: Chathanad, Kadakkara, Kedamangalam, Nanthiattukunam, Perumbadanna etc.
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Fort Kochi
Fort Kochi is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India. This is part of a handful of water-bound regions toward the south-west of the mainland Kochi, and collectively known as Old Kochi or West Kochi. Adjacent to this is Mattancherry. In 1967, these three municipalities, along with a few adjoining areas, were amalgamated to form the Corporation of Cochin.
One theory for the origin of the name is that it derives from kochazhi which, in Malayalam, denotes "small estuary".[citation needed]
In the BC period, the region that is today known as Kerala was covered by mangrove woods. Turf and sand banks were created with the rise in sea-level which formed the shape of the coastal area as we see it today. The name Cochin implies "co-chin", meaning "like-China". It looked like China when the Chinese came to the region during the 14th century and installed Chinese nets. Mattancherry is the nerve town of old historic Cochin. In old Malayalam it is maadan-cherry, cherry meaning town. Maad or cow was the stamp of Old Royal Fort of Rajah of Cochin, who built his palace after the fall of Kodungallur or Mussaris port due to a gigantic tsunami in 1341 AD.[citation needed] The Perumpadappu Swaroopam or the Forte of Rajah had its palace on the banks of the Calvathy River. Due to frequent wars between King Zamorin of Kozhikode and the western colonial forces, the Rajah left the place for Tripunithura. The king had his vaishnav leanings and cow or maadu was their symbol.
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Geography of Kochi
Kochi is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. Kochi is located in the district of Ernakulam. Old Kochi loosely refers to a group of islands including Willingdon Island, Fort Kochi and Mattancherry. Today Kochi includes Ernakulam, old parts of Kochi, Kumbalangi, and outlying islands. For many centuries up to and during the British Raj, the city of Kochi was the seat of the eponymous princely state — the Kingdom of Cochin, which lay between 9.48° and 10.50° latitude and 76.5° and 76.58° E longitude.
Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India, in the southern state of Kerala. The city lies at the sea mouth of seven major rivers which start from the Western Ghats and travel through Kerala’s midlands, lowlands and coastal areas, to drain out into the Arabian Sea. Earlier, Kochi was used to refer to the region encompassing Mattancherry, Fort Kochi, Palluruthy and Thoppumpadi. Today, Kochi comprises the mainland Ernakulam, old Kochi, Kadavanthra, the suburbs of Edapally and the exurbia of Kalamassery and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the south east; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad lake.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Government of Kerala
The Government of Kerala is a democratically elected body that governs the State of Kerala, India for a period of 5 years. The state government is headed by the Governor of Kerala as the nominal head of state, with a democratically elected Chief Minister as real head of the executive. The state government maintains its capital at Thiruvananthapuram(Trivandrum). The Government of Kerala was formed on November 1, 1956 after merging of Royal States of Travancore-Cochin with Malabar as part of States Reorganization Act-1956.
The Governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are by the Governor. The Governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the President of India at Union level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions such as the appointment of the Chief Minister, sending reports to the President about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.
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Graciosa fortress
The Graciosa fortress was established on the coast of Morocco by the Portuguese in 1489. It was established on a small river island, about three leagues from the sea, at the junction of river Lucus (Wadi Lukkus) and river el-Mekhazen (Oued Makhazine), a few kilometers inland from modern Larache. The island had been yielded to the Portuguese by Mohammed al Saih through a treaty following the Portuguese capture of Arzila.
The fortress was built from February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte. In May, a second fleet led by D. Pedro de CastelBranco reached the island, and Diego Fernandes d'Almeida was named governor.
Mohammed al Saih attacked the island to dislodge the Portuguese. After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evaacuated the island. The Portuguese thus did not resist long in Graciosa, and the Moroccans soon founded Larache at the mouth of the river.
Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of these stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506-10) and Aguz (1520-25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan (Mazagão) founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
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Greater Cochin
Greater Cochin is the area defined by Greater Cochin Development Authority for townplanning. This area consists of the Kochi UA region and its suburbs. The Greater Cochin Development Authority(GCDA) and Goshree Islands Development Authority(GIDA) are the nodal agencies that handles town planning and development within the Greater Cochin Area.
Greater Cochin area consists of Cochin Corporation, 9 municipalities(Aluva, North Paravoor, Perumbavoor, Angamaly, Kalamassery Thripunithura, Maradu, Thrikkakara, Eloor ) 25 intervening panchayats(Cheranelloor, Varapuzha, Chennamangalam, Kadamakkudy, Mulavukad, Kadungalloor, Alengad, Chengamanad, Nedumbassery, Chottanikkara, Vadavucode-Puthencruz , Choornikkara, Edathala, Kumbalam , Kottuvally , Vypin Island etc} and scattered islands around Kochi City (Goshree Islands) covering an area of 732 km². This has a population of over 2.2 million (2011 census).
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Gundu Island
The Gundu Island is one of the many islands that make up the city of Kochi, Kerala, India. The November 1967 amalgamation order of the Kerala Legislative Assembly declared Gundu Island as part of Kochi. Gundu is the smallest island around Kochi with an area of 5 acres (20,000 m2) completely surrounded by coconut trees. The island can be reached from Vypin island only by boat.
Coordinates: 9°58.75′N 76°14.6′E / 9.97917°N 76.2433°E / 9.97917; 76.2433
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Hengqin New Area
Hengqin Dao is an island in Zhuhai, a prefecture-level city and Special Economic Zone in the Guangdong province of the People's Republic of China. It has a population of about 3,000.
The whole island is designated a special economic district, as Hengqin New Area, similar to Binhai New Area in Tianjin and Pudong New Area in Shanghai.
Hengqin Island is adjacent to Ilha da Taipa and Ilha de Coloane of Macau, and is connected to Macau's Cotai via the Lotus Bridge. The island is the largest among the 146 islands of Zhuhai, being roughly three times the size of Macau. It has broad bays, sandy beaches, strangely shaped jagged rocks, beautiful scenery, fresh air, and natural vegetation cover.
Hengqin was formerly made up of two islands, Xiao Hengqin (Portuguese: D. João) and Da Hengqin (Portuguese: Montanha), which were recently connected as a result of land reclamation. The reclaimed island is 96 square km (37 square miles).
Both Xiao Hengqin and Da Hengqin were claimed by Portugal, along with the larger former island of Wanzai (Portuguese: Lapa) — now a peninsula — to their north, as part of the Província da Macau, because "Portuguese schools are established there." In 1896, Portuguese determined to occupy the two islands of Hengqin, but it was unsuccessful. They were briefly occupied by Portugal before World War II.
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Idukki district
Idukki is one of the 14 districts of Kerala state, India. The district headquarters is located at Kuyilimala in Painavu.
The name of the district is derived from the Malayalam word Idukki, meaning narrow gorge.
Idukki has an area of 4,479 km2 (1,729 sq mi) and is the second largest District of Kerala (the largest being Palakkad). Rugged mountains and forests cover about 97 percent of the total area of the District. The district borders the Kerala districts of Pathanamthitta to the south, Kottayam to the southwest, Ernakulam to the northwest and Thrissur to the north and Coimbature, Dindigul and Theni Districts in Tamilnadu to the east.
Anamudi, the highest peak in India south of Himalayas, is in the Kuttampuzha Panchayat of Adimali Block, in the Kannan Devan Hills Village of Devikulam taluk. Thirteen other peaks in the district exceed a height of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The Periyar, Thodupuzhayar and Thalayar are the important rivers of the district.
The four taluks (subdistricts) in the district are Devikulam, Udumbanchola, Peerumade and Thodupuzha. The taluks contain 65 villages between them.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Irinjalakuda
Irinjalakuda (Malayalam: ഇരിഞ്ഞാലക്കുട) is a municipal town in Thrissur district, Kerala, India.
According to Hindu mythology, Irinjalakuda was created by sage Parasurama. According to Keralolpatthi, out of the 64 gramas (villages) established in Kerala, Irinjalakuda was the head of 10 of them. Irinjalakuda was one of the most prominent among these villages. Like the other villages this ‘Grama’ also followed the ‘Chathurvarnia’ system of society which lay upon caste system based on the ‘Manusmruthi’.
The name Irinjalakuda has been derived from "Iru" and "Chaal" meaning two streams. According to another legend, the origin of the name Irinjalakuda came from 'Irinjalikoodal'. 'Koodal' simply means merge, merging of two rivers. Two streams that start, one from Kurmalipuzha and the other from Kudapuzha, that belongs to Chalakudypuzha, and move through Konthipulam at North whereas, the other one through Velukara at South. Then these two streams merge in the West. So it shows that Irinjalakuda may have gradually developed, from 'Irinjalikoodal', that derived from 'Inangikoodal', means - merge. At present there is no river in Irinjalakuda, only but the myth of river.
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Kadavanthra
Kadavanthra (Malayalam: കടവന്ത്ര) is a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Kadavanthra is also the name of a major intersection in the city of Kochi, intersecting the Sahodaran Ayyappan Road (east-west) with the Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road (north-south) and the K.P.Vallon Road (north-south).
Kadavanthra is especially notable as home for the headquarters of the Greater Cochin Development Authority, the statutory body overseeing the development of the city of Kochi. The main churches are St : Joesph's and St : Sebastians.Kendriya Vidyalaya(KV),Bhavans Vidya Mandir & St: Josephs UP School also located in this area. It is an expanding area and is close to the South Railway Station, with easy access to Kaloor, Vyttila and Cochin International Airport. Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road links northern and southern parts of Kochi. Kadavanthra hasbecome a major hub after the completion of Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road. The oldest and the major landmark of the place is the Greater Cohin Development Authority (GCDA) building beside the Sahodaran Ayyapan Road. The close vicinity of the Ernakulam Junction Railway Station and residential colonies make this place high valued in real estate business. The place is an important junction to go towards the Cochin Shipyard and the Naval base, it provides an alternate way to go to Atlantis via Railway gate or directly to the Thevara Junction, thus avoiding the usually busy M.G Road.
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Kakkanad
Kakkanad (Malayalam: കാക്കനാട്) is a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. This is the part of Kochi city where much of its IT industry is based in. It is also the administrative headquarters of the District of Ernakulam (of which the city of Kochi forms a part).
In the democratic local government (the Panchayat), Kakkanad is part of Kochi city. Kakkanad is situated in the east part of the city, in the District of Ernakulam.
Being the IT area of Kochi, Kakkanad is home for the second largest IT industrial park in Kerala, the Kochi InfoPark, and also for the upcoming as well as the largest IT industrial township in the state, the Kochi SmartCity. Kakkanad is also home for a Software Export Promotion Zone (SEPZ). The international submarine cable systems landing in Kochi has their nodes installed in Kakkanad. The CSEZ houses the Muthoot Technopolis which is occupied by The Cognizant Technology Solutions, Williamslea and the Sutherland Global Solutions.
Being the administrative hub of Kochi, Kakkanad is home for several state as well as central government offices namely, the Civil Station (hosting The District Collectrate, The RTO etc.), the District Panchayat office, the Airman Selection Board etc., Siksha Bhavan (office of the Central HRD Ministry).
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Kalamassery
Kalamassery' (Malayalam: കളമശ്ശേരി) is a region in the city of Kochi and a Municipality in the District of Ernakulam of Kerala state, India. It is a concentrated region of industrialization with several factories manufacturing chemicals and fertilizers, as well as IT companies. In the vicinity of Kalamassery are the Thrikkakara temple, the Cochin University of Science and Technology and the Eloor industrial township. The Periyar river flows through Kalamassery.
The name Kalamassery is derived from ‘Kalabasery’. Kalabasery was the place from where Kalabam was brought to Thrikkakara Temple. Later this Kalabasery changed its name into Kalamassery.
As of 2001 India census, Kalamassery had a population of 63,176. Sex ratio is 956 females per 1000 males. Kalamassery has an average literacy rate of 84%, which is well higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kalamassery, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. Although Muslims are the largest community, a sizable amount of the population follow Hinduism and Christianity.
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Kalba
Kalba (Arabic: كلباء) is a city in the United Arab Emirates. It is an exclave of the emirate of Sharjah, Kalba is north of Oman and south of the emirate of Fujairah. Khor Kalba (Kalba Creek), a mangrove swamp, is located further south of the town. The town was captured by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century and was referred to as Chalba[citation needed].
Khor Kalba is accessible by three roads. The first merges after Wadi al-Haloo (وادي الحلو) tunnel with Maliha Road (شارع مليحة) which finally leads to the Sharjah-Kalba Road (90 km) from Sharjah International Airport. There is also the Fujairah-Kalba road (8 km). The Khor Kalba road extends until the border with Oman, and is one of the exit–entry points between UAE and Oman.
The key tribe that live in Kalba is al-Zaabi.
De facto independence of Kalba from Sharjah in 1903. Britain recognized Kalba on 1936-12-08.
Re-incorporated into Sharjah in 1952
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Kaloor
Kaloor (Malayalam: കലൂര്) is a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Kaloor is also the name of a major intersection in this region of the city, intersecting the two major arteries of downtown Kochi namely, the Banerji Road and the K. K. Road - Perandoor Road. The nearest major intersections are Palarivattom to the east and Lissie Junction to the west.
Kaloor is especially notable for being home for the largest stadium in the state, the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium. Kaloor is also home for the Regional Centre of the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). It is well connected to all suburbs in Kochi and outlying areas has it own bus terminus. The nearest railway station for Kaloor is Ernakulam North Station. International Airport is situated 35km from Kaloor.
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Kalpetta
Kalpetta (Malayalam: കല്പറ്റ) is a city and a municipality in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a small town surrounded by dense coffee plantations and mountains, is the headquarters of Wayanad district. It lies on the Kozhikode-Mysore National Highway (NH 212) at an altitude of about 780 m above sea level.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kalpetta had a population of 29,602. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Kalpetta has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 73%. In Kalpetta, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Earlier Kalpetta was a part of Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency. But later when Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency came into existence, the Kalpetta assembly constituency became a part of it with Mananthavady and Sultan Battery constituencies. [1]
There are many attractions near Kalpetta
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Kanayannur
Kanayannur is a Taluk in the District of Ernakulam, in the state of Kerala, India.Taluk is an administrative denomination in India.
As of 2001[update] India Census, Kanayannur had a population of 790212 with 390875 males and 399337 females. Kanayannur is the largest Taluk in Kerala.
Kanayannr taluk office situated at M G Road, Ernakulam. There is a village in kanayannur taluk whose name is also kanayannur. Kanayannur village office situated at a village called Eruvely. The place Kanayannur is presently known as Palace Square though Kanayannur taluk and Kanayannur village still exist. It is believed that there was a palace of king of Kochi in Kanayannur hence the place is named palace square.
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Kanhangad
Kanhangad (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞങ്ങാട്) is a town and a municipality in Kasaragod District in the Indian state of Kerala. It is 28 km from the district headquarters of Kasaragod. Bekal Fort is a 300-year old fort, one of the largest and best preserved forts in Kerala and lies 10 km north of Kanhangad . The fort is believed to have been built by Ikkeri Shivappa Nayaka. A Hanuman temple is located at the entrance of the fort. The construction resembles the Portuguese fort at Kannur St.Angelo's Fort.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kanhangad had a population of 65,499. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Kanhangad has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In Kanhangad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam. Other prominent languages spoken by communities living here include Konkani, Tulu and Kannada. A large GSB Brahmin community (who speaks Konkani) lives here. The famous Gowda Saraswat Brahmin temple, Lakshmi Venkatesh temple (LV temple) is also situated in Kanhangad. There is also a small Palghat Iyer Brahmin community which speaks a mix of Malayalam and Tamil.
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Kanjirappally
Kanjirappally (Malayalam: കാഞ്ഞിരപ്പള്ളി) is a taluk and a town in Kottayam district, in the state of Kerala, India. Rubber plantations are a major source of income for the local population. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholic Christians. The Christian colonization of Kanjirappally had a profound impact on the history of commerce and agriculture in these parts. The Christians claim their roots from early settlements at Nilakkal or Chayal on the banks of Pamba River. There is also a strong belief that the flourishing Christian community here was founded by Saint Thomas the Apostle himself. The place was in the forest recesses far away from seats of power. Nilakkal became an important depot for spices like pepper, cardamom etc. and the Christians were engaged in this lucrative trade as procures and sorters.
Kanjirappally is a small city that boasts of it religious harmony. The population is a mixture of Christians, Muslims, and Hindus.
One of the oldest and most famous church in the diocese of Kanjirappally. It was built in the 1449 AD, even 50 years before the Portuguese landed in Kerala.
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Kannur
Kannur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര്, Kaṇṇūr ?), also known as Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the administrative headquarters of the District of Kannur and 518 km north of state capital Trivandrum. During British rule in India, Kannur was known by its old name Cannanore(Land of lord Krishna[citation needed]), which is still in fairly common usage. Kannur is the 6th largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kollam. It is the largest city of North Malabar region. Kannur Municipality was established in 1867 and is one of the oldest municipalities in Kerala.
Kannur is one of the Million Plus urban agglomerations in India with a population of 1,642,892 in 2011. Kannur is known as the Land of Looms and Lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and ritualistic folk arts held in temples. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches; Theyyam, its native performing art, and its handloom industry.
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Kannur district
Kannur District (Malayalam: കണ്ണൂര് ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The town of Kannur is the district headquarters, and gives the district its name. The old name Cannanore is the anglicised form of the Malayalam name Kannur. Kannur District is bounded by Kasaragod District to the north, Kozhikode District to the south and Wayanad District to the south-east. To the east the district is bounded by the Western Ghats, which forms the border with Karnataka State, in its district of Kodagu. The Arabian Sea lies to the west.
Kannur is the most urbanised district in Kerala, with more than 50% of its residents living in urban areas. Kannur has an urban population of 1,212,898, which is the second largest in Kerala after Ernakulam district.
Kannur District is known as the land of looms and lores, because of the loom industries functioning in the district and festivals held in temples. The district is a major centre of Theyyam, a ritual dance of northern Kerala. Small shrines known as kavus associated with the Theyyam dot the district. The district is set to have a new international airport. Kannur International Airport will be the fourth International Airport in Kerala.
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Karthikappally
Karthikappally (Malayalam: കാര്ത്തികപ്പള്ളി) is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Karthikappally was once a Buddhist center. About in the year 904-933 the Great ruler of Travancore, King Marthanda Varma, added Karthikappally to Travancore. In 1742 and 1753 the nearby places namely, Kayamkulam and Ambalapuzha was added to the Karthikappally Natturajyam, making it a prominent region since then. The area between the now existing Purakkad and Kayamkulam was the once Karthikappally.
What made Karthikappally the most unique and important was the proximity of an inland waterway or a Thodu which enabled free flow of traffic and evolved Karthikappally into a Trading center. The market was huge and crowded, still remains of the old market stays.
Many years after its glorious past, the Karthikappally Panchayat was formed. Shri. K Damodaran was its first man in place. In 1912, the Govt. School in Mahadevikadu was constructed followed by The Govt. L P School in memory of Divan Krishnan Nair. Many great Leaders had their footprints on the sands of time of Karthikappally.
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Karukutty
Karukutty (Malayalam: കറുകുററി) is a village panchayat in Ernakulam district of Kerala, India. Classified as a Grade A panchayat, Karukutty comprises 17 wards and falls under Angamaly block panchayat in Aluva taluk. It is part of Angamaly Assembly constituency and Chalakudy Parliament constituency.
Located on the southern border of the erstwhile Cochin kingdom, Karukutty has been influenced by the cultures of both Travancore and Cochin kingdoms and has been cited in ancient Portuguese records. Remnants of an old fort, referred to locally as Kottathendu (കോട്ടത്തെണ്ട്), can be seen here. The fort - Nedumkotta (നേടുംക്കോട്ട) was built jointly by the Travancore and Cochin kingdoms to resist invasions by Tipu Sultan. Numerous other artifacts and vessels used by natives to store their treasures and valuables have also been excavated. There is a popular saying that goes "Karukutty kandaal maru kutty venda" (കറുകുററി കണ്ടാല് മറുകുററി വേണ്ട). It roughly translates to "If you have reached Karukutty, then you need not go looking else where" – a sign of the self-sufficient and prosperous nature of the locality. The name itself literally translates to dark woodlands, suggesting the dense vegetation that covered this region till the 12th century.
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Karunagappalli
Karunagappally (or Karunagappalli, Malayalam: കരുനാഗപ്പള്ളി Karunāgappaḷḷi) is a gramapanchayath and [[municipality] in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam.
Karunagappally Taluk consists of 12 Panchayats : Karunagappally, Thodiyoor, Panmana, Alappad, Chavara, Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Thekkumbhagom, Kulasekharapuram, Thazhava, Clappana and Oachira. The taluk is bound on the north by Kayamkulam, east by Kunnathur taluk, south by Kollam and on the west by the Arabian Sea.
About 400 years back there lived in Malabar (now North Kerala) a famous Muslim cleric. He had a disciple called Ali Hassan who was a mystic. With the blessings of the cleric Ali Hassan set out on a trip to the south. He first reached Oachira and from there a place called Puthiyakavu. The area was covered with dense forests and was believed to have been the preserve of a deadly black serpent. Fearing the serpent, people stayed away from the place. But Ali Hassan approached the king and requested that he be given some land here. The king gave him the area occupied by the black serpent. As Hassan was clearing the forests, the black serpent appeared but he skilfully caged it and took it to the king. The serpent escaped from the cage causing panic in the royal circles but Hassan again managed to cage it and took it back to the forest where he set it free. That was the last anyone had seen the serpent. A happy king allowed Hassan to build a mosque (Palli) at the place.[citation needed]
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Kasaragod district
Kasargod District (Malayalam: കാസര്ഗോഡ് ജില്ല)is one of the districts of the Indian state of Kerala. Kasargod District was organised as a separate district on 24 May 1984. It is the northernmost district of Kerala and is named after Kasaragod Town which is the administrative headquarters of the district.Kasargod is the northernmost district of Kerala and world renowned for its coir and hand loom industries. The district has a coastline of around 293 kilometers and that why the livelihood of Kasargod people mainly depends on fisheries.The district is popular with the forts, rivers, hillocks, beaches and shrines here. The Kasargod District is uniquely known for its Linguistics Culture and it is the best example for the "Linguistic Harmony".
To its south lies Kannur District[കണ്ണൂര് ജില്ല ] and to the north the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. All along its east it is walled by the Western Ghats while along the west the Arabian Sea borders it. The district, covering an area of around 1992 km², has a population (2001 census) of 1,203,342 and has two taluks, namely, 75.13and Hosdurg; It has three municipalities (Kasargod, Kanhangad and Nileshwaram) and thirty-eight grama panchayats. The district is further sub-divided into six administrative segments called development blocks, namely, Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, Kanhangad, and Nileshwar, Parappa, Karadukka. Like other districts of Kerala, Kasargod district too has a high literacy rate, around 85.17% according to the 2001 census.
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Kayamkulam
For the of the feudal state of the same name, see Onattukara
Kayamkulam is a town and a municipality in Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It was an ancient maritime trading centre. One of the largest power plants in Kerala, run by the NTPC, is in Kayamkulam. Krishnapuram Palace is located nearby and an old cashew factory.
Kayamkulam is closely associated with the legend of Kayamkulam Kochunni. He was a famed highwayman, active in the area known as Central Thiruvithamkoor, in the early part of the 19th century. He is said to have stolen from the rich and given to the poor (like Robin Hood). Legends about his exploits are part of the local folklore.
Historically very ancient rulers ruled in Kayamkulam. It was a kingdom under the Kayamkulam Rajas. Krishnapuram was their palace.During the regime of Marthanda varma, travancore attacked kayamkulam and put there palace on fire.At that place itself, he built a new palace . As the ancient country of kayamkulam had a huge army which was led by the great commandant ' Yeruvayil Achutha warrior' the huge Travancore army had fought for 3 times for capturing kayamkulam. Now thisPalace is a historical museum. Kayamkulam, Mavelikkara and Karunagappally were previously known as Onattukara. Oachira Parabrahma Temple and Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temples are near Kayamkulam.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Kerala Backwaters
The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala state in southern India. The network includes five large lakes linked by canals, both manmade and natural, fed by 38 rivers, and extending virtually half the length of Kerala state. The backwaters were formed by the action of waves and shore currents creating low barrier islands across the mouths of the many rivers flowing down from the Western Ghats range.
The Kerala Backwaters are a network of interconnected canals, rivers, lakes and inlets, a labyrinthine system formed by more than 900 km of waterways, and sometimes compared to the American Bayou. In the midst of this landscape there are a number of towns and cities, which serve as the starting and end points of backwater cruises. National Waterway No. 3 from Kollam to Kottapuram, covers a distance of 205 km and runs almost parallel to the coast line of southern Kerala facilitating both cargo movement and backwater tourism.
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Kerala High Court
High Court of Kerala is the highest court in the Indian state of Kerala and in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. The High Court of Kerala is headquartered at Kochi. Drawing its powers under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, the High Court has the power to issue directions, orders and writs including the writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari for ensuring the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Constitution to citizens or for other specified purposes. The High Court is empowered with original, appellate and revisional jurisdiction in civil as well as criminal matters, and the power to answer references to it under some statutes. The High Court has the superintendence and visitorial jurisdiction over all courts and tribunals of inferior jurisdiction covered under its territorial jurisdiction.
At present, the sanctioned Judge strength of the High Court of Kerala is 27 Permanent Judges including the Chief Justice and 12 Additional Judges. Depending on the importance and nature of the question to be adjudicated, the judges sit as Single (one judge), Division (two judges), Full (three judges) or such other benches of larger strengths.
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Khasab
Khasab (Arabic: خصب) is a city in an exclave of Oman. It is the local capital of the Musandam peninsula. Khasab is located 500 kilometers (310 mi) from Muscat and is dubbed the "Norway of Arabia". The Portuguese built Khasab at the beginning of the 17th century at the height of their naval presence in the region. The natural harbor gave shelter from tough seas. Unlike many forts, which were built on high ground for defensive purposes, Khasab was designed as a supply point for dates and water for Portuguese ships sailing through the strait. Today, Khasab is protected from floods by three large dams.
Access to the area by land was virtually impossible until a modern coast road was built, which allows fast access from the United Arab Emirates, making Khasab a popular weekend destination for people living in the Emirates. The new road also allows access to the village of Tawi, where prehistoric drawings of boats, animals and warriors can be seen in the rock face. Khasab also has a number of modern shopping areas with imported Irani goods and locally created pottery, and a few hotels, including the Khasab Hotel and Golden Tulip Hotel, which sits on a cliff overlooking the gulf.
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Khor Fakkan
Khor Fakkan (or Khawr Fakkan) (Arabic: خورفكان) is a town located along the Gulf of Oman on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The town is set on the picturesque bay of Khor Fakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". Khor Fakkan belongs to the emirate of Sharjah but is geographically surrounded by the emirate of Fujairah. It is a natural deep water port that is now a major container terminal.
In 1580 the Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi noted "Chorf" in a list of places on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates, which is considered by historians to indicate Khor Fakkan. The Portuguese built a fort at Khor Fakkan that was a ruin by 1666.
The log book of the Dutch vessel the Meerkat mentions this fort and another one, describing "Gorfacan" as place on a small bay, with about 200 small houses built from date branches, near the beach. It refers to a triangular Portuguese fortress on the northern side, in ruins, and a fortress on a hill on the southern side, also in ruins, without garrison or artillery. As well as date palms, the Meerkat's log also mentions fig trees, melons, watermelons and myrrh. It notes several wells with "good and fresh water" used for irrigation.
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Kilwa Kisiwani
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania.
A document written around AD 1200 called al-Maqama al Kilwiyya discovered in Oman, gives details of a mission to reconvert Kilwa to Ibadism, as it had recently been affected by the Ghurabiyya Shia doctrine from southern Iraq.
According to local oral tradition, in the 11th century the island of Kilwa Kisiwani was sold to Ali bin Hasan, son of the "King" of Shiraz, in Persia. Another tradition relates that his mother was African ("Abyssinian"). Ali bin Al-Hasan is credited with founding the island city and with marrying the daughter of the local African king. Tradition also relates that it was the child of this union who founded the Kilwa Sultanate. Archaeological and documentary research has revealed that over the next few centuries, Kilwa grew to be a substantial city and the leading commercial entrepot on the southern half of the Swahili coast (roughly from the present Tanzanian-Kenya border southward to the mouth of the Zambezi River), trading extensively with states of the African hinterland and interior as far as Zimbabwe. Trade was mainly in gold, iron, ivory, and other animal products of the African interior for beads, textiles, jewelry, porcelain, and spices from Asia.
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Kizhakkambalam
Kizhakkambalam is a village in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India, a satellite township and eastern suburb of Cochin city.
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Kochi
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ?[koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region and is classified as a B-1 grade city by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala. Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.
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Kochi Marina
Coordinates: 9°59′08″N 76°16′03″E / 9.985567°N 76.267617°E / 9.985567; 76.267617
The Kochi International Marina is a marina in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is located in the eastern coast of the Bolgatty Island (one of the islands part of the city of Kochi), in the premises of the Bolgatty Palace, a 'heritage hotel'.
The Kochi Marina is the only marina in India. It is owned by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation. The marina provides berthing facility for yachts and also offers services like fuel, water, electricity and sewage pump-outs for boats. The marina is close to the international maritime route at the south west coast of the Indian Peninsula, with favorable conditions and minimum tidal variations throughout the year.
The Kochi International Marina started operations on April 24, 2010. It is the first full-fledged marina of international standards in India.
The Marina is owned and operated by KTDC. It was implemented by KITCO (Formerly Kerala Industrial and Technical Consultancy Organisation)for and on behalf of KTDC. Sharjah’s Hamriyah Free Zone-based Gulf Marinas did the construction under the supervision of KITCO. The Marina is now managed by Mumbai based Ocean Blue.
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Kodungallur
Kodungallur (Malayalam: കൊടുങ്ങല്ലൂര്, anglicised name: Cranganore) is a municipality located in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast. Kodungallur is 29 km northwest of Kochi and 38 km southwest of Thrissur, by National Highway 66.
The location of the ancient seaport Muziris was very close to Kodungallur. Kodungallur was also a part of Mahodayapuram, the capital of the Later Cheras. Being situated in Thrissur district, Corporation of Cochin has drafted a master plan that aims to develop Kodungallur as a satellite township to Kochi city.
The name Kodungallur is derived from Kodi-linga-puram ("the land of 10 million Siva lingas") according to common belief. Kodungallur was perhaps the revenue collection center of Kudakons (the Chera rulers) for the goods coming to the nearby port, hence the name Kudakonallur which later shortened to Kodungallur.
Kodungallur has had many names over the centuries:
During the time of the Chera dynasty, Muziris near present day Kodungallur was an important trade link in Indian maritime history. The region around Kodungallur can claim to have played a significant part in fostering the trade relations between Cheras and the foreign world in the ancient and medieval periods. It also claims to have played an important part in fostering cultural relations and in laying the foundation of a composite culture in this part of the Chera country. Muziris was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 14th century, opening for a new port called Kochi.
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Kolenchery
Kolenchery is a small town located on National Highway 49 (NH 49), 27 km east of Cochin city in Ernakulam district of Kerala State, India. Just a hamlet with a church, handful of schools and cinema theatre five decades ago, it has grown rapidly through large-scale real estate developments. The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical Mission was founded in 1967. St. Peter's Church, Kolenchery is an ancient and historic church at Kolenchery, built by one Thankan of the Kolenchery House.St. Peters College in the town has conducted some notable botanical research.
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Kollam
Kollam, often anglicized as Quilon, is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about 71 kilometres (44 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram. It is the headquarters of Kollam district and a prominent trade and commercial city.
Kollam is the fourth-largest city in Kerala, after Thiruvananthapuram, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, {The new population is taken as city agglomeration} in Kerala on the basis of population and the fifth-largest city on the basis of area. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is considered to be the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination. The Kollam urban area comprises the fast developing suburban towns such as Kottiyam in the south, Kundara in the east, and Chavara in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Paravur, Eravipuram, Kannanalore, and Anchalumoodu. Karunagapally, Chathannoor, and Kottarakkara are major towns within a distance of 25 km from Kollam city centre towards north, south, and east respectively.
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Kollam district
Kollam district (formerly Quilon) is one of 14 districts of the state of Kerala, India. The district has a cross-section of Kerala's natural attributes; it is endowed with a long coastline, a major Arabian Sea seaport and an inland lake (Ashtamudi Lake). Kollam is the capital of Kerala's cashew industry. Plains, mountains, lakes, lagoons and backwaters, forests, farmland and rivers make up the topography of the district. The area had trading relationships with Phoenicia and Ancient Rome. About 30 percent of the district is covered by Ashtamudi Lake, making it a gateway to the Kerala backwaters. The Thevalakara and Thekkumbagam panchyaths established the ancient korekini ("sea pointed inland") port of Tarsish in 1500 BC. Kollam is also known as The God's Own Capital.
Kollam district is located on the southwest coast of India, bordering Arabian Sea in the west, the state of Tamil Nadu in the east, Kerala district of Alappuzha in the north, Pathanamthitta in the northeast and Thiruvananthapuram in the south. It covers 2,492 square kilometres (962 sq mi), is the seventh-largest district in Kerala and is densely populated. Sasthamkotta Lake, the only freshwater lake in Kerala, is located in Kollam; this lake provides drinking water to the city of Kollam. Two major rivers (the Kallada and the Ithikkara) drain the district. Ashtamudi Lake and Paravur Kayal are two important lakes in the district. Ashtamudi Lake covers 30 percent of total area of the district. Kollam is located on Ashtamudi Lake. Neendakara, a major fishing port in southern Kerala, is also located on this scenic lake. Edava and Nadayara Lakes are also partly located in Kollam district.
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Koothattukulam
Koothattukulam is situated in the Muvattupuzha Taluk, towards the South East corner of Ernakulam district in Kerala, South India. The town lies 50km south east of Kochi City, 17 km to the south of Muvattupuzha, and 35 kilometres east of Kottayam town and lies on the M.C. Road. It lies at the junction of three districts: Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. Koothattukulam has a large population of Syrian Christian Achayans. It covers an area of 2318.71 hectares.
Most inhabitants are engaged in agriculture, farming and trading, with the main cash crops being rubber, paddy, coconut, areca nut, ginger, turmeric, 'kacholam' and pepper.
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Kottakkal
Kottakkal (literally Land of the Fort in Malayalam) is a municipal town in Malappuram district in Kerala, southern India having 32 wards. It is located 12 km south-west of Malappuram, the district headquarters, and 12 km from Tirur.
The National Highway 66 separates the municipality from Edarikkodu gram panchayat on some parts in the west. However, the fast developing Kottakkal urban area is now spread up to different parts of neighboring panchayats such as Edarikkodu.
Kottakkal is known for its ayurvedic institute, Arya Vaidya Sala Kottakkal, as well as its temple festival, Kottakkal Puram, celebrated over seven days during March–April months.
Kottakkal, formerly known as "Sweta Durgam" (the White Fort) in Sanskrit, "Venkalikotta" and "Venkitta Kotta" in Malayalam, was a military base of the Kingdom of Valluvanadu in the medieval period. It was under the control of the Karuvayoor Moosad, the chief marshal and preacher of the Moopil Nairs. It may be the forts and castles constructed by the Karuvayoor Moosad that were the origin of the name "Kottakkal". The suburbs of Kottakkal were known as Changuvettikkadu and Eyyakkadu (now Canguvetti is developing as a twin town to Kottakkal).
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Kottarakkara
Kottarakkara (Malayalam:കൊട്ടാരക്കര, IAST: Koṭṭārakkara), also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and taluk in Kollam District (formerly known as Quilon), in Kerala state, India. The town is close to the Kollam port which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as a reputation for being an important commercial, industrial and trading center. It lies 27 kilometres (17 mi) to the east of Kollam city center and 18 kilometres (11 mi) to the west of Punalur city on National Highway 208/220.
Kottarakkara, also known in the ancient days of the kings as the Elayadathu Swarupam, was a principality ruled by a branch of the Travancore Royal Family. Its fame is also due to Kathakali, the famous dance drama which originated initially as Ramanattam created in the 17th century by Prince Kottarakkara Tampuran and later patronized by the Raja of Kottarakkara in early 19th century absorbing other dance forms of Krishnattam with further innovations. Other historical places of interest include the Ganapathi Temple and the over 700 year old Mar Thomas Church.
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Kottayam
Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km2 and is the administrative capital of Kottayam district. Kottayam is located in south-central Kerala and has a population of 172,878 according to the 2001 census. . The city is approximately 150 km (93.2 mi) from the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram.
The city is an important trading center of spices and commercial crops, especially rubber. Major Kerala print media such as Malayala Manorama, Deepika and Mangalam are headquartered in the town. Also a pioneering center of modern education in Kerala, the city became India's first city to achieve 100% literacy in 1989 and the district became the first tobacco free district in India on September 28, 2008. The city of Kottayam is also known as Akshara Nagari (അക്ഷര നഗരി) (City of Alphabets) in honor of its contributions to print media and literature.
Kottayam district has acquired it's name from Kottayam town which is the headquarters of the district. It is believed that the name Kottaya is derived from the combination of Malayalam words kott (fort) and akam (inside), and could be translated as "the interior of the fort".
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Kottayam district
Kottayam is one of the 14 districts in the state of Kerala, India. The district has its headquarters at Kottayam town, located at 9.36° N and 76.17° E. According to the 1991 census, it is the first district to achieve highest literacy rate in the whole of India. On 27 September 2008, Kottayam district also became the first tobacco free districts in India.
Bordered by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west, Kottayam has many unique characteristics. Panoramic backwater stretches, lush paddy fields, highlands, hills and hillocks, rubber plantations and places associated with many legends given Kottayam District the enviable title: The land of letters, legends, latex and lakes. The district is 15.35% urbanised.
Kottayam literally means the interior of a fort - Kotta + Akam. Rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur had their headquarters at Thazhathangadi near Kottayam town.[citation needed]Marthanda Varma of Travancore attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort. The remnants of the palaces and forts are still seen here.
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Kottuvally
Kottuvally is a census town in Paravur Taluk, Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The village is situated in the south of the taluk, close to State Highway 66. The nearest town is North Paravur, 7 km away.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kottuvally had a population of 37,884. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Kottuvally has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 83%. In Kottuvally, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Kottuvally also known for its rich culturall heritage with famous temples around like Sri Kaleeswari temple from pazhanghat family and Thrikkapuram Devi Temple in Kottuvally
Thrikkapuram Bhagavathy temple
Pazhanghat Sree Kaleeswari Temple
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Koyilandy
Koyilandy (or Quilandy/Quilandi) is a city and a municipality in Kozhikode district in North Malabar region of the Indian state of Kerala. This town is between Calicut and Vatakara(Badagara) and is on NH 17. It is sometimes identified with Tyndis in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The freedom fighter K. Kelappan was born in a near-by village, Muchukunnu.[citation needed]
Koyilandy is located at 11°26′N 75°42′E / 11.43°N 75.70°E / 11.43; 75.70. It has an average elevation of 2 m (6.6 ft).
As of 2001[update] India census, Quilandy had a population of 68,970. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Quilandy has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 80%. In Quilandy, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Koyilandy hookahs, traditional smoking pipes, of Calicut made in Koyilandy were famous across North India, Gulf and Pakistan. Prepared by Moosari, a coppersmith community, these Hookahs were once considered a pride of Koyilandy. However it is not so any more. But in Gulf countries, Koyilandy hookahs are still very popular as "Malabar Hookah".
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Kozhencherry
Kozhencherry is a census town in Pathanamthitta district of Central Travancore region (South Central Kerala) in Kerala state, South India. It is on the banks of river Pampa. It is a commercial centre with many of the Banks and trade companies have their establishments here. It is believed that once the Kovilans of Thekencore kingdom's ruled this area. Kozhencherry used to be a part of the erstwhile Travancore kingdom.
The district headquarters Pathanamthitta municipality is in the Kozhencherry Taluk. The other taluks are Tiruvalla, Mallapally, Ranni, and Adoor.
North, River Pampa; South, Thekkemala; East, Cherukole and West, Maramon.
Till the 19th century there were no proper roads in this area. The form of transportation was by boats. So the main market of Kozhencherry is near the river.
Now there are proper roads leading to all the small villages nearby. The T.K. Road (Tiruvalla-Pathanamthitta-Kumbazha Road/SH - 07) and M.K. Road (Mavelikkara-Kozhencherry Road) connects the town to other major towns. A bridge connecting Kozhencherry and Maramon was opened in 1948.
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Kozhikode district
Kozhikode District (Malayalam: കോഴിക്കോട് ജില്ല), formerly Calicut, is a district of Kerala state, situated on the southwest coast of India. The city of Kozhikode, also known as Calicut, is the district headquarters. The district is 38.25% urbanised. [2]
Kozhikode district is bordered by the districts of Kannur to the north, Wayanad to the east, and Malappuram to the south.The Arabian Sea lies to the west. It is situated between latitudes 11° 08'N and 11° 50'N and longitudes 75° 30'E and 76° 8'E.
The district is divided into three taluks; Vadakara, Koyilandy, and Kozhikode and One Revenue Division ,Kozhikode.
Present-day Kozhikode District was among the territories ceded to the British East India Company by Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1792, at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The newly-acquired British possessions on the Malabar Coast were organized into Malabar District, which included present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, and Wayanad. Calicut served as the administrative headquarters of the district. Malabar District was part of the Madras Presidency, a province of British India.
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Kumbalangy
Kumbalangy is a suburb of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India, located in the district of Ernakulam.
Kumbalangy is an island-village on the outskirts of Cochin city. The village is 16 km2 in area. Kumbalangy is 15 km. from the South Railway Station and 45 km. from the Kochi International Airport.
Nearly 30,000 people live in the village. The main occupation in Kumbalangy is fishing, and there are over 100 Chinese nets in the backwaters that face the village. Groves of mangroves separate land from water providing a breeding ground for prawns, crabs, oysters and small fishes. It is home to fishermen, farmers, labourers, toddy tappers and coir spinners.
An occupation that's seen quite a revival is that of boatmen. The village is well connected by road to the mainland, and the local community did not patronize them very much. However, tourists are keen on cruises. Fisher folk and boatmen also demonstrate various fishing techniques for the tourists.
In 2003 Kerala government selected several Indian villages as model villages. The Kumbalangy Integrated Tourism Village project is meant to transform the tiny island into a model fishing village and tourism spot. The panchayat (village council) - with financial assistance from the state government - is implementing the project.
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Kunnamkulam
Kunnamkulam is a municipal town situated in the Thrissur District of Kerala in India, spread over an area of 6.96 km2. It is an old commercial town, with an ancient history, famous for its printing and book binding industry. It is the chief centre of the Orthodox Christians in the Kerala state. In the past the town was called Kunankulangara and references can be seen in lot of British Archives about a neat and prosperous town which was predominantly Christian. Over the years Kunnamkulam has become a meeting point for all religions.
The word Kunnamkulam means kunnu (mountain) and kulam (ponds). The terrain condition and geomorphology of the area itself lead to the name. There are several hills there namely Aduputty,Cherukunnu, Kizhoor, Kakkad etc. while the same is interspersed with ponds namely Eeenjakulam, Iyyankulam, Madurakulam etc. Kunnamkulam town has its remote antiquity and evident from the history and it was a part of Mahodayapattanam, the capital of Chera Dynasty. It is written in history about the crossinstalled by Thomas the Apostle, at Chattukulangara (a part of Arthat in Kunnamkulam). During the invasion of Tippu Sultan the Christians from Chattakulangara migrated to Kunnamkulam town.
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Kunnathunad
Kunnathunad is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
As of 2001[update] India census, Kunnathunad had a population of 20500 with 10290 males and 10210 females.
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Kuttanad
Kuttanadu (Malayalam: കുട്ടനാട്) is a region in the district of Alappuzha, in the state of Kerala, India, well known for its picturesque vast paddy fields and its geographical peculiarities. It's the region with the lowest altitude in India, and one of the few places in the world where farming is carried out below sea level. It’s also one of the historically important places in the ancient history of South India.
There is no recorded history on the origin of this land. But the oral history among local people, transferred from generation to generation is a blend of myths and legends. There is reference to Kuttanad in the epic Mahabharata of ancient India. During their exile, the five Pandava princes are said to have traveled through this land. In those days, Kuttanad was part of a dense forest, later destroyed by a forest fire which is also mentioned in the epic. Thus came the place name Chuttanad or the burnt place. In course of time Chuttanad became Kuttanad. One can still see kari or coal if we dig deep into the soil of Kuttanad, pointing to the fact that the place was once a forest, destroyed by wild fire. In Kuttanad most of the place names end in kari. Some familiar place names are Ramankary, Puthukkary, Oorukkary, Mitrakkary, Mampuzhakkary, Kainakari, Chathurthiakary and Chennamkari. It is also said that kuttanad was once under the sea.the proof is the land is flourished with seashells.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Macau
Coordinates: 22°10′N 113°33′E / 22.167°N 113.55°E / 22.167; 113.55
Macau (Chinese: 澳門), also spelled Macao ( /məˈkaʊ/), is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong. Macau lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from Hong-Kong which is to the east, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
The territory's economy is heavily dependent on gambling and tourism, but also includes manufacturing.
Macau is a former Portuguese colony, and is both the first and last European colony in China. Portuguese traders first settled in Macau in the 16th century and subsequently administered the region until the handover on 20 December 1999. The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration and the Basic Law of Macau stipulate that Macau operates with a high degree of autonomy until at least 2049, fifty years after the transfer. Macau was first lent by the Chinese empire as a trading port in the 16th century, and had to administer the city under Chinese authority and sovereignty. In 1887, Macau became a colony of the Portuguese empire and its sovereignty transferred to the Portuguese.
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Machilipatnam
Machilipatnam ( pronunciation (help·info)) known as Masulipatnam under British rule and as Bandar in folklore is a city and a special grade municipality in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located 347 kilometres (216 mi) south east of state capital, Hyderabad.
The town has existed since the 3rd century BCE (Satavahana period) when, according to Ptolemy, it was known as Maisolos. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea calls it Masalia in the 1st century BCE. The port is located on the southeastern, or Coromandel Coast, of India. Situated in the mouth of the River Krishna on the Bay of Bengal, the Masula port saw flourishing sea trade. The naming of the eastern gate of Charminar as Machili-Kaman(literally meaning fish, in this case specifically meaning a gate to the fishing town of Machilipatnam) testifies the symbiotic relationship between port and the capital.The East India Company built its first factory in India in Masulipatnam. It was a 17th-century port for French, British and Dutch trade. The port has a medium-size fishing harbour which can accommodate 350 fishing vessels and an active carpet-weaving industry. The other products from the town include rice, oilseeds and scientific instruments. This town is a railway terminus and an important educational centre.Andhra Bank was established in 1923 at Machilipatnam
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Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, Malagasy: Repoblikan'i Madagasikara [republiˈkʲan madaɡasˈkʲarə̥], French: République de Madagascar) is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The nation comprises the island of Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in the world), as well as numerous smaller peripheral islands. Following the prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana, Madagascar split from India around 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in complete isolation. Consequently, Madagascar is a biodiversity hotspot in which over 90% of its wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth. The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by human settlement.
Initial human settlement of Madagascar occurred from 350 BCE and 550 CE by Austronesian peoples arriving on outrigger canoes from Borneo who were later joined around 1000 CE by Bantu migrants crossing the Mozambique Channel. Other groups continued to settle on Madagascar over time, each one making lasting contributions to Malagasy cultural life. The Malagasy ethnic group is often divided into eighteen or more sub-groups of which the largest are the Merina of the central highlands.
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Madha
The Omani territory of Madha (Arabic: مدحاء) or Wadi Madha is an exclave of Oman, surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the rest of Oman. It forms part of the Musandam Governate.
The exclave is on the Fujairah–Khor Fakkan road in the Emirate of Sharjah of the UAE and covers approximately 75 km² (29 sq mi). There are two exits to Madha on the Fujairah–Khorfakkan road. The boundary was settled in 1969.
Madha is mostly empty, with the developed portion, called "New Madha", containing roads, a school, post office, an 'Eid ground, police station, an Omani bank, electricity and water supply, and an airstrip. There is also a Royal Oman Police patrol.
Inside Madha, there is an exclave of the UAE called Nahwa, which is legally part of the Emirate of Sharjah.
Coordinates: 25°17′4″N 56°19′59″E / 25.28444°N 56.33306°E / 25.28444; 56.33306
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Madurai
Madurai is the third largest city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu with a population of over 1 million (according to the 2001 census). Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia. It is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The city is the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. The capital of the Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunj Cheliyan I. Madurai is famous for its temples built by Pandyan and Madurai Nayak kings in the Dravidian style of architecture. It is also one of India's most prominent Hindu pilgrimage centres.
Madurai is also called as City of Junction (Koodal nagaram), City of Jasmine (Malligai maanagar), Temple city (Koil maanagar), City that never sleeps (Thoonga nagaram) and City of four junctions (Naanmada koodal).
Madurai's recorded history goes back to the 3rd century BC and the city is mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India and Kautilya, the minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandragupta Maurya. The city was the principal administrative and cultural centre of the Pandyan dynasty which ruled over the southern parts of Tamil Nadu and Kerala till the first half of the 14th century AD. In about 1311, the Pandyan dynasty was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate which established the province of Ma'bar which later became independent as the Ma'bar Sultanate. When the Ma'bar Sultanate began to decline in the latter years of the 14th century, Madurai was absorbed into the Vijayanagar Empire. The viceroys of the Vijayanagar Empire established the Madurai Nayak kingdom and ruled as independent kings from 1559 to 1736. After a brief period of occupation by Chanda Sahib and the Carnatic kingdom, Madurai was annexed by the British East India Company in 1801.
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Makassar
Makassar, (Buginese-Makassarese language: ᨀᨚᨈ ᨆᨀᨔᨑ sometimes spelled Macassar, Mangkasara) is the provincial capital of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and the largest city on Sulawesi Island. From 1971 to 1999, the city was named Ujung Pandang, after a precolonial fort in the city, and the two names are often used interchangeably. The port city is located at 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417Coordinates: 5°8′S 119°25′E / 5.133°S 119.417°E / -5.133; 119.417, on the southwest coast of the island of Sulawesi, facing the Makassar Strait.
Its area is 175.77 km2 and has population of around 1.4 million.
Beginning in the sixteenth century, Makassar was the dominant trading center of eastern Indonesia, and soon became one of the largest cities in island Southeast Asia. The Makassarese kings maintained a policy of free trade, insisting on the right of any visitor to do business in the city, and rejecting the attempts of the Dutch to establish a monopoly over the city.
The trade in spices figured prominently in the history of Sulawesi, which involved frequent struggles between rival native and foreign powers for control of the lucrative during the pre-colonial and colonial period, when spices from the region were in high demand in the West. Much of South Sulawesi's early history was written in old texts that can be traced back to the 13th and 14th centuries.
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Malabar district
Malabar District was an administrative district of Madras Presidency in British India and independent India's Madras State. The British district included the present-day districts of Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram, Palakkad (excluding the Alathur and Chittur Taluks), and Chavakad Taluk of Thrissur District (former part of Ponnani Taluk) in the northern part of Kerala state. The district lay between the Arabian Sea on the west, South Canara District on the north, the Western Ghats to the east, and the princely state of Cochin to the south. The district covered an area of 15,009 km (5795 square miles), and extended 233 km (145 mi) along the coast and 40–120 kilometers (25–75 miles) inland. The name Mala-bar means the "hill country". Kozhikode is considered as the capital of Malabar.
Most of Malabar District was included among the territories ceded to the British East India Company in 1792 by Tipu Sultan of Mysore at the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Mysore War; Wayanad was ceded in 1799 at the conclusion of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The region was organized into a district of Madras Presidency. The administrative headquarters were at Calicut (Kozhikode). After Indian independence, Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state, which was divided along linguistic lines on November 1, 1956, when Malabar District was merged with the Malayalam-speaking Kasaragod District immediately to the north and the state of Travancore-Cochin to the south to form the state of Kerala. Malabar District was divided into the three districts of Kozhikode, Palakkad, and Kannur on January 1, 1957. Malappuram District was created from parts of Kozhikode and Palakkad in 1969, and Wayanad District was created in 1980 from parts of Kozhikode and Kannur.
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Malappuram
Malappuram is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 33.61 km2. The first Municipality in the district formed in the year 1970, Malappuram serves as the administrative headquarters of Malappuram district. Divided into 40 electoral wards, city has a density of population of 1478 per km2. As per the 2011 census Malappuram Urban Agglomeration is the fourth largest urban agglomeration in Kerala state with a total population of 16,98,645. Malappuram, in malayalam, means 'On top of the hills'. Malappuram is situated 50 km southeast of Kozhikode and 90 km northwest of Palakkad on the Kozhikode (Calicut) - Chennai road (NH 213) which joins NH 47 in Palakkad.
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Malappuram district
Malappuram district (/mʌlʌppʊrʌm dʒɪlla/) is a district in the state of Kerala, south India with headquarters at the town of Malappuram. The district was formed on 16 June 1969.
The classic medieval center of Vedic learning and local politics, Thirunavaya, home of the traditional Ayurveda medicine, Kottakkal and one of the oldest centre of education of Islam the region, Ponnani are situated in Malappuram district along with rapidly expanding towns like Manjeri, Perinthalmanna, Chemmad and Edappal. In 1921, present day Malappuram district witnessed a series of devastating revolts and massacres known as the Moplah rebellions, followed by decades of frozen economical, social, and political development. In the early years of the Communist rule in Kerala, Malappuram saw large land reforms under the Land Reform Ordinance. In the 1970s, huge oil reserves of Persian gulf were opened to commercial extraction, and thousands of unskilled people migrated to "the Gulf" seeking fortunes. They sent money home, propping up a sleepy rural economy, and by late 20th century, the region had achieved first-world health standards and near universal literacy. The present development, both economical and social, of the Malappuram District owes to the Kerala Gulf diaspora.
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Maldives
Maldives (
i/ˈmɒldaɪvz/ or /ˈmɒldiːvz/), (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, Dhivehi Raa'je), officially Republic of Maldives (Dhivehi: ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, Dhivehi Raa'jeyge Jumhooriyya), also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep Islands, between Minicoy Island and Chagos Archipelago. It stands in the Laccadive Sea, about 700 kilometres (430 mi) south-west of Sri Lanka and 400 kilometres (250 mi) south-west of India. During the colonial era, the Dutch referred to the country as "Maldivische Eilanden" in their documentation, while "Maldive Islands" is the anglicised version of the local name used by the British, which later came to be written "Maldives".
The archipelago is located on top of the Chagos-Maldives-Laccadive Ridge, a vast submarine mountain range in the Indian Ocean. Maldives also form a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Chagos and the Lakshadweep. The atolls of Maldives encompass a territory spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making it one of the world's most geographically dispersed countries. Its population of 328,536 (2012) inhabits 200 of its 1,192 islands. Maldives' capital and largest city Malé had a population of 103,693 in 2006. It is located at the southern edge of North Malé Atoll, in the Kaafu Atoll. It is also one of the Administrative divisions of the Maldives. Traditionally it was the King's Island where the ancient Maldive Royal dynasties were enthroned.
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Maliankara
Maliankara is a village in Paravur Taluk, Ernakulam district of Kerala. It is located near Moothakunnam. It is also a boat ride away from Munambam and accessible by bridge to Pallipuram of Vypin island. Along with Munambam it forms the north-west corner of Ernakulam district where the Periyar river ends in the Arabian sea. Contrary to some earlier links, it is not known as Pattanam locally. It is located west of Kottuvallikadu and east of Pallipuram.Towards the north it is separated by Periyar river to Azhicode which is in Trissur district.
Some notable institutions in Maliankara are St Anthony's church, SNM college, SNM Engineering college.
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Malindi
Malindi (once known as Melinde) is a town on Malindi Bay at the mouth of the Galana River, lying on the Indian Ocean coast of Kenya. It is 120 kilometres northeast of Mombasa. The population of Malindi is 117,735 (in 1999 census). It is the capital of the Malindi District.
Tourism is the major industry in Malindi. The city is exceptionally popular among Italian tourists. Malindi is served with a domestic airport and a highway between Mombasa and Lamu. The nearby Watamu resort and Gedi Ruins (also known as Gede) are south of Malindi. The mouth of the Sabaki River lies in northern Malindi. The Watamu and Malindi Marine National Parks form a continuous protected coastal area south of Malindi. The area shows classic examples of Swahili architecture.
Malindi is home to the Malindi Airport and Broglio Space Centre.
Malindi has been a Swahili settlement since the 14th century. Once rivaled only by Mombasa for dominance in this part of East Africa, Malindi has traditionally been a port city for foreign powers. In 1414, the town was visited by the fleet of the Chinese explorer Zheng He. Malindi's ruler sent a personal envoy with a giraffe as a present to China on that fleet.
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Maluku Islands
The Maluku Islands, also known as the Moluccas /məˈlʌkəz/, are an archipelago within Indonesia. Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north and east of Timor. The islands were also historically known as the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans, but this term has also been applied to other islands outside Indonesia.
Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanoes, and enjoy a wet climate. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, encompassed by the sea, is very luxuriant; including rainforests, sago, rice and the famous spices - nutmeg, cloves and mace, among others. Though originally Melanesian, many island populations, especially in the Banda Islands, were killed off in the 17th century during the Spice wars. A second influx of Austronesian immigrants began in the early twentieth century under the Dutch and continues in the Indonesian era.
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Manama
Manama (Arabic: المنامة Al Manāma) is the capital and largest city of Bahrain, with an approximate population of 155,000 people. Long an important trading center in the Persian Gulf, Manama is home to a very diverse population. After periods of Portuguese and Persian control and invasions from the Al Sauds and Oman, Bahrain established itself as an independent nation during the 19th century period of British hegemony. In the 20th century, Bahrain's oil wealth helped spur fast growth and in the 1990s a concerted diversification effort led to expansion in other industries and helped transform Manama into an important financial hub in the Middle East.
Manama was mentioned in Islamic chronicles at least as far back as 1345. It was conquered by Portugal in 1521 and then by the Persians in 1602. Since 1783 it has been under the control of the Al-Khalifa dynasty. Manama was declared a free port in 1958, and in 1971 it became the capital of independent Bahrain.
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Mangalore
Mangalorei/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/ (also called Kuḍla in Tulu, Maṅgaḷūru in Kannada, Koḍiyāl in Konkani, or Maikāla in Beary bashe) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres (220 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka.
Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu Goddess Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75 per cent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.
Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.
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Manjeri
Manjeri (Malayalam: മഞ്ചേരി) is a town and municipality in Malappuram District in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated 12 km from Malappuram 30 km from Karipur International Airport and 50 km from Kozhikode railway station.
Manjeri was a centre of Indian national movements. Anakkayam, 4 km from Manjeri, and Nellikuth, 6 km from Manjeri were major centres of Malabar Rebellion of 1921. Nellikuth is the birth place of Ali Musliyar, the rebel leader. Anti-British revolts tool place in 1790 in and around Manjeri.
Manjeri is the one of Kerala’s biggest municipalities. Manjeri Municipality is a local self-government institution with a jurisdiction of three villages, Manjeri, Payyanad and Narukara. District court and General hospital are located at Manjeri.
Ali Musliyar Erikunnan who fought against the British rule was a native of Nellikkuth near Manjeri.
The eastern side of Manjeri town is a hilly area. FM station of All India Radio "College Kunnu" is a located on hill, where the N.S.S. College is also situated. Towards the south lie Vettekode and Pullancheri. Prominent schools such as Chinmaya Vidyalaya , and Noble Public School are located at Vettekode. The famous Kunnath Temple is on the way to Vettekode. Pullancheri is a beautiful place with hills, lush scenery, dam and Kadalundy River. This river starts from the eastern border of Malappuram district called Karuvarakundu and flows into the Arabian Sea.
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Mannarkkad
Mannarkkad (Malayalam: മണ്ണാ൪ക്കാട്) formerly known as Mannarghat, is a town in the Palakkad district of Kerala State, South India. It is the headquarters of Mannarkkad Taluk, and is one of the largest revenue Taluks in Kerala. It is situated 40 km north-east of the district headquarters Palakkad, on the way to Kozhikkode (NH 213) and in the foothills of the Western Ghats. Silent Valley (a tropical evergreen rain forest with an unbroken evolutionary history of 50 million years) is only 35 km from Mannarkkad.
Mannarkkad Taluk, consisting 25 villages, is the first fully computerized Revenue Taluk office, designed as India's first Paperless Government office. All land revenue administrative works are being carried out through on line software called Taluk Suite and Village Suite. Sri A Unnikrishnan is the present Tahsildar of Mannarkkad Taluk.
Mannarkkad has memories of the invasion of Tippu Sultan and Mopila riot. In 1921, hundreds of people lost their lives. The former Ruler/Desavazhi of Mannarkkad is known as 'Mannarkkadu Muppil Nair'. He was a 'Samantha' under 'Valluvakonathiri' of Valluvanadu. The famous novel 'PONNI' written by Malayatoor Ramakrishnan, is based on the 'Adivasis' of Mannarkkadu. The Sandalwood smuggler 'Veerappan' used 'Shiruvani Forests' of Mannarkkadu Muppil Nairs as his shelter.
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Mascarene Islands
The Mascarene Islands (or Mascarenhas Archipelago) is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Cargados Carajos shoals, plus the former islands of the Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan banks. The collective title is derived from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in the early sixteenth century. The islands share a common geologic origin in the volcanism of the Réunion hotspot beneath the Mascarene Plateau and form a distinct ecoregion with a unique flora and fauna.
The Islands are volcanic in origin; Saya de Malha (35 mya) was the first of the Mascarene islands to rise out of the Indian Ocean due to the Réunion hotspot, followed by Nazareth Bank (some 2,000 yrs later), Soudan Bank and Cargados Carajos. The youngest islands to form were Mauritius (7–10 mya), the oldest of the existing islands, created along with the undersea Rodrigues ridge. The islands of Rodrigues and Réunion were created in the last two million years. Réunion is the largest of the islands (2,500 km²), followed by Mauritius (1,900 km²) and Rodrigues (110 km²). Eventually Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan were completely submerged, Cargados Carajos remaining as a coral atoll. The Réunion hotspot was beginning to cool and Rodrigues came out as a tiny island. Had erosion not taken place, Cargados Carajos would have been a large volcanic island, and the Mascarenes would have been an archipelago of seven or more (counting Saya De Malha, Nazareth and Soudan) large, populated islands, rather than the three (Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues) that remain today.
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Mattancherry
Mattancherry (Malayalam: മട്ടാഞ്ചേരി) is the western part of city of Kochi, India. It is said that the name Mattancherry is drawn from "Ancherry Mattam", a Namboodiri illam which then the foreign traders pronounced it as Matt-Ancherry, gradually became Mattancherry. It is about 9 km from Ernakulam town. There are frequent bus and boat services to Mattancherry from Ernakulam town. The boats start from Main Boat Jetty near Subash Park at Ernakulam.
Mattancherry assembly constituency is part of Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency).
Mattancherry is a part of Ernakulam District in Kerala, India.It is a tourist destination. It is surrounded by the backwaters of Arabian Sea.Mattancherry was the first trade hub of the present district.Mattancherry is populated by people from various walks of life and various parts of India & Abroad. There are people who have come and settled in Mattancherry from Goa, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and so on.
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Mattancherry Palace
The Mattancherry Palace, also known as the Dutch Palace, in Mattancherry, Kochi, in the Indian state of Kerala features Kerala murals depicting Hindu temple art, portraits and exhibits of the Rajas of Kochi.
Mattancherry Palace with its medieval charm is situated at Palace Road, Mattancherry, Kochi. It was built by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma (1537–65), Raja of Kochi, in 1555 AD. The Dutch carried out some extensions and renovations in the palace in 1663, and thereafter it was popularly called Dutch Palace. The rajas also made more improvements to it. Today, it is a portrait gallery of the Cochin Rajas and notable for some of the best mythological murals in India, which are in the best traditions of Hindu temple art. The palace was built to appease the king after they plundered a temple nearby.
The landing of Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer at Kapadu in 1498 was welcomed by the Kochi rulers. They were given exclusive right to construct factories. The Portuguese repulsed the repeated attacks of the Zamorins and the Cochin Rajas practically became vassals of the Portuguese. The influence of the Portuguese were supplanted by the Dutch and they took over Mattancherry in 1663. Subsequently, the area was taken over by Hyder Ali and still later by the British East India Company
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Mavelikkara
Mavelikkara is a town and municipality in the Alappuzha district of the Indian state of Kerala. It is located in the southern part of the district on the banks of the Achankovil, and is one of the oldest municipalities of the state[citation needed]. It also has a very strong historical and cultural background; Chettikulangara Devi Temple, known for its famous Kumbha Bharani festival, is located there, and it is home to one of the 108 Shiva temples of Kerela created by Lord Parasurama, Kandiyoor Mahadeva Temple (popularly known as Dakshina Kashi). It was also a major place of trade and commerce in ancient Kerala and the erstwhile capital of the rulers of Onattukara.
According to the 2001 Indian census, Mavelikara has a population of 28,440. Males constitute 47% of the population and females 53%. The average literacy rate is 86%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 87% and female literacy is 85%. Approximately 10% of the population is under 6 years old.
Some of the industries in and around Mavelikkara are:
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Meenachil
Meenachil is the name of the north-eastern region of Kottayam district in Kerala, south India. The name originates from Meenakshi the Dravidian goddess. Palai is the main town in Meenachil. The arterial river of the district is also named Meenachil. The river finds mention in Arundhati Roy's Booker Prize winning novel, The God of Small Things.
The river Meenachil, also known as Kavanar, originates at vagamon in the Western Ghats of Kerala, flows westward through Erattupetta, Palai, Kidangoor, Ettumanoor and Kottayam. Its length is about 87 kilometers. Near Kottayam it splits into a number of distributaries before emptying into the Vembanad Lake. Kumarakom, the bird sanctuary and tourist resort is on one such branch.
The current Meenachil taluk was a principality under the local chieftains, the Meenachil Karthas (also known as Njavakkat Karthas) before Marthanda Varma annexed it to Travancore in 1754. The name of the place comes from Goddess Meenakshi, the deity of the Karthas. Veera Kerala Damodara Simhar was a chieftain belonging to this family. The southern bank of the river was the kingdom of Thekkumkoor, the capital of which was Changanassery, and the northern bank, that of Vadakkumkoor, with its capital at Kaduthuruthy. The Poonjar royal family also held sway over significant areas of the district towards the east.
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Mehdya
Mehdya, also Mehdia or Mehedya, is a town in Kénitra Province, Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen, Morocco. According to the 2004 census it has a population of 16,262. It is located on Sebou River (Oued Sebu).
Mehdya was previously called Al-Ma'mura ("the well-populated") or La Mamora in Europe, and was a harbour on the coast of Morocco. It seems to have been occupied by the Carthaginians since the 5th century BCE.
It was captured by the Portuguese in 1515, and renamed São João da Mamora. Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized 6 Moroccan towns, and built 6 stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of the stand-alone fortresses only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), Forte de São João de Mamora (pt) (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520–25). Two of them were to become permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir, founded in 1505-06), and Mazagan founded in 1514-17. The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
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Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,[citation needed] and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.
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Moothakunnam
Moothakunnam is a small village in the Paravur Taluk, Ernakulam district of Kerala, south India. Colloquially Moothakunnam centre is known as Ambalalapadam. Here people from all communities live peacefully.
Moothakunnam is 25 kilometers from Kochi City and 25 km from Cochin International Airport. It is eight km from Cherai Beach, a tourist spot. It is the gateway to Thrissur District from Kochi. NH 17 passes through this town. Total width of this place is about 250 metres. Actually Moothakunnam is a small village lying between Kottapuram (Thrissur district) and Madaplathuruth.
The village Moothakunnam is well known for Shankara Narayana Murthi[Moothakunathappan] temple, which was blessed by Sree Narayana Guru in the early part of the twentieth century. The temple is located near [Periyar] river. Speciality about the temple is, whatever trees are considered to be sacred according to hindutva has sprout out naturally which shows the sacredness of the temple. The temple's governing authority runs many educational institutions. Moothakunnam is known for its educational institutions, which attract students from all of the state of Kerala. Hindu Matha Dharma Paripalana (HMDP) Sabha operates an engineering college (SNM IMT), an arts and sciences college (SNM College, Maliankara), an education college (SNM B. Ed College), a teacher training center (SNM TTC, Moothakunnam), an industrial training center (SNM ITI, Moothakunnam), and a higher secondary school (SNM H.S, Moothakunnam), all within three kilometers of the village. In 20the Century Moothakunnam most of the villages are engaged in toddy tapping, coir manufacturing etc.
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Muharraq
Muharraq (Arabic: المحرق; lit. "place of ashes") is Bahrain's third largest city and served as its capital until 1923 when it was replaced by Manama.
The city is located on Muharraq Island and has long been a centre of religiosity. Bahrain International Airport is also located on the island. Adjacent to Muharraq are the man-made Amwaj Islands, known for their large buildings, hotels and beaches. Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its souq (traditional market) and as a home of traditional arts and music; Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.
Muharraq's origins are ancient, going back to the time of Dilmun some 5,000 years ago, but it came to prominence in the historical records during the era of Tylos when Bahrain came under domination of the Selucid Greeks, and Muharraq was the centre of a pagan cult dedicated to the shark god, Awal. The city's inhabitants, who depended upon seafaring and trade for their livelihood, worshipped Awal in the form of a large statue of a shark located in the city.
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Mukundapuram taluk
Mukundapuram Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Trissur district in the Indian state of Kerala. The headquarters of the taluk is Irinjalakuda.
It comprises 45 villages and two municipalities.
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Mumbai
Mumbai /mʊmˈbaɪ/, also known as Bombay /bɒmˈbeɪ/, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million. Along with the neighbouring urban areas, including the cities of Navi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city. Mumbai is also the richest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West or Central Asia.
The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies. For centuries, the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese and subsequently to the British East India Company. During the mid-18th century, Mumbai was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook the reclamation of the area between the seven constituent islands from the sea. Completed by 1845, the project along with construction of major roads and railways transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Economic and educational development characterised the city during the 19th century. It became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century. When India became independent in 1947, the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as capital. The city was renamed Mumbai in 1996.
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Muttrah
Muttrah, (Arabic: مطرح) population 150,000 (2003), is a city located in the Muscat province of Oman. Before the discovery of oil, Muttrah was the center of commerce in Oman. It is still a center of commerce as one of largest sea ports of the region is located there. Other landmarks include Souq Muttrah, a traditional bazaar and Sour Al-Lawatiah, a small community of houses surrounded by an old wall.
Muttrah is also a map in a popular Battlefield 2 mod, Project Reality. It was also featured in the Amazing Race in its 17th season (Episode 8).
Al Dhalam (Darkness in Arabic) Souq is the local name for the Muttrah Souq. The Muttrah Souq is perhaps one of the oldest marketplaces in the Arab world, owing to the fact that Muscat is the world's largest natural harbor and has seen immense trade in the age of sail, being strategically located on the way to India and China. It has been named after darkness because of the crowded stalls and lanes where the sunrays do not infiltrate during the day and the shoppers need lamps to know their destinations. The name of the market has been drawn specifically from the part that extends from Al Lawatiya Mosque to Khour Bimba where the place is really full of stores and stalls and the narrow area of lanes does not allow the sunlight to enter. The market was a source of supply for Omanis where they can buy their needs in the 1960s when life requirements were simpler than today. Most of the goods were imported, in addition to local products like textiles, fruit, vegetables and dates.
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Muvattupuzha
Muvattupuzha (Malayalam: മുവാറ്റുപുഴ) is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a junction of three districts namely Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 20 km from the town. Muvattupuzha is situated 42 km northeast of Kochi city on NH 49 (Cochin-Madurai-Rameshwaram national highway) and lies on the popular Cochin-Munnar hill station tourist route.
Muvattupuzha was part of the Vadakkumkoor Kingdom until it was captured by the Travancore Kingdom, now merged into the state of Kerala. Old documents show that the lands of Muvattupuzha belonged to ‘Edappally Swaroopam’, but were later transferred to ‘Manas’ (Brahmin Families).
According to tradition, St. Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ who introduced Christianity to India is believed to have visited this region. The St. Mary's Church of Arakuzha has a recorded history of over 1000 years, making it one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It is known for its paintings and sculptures. Muvattupuzha was also known as " Arakuzha Pakuthi"(half of arakuzha)
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Mylapore
Mylapore (Tamil: மயிலாப்பூர் Mayilāppūr) is a cultural hub and neighborhood in the southern part of the city of Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, India. Earlier, Mylapore used to be called Vedapuri.
Mylapore is a major commercial center, and one of the oldest residential parts of the city. It is well-connected by roads and Metro railway network, MRTS. It is famous for its tree-lined avenues, the famous 7th century Kapaleeshwarar Temple, its katcheri season and Ramakrishna Math. Mylapore is regarded in history as the birthplace of Tamil poet and saint, Thiruvalluvar. The Bollywood Actor of yesteryears Mr. Ranjan (Chandralekha fame) was born in this part of Chennai. Probably, he was the first actor from Tamil Nadu to succeed in the North of India.
The word Mylapore is expanded as "Mayil arparikum oor" which means 'Land of the peacock scream'. The word mayil, meaning peacock, which was the traditional vehicle of the Hindu god Muruga. Earlier Peacocks used to thrive here, it is evident as the Portuguese preachers who built the Santhome Church embraced the peacock in the church's emblem. This part of Chennai is also called Thirumayilai (திருமயிலை) embracing religious sanctity.
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Mysore
Mysore (i/ˈmaɪsɔər/; Maisūru in Kannada) is the second-largest city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located at the base of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km (91 mi) southwest of the state capital Bangalore, it is spread across an area of 128.42 km2 (50 sq mi). According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population of Mysore is 887,446 and Hinduism is its major religion. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division.
Until 1947, Mysore served as the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore. The kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, except for a brief period in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan usurped power. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the cultural growth of the city. The cultural ambience and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural capital of Karnataka.
Mysore is noted for its palaces including the Mysore Palace, and the festivities that take place during the Dasara festival when the city receives a large number of tourists. It lends its name to the Mysore style of painting, the sweet dish Mysore Pak, the Mysore Peta (a traditional silk turban) and the garment known as the Mysore silk saree. Tourism is the major industry, while information technology has emerged as a major employer alongside the traditional industries. With no airport, Mysore depends on rail and bus transport for inter-city connections. The city was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore houses Mysore University which has produced several notable authors, particularly in the field of Kannada literature. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city.
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Nedumangad
Nedumangad is a municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located around 20 km to the north-east of Thiruvananthapuram city on the Thiruvananthapuram — Thenmala State Highway. It is an important centre for the commercial trade in pepper and rubber. A wholesale market set up by the Department of Agriculture (with the assistance of the European Union) is also situated there.
Nedumangad is located at 8°36′N 77°00′E / 8.6°N 77.0°E / 8.6; 77.0. It has an average elevation of 68 metres (223 feet).
It lies 18 km from Thiruvananthapuram (or Trivandrum) on the way to Ponmudi hill resort. It is the capital of the taluk, and is unique for having no coastal belt or railway lines.[clarification needed]
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
Agasthyarkoodam, a mountain preserve famous for its abundant ayurvedic herbs and medicinal plants is around 50 km away. About 32 km from Nedumangad, en route to the Ponmudi Hill Resort lies the Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, which is of particular interest to ornithologists. Near Nedumangad town another Monolithic - Thiruchittapara is located. With Siva Vishnu Temple, lots of monkeys congregated this place. The name Nedumangadu means kadu (forest) of Vishnu, who was called Neduman, Neduvan, and Nediyavan in ancient texts like Chilappadikaram.
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Nedumangad taluk
Nedumangad Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the eastern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 28 villages and one municipality.
It is bounded on the west by Trivandrum Taluk, on the east by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the south by Neyyattinkara Taluk and on the north by Kollam District.
There are 28 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Anad, Aruvikkara, Aryanad, Kallara, Karakulam, Koliyakode, Kurupuzha, Manikkal, Mannoorkara, Nedumangad, Nellanad, Palode, Panavoor, Pangode, Peringamala, Perumkulam, Pullampara, Theakada, Thennoor, Tholicode, Uzhamalackal, Vamanapuram, Vattappara, Veeranakavu, Vellanad, Vembayam, Vithura.
There is only one municipality, Nedumangad, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.
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Nedumbassery
Nedumbassery (Malayalam: നെടുമ്പാശ്ശേരി) is a suburb of the city of Kochi situated 27 kilometres (17 mi) north of the city and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Thrissur in Kerala, India. The town lies between the two municipalities of Aluva and Angamaly in the Greater Cochin region. It has a population of 28,607 as on 2001, with a sex-ratio of 1012 females to 1000 males. There are 6721 households in the village.
The Cochin International Airport is located in Nedumbassery. A small hamlet of considerable natural beauty and home to very hospitable and courteous people, this village is endowed with enough water resources to meet the demands of its increasing populace. The zeal with which the local authorities tend to water bodies in the area helped to eliminate water shortages even during acute summers.
Legend says Nedumbassery is named after a poor heart broken backward caste man called Nedumban Pulayan who arrived there as a refuge and the local chieftain gave him vast land as a gift out of sympathy. Ever since, the land is known after him as Nedumbassery. This legend, though is not borne out by any direct proof.
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Neyyattinkara
Neyyattinkara is municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. The name 'Neyyattinkara' in Malayalam literally means the shore (kara) of Neyyar River. Neyyar River flows from Agasthyarkoodam, the highest peak (1868m above MSL) in southern end of the Western Ghats.
The municipality of Neyyattinkara is the major town on the banks of Neyyar River. Neyyattinkara lies 18 km to the south of Thiruvananthapuram city on the National Highway 47 to Kanyakumari. The rapidly growing Thiruvananthapuram city has almost reached its outskirts. The town is mostly residential, with lots of service sector establishments.
Aruvippuram, the holy land of Sree Narayana Guru is an important pilgrim centre near Neyyattinkara. Neyyar Dam is another popular picnic spot near Neyyattinkara .
Neyyattinkara is located at 8°24′N 77°05′E / 8.4°N 77.08°E / 8.4; 77.08. It has an average elevation of 26 metres (85 feet).
The town is situated on the Neyyar River, one of the principal rivers in the district. Topography of the town is rather uneven, with higher areas in the downtown. Nearby the town is the hillock at Aruvippuram. The town is scenically sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea.
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Neyyattinkara taluk
Neyyattinkara Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Thiruvananthapuram district in the Indian state of Kerala. It situated in the Southern part of the Thiruvananthapuram district. It comprises 29 villages and one municipality.
There are 29 villages and one Municipality are in the taluk.
Amboori, Anavoor, Athiyannur, Chenkal, Kallikkad, Kanjiramkulam, Karode, Karumkulam, Keezharoor, Kollayil, Kottukal, Kulathoor, Kulathummal, Kunnathukal, Malayinkeezhu, Maranalloor, Neyyattinkara, Ottasekharamangalam, Pallichal, Parassala, Parasuvaikkal, Perumkadavila, Thirupuram, Vazhichal, Vellarada, Vilappil, Vilavoorkkal, Vizhinjam.
There is only one municipality, Neyyattinkara, which is also the headquarters of the taluk.
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Nilambur
Nilambur (Malayalam: നിലമ്പൂര്) is a municipality and a taluk in the Malappuram district of Kerala, South India. It is famous for its forests, especially its wildlife habitats, rivers, waterfalls and teak plantations. It is situated close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar River. It is about 40 kilometres from Malappuram city and 24 kilometres from Manjeri on the Kozhikode–Ooty road. Nilambur is also an Assembly Constituency.
The town of Nilambur is famous for the Nilambur Vettekkoru Makan Paattu (Or simply Nilambur Paattu)held every year in the Nilambur Kovilakom Temple (a Hindu temple). Nilambur is also home to the oldest teak plantation in the world, called Conolly's Plot. It is claimed that the world's tallest or biggest teak tree is in the Nilambur Teak Preserve. Nilambur is also famous for its bamboos. The name "Nilambur" means 'Place of Nilimba' (a Sanskrit word for bamboo). This region is suitable for planting teak and grows well here. Teak grown here is having good quality and hence Nilambur Teak has good demand all over the world. Some nearby places are Chungathara, Pookkottumpadam and Edakkara. People here are almost in equal ratio of Hindu, Muslims and Christians. Most people are engaged in agriculture and business. It is a place where a huge number of Christians migrated during 1940s and 50s. Nilambur is the place where a large number of Christians of all denominations live in Malabar.
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Nileshwaram
Nileshwaram (Malayalam: നീലേശ്വരം), also known as Nileshwar, is a municipality and a town in Kasaragod District of Kerala state, South India. It is one of the three municipalities of Kasaragod district, the other two being Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Nileshwar is the third major town in kasargod district. Nileshwaram lies between two rivers, Nileshwaram and Karyangodu. To the west is the Arabian Sea.
The name "Nileshwaram" comes from one of the names of Lord Shiva, Neelakanteshwaran ("Blue-necked One"), or from Neelakandeswaran, denoting land of Lord Siva. There is another story that the place was named so after Sage Neela, who installed the deity of Lord Siva thousands of years ago.
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Njarackal
Njarackal is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Njarackal is situated at the centre of Vypeen island. It is widely believed that Njarackal is named after the Earl of Sandwich.[citation needed]
As of 2001[update] India census, Njarackal is Syrian Catholic[disambiguation needed
] dominated with a population of 24,166 - 11,628 males and 12,538 females.
Njarackal is also known as Narakkal.
Njarakkal is a Village in Vypeen Taluk in Ernakulam District in Kerala State . Njarakkal is located 23.7 km distance from its District Main City Kochi . It is located 204 km distance from its State Main City Thiruvananthapuram.
There are two major Sub-villages within Njarakkal village, they are: Perumpilly (Njarakkal), Appangad and Manjanakkade
Other villages in Vypeen Taluk are Nayarambalam , Pallippuram , Vypeen , Elamkunnapuzha , Edavanakkad , Kuzhuppilly , ... . .
Njarakkal Pin Code is 682505 and Post office name is Narakkal . Towns Near By Paravur(4.2 k.m.) ,Alangad(11.6 k.m.) ,Parakkadav(18.9 k.m.) ,Edappally(19.7 k.m.)
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Norfolk
Norfolk ( /ˈnɔrfək/) is a low-lying county in the East of England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast and to the north-west the county is bordered by The Wash. The city of Norwich is the county town at Norfolk which is fifth largest ceremonial county in England, with an area of 5,371 km² (2,074 sq mi).
Of the 34 non-metropolitan English counties, Norfolk is the seventh most populous, with a population of 850,800 (mid 2008). However, as a largely rural county it has a low population density, 155 people per square kilometre (or 401 per square mile). Norfolk has about one-thirtieth the population density of central London, the tenth lowest density county in the country, with 38% of the county’s population living in the four major built up areas of Norwich (195,000), Great Yarmouth (67,000), King's Lynn (41,000) and Thetford (22,000).The Broads, a well known network of rivers and lakes, is located towards the county's east coast, bordering Suffolk. The area has the status of a National Park and is protected by the Broads Authority. Historical sites, such as those in the centre of Norwich, also contribute to tourism.
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North Malabar
North Malabar (Malayalam: ഉത്തര മലബാര്/വടക്കേ മലബാര്), is a historic as well as geographic distinction in India used to refer the area covering; present Kasaragod and Kannur Districts, Mananthavady taluk of Wayanad District and Koyilandy & Vatakara taluks of Kozhikode District in modern Kerala and the entire Mahé Sub-Division of Union Territory of Pondicherry.
Majority of North Malabar (except Mahé) remained as one of the two administrative divisions of Malabar District (an administrative district of British India under Madras Presidency) till 1947 and later part of India's Madras State till 1956. Mahé remained under French jurisdiction until 13 June 1954. On November 1, 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar District, Travancore-Cochin [excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu], and the of Kasaragod taluk of South Kanara District.
The area of North Malabar begins at Korapuzha in the south and ends at Manjeshwaram in the north of Kerala and traditionally comprises erstwhile princely principalities and fiefdoms of Kolathu Nadu, Kadatha Nadu and southern parts of Tulu Nadu.
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North Paravur
North Paravur (Malayalam :വടക്കൻ പറവൂർ, also Paravur, Paravoor) formerly known as Parur is a town, municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is an old and growing municipality. Paravur is the capital of Paravur Taluk in Ernakulam district. Though considered a part of Kochi for all practical purposes, the town is 17 km away from Edappally in city of Kochi. The ancient seaport of India Muziris is located in Pattanam village 3 km away from town. It is a northern suburb of Kochi City.
The coastal highway NH-17 Ernakulam – Manglore- Mumbai (Proposed NH-66 Panvel-Kanyakumari) passes through this town. The National Waterway – 3 Kollam – Ernakulam – Kottapuram passes through the western end of the taluk. North Paravur is considered as the gateway to Cherai beach which is 6 km away from Paravur town.
This town had been an old trading post and has a Jewish synagogue and had a thriving Jewish community before their conversion to Syrian Christians in the first century and their resettlement in Israel after its establishment. Cochin Jews lived in the towns of Kochi, Ernakulam and North Paravur.
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Nova Scotia
Coordinates: 45°13′N 62°42′W / 45.217°N 62.7°W / 45.217; -62.7 (Nova Scotia)
Nova Scotia (pronounced /ˌnoʊvə ˈskoʊʃə/; French: Nouvelle-Écosse; Scottish Gaelic: Alba Nuadh) is one of Canada's three Maritime provinces and is the most populous province of the four in Atlantic Canada. Located almost exactly halfway between the Equator and the North Pole (44º 39' N Longitude), its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest province in Canada with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and some 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2011, the population was 921,727, making Nova Scotia the second-most-densely populated province in Canada.
Nova Scotia was already home to the Mi'kmaq people when French colonists established Port Royal, Nova Scotia, the first permanent European settlement in North America north of Florida in 1605. Almost one hundred and fifty years later, the first English and German settlers arrived with the founding of Halifax (1749). The first Scottish migration was on the Hector (1773) and then the first Black migration happened after the American Revolution (1783). Despite the diversity of the cultural heritage of Nova Scotia, much of the twentieth-century tourism efforts focused primarily on all things Scottish. Many recent tourism efforts embrace and showcase Nova Scotia's diversity.
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Ormus
The Kingdom of Ormus (also known as Ohrmuzd, Hormuz, and Ohrmazd; Portuguese Ormuz) was a 10th to 17th century kingdom located within the Persian Gulf and extending as far as the Strait of Hormuz. The Kingdom was established by Arab princes in the 10th century who in 1262 came under the suzerainty of Persia, before becoming a client state of the Portuguese Empire.
The kingdom received its name from the fortified port city which served as its capital. It was one of the most important ports in the Middle East at the time as it controlled seaway trading routes through the Persian Gulf to India and East Africa. This port was probably located on Hormuz Island[citation needed], which is located near the modern city of Bandar-e Abbas.
The name of the port, the island, and the kingdom is Iranian and ultimately derives from that of the Zoroastrian deity, Ahura Mazda, which becomes Ohrmazd in Pahlavi, Hirmiz in Manichaean Middle Persian, and Hormoz in New-Persian.
The Strait of Hormuz (Arabic: مضيق هرمز - Madīq Hurmuz, Persian: تنگه هرمز - Tangeh-ye Hormoz,) is a narrow, strategically important waterway between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest. On the north coast is Iran and on the south coast is the United Arab Emirates and Musandam, an exclave of Oman.
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Ouadane
Ouadane or Wadan (Arabic: وادان) is a small town in the desert region of central Mauritania, situated on the southern edge of the Adrar Plateau, 93 km northeast of Chinguetti. The town was a staging post in the trans-Saharan trade and for caravans transporting slabs of salt from the mines at Idjil. A Portuguese trading post was established in 1487, but was probably soon abandoned. The town declined from the sixteenth century and most of the town now lies in ruins.
The old town, a World Heritage Site, though in ruins, is still substantially intact, while a small modern settlement lies outside its gate.
Ouadane is the closest town to the Richat Structure, a massive circular landmark visible from space.
The early history of the Ouadane is uncertain but it is possible that the town prospered from the trans-Saharan gold trade. In the middle of the 11th century, the Arabic geographer al-Bakri described a trans-Saharan route that ran between Tamdoult near Akka in Morocco to Aoudaghost on the southern edge of the Sahara. This route was used for the transport of gold during the time of the Ghana Empire. In his account al-Bakri mentioned a series of place names but these have not been identified and historians have suggested several possible routes. Raymond Mauny proposed a route that passed through Ouadane but Suzanne Daveau later argued in favour of a more direct route that crossed the Adrar escarpment to the east of the town. The volume of caravan traffic would have declined from the beginning of the 13th century when the oasis town of Oualata located 360 km to the east replaced Aoudaghost as the southern terminus of the trade route.
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Pachalam
Pachalam is a place located near the city of Cochin, Kerala in India.
There is a story how the name "Pachalam" came. In 16 century there was Portuguese Viceroy D. Francisco de Almeida who camped in this area. " Thavalam" is the malayalam word for camp. So the word "Franciso thavalam" became short to be " Pachalam". Pachalam was the birth place of the late actor Bharath P.J.Antony.And also there is a ground and a road named after him.
It is a thickly populated area with many schools, shops, churches and hospitals. Lourde's Hospital, one of the Cochin city's major hospitals, is situated here. The Mount Carmel Church is situated here. It is home for more than three thousand Christian families. There is a temple situated in pachalam called "Thachapuzha Devi". The place is divided by the Railway line passing through itand the nearest link to cross over is the Pachalam Gate. The erstwhile rail line of Kochi Raja to starting from The High Court passes through the place though the lane is not used now. A major artery of the city the S.R.M road passes through the place. Some famous people in and around are:
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Palakkad
Palakkad pronunciation (help·info), previously known as Palghat, is a large town and municipality in the state of Kerala in southern India, spread over an area of 26.60 km2 and is the administrative headquarters of the Palakkad District. Palakkad is the seventh most populous city in Kerala and lies near the Palghat Gap, a pass or natural depression through the Western Ghats ranges, and connects Kerala to the plains of the state of Tamil Nadu to the east. The city is situated about 350 kilometres (217 mi) north of state capital Thiruvananthapuram and 49 kilometres (30 mi) south west of Coimbatore.
Kerala would have an IIT in Palakkad under the 12th five-year plan. The land belonging to the Instrumentation Limited in Palakkad was finally chosen for the project.Since the IITs are set up by an act of Parliament, the whole process is the centre's prerogative, and the state government has only a limited role.
To the east lies Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Palakkad is the gateway to Kerala due to the presence of the Palakkad Gap, in the Western Ghats.
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Palakkad district
Palakkad District (Malayalam: പാലക്കാട് ജില്ല) is one of the 14 districts of the Indian state of Kerala. The city of Palakkad is the district headquarters. Palakkad is bordered on the northwest by the Malappuram District, on the southwest by the Thrissur District and on the east by Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. The district is 13.62% urbanised. The district is nicknamed "the granary of Kerala".
In earlier times, Palakkad was also known as Palakkattussery. Some etymologists trace the word "Palakkad" from the word Palai nilam, which means "dry lands". The commonly held belief, however, is that the name is a fusion of two Malayalam words, Pala, a tree (Alstonia scholaris) that is found abundantly in Palakkad, and Kadu, which means forest.[citation needed]
In earlier days, Palakkad along with most parts of Kerala were under the rule of the Chera kings (Perumals). With the decline of Chera dynasty, parts of this district were ruled by Palakkad Rajas who were believed to be a branch of Zamorins (Samudiri Rajavamsam) of Calicut who later declared independence. Some parts were under Kollengode Rajas of Vengunad and the Valluvanad part of the district was ruled by Valluvakonathiris (who are considered to be descendants of a branch of Pallava dynasty who might have ruled parts of Kerala at an earlier date). For a brief period, some areas of the district near Chittur came under the attack of the nearby Kongu king when the local people resisted the Kongu invasion successfully.
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Palarivattom
Palarivattom (Malayalam: പാലാരിവട്ടം) is a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is part of the District of Ernakulam. It is a commercial area, which gained importance when the district's administration was moved to the nearby suburb of Kakkanad. In olden times, this place was known by the name Palgalnarivattom[citation needed]. State Highway SH41 Starts from Palarivattom to Thekkadi.
Palarivattom's commercial life began with its vegetable and fish markets, and today it is home to many shops and supermarkets, including a branch of the Kerala-based chain Varkey's. It also has branches of most major Indian banks including the State Bank of India, the State Bank of Travancore, Federal Bank, HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, ICICI Bank, and the Catholic Syrian Bank,Corporation Bank Zonal Office, and has a major telephone exchange.
The first Malayalam news channel, Indiavision, broadcasts its news bulletins from Palarivattom.
One of the oldest Hindu temples in the area is the Raja Rajeswary Temple, dedicated to the deity Jala Durga.
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Panayikulam
Panayikulam is a small village which falls in the Alangad Grama Panchayat, Paravur Taluk, Kerala, India. A nice place to live in, easily accessible to Aluva Railway Station at 7 km, Nedumbassery International Airport 10 km and the Kochi City at 15 km. It is a preferred residential locality due to its proximity to the industrial areas, viz Binanipuram, Eloor and Kalamassery, where major factories like FACT, HMT, HIL, TCC, Binani, etc., are situated. Can commute on daily basis to the InfoPark (SmartCity), Kochi which is almost 12 km away. The place is providing its residents with pure water with no salinity in it and plain beautiful land very close to the Periyar River.
The people here mainly rely on agriculture. Panayikulam is well known for the cultivation of Snap Melon (Pottuvellari). Panayikulam is home to a lot of Non Resident Indians.
Government LP School, Alhuda School, Little Flower High School and Viswadeepti Vidyalaya are the institutions, the village depend for their primary education. After school students has accessibility to other educational institutions like Union Christian College-Aluva, St. Xavier's College for Women-Aluva, Cochin University of Science and Technology, MES College Marampally, etc.
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Paradesi Synagogue
Coordinates: 9°57′26″N 76°15′34″E / 9.95722°N 76.25944°E / 9.95722; 76.25944
The Paradesi Synagogue is the oldest activesynagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations, located in Kochi, Kerala, in South India. It was built in 1568 by the Malabar Yehudan people or Cochin Jewish community in the Kingdom of Cochin. Paradesi is a word used in several Indian languages, and the literal meaning of the term is "foreigners", applied to the synagogue because it was historically used by "White Jews", a mixture of Jews from Cranganore, the Middle East, and European exiles. It is also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Town, and is the only one of the seven synagogues in the area still in use. The complex has four buildings. It was built adjacent to the Mattancherry Palace temple on the land gifted to the Malabari Yehuden community by the Raja of Kochi, Rama Varma[disambiguation needed]. The Mattancherry Palace temple and the Mattancherry synagogue share a common wall.
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Paravur Taluk
Paravur Taluk is a taluk of Ernakulam District of the Indian State of Kerala. North Paravur is the capital of the taluk. Paravur Taluk lies in the north western part of Ernakulam district bordering Thrissur district. The surrounding taluks are Kochi to the west consisting of Vypin Island, Kodungallore to the north, Aluva to the east consisting of Angamaly,Nedumbassery and Aluva, Kanayanur to the south consisting of Cochin City. Paravur is a part of Kochi urban agglomeration area. The western parts of taluk are coastal areas with cultivations like prawn and pokkali rice. The eastern parts are fertile lands. The heavy industries of Kochi is located in Udyogmandal area of the taluk.
The Block Panchayats are Paravur and Alengad.
Paravur constituency consists of
Kalamassery constituency consists of
Paravur, Kalamassery constituencies belong to Ernakulam Parliamentary constituency.
These are the towns other than panchayat headquarters.
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Pathalam
Pathalam (Malayalam: പാതാളം) is a suburban region of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated close to Eloor, an industrial district of Kochi. In the state bureaucratic administration, Pathalam is part of the Paravur Taluk in the District of Ernakulam. Pathalam Junction is a four way junction having access to places like Kalamassery NH47 (2 km away), Eloor(1 km), N.Paravur (14 km away). There is an ESI hospital in Pathalam.
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Pattimattom
Pattimattom is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. it is situated 17km northwest of Muvattupuzha on SH41. Town is Situated in a Junction of Roads Which are Kolenchery-Perumbavoor Road and SH41 Palarivattom-Muvattupuzha Road.
As of 2001[update] India census, Pattimattom had a population of 19711 with 9537 males and 10174 females.
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Peermade
Peermade(പീരുമേട്), also transliterated as Perumade, Peerumed, Peerumade or Peermede, is a hill station in the state of Kerala, India. It is high in the Western Ghats, 915 metres above sea level, and 85 km east of Kottayam on the way to Thekkady.
The landscape of Peermade includes spectacular waterfalls, open grass lands and pine forests. It was once the summer retreat of the Maharajas of Travancore. Tamil people are the most majority in peermade .
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, one of the largest wildlife reserves in India, is 43 km away. It has herds of elephants and other wildlife as well as lakes.
The name is sometimes related to the Sufi saint, Peer Mohammed, or means "hill of the Peer"(പീരുമേട്).
The area is very fertile and the area had until recently lush plantations of coffee, tea, cardamon, and coconut. The area, with a long history of spice growing, now concentrates on producing organic black pepper, white pepper, ginger and turmeric.
At a recent show spice growers from Peermade displayed samples of organically grown spices like cardamom, black pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, mace, cloves, turmeric, ginger, vanilla beans, vanilla powder and herbs like oregano, sage, thyme and rosemary. Oils of thyme and rosemary were also displayed.
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Periyar River
Periyar (meaning: big river) is a river flowing in the state Tamilnadu & Kerala, India, with a length of 244 km in Kerala. It is one of the few perennial rivers in the region and provides drinking water for several major towns. The Idukki Dam on the Periyar generates a significant proportion of Kerala's electrical power.
It originates from the Sivagiri peaks (1800m MSL) of Sundaramala in Tamil Nadu. The total length is about 244 km with a catchment area of 5,398 km2 (5,284 km2. in Kerala, 114 km2. in Tamil Nadu). It flows northwards for 48 km and at Thekkady joins the west-flowing Mullayar, which is a tributary of the periyar. The Mullaperiyar dam is constructed at the confluence of both the rivers Periyar and Mullayar to create the Periyar lake and reservoir and the Periyar National Park.
From Periyar Thekkady lake and reservoir, water is diverted eastwards to Tamil Nadu via a tunnel enabling the water to join the Vaigai River. From Periyar Thekkady Reservoir, the Periyar river flows northwestward for 35 km through Vandiperiyar, Elappara and Aiyyappankoil to join the Idukki reservoir formed by the Idukki, Cheruthoni and Kulamavu dams. From Idukki reservoir, Periyar river flows northwestwards and then westward to join the Arabian sea at Munambam near Kodungallur and the Vembanad lake at Kochi.
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Perumbavoor
Perumbavoor (Malayalam: പെരുമ്പാവൂർ) is a satellite town of Kochi city and a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of Kerala. It lies in the North Eastern tip of the Greater Cochin area and is also the headquarters of Kunnathunad Taluk. It is a Main Satellite Centres of Kochi City. Perumbavoor is famed in the state for wood industries and small-scale industries. Ernakulam lies 33 km southwest of Perumbavoor. The town lies between Angamaly and Muvattupuzha on the Main Central Road (MC), which connects Thiruvananthapuram to Angamaly through the old Travancore part of Kerala. Perumbavoor lies in the banks of rivers Periyar and Muvattupuzha.
It is one of the most strategically located industrially developing towns in Kerala, since its close to Ernakulam, where the city grows further towards east. There are many small-scale industries on the Aluva - Perumbavoor road. Trucks carrying wood and allied products like plywood travel from Perumbavoor to destinations like Coimbatore, Trivandrum and Mangalore. There is also a developing packaging and carton industry. Food processing, especially of rice and condiments, is also one of the prominent local industry.
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Piravom
Piravom (Land of Holy Kings) is a town situated in Muvattupuzha Taluk of Ernakulam district in Kerala state, south India. It is 33 km South East of Cochin city & 40 km north of Kottayam town. Piravom is famous for historic Hindu temples and Syrian Christian churches. The town lies 22 km from the Taluka Head Quarters Muvattupuzha. Koothattukulam is also a nearby town. Piravom is located at the boundary between two districts, Ernakulam and Kottayam.
The famous Pazhoor Padippura located in Piravom is referred in the Aithihyamala by Kottarathil Sankunni. Still people from all over the state and country visit the astrologers in Pazhoor padipura. Piravom Valiya Pally which is one of the most ancient and prominent church in Kerala stands on a lovely hilltop on the eastern bank of the Muvattupuzha river at Piravom.
Piravom has a river-front, verdant hills, and paddy fields. The Muvattupuzha river flows through town. The Hindustan News Print Limited (HNL) is situated in Velloor, near Piravom.
Various public and private institutions in the field of education and healthcare helped people of piravom to maintain high standard of living compared to adjacent towns and villages.
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Ponnani
Ponnani (Malayalam: പൊന്നാനി, formerly Ponani, Paniyani) is a coastal municipality and an important fishing center in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 9.32 km2. It is a tidal port, mainly used by the fishing industry. It is situated at the mouth of Ponnani river, the second longest river of Kerala and is bounded by the Arabian Sea on the west.
Ponnani is often regarded one of the oldest ports in southern India and is sometimes roughly identified with the port Tyndis of the Roman accounts.[citation needed]
Ponnani taluk is the smallest taluk in Malappuram district.
Located in Malappuram District of Kerala state in India, Ponnani is a small town at the mouth of the Bharathapuzha. It is a port used primarily as a fishing harbour. Ponnani is a "town of mosques". Though described as the "place of 231/2 masjids", there are nearly 50 mosques. Ponnani has a population which is a blend of almost equal percentage of Hindus and Muslims and has set an example for tolerant and peaceful religious co-existence its history. Malik Ibnu Dinar, the legendary first Islamic missionary who came to Kerala, is believed to have visited Ponnani.
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Portas do Cerco
Portas do Cerco is an area on the Macau Peninsula (built in 1849) [1], in the former Portuguese colony of Macau, now a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, near the border checkpoint with the rest of the People's Republic of China (PRC) at Gongbei, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. The new Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco (border gate border building) was opened on January 15, 2004.
Transmac
TCM
Coordinates: 22°12′53″N 113°32′56″E / 22.2147°N 113.5488°E / 22.2147; 113.5488
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Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire (Portuguese: Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas Empire (Ultramar Português) or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (Império Colonial Português), was the first global empire in history. In addition, it was the longest-lived of the modern European colonial empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999 or the grant of sovereignty to East Timor in 2002. The empire spread throughout a vast number of territories that are now part of 53 different sovereign states.
Portuguese sailors began exploring the coast of Africa in 1419, using recent developments in navigation, cartography and maritime technology such as the caravel, in order that they might find a sea route to the source of the lucrative spice trade. In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama reached India. In 1500, either by an accidental landfall or by the crown's secret design, Pedro Álvares Cabral discovered Brazil on the South American coast. Over the following decades, Portuguese sailors continued to explore the coasts and islands of East Asia, establishing forts and factories as they went. By 1571, a string of outposts connected Lisbon to Nagasaki along the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and Asia. This commercial network brought great wealth to Portugal.
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Portuguese Guinea
Portuguese Guinea (also Guinea or the Overseas Province of Guinea) was the name for what is today Guinea-Bissau from 1446 to September 10, 1974.
Though the Kingdom of Portugal had claimed the area four years earlier, Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão sailed around the coast of West Africa, reaching the Guinea area in about 1450, searching for the source of gold and other valuable commodities that had slowly been trickling up into Europe via land routes for the preceding half century. Sometime later, slaves were also added to the list. Portuguese Guinea had been part of the Sahel Empire, and the local Landurna and Naula tribes traded in salt and grew rice. Like in many other regions across Africa, powerful indigenous kingdoms along the Bight of Benin relied heavily on a long established slave trade. The Ashanti exploited their military predominance to bring slaves to coastal forts established first by Portugal after 1480, and then soon afterwards by the Dutch, Danish, and English. The slaving network quickly expanded deep into the Sahel, where the Mossi diverted an ancient slaving trade away from the Mediterranean towards the Gold Coast. With the help of local tribes in about 1600, the Portuguese, and numerous other European powers, including France, Britain and Sweden, set up a thriving slave trade along the West African coast. However, the local black African rulers in Guinea, who prospered greatly from the slave trade, had no interest in allowing the white Europeans any further inland than the fortified coastal settlements where the trading took place. The Portuguese presence in Guinea was therefore largely limited to the port of Bissau and Cacheu. For a brief period in the 1790s the British attempt to establish a rival foothold on an offshore island, at Bolama. But by the 19th century the Portuguese were sufficiently secure in Bissau to regard the neighbouring coastline as their own special territory, also in part of present southern Senegal.
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Portuguese India
The Portuguese Viceroyalty of India (Portuguese: Vice-Reino da Índia Portuguesa), later the Portuguese State of India (Portuguese: Estado Português da Índia), was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.
The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Cochin. Until 1752, the "State of India" included all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, governed by either a Viceroy or a Governor from headquarters established in Goa since 1510. In 1752 Mozambique got its own government and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, being then confined to Malabar.
At the time of British India's independence in 1947, Portuguese India included a number of enclaves on India's western coast, including Goa proper, as well as the coastal enclaves of Daman (Port: Damão) and Diu, and the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which lie inland from Daman. The territories of Portuguese India were sometimes referred to collectively as Goa. Portugal lost the last two enclaves in 1954, and finally the remaining three in December 1961, when they were taken back by India after military action (although Portugal only recognized Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime).
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Portuguese Malacca
Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for 130 years (1511–1641), was a Portuguese colony.
According to the Portuguese historian Emanuel Godinho de Erédia in the middle of the 16th century, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the Myrobalans, fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river called Airlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate from Buquet China (present-day Bukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded by Permicuri (i.e. Parameswara) the first King of Malacca in 1411.
The news of Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of Manuel I, King of Portugal and he sent Admiral Diogo Lopes de Sequeira to find Malacca, to make a trade compact with its ruler as Portugal's representative east of India. The first European to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well-received by Sultan Mahmud Shah trouble however quickly ensued. The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa. The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a grave threat. Mahmud subsequently captured several of his men, killed others and attempted to attack the four Portuguese ships, although they escaped. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.
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Portuguese Timor
Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control. During this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Netherlands East Indies, and later with Indonesia.
The first Europeans to arrive in the region were Portuguese in 1515.[citation needed]Dominican friars established a presence on the island in 1556, and the territory was declared a Portuguese colony in 1702. Following a Lisbon-instigated decolonisation process in 1974, Indonesia invaded the territory in 1975 ending Portuguese rule. The invasion was never accepted by other countries so Portuguese Timor existed officially until independence of Timor-Leste in 2002.
Prior to the arrival of European colonial powers, the island of Timor was part of the trading networks that stretched between India and China and incorporating Maritime Southeast Asia. The island's large stands of fragrant sandalwood were its main commodity. The first European powers to arrive in the area were the Portuguese in the early sixteenth century followed by the Dutch in the late sixteenth century. Both came in search of the fabled Spice Islands of Maluku. Portuguese first landed near modern Pante Macassar,[citation needed] and in 1556 a group of Dominican friars established the village of Lifau.
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Pulicat
Pulicat (Pazhaverkadu) is a historic seashore town in Thiruvallur District, of Tamil Nadu state, South India. It is about 60 km north of Chennai and 3 km from Elavur, on the barrier island of Sriharikota, which separates Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal. Pulicat lake is a shallow salt water lagoon which stretches about 60 kilometers (37 mi) km along the coast. With lakeside and seashore development as well as several SEZs including a US $1 billion Medical SEZ, coming up in nearby Elavur, the land prices in the area are in the upswing.
The Portuguese established a trading post in Pulicat in 1502 with the help of the Vijayanagar rulers. They built a fort there and held this fort until 1609 when they were defeated by the Dutch. The Dutch occupied Pulicat fort in 1609. Pulicat was till 1690 the capital of Dutch Coromandel. It repeatedly changed possession, until finally occupied by the British in 1825. It became part of the Madras Presidency, which later became Madras state in independent India and renamed Tamil Nadu in 1968. The Dutch church has been built over several times and is rather dilapidated today, and the Dutch fort has fallen into ruin. The old lighthouse still stands at the opposite bank of the lake. The cemetery dating to 1622 has been taken under the wing of the Archeological Survey of India and so has survived the passage of time. The grand, Dutch inscribed tombs and graves, carved with skeletons rather than the cross, have been quite well preserved. The cemetery lies behind the market and visitors often don't know that it is there. Many thousands of visitors per year come to the area which is renowned for its history and natural beauty.
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Punalur
Punalur (Malayalam: പുനലൂര് Punalūr) is a city situated near the Tamil Nadu-Kerala Border in the Kollam district, in the southern State of Kerala, India. Here the Punalur Paper Mills was the first industry in Kerala, a pioneer in the Kerala industrial revolution. It is also one of the hottest city in South India.
It is situated in the banks of the Kallada River, receiving its name from two Tamil words; punal, meaning "water" and ooru, meaning "place", therefore "place of water". It is about 45 km north-east of Kollam and 75 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. Punalur is the headquarters of Pathanapuram Taluk, the gateway to Western Ghats. It is also known as the " Lap of the western ghats ".
It is the second largest city in Kollam and the 5th largest city in south Kerala, and a famous industrial city in India. Punalur municipality was established in 1972, although its status may change before 2016.it is THE HOTTEST CITY OF SOUTH INDIA.
Punalur is a city which has, since ancient times, had a good relations with Tamil Nadu to the East. Most parts of Pathanapuram taluk were inhabited since before the Indus Valley Civilization, and civilization may have existed in and around Punalur during the 1st Century AD, but most parts of it were thick forests. Punalur was described in inscriptions at Mithranandpuram and Vellayani. Until 1734, Punalur was under the direct rule of the Ilaydathu swaroopam.Later it was occupied by Marthanda Varma and came into the rule of Travancore . Britishers had a good hold in this part due to its rich agricultural background.
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Puthencruz
Puthencruz is a village in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a part of Greater Cochin area. Puthencruz is one of the most developing villages in Ernakulam. Puthencruz plays a pivotal role in the connecting people from different places to Ernakulam, which lies in the outer ring of ERnakulam City. The proposed Smart City project is very close to puthencruz, which would boot the development of puthencruz.
As of 2001[update] India census, Puthencruz had a population of 23878 with 12026 males and 11852 females.
Mar Athanasius Memorial Higher secondary school
MGM Highschool
BTC public School
MGM High School
Government UP School
Haggia Sophia English Medium School
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Puthuvype
Puthuvype is a major Industrial area in Kochi in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a western suburb of Kochi City. It is situated 5 km west of High Court Junction.
As of 2001[update] India census, Puthuvype had a population of 24471 with 12003 males and 12468 females.
Puthuvype is a part of Vypin Island. It borders Vembanad Lake to the east, Arabian Sea to the west and South and Njarakkal to the North. The main throughfares in the area are Vypin-Munambam Road and LNG Terminal Road.
Industries located to Puthuvypeen is mainly related to shipping.
The Kochi LNG Terminal of Petronet LNG Ltd will be the first LNG terminal in southern India and the fourth LNG terminal of country. The Project is a Greenfield LNG Regasification terminal at Puthuvypeen Special Economic Zone (SEZ) on land allotted by the Kochi Port Trust. The terminal shall have a capacity of 2.5 MMTPA.
It is a loading buoy anchored offshore that serves as a mooring point and interconnect for tankers loading or offloading petroleum products. It is operated by Kochi Refineries Ltd (KRL), a subsidiary of BPCL.
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Qalhat
The ancient city of Qalhat, or Galhat, is located just over 20 km north of Sur, in the Ash Sharqiyah Region of northeastern Oman.
Very little remains of the ancient city of Qalhat, save for the now dome-less mausoleum of Bibi Maryam. The city served as an important stop in the wider Indian Ocean trade network, and was also the second city of the Kingdom of Ormus. Covering more than 60 acres (240,000 m2), the ancient city was surrounded by fortified walls that contained houses and shops. Artifacts from as far away as Persia and China were found on-site.
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on July 4, 1988 in the Cultural category.
The Oman LNG LLC S.A.O.C. owned Qalhat LNG Terminal is situated at the Port of Qalhat .
The Ancient City of Galhat - UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 2009-03-03.
Coordinates: 22°42′N 59°22′E / 22.7°N 59.367°E / 22.7; 59.367
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Qatif
Qatif or Al-Qatif (Arabic: القطيف Al-Qaṭīf) is a governorate and urban area located in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It extends from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south, and from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west. This region has its own municipality and includes the Qatif downtown and many other smaller cities and towns.
Qatif is one of the oldest settlements in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, its history going back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. However, in recent years,[when?] after the discovery of oil and establishment of Jubail Industrial City, most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.
The historic oasis area shows its first archeological evidence of settlement beginning about 3500 BC. It was known by other names, such as Al-Khatt (Arabic: الخَطّ), immortalized in the poetry of `Antara ibn Shaddad, Tarafa ibn Al-`Abd, Bashar ibn Burd (in his famous Ba'yya), and others. The word "Khatty" became the preferred "kenning" for "spear" in traditional poetic writing until the dawn of the modern era, supposedly because the region was famous for spear making, just as "muhannad" ("of India") was the preferred kenning for "sword". The older name also survives as the eponym of several well-known local families ("Al-Khatti", spelled variously in English).[citation needed]
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Qeshm
Coordinates: 26°41′43″N 55°37′06″E / 26.69528°N 55.61833°E / 26.69528; 55.61833
Qeshm (Persian: قشم - pronounced kē´shm) is an Iranian island situated in the Strait of Hormuz, and separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf (26°50′N 56°0′E / 26.833°N 56°E / 26.833; 56).
Qeshm Island is located a few kilometers off the southern coast of Iran (Persian Gulf), opposite the port cities of Bandar Abbas and Bandar Khamir. The island, which hosts a 300 square kilometer free zone jurisdiction, is 135 km long, and lies strategically in the Strait of Hormuz, just 60 kilometers from the Omani port of Khasab, and about 180 kilometers from the UAE Port Rashid. The island, at its widest point, located near the center of the island, spans 40 kilometers. Similarly, at it narrowest point, the island spans 9.4 kilometers. The island has a surface area of 1491 square kilometers and is 2.5 times the size of Bahrain. Qeshm city, located at the easternmost point of the island, is 22 kilometers from Bandar Abbas while the closest point of the island is but two kilometers from the mainland.
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Rajagiri
Rajagiri is the provincial headquarters of the Sacred Heart Province, Kochi [1], and part of the catholic Carmelites of Mary Immaculate [2] (CMI) congregation. It is located on a small hill in the outskirts of the rapidly expanding urban center of Kochi, in the southern Indian state of Kerala. It was acquired after Indian independence and developed by the Sacred Heart province.
The literal meaning of Raja Giri in the Malayalam language (the vernacular of the people in Kerala) is the Hill of the King, where the King refers to Christ the King.
Nowadays, Rajagiri is synonymous with Sacred Heart Province of the CMI congregation and its many social and educational institutions. Their educational missions to date is a vast network of 448 institutions: over 200 schools, 14 university affiliated colleges, 1 engineering college, 12 technical institutes, 1 university, 1 medical college, 3 teacher training colleges, 5 special schools, 18 non formal educational institutions and 17 cultural centres which are spread all over India and a few located abroad.
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Ramanthuruth
Ramanthuruth is one of the islands that make up the city of Kochi, Kerala, India. The November 1967 amalgamation order of the Kerala Legislative Assembly declared Ramanthuruth Island as part of Kochi.
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Ranni
Ranni, sometimes spelled Ranny, is one of the 5 Taluks in the Pathanamthitta district of Kerala, in India. According to the Census of India 2001, the population was 207,782. The taluk headquarters is a small township on both sides of the Pamba River. Ranni is also one of the largest taluks in Kerala. The renowned Hindu temple of Sabarimala is in this taluk, situated approximately 66 km from the main town, Ittiappara. Ranni is known for its natural beauty, forests, hills, river and good climate.
Ranni is derived from similar word in malayalam which means "Queen" or "Rani". Ranni is known as "The Queen of the Eastern Hill Lands".
The history of Ranni can be traced 5000 years back to the early settlement activity of Adi Dravidans around Sabarimala and Nilackal. The temple at Sabarimala is thought to be the oldest existing temple in India, dating to around 4000 years. A church at Nilackal is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas in AD 54.
In the 18th century, Knanaya Christians migrated to Ranni and later established the church, St. Thomas Church of Ranni. Large number of Mar Thomites also migrated from surrounding areas. In the early 19th century, Dr. Claudius Buchanan visited Ranni and was presented an old hand written Syriac Bible, from Ranni St. Thomas church.
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Saint Helena
Saint Helena ( /ˌseɪnt həˈliːnə/ SAYNT-hə-LEE-nə), named after Saint Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres (10 by 5 mi) and has a population of 4,255 (2008 census).
The island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502. It is one of the most isolated islands in the world. For centuries, it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa. The British also used the island as a place of exile, most notably for Napoleon I, Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo and more than 5,000 Boer prisoners. Saint Helena is Britain's second oldest remaining colony (now termed overseas territory), after Bermuda.
Most historical accounts state that the island was discovered on 21 May 1502 by the Galician navigator João da Nova sailing at the service of the Portuguese Crown, and that he named it "Santa Helena" after Helena of Constantinople. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha 2,430 kilometres (1,510 mi) to its south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships attached to the squadron of Estêvão da Gama expedition on 30 July 1503 (as reported in the account of clerk Thomé Lopes).
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Salsette Island
Salsette Island is an island in Maharashtra state on India's west coast. The metropolis of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), the city of Thane and Mira-Bhayandar lie on this island, making it a very populous island and one of the most densely populated island in the world. It has about 15.1 million inhabitants living on an area of about 619 km².
Salsette is bounded on the north by Vasai Creek, on the northeast by the Ulhas River, on the east by Thane Creek and Bombay Harbour, and on the south and west by the Arabian Sea. The original seven islands of Bombay, which were merged by land reclamation during the 19th and early 20th centuries to form the city of Mumbai is now practically a southward protruding peninsula of the much larger Salsette Island. The island of Trombay that lay to the southeast of Salsette is today part of Salsette as much of the intervening swamps have been reclaimed. The island contains Borivali National Park, also known as Sanjay Gandhi National Park. The city of Thane lies at the island's north-eastern corner, on Thane Creek. Politically, the Mumbai City district covers the peninsula south of Mahim and Sion while most of the original island constitutes the Mumbai Suburban District. The northern portion of the island lies within Thane District, which extends across Vasai and Thane creeks onto the mainland.
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Shoranur
Shoranur (Malayalam: ഷൊര്ണൂര്) is a town and a municipality in Palakkad district, Kerala, located on the banks of the Bharathapuzha River spread over an area of 32.28 km2. It is a major transport hub, having the largest railway station in the state. Kerala Kalamandalam which is the premier centre for the learning of classical arts like Kathakali and Koodiyattam is located at Cheruthuruthi, a kilometer across the river from Shornur.
'Shornur' is believed to be have originated from Cheruvannur, which is found in the Revenue and Railway records.
Shoranur is located at 10°46′N 76°17′E / 10.77°N 76.28°E / 10.77; 76.28. It has an average elevation of 49 metres (160 feet).
As of 2001[update] India census, Shoranur had a population of 42,022. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. The average literacy rate was 84%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy rate being 85%, and female literacy rate being 82%. 10% of the population is under the age of 6. The population is predominantly Hindu with sizable Muslim and Christian minorities.
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Sohar
Sohar (Arabic: صحار) is the most developed city in Sultanate of Oman outside the capital Muscat. It is about 200 kilometers north of Muscat. Sohar was an ancient capital of Oman and many believe it to be the birthplace of Sinbad the Sailor . Having a rich sailing history, Sohar was traditionally a fishing town, but is more recently known as Oman's industrial hub due to the massive developments in the Sohar Industrial Port.
Sohar is the fifth most populated city in Oman with a population of 140,006 according to the results of the 2010 census.
As the largest town in the region, Sohar has been supposed to be identical with the Omana mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, which settlement seems to have given Oman its name.
Sohar is currently experiencing significant investment and economic shifts making it the focus of attention of many local and international investors and businessmen. This change is due to a series of investment projects and economic giant in Sohar industrial area where Port of Sohar is located. Established in 2002, the port has a strategic importance due to its nearness to the Strait of Hormuz. It is operated by Sohar Industrial Port Company (SIPC)and it is considered a world class port. With current investments exceeding $12 billion, it is one of the world’s largest port development projects.
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Souira Guedima
Souira Guedima, formerly known as Aguz, is a Moroccan town 36 km south of Safi, at the mouth of the Tensift River on the Atlantic seacoast. Guedima may also be spelt Kadima, Kdima, Qadima (best English transliteration), or Qdima. Aguz may also be spelt Agouz, Gouz or Couz.
The town was an important port in the 11th century, serving the city of Aghmat which was inland 3 days journey to the east.
Between 1506 and 1525 the stronghold of Aguz was an enclave under Portuguese colonial rule, as were various other Moroccan towns, such as Safim (Safi) (1488–1541) .
It was governed by the following Portuguese Captains :
Coordinates: 32°02′N 9°20′W / 32.033°N 9.333°W / 32.033; -9.333
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Surat
Surat, previously known as Suryapur, is a commercial city of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also administrative capital of Surat district and one of the fastest growing cities in India. The city proper is the third cleanest city in India. Surat is Gujarat's second largest city and India's 8th most populated city (in terms of Population in Municipal Corporation area of the City) with a population of 4.5 million. Surat ranks fourth in a global study of fastest developing cities conducted by The City Mayors Foundation, an international think tank on urban affairs. It is the fastest growing Indian city in terms of economic prosperity. The city registered an annualised GDP growth rate of 11.5 per cent over the seven fiscal years between 2001 and 2008, according to data compiled by the economic research firm Indicus Analytics. UK-based charity, The Ecological Sequestration Trust (TEST), has selected Surat as one of the three cities in the world, to be developed as "global cities."
The city is located 306 km south of state capital Gandhinagar, and is situated on the left bank of the Tapti River (Tapi), the centre being around 22 km (14 mi) from its mouth. A moat divides the older parts of the city, with its narrow streets and handsome houses, and the newer suburbs. The city is largely recognised for its textile and diamond businesses. It is also known as the diamond capital of the world and the textile capital/Manchester textile city of India, a distinction it took over from Ahmedabad. It is also known as the "Embroidery capital of India" with the highest number of embroidery machines than any other city. 92% of the world's diamonds are cut and polished in Surat. It has one of the highest GDP growth rates in India at 11.5% as of 2008. Surat was the primary port of India during the Mughal period, a distinction it lost to Bombay during the late 17th century as the East India Company grew.
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São Tomé Island
São Tomé Island, at 854 km2 (330 sq mi), is the largest island of São Tomé and Príncipe and is home in 2009 to about 157,000 or 96% of the nation's population. This island and smaller nearby islets make up São Tomé Province, which is divided into six districts. The main island is located 2 km (1¼ miles) north of the equator. It is about 48 km (30 mi) long (North-South) by 32 km (20 mi) wide (east-west). It rises to 2,024 m (6,639 ft) at Pico de São Tomé and includes the capital city, São Tomé, on the northeast coast. The nearest city on mainland Africa is the port city of Port Gentil in Gabon located 240 km (150 mi) to the east.
The main language is Portuguese, but there are many speakers of Forro and Angolar (Ngola), two Portuguese-based creole languages.
The entire island of São Tomé is a massive shield volcano which rises from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, over 3,000 m (10,000 ft) below sea level. It formed along the Cameroon line, a line of volcanoes extending from Cameroon southwest into the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the lava erupted on São Tomé over the last million years has been basalt. The youngest dated rock on the island is about 100,000 years old, but numerous more recent cinder cones are found on the southeast side of the island.
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Taipa
Taipa is the smaller of the two islands in the Chinese special administrative region of Macao (formerly a Portuguese colony).
It is 2.5 kilometres from Macau Peninsula and east of the Lesser Hengqin Island of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. Macau International Airport, University of Macau, Macau Jockey Club and Macau Stadium are situated in Taipa, and three bridges connect the island to Macau Peninsula.
Most Chinese settlement of Taipa occurred during the Southern Song Dynasty, while the Portuguese occupied the island in 1851. Prior to land reclamation, Taipa consisted of two islands: Greater Taipa and Lesser Taipa.
The 159.1-metre Big Taipa Hill (大氹山) is to the east, and Small Taipa Hill (小氹山) to the west. Central Taipa is a plain as a result of siltation and land reclamation. Initially Taipa was connected to Coloane Island only by the Estrada do Istmo (路氹連貫公路); but the area called Cotai, built on reclaimed land from 2004 and which is home to mega-resorts, casinos, and convention and exhibition centers, has now essentially connected the two islands into one piece of land. Taipa is connected to peninsular Macau by Governador Nobre de Carvalho Bridge, Friendship Bridge and the Sai Van Bridge.
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Taliparamba
Taliparamba (also known as Perimchellur) is a city and a municipality in Kannur district in the Indian state of Kerala and spread over an area of 43.05 km2. It stretches from the coastal area of Ramanthali to Nuchiyad and Vayathur villages, touching the Karnataka border.
Taliparamba is a big town of 67,000 people crowded into a small area of 43 square kilometers. But the undulating hills that surround this little town make it exceptionally beautiful. The surrounding villages of Pattuvam, Kuttikkol, Velipara and Karimbam are filled with lush green fields and little rolling hills. The rivers of Kuppam and Valapattanam surround the towns from all sides and the Arabian sea is only 14 kilometres to the western side. The hanging bridge at Kuttiyeri and the beautiful riverside temple at Parassinikkadavu attaract a large number of toruists. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur and the Pepper Research Station under Kerala Agricultural University at Panniyur, Kannur University, Pariyaram Medical College and Sir Syed College Velipara are a few famous institutions in and around Taliparamba. The origin of Taliparamba is from the Perinchalloor brahminical settlement. Of the original 2,000 Brahmin families, only 45 remain now. The old name of Taliparamba was 'Lakshmipura' as this place was considered as an abode of prosperity. The 'Sree Raja Rajeswara Temple' and the 'Trichambaram temple' are renowned places of worship. Today Muslims and Christians also form a sizeable portion of the population.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Tangier
Tangier, also Tangiers (Berber: Tanja, ⵜⴰⵏⵊⴰ, archaic Berber name: Tingi, Arabic: طنجة Ṭanjah, Spanish: Tánger, French: Tanger), is a city in northern Morocco with a population of about 700,000 (2012 estimates). It lies on the North African coast at the western entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic Ocean off Cape Spartel. It is the capital of the Tangier-Tetouan Region and of the Tangier-Asilah prefecture of Morocco.
The history of Tangier is very rich due to the historical presence of many civilizations and cultures starting from the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a Berber settlement and then a Phoenician town to the independence era around the 1950s, Tangier was a refuge for many cultures. In 1923, Tangier was considered as an international status by foreign colonial powers, and became a destination for many European and American diplomats, spies, writers and businessmen.
The city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernization. Projects include new 5-star hotels along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal and a new football stadium. Tangier's economy is also set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port.
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Thalassery
Thalassery (Malayalam: തലശ്ശേരി), also known as Tellicherry, is a city on the Malabar Coast of Kerala, India. This is the second largest city of North Malabar in terms of population. The name Tellicherry is the anglicized form of Thalassery. Thalassery municipality has a population just less than 100,000. Established in 1866, it is the second oldest municipality in the state. Possessing an area of 23.98 km2, Thalassery is a town strategically located on the western coast of Kannur district on the Malabar Coast of Kerala. It is 22 km from the district headquarters at Kannur. The town is situated between 11°44’N latitude and 75°26’E longitude, at an altitude ranging between 2.5m above the mean sea-level in the low-lying areas, to 30m above the mean sea-level in the higher regions.
Thalassery is in Kannur district. The palm-fringed terrain of Thalassery has a scenic coastline and features four rivers, canals and hills with orange-hued rock. One of the four rivers is the Mahé River (Mayyazhi river). During the British Raj, the Mahé River was nicknamed the English Channel, because it separated British-ruled Thalassery from French-ruled Mahé. Muzhappilangad, a 5 km long Drive in beach, in fact it's the only Drive in beach in Asia, is located within 6 km of the city centre.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram,[needs IPA]known in English as Trivandrum /trɨˈvændrəm/, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. Referred to by Mahatma Gandhi as the "Evergreen city of India", the city is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills and busy commercial alleys. With more than 750,000 inhabitants in the city proper, and a population around 1.68 million when including the wider urban agglomeration, Thiruvananthapuram is the largest and most populous city in Kerala. It is an IT hub of the state with over 80% of the state's software exports.
The city houses several central and state government offices and organizations. Apart from being the political nerve centre of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several educational institutions including the University of Kerala, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Technopark, the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala,Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER), the Centre for Development Studies, the International Centre for Free and Open Source Software (ICFOSS), the Regional Research Laboratory, the Centre for Earth Science Studies, Rajeev Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology and the Sree Chithira Thirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. It is also considered as one of the 10 greenest cities in India. Thiruvananthapuram was ranked as the best city in Kerala to live in by a recent Times of India survey
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Thodupuzha
Thodupuzha (Malayalam: തൊടുപുഴ) is a town and a municipality in Idukki district in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 35.43 km2. It is 62 km from Ernakulam. Geographical Classification of Thodupuzha Region is Midland or Idanad.
Thodupuzha is also the name of the river that flows through the town. It is the largest town in the district and is the commercial centre. The town is being modernised with the help of a programme sponsored by the World Bank which is financing the programme through the Government of Kerala. It was once part of the territory of the princely state, Travancore. It lies in central Kerala, southeast of Muvattupuzha. The Thodupuzha municipality area is characterised by hilly terrain with a lot of green vegetation.
The Main Eastern Highway (Muvattupuzha - Pathanamthitta - Punalur Road / SH - 08) passes through Thodupuzha and connects it to two of its neighboring towns, Muvattupuzha and Pala.
Hindus, Syrian Christians and Muslims co-exist in harmony adding to the diversity in faith and religion. The place has a large population of Syrian Catholics. The Muslim minority are mostly rawthers who were the warriors of Madurai Raja and migrated from Madurai and Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu. As well as that, there are some converts from lower castes to Islam but these are only a few.
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Thoothukudi
Thoothukudi, also known as Tuticorin, is a port city and a Municipal Corporation in Thoothukudi district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thoothukudi is the headquarters of Thoothukudi District.
Thoothukudi is also known as "Pearl City". It is a commercial seaport which serves the inland cities of Southern India and is one of the sea gateways of Tamil Nadu. It is also one of the major seaports in India with a history dating back to the 6th century AD. It is located about 190 kilometres (118 mi) northeast of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 590 kilometres (367 mi) south of Chennai.
Thoothukudi is part of the Pearl Fishery Coast, and is known for its pearl fishing and shipbuilding industries. Freedom fighter Vanchinathan killed the then Tirunelveli District Collector Ash during the freedom struggle in Maniyachi. To honour him, Maniyachi Railway station is called Vanchi Maniyachi Junction.
The major harbour of Thoothukudi is well known as a pearl diving and fishing centre. It is one of the oldest seaports in the world and was the seaport of the Pandyan kingdom after Korkai, near Palayakayal. It was later taken over by the Portuguese in 1548, captured by the Dutch in 1658, and ceded to the British in 1825. The lighthouse built in 1842 marked the beginning of the history of harbour development in the city. Thoothukudi was established as a Municipality in 1866 with Roche Victoria as its first chairman. It attained the status of Corporation on August 5, 2008 after 142 years of being a municipality.
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Thoppumpady
Thoppumpady is a place in the city of Cochin in Ernakulam district in the state of Kerala, India.
It is located at 9°56′7″N 76°15′33″E / 9.93528°N 76.25917°E / 9.93528; 76.25917.
It is about 6 km away from the South Railway Station. It has bus services to any location in the city. It is connected to the Willington Island via the Mattancherry Bridge built by the British in the pre independence period. This bridge is a classic work of the British's engineering division. The centre of the bridge can be raised to let bigger boats pass under it. The new Mattancherry bridge built approximately one kilometer near it now carries majority of the traffic from Thopumpady to the Willington Island.
Thoppumpady is 3 km from Mattancherry and 5 km from Fort Kochi. National Highway 47 passes through Thoppumpady.
The old railway station, Harbour Terminus, is just down the Mattancherry Bridge. Only cargo trains come to this station. The Willington Island is connected via the Venduruthy Bridge to Thevara. Willington Islands is a government owned property. The major places on the island are: Headquarters of the Southern Naval Command, Naval Airport, Cochin Port Trust, CIFT - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Hotel Taj Malabar, Hotel Casino, Hotel Trident etc.
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Thrikkakkara
Thrikkakkara (Malayalam: തൃക്കാക്കര) is a suburb of the city of Kochi, as well as a municipality in Ernakulam District in the Indian state of state of Kerala. It is especially notable for its significance in the festival of Onam, and in the tale associated with it. Thrikkakkara is home for the esteemed centre of learning, the Cochin University of Science and Technology. Also the state owned Model Engineering College is situated here.
The name Thrikkakkara is an evolved pronunciation of the word Thrikkal Kara (Malayalam: തൃക്കാല് കര), meaning the place of the holy foot. This connects to the tale behind the festival of Onam, by which, this is the place on which Lord Vamana set his foot to push down Mahabali to the 'lower world' Pathalam. Interestingly, there is a place named Pathalam about 20km from this place in the same district.
Following from the legend of Onam, Thrikkakkara is home for the associated shrine, the Thrikkakara Temple, where the deity enshrined is Vamana. The Onam festival is celebrated here in a colourful manner. Devotees contribute money for public feasts. A large number of mobile shops make it a trade fair. A notable fireworks show is held towards the end of the celebration. thrukkakkara in travancore state .61 naduvazhis jointly organise the onam festival under the leadership of the Maharaja of travancore.Ananthapadmanabhan the title holder is Chempil Arayan Ananthapadmanabhan Valiya Arayan participated the festival with the Maharaja of Travancore.
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Thrippunithura
Thrippunithura or Tripunithura (Malayalam: തൃപ്പൂണിത്തുറ) is a region in the city of Kochi in the state of Kerala, India and an integral part of the Kochi metropolitan area. In local administration it is a municipality. In the state administrative structure, Thrippunithura is part of the Ernakulam District in the state of Kerala.
Thrippunithura was the capital of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin. The descendants of the Cochin royal family still live here. The Hill Palace situated near Thripunithura was the palace of Maharaja of Cochin, the ruler of Kingdom of Cochin.
There are many stories that describe the origin of the word Thripunithura. Some latter day Sanskrit enthusiasts ascribe the origin of the name to "Poorna Veda Puri" - the town of Vedas in its entirety. Another possible origin to name comes from the meaning "the land on the shores of Poorna river".
Other stories play on the pun of "Pooni" or "Pooneeram" which means quiver. One of them relates that Arjuna - one of Pandavas - who once visited Lord Vishnu was given an idol and Arjuna carried it in his "pooni" (quiver). While searching for a place to install it, he met Lord Ganapati and sought help. Ganapati found this place and the idol was installed. Another story of the same variety is as follows. At the end of Dwaparayuga, the period of Lord Krishna, the Lord himself presented an idol to Arjuna, one of the Pandavas, and asked him to install it in a proper place. He kept the idol in a bag used to keep arrows, which was called Pooneeram in local language. When he reached the place, he shouted Pooneeram Thura means 'open the bag' in local language. Thus the name Poonithura has come, according to this story.
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Thrissur
Thrissur pronunciation (help·info) (Malayalam: തൃശൂര്), originally Thrisivaperoor and previously known by its anglicized form as Trichur, is the fifth largest city, the third largest urban agglomeration in Kerala (Pop. 1,854,783) and the 20th largest in India. It is also the headquarters of the Thrissur District. Thrissur city is built around a 65-acre (26 ha) hillock called the Thekkinkadu Maidan which seats the Vadakkumnathan temple. Thrissur was once the capital of the Kingdom of Cochin. It is located 300 kilometres (186 mi) towards north-west of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.
Thrissur is also known as the Cultural Capital of Kerala because of its cultural, spiritual and religious leanings throughout history. It houses the Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy, Kerala Lalita Kala Akademi and Kerala Sahitya Academy. The city hosts the Thrissur Pooram festival, the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala. The festival is held at the Thekkinkadu Maidan in April or May. Thrissur has a large number of well-known temples including the Thiruvambadi Sri Krishna Temple, Vadakkumnathan temple and Paramekkavu temple, as well as two famous churches, the Our Lady of Lourdes Metropolitan Cathedral and the Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours.
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Thrissur district
Thrissur ( Trichur / Trishur) (Malayalam: തൃശ്ശൂര്) is a revenue district of Kerala situated in the central part of that state. Spanning an area of about 3,032 km2, Thrissur district is home to over 10% of Kerala’s population. Thrissur district was formed on July 1, 1949, with the headquarters at Thrissur City. Thrissur is known as the cultural capital of Kerala, and the land of Poorams. The district is famous for its ancient temples, churches, and mosques. Thrissur Pooram is the most colourful and spectacular temple festival in Kerala.
The name Thrissur is derived from 'Thiru-Shiva-Perur' (Malayalam / Tamil), which translates to "The city with the name of the Lord Siva". Thrissur was also known as "Vrishabhadripuram" and "Then Kailasam" (Kailasam of the south) in ancient days.[citation needed] Another interpretation is 'Tri-shiva-peroor' or the big land with three Shiva temples, which refers to the three places where Lord Shiva resides - namely Vadakkunnathan temple, Asokeswaram Siva temple and Irattachira Siva temple.
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Thuravoor Thekku
Thuravoor Thekku is a village in Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala.
Thuravoor panchayat falls under the Aroor Assembly constituency.
As of 2001[update] India census, Thuravoor Thekku had a population of 27838 with 13417 males and 14421 females.
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Thuruthipuram
Thuruthipuram, also known as Chathedam Thuruthipuram, is on the border between Ernakulam district and Thrissur in Paravur Taluk, Kerala, India. The place is on the riverside in bay.
Many of the inhabitants are fishermen, so its easy to get fresh fish. During raining times flooding of the lower areas is a major problem.
The place is inhabited by people of different religions, mainly Hindus and Christians. The Church name is St. Francis Assisi Church which is Latin Catholic Church and forms part of the Kottapuram Diocese. The place contains schools, a college and hospital which are controlled by the church. There is a post office (Pin Code: 680667).
One main speciality is travelling facility maintained between the mentioned districts. It is possible to take diversion to Paravur through a ferry called 'Thuruthipram-Gothuruthu'. From Thuruthipuram it is possible to go to Kodungallur through 'Thruruthipram-Kottapuram' ferry. Now instead of this ferry, a bridge is constructed to link this village. From Thuruthipuram it is possible to go Puthenvelikkara, Mala, Chalakkudy etc. through the bus route connection. The journey time to these places is very less.
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Tidore
Tidore is a city, island, and archipelago in the Maluku Islands of eastern Indonesia, west of the larger island of Halmahera. In the pre-colonial era, the kingdom of Tidore was a major regional political and economic power, and a fierce rival of nearby Ternate, just to the north.
Tidor Island consists of a large stratovolcano which rises from the seafloor to an elevation of 1,730 m (5,676 ft) above sea level at the conical Kiematabu Peak on the south end of the island. The northern side of the island contains a caldera, Sabale, with two smaller volcanic cones within it.
Soasio is Tidore's capital. It has its own port, Goto, and it lies on the eastern edge of the island. It has a mini bus terminal and a market. The sultan's palace was rebuilt with completion in 2010.
Tidore was a spice-funded sultanate that was founded in 1109, and spent much of its history in the shadow of Ternate, another sultanate.
The sultans of Tidore ruled most of southern Halmahera, and, at times, controlled Buru, Ambon and many of the islands off the coast of New Guinea. Tidore established an alliance with the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Spain had several forts on the island. There was mutual distrust between the Tidorese and the Spaniards but for the Tidorese the Spanish presence was helpful in resisting the incursions of the Ternateans and their ally, the Dutch, who had a fort on Ternate. For the Spanish, backing the Tidore state helped check the expansion of Dutch power that threatened their nearby Asia-Pacific interests, provided a useful base right next to the centre of Dutch power in the region and was a source of spices for trade.
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Tirur
Tirur is a town and a municipality in Malappuram district in the Indian state of Kerala spread over an area of 16.55 km2 . It is birth place of Thunchathu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam literature. Thunchan Parambu is highly venerated and its sand is believed to be sacred. The sand is used in Vidyarambham, especially on Vijaya Dasami day. Tirur is one of the most important business centres of Malappuram district and is situated 41 km south of Kozhikode or Calicut, on the Mangalore-Madras railway line. It is a major trading centre of fish and betel leaf.
Tirur is located at 10°55′05″N 75°55′30″E / 10.918027°N 75.925022°E / 10.918027; 75.925022. It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 feet).
The Tirur-Koottayi road ends at Padinjarekara, better known as Padinjarekara Azhimugham, where the Bharathapuzha and Tirur river s converge to drain into the sea. This place is noted for migratory birds, gathering in their thousands during February - April. This beautiful beach is very near Tirur and is also famous for its astonishing scenic beauty. This beach has long been a favourite destination for both domestic and international travellers as well as nature lovers. Most of the travelers to Malappuram district and pilgrims who are heading to the Kadambuzha Baghavathi Temple and Other temples are boarded here.
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Travancore
Kingdom of Travancore ( /ˈtrævəŋkɔər/; Malayalam: തിരുവിതാംകൂര്, tiruvitāṁkūr ?[t̪iɾuʋit̪aːɱkuːr]) was a former Hindu feudal kingdom (till 1858) and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore at its zenith comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of Tamil Nadu. The state's flag was red with a silver, dextrally-coiled, sacred conch shell (Turbinella pyrum). Its ruler was accorded a 19-gun salute by the British Empire. Travancore, although a Princely State, was known for its relatively high literacy rate and its progressive government.
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Udumbanchola
Udumbanchola is a taluk in Idukki district of Kerala state in India. This is in the high-ranges. Nedumkandam is the major town and capital of Udumbanchola taluk. This taluk borders Tamil Nadu state.This is the biggest taluk in Kerala state[citation needed] and is the location of Mathikettan Shola National Park.
Udumbanchola assembly constituency is part of Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency). K.Chappathu, Upputhara, Anakkara and Mattumkatta are the townships in Udumbumchola Taluk.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vaduthala
Vaduthala is a suburb of the city of Kochi, India. Before merger with the corporation of Kochi, Vaduthala was a municipality under the Government of Kerala. A zonal office of the Corporation of Cochin operates here. Several educational institutions like Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Don Bosco School, Archbishop Attipety School operate here. The nearest hospital is the Lourdes Hospital.
Vaduthala is blessed with a line of backwaters, kissing its side, all along its length. This beautiful stretch is one of the most peaceful places in Cochin city and also a source of livelihood for a number of fishermen living here. Sadly, there are plans to fill up a huge area of these backwaters for the construction of new roads and also for revenue generation for the Corporation of Cochin. vaduthala is a place were all the facilities are avilabel..especially hospital,lot of schools, temples,mosques and church etc are there
Vaduthala is famous, for the Don Bosco FootBall Tournament, which has a history that reads the great fixtures between the local clubs.Tournament occurs once every year.
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Vaikom
Vaikom (Malayalam: വൈക്കം) is a taluk and also its capital town, situated in the North-West of Kottayam district in Kerala, India. Its western border is the Lake Vembanad, and is crossed by various estuaries of the River Muvattupuzha. Vaikom is the oldest township in Kottayam district, and among the oldest in South India.
The Vaikom Shiva Temple, known as Thekkan Kashi [Southern Kashi], is the heart of the town, and is remarkable for the Vaikom Ashtami celebrations during November. It is notable as the venue of the Vaikom Agitation for achieving for the lower castes the right to walk on the roads surrounding the temple.
The traditional economy has been based on coconut and rice crops, and fishing; more recently, crops like nutmeg, black pepper, and latex have also been introduced. Tourism and software are also pursued as means to livelihood. Hindustan Newsprint Limited is situated in Velloor near Vaikom.
Vaikom is administered by a Municipality and is the seat of a Munsiff's court (among the oldest to be established in the Kingdom of Travancore). Vaikom assembly constituency is reserved for Dalits and is part of Kottayam parliamentary constituency.
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Vallarpadam
Vallarpadam (Malayalam: വല്ലാര്പാടം) is one among the group of islands, that form part of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated in the Vembanad_Lake known here as Lake of Kochi and has a population of over 10,000. Vallarpadam is one of the two islands (the other being Willingdon Island) around which the Port of Kochi is situated, of which the International Container Transshipment Terminal of the port is situated entirely on Vallarpadam.
Vallarpadam is connected by the Goshree bridges with the city of Ernakulam(high court junction) and Vypin island. Buses, both private and state government owned and auto rickshaws ply between the island and Kochi city. The NH 47 C connects Vallarpadam to the National Highway 47 at Kalamassery jn. The distance is 17.2 Kms and this 4 lane NH is providing easy flow of traffic. On the way to Kalamassery, this road crosses the NH 17 at Cheranalloor. So Vallarpadam is now easily accessibleboth from NH 17 and NH 47.
Since 2009, Vallarpadam is connected with Edapally Railway Station with a 4620m long rail bridge.. The rail connectivity is entirely for transporting containers from the International Container Transshipment Terminal.
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Varappuzha
Varappuzha (Malayalam: വരാപ്പുഴ, anglicised Verapoly) is a Northern Suburb of Cochin city. It is a census town in Paravur taluk, Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. The nearest town is North Paravur 8 km away. The village is situated in the NH 17 connecting Edapally with North Paravur. There are frequent bus services plying between Ernakulam, Kaloor, Kadamakkudy islands, Eloor ferry, Cheranallur with North Paravur. The Varappuzha Bridge connects Varappuzha with the neighboring Cheranallur.
As of 2001[update] India census, Varappuzha had a population of 24,516. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Varappuzha has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 83%. In Varappuzha, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Varapuzha was in news recently, when the theme song of the Indi commandos was pictured here at the backwaters of this Village, by famous director Piryadarshan.
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Varkala
Varkala (Malayalam : വര്ക്കല ) is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 50 kilometres (approx. 32 miles) north-west of Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) and 37 km south-west of Kollam city.
Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are a unique geological feature on the otherwise flat Kerala coast, and is known among geologists as Varkala Formation and a geological monument as declared by the Geological Survey of India. There are numerous water spouts and spas on the sides of these cliffs.
Varkala is also famous for the 2,000-year old Janardana Swami Temple which is an important Vaishnavaite shrine in India and is often referred to as Dakshin Kashi (Benares of the South). The temple is located close to the Papanasam beach, which is considered to have holy waters which wash away sins, and is also an important Ayurveda treatment centre. The temple has an ancient bell removed from a shipwreck, donated by the captain of the Dutch vessel which sank near Varkala without causing any casualties.
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Vazhakulam
Vazhakulam lies east of the town Muvattupuzha in Ernakulam district on the Muvattupuzha - Thodupuzha road in Kerala, India. This town is famous as Pineapple City since most are growing pineapple as well as it is the biggest Asian pineapple market. Kerala Agricultural University established a Pineapple Research Station at Vazhakulam in 1995 to give research support to pineapple farmers. Vazhakulam is part of Muvattupuzha Taluk
The place has a large population of Syrian Catholic's. K. M. George, the founder of the Kerala Congress, was from Vazhakulam.
Many Hindu families have also made this place their home. Among the famous Hindu temples in this area are the Lord Subramanya temple, Vallikkada Bhagavathi temple and Pudussery Kalari Bhagavathi temple located at Avoli.
This place always get confused with South Vazhakulam, a small town in between Aluva & Perumbavoor, representing Vazhakulam Block & Vazhakulam Panchayat.
Volley Ball Vazhakulam has a great Volley Ball culture. This town contributed many good players to the Indian volley ball. All the volley ball interests in this town is related to St.George's Volley Ball Club, Vazhakulam.
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Vennala
Vennala is one of the early panchayats of Kerala, India that was amalgamated with other panchayats during the formation of Kochi corporation. Located, 9 km from Kochi City, and 4 km From Vyttila, Edappally and Thripunithura, it spans the area from Alinchuvadu to Arkakkadavu and from Kottenkavu to Padivattom.
The famous Vennala Mahadeva temple and Kottangavu Bhagavathi ,Mangala temple are located here. Vennala Sneham Mathrubhumi study circle,Century club,Vennala Abhayamatha Church,Vennala St. Mathews Church and Vennala Govt. HSS,Absolute academy are in this circle. The mosque called "Vadakaneith Pally" is also located here.
Vennala hosted the India's first professional Club "F C COCHIN"[citation needed].
Ernakulam Medical Centre is a multi-speciality hospital located in this suburb. World-renowned Center for Marriage Counseling and Teenage Guidance "Consilium Institute of Professional Psychology" ( headed by Dr George J. Kaliaden) is located at Palachuvad, next to Vennala. ( www.e-psychologist.net Googlesearch Dr George Kaliaden)
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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Vypin
Vypin or Vypeen (Malayalam: വൈപ്പിന്) is one among a group of islands, that form part of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. The island is about 27 km long. Vypin is connected to mainland Kochi by a series of bridges known as the Goshree Bridges, which take off from Kalamukku in Vypin, touches other two island and lands in Marine Drive, Kochi.
The western coast of Vypin has the longest beach in Kochi namely, the Cherai Beach, Kuzhuppilly Beach and the Puthuvype Beach. The northern tip of Vypin (Munambam) has the largest fishing harbour in Kochi namely, the Munambam Fishing Harbour. Recently Puthuvype is became the major industrial hub in Kerala and the fastest growing city suburb i.e, the SPM project of the Kochi Refineries, the Puthuvyp LNG Terminal, IOC Bottling Plant and the proposed Oseanarium.
India’s first international container trans-shipment terminal (ICTT) in the Special Economic Zone at Vallarpadam Island, designed to handle the largest container ships,is opened by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on February 11, 2011.
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Vythiri taluk
Vythiri Taluk is a Taluk (tehsil) in Wayanad district in the Indian state of Kerala. It comprises 18 villages.Towns in taluk include Lakkidi,Kaniyambetta,Chundale
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Vyttila
Vyttila (Malayalam: വൈറ്റില) is an intersection as well as the name of a region in the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. It is the largest as well as the busiest intersection in Kerala. This node intersects the main north-south artery of the state of Kerala, namely, the National Highway 47, with three city roads of Kochi viz, the S. A. Road (east-west), the Vyttila-Petta Road, and the Thammanam Road.
Vyttila hosts the Kochi Mobility Hub, which converges different ways of surface transport (namely, local as well as long distance buses, rail, Metro Rail and inland water transport) to the city onto a single node.
Vyttila is also the name of the region in the city of Kochi, of which the Vyttila Intersection is a part. Until 1967, Vyttila was a panchayat. The November 1967 order of the Kerala Legislative Assembly amalgamated Vyttila to the newly formed Kochi Corporation.
Vyttila is home for the Vyttila Mobility Hub, which converges different modes of surface transport (namely, local as well as long distance buses, rail, Metro Rail and inland water transport) to the city of Kochi onto a single node. Phase-1 of the project consists of a Bus Terminal with 13 bus bays, each of which can park 5 buses. Thus, when Phase-1 is completed, the terminal can handle as many as 65 buses at a time. Part of the proposed Phase-1 was commissioned on Feb 26, 2011. well before completion of the phase, owing to a political decesion to inaugrate the terminal before declaration of the State Election which is anticipated on March 1, 2011. What was so far was commissioned consists of 4 of the proposed 13 bus bays. 3 more bus bays are presently under construction. The mobility hub is located north-east of the Vyttila Intersection, in the area between Kaniyampuzha Road and Poonithura Village Office. Vyttila is the node of the city that connects it to the neighbouring districts viz, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kottayam and Idukki.
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Wayanad district
Wayanad District (Malayalam: വയനാട്) in the north-east of Kerala, India, was formed on November 1, 1980 as the 12th district by carving out areas from Kozhikode and Kannur districts. Kalpetta is the district headquarters as well as the only municipal town in the district. The region was known as Mayakshetra (Maya's land) in the earliest records. Mayakshetra evolved into Mayanad and finally to Wayanad. The Folk etymology of the word says it is a combination of Vayal (paddy field) and Naad (land), making it 'The Land of Paddy Fields'. There are many indigenous tribals in this area. It is set high on the majestic Western Ghats with altitudes ranging from 700 to 2100 m.
It is the least populous district in Kerala (out of 14).
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Willingdon Island
Willingdon Island is an island, which forms part of the city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Much of the present Willingdon Island was claimed from the Lake of Kochi, filling dredged soil around a previously existed, but tiny natural island. The Willingdon Island is significant as the home for the Port of Kochi, as well as the Kochi Naval Base (the Southern Naval Command) of the Indian Navy and Central Institute of Fisheries Technology a constituent unit of Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
The island is also home for other establishment associated with the port namely, the Office of the Cochin Port Trust (that controls the Port of Kochi), the Customs Office, more than two dozen export-import offices, warehouses, a few hotels and business centers.
The Island was created during construction of modern Kochi Port in 1936 with the soil dredged out while deepening the Vembanad Lake to accommodate the new Kochi Port. It was named after Lord Willingdon, the erstwhile governor of Madras who ordered to commissioning the project. Robert Bristow, the chief protagonist and engineer for the project owned the first building on the island. Today the entire land belongs to Cochin Port Trust and Indian Navy.
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Zanzibar
Zanzibar ( /ˈzænzɨbɑr/; from Arabic: زنجبار Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار Zangibār "Coast of Blacks"; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Arab and Portuguese traders visited the region in early times, and it was controlled by Omanis in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain established a protectorate (1890) that became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
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Ziguinchor
Ziguinchor (also called Zinguinchor) is the capital of the Ziguinchor Region, and the chief town of the Casamance area of Senegal, lying at the mouth of the Casamance River. It has a population of over 230,000 (2007 estimate). It is the second city of Senegal, but largely separated from the north of the country by The Gambia.
The first European settlement in the area was founded by the Portuguese in 1645. According to tradition, Ziguinchor's name and meaning comes from the time when Portuguese traders and explorers came to the region to form a trading post, and derives from Portuguese Cheguei e choram, "I came and they cry". The local people, seeing the Europeans, began crying, thinking they were to be enslaved. Ziguinchor was in fact a Slave port during much of the Portuguese occupation.
The spot was not chosen at random. While a Jola village predated the town, it was situated to trade with the Jola kingdom of Kasso, which dates back to the Mali Empire, when Mandinke people moved into the area from the south and east.
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E Sreedharan
Elattuvalapil Sreedharan (Malayalam: എലാട്ടുവളപ്പില് ശ്രീധരന്; born 12 June 1932) was the managing director of Delhi Metro.
E. Sreedharan was born on 12 July 1932 in the Palakkad district of Kerala. His family hails from Karukaputhur, near Koottanad, Palakkad district, Kerala. He completed his studies at the Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School and then went to the Victoria College in Palghat. He later on completed his Civil Engineering from the Government Engineering College, Kakinada (known as JNTU). He, along with his wife Radha, have four children.
For a short tenure, he worked as a lecturer in Civil engineering at the Government Polytechnic, Kozhikode and a year at the Bombay Port Trust as an apprentice.
Later he joined the Indian Railways in its Service of Engineers. His first assignment was in the Southern Railway as a Probationary Assistant Engineer in December 1954.
In 1963, a cyclone washed away parts of Pamban Bridge that connected Rameshwaram to mainland Tamil Nadu. The Railways set a target of six months for the bridge to be repaired while Sreedharan's boss, under whose jurisdiction the bridge came, reduced it to three months. Sreedharan was put in-charge of the execution and he restored the bridge in just 46 days. The Railway minister's Award was given to him in recognition of this achievement..
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Hyder Ali
Hyder Ali (Urdu: سلطان حيدر علی خان , Kannada: ಹೈದರಾಲಿ, Haidarālī; Hindi: हैदर अली, Haidar Alī; c. 1720 – 7 December 1782, 2 Muharram 1197 in the Islamic calendar) was the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India. Born Hyder Naik, he distinguished himself militarily, eventually drawing the attention of Mysore's rulers. Rising to the post of dalwai, or commander-in-chief to Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, he came to dominate the titular monarch and the Mysore government, and eventually seized control of all of the reins of power. He expanded the kingdom's borders at the expense of the Maratha Empire and Nizam of Hyderabad (among others), and was one of the few local rulers to effectively blunt the military advances of the British East India Company during two wars. In the First and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars he came within striking distance of the British outpost at Madras. He was given a number of honorific titles, and was referred to as Sultan Hyder Ali Khan or Hyder Ali Sahib.
Hyder's rule of Mysore was characterised by frequent warfare with his neighbours and rebellion within his territories. This was not unusual for the time, as much of the Indian subcontinent was then in turmoil, with the Hindu Maratha Confederacy struggling with the remnants of the Muslim Mughal Empire. He was a shrewd leader, and left his son Tipu Sultan a kingdom that was significantly larger than when he first took it over. He organised his military in part along European lines, and was a pioneer in the military use of Rocket artillery. He had at least two wives, and fathered at least three children.
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Jews
The Jews (Hebrew: יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3 Yhudim Israeli pronunciation [jehuˈdim]), also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and an ethnoreligious group, originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation.Converts to Judaism, whose status as Jews within the Jewish ethnos is equal to those born into it, have been absorbed into the Jewish people throughout the millennia.
In Jewish tradition, Jewish ancestry is traced to the Biblical patriarchs Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the second millennium BCE. The modern State of Israel defines itself as a Jewish state in its Basic Laws, and Israel's Law of Return states: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an oleh." Israel is the only country where Jews are a majority of the population. Jews achieved political autonomy twice before in ancient history. The first of these periods lasted from 1350 to 586 BCE, and encompassed the periods of the Judges, the United Monarchy, and the Divided Monarchy of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah, ending with the destruction of the First Temple. The second was the period of the Hasmonean Kingdom spanning from 140 to 37 BCE. Since the destruction of the First Temple, most Jews have lived in diaspora. A minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.
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Konkani people
Konkani people (Devanagari:कोंकणी लोक,Koṅkaṇī lok,कोंकणे Koṅkaṇe,or sometimes कोंकणस्थ Koṅkaṇstha), form a group of people mainly found in the Konkan Coast of western India whose mother-tongue is the Konkani language.
The word Konkan and in turn Konkani is derived from Kuṅkaṇ or Kuṅkaṇu.Different authorities explain etymology of this word differently.Kokani language is Dilect of Marathi Some include:
Thus the name Konkane, comes from the word Konkaṇ,which means the people of Konkan.
The Konkani people speak different dialects of Konkani, their native tongue; although a very high percentage are bilingual. This is because the Konkanis are spread out across the western coast of India,and dwell in areas where they have to interact with other non-Konkani speaking people on daily basis.It is believed that majority of them originated in Maharashtra and Goa, and migrated along the coast and even inland in last few centuries due to various socio-economical as well as religious reason.They can be found in the Konkan Division, Goa, Canara and small pockets in Kerala. Many have later migrated to different parts of Gujarat, Desh region of Maharashtra and North Karnataka, and parts of Madhya Pradesh.[citation needed]
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Ma Huan
Ma Huan (simplified Chinese: 马欢; traditional Chinese: 馬歡; pinyin: Mǎ Huān; Wade–Giles:) 馬歡; (ca. 1380 - 1460), courtesy name Chung-dao 宗道, pen name Mountain-woodcutter, was born in Kuaiji (会稽) County (presently, part of Shaoxing City) of Zhejiang province. He was a Muslim voyager and translator who accompanied Admiral Zheng He on three of his seven expeditions to the Western Oceans. It was said he was not born muslim, but was a Chinese who converted to Islam when he was young, and his "Ma" surname had nothing to do with muslim ancestry. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.
In the 1413 expedition (the 3rd), he visited Champa, Java, Sumatra, Palembang, Siam, Kochi and Hormuz.
In the 1421 expedition, he visited Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Ceylon, Kochi, Calicut, Zufar and Hormuz.
In the 1431 expedition, he visited Bengal, Chittagong, Sonargaon, Gaur, Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eununch Hong Bao as emissary to Mecca.
During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes about the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, even method of punishment for criminals. Returned home on his first expedition, he began writing a book about his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was ready around 1451. The title of his book was Ying-yai Sheng-lan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).
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Malayali
Malayali (also spelled Malayalee; Malayalam: മലയാളി, Malayāḷi ?) is the term used to refer to the native speakers of Malayalam, originating from the Indian state of Kerala. The Malayali identity is primarily linguistic, although in recent times the definition has been broadened to include emigrants of Malayali descent who partly maintain Malayali cultural traditions, even if they do not regularly speak the language. While the origins of the Malayali people are in the state of Kerala, significant populations also exist in other parts of India, the Middle East, Europe and North America. According to the Indian census of 2001, there were 30,803,747 speakers of Malayalam in Kerala, making up 96.7% of the total population of that state. Hence the word Keralite is often used in the same context, though a proper definition is ambiguous.
Malayalam, the Malayalis' native language, has its origin from the words mala meaning mountain and alam meaning land (Tamil/Malayalam) or locality (which lies alongside the mountain). Hence 'Malayali' means people from the mountains who lived beyond the Western Ghats, and Malayalam the language that was spoken there.
wn.com/Malayali -
Paliath Achan
Paliath Achan or Paliyath Achan (Malayalam: പാലിയത്തച്ചന് ): is the name given to the oldest male member of the Paliam family (പാലിയം), a Nair chieftain family from the Indian state of Kerala that figured prominently in the history of the region.
The Paliath Achans were hereditary prime ministers to the Rajah of Kingdom of Cochin (Kochi) from 1632 to 1809 and second only to the Rajah in power and wealth in the central Cochin area during that period. A common saying in Cochin is "kochiyil pathi paliyam" meant that half of the Cochin belonged to the Paliam family. Paliath Achan was also a considerable land owner, one of the largest in the state. Historical records show that the Paliath Achans became major players in Kerala history with the arrival of the Portuguese. In recognition of the Paliath Achan's services, the Kochi Rajah granted him Vypin Island. At about the period, the land of Villarvattom came into his possession as well. In 1681, the Kochi Raja conferred upon him, the title of Sarvadhyakshan (literally translated, "Supreme presider over all affairs"), and in 1731, the Paliath Komi Achan was appointed to the post of Prime Minister of the Kochi Raja. Around 1775, the position of the Paliath Achan was recorded by the Dutch as follows:
wn.com/Paliath_Achan -
Pandit Karuppan
Pandit Karuppan was a poet, dramatist, and social reformer who lived in Kerala, India. He was born on May 24, 1885, at Cheranelloor, near Ernakulam.
Pandit Karuppan emerged from Ernakulam of Cochin State as a relentless crusader against untouchability and social evils. He was called the "Lincoln" of Kerala for steering socio-economically and educationally backward communities to the forefront. Hailing from a community of inland fishermen who engaged in localised fishing in backwaters and rivers, Karuppan became a Sanskrit scholar, poet and dramatist of repute. As the first human rights activist of the Cochin State, he used his literary skill and organizational ability to combat illiteracy, social injustice, casteism, and superstitions. He campaigned for the rights of lower-caste people, who at that time were not even permitted to enter Ernakulam.
K.P. Karuppan (Kandathiparambil Paapu Karuppan) was born into a lower middle class family of Dheevara fishermen community.
Karuppan’s father was Paappu (locally known as Atho Poojari); his mother was Kochu Pennu. Atho Poojari had inherited skills in Ayurveda and knowledge in Sanskrit; and engaged himself in priestly practice of poojas and rituals.
wn.com/Pandit_Karuppan -
Robert Bristow
Sir Robert bristow (born 13 December 1880 in London - died 3 September 1966) was a British harbour engineer who is best known for his contributions to the development of the port of Kochi in India. Bristow recounted his experiences in his book Cochin Saga, which is considered an important source of historiography of Kerala. He is also noted for his initiatives in founding the Lotus Club, the first inter-racial club in Kochi. He was also a member of the Royal Society of Arts.
Born 13 December 1880 to Alfred Bristow and Laura Web, Bristow studied at the Technical Institute in London and joined the Civil Engineering Service in 1903. He worked in various harbours for the next sixteen years, including ports such as Malta and Portsmouth. He was also involved in the maintenance of the Suez canal. He joined the services of the Madras government at the age of 39, and came to Kochi on 13 April 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras.
wn.com/Robert_Bristow -
Sahodaran Ayyappan
Sahodaran Ayyappan (21 August 1889 – 6 March 1968) was a social reformer, thinker, journalist, and politician of Kerala, India. He was one of the outspoken followers of Sree Narayana Guru.
Sahodaran Ayyappan was born into a traditional Ezhava family of Cherai in Vypin Island of Ernakulam district as the son of Kumabalathuparambil Kochavu Vaidyar and Unnuli on 21 August 1889. He lost his father at an early age and was brought up under the guidance of his elder brother Achuthan Vaidyar. After having his school education primarily in Cherai and North Paravoor, Ayyappan did his pre-university course at the Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode. He had to discontinue his further education for the time being while at Madras due to ill health.
While at Kozhikode he began speaking in public platforms stressing the need for social reforms. It was at this time that he had the opportunity to interact closely with Sree Narayana Guru at whose encouragement he decided to continue his studies and took B.A. from Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, in 1916. He also met the poet Kumaran Asan during this time. By this time the social revolutionary in Ayyappan had come of age and was ready to fight against the social evil of caste system.
wn.com/Sahodaran_Ayyappan -
Sreesanth
Shanthakumaran Sreesanth (Malayalam: ശ്രീശാന്ത്) pronunciation (help·info) (born February 6, 1983 in Kothamangalam, Kerala, India), is an Indian cricketer. He is a right-arm fast-medium-pace bowler and a right-handed tail-ender batsman. In first class cricket, he plays for Kerala and in the Indian Premier League, he plays for Rajasthan Royals. In the past, he has represented Kochi Tuskers Kerala and Kings XI Punjab. He is the first Kerala Ranji player to play Twenty20 cricket for India.
Sreesanth was a national breakdancing champion when he was in eighth grade.
Sreesanth was born to Shanthakumaran Nair and Savithri Devi. He has one elder brother and a sister. His brother Dipu Santhan owns a music company in Kochi and his sister Nivedita is a television actress in Kerala. His brother in law, Madhu Balakrishnan is a famous South Indian playback singer. Sreesanth is Hindu Brahmin.
Sreesanth initially was a leg-spinner in his childhood, modelling his action on India's leading Test wicket-taker Anil Kumble, who was to become his Test captain. However, his habit of bowling yorkers led him to convert to fast bowling, after being encouraged by his elder brother. Following in the footsteps of fellow Kerala fast bowler Tinu Yohannan, who earned selection to the National Cricket Academy in 2000, Sreesanth was selected for the MRF Pace foundation in Chennai. He then made his first-class debut against Goa in the 2002-03 domestic season, claiming 22 wickets in seven matches in the Ranji Trophy and winning selection for South Zone in the Duleep Trophy squad in the same season.
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Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]) (c. 1460 or 1469 – 24 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy.
Vasco da Gama was born in either 1460 or 1469 in Sines, on the southwest coast of Portugal, probably in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas. Sines, one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast, consisted of little more than a cluster of whitewashed, red-tiled cottages, tenanted chiefly by fisherfolk.
Vasco da Gama's father was Estêvão da Gama, who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and went on to rise in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. Estêvão da Gama was appointed alcaide-mór (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s, a post he held until 1478, and continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region.
wn.com/Vasco_da_Gama -
Zheng He
Zheng He (1371–1433; simplified Chinese: 郑和; traditional Chinese: 鄭和; pinyin: Zhèng Hé), also known as Ma Sanbao (simplified Chinese: 马三宝; traditional Chinese: 馬三寶) and Hajji Mahmud Shamsuddin (Arabic: حاجي محمود شمس الدين) was a Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, and the Horn of Africa collectively referred to as the Voyages of Zheng He or Voyages of Cheng Ho from 1405 to 1433.
Zheng, born as Ma He (馬和 / 马和), was the second son of a Muslim family which also had four daughters, from Kunyang, present day Jinning, just south of Kunming near the southwest corner of Lake Dian in Yunnan.
He was the great great great grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a Persian who served in the administration of the Mongolian Empire and was appointed governor of Yunnan during the early Yuan Dynasty. Both his grandfather and great-grandfather carried the title of Hajji, which indicates they had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. His great-grandfather was named Bayan and may have been a member of a Mongol garrison in Yunnan.
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India v England, 2nd ODI, Kochi JAN 2013 HIGHLIGHTS (FALL OF WICKETS)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:16
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
India have leveled the series 1-1 and are now firmly back in this competition. Bhuvneshwar Kumar rattled out some big scalps as he whittled down the numbers and picked up three wickets. The spinners then complimented him with man of the match Jadeja bowling impressive figures of 2-12. R Ashwin then struck again at the end by skittling out the tail and notched up three dismissals overall. Pietersen, Root and Patel offered some resistance but India's bowling force was too much to handle. The home side stuttered their way through their innings and were unable to find any real momentum. The Indian captain then found himself with a new partner and they really put England under pressure, smashing a 96 run partnership in 10 overs. Kohli and Singh steered them to a safer position after early wickets and Raina and Dhoni carried on the momentum. England have been swept aside here by an Indian side who played with a pronounced rejuvenated swagger. MS Dhoni:"I think everyone performed really well. I think initially we didn't get off to a good start but Yuvraj did well to settle things. We were worried that the wicket would dry up and there would be nothing in it for the spinners but that wasn't the case. Jadeja really got something out of it. I don't think it was a wicket on which we could have bowled first. We had to bat first and Yuvraj and Suresh did a good job. Initally Raina and I looked for 240/250 but as we progressed we pushed on for 270/280. The crowd today was brilliant ...
http://wn.com/India_v_England,_2nd_ODI,_Kochi_JAN_2013_HIGHLIGHTS_FALL_OF_WICKETS
India have leveled the series 1-1 and are now firmly back in this competition. Bhuvneshwar Kumar rattled out some big scalps as he whittled down the numbers and picked up three wickets. The spinners then complimented him with man of the match Jadeja bowling impressive figures of 2-12. R Ashwin then struck again at the end by skittling out the tail and notched up three dismissals overall. Pietersen, Root and Patel offered some resistance but India's bowling force was too much to handle. The home side stuttered their way through their innings and were unable to find any real momentum. The Indian captain then found himself with a new partner and they really put England under pressure, smashing a 96 run partnership in 10 overs. Kohli and Singh steered them to a safer position after early wickets and Raina and Dhoni carried on the momentum. England have been swept aside here by an Indian side who played with a pronounced rejuvenated swagger. MS Dhoni:"I think everyone performed really well. I think initially we didn't get off to a good start but Yuvraj did well to settle things. We were worried that the wicket would dry up and there would be nothing in it for the spinners but that wasn't the case. Jadeja really got something out of it. I don't think it was a wicket on which we could have bowled first. We had to bat first and Yuvraj and Suresh did a good job. Initally Raina and I looked for 240/250 but as we progressed we pushed on for 270/280. The crowd today was brilliant ...
Gavaskar lauds Kochi crowd for Indian win
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
While giving a 'little credit' for India's thumping victory over England to the crowd and the Kochi atmosphere, Gavaskar indicated that some decisions could have gone the other way if not for the noise. He also backs Sourav Ganguly for Team India's coaching role.
http://wn.com/Gavaskar_lauds_Kochi_crowd_for_Indian_win
While giving a 'little credit' for India's thumping victory over England to the crowd and the Kochi atmosphere, Gavaskar indicated that some decisions could have gone the other way if not for the noise. He also backs Sourav Ganguly for Team India's coaching role.
- published: 16 Jan 2013
- author: ndtv
Fake Yusuf Pathan in Kochi to watch India-England ODI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:12
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Fake/Duplicate or the other Yusuf Pathan, Chavakkad Pathan in Kochi to watch India-England ODI - Asianet News Report
http://wn.com/Fake_Yusuf_Pathan_in_Kochi_to_watch_India-England_ODI
Fake/Duplicate or the other Yusuf Pathan, Chavakkad Pathan in Kochi to watch India-England ODI - Asianet News Report
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 3862
- author: asianetnews
Kochi ODI: India thrash England by 127 runs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Kochi_ODI_India_thrash_England_by_127_runs
Best of Kochi, India: top sights
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
Learn more about Kochi and Kerala, the best places to stay or view the Kerala interactive map at Funky India (www.funkyindia.com HD travel documentary Film created by Mat Siems about Kochi's in the Southern India state of Kerala, most sought after destinations including the Santa Cruz Church, the Jew Town, the Dutch Palace, the Hockey tournament, the Backwaters and the famous Chinese Nets.
http://wn.com/Best_of_Kochi,_India_top_sights
Learn more about Kochi and Kerala, the best places to stay or view the Kerala interactive map at Funky India (www.funkyindia.com HD travel documentary Film created by Mat Siems about Kochi's in the Southern India state of Kerala, most sought after destinations including the Santa Cruz Church, the Jew Town, the Dutch Palace, the Hockey tournament, the Backwaters and the famous Chinese Nets.
- published: 11 Apr 2012
- views: 5817
- author: Mat Siems
"Super Car Rally in Kochi"-Smart Drive 16,September 2012 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:40
- Updated: 09 Jan 2013
BMW Z4, Audi R8, Jaguar ,Ferrari F30, Nissan 350c, Porsche Boxer S in Super Car Rally held in Kochi
http://wn.com/Super_Car_Rally_in_Kochi-Smart_Drive_16,September_2012_Part_1
BMW Z4, Audi R8, Jaguar ,Ferrari F30, Nissan 350c, Porsche Boxer S in Super Car Rally held in Kochi
- published: 16 Sep 2012
- views: 7209
- author: asianetnews
Takshak'12 Flashmob at Oberon Mall,Kochi,on 21-9-12 Friday (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:29
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
The mob was conducted at Oberon Mall ,Kochi, in accordance with the promotional works of Takshak the annual technical fest of Mar Athanassius College Of Engineering ,Kothamangalam.There were about 75 dancers in the group and also had grabbed the attention of a large crowd. Our website: www.takshak.org follow us : www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Takshak'12_Flashmob_at_Oberon_Mall,Kochi,on_21-9-12_Friday_Official_Video
The mob was conducted at Oberon Mall ,Kochi, in accordance with the promotional works of Takshak the annual technical fest of Mar Athanassius College Of Engineering ,Kothamangalam.There were about 75 dancers in the group and also had grabbed the attention of a large crowd. Our website: www.takshak.org follow us : www.facebook.com www.facebook.com
- published: 22 Sep 2012
- views: 23038
- author: TakshakOfficial
Inside Visuals of Abudhabi-Kochi Flight 19/10/2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Inside Visuals of Abudhabi-Kochi Flight. Flight landed at Nedumbassery after day long dramatic scenes at Trivandrum airport. It was a nine-hour drama at Thiruvananthapuram airport on Friday after the pilot of Abu Dhabi-Kochi AI Express flight pressed distress button inside the cockpit after she was angrily accosted by several men, agitated about getting stranded in Thiruvananthapuram.
http://wn.com/Inside_Visuals_of_Abudhabi-Kochi_Flight_19_10_2012
Inside Visuals of Abudhabi-Kochi Flight. Flight landed at Nedumbassery after day long dramatic scenes at Trivandrum airport. It was a nine-hour drama at Thiruvananthapuram airport on Friday after the pilot of Abu Dhabi-Kochi AI Express flight pressed distress button inside the cockpit after she was angrily accosted by several men, agitated about getting stranded in Thiruvananthapuram.
- published: 20 Oct 2012
- views: 131041
- author: Navas kiboky
Booming Indian City of Kochi, Kerala
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Sights around Southern Indian City of Kochi
http://wn.com/Booming_Indian_City_of_Kochi,_Kerala
Sights around Southern Indian City of Kochi
- published: 21 Sep 2011
- views: 28667
- author: royzachariah08
Plane Spotting at Kochi Airport - Part I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:38
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
A video on a few planes I spotted in my short spotting session at Kochi Airport.Sorry for the shaky video. Thanks for watching! Part 2 : www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Plane_Spotting_at_Kochi_Airport_Part_I
A video on a few planes I spotted in my short spotting session at Kochi Airport.Sorry for the shaky video. Thanks for watching! Part 2 : www.youtube.com
- published: 29 Jul 2012
- views: 6300
- author: Theairplaneguy4ever
Flash Mob Kochi at Oberon Mall - December 2011 - Official Video HD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 13 Jan 2013
We do not know how successful we may have been in conducting a 'flash' mob per se, but our real intention was to showcase an important message to the masses. We enjoyed ourselves in every bit of this & hope you appreciate our efforts. Composed of over 150+ dancers ranging from 5 years to 52 year olds, the flash mob was a medium of expression and we hope you all imbibe and spread our message of love. Let's not forget over water and safety concerns,that we are not Keralites ; not Tamilians, but we are all Indians! No Hate Mate! Jai Hind! Follow us on : www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Flash_Mob_Kochi_at_Oberon_Mall_December_2011_Official_Video_HD
We do not know how successful we may have been in conducting a 'flash' mob per se, but our real intention was to showcase an important message to the masses. We enjoyed ourselves in every bit of this & hope you appreciate our efforts. Composed of over 150+ dancers ranging from 5 years to 52 year olds, the flash mob was a medium of expression and we hope you all imbibe and spread our message of love. Let's not forget over water and safety concerns,that we are not Keralites ; not Tamilians, but we are all Indians! No Hate Mate! Jai Hind! Follow us on : www.facebook.com
- published: 17 Dec 2011
- views: 339619
- author: Sharath George Benny
Kochi - Muziris Biennale Song
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:15
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
A tribute to India's first Biennale... It's biennale season in Cochin! The entire city is in a celebratory mood. Sitting in midst of this festivity, we thought 'why don't we spread this spirit to the rest of the world.' And the biennale song was born! Through this song, we have tried to do our bit to support the kochi-muziris biennale team. We're proud to be a part of the Biennale City. Song: Vinnil Ninnum (Kochi-Muziris Biennale Song) Lyrics by Anu Elizabeth Jose and Olivia Christine Music composed and arranged by Rakesh Kesavan Music Programmed by Shin Peter Vocalists: Jose Peter, Demin Devassy, Sanu Jeevan and Rakesh Kesavan Mixed by Happy Jose (The WoodPecker Studios) Presented by: Route Cochin In Association with Pixel Nirvana Design Studio, Kochi Muziris Biennale & PeppyTunes Follow Biennale @ facebook.com
http://wn.com/Kochi_Muziris_Biennale_Song
A tribute to India's first Biennale... It's biennale season in Cochin! The entire city is in a celebratory mood. Sitting in midst of this festivity, we thought 'why don't we spread this spirit to the rest of the world.' And the biennale song was born! Through this song, we have tried to do our bit to support the kochi-muziris biennale team. We're proud to be a part of the Biennale City. Song: Vinnil Ninnum (Kochi-Muziris Biennale Song) Lyrics by Anu Elizabeth Jose and Olivia Christine Music composed and arranged by Rakesh Kesavan Music Programmed by Shin Peter Vocalists: Jose Peter, Demin Devassy, Sanu Jeevan and Rakesh Kesavan Mixed by Happy Jose (The WoodPecker Studios) Presented by: Route Cochin In Association with Pixel Nirvana Design Studio, Kochi Muziris Biennale & PeppyTunes Follow Biennale @ facebook.com
- published: 12 Dec 2012
- views: 17094
- author: routecochin
Rolls-Royce Ghost in Kochi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:39
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Rolls-Royce Ghost, 3.5 crore worth luxury car in Kochi, GPC Nair is the owner of the car
http://wn.com/Rolls-Royce_Ghost_in_Kochi
Rolls-Royce Ghost, 3.5 crore worth luxury car in Kochi, GPC Nair is the owner of the car
- published: 12 Jan 2012
- views: 118010
- author: asianetnews
Kochi excited for hosting second ODI between India and England
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:36
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Kochi excited for hosting second ODI between India and England , India-England one day series - Asianet News Report
http://wn.com/Kochi_excited_for_hosting_second_ODI_between_India_and_England
Kochi excited for hosting second ODI between India and England , India-England one day series - Asianet News Report
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 1597
- author: asianetnews
Mahendra Singh Dhoni 72(66) India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15 Jan 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Mahendra Singh Dhoni batting amazing Inning 72 runs on 66 balls with 7 fours and 2 sixes, in India vs England 2nd ODI 15th January 2013. Dhoni 72 runs Ind vs Eng Kochi ODI. Dhoni Huge Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013. Ind vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2013. Mahendra Singh Dhoni huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni amazing batting India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni fifty India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 72 runs India vs England ODI 2013 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Full Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Bhuwnesh Kumar Bowling 3/29 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Shami Ahmed Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - England Batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Live Streaming India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Watch Live India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ind 285/6 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Suresh Raina Batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi ...
http://wn.com/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni_7266_India_vs_England_2nd_ODI_Kochi_15_Jan_2013
Mahendra Singh Dhoni batting amazing Inning 72 runs on 66 balls with 7 fours and 2 sixes, in India vs England 2nd ODI 15th January 2013. Dhoni 72 runs Ind vs Eng Kochi ODI. Dhoni Huge Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013. Ind vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2013. Mahendra Singh Dhoni huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni amazing batting India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni fifty India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 72 runs India vs England ODI 2013 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Full Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Bhuwnesh Kumar Bowling 3/29 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Shami Ahmed Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - England Batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Live Streaming India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Watch Live India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ind 285/6 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Suresh Raina Batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi ...
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 28020
- author: mahipal26singh
Ravindra Jadeja 61(37) India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15 Jan 2013
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:06
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
Ravindra Jadeja batting amazing scoring 61 runs just on 37 balls with 8 fours and 2 huge sixes in India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15 Jan 2013. Ravindra Jadeja best inning. Jadeja 61 runs vs England 2013 kochi ODI. Jadeja huge sixes vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013. Ind vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2013. Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja Huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja best inning in ODI India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja Bowling India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Mahendra Singh Dhoni huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni amazing batting India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni fifty India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 72 runs India vs England ODI 2013 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Full Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Bhuwnesh Kumar Bowling 3/29 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Shami Ahmed Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 ...
http://wn.com/Ravindra_Jadeja_6137_India_vs_England_2nd_ODI_Kochi_15_Jan_2013
Ravindra Jadeja batting amazing scoring 61 runs just on 37 balls with 8 fours and 2 huge sixes in India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15 Jan 2013. Ravindra Jadeja best inning. Jadeja 61 runs vs England 2013 kochi ODI. Jadeja huge sixes vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013. Ind vs Eng 2013. India vs England 2013. Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja Huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja best inning in ODI India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Ravindra Jadeja Bowling India vs England ODI 2013 Kochi Mahendra Singh Dhoni huge sixes India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni amazing batting India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni fifty India vs England ODI 2013 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 72 runs India vs England ODI 2013 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Full Match Highlights India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Bhuwnesh Kumar Bowling 3/29 India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Shami Ahmed Bowling India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja 61 runs on 37 balls India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - Ravindra Jadeja Sixes India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 - India batting India vs England 2nd ODI Kochi - 15th Jan 2013 ...
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 46397
- author: mahipal26singh
Kochi Rajavu - Dileep assaults Riyaz khan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:43
- Updated: 13 Dec 2012
Kochi Rajavu (Kochirajaavu) Malayalam Movie Star Cast : Dileep, Rambha, Kavya Madhavan, Harisree Asokan salim kumar and others Director : Johnny Antony Music : Vidyasagar Murali and his family await the release of their son Dileep from jail. Vijayaraghavan also awaits but to kill him on release. Dileep and his family shift their base to Chennai to escape from the hands of the enemies. Dileep joins the law college there. But situation drags him to fight with his collegemate Riaz Khan. Riaz's sister Ramba falls in love with him. Her parents propose to Dileep's family. But Dileep refuses and narrates about his one-sided love for Kavya Madhavan during his college days. Vijayaraghavan is Kavya's uncle. Dileep, in a situation hits her uncle. He takes up a part time job of auto driver and compels her to love him. Dileep in a fight kills Kavya's fiancé and son of Vijayaragahavan. So Dileep lands in jail. Dileep's father tells him that Kavya is already married. So Dileep agrees to marry Ramba. Whether Kavya returns or he marries Ramba forms the rest of the story.
http://wn.com/Kochi_Rajavu_Dileep_assaults_Riyaz_khan
Kochi Rajavu (Kochirajaavu) Malayalam Movie Star Cast : Dileep, Rambha, Kavya Madhavan, Harisree Asokan salim kumar and others Director : Johnny Antony Music : Vidyasagar Murali and his family await the release of their son Dileep from jail. Vijayaraghavan also awaits but to kill him on release. Dileep and his family shift their base to Chennai to escape from the hands of the enemies. Dileep joins the law college there. But situation drags him to fight with his collegemate Riaz Khan. Riaz's sister Ramba falls in love with him. Her parents propose to Dileep's family. But Dileep refuses and narrates about his one-sided love for Kavya Madhavan during his college days. Vijayaraghavan is Kavya's uncle. Dileep, in a situation hits her uncle. He takes up a part time job of auto driver and compels her to love him. Dileep in a fight kills Kavya's fiancé and son of Vijayaragahavan. So Dileep lands in jail. Dileep's father tells him that Kavya is already married. So Dileep agrees to marry Ramba. Whether Kavya returns or he marries Ramba forms the rest of the story.
- published: 24 Jul 2012
- views: 12310
- author: apimalayalam
India should win in Kochi Sreesanth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
India should win in Kochi, says S Sreesanth
http://wn.com/India_should_win_in_Kochi_Sreesanth
India - England Cricket Team Practice Session before second ODI in Kochi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:29
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
India - England Cricket Team Practice Session before second ODI in Kochi - Asianet News Report
http://wn.com/India_England_Cricket_Team_Practice_Session_before_second_ODI_in_Kochi
India - England Cricket Team Practice Session before second ODI in Kochi - Asianet News Report
- published: 13 Jan 2013
- views: 2094
- author: asianetnews
IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | WIKET FALL HIGHLIGHTS | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:58
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
AIRTEL CUP 2012-13. INDIA VS ENGLANG 5 ODI SERIES IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | WIKET FALL HIGHLIGHTS | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI 15 JAN 2012 RANCHI WIKET FALL HIGHLIGHTS England set foot in India looking to carry on impressing spectators and pundits alike, but Team India will pose a formidable challenge to them. India's power-packed batting lineup will look to fire on all cylinders, with young stars, old heads and debutants looking to carve a name for themselves. Backed by vociferous home support, the Men in Blue take on a buoyant English team that poses a considerable hurdle to overcome. There will be thrills aplenty for all the Airtel Series- India vs England 2012-13.
http://wn.com/IND_v_s_ENG_2nd_ODI_ᴴᴰ_|_WIKET_FALL_HIGHLIGHTS_|_15_JAN_2012_KOCHI
AIRTEL CUP 2012-13. INDIA VS ENGLANG 5 ODI SERIES IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | WIKET FALL HIGHLIGHTS | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI 15 JAN 2012 RANCHI WIKET FALL HIGHLIGHTS England set foot in India looking to carry on impressing spectators and pundits alike, but Team India will pose a formidable challenge to them. India's power-packed batting lineup will look to fire on all cylinders, with young stars, old heads and debutants looking to carve a name for themselves. Backed by vociferous home support, the Men in Blue take on a buoyant English team that poses a considerable hurdle to overcome. There will be thrills aplenty for all the Airtel Series- India vs England 2012-13.
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 34
- author: SuperDuperHitzz
IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | MOM RAVINDRA JADEJA | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:35
- Updated: 15 Jan 2013
AIRTEL CUP 2012-13. INDIA VS ENGLANG 5 ODI SERIES IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | SUPER SIXES RAVINDRA JADEJA | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI 15 JAN 2012 RANCHI SUPER SIXES HIGHLIGHTS MOM RAVINDRA JADEJA England set foot in India looking to carry on impressing spectators and pundits alike, but Team India will pose a formidable challenge to them. India's power-packed batting lineup will look to fire on all cylinders, with young stars, old heads and debutants looking to carve a name for themselves. Backed by vociferous home support, the Men in Blue take on a buoyant English team that poses a considerable hurdle to overcome. There will be thrills aplenty for all the Airtel Series- India vs England 2012-13.
http://wn.com/IND_v_s_ENG_2nd_ODI_ᴴᴰ_|_MOM_RAVINDRA_JADEJA_|_15_JAN_2012_KOCHI
AIRTEL CUP 2012-13. INDIA VS ENGLANG 5 ODI SERIES IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI ᴴᴰ | SUPER SIXES RAVINDRA JADEJA | 15 JAN 2012 KOCHI IND v/s ENG 2nd ODI 15 JAN 2012 RANCHI SUPER SIXES HIGHLIGHTS MOM RAVINDRA JADEJA England set foot in India looking to carry on impressing spectators and pundits alike, but Team India will pose a formidable challenge to them. India's power-packed batting lineup will look to fire on all cylinders, with young stars, old heads and debutants looking to carve a name for themselves. Backed by vociferous home support, the Men in Blue take on a buoyant English team that poses a considerable hurdle to overcome. There will be thrills aplenty for all the Airtel Series- India vs England 2012-13.
- published: 15 Jan 2013
- views: 37
- author: SuperDuperHitzz
American English Accent Coaching with a Native Speaker in Kochi, India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:22
- Updated: 16 Jan 2013
Do you interact with Americans for your job? Are you an Indian who wants to learn the American accent, culture and communication strategies for better understanding from an American? My name is Jennifer Kumar. I am a native American English speaker in Kochi, India providing accent coaching for the American English accent. Contact me anytime at authenticjourneys@gmail.com or see my site at authenticjourneys.info.
http://wn.com/American_English_Accent_Coaching_with_a_Native_Speaker_in_Kochi,_India
Do you interact with Americans for your job? Are you an Indian who wants to learn the American accent, culture and communication strategies for better understanding from an American? My name is Jennifer Kumar. I am a native American English speaker in Kochi, India providing accent coaching for the American English accent. Contact me anytime at authenticjourneys@gmail.com or see my site at authenticjourneys.info.
- published: 28 Nov 2012
- views: 97
- author: Jennifer Kumar
India vs England 2013: Preview - 2nd ODI at Kochi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 14 Jan 2013
Coming off a win in the first One-Day International, England are in high spirits as they head to Kochi. By www.cricketcountry.com The Indian slide continues and they hope to arrest it soon and get back to winning ways. Mahendra Singh Dhoni has a lot on his plate -- a victory is the need of the hour. Will India overcome England's challenge in the second ODI at Kochi, or would the tourists reign supreme? A number of Indian batsmen got starts at Rajkot but did not go on to convert them into big ones. Thus, it doesn't look like there would be any changes to the line-up and it should read as follows: Gautam Gambhir, Ajinkya Rahane, Virat Kohli, Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina and Dhoni. Having said that, there is a case for Cheteshwar Pujara to come into this side as he has plundered tons of runs in domestic cricket and can provide solidity with his stable technique. Read more here: bit.ly
http://wn.com/India_vs_England_2013_Preview_2nd_ODI_at_Kochi
Coming off a win in the first One-Day International, England are in high spirits as they head to Kochi. By www.cricketcountry.com The Indian slide continues and they hope to arrest it soon and get back to winning ways. Mahendra Singh Dhoni has a lot on his plate -- a victory is the need of the hour. Will India overcome England's challenge in the second ODI at Kochi, or would the tourists reign supreme? A number of Indian batsmen got starts at Rajkot but did not go on to convert them into big ones. Thus, it doesn't look like there would be any changes to the line-up and it should read as follows: Gautam Gambhir, Ajinkya Rahane, Virat Kohli, Yuvraj Singh, Suresh Raina and Dhoni. Having said that, there is a case for Cheteshwar Pujara to come into this side as he has plundered tons of runs in domestic cricket and can provide solidity with his stable technique. Read more here: bit.ly
- published: 14 Jan 2013
- views: 14
- author: CricketCountryVideos
photo: AP / Adj Nicolas-Nelson Richard, ECPAD
14 Jan 2013
Bamako/Paris - French fighter jets pounded Islamist rebel strongholds deep in northern Mali on Sunday as Paris poured more troops into the capital, Bamako, awaiting a West African force to dislodge al-Qaeda-linked insurgents from the country’s north ... Defence Minister Jean-Yves le Drian said France’s intervention on Friday prevented the advancing rebels from seizing Bamako and vowed air strikes would continue ... – ... Doubt....(size: 6.6Kb)
photo: AP / Kevin Frayer
14 Jan 2013
Allahabad. Hundreds of thousands of Hindu pilgrims led by naked, ash-covered holy men streamed into the sacred river Ganges on Monday at the start of the world's biggest religious festival. The Kumbh Mela in the Indian town of Allahabad will see up to 100 million worshippers gather over the next 55 days to take a ritual bath in the holy waters, believed to cleanse sins and bestow blessings ... "I am ecstatic ... Agence France-Presse ....(size: 4.2Kb)
photo: WN / Jamal Penjweny
15 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON. Suicides in the U.S. military surged to a record 349 last year, far exceeding American combat deaths in Afghanistan, and some private experts are predicting the dark trend will grow worse this year. The Pentagon has struggled to deal with the suicides, which Defense Secretary Leon Panetta and others have called an epidemic ... Last year’s total is the highest since the Pentagon began closely tracking suicides in 2001 ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
15 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. Desperate times call for desperate measures. In the case regarding Pakistani Shias, a minority population in Pakistan, some are refusing to bury their dead until the government deepens its commitment to protect them and the army provides better security. This comes on the heels of another suicide terrorist attack that killed 92 people and wounded more than 100 ... (1) Crilly, Rob ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
14 Jan 2013
WASHINGTON -- President Barack Obama issued a strong warning to Republicans on Monday that he will not negotiate over the debt ceiling or allow Republicans to use it as a bargaining chip. "To even entertain the idea of the United States of America not paying our bills is irresponsible. It's absurd," Obama said in a press conference ... "They will not collect a ransom in exchange for not crashing the economy," Obama said ... Also on HuffPost ... ....(size: 10.3Kb)
The Telegraph India
16 Jan 2013
The Telegraph India
16 Jan 2013
The Telegraph India
16 Jan 2013
Deccan Chronicle
16 Jan 2013
Sky Sports
16 Jan 2013
England captain Alastair Cook has urged his side not to dwell on Tuesday's heavy defeat by India in Kochi. A poor all-round display in the second one-day international led to India's 127-run reverse that levelled the five-game series 1-1 ... "Clearly, it's been tough but you have to remember it's one game of the series," Cook said ... "He does it time and time again ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
DNA India
16 Jan 2013
Trust India to make a habit of this. When all seems lost, they bounce back in style. And that’s what they did against the Brits on Tuesday. They registered a comprehensive win over England at Kochi’s Jawaharlal Stadium to draw level in the five-match ODI series. Ravindra Jadeja deserves a special mention; he finally lived up to the all-rounder’s tag ... Doesn’t end there; he fashioned a run-out too ... Has the team too? ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Khaleej Times
16 Jan 2013
DUBAI ' The SmartCity project in Kochi, which has been in limbo for quite some time, is expected to get a crucial kickstart in six months with the Dubai-based promoter Tecom announcing on Tuesday its decision to open an office in Kochi manned by a new team to oversee its implementation ... “Both sides are showing keen interest in this project which promises to attract major global players to Kochi,” he said....(size: 2.6Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
16 Jan 2013
Kochi ... Jadeja, the man-of-the match, was in sublime form, which reignited memories of his stint in Kochi with the now defunct Kochi Tuskers Kerala in the IPL 2011, with two prized wickets after a whirlwind knock of 61 off just 37 deliveries ... And he repaid the trust by dismissing England skipper Alastair Cook, Kevin Pietersen and Eoin Morgan ... ....(size: 1.8Kb)
The Hindu
16 Jan 2013
It will also save fuel and lessen pollution in the city, especially when the work is on for the Kochi Metro.” He called upon the agency to shun its bureaucratic approach and adopt a democratic approach to revitalize the station ... This will also be of immense help to people of West Kochi ... Harbour Terminus, Kochi Old Railway stations, Ernakulam Junction, railway station renovation ....(size: 3.9Kb)
DNA India
16 Jan 2013
The renowned film-maker, who has churned out hits such as Hera Pheri, Bhagam Bhag, Bhool Bhulaiyaa and is also known for critically acclaimed movies such as Virasat and Gardish, is always around at Kochi’s Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium press box during an international match ... only cover matches in Kochi....(size: 1.6Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
16 Jan 2013
Kochi. An office for SmartCity will be opened in Kochi in two months’ time to speed up the Rs 2,000 crore project which was bogged down by the delay in getting a single Special Economic Zone (SEZ) status for the entire 246 acres. A CEO for the project will also be appointed ... Industry and IT minister P.K ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Deccan Chronicle
16 Jan 2013
Thiruvananthapuram. ‘Unreasonable at Sea’, a 106-day technology accelerator voyage around the globe that started sailing from San Diego in California on January 9, will visit Kochi during March 6-11, and have interactions with local industry leaders and technology innovators ... "Unreasonable at Sea visiting Kochi is a major event for Kerala which is promoting innovators," said Startup Village chairman, Sanjay Vijayakumar ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
BBC News
16 Jan 2013
England were hammered in Kochi and in many ways the match was a mirror image of the first one-dayer in Rajkot where England were much more comprehensive winners than the nine-run margin suggests ... In Kochi, England were on the receiving end of a late assault as Mahendra Dhoni and Ravindra Jadeja struck 82 from the final six....(size: 8.9Kb)
This article is about the city in India. For other uses, see Kochi (disambiguation).
"Cochin" redirects here. For other uses, see Cochin (disambiguation).
| Kochi കൊച്ചി |
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| Queen of the Arabian Sea[1][2] | |||
| — metropolitan city — | |||
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| Coordinates | 9°58′37″N 76°16′12″E / 9.977°N 76.27°E / 9.977; 76.27Coordinates: 9°58′37″N 76°16′12″E / 9.977°N 76.27°E / 9.977; 76.27 | ||
| Country | India | ||
| State | Kerala | ||
| District(s) | Ernakulam | ||
| Mayor | Tony Chamminy (INC) | ||
| City Police Commissioner | M.R. Ajith Kumar IPS | ||
| Population |
601,574[3] (2011[update]) |
||
| Sex ratio | 1.028 ♂/♀ | ||
| Literacy | 97.5% | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| Area • Elevation |
94.88 km2 (37 sq mi) • 0 metres (0 ft) |
||
| Climate |
Am (Köppen) • 3,228.3 mm (127.10 in) |
||
| Website | www.corporationofcochin.net | ||
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി, Kocci ? [koˈtʃːi] ( listen)), formerly Cochin, is a major port city on the west coast of India by the Arabian Sea. Kochi is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala.
Kochi is often called by the name Ernakulam, which refers to the eastern part of the mainland Kochi. The civic body that governs the city is the Corporation of Cochin, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority and the Goshree Islands Development Authority.
The city of Kochi (pop. 601,574) is Kerala's largest city and is part of an extended metropolitan region (pop. 2.1 million), which is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala. It is the most densely populated city in the state. Kochi city is also a part of Greater Cochin region[5][6] and is classified as a B-1 grade city[7] by the Government of India, making it the highest graded city in the state. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[8][9] Kochi has been ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.[10]
The city lies about 220 kilometres (137 mi) north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram, and about 180 kilometres (112 mi) south of Kozhikode, the third largest city in Kerala. Heralded as the Queen of Arabian Sea, Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the Arabian Sea coast from the 14th century. Occupied by the Portuguese Empire in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in India. It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state.
Kochi is home for the Southern Naval Command, of the Indian Navy, state headquarters (DHQ4)[11][12] and Air Squadron 747[13] of the Indian Coast Guard, maritime-related facilities including the Port of Kochi, an International Container Transshipment Terminal, the Cochin Shipyard, offshore SPM of the Kochi Refineries,[14][15] and the Kochi Marina. Kochi is also home for the Cochin Stock Exchange, International Pepper Exchange, major chemical industries like the FACT, TCC, IREL, HOCL[16] and Kochi Refineries, industrial parks like the Cochin Special Economic Zone and Infopark. Kochi is home for the High Court of Kerala & Lakshadweep, and the Cochin University of Science and Technology.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi in their writings, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi.[17] The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin as Kogin (קוגין), which is seen in the seal of the synagogue[citation needed] which is still owned by the community. The origin of the name "Kochi" is thought to be from the Malayalam word kochu azhi, meaning 'small lagoon'. Yet another theory is that Kochi is derived from the word Kaci meaning 'harbour'.[18] Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti (15th century), and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea.[citation needed] After the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer anglicisation of its original Malayalam name, Kochi, in 1996. However, it is still widely referred to as Cochin, with the city corporation retaining its name as Corporation of Cochin.
History[link]
Main article: History of Kochi
See also: Kingdom of Cochin and Cochin Royal Family
File:St Francis Church.jpg
St. Francis CSI Church built in 1503, is the oldest European church in India.[19]
File:Cochin angel.JPG
A painting depicting the city of Kochi (c.1682)
Kochi was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans) as well as Jews, Arabs, and Chinese since ancient times.[20] Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port around Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by massive flooding of Periyar in 1341.[21] The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet.[22] There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccolò Da Conti, who visited Kochi in 1440.[23]
According to many historians, the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in early 12th century, after the fall of the Chera Kingdom.[18] The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary, and the family that ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu rulers in the local vernacular. The mainland Kochi remained the capital of the princely state since the 18th century. The King of Kochi only had authority over the region encompassing the present city of Kochi and adjoining areas. However, during much of this time, the kingdom was under foreign suzerainty, and the King often only had titular privileges.
Portuguese navigator, Pedro Álvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500.[24][25] From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi was ruled by Portugal. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Cochin Jews, as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539.[26] The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch, who had allied with the Zamorin of Calicut to conquer Kochi. By 1773, the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this period.
Meanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces, signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka. However, there are evidences of English habitation in the region even before the signing of the treaty.[27] In 1866, Fort Kochi became a municipality, and its first Municipal Council election was conducted in 1883. The Maharaja of Cochin, who ruled under the British, in 1896 initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state.
Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes.[18][28]
In 1947, when India gained independence from the British colonial rule, Cochin was the first princely state to join the Indian Union willingly.[18] In 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore. The King of Travancore was the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's States Reorganisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state — Kerala — incorporating Travancore-Cochin (excluding the four southern Taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu), Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[29] On 9 July 1960 the Mattancherry council passed a resolution—which was forwarded to the government—requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. The government appointed a commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. Based on its report, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation's formation. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala, the corporation of Cochin came into existence. The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island, four panchayats (Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally), and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth.
Kochi witnessed economic stagnation in the years following India's independence. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the mid-1990s. Since 2000, the service sector has revitalised the city's stagnant economy. The establishment of several industrial parks based on IT and other port based infrastructure triggered a construction and realty boom in the city. Over the years, Kochi has witnessed rapid commercialisation, and has today grown into a commercial hub of Kerala.[30]
Geography and climate[link]
Geography[link]
Main article: Geography of Kochi
Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9°58′N 76°13′E / 9.967°N 76.217°E / 9.967; 76.217, spanning an area of 94.88 square kilometres (36.63 sq mi). The city straddles the backwaters, encompassing the northern end of a peninsula, several islands and a portion of the mainland. To the west lies the Arabian Sea, and to the east is the urbanized region in the rest of the mainland area. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km.[18]
The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam, Fort Kochi, the suburbs of Edapally, Kalamassery and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the southeast; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad Lake. Most of these islands are very small, varying in extent from six square kilometre to less than a square kilometre (1,500 to less than 250 acres).[citation needed]
Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teri's, brown sands, etc. Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters.[18]
Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses. An ecologically sensitive area, the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is located in the central part of the city. It has a wide range of mangrove species and is nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds.
Climate[link]
Under the Köppen climate classification, Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate. Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 °C (73–88 °F) with the record high being 38 °C (100 °F), and record low 17 °C (63 °F).[31] From June to September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 3,228.3 mm (127.10 in),[32] with an annual average of 132 rainy days.
| Climate data for Kochi | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 35 (95) |
37 (99) |
37 (99) |
34 (93) |
35 (95) |
33 (91) |
35 (95) |
35 (95) |
38 (100) |
35 (95) |
34 (93) |
33 (91) |
38 (100) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 30 (86) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
31 (88) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
28 (82) |
29 (84) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
30 (86) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 23 (73) |
25 (77) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
26 (79) |
25 (77) |
24 (75) |
24 (75) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
25 (77) |
23 (73) |
25 (77) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17 (63) |
18 (64) |
20 (68) |
21 (70) |
22 (72) |
21 (70) |
21 (70) |
20 (68) |
22 (72) |
20 (68) |
20 (68) |
19 (66) |
17 (63) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 21.9 (0.862) |
22.9 (0.902) |
35.3 (1.39) |
124.0 (4.882) |
395.7 (15.579) |
720.7 (28.374) |
697.2 (27.449) |
367.8 (14.48) |
289.4 (11.394) |
302.3 (11.902) |
175.1 (6.894) |
48.3 (1.902) |
3,228.3 (127.098) |
| Source no. 1: [33] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: [34] | |||||||||||||
Civic administration[link]
| Kochi City officials | |
|---|---|
| Mayor | Tony Chamminy |
| Deputy Mayor | Bhadra Satish |
| Police Commissioner | M.R. Ajith Kumar |
The city is administered by the Kochi Corporation, headed by a mayor. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 74 wards,[35] from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. Earlier; Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam were the three Municipalities in Cochin area, which was later merged to form the Cochin Corporation. The Corporation has its headquarters in Ernakulam, and zonal offices at Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Palluruthy, Edappally, Vaduthala and Vyttila. The general administration of the city is handled by the Personnel Department and the Council Standing committee Section.[citation needed] Other departments include that of town planning, health, engineering, revenue and accounts.[18] The corporation is also responsible for waste disposal and sewage management. The city produces more than 600 tons of waste per day[citation needed] and the a large portion of waste is decomposed at Brahmapuram Soild Waste plant into organic manure[citation needed]. The supply of potable water, sourced from the Periyar River is handled by Kerala Water Authority with support of Water works department of Kochi Corporation.[36] Electricity is provided by the Kerala State Electricity Board. The GCDA and GIDA are the government agencies initiating and monitoring the development of Greater Cochin area, mainly in developing infrastructure facilities for the city.
Law and order[link]
Kochi is the seat of High Court of Kerala, the highest judicial body in the state and thus several judicial offices are located here. The Kochi City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into five zones and each zone under a circle officer. Apart from regular law & order, the city police comprises the Traffic Police, Narcotics Cell, Riot force, Armed Reserve Camps, District Crime Records Bureau and a Women's Police station.[37] It operates 19 police stations[citation needed] functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala. An anti-corruption branch of the Central Bureau of Investigation also operates out of the city. CISF maintains 3 squadrons for providing security to various central and state heavy industries, airport and seaport zones. Other major central agencies are NIA, DRI and Indian Customs due to the presence of major port. According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Kochi reported significant increase of 193.7 per cent IPC crimes in 2010 compared to 2009, and reported a crime rate of 1,897.8 compared to the 424.1 in whole Kerala.[38] However, Kochi Police officials defended that in major crimes such as murders and kidnapping, the city registered a low crime rate[39] even behind other cities in the state.[40]
Politics[link]
Kochi is part of the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency. The current elected Member of Parliament representing the constituency is Prof. K V Thomas who belongs to the Indian National Congress. Prof. Thomas is currently holding the portfolio of Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.
The Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency elects six members to the Legislative Assembly. Out of this, four constituencies, namely Kochi, Ernakulam,Thripunithura and Thrikkakara represent the city.[41]
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Kochi
Kochi is widely referred to as the commercial capital of Kerala.[42] Kochi is home to Cochin Stock Exchange, the only stock exchange in Kerala. Federal Bank, India's fourth largest private sector bank, is headquartered in Aluva in the suburbs of the city. Availability of electricity, fresh water, long coastline, backwaters, good banking facilities, presence of a major port, container trans-shipment terminal, harbor terminal and an international air terminal are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the city and its adjoining district.[30] In recent years the city has witnessed heavy investment, thus making it one of the fastest-growing second-tier metro cities in India.[43][44] Sales tax income generated in the Kochi metropolitan area contributes heavily to state revenue.[45] The district contributes the highest portion, 14.47%, of the state's GDP.[46] Construction and manufacturing combined contributes 37%, and trade, tourism and hospitality together provides another 20%. Major business sectors include construction, manufacturing, shipbuilding, transportation/shipping, seafood and spices exports, chemical industries, information technology (IT), tourism, health services, and banking. Kochi is recognized as one of the seventeen major industrial cities of India by World Bank, Doing Business Group. However, in the 2009 rankings of ease to start and operate a business, among the 17 Indian cities selected, Kochi was rated as the second most difficult city to start business and was ranked 16th, above Kolkata.[47]
As in most of Kerala, remittances from non-resident Indians (NRI)s is a major source of income.[48] Eloor, situated 17 kilometres (10.5 mi) north of the city-centre, is the largest industrial belt in Kerala, with more than 250 industries manufacturing a range of products including chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilisers, zinc and chromium compounds, and leather products.[49] Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT), one of the oldest fertilizers and chemical industry in Kerala is located in Kochi.[50] Kochi Refineries of (BPCL) at Ambalamugal is one of the largest oil refining facilities in South India. Petronet India has now almost completed Kochi LNG Terminal, for importing and storing natural gas, for energy and fueling needs.[51] Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board, the Coir Board and the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) have head offices located in the city.
Like elsewhere in Kerala, tourism is one of the strongest drivers of the local economy. Ernakulam district, in which Kochi is situated, ranks first in the total number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala,[9] and thus contributes to the economy of the city. The tourist enclave at Fort Kochi and presence of several historical monuments, museums etc. as well as natural attractions like the Vembanad lake and the backwaters attract large number of tourists to the city. Presence of several leading hospitality brands have been a major source of employment for locals. The Kochi Port is one of the leading ports where international cruisers call on regularly.[52] The city has the first marina facility[53] in the country Kochi Marina which attracts large number of yacht-totters. Real Estate industry is also one industry which is contributing a lot to the economy of Kochi. Many players have entered the market and have developed residential properties.
Kochi is the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command, the primary training centre of the Indian Navy.[54] The Cochin Shipyard, which was the largest shipbuilding facility in India until 2008, contributes to the economy of the city.[55][56] The fishing harbour at Thoppumpady is a minor fishing port in the state and supplies fish to local and export markets. To further tap the potential of the all-season harbour at Kochi, an international cruise terminal and several marinas are being constructed.[57][58]
Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. The Cochin Port currently handles export and import of container cargo at its terminal at Willingdon Island. The International Container Transshipment Terminal operating out of Vallarpadam, is India's largest transshipment terminal.[59][60][61][62] Cochin Port Trust also planning to build an Outer Harbour near Puthuvype.[63] Upon completion it will be the largest port in South Asia[citation needed]. Kochi's historical reliance on trade continues into modern times, as the city is a major exporter of spices and is home to the International Pepper Exchange, where black pepper is globally traded. The Spices Board of India and World Spice Organisation are headquartered in Kochi.
The IT and ITES related industries are growing up in Kochi. Availability of cheap bandwidth through undersea cables and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India, has been to its advantage. Various technology and industrial campuses including the government promoted InfoPark, Cochin Special Economic Zone and KINFRA Export Promotion Industrial Park operate in the outskirts of the city. Several new industrial campuses are under construction in the suburbs of the city. SmartCity at Kakkanad is the prominent project under proposal. Cyber City at Kalamassery is another integrated IT township SEZ being planned in the private sector.
Kochi has an established electronics hardware industry with companies such as V-Guard Industries, FCI OEN Connectors and SFO Technologies. The Government of Kerala has announced a project to build an industrial park named Electronic City[64] spanning an area of 340 acres (140 ha), to cater to the electronic hardware industries. The private operator NeST[65] is building a Special Economic Zone specifically for electronics hardware spanning an area of 30 acres (12 ha).
The Cochin International Airport is in the process of setting up an aerotropolis at Nedumbasserry.[66][67]
Transport[link]
Main article: Transport in Kochi
Air[link]
The air gateway to Kochi is the Cochin International Airport (CIAL) located at Nedumbassery, which is about 25 km (16 mi) north of Kochi city, and handles both domestic and international flights.[68] It is the first international airport in India to be built without Central Government funds.[69]
The Cochin airport provides direct connectivity to popular international destinations in the Middle East, Malaysia and Singapore and to most major Indian cities apart from tourist destinations like Lakshadweep. Kochi is also the headquarters of the Air India Express service. With a terminal area of 600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2), and a passenger capacity of 1600, it is the largest airport in the state[70] and the fourth busiest international airport in India in terms of international passengers, and seventh busiest overall.[71][72][73][74]
Road[link]
Kochi is well connected to neighboring cities and states via several highways. It is a node in the North-South Corridor of the National Highway system.
National Highways[link]
The NH544 formerly known as NH47 connects Salem to the city of Kochi via Coimbatore, Palakkad and Thrissur and is part of the North-South Corridor of India's National Highway System.[75][76] The entire stretch of NH544 passing through Kochi and its urban agglomeration has four lanes, with some stretches six-laned.[77][78]
NH66 connects Kochi with Panvel near Mumbai and passes through major junctions like Edappally and Vytilla in the city before terminating at Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu.
NH966A is a 17.2 km (10.7 mi) four-lane stretch of highway connecting Kalamassery to the Vallarpadam International Container Transshipment Terminal. The four-laning of the stretch is nearing completion and carries 11 major bridges and a grade separated interchange where it branches off NH47.[79]
NH966B is a 6 km (3.7 mi) stretch of highway connecting Kundanoor Junction on the mainland to the Willingdon Island. It is the shortest stretch of highway on the Indian National Highways system.
NH85 connects Kochi to Dhanushkodi in Tamil Nadu passing through Madurai thus providing another link to the North-South Corridor National Highway System.
State Highways[link]
Several state highways also connect Kochi with other parts of Kerala.[80] SH 15, Ettumanoor-Ernakulam Road, connects the city to Kottayam. SH 41, Palarivattom-Thekkady Road, provides a corridor to the eastern parts of the district. SH 63, Vypeen Pallipuram Road and SH 66, Alappuzha – Thoppumpady road are coastal roads that serve the narrow sliver of land between the backwaters and the sea.
City Roads[link]
The main arterial road of the city is Mahatma Gandhi Road in Ernakulam, constructed in 1925 which runs parallel to the coast. Other major roads include Chittoor Road, Banerji Road, Shanmugham Road (in Marine Drive), Kochi Bypass, Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road, Park Avenue, Seaport-Airport Road and S.A Road. A new ring road is proposed for Kochi city by the state government for which a project study is being currently undertaken by NATPAC.[81]
Public Transport[link]
The primary form of public transport within the city is largely dependent on privately owned bus networks. The state-run also operates its services in the city through the Thirukochi service. The major bus terminals in the city are Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Jetty and the private bus terminal at Kaloor. An integrated transit terminal namely The Mobility Hub at Vytilla is under 2nd phase of construction. The terminal acts as a hub for long distance bus services away from the city centre, and also to provide access to the other public transport facilities.[82]
Kochi is one of the few cities to be granted the new generation air-conditioned low floor and non air-conditioned semi low-floor buses under the JNNURM city transport development project. Call taxis and auto rickshaws (called autos) are available for hire throughout the day.
Development of road infrastructure not keeping pace with the increase in traffic is a major problem faced by Kochi, like most other parts of Kerala.[83]
Rail[link]
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The city has two major railway stations – Ernakulam Junction and Ernakulam Town (locally known as the South and North railway stations respectively). The main rail transport system in Kochi is operated by the Southern Railway Zone of Indian Railways, and comes under Thiruvananthapuram Railway division.
The South station is one of the busiest railway stations in South India, with more than 128 scheduled train services daily.[84] The North station situated on the northern side of the city, caters mostly to long distance services that bypass the South station, and also is an additional halt station for many trains. The railway line connecting these two stations cuts the city longitudinally in two, with three narrow bridges connecting the two halves.
Edapally Railway Station is a smaller halt station for passenger services and few express trains. The major station at Aluva, Thripunithura station, and the halting stations at Kalamassery, Nettoor, Kumbalam and Aroor serves the outskirts of the city and the surrounding metropolitan area.
The spur line to the port, and the Cochin Harbour Terminus station are temporarily out of commission because of an accident at the harbour bridge.[85] A spur line exclusively for freight traffic connects the International Container Transshipment Terminal to the main line at Edapally. India's longest rail bridge – the 4.62 km long Vembanad Rail Bridge[86] is also part of this line. In addition, Southern Railways are planning a suburban railway system connecting Kochi to nearby towns and cities, using Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit services, with the first services expected to begin in early 2011[87][88] between Kollam and Ernakulam for which works are underway.
There is a historic station named as Ernakulam Terminus(station code:ERG) situated behind the High Court. Great personalities like Mahatma Gandhi and The British Viceroy have visited Cochin through this old railway station. Ernakulam Terminus was the first station to serve the city but had to be abandoned in the early 1960s. Now this station operates as a goods depot of Southern Railway.[89]
Kochi Metro[link]
The Kochi Metro is an under construction metro rapid transit system for the city of Kochi, intended to considerably ease traffic congestion in the city and its surrounding metropolitan area.[90] It is being set up at an estimated cost of 
5,146 crore (US$1.03 billion). Expected to be complete by 2016, the metro system will have 23 stations connecting the suburban towns of Aluva and Thripunithura while passing through downtown Kochi.[91]
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), with E Sreedharan as principal advisor, has been entrusted to execute the implementation of the Kochi Metro.[92][93] The project received the central Public Investment Board's green signal in March 2012. The final nod from the central cabinet, to start the project construction, is expected soon.[94] Preparatory works for the Metro system that includes building railway over-bridges, re-paving roads and land acquisition are in progress.[95][96]
A feasibility study is also currently being conducted to study the possibility of running Bullet trains on Chennai-Bangalore-Coimbatore-Ernakulam route.[97]
Ferry[link]
Kochi ranks among India's major seaports, partly due to being one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean.[98] The port, administered by a statutory autonomous body known as the Cochin Port Trust, offers facilities for bunkering, handling cargo and passenger ships and storage accommodation.
It also operates passenger ships to Colombo and Lakshadweep. Boat services are operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, the State Water Transport Department and private firms from various boat jetties in the city. The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin, and between Vypin and Fort Kochi. However, with the construction of the Goshree bridges (which links Kochi's islands), ferry transport has become less essential. The main boat jetties are Ernakulam Main Boat Jetty near Park Avenue, High Court Jetty in Banerjee Road, Embarkation Jetty in Willingdon Island and Fort Kochi Jetty.
Demographics[link]
See also: Cochin Jews and Saint Thomas Christians
With a population of 601,574 As of 2011[update], the city of Kochi has Kerala's highest population density parameter with 6340 people per km2. As of 2011[update], Kochi had a metropolitan area population of 2,117,990. Scheduled castes and tribes comprise 14% of the city's population.[citation needed] The female-to-male ratio is 1,028:1,000, significantly higher than the all-India average of 933:1,000. Kochi's literacy rate is 97.5%. The female literacy rate lags that of males by 1.1%, amongst the lowest such gaps in India.
Kochi's major religions are Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Jainism, Judaism, Sikhism and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Kochi. Though 47% practise Hinduism, Christianity's large following (35%) makes Kochi a city with one of the largest Christian populations in India.[99][100] Kochi is one of the few cities in India without a Hindu majority.[101] The majority of the city's residents are Malayalis. However, there are significant ethnic minority communities including Tamils, Gujaratis, Jews, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs, Konkanis and Tulus.[102][103][104] Malayalam is the main language of communication and medium of instruction for primary education, although a number of schools do offer English medium education. The higher education is invariably in English medium, and it is the preferred language in business circles. Tamil and Hindi are widely understood—albeit rarely spoken.
Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Kochi suffers from major urbanisation problems, poor sanitation, vector problem, heavy pollution and unemployment. The city was ranked 23rd, which was one of the lowest, among Indian cities in terms of house-cost and availability, urban household crowding and household incomes.[105]
Shortage of potable water is a major concern in the city.[106] The situation is aggravated by the threat posed by pollution in industrial areas.[107] Water pollution in Kochi is very high with about 80% of the open wells are polluted.[108] Kochi is also one among the 50 most polluted cities in India,[109] which was ranked 24th by Central Pollution Control Board.[110][111]
The region of the district where the city belongs registered an unemployment rate of 21.6% in 2003, which is roughly 6% more than the rate in 1998.[112] The city also has a growing slum-dwelling population.[113] The government has plans to make the city slum-free by 2016.[114] According to the National Crime Records Bureau, the city holds the fourth position in the number of recorded crimes in India.[115][116][117] In 2009, the city recorded an average crime rate of 646.3 against the national average of 181.4.[116]
According to the 2010 CII/Institute of Competitiveness report on Liveability,[118] Kochi stands first in the state, and 12th in the country. Kochi is ranked seventh in the list of the top ten most affluent cities in India by 2009 study by Nielsen Company.[119]
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Kochi
See also: Cuisine of Kerala and List of Tourist attractions in Kochi
As a result of successive waves of migration over the course of several centuries, the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India. The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country.[120]
Kochi has a diverse, multicultural, and secular community consisting of Malayalis, Konkanis,[121][122] Gujaratis,[102][103] Bengalis,[123] Marathis,[124] Punjabis,[104][125] Tamilians, Biharis and a few families of Jews among other denominations, all living in peaceful co-existence. The city once had a large Jewish community, known as the Malabar Yehuden—and now increasingly as Cochin Jews—that figured prominently in Kochi's business and economic strata.[126] The Syro-Malabar Church, one of the 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches, has its seat at Ernakulam. The headquarters of the Archdiocese of Verapoly and the Diocese of Cochin are also situated in the city. Prominent places of Christian worship include the St. Mary's Cathedral, the St. Antony's Shrine at Kaloor and St Mary's Bascilica,Vallarpadam. Appropriate to its multi-ethnic composition, Kochi celebrates traditional Kerala festivals like Onam and Vishu along with North Indian Hindu festivals like Holi with great fervour. Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Easter, Eid ul-Fitr and Milad-e-sherif are also celebrated. A merry making fest called the Cochin Carnival is celebrated at Fort Kochi during the last ten days of December.
The residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites; they are an important part of the South Indian culture. However, the city's culture is rapidly evolving with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook.[44] The people are also increasingly fashion-conscious, often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western clothing.
Kochiites generally partake of Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular. Fast food culture is also very prominent.[127] Being a tourist hotspot, Fort Kochi have a number of restaurants that offer international cuisine, like Italian, French, Mexican etc. Being close to the ocean and the backwaters, Kochi has an abundance of seafood, which reflects in the cuisine. A service known as You Buy, We Cook is available at the waterfront of Fort Kochi, where the fresh seafood purchased from the nets is cooked as per the customers needs.[128] Arabian food joints that serve Shawarma and roasted chicken are a new addition to the fast food scene in the city.
Kochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature, including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, G. Sankara Kurup, and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon. Prominent social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan and Pandit Karuppan also are from Kochi.
The Maharajas of Kochi (then Cochin) were scholars who knew the epics and encouraged the arts. The paintings at the Hill Palace and the Dutch Palace are testimony to their love for arts.
Kochiites are known for their enthusiasm in sports, especially football and cricket.[129] The Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium in Kochi is one of the large multi-use stadiums in India with international class lighting for football matches.[130] The Regional Sports Centre is an important centre of sporting activity in the city. Kochi is reportedly the 6th best city in india according to the livability index of 2011.[131]
Education[link]
See also: Education in India and Education in Kerala
Primary Education[link]
The pattern of primary education is essentially the same all over the state. There are government owned schools and government aided schools, which are affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board. A few privately owned schools are also affiliated to the system. Most of the schools owned by private organizations or individuals are affiliated to the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) have some schools affiliated to them as well. The state education board offers both Malayalam and English medium instruction, while the other boards offer English medium alone. There are a few schools that follow international curricula, such as IB and IGCSE.
There 34 government schools, 67 private aided schools and 31 unaided schools affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board in the city and suburbs.[132] There are 62 CBSE Schools, 2 IGCSE and 9 ICSE Schools as well.[133][134]
The general pattern of education is ten years of common schooling to reach the secondary level. Kindegartens are widely available, but considered separate from formal schooling, and generally unregulated. After the secondary level, three streams, namely Arts, Commerce or Science are offered for higher secondary education. After finishing the school, students can opt for higher education related to the streams they had undergone for higher secondary schooling.
The notable schools in the government sector are Sree Rama Varma High School, Edappally High School, Government School-Kochi and Govt Girls High School. There are Kendriya Vidyalaya, Chinmaya Mission and Bharathiya Vidya Bhavan run several quasi-private charter schools within the city limits, as well as in the suburbs. There are several fully private schools that are owned by secular and religious trusts which are of particular renown, such as Rajagiri Public School, Toc-H Public School, Global Public School, Choice School, Vidyodaya School and Mar Thoma Public School.
Higher Education[link]
The Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) the main university named after the city, is located in the outskirts of the city. Most of the colleges offering tertiary education are affiliated either with the Mahatma Gandhi University or with the Cochin University. Other national educational institutes include the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, the National University of Advanced Legal Studies, the National Institute of Oceanography and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.
The city is also home to two medical schools – Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre at Elamakkara (offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses in medicine, dentistry and nursing) and the Co-operative Medical College at Kalamassery. Some of the prestigious general colleges are Maharaja's College, St. Albert's College, St. Teresa's College, Sacred Hearts College, Bharata Matha College, Aquina's College and Cochin College. The engineering and technology colleges located in the city and suburbs are CUSAT Engineering Schools and Model Engineering College. Cochin University's School of Management Studies (SMS) is the first and oldest Managerial education institution in South India. Leading managerial institutions include Amrita School of Business, Rajagiri School of Management, SCMS B-School, Albertian Institute of Management and Toc-H B school.
Being the seat of the High Court of Kerala, several top legal education institutes are located in the city. The Government Law College-Ernakulam is one of the oldest law schools in Kerala.[135] The prestigious National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS) is also located in the city.
Social Service Organisations[link]
Some of the main orphanages and rehabilitation shelters in Cochin City are Palluruthy Relief Settlement in Palluruthy Veli, Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan, Don Bosco Big Boys, Crescent Girls Orphanage, YMCA Boys Home,[136] Bal Bhavan, Valsalya Bhavan.[137]
Palluruthy Relief Settlement is under Corporation of Cochin and managed in association with Peoples Council for Social Justice. There are about 300 inmates and many of them are mentally ill. .[138] The night shelter for Ladies run by Corporation of Cochin near Kerala State Road Transport Corporation Bus Stand provides free and safe accommodation .[139] Peoples Council for Social Justice was found in 1985 under the patronage of Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, with the aim to work for human rights protection, free legal aid and to strive for social justice.[140][141][142]
The Orphanages for Children under Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan Cochin are Sneha Bhavan Annexe, SnehaBhavan, Valsalya Bhavan, Don Bosco and Bosco Nilayam. The ChildLine India project in Cochin is taken in collaboration with Don Bosco and children in distress and in need of help can contact in '1098' (toll free number).[143] Sneha Bhavan Annexe is the first point of contact with children and children can stay as a safe night shelter.[citation needed] Sneha Bhavan is a home for the children from the streets and for those from unhealthy and risky situations The Valsalya Bhavan centre is solely for the young girls who are rescued from the streets. Runaways, street children, children of sex workers, abused children and child labourers all live here. Along with primary and high school education at a local school, the centre provides shelter, food, clothing and educational support.[144]
There are many good people doing independent social service .The Italian Sister Sabiola conducts a home at Fort Cochin known as “Ashwasa Bhavan”, for young orphaned children.[145] Br.Judson run his own mobile bath in his vehicle for the abandoned. Judson's “Mobile Bath Service" moves around Kochi, in the morning time and in evenings to clean and clothe people living on the streets. Judson washes and cleanses their wounds, provides them new clothes and food, and takes them to shelters in the city.[146][147]
Media[link]
Major Malayalam newspapers published in Kochi include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Janmabhumi, etc. Popular English newspapers include The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Times of India, The Pioneer and The Deccan Chronicle. A number of evening papers are also published from the city.[148] Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available.
A number of financial publications are also published in the city. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express. Prominent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam, The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city.
Kochi houses several leading Malayalam television channels like Indiavision, Jeevan TV, Manorama News and We (music channel of Kairali TV) as well as major news studios of Asianet, Kairali TV, Amrita TV and Doordarshan. Prasar Bharati maintains its earth station and broadcasting center in Kakkanad, Kochi. Satellite television services are available through DD Direct+, Dish TV, Sun Direct DTH and Tata Sky. FM radio channels broadcast from Kochi[149] are Rainbow FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz, AIR Kochi 102.3 MHz, Club FM 94.3 MHz,[150] Radio Mango 91.9 MHz,[151] Red FM 93.5 MHz[152]
There are over twelve cinema halls that screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. The city hosts Kerala's first cine multiplex, at the Oberon Mall with four screens. Gold Souk Grande Kochi also has a cine multiplex operated by Q cinemas. 16 more multiplex screens are expected in the city in the near future.
Kerala has the highest density of telephones in India.[153] Telephony services are provided by various players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, MTS, Uninor, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL.
Sports[link]
Like elsewhere in Kerala, football is the most passionate sport among locals. Kochi is home to two of India's major professional football teams, FC Kochin and Chirag United Kerala and also teams like Josco FC since 2008.[154][155]
India's fourth largest stadium and third largest cricket stadium, the Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium located in Kaloor, is a major facility for football and cricket.[156][157] Recently, the stadium was renovated to facilitate more cricket tournaments as well as for hosting IPL Matches. Kochi is home to the Indian Premier League cricket team, the Kochi Tuskers which won franchise rights to play IPL will participate in the 2011 edition of IPL. Sreesanth who plays for the Indian National Cricket team hails from Kochi.
The Maharaja's Stadium located on MG Road in the heart of the city, is the major athletic facility in the state with synthetic tracks and turf grass as per international standards.[158] The Ambedkar stadium, maintained by GCDA, will be developed exclusively for Football with funds from Government of Kerala and FIFA.[159] Spanish club Real Madrid has proposed to set up a football school in Kochi. [160]
The Rajiv Gandhi Sports Complex at Kadavanthara is a major indoor stadium, mainly used for conducting badminton, tennis and basket ball tournaments. The 25m X 10m swimming pool[161] at the centre is one of the larger water sports facility in the state, where regular swimming competitions and coaching are conducted.
The FACT Grounds at Udyogamandal, Sacred Heart's College Grounds and St.Albert's College Grounds are the other major training facilities for various games like volleyball, badminton, cricket etc.
Kochi has two golf courses in the city, and one in the suburbs. The oldest golf club is located at Bolgatty Palace constructed in 1903, which is a nine hole facility run by Cochin Golf Club society.[162] The Cochin Golf and Country Club located near to Cochin Airport, operated by CIAL, is Kerala's first 18 hole golf course with a playing area of over 7,200 yards. The first phase of the all-weather golf course comprising nine holes was opened in May 2010 for members and public. The expansion to a 18 hole course is progressing, which is scheduled to be open in September 2012.[163] The nine hole golf course at the Naval Base is restricted only for military personnel.[164]
Being surrounded by water bodies, the city is ideal for Yachting. The Kerala Yachting Association and[165] the Cochin Yacht Club[166] are located in the city. Both organizations conduct regular yachting tournaments. Kochi was the only Indian city chosen for stopover during the Volvo Ocean Race 2008.[167]
Sister cities[link]
Kochi has twinned with independent city of Norfolk, Virginia and admitted into Norfolk Sister Cities Association with effect from 3 September 2010,[168] for co-operation in city development, exchange programmes in art, culture and education and improving business possibilities.
| City | Country | State / Region | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| File:NorfolkSeal.gif Norfolk |  United States |
 Virginia |
2010 |
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- ^ "Radio Mango Cochin". http://www.radiomango.in/cgi-bin/fm.dll/FM/home.do?tabId=1&BV_ID=@@@. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "RED FM Kochi". Kal Radio Limited. http://www.sunnetwork.org/redfm/kochi/index.asp. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
- ^ "InfoPark Kochi". Advantage Kochi. InfoPark. Archived from the original on 2007-02-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20070226153730/http://www.infoparkkochi.com/advantage.php. Retrieved 2006-06-02.
- ^ "First Soccer City in Kochi | Kochi Cochin News". Cochinsquare.com. 2010-04-30. http://www.cochinsquare.com/first-soccer-city-in-kochi/. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^ "Metro Plus Kochi : A home for Josco". The Hindu. 2010-04-29. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/04/29/stories/2010042951760100.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^ "Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium". 35th National Games. http://www.35thnationalgames.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=142&Itemid=54. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ "Nehru Stadium". Hindustantimes.com. 2011-04-11. http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/cricket/ipl2011/VenueDetails.aspx?venueid=73. Retrieved 2011-04-11.
- ^ "New International Stadium Confirmed To Come In Ernakulam (Cochin) – Cochin". Zimbio. http://www.zimbio.com/COCHIN/articles/251/NEW+INTERNATIONAL+STADIUM+CONFIRMED+COME+ERNAKULAM. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article3230015.ece
- ^ http://ibnlive.in.com/news/madrid-plan-to-open-football-school-in-kerala/244229-5-21.html
- ^ "Swimming pool complex". Rajiv Gandhi Sports Centre. http://www.rsccochin.org/show_sport.html?id=8. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ "Kochi Golf Club and Golf Course, Bolgatty". Cochin Golf Club Society. http://www.cochingolfclub.com/. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
- ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article2688787.ece
- ^ "Cochin Golf Cup". The Hindu. 2009-03-15. http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/15/stories/2009031555941400.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
- ^ "Kerala Yachting Association, Kochi". Kerala Yachting Association. http://www.keralayachting.com/. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ "Cochin Yacht Club". Cochin Yacht Club. http://www.cochinyachtclub.com/home.html. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ "Volvo Ocean Race 2008". Volvo Ocean Race. http://www.volvooceanrace.com/race2008-09/schedule/. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
- ^ "Cities / Kochi : Kochi, Norfolk ink sister city pact". The Hindu. 2010-09-03. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/article611305.ece. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
Further reading[link]
- Ma Huan: Ying Yai Sheng Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, translated by J.V.G. Mills, 1970 Hakluyt Society, reprint 1997 White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-8496-78-3
- Plunkett, R, Cannon, T, Davis, P, Greenway, P & Harding, P (2001), Lonely Planet South India, Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-86450-161-8
- Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) ISBN 81-900461-8-7
- Robert Charles Bristow – Cochin Saga, Paico Pub. House; 2d ed. edition (1967), OCLC 1659055
- Unemployment in Kerala at the turn of the 19th to 20th century Insights from the CDS gulf migration studies — K. C. Zachariah, S. Irudaya Rajan
- Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon. P (1914)
- Akhilavijnanakosam Malayalam Encyclopedia — D C Books Multimedia Series.
External links[link]
| Find more about Kochi on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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News stories from Wikinews |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
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Source texts from Wikisource |
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Textbooks from Wikibooks |
- Official website (Government of Kerala)
- Official website (Government of India)
- [6] (The Story of India: South India, Cochin, BBC)
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http://wn.com/Kochi
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Yusuf Khan Patha | |||
| Born | (1982-11-17) 17 November 1982 (age 29) Baroda, Gujarat, India |
|||
| Nickname | Lethal Weapon, Steeler, Run Machine, The Beast, | |||
| Height | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | |||
| Batting style | Right-handed | |||
| Bowling style | Right arm off break | |||
| Role | All-rounder | |||
| Relations | Irfan Pathan (brother) | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | India | |||
| ODI debut (cap 172) | 10 June 2008 v Pakistan | |||
| Last ODI | 10 March 2011 v Netherlands | |||
| ODI shirt no. | 28 | |||
| Only T20I (cap 18) | 24 September 2007 v Pakistan | |||
| T20I shirt no. | 28 | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 2001/02–present | Baroda | |||
| 2008–2010 | Rajasthan Royals | |||
| 2011–present | Kolkata Knight Riders | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | ODIs | FC | List A | T20I |
| Matches | 54 | 40 | 89 | 9 |
| Runs scored | 808 | 1,997 | 1,792 | 122 |
| Batting average | 24.48 | 35.03 | 30.37 | 24.40 |
| 100s/50s | 2/3 | 4/10 | 3/9 | 0/0 |
| Top score | 123* | 183 | 148 | 33* |
| Balls bowled | 768 | 7,161 | 3,055 | 89 |
| Wickets | 20 | 96 | 64 | 4 |
| Bowling average | 37.64 | 33.98 | 40.26 | 29.50 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 0 | 7 | 2 | 0 |
| 10 wickets in match | n/a | 1 | n/a | n/a |
| Best bowling | 3/49 | 6/47 | 5/52 | 2/23 |
| Catches/stumpings | 7/– | 43/– | 36/– | 5/– |
| Source: CricketArchive, 17 October 2009 | ||||
Yusuf Pathan (Urdu: یوسف خان پٹھان) (born 17 November 1982) is an Indian cricketer. Pathan made his debut in first-class cricket in 2001/02. He is a powerful and aggressive right-handed batsman and a right-arm offbreak bowler. His brother Irfan Pathan is also an Indian cricketer. Yusuf Pathan is considered to be one of the cleanest hitters of the cricket ball.
Contents |
Career[link]
Following his impressive performances in the 2007 Deodhar Trophy and the Inter-state domestic Twenty20 competition held in April 2007, Pathan was made a part of the Indian squad for the inaugural Twenty20 World Championship, held in South Africa in September 2007. He made his Twenty20 international debut in the final against Pakistan. He opened the batting for India in the match, and scored 15 runs in the process.[1]
After a good domestic season in 2007/08, he was signed by the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League for USD 475,000 (INR 1.9 crore). In the 2008 IPL season, he scored 435 runs and took 8 wickets. He recorded the season's fastest half century (from 21 balls) against the Deccan Chargers, and was also the Man of the Match in the final against the Chennai Super Kings.
Following his good showing in the IPL, he was selected for the Indian one-day team. After IPL, though he played all the games in the Kitply Cup and Asia Cup, he got to bat only four times and could not perform well with both bat and ball. He was later dropped from the series against Sri Lanka. He performed well in domestic circuit and impressed the selectors and was selected for the England ODI series in November. He scored a fifty off just 29 balls in the second ODI against England in Indore, on his 26th birthday.[2]
Yusuf had made his One-Day International debut for India against Pakistan at Dhaka on 10 June 2008. He became a regular feature of the national One-Day International team, but is yet to make his test debut.[3]
Even though Pathan could not repeat his first IPL performance in the second season, he was selected in the Indian team to play the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 championships in England. In the second of India's Super 8 matches, he made an unbeaten 33 from 17 balls against England. Despite his knock, the team lost the game and crashed out of the tournament without making it to the semi-finals.
In late-2009, Pathan was dropped from the limited overs team after a series of unproductive performances and the all-rounder's position was taken over by Ravindra Jadeja.
In the final of the 2010 Duleep Trophy cricket tournament, Pathan scored a hundred in the first innings and a double hundred in the second and led his team West Zone to a three wicket win over South Zone. Pathan made 108 in the first innings and an unbeaten 210 from 190 balls in the second innings to help his team chase down a mammoth target of 536. This became a world record for the highest successful run chase in first-class cricket history.[4]
Yusuf Pathan was named as the vice-captain of Rajasthan Royals during IPL 3. On 13 March 2010, Pathan scored a century off 37 balls, in an Indian Premier League match against Mumbai Indians. The innings also included record 11 consecutive hits to the boundary (6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4).
After that knock where he scored the fastest IPL century, his Rajasthan Royals skipper Shane Warne described his innings as one of the best innings he has even seen in his career and also compared Yusuf Pathan with his country-mate Andrew Symonds as two of the cleanest hitters of the ball.
On 7 December 2010, Pathan's power hitting sealed a memorable 5-wicket win for India. Pathan clobbered the New Zealand attack with his aggressive innings, smashing an unbeaten 123 from 96 balls and shared an unbroken 133-run partnership with Saurabh Tiwary to guide India to a huge target of 316 with seven balls to spare and give the hosts a 4-0 lead in the series. He was named man of the match for this effort. The all-rounder clubbed seven fours and seven sixes on the way to his maiden one-day century to help the hosts overhaul New Zealand's challenging 315-7 with seven balls to spare at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore.
At the awards distribution ceremony he stated that "this knock will boost my career". Indian captain Gautam Gambhir said "I have always said Pathan can finish games on his own, and that's what he did today, I had never seen something like this before. But I knew till the time Pathan was there, we would win the game."[5]
New Zealand skipper Daniel Vettori said "It was a great game of cricket, we were in the game, but Pathan was pretty amazing and took the game away from us."
In the MTN ODI series against South Africa, before the 2011 World Cup, he gave a stand-out performance in a match in Pretoria where he scored a brilliant 105 in 70 deliveries (comprising 8 fours and 8 sixes). Even though India lost the match, his performance was complimented heavily.[6] During this knock, he reached his century off 68 balls which is the sixth fastest by an Indian and the second fastest by an Indian outside the subcontinent. Thanks to his stream of good performances, he made it to the Indian team for 2011 World Cup.[7] and also scored 100 for just 37 balls vs Mumbai Indians in IPL 2010 Though Yusuf did not have a great World Cup, he ended up having the winner's medal and the honor of holding the World Cup aloft.
In the 2011 IPL auction, he was bought for a whopping $2.1 million by Kolkata Knight Riders.
He was named in the Indian team for 2012 Asia Cup to be held in Bangladesh.[8]
International Centuries[link]
One Day International Centuries[link]
- * indicates the batsman being not out
| # | Runs | Balls | 4s | 6s | Against | City/Country | Venue | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 123* | 96 | 7 | 7 |  New Zealand |
Bangalore, India | M. Chinnaswamy Stadium | 2010 |
| 2 | 105 | 70 | 8 | 8 |  South Africa |
Centurion, South Africa | SuperSport Park | 2011 |
References[link]
- ^ "Lalchand Rajput appointed manager for Twenty20 World Cup". http://in.sports.yahoo.com/070808/139/6j6yj.html.
- ^ "Yusuf and Ojha get maiden call-ups". Cricinfo. http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/content/story/352924.html.
- ^ "Kitply Cup, 2nd Match:India v Pakistan at Dhaka, 10 June 2008. Yusuf scored his maiden international fifty against England on 17th November at Indore.". Cricinfo. http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/ipl/engine/match/345469.html.
- ^ "Yusuf Pathan basks in 'innings of my career' | Cricket News | Global | ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo.com. http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/447198.html. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
- ^ "This innings could be the turning point of my life: Pathan". The Times of India. 8 December 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/new-zealand-in-india/top-stories/This-innings-could-be-the-turning-point-of-my-life-Pathan/articleshow/7062328.cms. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
- ^ "A great feeling for the Pathan family". Cricinfo. http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2011/content/story/495981.html.
- ^ "Fear is Pathan's primary weapon". Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/cricket-world-cup-2011/profiles/india-profiles/Fear-is-Pathans-primary-weapon/articleshow/7456257.cms.
- ^ "Sehwag, Zaheer rested, Sachin Tendulkar in Asia Cup squad - The Times of India". The Times Of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/asia-cup-2012/top-stories/Sehwag-Zaheer-rested-Sachin-Tendulkar-in-Asia-Cup-squad/articleshow/12082099.cms.
- Yusuf Pathan's Magic
- Yusuf Pathan's blazing ton
- Yusuf Pathan leads India to 4-0 win
- Yusuf Pathan excited to play alongside Brendon McCullum
External links[link]
- Player profile: Yusuf Pathan from ESPNcricinfo
- Player profile: Yusuf Pathan from CricketArchive
- Yusuf Pathan's Website
- Yusuf Pathan confident of making a comeback
- Yusuf Pathan eager to make the most of opportunity
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pathan, Yusuf Khan |
| Alternative names | Six hitter |
| Short description | Indian cricketer |
| Date of birth | November 17, 1982 |
| Place of birth | Baroda (now Vadodara), Gujarat |
| Date of death | 8 August 2012 |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Yusuf_Pathan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Pathan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
||||
| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Mahendra Singh Dhoni | |||
| Born | (1981-07-07) 7 July 1981 (age 30) Ranchi, Bihar (now in Jharkhand), India |
|||
| Nickname | Mahi | |||
| Height | 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) | |||
| Batting style | Right-hand batsman | |||
| Bowling style | Right-hand medium | |||
| Role | Wicket-keeper, India captain | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | India | |||
| Test debut (cap 251) | 2 December 2005 v Sri Lanka | |||
| Last Test | 13 January 2012 v Australia | |||
| ODI debut (cap 158) | 23 December 2004 v Bangladesh | |||
| Last ODI | 19 February 2012 v Australia | |||
| T20I debut (cap 2) | 1 December 2006 v South Africa | |||
| Last T20I | 3 February 2012 v Australia | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 1999/00–2004/05 | Bihar | |||
| 2004/05-present | Jharkhand | |||
| 2008–present | Chennai Super Kings | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | Test | ODI | FC | LA |
| Matches | 67 | 206 | 108 | 253 |
| Runs scored | 3,509 | 6,773 | 5,671 | 8,500 |
| Batting average | 37.32 | 51.70 | 36.12 | 50.29 |
| 100s/50s | 5/24 | 7/45 | 8/38 | 13/54 |
| Top score | 148 | 183* | 148 | 183* |
| Balls bowled | 78 | 12 | 108 | 39 |
| Wickets | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| Bowling average | – | 14.00 | – | 18.00 |
| 5 wickets in innings | – | – | – | – |
| 10 wickets in match | – | – | – | – |
| Best bowling | – | 1/14 | – | 1/14 |
| Catches/stumpings | 192/28 | 193/65 | 284/45 | 257/76 |
| Source: Cricinfo, 30 January 2012 | ||||
Mahendra Singh Dhoni pronunciation (help·info) (born 7 July 1981) is an Indian cricketer and the current captain of the Indian national cricket team and the Chennai Super Kings cricket team. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut in December 2004 against Bangladesh, and a year later played his first Test, this time against Sri Lanka.
Under his captaincy, India won the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, CB Series of 2007–08, the Border-Gavaskar Trophy in 2008 and 2010 against Australia 2–0 and 2011 World Cup. His Test, ODI record is best among all the Indian captains to date. He also captained Chennai Super Kings to victory in the recent 2011 IPL and in the Champions League. He is now captain of India in all three forms of the game and also led the team to their first ever bilateral ODI series wins in Sri Lanka and New Zealand. Under Dhoni's captaincy India became the first team after a gap of more than 20 years to whitewash Australia in a Test series. Dhoni also led the Indian team to the number one position in ICC rankings in Test cricket for the first time. Dhoni has also been the recipient of many awards including the ICC ODI Player of the Year award in 2008 and 2009 (the first Indian player to achieve this feat), the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award and the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour in 2009. In 2009 Dhoni topped the list of world’s top 10 earning cricketers compiled by Forbes.[1] He was named as the captain of ICC World Test and ICC ODI teams for 2009. In the final of the 2011 Cricket World Cup, he hit 91 not out of just 79 balls to lead India to victory. For his outstanding batting in the final, he was awarded as the man of the match. The TIME magazine added him in its "Time 100" list of 100 most influential people of 2011.[2] According to the SportsPro magazine Dhoni is 10th most valuable brand in field of sports worldwide and number 1 among all Asian superstars.[3]
Contents |
Personal life[link]
Mahendra Singh Dhoni was born in Ranchi, Bihar (now in Jharkhand),[4] and he identifies as being a Rajput.[5] His paternal village Lvali is in the Lamgarha block of the Almora District of Uttarakhand. Dhoni's parents, moved from Uttarakhand to Ranchi where Pan Singh worked in junior management positions in MECON. Dhoni has a sister Jayanti and a brother Narendra.[6] Dhoni is a fan of Adam Gilchrist, and his childhood idols were cricket teammate Sachin Tendulkar, Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and singer Lata Mangeshkar.Shreya Ghoshal is his current favourite singer. He said this in front a press conference with Pune Mirror.[7][8]
Dhoni studied at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir, Shyamali,(now the school is known as JVM, Shyamli, Ranchi) Ranchi, Jharkhand where he initially excelled in badminton and football and was selected at district and club level in these sports. Dhoni was a goalkeeper for his football team and was sent to play cricket for a local cricket club by his football coach. Though he had not played cricket, Dhoni impressed with his wicket-keeping skills and became the regular wicketkeeper at the Commando cricket club (1995–1998). Based on his performance at club cricket, he was picked for the 1997/98 season Vinoo Mankad Trophy Under-16 Championship and he performed well.[6] Dhoni focused on cricket after his 10th standard.[9]
Dhoni married Sakshi (née Rawat) on 4 July 2010. Sakshi Dhoni, a native of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. At the time of their marriage, she was studying Hotel Management and was working as a trainee at the Taj Bengal, Kolkata. After the retirement of Sakshi’s father from tea gardens, their family shifted to their native place, Dehradun.
The wedding stumped the media and the fans as it took place only a day after the couple got engaged.[10][11] Bollywood actress Bipasha Basu, a close friend of Dhoni, was quick to inform the media that the wedding was planned for months and was not a spur of the moment decision.[12]
Playing style[link]
Dhoni is a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper. Dhoni is one of the number of wicket-keepers who have come through the ranks of junior and India A cricket teams to represent the national team – Parthiv Patel, Ajay Ratra and Dinesh Karthik also followed this route. Dhoni, referred to as 'Mahi' by his friends, debuted in the Bihar cricket team during the 1998/99 cricket season and was selected to represent India-A for a tour to Kenya in 2004. Along with Gautam Gambhir, Dhoni made multiple centuries against the Pakistan-A team in a tri-nation series and was selected in the Indian national team later in that year.[13]
Dhoni tends to play mostly from the back foot with a pronounced bottom hand grip. He has a very fast hand speed through the ball which often results in the ball racing across the ground. From this initial stance his feet do not show much movement which sometimes results in chasing balls while not coming to the pitch of the ball or to some deliveries catching the inside edge.
Dhoni scored 148 against Pakistan in his fifth ODI match in 2005 – then the highest score by an Indian wicketkeeper. Later in the year, he broke his own record as well as set the current world record for the highest score in the second innings in ODI matches as he scored 183* against Sri Lanka. Dhoni's success in the limited overs format secured him a place in the Test team. Consistent performances in ODI cricket through the end of the 2005/06 season saw Dhoni briefly ranked as the No. 1 batsman in the ICC ODI ratings.[6]
Dhoni's form dipped through 2006 as India lost matches at the ICC Champions trophy, DLF Cup, away bilateral series against West Indies and South Africa. A return to form in the home series against West Indies and Sri Lanka in early 2007 proved to be an inaccurate indicator of Dhoni's form as India crashed out of the first round in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. Dhoni was out for a duck in both India's losses. After the World Cup, Dhoni won the Man of the series award in the bilateral ODI tournament against Bangladesh. For the tour of England, Dhoni was named the ODI team vice-captain.[14]
Only nine players have captained ten or more Tests while playing as a wicket-keeper. Dhoni leads the field with 33 Tests as captain, 15 ahead of Gerry Alexander in second place.[15]
Domestic career[link]
Junior cricket[link]
Dhoni was included in the Bihar U-19 squad for the 1998/99 season and scored 176 runs in 5 matches (7 innings) as the team finished fourth in the group of six and did not make it to the quarter finals. Dhoni was not picked for the East Zone U-19 squad (CK Nayudu Trophy) and Rest of India squad (MA Chidambaram Trophy and Vinoo Mankad Trophy). Bihar U-19 cricket team advanced to the finals of the 1999–2000 Cooch Behar Trophy where Dhoni made 84 to help Bihar post a total of 357. Bihar's efforts were dwarfed by Punjab U-19's 839 with Dhoni's future national squad teammate Yuvraj Singh making 358.[16] Dhoni's contribution for the tournament included 488 runs (9 matches, 12 innings), 5 fifties, 17 catches and 7 stumpings.[17] MS Dhoni made it to the East Zone U-19 squad for the CK Nayudu trophy but scored only 97 runs in four matches as East Zone lost all four matches and finished last in the tournament.
Bihar team[link]
Dhoni made his Ranji Trophy debut for Bihar in the 1999–2000 season as an eighteen year old. He made a half century in his debut match scoring 68* in the second innings against Assam cricket team.[18] Dhoni finished the season with 283 runs in 5 matches. Dhoni scored his maiden first-class century against Bengal in the 2000/01 season in a losing cause.[19] Apart from the century, his performance in the 2000/01[20] did not include another score over fifty and in 2001/02 season he scored just five fifty in each season in four Ranji matches.[21] Dhoni's performance for the 2002/03 season in the Ranji Trophy included three half centuries in the Ranji Trophy and a couple of half-centuries in the Deodhar Trophy competition as he started winning recognition for his lower-order run contribution as well as hard hitting batting style.
In the 2003/04 season, Dhoni scored a century (128*) against Assam in the first match of the Ranji ODI trophy. He was part of the East Zone squad that won the Deodhar Trophy for the year and contributed with 244 runs in 4 matches. In the Duleep Trophy finals, Dhoni was picked over International cricketer Deep Dasgupta to represent East zone.[22] He scored a fighting half century in the second innings in a losing cause.[23]
The future captain was discovered via the BCCI's small-town talent-spotting initiative TRDW. Dhoni was discovered by TRDO PC Podar, captain of Bengal in the 1960s, when he saw Dhoni play for Jharkhand at a match in Jamshedpur in 2003, and sent a report to the National Cricket Academy.[24]
India A team[link]
He was recognised for his efforts in the 2003/04 season, especially in the ODI format and was picked for the India A squad for a tour of Zimbabwe and Kenya.[25] Against the Zimbabwe XI in Harare Sports Club, Dhoni had his best wicket-keeping effort with 7 catches and 4 stumpings in the match.[26] In the tri-nation tournament involving Kenya, India 'A' and Pakistan 'A', Dhoni helped India 'A' chase their target of 223 against Pakistan 'A' with a half-century.[27] Stressing on his performance, he scored back to back centuries – 120[28] and 119*[29] against the same squad. Dhoni scored 362 runs in 7 matches (6 innings, Avg:72.40), and his performance in the series received attention from the then Indian Cricket team captain – Sourav Ganguly[30] and Ravi Shastri amongst others. However, the India 'A' team coach Sandeep Patil recommended Dinesh Karthik for a place in the Indian squad as Wicket-keeper/Batsman.[31]
Indian Premier League[link]
M.S.Dhoni was contracted by the Chennai Super Kings for 1.5 Million USD. This made him the most expensive player in the IPL for the first season auctions.[32] Dhoni is the present captain of the Chennai Super Kings Team. Under his captaincy, Chennai Super Kings have won 2 Indian Premier League titles and the 2010 Champions League Twenty20.
Batting Stats in IPL and Champions League Twenty20[link]
| Tournament | Matches | Innings | Not Out | Runs | Highest | Strike Rate | Average | 50s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 Indian Premier League | 16 | 14 | 4 | 414 | 65 | 133.54 | 41.40 | 2 [33] |
| 2009 Indian Premier League | 14 | 13 | 5 | 332 | 58* | 127.20 | 41.50 | 2 [34] |
| 2010 Indian Premier League | 13 | 11 | 2 | 287 | 66* | 136.66 | 31.88 | 2 [35] |
| 2010 Champions League Twenty20 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 91 | 31* | 130.00 | 45.50 | 0 [36] |
| 2011 Indian Premier League | 16 | 13 | 4 | 392 | 70* | 158.70 | 43.55 | 2 [37] |
| 2011 Champions League Twenty20 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 46 | 22* | 82.14 | 15.33 | 0 [38] |
| TOTAL- In IPL and Champions League Twenty20 | ||||||||
| Tournament | Matches | Innings | Not Out | Runs | Highest | Strike Rate | Average | 50s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Indian Premier League | 59 | 51 | 15 | 1425 | 70* | 138.61 | 39.58 | 8 [39] |
| In Champions League Twenty20 | 10 | 9 | 4 | 137 | 31* | 108.73 | 27.40 | 0 |
| Overall | 69 | 60 | 19 | 1562 | 70* | 135.35 | 38.09 | 8 [40] |
ODI career[link]
File:Dhoni ODI Graph.jpg
ODI Career of Dhoni. Brown line indicates 10 match average while the orange line indicates career average progression.
The Indian team in the 2000s (decade) saw the use of Rahul Dravid as the wicket-keeper to ensure that the wicket-keeper spot didn't lack in batting talent.[30] The Indian cricket establishment also saw the entry of wicket-keeper/batsmen from the junior ranks with talents like Parthiv Patel and Dinesh Karthik – both India U-19 Captains in the test squads.[30] With Dhoni making a mark in the India-A squad, he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in 2004/05.[41] Dhoni did not have a great start to his ODI career, getting run out for a duck on debut.[42] In spite of an average series against Bangladesh, Dhoni was picked for the Pakistan ODI series.[43] In the second match of the series, Dhoni in his fifth one-day international, scored 148 in Vishakapatnam off only 123 deliveries. Dhoni's 148 surpassed the earlier record for the highest score by an Indian wicketkeeper,[44] a record that he would re-write before the end of the year.
Dhoni had few batting opportunities in the first two games of the Sri Lankan bilateral ODI series (October–November 2005) and was promoted to No. 3 in the third ODI at Sawai Mansingh Stadium (Jaipur). Sri Lanka had set India a target of 299 after a Kumar Sangakkara century and in reply, India lost Tendulkar early. Dhoni was promoted to accelerate the scoring and ended the game with an unbeaten 183 off 145 balls, winning the game for India[45] – an innings described in Wisden Almanack (2006) as 'Uninhibited, yet anything but crude'.[46] The innings set various records including the highest Individual score in ODI cricket in the second innings,[47] a record that still stands. Dhoni ended the series with the highest run aggregate (346)[48] and was awarded the Man of the series award for his efforts. In December 2005, Dhoni was signed by BCCI to a B-grade contract, skipping the initial C-grade level due to his performance on the cricketing field.[49]
India scored 328 in 50 overs with Dhoni contributing 68 in their first match of 2006 against Pakistan. However the team finished poorly, scoring just 43 runs in the last eight overs and lost the match due to Duckworth-Lewis method.[50] In the third match of the series, Dhoni came in with India in a precarious situation and scored 72 runs off just 46 balls that included 13 boundaries to help India take a 2–1 lead in the series.[51][52] The final match of the series had a repeat performance as Dhoni scored 77 runs off 56 balls to enable India win the series 4–1.[53] In recognition of his consistent ODI performances, Dhoni overtook Ricky Ponting as number one in the ICC ODI rankings for batsmen on 20 April 2006.[54] His reign lasted just a week as Adam Gilchrist's performance against Bangladesh moved him to the top spot.[55]
Two cancelled series in Sri Lanka, one due to the withdrawal of South Africa from the Unitech Cup due to security concerns[56] and the replacement 3-match ODI bilateral series against Sri Lanka washed due to rain,[57] was India's prelude to another disappointing tournament – DLF Cup 2006-07. Dhoni scored 43 runs as the team lost twice in three games and did not qualify for the finals. India's lack of preparation showed in the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy as they lost to West Indies and Australia, though Dhoni scored a half-century against West Indies. The story of the ODI series in South Africa was the same for both Dhoni and India as Dhoni scored 139 runs in 4 matches and India lost the series 4–0. From the start of the WI ODI series, Dhoni had played 16 matches, hit just two fifties and averaged 25.93. Dhoni received criticism on his wicket keeping technique from former wicketkeeper Syed Kirmani.[58]
Preparations for the 2007 Cricket World Cup improved as India recorded identical 3–1 victories over West Indies and Sri Lanka and Dhoni had averages in excess of 100 in both these series. However, India unexpectedly crashed out the World Cup after losses to Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Dhoni was out for a duck in both these matches and scored 29 runs in the tournament. After the loss to Bangladesh in 2007 Cricket World Cup, the house that Dhoni was constructing in his home-town Ranchi was vandalised and damaged by political activists of JMM.[59] The local police arranged for security for his family as India exited the World cup in the first round.[60]
Dhoni put his disappointment in the World cup behind him by scoring 91* against Bangladesh after India were left in a tight spot earlier in the run-chase. Dhoni was declared the man of the match for his performance, his fourth in ODI cricket. He was also later adjudged the man of the series after the third game of the series was washed away. Dhoni had a good Afro-Asia Cup, getting 174 runs in 3 matches at an average of 87.00, with a blitzkrieg 139 not out of 97 balls, a Man Of The Match innings, in the 3rd ODI.
Dhoni was nominated as the vice-captain of the ODI team for the series against South Africa in Ireland and the subsequent India-England 7-match ODI series.[14] Dhoni, who received a 'B' grade contract in December 2005, was awarded an 'A' grade contract in June 2007. And also he was elected as captain of Indian Twenty-20 Cricket Team for the World Twenty20 in September 2007. On 2 September 2007 Mahendra Singh Dhoni equalled his idol Adam Gilchrist's international record for the most dismissals in an innings in ODI by catching 5 English players and stumping one.[61] He led India to the ICC World Twenty 20 trophy in South Africa with a victory over arch rivals Pakistan in an intensely fought final on 24 September 2007, and became the second Indian captain to have won a World cup in any form of cricket, after Kapil Dev. Dhoni took his first wicket and ODI wicket on 30 September 2009. He bowled Travis Dowlin from the West Indies. During the series between India and Australia, Dhoni hit an aggressive 124 runs in just 107 balls, in the second ODI, and a measured knock of 71 runs in 95 balls, along with Yuvraj Singh, saw India home by 6 wickets, in the third ODI.
Dhoni topped the ICC ODI Batsman rankings for several months continuously in 2009, it was Hussy from Australia who replaced him for the top spot in the beginning of 2010.
Dhoni had an excellent year in ODIs in 2009 scoring 1198 runs in just 24 innings at an astonishing average of 70.43. Dhoni was also the joint top-scorer in ODIs in 2009 along with Ricky Ponting, but the latter having played in 30 innings.
On 12 February 2012, Dhoni made an unbeaten 44 to guide India to their first win over Australia at Adelaide. In the final over, he hit a monstrous six which travelled 112 metres off the bowling of Clint McKay. During the post-match presentation, he described this six as more important than the one he hit during the ICC World Cup final in 2011.[62]
Test career[link]
Following his good one-day form against Sri Lanka, Dhoni replaced Dinesh Karthik in December 2005 as the Indian Test wicket-keeper.[63] Dhoni scored 30 runs in his debut match that was marred by rain. Dhoni came to the crease when the team was struggling at 109/5 and as wickets kept falling around him, he played an aggressive innings and was the last man dismissed.[64] Dhoni made his maiden half-century in the second Test and his quick scoring rate (half century came off 51 balls) aided India to set a target of 436 and the Sri Lankans were bowled out for 247.[65]
India toured Pakistan in January/February 2006 and Dhoni scored his maiden century in the second Test at Faisalabad. India were left in a tight spot as Dhoni was joined by Irfan Pathan with the team still 107 away from avoiding follow-on. Dhoni played his typical aggressive innings as he scored his maiden test century in just 93 balls after scoring his first fifty in just 34 deliveries.[66]
Dhoni followed his maiden test century with some prosaic batting performances over the next three matches, one against Pakistan that India lost and two against England that had India holding a 1–0 lead going into the test match. Dhoni was the top scorer in India's first innings in the third test at Wankhede Stadium as his 64 aided India post a respectable 279 in reply to England's 400. However Dhoni and the Indian fielders dropped too many catches and missed many dismissal chances including a key stumping opportunity of Andrew Flintoff (14).[67] Dhoni failed to collect the Harbhajan Singh delivery cleanly as Flintoff went on to make 36 more runs as England set a target of 313 for the home team, a target that India were never in the reckoning. A batting collapse saw the team being dismissed for 100 and Dhoni scored just 5 runs and faced criticism for his wicket-keeping lapses as well as his shot selections.
On the West Indies tour in 2006, Dhoni scored a quick and aggressive 69 in the first Test at Antigua. The rest of the series was unremarkable for Dhoni as he scored 99 runs in the remaining 6 innings but his wicket-keeping skills improved and he finished the series with 13 catches and 4 stumpings. In the test series in South Africa, Dhoni's scores of 34 and 47 were not sufficient to save the second test against the Proteas as India lost the test series 2–1, squandering the chance to build on their first ever Test victory in South Africa (achieved in the first Test match). Dhoni's bruised hands ruled him out of the third test match.[68]
On the fourth day of the first Test match at Antigua Recreation Ground, St John's, Antigua during India's tour of West Indies, 2006, Dhoni's flick off Dave Mohammed to the midwicket region was caught by Daren Ganga. As the batsman started to walk back, captain Dravid declared the innings when confusion started as the umpires were not certain if the fielder stepped on the ropes and Dhoni stayed for the umpire's verdict. While the replays were inconclusive, the captain of the West Indies side, Brian Lara, wanted Dhoni to walk-off based on the fielder's assertion of the catch. The impasse continued for more than 15 minutes and Lara's temper was on display with finger wagging against the umpires and snatching the ball from umpire Asad Rauf. Ultimately, Dhoni walked-off and Dravid's declaration was effected but the game was delayed, and Lara's action was criticised by the commentators and former players. Lara was summoned by the match referee to give an explanation of his actions but he was not fined.[69]
Dhoni scored two centuries in Sri Lanka's tour of India in 2009, a series of 3 matches in which he led India to a 2–0 victory. With this feat, India soared up to the number 1 position in Test cricket for the first time in history. India scored 726–9 (decl) in the third match of this series, which is their highest Test total ever.[70]
Captain of India[link]
Dhoni was named the captain of India Twenty 20 squad for the inaugural ICC World Twenty20 held in South Africa in September 2007.[71] India were crowned champions as Dhoni led the team to victory against Pakistan in a thrilling contest.[72] He, then went on to become the ODI captain of the Indian team for the seven-match ODI series against Australia in September 2007.[73] He made his debut as full-time Test captain of India during the fourth and final test against Australia at Nagpur in November 2008 replacing Anil Kumble who was injured in the third test and who then announced his retirement. Dhoni was vice-captain in this series up to that point.[74] India eventually won that Test thus clinching the series 2–0 and retained the Border-Gavaskar Trophy.[75] Dhoni had previously captained India on a stand-in basis against South Africa and Australia in 2008 and 2009 respectively.
It was under his captaincy that India climbed to No. 1 in the ICC Test Rankings in December 2009. After that he managed to lead India in a series-levelling world championship of Tests against the South Africans in February 2010.
After winning the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup for India against Sri Lanka on 2 April 2011 with his match winning knock of unbeaten 91, Tendulkar heaped praises on Dhoni, claiming him to be the best captain he has played under. Tendulkar mentioned that it was Dhoni's calm influence that was rubbing off on all his team-mates and even under such extreme pressure from every corner the way Dhoni handles it and brings the best out of him was just incredible. Saurav Ganguly also said in an interview to a news channel that Dhoni is the all time greatest captain of India and he has a great record to support this credential.
Two-match ban[link]
Dhoni was handed a two-match ban from playing in the ODI series against Sri Lanka for the team's slow over-rate during the second one-dayer in Nagpur (18 December 2009).[76]
World Cup[link]
Under Dhoni's captaincy, India won the 2011 World Cup. In the final against Sri Lanka, chasing 275, Dhoni promoted himself up the batting order, coming before Yuvraj Singh. When he came to bat India needed more than six runs per over with three top order batsmen already dismissed. He started building a good partnership with Gautam Gambhir. Due to good strokeplay and active running between wickets, they kept up with the required run rate. Dhoni was on 60 off 60 balls, but later accelerated with a greater flow of boundaries, ending with 91 not out off 79 balls. Befitting the occasion, he finished the match with a huge six over long-on off bowler Nuwan Kulasekara.
Later he admitted in the post match presentation that he came up the order so as to counter the Muralitharan spin threat as he was very familiar with Murali's bowling, being his team-mate in the Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Chennai Super Kings. He had come after the dismissal of Virat Kohli, also a right-handed batsman. By partnering with the left-handed Gambhir, he ensured a right-left combination at the crease that makes it difficult for bowlers to settle into a rhythm.
The bat used by Dhoni in the final match,which got the team winning six was sold for 72 Lac. The money goes to Sakshi Rawat Foundation, operated by Dhoni's wife Sakshi Rawat to help orphan children.[77]
Cricket performance[link]
ODI Cricket[link]
| ODI career records by opposition | |||||||||
| # | Opponent | Matches | Runs | Average | High Score | 100s | 50s | Catches | Stumping |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Africa XI[78] | 3 | 174 | 87.00 | 139* | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2 |  Australia |
25 | 697 | 38.72 | 124 | 1 | 3 | 26 | 9 |
| 3 |  Bangladesh |
9 | 247 | 61.75 | 101* | 1 | 1 | 9 | 6 |
| 4 |  Bermuda |
1 | 29 | 29.00 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 5 |  England |
23 | 817 | 48.06 | 96 | 0 | 3 | 19 | 7 |
| 6 |  Hong Kong |
1 | 109 | - | 109* | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 7 | New Zealand |
11 | 309 | 51.50 | 84* | 0 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
| 8 |  Pakistan |
25 | 1001 | 52.68 | 148 | 1 | 8 | 22 | 6 |
| 9 |  Scotland |
1 | - | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| 10 | South Africa |
19 | 386 | 25.73 | 107 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 1 |
| 11 |  Sri Lanka |
46 | 1798 | 62.00 | 183* | 2 | 14 | 38 | 9 |
| 12 |  West Indies |
18 | 499 | 49.90 | 95 | 0 | 3 | 16 | 4 |
| 13 |  Zimbabwe |
2 | 123 | 123.00 | 67* | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 192 | 6372 | 50.17 | 183* | 7 | 42 | 182 | 61 | |
ODI Centuries:
| ODI centuries | ||||||
| # | Runs | Match | Against | Stadium | City/Country | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 148 | 5 | Pakistan |
ACA-VDCA Stadium | Vishakapatnam, India | 2005 |
| 2 | 183* | 22 | Sri Lanka |
Sawai Mansingh Stadium | Jaipur, India | 2005 |
| 3 | 139* | 74 | Africa XI[78] | MA Chidambaram Stadium | Chennai, India | 2007 |
| 4 | 109* | 109 | Hong Kong |
National Stadium | Karachi, Pakistan | 2008 |
| 5 | 124 | 143 | Australia |
VCA Stadium | Nagpur, India | 2009 |
| 6 | 107 | 152 | Sri Lanka |
VCA Stadium | Nagpur, India | 2009 |
| 7 | 101* | 156 | Bangladesh |
Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium | Dhaka, Bangladesh | 2010 |
ODI records[link]
- On 31 October 2005 Dhoni scored 183* runs of just 145 balls against Sri Lanka in Sawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur, which is the highest score made by any batsman in the second innings (surpassing Lara's previous record of 153).[47]
- The innings featured 10 Sixes – the most by an Indian in an innings, and the fifth highest in ODIs.[79]
- He broke Adam Gilchrist's record of 172 for the highest score made by a wicket keeper.
- The innings set the record for the most number of runs scored in boundaries (120 – 15x4; 10x6) breaking the record held by Saeed Anwar. However this was later broken by Herschelle Gibbs (126 runs in boundaries – 21x4; 7x6) against Australia during his knock of 175.
- The score of 183* equalled Ganguly's innings during the 1999 Cricket World Cup as the highest individual score against Sri Lanka.
- Among Indian batsmen who have played more than 50 matches, Dhoni has the highest average.[80] Dhoni's batting average is also the highest amongst wicketkeepers in ODIs.
- In June 2007, Dhoni(139*) and Mahela Jayawardene(107)[78] set a new world record for the sixth wicket partnership of 218 runs against Africa XI during the Afro-Asia Cup.[81]
- Dhoni passed Shaun Pollock's record for the highest individual score by a number seven batsman in one-day internationals during his unbeaten innings of 139.[82] Incidentally, Pollock record stood for just three days as his score of 130 came in the first match of the 2007 Afro-Asia Cup while Dhoni's century came in the third and final match of the series.
- Dhoni also holds the records of the most dismissals in an innings by an Indian wicketkeeper and joint International (with Adam Gilchrist) with 6 dismissals (5 catches and one stumping) against England at Headlingly 2 September 2007.
- Dhoni holds the Indian record of most dismissals in ODIs. He went past Nayan Mongia's 154 for India on 14 November 2008 when he caught Ian Bell off Zaheer Khan at Madhavrao Scindia Cricket Ground, Rajkot. However including 3 ODIs against Africa XI, his 155th dismissal was TM Dilshan caught off Munaf Patel at R. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo on 24 August 2008.
- Dhoni, when he was on four during his innings of 23 against Sri Lanka at R.Premadasa Stadium, Colombo on Saturday, completed 4,000 runs in ODIs. Having already effected 165 dismissals (125 catches + 40 stumpings), Dhoni became the sixth wicketkeeper after Adam Gilchrist, Andy Flower, Alec Stewart, Mark Boucher and Kumar Sangakkara to complete the "double" of 4,000 runs and 100 dismissals in the history of ODIs. Dhoni’s feat of completing the "double" of 4,000 runs and 100 dismissals in only 114 innings is a world record. He is the youngest wicket-keeper batsman to do so (27 years and 208 days).
Man of the Series Awards[link]
-
S No Series (Opponents) Season Series Performance 1 Sri Lanka in 
India ODI Series2005/06 346 Runs (7 Matches & 5 Innings, 1x100, 1x50); 6 Catches & 3 Stumpings 2 India in Bangladesh ODI Series2007 127 Runs (2 Matches & 2 Innings, 1x50); 1 Catches & 2 Stumpings[83] 3 India in Sri Lanka ODI Series2008 193 Runs (5 Matches & 5 Innings, 2x50); 3 Catches & 1 Stumping 4 India in West Indies ODI Series2009 182 Runs (4 Matches & 3 Innings with an average of 91); 4 Catches & 1 Stumping 5 India in England ODI Series2011 236 Runs (5 Matches & 5 Innings with an average of 78.66, 3x50) 5 England in India ODI Series2011 212 Runs (5 Matches & 4 Innings with out been dismissed even once in the series, 2x50)
Man of the Match Awards:
-
S No Opponent Venue Season Match Performance 1 PakistanVishakapatnam 2004/05 148 (123b, 15x4, 4x6); 2 Catches 2 Sri LankaJaipur 2005/06 183* (145b, 15x4, 10x6); 1 Catch 3 PakistanLahore 2005/06 72 (46b, 12x4); 3 Catches 4 BangladeshMirpur 2007 91* (106b, 7x4); 1 Stumping 5 Africa XI[78] Chennai 2007 139* (97b, 15x4, 5x6); 3 Stumpings 6 AustraliaChandigarh 2007 50* ( 35 b, 5x4 1x6); 2 Stumpings 7 PakistanGuwahati 2007 63, 1 Stumping 8 Sri LankaKarachi 2008 67, 2 Catches 9 Sri LankaColombo (RPS) 2008 76, 2 Catches 10 New ZealandMcLean Park, Napier 2009 84*, 1 Catch & 1 Stumping 11 West IndiesBeausejour Stadium, St. Lucia 2009 46*, 2 Catches & 1 Stumping 12 AustraliaVidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, Nagpur 2009 124, 1 Catches, 1 Stumping & 1 Runout 13 BangladeshMirpur 2010 101* (107b, 9x4) 14 Sri LankaWankhede Stadium 2011 91 Not Out 14 EnglandRajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 2011 87*, 1 Catch & 1 Stumping
Test cricket[link]
Test performance[84]:
| Test career records by opposition | |||||||||
| # | Opponents | Matches | Runs | Average | High Score | 100s | 50s | Catches | Stumpings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Australia |
12 | 582 | 30.63 | 92 | 0 | 5 | 32 | 9 |
| 2 | Bangladesh |
3 | 193 | 96.50 | 89 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 3 |
| 3 | England |
12 | 617 | 32.47 | 92 | 0 | 6 | 37 | 3 |
| 4 | New Zealand |
5 | 299 | 49.83 | 98 | 0 | 3 | 19 | 3 |
| 5 | Pakistan |
5 | 323 | 64.60 | 148 | 1 | 2 | 9 | 1 |
| 6 | South Africa |
10 | 560 | 37.33 | 132* | 1 | 2 | 24 | 1 |
| 7 | Sri Lanka |
9 | 491 | 49.10 | 110 | 2 | 2 | 21 | 1 |
| 8 | West Indies |
10 | 430 | 26.88 | 144 | 1 | 2 | 36 | 7 |
| Total | 66 | 3495 | 37.99 | 148 | 5 | 24 | 190 | 28 | |
Test centuries:
| Test centuries | ||||||
| # | Runs | Match | Against | Stadium | City/Country | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 148 | 5 | Pakistan |
Iqbal Stadium | Faisalabad, Pakistan | 2006 |
| 2 | 110 | 38 | Sri Lanka |
Sardar Patel Stadium | Ahmedabad, India | 2009 |
| 3 | 100* | 40 | Sri Lanka |
Brabourne Stadium | Mumbai, India | 2009 |
| 4 | 132* | 42 | South Africa |
Eden Gardens | Kolkata, India | 2010 |
| 5 | 144 | 63 | West Indies |
Eden Gardens | Kolkata, India | 2011 |
Man of the Match Awards:
Test records[link]
- Dhoni's maiden century against Pakistan in Faisalabad (148) is the fastest century scored by an Indian wicket keeper. Only three centuries by two other wicket-keepers (Kamran Akmal and Adam Gilchrist – 2) were faster than Dhoni's 93 ball century.[85]
- Under Dhoni's captaincy, India defeated Australia by 320 runs on 21 October 2008, biggest ever win in terms of runs for India.[86]
- Dhoni holds the record for most catches by an Indian player in an innings. He achieved this feat by taking six catches during the first innings of the third test against New Zealand in Wellington in April 2009.
- Dhoni also equalled Syed Kirmani's record for most dismissals in an innings by an Indian wicket-keeper. Syed Kirmani has effected 6 dismissals (5 catches and 1 stumping) against New Zealand in 1976. Dhoni now has equalled that record for most dismissals with 6 dismissals (all 6 catches) against New Zealand in 2009.
- Dhoni currently ranks third in the all-time dismissals list by Indian wicket-keepers. With the six dismissals in the first innings of the Test match against New Zealand in Auckland,April 2009, Dhoni has now been involved in 109 dismissals. The following is the list of top five Indian wicket-keepers, in terms of all-time dismissals in test matches: Syed Kirmani (198 dismissals), Kiran More (130 dismissals), Dhoni (109 dismissals), Nayan Mongia (107 dismissals) & Farokh Engineer (82 dismissals).
- Dhoni is now the second wicketkeeper to have effected 6 dismissals in an innings apart from a fifty in each innings of a Test match. Denis Lindsay had accomplished the feat for South Africa against Australia at Johannesburg in December 1966 – 69 & 182 and 6 ct. + 2 ct.
- Under Dhoni's captaincy, India reached their highest test score of 726–9 (decl) during Sri Lanka's tour of India in 2009. Their 2–0 victory in the series took them to the number 1 ranking in Test cricket for the first time in history.
- Under Dhoni's captaincy, India did not lose a test match until the first test versus South Africa in Nagpur in February 2010. As a captain, he holds a record for longest unbeaten run in tests from his debut, 11 tests (8 wins and 3 draws). This record crossed former Australian captain Warwick Armstrong's run of 10 unbeaten tests (8 wins, 2 draws) from debut. In Dhoni's streak, however, there was a period of injury in which Virender Sehwag led the side (for 3 draws). So India's unbeaten streak was for 14 tests, of which 11 were Dhoni's.[citation needed]
- However Dhoni's unbeaten streak of 11 test matches ended during India's tour of England in 2011 and England also replaced India from No.1 spot in ICC Test team rankings.
Captaincy Record[link]
| Captaincy Record in Test Matches | ||||||
| Venue | Span | Matches | Won | Lost | Tied | Draw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| At Home Venues | 2008–2011 | 18 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 5 [87] |
| At Away Venues | 2009–2012 | 19 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 5 [88] |
| TOTAL | 2008-2012 | 37 | 17 | 10 | 0 | 10[89] |
| Captaincy Record in One Day Internationals | ||||||
| Venue | Span | Matches | Won | Lost | Tied | N/R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In India (At Home Venues) | 2007–2011 | 43 | 27 | 13 | 1 | 2 [90] |
| At Away and Neutral Venues | 2008–2012 | 76 | 40 | 28 | 2 | 6 [91] |
| TOTAL | 2007-2012 | 119 | 67 | 41 | 3 | 8 [92] |
| Captaincy Record in Twenty20 Internationals | ||||||
| Venue | Span | Matches | Won | Lost | Tied | N/R |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In India (At Home Venues) | 2007–2011 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 [93] |
| At Away Venues | 2007–2012 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 [94] |
| At Neutral Venues | 2007–2010 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 1 [95] |
| TOTAL | 2007-2012 | 29 | 13 | 14 | 1 | 1 [96] |
Note - In the 2010 ICC World Twenty20, India played a Super 8 Match against West Indies. This match comes under the List of Matches played in Away Venues as the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 was being hosted in West Indies
Honorary Awards[link]
Honorary Doctorate[link]
Dhoni was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by De Montfort University in August 2011.[97]
Honorary Military Rank[link]
The Territorial Army conferred the honorary rank of Lieutenant Colonel[98] to Dhoni on 1 November 2011. He is the second Indian cricketer after Kapil Dev to have received this honor.
Match Ban[link]
Due to slow-over rate, MS Dhoni being the captain of Indian cricket team has seldom faced with a restrictions to play in the matches. In December 2009, he was suspended for 2 ODI matches against Sri Lanka when ICC match referee Jeff Crowe had imposed this ban as India was three over beyond the specified duration. Hence Virender Sehwag was named the skipper for the next two mathes help in Cuttak and Kolkatta.[99] Further, in January 2012 he was banned for the 4th test match against Australia in Adelaide. Dhoni was two over short during the third test in Perth.[100] Consequently, Virender Sehwag captained the Adelaide test and Wriddhiman Saha kept the wickets. In the CB Series, MS Dhoni again faced a one match ban for slow-over rate against Australia, for the second time in 2012.
Endorsements[link]
MS Dhoni signed with Kolkata-based celebrity management company Gameplan Sports in April 2005.[101][102] Currently Dhoni has 20 endorsements, only Shahrukh Khan has more (21).[103] In 2007 Dhoni had 17 endorsements.[104] In July 2010, Dhoni tied up with Rhiti Sports Management and Mindscapes and has been promised a minimum guarantee of Rs 210 crore over the next three years.[105]
The following is the list of endorsements signed by Dhoni.
- 2005: Pepsico,[106][107] Reebok,[106][107] Exide,[107] TVS Motors.[108]
- 2006: Mysore Sandal Soap,[109] Videocon,[110] Reliance Communications,[111] Reliance Energy,[111] Orient PSPO Fan,[112] Bharat Petroleum,[113] Titan Sonata,[114] Brylcream,[115] NDTV,[116] GE Money.[117]
- 2007: Siyaram.[118]
- 2008: Fashion at Big Bazaar alongside Bollywood actress Asin, Maha Choco, Boost (health food), Dainik Bhaskar[119]
- 2009: Dabur Honey, Kolkata Fashion Week.[120] Aircel communications, Nova Scottia Premium shirts.
- 2010: Amrapali[121]
Notes[link]
- ^ Schwartz, Peter J.; Smith, Chris. "Dhoni Forbes’ top earning cricketer". http://www.forbes.com/2009/08/27/cricket-ganguly-flintoffl-business-sports-cricket-players_slide_2.html.
- ^ "The 2011 Time 100". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2066367,00.html. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
- ^ . http://e-news4u.com/news_details.php?/indian/skipper/dhoni/outscores/nadal/in/10/most/marketable/sportspersons/&id=6628 title=The 2011 Top 100.
- ^ "Players and Officials – MS Dhoni". Cricinfo. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/28081.html.
- ^ Dinakar, S. (9 December 2005). "Interview - M. S. Dhoni". Sportstar (The Hindu) 28 (49). http://www.tssonnet.com/tss2849/stories/20051203001202300.htm. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Ranchi rocker". The Tribune. India. 29 April 2006. http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060429/saturday/main1.htm. Retrieved 12 May 2007.
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| Sporting positions | ||
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| Preceded by Rahul Dravid |
Indian One-Day captains 2007–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Preceded by Anil Kumble |
Indian National Test Cricket Captain 2008–present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Dhoni, Ms |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 7 July 1981 |
| Place of birth | Ranchi, Bihar (now in Jharkhand) |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Mahendra Singh Dhoni
http://hi.wn.com/महेंद्र सिंह धोनी
http://pl.wn.com/Mahendra Singh Dhoni
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Personal information | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full name | Ravindra Anirudhsinh Jadeja | |||
| Born | (1988-12-06) 6 December 1988 (age 23) Jamnagar, India |
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| Batting style | Left-handed | |||
| Bowling style | Slow left arm orthodox | |||
| Role | All rounder | |||
| International information | ||||
| National side | India | |||
| ODI debut (cap 122) | 8 February 2009 v Sri Lanka | |||
| Last ODI | 16 March 2012 v Bangladesh | |||
| T20I debut | 10 February 2009 v Sri Lanka | |||
| Last T20I | 3 February 2012 v Australia | |||
| Domestic team information | ||||
| Years | Team | |||
| 2006–present | Saurashtra | |||
| 2008-2009 | Rajasthan Royals | |||
| 2011 | Kochi Tuskers Kerala | |||
| 2012-present | Chennai Super Kings | |||
| Career statistics | ||||
| Competition | ODI | FC | LA | T20I |
| Matches | 58 | 38 | 95 | 12 |
| Runs scored | 860 | 2,372 | 1,448 | 72 |
| Batting average | 28.66 | 45.61 | 28.96 | 12.00 |
| 100s/50s | 0/5 | 5/10 | 0/9 | 0/0 |
| Top score | 78 | 314* | 78 | 25 |
| Balls bowled | 2,636 | 8,157 | 4,296 | 240 |
| Wickets | 57 | 120 | 108 | 7 |
| Bowling average | 38.42 | 28.01 | 30.68 | 40.00 |
| 5 wickets in innings | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 wickets in match | n/a | 1 | n/a | n/a |
| Best bowling | 4/32 | 7/31 | 4/8 | 2/26 |
| Catches/stumpings | 21/– | 36/– | 37/– | 6/– |
| Source: Cricinfo, 17 May 2012 | ||||
Ravindrasinh Anirudhsinh Jadeja (born 6 December 1988) is an Indian cricketer. He is a left-handed middle-order batsman and slow left-arm orthodox bowler. Jadeja represents Saurashtra in first class cricket, and Chennai Super Kings in the Indian Premier League. He was part of the victorious Indian U-19 cricket team that won the World Cup in Malaysia in 2008. He was also represented Indian in the 2009 and 2010 ICC Twenty20 World Cups.
Contents |
Career[link]
International career[link]
He caught the attention of the national selectors with his strong all-round showing in the 2008-09 Ranji Trophy - 42 wickets and 739 runs - and was promptly picked for the ODI series in Sri Lanka.His international debut came in the final match of the series on 8 February 2009 where he scored 60*, even though India lost the match. In the 2009 World Twenty20 Jadeja was criticised for not scoring at the requisite run rate in India's loss to England. Jadeja's World Twenty20 jinx continued with a dismal bowling performance against Australia in the next edition of the tournament in 2010 which cost India dearly, with India losing the match and bowing out of the tournament. After the incumbent all rounder Yusuf Pathan suffered a loss of form, Jadeja took his place at No. 7 in the ODI team in late-2009. In the third ODI against Sri Lanka in Cuttack on 21 December 2009, Jadeja was awarded the man of the match award following a haul of four wickets. His best bowling figure is 4-32.[1]
He made a comeback into the Indian ODI side in the 3rd One-Dayer against England at The Oval in London and arriving at 58/5 after 19 overs, he had a 112-run partnership with skipper Mahendra Singh Dhoni(69 from 103 balls) and then a 59-run blitzkrieg with Ravichandran Ashwin(36 not out from 19) to help his side reach 234/7 in 50 overs. He also had 2/42 from his 9 overs castling opener-wicketkeeper Craig Kieswetter(51 from 46) and Tim Bresnan(28 from 38), thus assisting fellow spinner Ravichandran Ashwin(3 for 40 from 9 overs) in a 43-over innings. England however won the rain-affected game by 3 wickets (D/L method) with 7 overs to spare, though he himself earned a Man of the Match for his gutsy all-round performance. His performance in the fourth ODI was mixed as he took a blinder in the last over at the boundary and earlier, had a mini 'brain-fade' giving away four overthrows in a keenly contested tie.[2]
First class cricket[link]
Jadeja made his first class debut in 2006-07 Duleep Trophy. He is a part of India-A set-up. He plays for West Zone in the Duleep Trophy and for Saurashtra in Ranji Trophy. In early November 2011 in a Ranji Trophy match against Orissa, Jadeja smashed 314 off just 375 balls hitting 29 fours and 9 sixes.
Under 19 Cricket World Cup[link]
He played for India in Under 19 Cricket World Cup in 2006 and 2008.
Indian Premier League[link]
Jadeja was selected to be a part of the Rajasthan Royals for the inaugural season of the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2008. His brilliant display in the IPL matches won him praises from the team’s captain and coach, Shane Warne. He was nicknamed "Rockstar" by Warney as he was so impressed with Jadeja's cricketing skills and predicted a bright future for the allrounder. He made his presence felt during the IPL campaign and played a crucial role in helping the team win the 2008 IPL defeating Chennai Super Kings in the finals played on June 1, 2008 in Mumbai. He scored 135runs from 14 matches in the IPL season, his best score being 36* versus Mohali (Kings XI Punjab), at a strike rate of 131.06.
He was banned from the 2010 tournament. In 2011, he was selected as part of Kochi Tuskers Kerala for $950,000. As Kochi Tuskers are not a part of IPL anymore, all the Kochi team members were put up for auction.
In 2012 IPL player auction, Ravindra Jadeja[3] was bought by Chennai Super Kings for $2 million (approx. Rs. 9.8 Crore), becoming the most expensive player of the year's auction, after a tie breaker between Chennai Super Kings and Deccan Chargers as both the team bid for the same amount.
Notes[link]
References[link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jadeja, Ravindra |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian cricketer |
| Date of birth | 6 December 1988 |
| Place of birth | Saurashtra |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ravindra_Jadeja
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/रवींद्र सिंह जडेजा
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravindra_Jadeja
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Riyaz Khan | |
|---|---|
| Born | September 9, 1972 India |
| Occupation | Film actor |
| Years active | 2000 - present |
| Spouse | Uma Riyaz Khan |
Riyaz Khan (Malayali: റിയാസ് ഖാന്) is a Malayalam actor who has acted in several Tamil, Malayalam and Telugu films. He debuted in the Malayalam film Sugham Sughakaram directed by Balachandra Menon. Later he went on to act in Tamil and Telugu films. After many years, he came back to the Malayalam film industry acting in Balettan starring Mohanlal. He is also a brand ambassador of a Chennai based fitness studio called 'Inshape health & fitness'.[1] His latest films include Arasangam, Stalin (Telugu), Thirupathi, Ghajini, Winner, Baba, Ramana. He is married to actress Uma Riyaz. The most recognizable role of his is the character of Inspector Arjun in the Bollywood film Ghajini.
Filmography[link]
- Grandmaster_(film) (2012)
- Casanovva (2012)
- Ponnar Sankar (2011)
- Vandae Matharam (2010)
- Avan (2010)
- Pokkiri Raja (2010)
- Kutti Pisasu
- Sura (2010)
- Maanja Velu (2010)
- Yathumaagi (2010)
- Rahasya Police (2009)
- Thirunakkara Perumal (2009) (Malayalam)
- Jaganmohini (2009)
- Duplicate (2009 film) (Malayalam)
- Aadhavan (2009)
- Ghajini (Hindi)
- Arasangam
- Indrajith (2007)
- July 4 (2007)
- Rakshakan (2007)
- The Speed Track (2007)
- Yes Your Honour (2006)
- Stalin (2006) (Telugu)
- Thirupathi (2006)
- Lion (2006)
- Ghajini (Tamil)
- Power of Women (2005) (Tamil)
- Pauran (2005)
- Kochi Rajavu (2005) (malayalam)
- Five Fingers (2005)
- Vesham (2004)
- Mayilattam (2004)
- Runway(2004)
- Jalolsavam (2004) (Malayalam)
- Symphony (2004) (Malayalam)
- Balettan (2003) (Malayalam)
- Winner
- Naageswari (2002)
- Baba (2002)
- Ramana (2002)
- Aalavandhan (2001)
- Badri (2001)
- Aathma (Tamil)
- Sukham Sukhakaram (Malayalam)
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Khan, Riyaz |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | September 9, 1972 |
| Place of birth | India |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This article about an Indian actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
http://wn.com/Riyaz_Khan
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaz_Khan
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
