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Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
wn.com/Andhra_Pradesh -
Angul District
Angul is a district of Orissa state in India. The city of Angul is the district headquarters.
A bridge between western and coastal areas of Orissa where the prehistoric and protohistoric relics are found in village Bhimakund, Kankili, Kulei, Samal, Sanakerjang, Kaliakata, Paranga, Kerjang, Ogi, Tikarapara and Pallahara. The geographical location of Angul made the Bhanjas of Angulaka-pattana, the Sulkis of Kodalaka Mandala, the Nandodbhavas of Airavatta Mandala, the Tungas of Yamagartta Mandala rule over it. But all through the rules of different dynasties, Angul has retained her cultural identity which is much more prominent than its political establishments.
wn.com/Angul_District -
Angul district
Angul is a district of Orissa state in India. The city of Angul is the district headquarters.
A bridge between western and coastal areas of Orissa where the prehistoric and protohistoric relics are found in village Bhimakund, Kankili, Kulei, Samal, Sanakerjang, Kaliakata, Paranga, Kerjang, Ogi, Tikarapara and Pallahara. The geographical location of Angul made the Bhanjas of Angulaka-pattana, the Sulkis of Kodalaka Mandala, the Nandodbhavas of Airavatta Mandala, the Tungas of Yamagartta Mandala rule over it. But all through the rules of different dynasties, Angul has retained her cultural identity which is much more prominent than its political establishments.
wn.com/Angul_district -
Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
wn.com/Assam -
Atri (hot spring)
Atri a small village in Khurda district of Orissa.
Atri is around 15 km west of Khurdha. The nearest airport is at Bhubaneswar. Nearest railhead is Khurda Road Junction Railway Station.
Main Gate
Hot Spring Well
Kua Kunda
wn.com/Atri_(hot_spring) -
Baitarani
The Baitarani River or River Vaitarani (Oriya: ବୈତରଣୀ ନଦୀ, Devanagari:वैतरणी नदी) is one of six major rivers of Orissa, India. Venerated in popular epics and legends, the Baitarani River is a source of water for agricultural irrigation. Most of the potentially arable land in the area is not under cultivation. The coastal plain of Orissa has the name of "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". These deltas divide the coastal plain into three regions from north to south. The Baitarani, the Mahanadi and the Brahmani rivers form the Middle Coastal Plain, with evidence of past 'back bays' and present lakes.
The Baitarani originates from the Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Orissa state of India at an elevation of 900 m above sea level. The uppermost part of the river, about 80 km in length, flows in a northerly direction; then it changes its path suddenly by 900 and flows eastward. The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the boundary between Orissa and Jharkhand.
wn.com/Baitarani -
Baitarani River
The Baitarani River or River Vaitarani (Oriya: ବୈତରଣୀ ନଦୀ, Devanagari:वैतरणी नदी) is one of six major rivers of Orissa, India. Venerated in popular epics and legends, the Baitarani River is a source of water for agricultural irrigation. Most of the potentially arable land in the area is not under cultivation. The coastal plain of Orissa has the name of "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". These deltas divide the coastal plain into three regions from north to south. The Baitarani, the Mahanadi and the Brahmani rivers form the Middle Coastal Plain, with evidence of past 'back bays' and present lakes.
The Baitarani originates from the Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Orissa state of India at an elevation of 900 m above sea level. The uppermost part of the river, about 80 km in length, flows in a northerly direction; then it changes its path suddenly by 900 and flows eastward. The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the boundary between Orissa and Jharkhand.
wn.com/Baitarani_River -
Balangir District
Balangir District, also called Bolangir District, is a district situated in the western orissa region of India. The district has an area of 5,165 km², and a population of 1,335,760 (2001 census). The town of Balangir is the district headquarters. The composition of the land is predominantly rural.Other important big & small towns in Balangir district are Titlagarh, Patnagarh, Kantabhanji, Loisingha, Saintala, Belpada, Tushra, Agalpur, Deogaon, Chudapali.
The district of Balangir is named after the headquarters towns of Balangir. This town was also the headquarters of the feudatory state of Patna since the 1880s. The district of Balangir is flanked in the northwest by the Gandhamardan hills. Many hill streams traverse it. It is the land of Tantrik culture. It is also notable for having experimented in the republican form of Government that was overthrown by Ramai Deo.
The territory comprising the present district of Balangir was in ancient times a part of the South Kosala. According to tradition, the origin of South Kosala dates back to the time of Rama and scholars like Pargiter believe that Rama's long stay in that region gave rise to the name of South Kosala after his original homeland Kosala. According to Padmapurana, the kingdom of Kosala, after Rama, was divided between Lava and Kusa, his two son. Later Kusa founded the city of Kusasthalipura and ruled over the southern half of Kosala (that included modern day Western Orissa and Chattisgarh State).
wn.com/Balangir_District -
Balangir district
Balangir District, also called Bolangir District, is a district situated in the western orissa region of India. The district has an area of 5,165 km², and a population of 1,335,760 (2001 census). The town of Balangir is the district headquarters. The composition of the land is predominantly rural.Other important big & small towns in Balangir district are Titlagarh, Patnagarh, Kantabhanji, Loisingha, Saintala, Belpada, Tushra, Agalpur, Deogaon, Chudapali.
The district of Balangir is named after the headquarters towns of Balangir. This town was also the headquarters of the feudatory state of Patna since the 1880s. The district of Balangir is flanked in the northwest by the Gandhamardan hills. Many hill streams traverse it. It is the land of Tantrik culture. It is also notable for having experimented in the republican form of Government that was overthrown by Ramai Deo.
The territory comprising the present district of Balangir was in ancient times a part of the South Kosala. According to tradition, the origin of South Kosala dates back to the time of Rama and scholars like Pargiter believe that Rama's long stay in that region gave rise to the name of South Kosala after his original homeland Kosala. According to Padmapurana, the kingdom of Kosala, after Rama, was divided between Lava and Kusa, his two son. Later Kusa founded the city of Kusasthalipura and ruled over the southern half of Kosala (that included modern day Western Orissa and Chattisgarh State).
wn.com/Balangir_district -
Balasore district
Balasore District, also known as Baleswar District or Baleshwar District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The lingua franca is Oriya. The coastal district is known for its beautiful mountains and famous temples. Balasore is a place of scenic beauty and a major tourist attraction, also because of its historical monuments and temples. There are a few hill ranges in the region too.
It is now a launch station for sounding rockets on the east coast of India in Orissa state at 21°18' N and 86°36' E. Balasore has been in use since 1989, but unlike Sriharikota, it is not used for launching satellites. The rocket launching site at Balasore is situated in a place called Chandipur located on the Bay of Bengal. The Interim Test Range in Chandipur, Balasore is responsible for carrying out tests for various missiles such as Agni, Prithvi, Trishul etc.
Balasore Railway Station falls en route on the main line connecting Chennai to Kolkata. Road connectivity wise, National Highway-5 runs through Balasore. It is 212 km north-east of Bhubaneswar by road. Chandipur-on-sea is a sea resort famous for its mile long shallow beaches. Chandipur on sea is one of the shallowest sea beaches in the world. It is a unique beach, the tide comes to the shore only four times a day, at determined intervals. Among other tourist attractions is the 18th century kshirochora-gopinath temple, famous for its mythological story, how the temple was built there.
wn.com/Balasore_district -
Balasore District
Balasore District, also known as Baleswar District or Baleshwar District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The lingua franca is Oriya. The coastal district is known for its beautiful mountains and famous temples. Balasore is a place of scenic beauty and a major tourist attraction, also because of its historical monuments and temples. There are a few hill ranges in the region too.
It is now a launch station for sounding rockets on the east coast of India in Orissa state at 21°18' N and 86°36' E. Balasore has been in use since 1989, but unlike Sriharikota, it is not used for launching satellites. The rocket launching site at Balasore is situated in a place called Chandipur located on the Bay of Bengal. The Interim Test Range in Chandipur, Balasore is responsible for carrying out tests for various missiles such as Agni, Prithvi, Trishul etc.
Balasore Railway Station falls en route on the main line connecting Chennai to Kolkata. Road connectivity wise, National Highway-5 runs through Balasore. It is 212 km north-east of Bhubaneswar by road. Chandipur-on-sea is a sea resort famous for its mile long shallow beaches. Chandipur on sea is one of the shallowest sea beaches in the world. It is a unique beach, the tide comes to the shore only four times a day, at determined intervals. Among other tourist attractions is the 18th century kshirochora-gopinath temple, famous for its mythological story, how the temple was built there.
wn.com/Balasore_District -
Bangalore
Bangalore /ˈbæŋɡəlɔər/, also rendered Bengaluru,[needs IPA] is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Bangalore is nicknamed the Garden City for its gardens and parks and was once called a pensioner's paradise. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the south-eastern part of Karnataka, Bangalore is India's third most populous city and fifth-most populous urban agglomeration. Bangalore is well known as a hub for India's information technology sector. It is among the top 10 preferred entrepreneurial locations in the world.
A succession of South Indian dynasties ruled the region of Bangalore until in 1537 AD Kempe Gowda—a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire—established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore. Following transitory occupation by Maratha and Mughal, the city remained under the Mysore kingdom. Bangalore continued to be a cantonment of the British and a major city of the Princely State of Mysore which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. Following the independence of India in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore state, and later Karnataka.
wn.com/Bangalore -
Bargarh District
Bargarh District (Oriya: ବରଗଡ଼ ଜିଲା), is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The city of Bargarh is its district headquarters. The district was carved out of the erstwhile district of Sambalpur in 1993.
The district has an area of 5832 km². The district of Sambalpur is in the north east, Bolangir & Subarnapur districts are in the south, Nuapara district is in the south west and the state of Chhattisgarh is to its west.
All-season irrigation from Hirakud dam on the Mahanadi River makes the northern half of Bargarh District rich in agriculture, mostly paddy.
This district is famous for centuries old handloom industry manufacturing a trade-mark textile form called Sambalpuri Saree.
Bargarh district consists of two sub-divisions, namely Bargarh & Padampur. It comprises 12 blocks. They are Bargarh, Barpali, Attabira, Bheden, Sohella, Bijepur, Padmpur, Gaisilet, Paikmal, Jharbandh, Ambabhona and Bhatli.
According to the 2011 census Bargarh district has a population of 1,478,833, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 339th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 253 inhabitants per square kilometre (660 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.84 %. Bargarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.16 %.
wn.com/Bargarh_District -
Bargarh district
Bargarh District (Oriya: ବରଗଡ଼ ଜିଲା), is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The city of Bargarh is its district headquarters. The district was carved out of the erstwhile district of Sambalpur in 1993.
The district has an area of 5832 km². The district of Sambalpur is in the north east, Bolangir & Subarnapur districts are in the south, Nuapara district is in the south west and the state of Chhattisgarh is to its west.
All-season irrigation from Hirakud dam on the Mahanadi River makes the northern half of Bargarh District rich in agriculture, mostly paddy.
This district is famous for centuries old handloom industry manufacturing a trade-mark textile form called Sambalpuri Saree.
Bargarh district consists of two sub-divisions, namely Bargarh & Padampur. It comprises 12 blocks. They are Bargarh, Barpali, Attabira, Bheden, Sohella, Bijepur, Padmpur, Gaisilet, Paikmal, Jharbandh, Ambabhona and Bhatli.
According to the 2011 census Bargarh district has a population of 1,478,833, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 339th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 253 inhabitants per square kilometre (660 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.84 %. Bargarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 75.16 %.
wn.com/Bargarh_district -
Baripada
Baripada is a city and a municipality in Mayurbhanj district in the state of Orissa, India. Baripada is the district headquarters. It is a place to stay and tour the Mayurbhanj region. This region is home to Similipal, one of the most important wildlife parks of India. The national park comprises lush valleys, forest lands and scores of ancient temples.
Rathyatra (Chariot Festival) is one of the main attractions of Baripada. Baripada also hosts the second most popular Rath Yatra of Orissa after Puri. Baripada is also the home of the Mayurbhanj Chhau dance, an ancient martial dance form. The 5th Battalion of OSAP (Orissa State Armed Police) is situated at Rangamatia.
Baripada is located at 21°56′N 86°43′E / 21.94°N 86.72°E / 21.94; 86.72. It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 feet).
Baripada is the seat for North Orissa University at Takhatpur. It is also home to the Maharaja Purna Chandra College and to the MPC Autonomous College. The oldest high school is Maharaja Krushna Chandra High School built during 1889. The town also has a Kendriya Vidyalaya school. There is an English Medium School - St Anne's Convent School, Baripada. It also has Maharaja Purnachandra Junior and Autonomous college for providing intermediate, graduate and postgraduate level academics in various disciplines ranging from Science to Arts and many specializations. One of the other schools include Maharani Premakumari Girls High school situated at Lalbazar that is exclusively for girls secondary and higher secondary education. The engineering college named Seemanta Engineering College, affiliated to BPUT is situated near Jharpokharia which is 35 km away from Baripada.
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Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal, the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of 2,172,000 km². A number of large rivers – the Padma (a distributary of the Ganges), Meghna (a distributary of the Brahmaputra), Jamuna (a branch of the Brahmaputra), Ayeyarwady, Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna and Kaveri – flow into the Bay of Bengal. Among the important ports are Cuddalore, Ennore, Chennai, Karaikal, Pondicherry, Tuticorin, Kakinada, Machilipatnam, Vishakhapatnam, Gangavaram, Krishnapatnam, Paradip, Kolkata, Mongla, Chittagong and Yangon.
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Bay of Bengal as follows:
On the East. A line running from Cape Negrais (16°03'N) in Burma through the larger islands of the Andaman group, in such a way that all the narrow waters between the islands lie to the Eastward of the line and are excluded from the Bay of Bengal, as far as a point in Little Andaman Island in latitude 10°48'N, longitude 92°24'E and thence along the Southwest limit of the Burma Sea [A line running from Oedjong Raja (5°32′N 95°12′E / 5.533°N 95.2°E / 5.533; 95.2) in Sumatra to Poeloe Bras (Breuëh) and on through the Western Islands of the Nicobar Group to Sandy Point in Little Andaman Island, in such a way that all the narrow waters appertain to the Burma Sea].
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Bengal
Bengal (Bengali: বাংলা
Bangla (help·info), Bengali: বঙ্গ Bôngo, Bengali: বঙ্গদেশ Bôngodesh, or Bengali: বাংলাদেশ Bangladesh) is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Today, it is mainly divided between the sovereign land of People's Republic of Bangladesh (previously East Bengal / East Pakistan) and the Indian state of West Bengal, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal (during local monarchical regimes and British rule) are now part of the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam, Tripura and Orissa. The majority of Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people (বাঙালি Bangali) who speak the Bengali language (বাংলা Bangla).
The region of Bengal is one of the most densely populated regions on earth, with a population density exceeding 900/km². Most of the Bengal region lies in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta, the world's largest delta. In the southern part of the delta lies the Sundarbans—the world's largest mangrove forest and home of the Bengal tiger. Though the population of the region is mostly rural and agrarian, two megacities, Kolkata (previously Calcutta) and Dhaka (previously Dacca), are located in Bengal. The Bengal region is renowned for its rich literary and cultural heritage as well as its immense contribution to the socio-cultural uplift of Indian society in the form of the Bengal Renaissance, and revolutionary activities during the Indian independence movement.
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Berhampur University
Berhampur University is a university near Berhampur, Orissa, India. It is one of the oldest and major universities of Orissa, the others being Utkal at Bhubaneswar and Sambalpur University.
The university came into existence on 2 January 1967, after a bill was passed in the Orissa Legislative Assembly and was inaugurated by Ayodhya Nath Khosla, the then Governor of Orissa and the first Chancellor of the University.
The first Vice Chancellor, Justice Lingaraj Panigrahi was a jurist, educationist and educational administrator from Berhampur town. His tenure was brief and the task of establishing the infant university then fell to Raghunath Prasad Padhi.
Padhi appointed distinguished scholars to senior positions in the university. In Botany, the first Head of Department was Harihar Pattnaik, who later became the Vice Chancellor of the university and was also the Chairman of the Regional Railway Recruiting Board. U. N. Biswal later became Vice-Chancellor of Sambalpur University. Chemistry was the only visible research school of the university in the initial years. In History the archaeologist Krushna Chandra Panigrahi was Head of Department.
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Bhadrak
Bhadrak is a city and a municipality in Bhadrak district in the state of Orissa, India.
As of 2010[update] India census, Bhadrak (ଭଦ୍ରକ )had a population of 1,334,000. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Bhadrak has an average literacy rate of 73.86, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 84.65% of males and 62.85% of females literate. 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Date of formation 1 April 1993 Area 1721sq. km;km2
Population (2010) 1334000 Males-676000 ,Females-658000
Literacy Rates: Total-73.86 Male-84.65%,Female-62.85%
Population density 532 per km2 No. of Sub-Division 1 No. of Tehsil 7 No. of Blocks 5 No. of Villages 1356 Average rainfall 1433 mm Temperature Max.: 48 °; Min.: 17 °C Postal Code 756100 STD Code 06784
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Bhadrak District
Bhadrak District is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India.
The district is named for the town of Bhadrak, which is the district headquarters.
The district includes Rakta Tirtha Eram in Basudev Pur, where about 30 people were killed by the British police while fighting for independence.
On 1 April 1893, this district was carved out from the Balasore District and became a separate entity.
The district has an area of 2,505 km² Bhadrak town is situated at a distance of 125 km from the state capital, Bhubaneswar. Salandi River passes by this district.
Bhadrak is home to FACOR, which is one of the largest manufacturers of quality ferro chrome in the country.
Many new factories including Ship Building factory will be coming up soon.
An important upcoming town in Bhadrak distinct is Dhamara, which is upcoming newly built Mega port of the distinct. New railway line from Bhadrak to Dhamra is constructed.
According to the 2011 census Bhadrak district has a population of 1,506,522, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 332nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 601 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,560 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.95 %. Bhadrak has a sex ratio of 981 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.25 %.
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Bhadrak district
Bhadrak District is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India.
The district is named for the town of Bhadrak, which is the district headquarters.
The district includes Rakta Tirtha Eram in Basudev Pur, where about 30 people were killed by the British police while fighting for independence.
On 1 April 1893, this district was carved out from the Balasore District and became a separate entity.
The district has an area of 2,505 km² Bhadrak town is situated at a distance of 125 km from the state capital, Bhubaneswar. Salandi River passes by this district.
Bhadrak is home to FACOR, which is one of the largest manufacturers of quality ferro chrome in the country.
Many new factories including Ship Building factory will be coming up soon.
An important upcoming town in Bhadrak distinct is Dhamara, which is upcoming newly built Mega port of the distinct. New railway line from Bhadrak to Dhamra is constructed.
According to the 2011 census Bhadrak district has a population of 1,506,522, roughly equal to the nation of Gabon or the US state of Hawaii. This gives it a ranking of 332nd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 601 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,560 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 12.95 %. Bhadrak has a sex ratio of 981 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 83.25 %.
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Bhubaneshwar
Bhubaneswar /ˌbʊvəˈneɪʃwər/, also spelled Bhubaneshwar (Oriya: ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର Bhubanēsbara pronunciation (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially spelled Odisha. The city has a history of over 2000 years starting with the Chhedi dynasty (around 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (City of Temples) otherwise known as the Temple City of India. Bhubaneswar, literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Universe (Bhuban). It is the largest city of Orissa, and a center of economic and religious importance in the region today.
Bhubaneswar's possession of magnificent sculptures and architectural heritage, coupled with the sanctity as Ekamrakshetra make this one of the great religious centres of Orissa since early medieval days. With its large number of Hindu temples (over 600 in number), which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India and together with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja (Golden Triangle); one of the most visited destinations in East India.
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Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar /ˌbʊvəˈneɪʃwər/, also spelled Bhubaneshwar (Oriya: ଭୁବନେଶ୍ଵର Bhubanēsbara pronunciation (help·info)), is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa, officially spelled Odisha. The city has a history of over 2000 years starting with the Chhedi dynasty (around 2nd century BCE) who had Sisupalgarh near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Bhubaneswar has been known by names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, Ekamra Kanan, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (City of Temples) otherwise known as the Temple City of India. Bhubaneswar, literally means the Lord (Eeswar) of the Universe (Bhuban). It is the largest city of Orissa, and a center of economic and religious importance in the region today.
Bhubaneswar's possession of magnificent sculptures and architectural heritage, coupled with the sanctity as Ekamrakshetra make this one of the great religious centres of Orissa since early medieval days. With its large number of Hindu temples (over 600 in number), which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, Bhubaneswar is often referred to as a Temple City of India and together with Puri and Konark it forms the Swarna Tribhuja (Golden Triangle); one of the most visited destinations in East India.
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] (
listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Boudh District
Boudh District, also called Bauda District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The city of Boudh is the district headquarters. As of 2011 it is the second least populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Debagarh.
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Boudh district
Boudh District, also called Bauda District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The city of Boudh is the district headquarters. As of 2011 it is the second least populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Debagarh.
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Chandbali
Chandabali (or Chandbali) is a community in the Bhadrak district of Orissa on the bank of the River Baitarani, and a tourist destination for visitors to the Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary.
Before the 19th century AD, Chandabali was a small fishing village, and a natural river port. In 1866 trading began from this port to Bengal and in 1881 it was declared a government port by the British government. This led to growth and development of a market for agricultural produce.
In the 1910s, the United States Hydrographic Office noted that the opening of the Bengal-Nagpur Railway had drawn trade away from the port, and that the port was now considered to be simply part of the port of Dhamra. At the time, the port had between 22 and 30 feet of anchorage, in front of the town, with three landing piers, the water 10 feet deep at their ends. A steamer service ran four times per week between there and Calcutta. The town itself had a single police station, a customhouse and warehouse, and a traveler's bungalow. The 1901 Census of India had recorded the population as 1,826.
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Chicacole
Chicacole, was the former name for the city of Srikakulam that was applied by British colonial rulers. It is said that the word Chicacole came from two Persian words - Chica and Khol. Chica means "a small cloth bag which can be closed by pulling a thread around its neck" and Khol means 'open'. Under the Muslim rule, this place was used as a toll gate where traders were demanded by the staff in Persian "Chika Khol", which means 'open the bag and pay toll'. Unaware that the meaning of these Persian words were a demand to pay toll, people used to call the place as "chicacole". Which in later periods became Srikakulam. We can say that this is a kind of reverse transliteration.After the fall of Gajapati empire of Orissa during the period of Akbar the empire of Orissa was divided into five Sarkars and Chicacole Sarkar was one of the Sarkars',also known as Kalinga Dandapat.The Nizam of Hyderabad occupied the area between Rajahmundry to Srikakulam in 16th century.During Muslim rule, Srikakulam was called as Gulshanabad (Garden city). Srikakulam was headquarter of fauzdars (local governors) under Muslim rule of Orissa Province of Mughals. The popular one of those fauzdars was Sher Mohammad Khan (Sher Khan). He was titled as Sher-e-Gulshanabad (Lion of Gulshanabad). Village Sher Mohammed Puram in Etcherla mandal in Srikakulam district was built by Sher Mohammed Khan and tank named Sher Khan Cheruvu was also built by him. Ruined tombs of Muslim kings are still seen in Srikakulam. Srikakulam is situated in north of Andhra Pradesh. Modern Srikakulam district was formed on August 15, 1950. Srikakulam, the northernmost district in the Andhra Pradesh, was a part of Vishakapatnam District until it was bifurcated in 1950. Srikakulam town, the headquarters of the district, is located on the both sides banks of the River Nagavali. Towards the west is Bay of Bengal and towards the South East is Vijayanagaram district and towards north is state of Orissa.
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Cuttack district
Cuttack district is one of the 30 districts in Orissa state in eastern India. Its administrative headquarters is the city of Cuttack. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Ganjam.
The district covers an area of 3932 km². The district has a population of 2,341,984 (2001 Census).
This district was subdivided into 15 Tehsils and 14 Revenue Blocks.
The Tehsils are Cuttack, Niali, Salipur, Tangi-Chowdwar, Mahanga, Kishannagar, Athgarh, Baramba, Narasinghpur, Tigiria, Banki, Baranga, Kantapada, Nischintakoili, Damapada. The last four are new Tehsils created in 2008.
According to the 2011 census Cuttack district has a population of 2,618,708, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 156th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 666 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,720 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.86 %. Cuttack has a sex ratio of 955 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.2 %.
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Cuttack District
Cuttack district is one of the 30 districts in Orissa state in eastern India. Its administrative headquarters is the city of Cuttack. As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Ganjam.
The district covers an area of 3932 km². The district has a population of 2,341,984 (2001 Census).
This district was subdivided into 15 Tehsils and 14 Revenue Blocks.
The Tehsils are Cuttack, Niali, Salipur, Tangi-Chowdwar, Mahanga, Kishannagar, Athgarh, Baramba, Narasinghpur, Tigiria, Banki, Baranga, Kantapada, Nischintakoili, Damapada. The last four are new Tehsils created in 2008.
According to the 2011 census Cuttack district has a population of 2,618,708, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 156th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 666 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,720 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.86 %. Cuttack has a sex ratio of 955 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 84.2 %.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ ( locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Debagarh District
Debagarh District, also known as Deogarh District, is a district of Orissa state, India. It is located in the northern part of the state. Debagarh is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2781.66 km². The district has a population of 274,095 (2001 Census). As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Orissa (out of 30).
The district was created on 1 January 1994 by bifurcating the erstwhile Sambalpur district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Debagarh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
There are a number of educational institutes are present out of which Raja Basu Dev High School(Oriya: ରାଜା ଵାସୁ ଦେବ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) and Govt. collage at Debagarh town are some of them.
According to the 2011 census Debagarh district has a population of 312,164, roughly equal to the nation of Iceland. This gives it a ranking of 571st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 106 inhabitants per square kilometre (270 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.88 %. Debagarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.07 %.
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Debagarh district
Debagarh District, also known as Deogarh District, is a district of Orissa state, India. It is located in the northern part of the state. Debagarh is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2781.66 km². The district has a population of 274,095 (2001 Census). As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Orissa (out of 30).
The district was created on 1 January 1994 by bifurcating the erstwhile Sambalpur district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Debagarh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
There are a number of educational institutes are present out of which Raja Basu Dev High School(Oriya: ରାଜା ଵାସୁ ଦେବ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) and Govt. collage at Debagarh town are some of them.
According to the 2011 census Debagarh district has a population of 312,164, roughly equal to the nation of Iceland. This gives it a ranking of 571st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 106 inhabitants per square kilometre (270 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.88 %. Debagarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.07 %.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Deogarh district
Debagarh District, also known as Deogarh District, is a district of Orissa state, India. It is located in the northern part of the state. Debagarh is the district headquarters. The district covers an area of 2781.66 km². The district has a population of 274,095 (2001 Census). As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Orissa (out of 30).
The district was created on 1 January 1994 by bifurcating the erstwhile Sambalpur district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Debagarh one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
There are a number of educational institutes are present out of which Raja Basu Dev High School(Oriya: ରାଜା ଵାସୁ ଦେବ ଉଚ୍ଚ ବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) and Govt. collage at Debagarh town are some of them.
According to the 2011 census Debagarh district has a population of 312,164, roughly equal to the nation of Iceland. This gives it a ranking of 571st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 106 inhabitants per square kilometre (270 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.88 %. Debagarh has a sex ratio of 976 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.07 %.
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Deomali
Deomali is a census town in Tirap district in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
As of 2001[update] India census, Deomali had a population of 6060. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Deomali has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69% and, female literacy is 55%. In Deomali, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.In 2001 Tirap Government College was shifted to Deomali from Khonsa. Presently, the college has 13 faculty members and 327 students.
Coordinates: 27°09′31″N 95°28′41″E / 27.15857°N 95.47816°E / 27.15857; 95.47816
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Deulajhari
Deulajhari, is the ancient citadel of Saivism is located in the Angul district of Orissa. This attractive place is having 24 acres & 55 decimals of land and covered with indigenous- jasmine forest (kiabana). It is mainly famous for hot spring and a very old ancient Siva Shree Siddeswar Baba temple.
The Deulajhari hot water spring originates from below a Shivalinga which attaches a distinct religious attribute to it. The hot water from the Deulajhari spring is collected into 36 man made ponds which circumscribe a Shiva Temple. 50 percent of the springs in the region are cold springs which lies attached to the hot springs, this very phenomenon is considered to be a miracle of nature. The waters of the Deulajhari hot spring is believed to contain medical properties that can heal a number of diseases and therefore travelers and pilgrims come here for curative and religious purposes. As per the ancient records there were eighty-four such springs. But many of these have been overshadowed in the jasmine forest. Now twenty-four springs are alive. Among these, the springs bearing the names like Agnikunda, Taptakunda, Himakunda, Amrutakunda and Labakusakunda are prominent ones. The temperature of water in these springs varies from 40 degree Celsius to 62 degree Celsius.
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Devi River
Devi river is one of the principal distributaries of Mahanadhi. It flows through Jagatsinghpur district and Puri district across Orissa state in India and joins Bay of Bengal.
The river forms the final part of a great network of Mahanadi river. Katjuri (Kathajodi) river is the main southern tributary of Mahanadi river branching off at Cuttack, Orissa. Katjuri river later acquires the name Devi as it flows further east. The river flows through Alipingal, Macchagaon and Naugaon blocks in Jagatsinghpur district and Astaranga and Kanas blocks in Puri district. It reaches Bay of Bengal 70 KM south of the mouth of Mahanadhi river, a short distance from the border of Cuttack and Puri districts. The mouth of the river is surrounded by dense forests absent of inhabitants.
The river is navigable till Machgaon by small sloops. It is one of the best tidal channels in Orissa, but, yet big vessels can not enter the river upstream due to a large sediment of sand in the mouth of the river. Two fishermen were killed and two injured when a boat capsized near Astarang in Devi river on 13 May 1988.
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Dhenkanal district
Dhenkanal District is an administrative division of Orissa, India. It is bordered by Kendujhar to the north, Jajpur to the east, Cuttack to the south and Anugul to the west. Dhenkanal town, the district headquarters has a cluster of temples, archaeological remains and a medieval fort. A former princely state, Dhenkanal has a long history. Sri Hari Singh Vidyadhar, who was the Southern Forces commander of Gajapati Maharaja of Utkal Sri Sri Pratprudra Deva, defeated the local chief and occupied Dhenkanal and Karamul in the year 1529 AD. The Gajapati Maharaja crowned him as the Raja of Dhenkanal. Subsequently, 18 generations of Rajas ruled over Dhenkanal and brought about many administrative, political, socio-economic and cultural evolutions to the State. In 1947, after the independence of India, the Princely State of Dhenkanal merged into the Indian Union, and subsequently with Orissa in 1948.
The most part of this district is covered with dense forest and a long range of hills, which are home to elephants and tigers. Primarily agricultural, the principal forest products of the district are timber, bamboo, firewood and kendu leaf, and medicinal herbs and plants. The District is the centre of a religious movement called "Mahima Dharma" that has spread throughout India and far east countries since the nineteenth century. The Chandrasekhar (Shiva) Temple at the hill top of Kapilas attracts pilgrims from all over the country for spiritual enlightenment, natural beauty and holiness.[citation needed] The Jagar Jatra (Maha Shivaratri) is a famous festival celebrated here in the winter season.
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Dhenkanal District
Dhenkanal District is an administrative division of Orissa, India. It is bordered by Kendujhar to the north, Jajpur to the east, Cuttack to the south and Anugul to the west. Dhenkanal town, the district headquarters has a cluster of temples, archaeological remains and a medieval fort. A former princely state, Dhenkanal has a long history. Sri Hari Singh Vidyadhar, who was the Southern Forces commander of Gajapati Maharaja of Utkal Sri Sri Pratprudra Deva, defeated the local chief and occupied Dhenkanal and Karamul in the year 1529 AD. The Gajapati Maharaja crowned him as the Raja of Dhenkanal. Subsequently, 18 generations of Rajas ruled over Dhenkanal and brought about many administrative, political, socio-economic and cultural evolutions to the State. In 1947, after the independence of India, the Princely State of Dhenkanal merged into the Indian Union, and subsequently with Orissa in 1948.
The most part of this district is covered with dense forest and a long range of hills, which are home to elephants and tigers. Primarily agricultural, the principal forest products of the district are timber, bamboo, firewood and kendu leaf, and medicinal herbs and plants. The District is the centre of a religious movement called "Mahima Dharma" that has spread throughout India and far east countries since the nineteenth century. The Chandrasekhar (Shiva) Temple at the hill top of Kapilas attracts pilgrims from all over the country for spiritual enlightenment, natural beauty and holiness.[citation needed] The Jagar Jatra (Maha Shivaratri) is a famous festival celebrated here in the winter season.
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Dhenkanal, India
Dhenkanal (Oriya: ଢେଙ୍କାନାଳ) is a city and a municipality in Dhenkanal district in the state of Orissa, India.
Dhenkanal is located at 20°40′N 85°36′E / 20.67°N 85.6°E / 20.67; 85.6. It has an average elevation of 80 metres (262 feet).
As per the 2001 India census, Dhenkanal had a population of 57,651. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Dhenkanal has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84% and female literacy is 74%. In Dhenkanal, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Current MLA from Dhenkanal Assembly Constituency is Nabin Nanda of NCP, who won the seat in State elections of 2009. Previous MLAs who represented Dhenakanal in Orissa State Assembly are given below along with their party affiliations:
and until 1962, Gondia was a part of Dhenkanal constituency.
Dhenkanal is a part of Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency). Currently, Tathagata Satapathy of BJD is representing Dhenkanal in the 15th Lok Sabha. The complete list of Members of Parliament who represented this constituency over the years are:
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District Collector
The District Collector is the district head of administration of the bureaucracy in a state of India. Though he/she is appointed and is under general supervision of the state government, he/she has to be a member of the elite IAS recruited by the Central Government. The post of Collector originally follows from the post of collector of taxes in a revenue district during the British rule in India.
District collectors are officers of the Indian Administrative Service and are the most powerful government officials of the district along with the Superintendent of Police, Commissioner of Police and Commissioner of Income Tax. They are entrusted with the task of handling law and order, revenue collection, taxation, the control of planning permission, and the handling of natural and man-made emergencies. A collector was a crucially important colonial officer placed at the district level and entrusted with the responsibility of revenue collection and other civil duties.District Collector also liaisons with the I-T Department during revenue administration and elections of the states.The deputy commissioner is looked upon as the eyes and ears of the government in such areas as law and order, land administration, disaster management and elections,though election observers from the Indian Revenue Service take charge of both general and local elections. The deputy commissioner works under the general guidance and supervision of the divisional commissioner.
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Gajapati
Gajapati (Oriya: ଗଜପତି) is a district of Orissa, India. It was created from Ganjam District in October, 1992. Gajapati district was named after Maharaja Sri Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Dev, the Raja Sahib of the Paralakhemundi estate (the 1st Chief Minister of Orissa state), who is remembered for his contribution in the formation of a separate Orissa state and inclusion of the Paralakhemundi estate in Orisssa. The district headquarters at Paralakhemundi, formerly a princely estate, has been clustered within a radius of approximately 5 kilometers around the geometric centre of Paralakhemundi. The District came into being with effect from 2 October 1992. Prior to this it was a sub-division of Ganjam district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Debagarh and Boudh.
Paralakhemundi is the District Headquarter and also the largest town of the Gajapati district. Kashinagara is the second largest town of Gajapati district.
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Gajapati district
Gajapati (Oriya: ଗଜପତି) is a district of Orissa, India. It was created from Ganjam District in October, 1992. Gajapati district was named after Maharaja Sri Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Dev, the Raja Sahib of the Paralakhemundi estate (the 1st Chief Minister of Orissa state), who is remembered for his contribution in the formation of a separate Orissa state and inclusion of the Paralakhemundi estate in Orisssa. The district headquarters at Paralakhemundi, formerly a princely estate, has been clustered within a radius of approximately 5 kilometers around the geometric centre of Paralakhemundi. The District came into being with effect from 2 October 1992. Prior to this it was a sub-division of Ganjam district. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Debagarh and Boudh.
Paralakhemundi is the District Headquarter and also the largest town of the Gajapati district. Kashinagara is the second largest town of Gajapati district.
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Goa
Goa
i/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Government of Orissa
The Government of Orissa also known as the State Government of Orissa, or locally as State Government, is the supreme governing authority of the Indian state of Orissa and its 30 districts. It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Orissa, a judiciary and a legislative branch.
Like other states in India, the head of state of Orissa is the Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government. His or her post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Bhubaneswar is the capital of Orissa, and houses the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat. The Orissa High Court, located in Cuttack, has jurisdiction over the whole state.
The present Legislative Assembly of Orissa is unicameral, consisting of 147 Member of the Legislative Assembly (M.L.A). Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.
The state of Orissa is represented at the Centre by its 21 Member of Parliaments in the Loksabha and 10 Member of Parliaments in Rajya Sabha. There are 21 Loksabha constituencies from which candidates gets elected in the General Election to the Loksabha. The Members of Rajya Sabha were elected and / or nominated by the Member of Legislative Assembly through their parent political parties. (courtesy Prasanta Varma, Advocate Supreme court of India)
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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Ib River
Ib River is a tributary of Mahanadi river, located in North-Eastern Central India. It joins Mahanadi river flowing directly into the Hirakud dam. The river originates in hills near Pandrapet at an elevation of 762 m. It passes through Raigarh district and Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh and Jharsuguda and Sundargarh District of Orissa and finally meets Mahanadi at Hirakud Dam in the state . Ib river valley is famous for its rich coal belt. Major portions of Mahanadi Coalfields are situated on the banks of Ib. Many industries have flourished on the banks of the river IB. The Ib valley areas are counted as one of the most important industrial zones of Eastern India. The river runs for a distance of about 252 km and drains an area of 12,447 km2.
There are enough sightseeing opportunities in the adjoining areas of River Ib. it is believed that the perennial river inspired several tribal groups of Chhattisgarh and Orissa to make permanent habitat on its bank in the past ages. Also there are ample folklores regarding the mythological significance of the Ib river.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indravati
Indravati River (Hindi: इंद्रावती नदी, Marathi: इन्द्रावती,Oriya: ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରାବତୀ ନଦୀ, Telugu: ఇంద్రావతి నది) is a tributary of the Godavari River, located in central India.
It originates from the Eastern Ghats of Dandakaranya range in Kalahandi district and flows in a westerly direction; enters into Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state. It further traverses in the westerly direction and thereafter in southern direction before finally meeting Godavari River at the border of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The river during its course forms the boundary between the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh at various places.
The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, one of the greenest districts in India.
Most of the river course is through dense forests of Bastar. The river flows for a length of 535 km with a drainage area of 41,665 km2.
The river Indravati rises at an altitude of 914 m in the Kalahandi district of Orissa on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It flows west-ward through the Kalahandi, Narainpur and Koraput districts for a length of 164 km and after forming the boundary between Orissa and Chhattisgarh states for a length of 9.5 km, enters the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. After flowing 233 km in Chattisgarh, it turns south and flows along the boundary of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra for about 129 km and joins Godavari River at the junction of the boundaries of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh states.
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Indravati River
Indravati River (Hindi: इंद्रावती नदी, Marathi: इन्द्रावती,Oriya: ଇନ୍ଦ୍ରାବତୀ ନଦୀ, Telugu: ఇంద్రావతి నది) is a tributary of the Godavari River, located in central India.
It originates from the Eastern Ghats of Dandakaranya range in Kalahandi district and flows in a westerly direction; enters into Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state. It further traverses in the westerly direction and thereafter in southern direction before finally meeting Godavari River at the border of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh. The river during its course forms the boundary between the states of Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh at various places.
The Indravati is sometimes known as the "lifeline" of the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh, one of the greenest districts in India.
Most of the river course is through dense forests of Bastar. The river flows for a length of 535 km with a drainage area of 41,665 km2.
The river Indravati rises at an altitude of 914 m in the Kalahandi district of Orissa on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It flows west-ward through the Kalahandi, Narainpur and Koraput districts for a length of 164 km and after forming the boundary between Orissa and Chhattisgarh states for a length of 9.5 km, enters the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. After flowing 233 km in Chattisgarh, it turns south and flows along the boundary of Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra for about 129 km and joins Godavari River at the junction of the boundaries of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh states.
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Jagannath Temple
The Jagannath Temple in Puri(orissa) (Oriya: ବଡଦେଉଳ, ଶ୍ରୀମନ୍ଦିର) is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Jagannath and located in the coastal town of Puri in the state of Orissa, India. The name Jagannath (Lord of the Universe) is a combination of the Sanskrit words Jagat (Universe) and Nath (Lord of). The temple is an important pilgrimage destination for many Hindu traditions, particularly worshippers of Krishna and Vishnu, and part of the Char Dham pilgrimages that a Hindu is expected to make in one's lifetime . The temple was built in the 11th century atop its ruins by the progenitor of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, King Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva. The temple is famous for its annual Rath Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three main temple deities are hauled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars. Since medieval times, it is also associated with intense religious fervour.
Legendary account as found in the Skanda-Purana, Brahma Purana and other Puranas and later Oriya works state that Lord Jagannath was originally worshipped as Lord Neela Madhav by a Savar king ( tribal chief ) named Viswavasu. Having heard about the deity, King Indradyumna sent a Brahmin priest, Vidyapati to locate the deity, who was worshipped secretly in a dense forest by Viswavasu. Vidyapati tried his best but could not locate the place. But at last he managed to marry Viswavasu's daughter Lalita . At repeated request of Vidyapti, Viswavasu took his son-in-law blind folded to a cave where Lord Neela Madhav was worshipped.
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Jajpur district
Jajpur is a district of Orissa, India, and an historic place of pilgrimage. As Jajpur was once the capital of the Kalinga kingdom, it is now an area of archeological wealth, including the famous Saktipitha of the Goddess Biraja, as well as the shrines of the Goddess Biraja (Durga), Sveta Baraha (incarnation of Lord Vishnu as the white boar), Sapta Matruka, and a host of other religious figures, all located along the bank of the River Baitarani. Ashokajhar, Chandikhol, Chhatia, Gokarnika, Kuransa, Mahavinayak, Patharajpur, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, Satyapira, Singhapur, Vyas Sarobar, and Baruneswar Pitha are some of the destinations that attract tourists to the district, and the region's various natural resources support mines and industries.
The district is 2,888 square kilometres (1,115 sq mi) in area, of which 202 square kilometres (78 sq mi) is forested. The population is 1, 622,868 and the literacy rate is 72.19%. The district headquarters is at Jajpur, The district is home to some 1,781 villages and two major towns. Annual rainfall is 1,771.8 millimetres (69.76 in).
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Jajpur District
Jajpur is a district of Orissa, India, and an historic place of pilgrimage. As Jajpur was once the capital of the Kalinga kingdom, it is now an area of archeological wealth, including the famous Saktipitha of the Goddess Biraja, as well as the shrines of the Goddess Biraja (Durga), Sveta Baraha (incarnation of Lord Vishnu as the white boar), Sapta Matruka, and a host of other religious figures, all located along the bank of the River Baitarani. Ashokajhar, Chandikhol, Chhatia, Gokarnika, Kuransa, Mahavinayak, Patharajpur, Ratnagiri, Udayagiri, Satyapira, Singhapur, Vyas Sarobar, and Baruneswar Pitha are some of the destinations that attract tourists to the district, and the region's various natural resources support mines and industries.
The district is 2,888 square kilometres (1,115 sq mi) in area, of which 202 square kilometres (78 sq mi) is forested. The population is 1, 622,868 and the literacy rate is 72.19%. The district headquarters is at Jajpur, The district is home to some 1,781 villages and two major towns. Annual rainfall is 1,771.8 millimetres (69.76 in).
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Jaleswar
Jaleswar (in Oriya:ଜଳେଶ୍ବର) is a small town that belongs to Balasore district of state Orissa and is adjacent to border of West Bengal. 'Jaleswar' town is a notified area committee. And also Jaleswar block (consists of 142 villages and Jaleswar town (NAC)) forms a state constituency along with Balipal Block.
As of 2001[update] India census, Jaleswar block had a population of 1,31,867. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jaleswar has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 57%. In Jaleswar, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Coordinates: 21°49′N 87°13′E / 21.817°N 87.217°E / 21.817; 87.217
Jaleswar is a major town in the Balasore district. Jaleswar has four major areas Bada Bazar, Nua Bazar, Station Bazar and Purunia Bazar. Jaleswar is near the West Bengal border (about 8 KM). Most of the vegetable vendors from Kharagpur and other parts of West Bengal come to the Monday Market (at Patharapura Village, behind the Jaleswar Police station) to purchase vegetables at wholesale prices.[citation needed]
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jeypore
Jeypore, (Oriya: ଜୟପୁର) is the largest village in the Koraput district of Orissa, India. Along with Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Sambalpur, Rourkela, Balasore, Puri and Berhampur, Jeypore is one of the prominent places of Orissa. It is encompassed by hills of the Eastern Ghats and the more famous Araku hills on three sides like a horse shoe with the western side opening up to Chattisgarh in central India. It is the business hub for the district and South Orissa.
Jeypore is an ancient town with a niche in the history of Orissa. The town in is surrounded by forests with mostly Sal (Dalbergia Latifolia) and teak (Tectona Grandis) trees. The town was the capital of the local king in the olden times and is known for its ancient forts, palaces and temples. The major language spoken in this region is Oriya. Though Oriya is predominantly spoken in Jeypore, there is a diverse cultural mix with people speaking in Telugu and Hindi as well.
Jeypore, being situated at the middle of the south-west horn of Orissa, is an amalgamation of the culture and traditions of the East and the South India. This blend of different languages and cultures gives Jeypore its unique cuisine, language and lifestyle.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Jharsuguda
Jharsuguda is the district headquarters of Jharsuguda district of Orissa, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Jharsuguda district. It is an upcoming industrial hub, basically in the metal and cement sectors. Jharsuguda is well connected to all major cities of India through rail network. It is popularly known as the power house of Orissa due to large number of thermal power plants located nearby.
Jharsuguda is located at 21°51′N 84°02′E / 21.85°N 84.03°E / 21.85; 84.03. It has an average elevation of 218 metres (715 ft). Jharsuguda is situated at the western end of Orissa state. it is 515 km from Kolkata and 616 km from Nagpur. State highway 10 and National highway 200 pass through Jharsuguda. The Ib River flows along the Western side of Jharsuguda town and the river Vheden flows in the south. The area of the town is 70.47 km2. and population of 70,100 (as per 2001 Census).
The town situated at 21.82° north longitude and 84.1° latitude at a height of 700–750 feet above mean sea level. The highest temperature recorded in summer is 48.0°C and it has an average rain fall of 1527 mm.
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Jharsuguda District
Jharsuguda is a district in Orissa, India with Jharsuguda town as its headquarters. The district once had an airport during World War II. This region is rich in coal and other mineral reserves. Of late, many small and medium scale iron and steel units have been set up in the vicinity of Jharsuguda town, giving impetus to the industrial growth of the district.
Jharsuguda district has three urban agglomerations, municipalities of Jharsuguda town and Brajrajnagar and municipality of Belpahar. Bandhabahal is also a place which is located 15 km away from Belpahar. This place is famous for Jagannath temple.
There are lot of Coal mines situated in this area.
Brajrajnagar is an industrial town, being of the prime location for Open Cast Coal Mine of Ib Valley Coalfield of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited. Brajrajnagar also boasts of a large scale paper mill, i.e., Orient Paper Mills of the Birla Group of Industries. However, this mill has been defunct for more than a decade now.[when?]
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Jharsuguda one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
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Jharsuguda district
Jharsuguda is a district in Orissa, India with Jharsuguda town as its headquarters. The district once had an airport during World War II. This region is rich in coal and other mineral reserves. Of late, many small and medium scale iron and steel units have been set up in the vicinity of Jharsuguda town, giving impetus to the industrial growth of the district.
Jharsuguda district has three urban agglomerations, municipalities of Jharsuguda town and Brajrajnagar and municipality of Belpahar. Bandhabahal is also a place which is located 15 km away from Belpahar. This place is famous for Jagannath temple.
There are lot of Coal mines situated in this area.
Brajrajnagar is an industrial town, being of the prime location for Open Cast Coal Mine of Ib Valley Coalfield of Mahanadi Coalfields Limited. Brajrajnagar also boasts of a large scale paper mill, i.e., Orient Paper Mills of the Birla Group of Industries. However, this mill has been defunct for more than a decade now.[when?]
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Jharsuguda one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
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Kalahandi
Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି, locally pronounced as Kalahani), is a district of Orissa in India. The region had a glorious past and great civilization in ancient time. Archaeological evidence of stone age and Iron Age human settlement has been recovered from the region. Asurgarh offered an advanced, well civilized, cultured and urban human settlement about 2000 years ago in the region. In South - Asia it is believed that the lands of Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone), Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. It was a princely state in British India and in post independence period it merged with Orissa state in India as Kalahandi district comprising current Kalahandi district and Nuapada district. In 1967, Kashipur block from Kalahandi district was transferred to Rayagada district for administrative reason. In 1980s, Kalahandi name became associated with backwardness and starvation death, which is known as "Kalahandi Syndrome". Despite its backwardness its one of the rich region in terms of history, agriculture, forest resources, gemstone, bauxite, folk dance, folk music, folklore, handicrafts and arts. In 1993, Nuapada sub-division was carved out as a separate district, but Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency) continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and Nuapada district together.
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Kalahandi district
Kalahandi (Oriya: କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି, locally pronounced as Kalahani), is a district of Orissa in India. The region had a glorious past and great civilization in ancient time. Archaeological evidence of stone age and Iron Age human settlement has been recovered from the region. Asurgarh offered an advanced, well civilized, cultured and urban human settlement about 2000 years ago in the region. In South - Asia it is believed that the lands of Kalahandi district and Koraput district were the ancient places where people started cultivation of paddy. In ancient time it was known as Mahakantara (meaning Great Forest) and Karunda Mandal, which means treasure of precious stones like karandam (Manik), Garnet (red stone), Beruz, Neelam (blue stone), and Alexandra etc. Manikeswari (the goddess of Manikya or Karandam) is the clan deity of Kalahandi may also signify its historical name. It was a princely state in British India and in post independence period it merged with Orissa state in India as Kalahandi district comprising current Kalahandi district and Nuapada district. In 1967, Kashipur block from Kalahandi district was transferred to Rayagada district for administrative reason. In 1980s, Kalahandi name became associated with backwardness and starvation death, which is known as "Kalahandi Syndrome". Despite its backwardness its one of the rich region in terms of history, agriculture, forest resources, gemstone, bauxite, folk dance, folk music, folklore, handicrafts and arts. In 1993, Nuapada sub-division was carved out as a separate district, but Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency) continues to constitute present Kalahandi district and Nuapada district together.
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Kalinga
Kalinga (Tagalog pronunciation: [kɐˈliŋɐ]) is a landlocked province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. Its capital is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Prior to 1995, Kalinga and Apayao used to be a single province named Kalinga-Apayao, until they were split into two to better service the needs of individual native tribes in the provinces.
Kalinga is subdivided into 1 city and 7 municipalities. Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009.
The topography of Kalinga province is rugged and sloping with mountain peaks ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 metres (4,900 to 8,200 ft) in elevation. The province’s geographic feature on the western portion is characterized by sharp crested interlinking peaks of steep slopes, isolated flatlands, plateaus and valleys. The eastern portion is generally rolling and gradually sloping foothills.
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Kandhamal
Kandhamal (Oriya: କନ୍ଧମାଳ) is a district of the state of Orissa, India. The district headquarters of the district is Phulbani.
The Kandhmal district was created on 1 April 1993 from the former Boudh-Kandhmal district as a result of district reorganization in the state of Orissa.
On 25 December 2007, unrest broke out between Christians and Hindus and Kandha tribe and Pana caste people.
On 23 August 2008, Sri Lakshmananda Saraswati - a leader of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad - was murdered by unidentified gunmen under mysterious circumstances. Maoist rebels were initially blamed by the police and some Hindu organisations suspected collusion of Christian missionaries amongst the Pana caste. This led to large scale riots between the indigenous Hindu Kandha tribe and the Christian minority amongst the Pana caste. The underlying causes are complex and cross political, religious and ethnic boundaries. Land encroachment perceived or otherwise being a particular source of tension between the communities. In April 2010, a special "fast track" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people. Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
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Kandhamal district
Kandhamal (Oriya: କନ୍ଧମାଳ) is a district of the state of Orissa, India. The district headquarters of the district is Phulbani.
The Kandhmal district was created on 1 April 1993 from the former Boudh-Kandhmal district as a result of district reorganization in the state of Orissa.
On 25 December 2007, unrest broke out between Christians and Hindus and Kandha tribe and Pana caste people.
On 23 August 2008, Sri Lakshmananda Saraswati - a leader of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad - was murdered by unidentified gunmen under mysterious circumstances. Maoist rebels were initially blamed by the police and some Hindu organisations suspected collusion of Christian missionaries amongst the Pana caste. This led to large scale riots between the indigenous Hindu Kandha tribe and the Christian minority amongst the Pana caste. The underlying causes are complex and cross political, religious and ethnic boundaries. Land encroachment perceived or otherwise being a particular source of tension between the communities. In April 2010, a special "fast track" court in Phulbani convicted 105 people. Ten people were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kendrapara
Kendrapara (Oriya: କେନ୍ଦ୍ରାପଡ଼ା) is a city and a municipality in Kendrapara district in the Indian state of Orissa. It is the headquarters of Kendrapara district.
Kendrapara is located at 20°30′N 86°25′E / 20.50°N 86.42°E / 20.50; 86.42. It has an average elevation of 13 m (43 ft). It is surrounded by Bhadrak, Jajpur, Cuttack and Jagatsinghpur districts and Bay of Bengal in the east.
The river Luna (a branch of Mahanadi) is flowing out side of Kendrapara district.
Kendrapara is just about 75 kilometres from the state capital, Bhubaneswar. To reach Kendrapara one can go via Cuttack-Jagatpur-Salipur state high way or on the National Highway No.5 and 5 A, crossing at ChandikholViaChhata towards Paradip. Kendrapara is just two and half hour drive from Bhubaneswar Airport on the National Highway 5 and 5 A.(If you go non-stop by your car). The Nearest Railway station is at Cuttack which is 55 kilometre from Kendrapara town.
As of 2001 India census, Kendrapara had a population of 13,01,856. Males constitute 49.6 % of the population and females 50.4 %. Kendrapara has an average literacy rate of 77.33%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87.62 %, and female literacy is 67.29%. In Kendrapara, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The local language is Oriya, the state language, but a high degree of fluency is also present in Hindi, English , as well as some familiarity with Urdu and Bangla in some parts of the population.
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Kendrapara district
Kendrapara District is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Kendrapara is the district headquarters. Kendrapara District is situated in the eastern portion of the state, and is bounded on the north by Bhadrak District, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Jagatsinghpur District, on the west by Cuttack District and on the northwest by Jajpur District.
Kendrapara District lies in 20° 20’ N To 20° 37’ N Latitude and 86° 14’ E To 87° 01’ E Longitude and situated in central coastal plain zone of the Orissa. Bay of Bengal lies in the eastern part of the district. The coastline covers 48 km stretching from Dhamra Muhan to Batighar. Kendrapara district headquarters is 85 km from the State headquarters.
Kendrapara District lies in the river delta formed by the Brahmani and Baitarani & branch rivers of Mahanadi. The Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Bhitarkanika National Park, Gahirmatha Beach & Baladevjew Temple lie in the district. The district has also other beautiful places like Suka-Parikshita Ashram, Kudanagari, Harihar Kshetra Mahala, Gadadhara Gosain Pitha, Korua etc. This district has 9 blocks named as Aul, Derabish, Garadpur, Mahakalapada, Marshaghai, Kendrapara, Rajanagar, Rajakanika, Patamundai.
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Kendrapara District
Kendrapara District is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Kendrapara is the district headquarters. Kendrapara District is situated in the eastern portion of the state, and is bounded on the north by Bhadrak District, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Jagatsinghpur District, on the west by Cuttack District and on the northwest by Jajpur District.
Kendrapara District lies in 20° 20’ N To 20° 37’ N Latitude and 86° 14’ E To 87° 01’ E Longitude and situated in central coastal plain zone of the Orissa. Bay of Bengal lies in the eastern part of the district. The coastline covers 48 km stretching from Dhamra Muhan to Batighar. Kendrapara district headquarters is 85 km from the State headquarters.
Kendrapara District lies in the river delta formed by the Brahmani and Baitarani & branch rivers of Mahanadi. The Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Bhitarkanika National Park, Gahirmatha Beach & Baladevjew Temple lie in the district. The district has also other beautiful places like Suka-Parikshita Ashram, Kudanagari, Harihar Kshetra Mahala, Gadadhara Gosain Pitha, Korua etc. This district has 9 blocks named as Aul, Derabish, Garadpur, Mahakalapada, Marshaghai, Kendrapara, Rajanagar, Rajakanika, Patamundai.
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Kendujhar district
Kendujhar District, also known as Keonjhar District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Kendujhar or Kendujhargarh is the district headquarters.
The district has an area of 8240 km², and lies between 21°1' N and 22°10' N latitude and 85°11' E to 86°22' E longitude. It is bounded by Mayurbhanj District and Bhadrak District to the east, Jajpur District to the south, Dhenkanal District and Sundargarh District to the west, and East Singhbhum district of the state of Jharkhand to the north.
The district of Keonjhar presents a panorama of millennia, both from the geographical and anthropological point of view. It is as varied as the whole of Orissa with water-falls roaring gorges, mountains and minerals. The manifold expressions of nature in this district are unique in Orissa.
Anthropologically, its two main tribes, namely the Juangs and the Bhuyans carry a distinct and primitive past. The Juang claims themselves to be the most ancient tribe of the world. In spite of their modern ways of living, many aboriginal practices are still prevalent among them.
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Keonjhar District
Kendujhar District, also known as Keonjhar District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Kendujhar or Kendujhargarh is the district headquarters.
The district has an area of 8240 km², and lies between 21°1' N and 22°10' N latitude and 85°11' E to 86°22' E longitude. It is bounded by Mayurbhanj District and Bhadrak District to the east, Jajpur District to the south, Dhenkanal District and Sundargarh District to the west, and East Singhbhum district of the state of Jharkhand to the north.
The district of Keonjhar presents a panorama of millennia, both from the geographical and anthropological point of view. It is as varied as the whole of Orissa with water-falls roaring gorges, mountains and minerals. The manifold expressions of nature in this district are unique in Orissa.
Anthropologically, its two main tribes, namely the Juangs and the Bhuyans carry a distinct and primitive past. The Juang claims themselves to be the most ancient tribe of the world. In spite of their modern ways of living, many aboriginal practices are still prevalent among them.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Khordha District
Khordha (also written Khurda) is an administrative division of the state of Orissa, India. It was formed on April 1, 1993 by the division of former Puri District into Puri, Khurda and Nayagarh districts. In the year 2000 the district name was changed to Khordha. The district headquarters is Khordha Town, formerly known as Jajarsingh, or Kurada. The capital city of Bhubaneswar is located in this district. Khurda is the most urbanized of all the districts of Orissa. Khurda Road, the railway station that serves the town is also the divisional headquarters of the East Coast Railway of the Indian Railways. Khurda is known for its brass utensils, cottage industries, railway coach manufacturing, and cable manufacture.
It was the capital of Orissa from 1568 to 1803. It is also known for its fort, often described as the "last independent fort". The commander who kept it free from British East India Company was Bakshi Jagabandhu, popularly called 'Paika Bakshi'.
The Savaras tribal group, who are still to be found in the district in some pockets, once heavily populated the area. Khurda came into prominence when the first Rajas of the Khordha dynasty, Ramachandra Deva, made it the capital of his kingdom during the last part of the 16th century. Khurda suffered repeated onslaughts from Muslim and Maratha cavalry but its royal house retained independence till 1804, when the British East India Company dispossessed Raja of his territory following the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
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Khordha district
Khordha (also written Khurda) is an administrative division of the state of Orissa, India. It was formed on April 1, 1993 by the division of former Puri District into Puri, Khurda and Nayagarh districts. In the year 2000 the district name was changed to Khordha. The district headquarters is Khordha Town, formerly known as Jajarsingh, or Kurada. The capital city of Bhubaneswar is located in this district. Khurda is the most urbanized of all the districts of Orissa. Khurda Road, the railway station that serves the town is also the divisional headquarters of the East Coast Railway of the Indian Railways. Khurda is known for its brass utensils, cottage industries, railway coach manufacturing, and cable manufacture.
It was the capital of Orissa from 1568 to 1803. It is also known for its fort, often described as the "last independent fort". The commander who kept it free from British East India Company was Bakshi Jagabandhu, popularly called 'Paika Bakshi'.
The Savaras tribal group, who are still to be found in the district in some pockets, once heavily populated the area. Khurda came into prominence when the first Rajas of the Khordha dynasty, Ramachandra Deva, made it the capital of his kingdom during the last part of the 16th century. Khurda suffered repeated onslaughts from Muslim and Maratha cavalry but its royal house retained independence till 1804, when the British East India Company dispossessed Raja of his territory following the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
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KIIT University
KIIT University, formerly Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, is a co-educational, autonomous university located at Bhubaneswar in the Indian state of Orissa. It was one of the youngest institutions to be awarded the deemed university status in India and then the university status in 2004 and is recognised by Limca Book of Records. The University offers under-graduate and post-graduate courses in Engineering, Bio-technology, Medicine, Management, Law, Computer application, Rural management, Fashion, Film Studies, Journalism and Sculpturing. It has been ranked as 16 th in India, 5 th among private universities, and 4 th in the eastern region in the year 2009 by Times of India.[dead link][dead link] It has also been ranked 18 th among private engineering institutes and 7 th in placement in 2008 by Outlook India.Tata Consultancy Services has recruited 708 students from KIIT University in 2011. This is a record of sorts- most number of students absorbed by a single company through campus recruitment in Orissa. KIIT School of Management has been nominated as the mentor institution by AICTE for conducting faculty development programme in eastern India.
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Koina River
The Koina River (Hindi: कोयेना नदी) (Oriya: କୋଯେନା ନଦି) flows through West Singhbhum in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
The Koina originates near Bhangaon in Orissa, and flows for 83 kilometres (52 mi) before it joins the South Koel River. It flows through Saranda forest.
Many of the rivers in the area dry up in the dry season. However, the Koina contains plenty of water in the height of the hot season even when no rain has fallen for many months. It has many more feeder streams than some of the others which may account for the difference.
Coordinates: 22°14′13″N 85°17′49″E / 22.2370490°N 85.2969210°E / 22.2370490; 85.2969210.
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Konark
Konark (Oriya: କୋଣାର୍କ) (Sanskrit: कोणार्क) is a small town in Puri district in the state of Orissa, India, on the Bay of Bengal, sixty-five kilometers from Bhubaneswar. It is the site of the 13th-century Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), built in black granite by King Narasimhadeva-I (AD 1236-1264) of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. The temple is a World Heritage Site. It takes the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka), the Sun God, and is heavily decorated with stone carving. The entire complex was designed in the form of a huge chariot drawn by seven spirited horses on twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels. The entrance is guarded by two lions, which are each shown crushing a war elephant. Each elephant in turn lies on top of a human body. The temple symbolises the majestic stride of the Sun god. At the entrance of the temple is a Nata Mandir (Dancing Hall). This is where the temple dancers used to perform dances in homage to the Sun god. All around the temple, there are various floral and geometric patterns. There are also human, divine and semi-divine figures in sensuous poses. The poses contains couples in various amorous poses, and are derived from the Kama Sutra. The temple is now partly in ruins, and a collection of its sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, which is run by the Archaeological Survey of India. The poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote of Konark: "Here the language of stone surpasses the language of man." Konark literally means “Essence of the Corners”.
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Konark Sun Temple
Konark Sun Temple is a 13th century Sun Temple (also known as the Black Pagoda), at Konark, in Orissa. It was constructed from oxidized and weathered ferruginous sandstone by King Narasimhadeva I (1238-1250 CE) of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. The temple is an example of Orissan architecture of Ganga dynasty . The temple is one of the most renowned temples in India and is a World Heritage Site. It is one of the Seven Wonders of India (as per the poll collected by NDTV). Legend has it that the temple was constructed by Samba, the son of Lord Krishna. It is said that Samba was afflicted by leprosy, brought about by his father’s curse on him. After 12 years of penance, he was cured by Surya, the Sun God, in whose honour he built the magnificent Konark Sun Temple.
The name Konark is derived from the Sanskrit word Kona (meaning angle) and word Arka (meaning sun) in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god Surya
Located on the shoreline, now a little over 3 km from the sea, the temple takes the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka), the Sun God, and is heavily decorated with stone carving. The entire complex was designed in the form of the God's huge chariot drawn by seven spirited horses on twelve pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels at its base. The huge wheels carved at the base of the temple are one of the major attractions. The spokes of the wheels serve as sundials and the shadows cast by these can give the precise time of the day. The pyramidal roof soars over 30 m (98 ft) in height. The temple complex also contains erotic sculptures similar to the temple in Khajuraho.
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Koraput District
Koraput (Oriya: କୋରାପୁଟ) is an Adivasi dominated district of Orissa, India, and known for rich and diverse types of mineral deposits. It is located along the Eastern Ghats.
Koraput district was ruled by several dynasities such as Satavahans,Ikshvakus,Nalas,Ganga kings and kings of Surya vansha.It was a part of the erstwhile Madras Presidency and became a district of Orissa state on 1 April 1936 [1].
In October, 1992, Koraput district was divided, resulting in the creation of Malkangiri, Rayagada and Nabarangpur district.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
Koraput is an Adivasi district, known for high concentration of Adivasi communities (tribes). Each community has its own language, hailed as a great repository of ecological knowledge. These communities have been practicing their own indigenous religions, but are termed as 'Hindus' by the constitution of India. This paves the way for their assimilation into the 'Hindu Mainstream'. Adivasi religion thus faces an onslaught from both Hinduism as well as evangelical Christianity. [2] [3][4]
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Koraput district
Koraput (Oriya: କୋରାପୁଟ) is an Adivasi dominated district of Orissa, India, and known for rich and diverse types of mineral deposits. It is located along the Eastern Ghats.
Koraput district was ruled by several dynasities such as Satavahans,Ikshvakus,Nalas,Ganga kings and kings of Surya vansha.It was a part of the erstwhile Madras Presidency and became a district of Orissa state on 1 April 1936 [1].
In October, 1992, Koraput district was divided, resulting in the creation of Malkangiri, Rayagada and Nabarangpur district.
It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
Koraput is an Adivasi district, known for high concentration of Adivasi communities (tribes). Each community has its own language, hailed as a great repository of ecological knowledge. These communities have been practicing their own indigenous religions, but are termed as 'Hindus' by the constitution of India. This paves the way for their assimilation into the 'Hindu Mainstream'. Adivasi religion thus faces an onslaught from both Hinduism as well as evangelical Christianity. [2] [3][4]
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Kushabhadra River
Kushabhadra River forms the complex of river systems which form the distributaries of the Mahanadi River. It branches off from the Kuakhai River, which is a distributary of the Mahanadi, at Balianta and flows in a south western direction towards Nimapara and Gop for 46–50 miles before sinking in to the Bay of Bengal near Ramachandi Temple, 15 miles east of Puri in the Puri District of Orissa.
Dhanua River is its main tributary, bringing in water to its parent body.
Coordinates: 19°51′00″N 86°04′00″E / 19.85°N 86.0667°E / 19.85; 86.0667
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Lingaraj Temple
Lingaraj Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Harihara, another name for Shiva and is one of the oldest temples of Bhubaneswar, a revered pilgrimage center and the capital of the state of Orissa, India.
The temple of Lingaraja, the biggest of all at Bhubaneswar, is located within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 520 feet by 465 feet. The wall is 7 feet 6 inches thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall there runs a terrace probably meant to protect the compound wall against outside aggression.
As observed by Ramesh Prasad Mohapatra, the temple of Lingaraja is by far the most notable monument of Bhubaneswar. Rising to a height of about one hundred and eighty feet and dominating the entire landscape it represents the quintessence of the Kalinga type of architecture and the culminating result of the architectural tradition at Bhubaneswar.
There is also a railway station named after it, called Lingaraj Temple Road.
Lingaraaj means The king of Lingam, the symbol of Shaivism. Shiva is here worshipped as Tribhuvaneshwara (Master of three worlds, i.e. Heaven, Earth and Netherworld). His consort is called Bhuvaneshvari.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Malkangiri district
Malkangiri district is a district of the state of Orissa, India.
This district was carved out as district from the undivided Koraput district on 2nd Oct, 1992. The administrative headquarters of this district is Malkangiri town.
Malkangiri is the new home of the Bangladeshi refugees, who were rehabilitated since 1965 under the Dandakaranya project. Also some Sri Lankan Tamil refugees were rehabilitated in Malkangiri town, following the armed struggle of LTTE in the early 90's (most of them have returned, baring a couple of house holds). Currently it is one of the most naxalite-affected areas of the state.
Some of the most beautiful locations are, the back waters of Balimela Dam, Satiguda Dam, Bonda Ghati (abode of the Bonda people, a primitive tribe).
This district has a Power Station at Balimela and the proposed Vijaywada-Ranchi corridor road will pass through it.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Malkangiri one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
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Malkangiri District
Malkangiri (Oriya: ମାଲକାନଗିରି) is a town and a notified area committee in Malkangiri district in the Indian state of Orissa. It is the headquarters of the Malkangiri district. Malkangiri is the new home of the Bangladeshi refugees, who were rehabilitated since 1965 under the Dandakaranya project. Also some Sri Lankan Tamil refugees were rehabilitated in Malkangiri town, following the armed struggle of LTTE in the early 90's (most of them have returned, baring a couple of house holds). Currently it is one of the most naxalite-affected areas of the state and is a part of the Red Corridor.
Malkangiri is located at 18°21′N 81°54′E / 18.35°N 81.90°E / 18.35; 81.90. It has an average elevation of 170 m (560 ft).
As of 2001[update] India census, Malkangiri had a population of 23,110. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Malkangiri has an average literacy rate of 57%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 65%, and female literacy is 48%. In Malkangiri, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Mayurbhanj district
Mayurbhanj district is one of the 30 districts in Orissa state in eastern India. It is the largest district of Orissa by area. Baripada city is the district headquarters. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Orissa (out of 30), after Ganjam and Cuttack.
Mayurbhanj District was formed out of erstwhile Princely State of Mayurbhanj. It is currently a part of the Red Corridor.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Ranchi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
According to the 2011 census Mayurbhanj district has a population of 2,513,895, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait or the US state of Nevada. This gives it a ranking of 171st in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 241 inhabitants per square kilometre (620 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 13.06%. Mayurbhanj has a sex ratio of 1005 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 63.98%.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Mughals
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Nabarangpur district
Nabarangpur District, also known as Nabarangapur District and Nawarangpur District, is a district of Orissa, India. The city of Nabarangpur is the district headquarters. Most of its population is tribal, and most of the land is forested. Situated in the southwest corner of Orissa, it borders Koraput District. Nabarangpur district is situated at 19.14’ latitude and 82.32’ longitude at an average elevation of 1,876 feet (572 m).
Nabarangpur district was created on 2 October 1992 out of a previous subdivision of Koraput District. Until then Koraput District had been the second largest district in India. The history of Nabarangpur is inextricably interlinked with that of Koraput District, with which it shares its language, lifestyle, heritage, flora and fauna and climate.
Koraput belonged to the Atavikas, a feudatory of the powerful Kalinga Empire (Ancient Orissa) who valiantly fought the Kalinga War in the 3rd century BCE. Kalinga regained its former glory during the Mahameghabahan Dynasty in the first century BCE. The third king of this dynasty Kharavela made the Kalinga empire and the Atavika land was very strong under his rule. The successive dynasties – the Satavahanas (2nd century CE), Ikshvakus (3rd century CE) had headquarters at Pushkari, near the modern town of Umerkote. The Kesaribeda excavations bear testimony to the rule of King Bhabadatta Varma and King Arathapati. The inscriptions of Podagarh refer to king Skandavarma. The overlord Nala kings are traced to the kings who ruled from Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh. Their rapid growth landed them in the Oriya regions of Bastar and Koraput. Around the 10th century CE a Nala king Bhimesen was ruling over a region now located in Koraput and Ganjam District.
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Nagavali River
The River Nagavali (Oriya: ନାଗାବଳୀ Telugu: నాగావళి నది) is one of the main rivers of Southern Orissa and North Eastern Andhra Pradesh States in India, between Mahanadi and Godavari basins.
Nagavali River rises in the eastern slopes of the Eastern Ghats near Lakhbahal in the Kalahandi district of Orissa at an elevation of about 1,300 meters. The geographic co-ordinates of the river are north latitudes 18 10 to 19 44 and east longitudes of 82 53 to 84 05. Another name of the river Nagavali is Langulya.
The total length of the river is about 256 kilometers, out of which 161 kilometers are in Orissa and the rest in Andhra Pradesh. The catchment area of the basin is 9,510 square kilometers. Nagavali is an interstate river with 4462 sq.km and 5048 sq.km river basin area located in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh respectively. The river basin receives 1000 mm average rain fall annually. The uplands of the river basin are hilly areas with predominantly tribal populated. It drains parts of the Kalahandi, Rayagada and Koraput districts of Orissa and Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts of Andhra Pradesh.
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Nalanda
Nālandā was an ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India. The site of Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar, about 88 kilometers south east of Patna, and was a Buddhist center of learning from the fifth or sixth century CE to 1197 CE. It has been called "one of the first great universities in recorded history". Nalanda flourished between the reign of the Śakrāditya (whose identity is uncertain and who might have been either Kumara Gupta I or Kumara Gupta II) and 1197 CE, supported by patronage from the Hindu Gupta rulers as well as Buddhist emperors like Harsha and later emperors from the Pala Empire.
The complex was built with red bricks and its ruins occupy an area of 14 hectares. At its peak, the university attracted scholars and students from as far away as Tibet, China, Greece, and Persia. Nalanda was ransacked and destroyed by Turkic Muslim invaders under Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193. The great library of Nalanda University was so vast that it is reported to have burned for three months after the invaders set fire to it, ransacked and destroyed the monasteries, and drove the monks from the site. In 2006, Singapore, China, India, Japan, and other nations, announced a proposed plan to restore and revive the ancient site as Nalanda International University.
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Nayagarh district
Nayagarh district is one of the 30 districts of Orissa State in eastern India. It was created in 1995 when the erstwhile Puri District was split into three distinct districts. It is home to the Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary.
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor. On 15 February 2008 A number of police facilities across the district came under attack from maoist rebels resulting in the death of 13 police officers and 1 civilian. During the raid the rebels stole a number of weapons. Targets of the attack were the police training school the police armoury and a police station. The fighting lasted about one and a half hours.
The District is located towards the west or Puri District surrounded by Cuttack District in the North, Phulbani District in the West, Ganjam District in the South and Khurda District in the East. The district covers an area of 3890 km².
This district is situated in the hilly ranges in the West and its North Eastern parts has formed a small well cultivated fertile valleys intersected by small streams. The river Mahanadi flows in the Eastern boundary. The climate of the District carries a high temperature in hot months and cooler in winter. The headquarters of the district is located in the town of Nayagarh.
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Nayagarh District
Nayagarh district is one of the 30 districts of Orissa State in eastern India. It was created in 1995 when the erstwhile Puri District was split into three distinct districts. It is home to the Baisipali Wildlife Sanctuary.
The district is currently a part of the Red Corridor. On 15 February 2008 A number of police facilities across the district came under attack from maoist rebels resulting in the death of 13 police officers and 1 civilian. During the raid the rebels stole a number of weapons. Targets of the attack were the police training school the police armoury and a police station. The fighting lasted about one and a half hours.
The District is located towards the west or Puri District surrounded by Cuttack District in the North, Phulbani District in the West, Ganjam District in the South and Khurda District in the East. The district covers an area of 3890 km².
This district is situated in the hilly ranges in the West and its North Eastern parts has formed a small well cultivated fertile valleys intersected by small streams. The river Mahanadi flows in the Eastern boundary. The climate of the District carries a high temperature in hot months and cooler in winter. The headquarters of the district is located in the town of Nayagarh.
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Nuapada District
Nuapada is a district of Orissa, India.
The District of Nuapada was a part of Kalahandi District till early March 1993, but for the administrative convenience, Kalahandi District was divided into two parts i.e. Kalahandi and Nuapada vide State Government Notification No. DRC-44/93/14218/R. dated 27 March 1993. Nuapada District now comprises two sub-division (Nuapada and khariar), two tehsils (Nuapada and Khariar) and five Community Development Blocks (Khariar, Sinapalli, Boden, Nuapada and Komna).
Naupada district located in western part of Orissa, lies between 20° 0' N and 21° 5' No latitudes and between 82° 20' E and 82° 40' E longitudes. Its boundaries extend in the north, west and south to Mahasamund district in Chhattisgarh and in the east to Bargarh, Balangir and Kalahandi districts. This district is spread over in an area of 3407.5 km² and the administrative headquarters is located at Nuapada.
The plains of Naupada subdivision fringed by rugged hill ranges stretch southward, which belong to the main line of the Eastern Ghats and contain extensive plateaus of about 4000 ft (1200 m) in elevation with long tropical grass grown over them. They contain such mineral deposits of laterite, graphite and bauxite.
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Nuapada district
Nuapada is a district of Orissa, India.
The District of Nuapada was a part of Kalahandi District till early March 1993, but for the administrative convenience, Kalahandi District was divided into two parts i.e. Kalahandi and Nuapada vide State Government Notification No. DRC-44/93/14218/R. dated 27 March 1993. Nuapada District now comprises two sub-division (Nuapada and khariar), two tehsils (Nuapada and Khariar) and five Community Development Blocks (Khariar, Sinapalli, Boden, Nuapada and Komna).
Naupada district located in western part of Orissa, lies between 20° 0' N and 21° 5' No latitudes and between 82° 20' E and 82° 40' E longitudes. Its boundaries extend in the north, west and south to Mahasamund district in Chhattisgarh and in the east to Bargarh, Balangir and Kalahandi districts. This district is spread over in an area of 3407.5 km² and the administrative headquarters is located at Nuapada.
The plains of Naupada subdivision fringed by rugged hill ranges stretch southward, which belong to the main line of the Eastern Ghats and contain extensive plateaus of about 4000 ft (1200 m) in elevation with long tropical grass grown over them. They contain such mineral deposits of laterite, graphite and bauxite.
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Ong River
Ong River is a tributary of Mahanadi river. It flows across Orissa and joins Mahanadi at Sambalpur 11 km upstream of Sonepur where Tel merges. The river rises at an elevation of 457 m and runs 204 km before it meets Mahanadi. It drains area of about 5,128 km2.
Coordinates: 20°54′N 83°49′E / 20.9°N 83.817°E / 20.9; 83.817
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pondicherry
Puducherry /ˌpɒndɨˈtʃɛri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil language. The territory is called புதுச்சேரி (Putuccēri) or பாண்டிச்சேரி (Pāṇṭiccēri) in Tamil, or Pondichéry in French. It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Côte d'Azur de l'Est).
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492 km²: Pondicherry (city) 293 km², Karaikal 160 km², Mahé 9 km² and Yanam 30 km². It has 900,000 inhabitants (2001).
Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of whom are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Puducherry has retained the borders of former French India.
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Port of Dhamara
The Dhamra Port is a major newly developed Port in Bhadrak district, Orissa, India, on the shore of the Bay of Bengal about seven kilometers from the old port of Dhamra. The agreement to develop the port was signed in April 1998. The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) was formed as a result of a 50:50 joint venture between Larsen & Toubro and Tata Steel to run the port. The Port received its first vessel on 8 February 2010 and the first commercial vessel on 10 April 2011. The Port has an initial capacity of 25 million tonnes annually, eventually growing to 80 million tonnes annually.Greenpeace has opposed the project, claiming it threatens nearby protected areas and endangered species such as the Olive Ridley turtle
Construction of a $12 billion steel plant by Posco of South Korea, and the new port of Dhamara, promise to bring jobs and development. The port will be used to export iron ore from a nearby mineral belt. The Orissa government has plans to develop related industries near the new port, including a shipbuilding yard and a petro-chemical and gas-based manufacturing hub. A Special Investment Region has been proposed for Dhamara, and a zoning plan is being prepared to cover housing, health services and other urban infrastructure.
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Pudong
Pudong (Chinese: 浦东; pinyin: Pǔdōng, lit "Huangpu East Bank") is an area of Shanghai, China, located along the east side of the Huangpu River, across from the historic city center of Shanghai in Puxi. Formerly a little-developed agricultural area linked only by ferries, Pudong has grown rapidly since the 1990s and emerged as China's financial and commercial hub. It is principally administered as the Pudong New Area, a district of Shanghai.
Pudong is home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Building, the Shanghai World Financial Center. It is also the site of the future Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers face directly across from Puxi's historic Bund, the remnant of Shanghai's former concessions.
Pudong refers to the land in the east of Huangpu River. Originally, the area was mainly farmland and countryside with some warehouses and wharfs near the shore. The parts closest to Puxi were administered by its districts, including Huangpu, Yangpu, and the former Nanshi District. The rest of the area was administered by Chuansha County.
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Punjab, India
Punjab (i/pʌnˈdʒɑːb/) (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬ Hindi: पंजाब) is a state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, it is also bounded to the north by Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is Chandigarh, which is a Union Territory and also the capital of neighbouring state of Haryana. Major cities of Punjab includes Ludhiana, Amritsar, Patiala, Jalandhar, Bathinda and Mohali.
After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.
The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers. In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta həndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers. The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia."[citation needed] Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for people from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan and Vice-versa.
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Puri
Puri pronunciation (help·info) (Oriya: ପୁରୀ ) is a city and the district headquarters of puri district, situated on the Bay of Bengal 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of the state capital Bhubaneswar in the Indian state of Orissa. It is also known as Jagannath Puri after the 11th century Jagannath Temple located in the city. Puri is a holy city of the Hindus as a part of the Char Dham pilgrimages. According to Hindu teachings, a pilgrimage of the temples of India is not considered complete without a journey to Puri.
Puri is endowed with one of the best beaches for swimming in India and is therefore also a popular beach resort, especially as it is positioned geographically so that both sunset and sunrise can be viewed from the beach.
Puri, the holy land of Lord Jagannath, has many names. It is mentioned in Puranas as Srikshetra, Shankhakshetra, Neelāchala, Neelādri, Purusottama Dhāma, Purusottama Kshetra, Purusottama Puri and Jagannath Puri. The word "Puri" in Sanskrit means 'town', or 'city' and is cognate with polis in Greek. It is possible that Puri is a shortened name for Jagannath Puri or Purusottama Puri. In some records pertaining to the British rule, the word 'Jagannath' was used for Puri. It is the only shrine in India, where Radha, along with Lakshmi, Durga, Sati, Parvati, and Shakti abodes with Krishna, also known as Jagannath.[citation needed]
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Puri Beach
Coordinates: 19°49′N 85°50′E / 19.81°N 85.83°E / 19.81; 85.83
Puri Beach is a beach in the city of Puri in the state of Orissa, India. It is on the shore of the Bay of Bengal. It is known for being a tourist attraction and a Hindu sacred place. The beach is the site of the annual Puri Beach Festival, which is co-sponsored by the Indian Ministry of Tourism, the city of Orissa, the Development Commissioner of Handicrafts, and the Eastern Zonal Cultural Center, Kolkata. The beach hosts sand art displays, including work by international award winning local sand artist Sudarsan Pattnaik.
Puri Beach is located at the city of Puri and the distance between Puri railway station and the beach is only 2km. Nearest airport is located at Bhubaneswar which is 60km away. Buses and Taxis are available for local transportation.
Puri Beach with crowds
Puri Beach promenade
Puri Beach
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Puri District
Puri being a coastal district of Orissa, is famous for its Historic antiquities, Religious sanctuaries, Architectural Grandeur, Sea-scape beauty,moderate climate.It holds a wealth of attraction for the visitors. It boasts of a continuous history from the 3rd Century B.C. to the present day and its unique monuments like those of Lord Jagannath at Puri, the Sun God at Konark are the famous in the world. It has the Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water lakes in India, that holds a picturesque Sea-Scape beauty. It offers an ideal resort for birds who migrate from different parts of the continent. By virtue of Geographical location, the climate of Puri is equable throughout the year.
This district comprises 1714 revenue villages. It has one subdivision, (Puri Sadar), 11 tehsils and 11 blocks. Puri is the only municipality of the district.
The District has been named after its headquarter town, Puri. According to Cunningham the ancient name of this town was Charitra mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang as Che-li-ta-lo. But the restoration of the word Che-li-ta-lo as Charitra and its identification with the town of Puri are open to doubt. The importance of the town as a seat of Vaisnavism increased when Chodaganga Deva constructed the temple of Purusottama Jagannath and installed the images of the deities. Thereafter, it became famous as the abode of Purusottama and was popularly called Purusottama Kshetra.
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Puri district
Puri being a coastal district of Orissa, is famous for its Historic antiquities, Religious sanctuaries, Architectural Grandeur, Sea-scape beauty,moderate climate.It holds a wealth of attraction for the visitors. It boasts of a continuous history from the 3rd Century B.C. to the present day and its unique monuments like those of Lord Jagannath at Puri, the Sun God at Konark are the famous in the world. It has the Chilika Lake, the largest brackish water lakes in India, that holds a picturesque Sea-Scape beauty. It offers an ideal resort for birds who migrate from different parts of the continent. By virtue of Geographical location, the climate of Puri is equable throughout the year.
This district comprises 1714 revenue villages. It has one subdivision, (Puri Sadar), 11 tehsils and 11 blocks. Puri is the only municipality of the district.
The District has been named after its headquarter town, Puri. According to Cunningham the ancient name of this town was Charitra mentioned by the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang as Che-li-ta-lo. But the restoration of the word Che-li-ta-lo as Charitra and its identification with the town of Puri are open to doubt. The importance of the town as a seat of Vaisnavism increased when Chodaganga Deva constructed the temple of Purusottama Jagannath and installed the images of the deities. Thereafter, it became famous as the abode of Purusottama and was popularly called Purusottama Kshetra.
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Raghurajpur
Raghurajpur is a heritage crafts village in Puri district, Orissa, known for its master Pattachitra painters, an art form which dates back to 5 BC. in the region and Gotipua dance troupes, the precursor to the Indian classical dance form of Odissi; it also known as the birthplace of one of finest Odissi exponents and Guru, Kelucharan Mohapatra. Apart from that the village is also home to crafts like Tussar paintings, palm leaf engravings, stone and wood carvings, wooden, cowdung and papier mache toys, and masks.
In 2000, after a two-year research and documentation project by INTACH, starting 1998, the village was chosen to be developed as state's first heritage village and developed as a Crafts village, soon the village had an interpretation centre, commissioned artwork on the walls of the artists’ homes and a rest house.
It also has the distinction of the only place where the traditional decoration called Patas, used under the throne of Lord Jagannath and on the three chariots during the annual Rath Yatra festival, that takes place at pilgrimage town of Puri, some 14 km away, known for the Jagannath Temple.
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Raj Bhavan (Orissa)
Raj Bhavan (Hindi for Government House) is the official residence of the Governor of Orissa. It is located in the capital city of Bhubaneswar, Orissa. The present governor of Orissa is Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare.
There is a history of three Raj Bhavans in Orissa- the summer resort at Puri, the Lal Bagh Palace at Cuttack and the main Raj Bhavan at Bhubaneswar.
Orissa became a new province on 1 April 1936, fulfilling the persistent demands of Oriya speaking people to have a state of their own, with the silver city of Cuttack as its capital. But it was only in 1948, the province became a full fledged State with 13 districts, after the merger of the princely states. The capital was shifted in 1959 from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar, which was declared as the new capital of Orissa. And it was then; a new Raj Bhavan was constructed on a hillock, known as 'Bhalu Mundia' located on the western part of the new township.
A sprawling space of 50 acres (200,000 m2) was ear marked for the residence of the Governor. The foundation stone for the Raj Bhavan was laid by Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab. The construction was completed on 31 March 1960. The entire complex is situated in an area of 5 acres (20,000 m2) which includes the main building, the administrative block, the annexe, the office of the reserve inspector, the reception counter, the garage and the godown.
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Rajahmundry
Rajahmundry or Rajamahendri (Telugu: రాజమండ్రి or రాజమహేంద్రి) is a city and municipal corporation of the Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is situated 400 kilometres (249 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad, on the banks of the River Godavari. Known as the Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh, Rajahmundry is noted for its versatile Vedic culture and intellect. It is the eighth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh. City Population is 343,903 (Census 2011)[2].
The City origins can be traced back to the rule of the Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra who reigned around 1022 A.D, after whom it is named Rajamahendri or Rajamahendravaram. Remains of 11th century palaces and fort walls still exist. However, new archeological evidence suggests that the town may have existed much before the Chalukyas. Rajamhendravaram was renamed Rajahmundry during the rule of the British, for whom the city was the headquarters of the Godavari district. When the district was split into East and West, subsequently, Kakinada - became the headquarters of East Godavari.
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Rajamundry
Rajahmundry or Rajamahendri (Telugu: రాజమండ్రి or రాజమహేంద్రి) is a city and municipal corporation of the Andhra Pradesh state in India. It is situated 400 kilometres (249 mi) east of the state capital, Hyderabad, on the banks of the River Godavari. Known as the Cultural Capital of Andhra Pradesh, Rajahmundry is noted for its versatile Vedic culture and intellect. It is the eighth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh. City Population is 343,903 (Census 2011)[2].
The City origins can be traced back to the rule of the Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra who reigned around 1022 A.D, after whom it is named Rajamahendri or Rajamahendravaram. Remains of 11th century palaces and fort walls still exist. However, new archeological evidence suggests that the town may have existed much before the Chalukyas. Rajamhendravaram was renamed Rajahmundry during the rule of the British, for whom the city was the headquarters of the Godavari district. When the district was split into East and West, subsequently, Kakinada - became the headquarters of East Godavari.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Ravenshaw University
Ravenshaw University (earlier Ravenshaw College) (Oriya: ରେଭେନ୍ସା ବିଶ୍ଵବିଦ୍ୟାଳୟ) is a co-educational state university situated in Cuttack, Orissa, on the east coast of India.
After the great famine of 1866, the people of Orissa and few liberal Britons wanted to start a college at Cuttack. Thomas Edward Ravenshaw, Officiating Commissioner of Orissa Division finally made the Government of Bengal realise the difficulties of Oriya students in getting College education and succeeded in obtaining permission to start collegiate classes in the Cuttack Zilla School. Thus the first College in Orissa was born in January 1868 with only intermediate classes and having six students on roll.
In January 1875 Commissioner Ravenshaw proposed to convert the Collegiate School into a full fledged degree College. The Government of Bengal accepted the demand with the condition that a public contribution of Rs.30,000/- be deposited for the proposed College. Ravenshaw took up the matter as an object of personal interest and guaranteed the collection of the required amount. Mr. H. Woodrew, DPI of Bengal supported Ravenshaw. Mr. H. J. Reynolds, Secretary to the Government of Bengal requested the Government of India to sanction the incidental charges and the post of the Principal on the additional condition of meeting half the monthly expenses by public donation.
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Rayagada district
Rayagada is a mineral-rich district in the southern part of the state of Orissa, in India. The city Rayagada is its headquarter. The population of this district consists mainly of tribals. The primitive Kondhas or Kondhs form the majority of population followed by Souras.
The District occupies a total area of 7,584.7 km2. Rayagada is divided into eleven blocks.
The district generates income mainly through agriculture based activities. Paddy, wheat, ragi, mung, biri, ground nut, potato and maize are the major crops grown in the area.
In the third century B.C, during the reign of Ashoka the Great, it was under Kalinga empire (ancient Orissa). The hilly track between Bansadhara and Nagabali was famous for spices. The Rastriks were defeated by Kharvela, the only Aryan Emperor of Kalinga (ancient Orissa), during the Chawpagada battle.
During the rule of Gangavansi and Suryavanshi Kings in Orissa, it was under feudatory chief of Kalinga-Utkala empire Dadarnab Dev of Gudari Kataka This region went to the Bahamanis when the last Hindu Gajapati emperor of Orissa, Mukund Dev was defeated at Gohera Tikiri in 1519. It came under the Nandapur Kingdom for 47 years. Biswambar Dev was defeated and killed by Hasin Khan of Mughal Chicacole Sarkar rulers of Orissa,was perhaps the third king installed at Rayagada.
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Rayagada District
Rayagada is a mineral-rich district in the southern part of the state of Orissa, in India. The city Rayagada is its headquarter. The population of this district consists mainly of tribals. The primitive Kondhas or Kondhs form the majority of population followed by Souras.
The District occupies a total area of 7,584.7 km2. Rayagada is divided into eleven blocks.
The district generates income mainly through agriculture based activities. Paddy, wheat, ragi, mung, biri, ground nut, potato and maize are the major crops grown in the area.
In the third century B.C, during the reign of Ashoka the Great, it was under Kalinga empire (ancient Orissa). The hilly track between Bansadhara and Nagabali was famous for spices. The Rastriks were defeated by Kharvela, the only Aryan Emperor of Kalinga (ancient Orissa), during the Chawpagada battle.
During the rule of Gangavansi and Suryavanshi Kings in Orissa, it was under feudatory chief of Kalinga-Utkala empire Dadarnab Dev of Gudari Kataka This region went to the Bahamanis when the last Hindu Gajapati emperor of Orissa, Mukund Dev was defeated at Gohera Tikiri in 1519. It came under the Nandapur Kingdom for 47 years. Biswambar Dev was defeated and killed by Hasin Khan of Mughal Chicacole Sarkar rulers of Orissa,was perhaps the third king installed at Rayagada.
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River Baitarani
The Baitarani River or River Vaitarani (Oriya: ବୈତରଣୀ ନଦୀ, Devanagari:वैतरणी नदी) is one of six major rivers of Orissa, India. Venerated in popular epics and legends, the Baitarani River is a source of water for agricultural irrigation. Most of the potentially arable land in the area is not under cultivation. The coastal plain of Orissa has the name of "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". These deltas divide the coastal plain into three regions from north to south. The Baitarani, the Mahanadi and the Brahmani rivers form the Middle Coastal Plain, with evidence of past 'back bays' and present lakes.
The Baitarani originates from the Guptaganga hills in Gonasika of Keonjhar district in Orissa state of India at an elevation of 900 m above sea level. The uppermost part of the river, about 80 km in length, flows in a northerly direction; then it changes its path suddenly by 900 and flows eastward. The beginning portion of Baitarani acts as the boundary between Orissa and Jharkhand.
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Rotterdam
Rotterdam (
/ˈrɒtərdæm/; Dutch [ˌrɔ.tər.ˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the second-largest city in the Netherlands and one of the largest ports in the world. Starting as a dam constructed in 1270 on the Rotte River, Rotterdam has grown into a major international commercial centre. Its strategic location at the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta on the North Sea and at the heart of a massive rail, road, air and inland waterway distribution system extending throughout Europe is the reason that Rotterdam is often called the "Gateway to Europe".
Located in the Province of South Holland, Rotterdam is found in the west of the Netherlands and at the south end of the Randstad. The population of the city proper was 616,250 on February 1st 2012. The population of the greater Rotterdam area, called "Rotterdam-Rijnmond" or just "Rijnmond", is around 1.3 million people. Rotterdam is one of Europe's most vibrant, multicultural cities. The city is known for its university (Erasmus), its cutting-edge architecture, its lively cultural life, its striking riverside setting, its maritime heritage and the Rotterdam Blitz.
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Rourkela
Rourkela pronunciation (help·info) (Oriya:ରାଉରକେଲା) (Bengali:রাউরকেলা ) (Hindi: राउरकेला) is located in the northwestern tip of the Indian state of Orissa at the heart of a rich mineral belt. It is situated about 340 kilometres (211 mi) north of state capital Bhubaneswar.It is surrounded by a range of hills and encircled by rivers. One of the largest steel plants of the Steel Authority of India Limited is situated here. It also has one of the National Institutes of Technology of the country. Rourkela Steel Plant was first to bring cctv to the whole Asia continent for the first time(1984). It is the 14th most clean and green city of India.
The name "Rourkela" in the local tribal language of "Sadri" means "Our Village". It comes under Sundargarh district of the Indian state of Orissa. An indigenous community called Raulia used to inhabit this region.
The picturesque and modern twin towns of Rourkela and Fertilizer Township as well as their developed periphery are located in areas that were once covered by dense forests. Rourkela city came into prominence in the year 1955. According to the census report of 2011 the population of Rourkela City is 7 lakhs approx. Then railway station of Rourkela was within the revenue village of Mahulpali.
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Rourkela Airport
Rourkela Airport (IATA: RRK, ICAO: VERK) is a private airport located near Chhend Colony, 6 Kilometres west of the steel city of Rourkela in the state of Orissa. It is mostly used by dignitaries visiting Rourkela, especially officials of Steel Authority of India Limited(SAIL) and other V.I.Ps.
The airstrip was constructed by the Tata Iron and Steel Company in 1950s for the purpose of carrying officials of the company, who regularly visited the area to survey and supervise the transportation of dolomite and other minerals from the district of Sundargarh for their industry. Small planes used to fly daily between Rourkela and Jamshedpur carrying the officials between these two steel cities. In 1961, this airport was taken by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) and a small aerodrome was constructed at the spot. With the construction of the new airport, Vayudoot planes started flying between the cities Ranchi and Kolkata via Rourkela. A Kolkata-Rourkela-Ranchi Vayudoot flight PF-715 used to fly daily between these three cities. Also another flight between Ranchi and Bhubaneswar via Rourkela used to operate in late 80s. However, in early 90s, Vayudoot suffered heavy losses and it reduced its flights from 105 airports to just 45 airports, hence the air services to Rourkela were stopped. In 1994 the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) took control of the Rourkela Airport from A.A.I. thus halting the air services to the city. The Airport is still used by the SAIL to receive its private jets. A three member survey team of AAI that made a spot assessment of the Rourkela airstrip in October 2007 to find out the feasibility of re-introduction of air connectivity to the city expressed satisfaction over the existing infrastructure.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Sambalpur
Sambalpur pronunciation (help·info) (Oriya: ସମ୍ବଲପୁର )(Also pronounced as Samalpur) in the eastern state of Orissa, is the second largest city by population in Western Orissa and is the district headquarter of Sambalpur district.
Sambalpur is the seat of Sambalpur Metropolitan Area which consists of Hirakud and Burla. The administrative entity for most of the city is Sambalpur Municipality which has 1,83,383 inhabitants in thirty different wards as per the 2011 census, Hirakud and Burla are two different Notified Area Councils of Sambalpur Metropolitan Area. The total population of Sambalpur Metropolitan Area is 2,69,565. In the year 1883, Sambalpur was established as a municipality, along with Hirakud and Burla Sambalpur is the region's economic and education hub. The city contains many historic buildings and parks, and is also the commercial capital of Kosal. In 1967 a university was established at Burla, known as Sambalpur University. Hirakud Dam, the longest earthen dam in the world and the largest artificial lake of Asia is situated at Hirakud.
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Sambalpur district
Sambalpur District is a district in the western part of state of Orissa, India. The historic city of Sambalpur is the district headquarters.
The district is located in the Mahanadi River basin. It has a total area of 6,702 square kilometers, of which almost 60% of the district is covered in dense forest. The district is bounded by Deogarh District to the east, Bargarh and Jharsuguda districts to the west, Sundergarh District to the north, and Subarnapur and Angul districts in the south.
Sambalpur city is the connecting city between Chhattisgarh and Orissa. Whereas it used to be known for its importance as a diamond trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the Sambalpuri Saree. It's a good place from which to explore the surrounding forests and spot, some of the rare species still roaming the area in one of the wild life sanctuaries, such as the well-known Badrama sanctuary. Sambalpur is also famous for Sambalpuri song and Sambalpuri dance.
Sambalpur is mentioned in the book of Ptolemy (2nd century) as Sambalaka on the river Manada (the Mahanadi River). This gateway to the exotic charms of the western region of Orissa was the cradle of an ancient civilization and is an important landmark in India's cultural history.
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Sambalpur District
Sambalpur District is a district in the western part of state of Orissa, India. The historic city of Sambalpur is the district headquarters.
The district is located in the Mahanadi River basin. It has a total area of 6,702 square kilometers, of which almost 60% of the district is covered in dense forest. The district is bounded by Deogarh District to the east, Bargarh and Jharsuguda districts to the west, Sundergarh District to the north, and Subarnapur and Angul districts in the south.
Sambalpur city is the connecting city between Chhattisgarh and Orissa. Whereas it used to be known for its importance as a diamond trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the Sambalpuri Saree. It's a good place from which to explore the surrounding forests and spot, some of the rare species still roaming the area in one of the wild life sanctuaries, such as the well-known Badrama sanctuary. Sambalpur is also famous for Sambalpuri song and Sambalpuri dance.
Sambalpur is mentioned in the book of Ptolemy (2nd century) as Sambalaka on the river Manada (the Mahanadi River). This gateway to the exotic charms of the western region of Orissa was the cradle of an ancient civilization and is an important landmark in India's cultural history.
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SCB Medical College
Shri Ramachandra Bhanj Medical College is a government-run medical college in Cuttack in the Indian state of Orissa.
It is the premier medical institution in Orissa and one of the oldest centers of medical teaching and training in India. It is located near Mangalabagh area in the heart of the city Cuttack with a sprawling campus of 87.32 acres (353,400 m2). It has been recognized by Medical Council of India (MCI) as an ideal undergraduate institution facilitating education and training in super specialty subjects under medical and surgical disciplines.
The evolution of this institution dates back to the beginning of the 19th century. It took its birth as a small dispensary as First Aid Centre in the premises of the present medical college during the days of Maharatta rule in the later half of the eighteenth century. The sole purpose of that dispensary was to render whatever little medical assistance was available and feasible to the sick pilgrims en route to and from Puri, especially during the "Car Festival" of Lord Jagannath.
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Seraikella
Saraikela, also spelled Seraikella, is the administrative headquarters of Saraikela Kharsawan District of Jharkhand. Earlier it was a municipality in Pashchimi Singhbhum districtin the Indian state of Jharkhand. It was formerly the capital of the Oriya Saraikela State a princely state. The town is a road junction and agricultural trade centre, with nearby deposits of copper, iron-ore, asbestos, and limestone.
The Saraikela state was founded in 1620 by Raja Bikram Singh(a fore-runner to the ruling family's current nomenclature of Singh Deo), a descendant of the rulers of Porahat, who claimed descent from the Rathore clan of Rajputs. Porahat or Singhbhum Kingdom was a part or feudatory of Ganga Vanshi, Surya Vanshi Gajapati rulers of Orissa[citation needed].
The main business families of Seraikela include the Choudhary and Sahu families, who are involved in various business enterprises in Seraikela. Abhijeet Group (Corporate Ispat & Alloys Ltd.) is setting up its steel & power plant in Seraikela (7 km from Town). Jupiter Cement is also setting up a Portland cement plant nearby. Steel plant of Sesa Goa and Bharat Steel are also proposed in the area. The Adityapur industrial estate is a part of Seraikela district and has major anciallry units of Tata Motors. Adityapur Industrail Area also known as AIADA was once known as the largest industrial hub in India.Further,Chandil is also growing rapidly as an industrial centre and currently has a number of food processing and sponge iron units.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Sileru River
Sileru River is a tributary of Sabari River. It originates in Andhra Pradesh, flows through Chhattisgarh before merging with Sabari. Sabari river crosses the border to Andhra Pradesh to merge with Godavari river. The river is 100 km long.
Coordinates: 17°47′N 81°24′E / 17.783°N 81.4°E / 17.783; 81.4
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Subarnapur District
Sonepur District(Oriya: ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣପୁର ଜିଲ୍ଲା), also called Sonapur District or Subarnapur District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Sonepur is the district headquarters. Many loosely call the people of Sonepur region as Sonepuria.
This district earned the name “Subarnapur” during the time of Somavamsi ruler.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Subarnapur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
This district has two assembly constituency viz. Sonepur and Birmaharajpur. It is a part of Balangir (Lok Sabha constituency).
According to the 2011 census Subarnapur district has a population of 652,107, roughly equal to the nation of Montenegro or the US state of Vermont. This gives it a ranking of 512th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 279 inhabitants per square kilometre (720 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.35 %. Subarnapur has a sex ratio of 959 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74.42 %.
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Subarnapur district
Sonepur District(Oriya: ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣପୁର ଜିଲ୍ଲା), also called Sonapur District or Subarnapur District, is an administrative district of Orissa state in eastern India. The town of Sonepur is the district headquarters. Many loosely call the people of Sonepur region as Sonepuria.
This district earned the name “Subarnapur” during the time of Somavamsi ruler.
In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Subarnapur one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the 19 districts in Orissa currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
This district has two assembly constituency viz. Sonepur and Birmaharajpur. It is a part of Balangir (Lok Sabha constituency).
According to the 2011 census Subarnapur district has a population of 652,107, roughly equal to the nation of Montenegro or the US state of Vermont. This gives it a ranking of 512th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 279 inhabitants per square kilometre (720 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 20.35 %. Subarnapur has a sex ratio of 959 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 74.42 %.
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Sundargarh District
Sundergarh District, also spelled Sundargarh District, is a district in the northwestern part of Orissa state in eastern India. Sundargarh district is bound by Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh in the west, Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh in the North-West, Simdega district of Jharkhand in the North, West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Keonjhar district of Orissa in the east and Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Deogarh districts of Orissa in the South. The town of Sundergarh is the district headquarters.
Sundargarh district forms the North western part of Orissa state and is the Second largest district in the state accounting for 6.23% of the total area. Geographical Area of the district is 9712 km2. The district spreads from 21°36′N to 22°32′N and from 83°32′E to 85°22′E.
Two princely States of Gangpur and Bonaigarh constitute the present district of Sundargarh, consequent upon merger of the princely States in 1 January 1948. It is understood that, in ancient times, this district was under the rulers of South Kosala. However, divergent views are available regarding the origin of the ruling family. Bonaigarh was known as Bonai Mandala and was ruled by Mayura dynasty as a feudetory of Bhoumakara dynasty of Utkala.The present royal family of Gangpur belongs to the Parmar dynasty and Bonaigarh belongs to Kadamba dynasty. These ex-states were under the suzerainty of Sambalpur which formed part of the dominion of the Maratha Rajas of Nagpur. They were ceded to the British Government in 1803 by the Maratha Chief Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur under the treaty of Deogaon(near Rourkela). But they were restored to him by special engagement in 1806. They were finally ceded in 1826. In 1905, these two princly states were transferred from the control of the commissioner of Chhotanagur to that of Orissa Division and a separate Political Agent was appointed.
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Sundargarh district
Sundergarh District, also spelled Sundargarh District, is a district in the northwestern part of Orissa state in eastern India. Sundargarh district is bound by Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh in the west, Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh in the North-West, Simdega district of Jharkhand in the North, West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Keonjhar district of Orissa in the east and Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Deogarh districts of Orissa in the South. The town of Sundergarh is the district headquarters.
Sundargarh district forms the North western part of Orissa state and is the Second largest district in the state accounting for 6.23% of the total area. Geographical Area of the district is 9712 km2. The district spreads from 21°36′N to 22°32′N and from 83°32′E to 85°22′E.
Two princely States of Gangpur and Bonaigarh constitute the present district of Sundargarh, consequent upon merger of the princely States in 1 January 1948. It is understood that, in ancient times, this district was under the rulers of South Kosala. However, divergent views are available regarding the origin of the ruling family. Bonaigarh was known as Bonai Mandala and was ruled by Mayura dynasty as a feudetory of Bhoumakara dynasty of Utkala.The present royal family of Gangpur belongs to the Parmar dynasty and Bonaigarh belongs to Kadamba dynasty. These ex-states were under the suzerainty of Sambalpur which formed part of the dominion of the Maratha Rajas of Nagpur. They were ceded to the British Government in 1803 by the Maratha Chief Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur under the treaty of Deogaon(near Rourkela). But they were restored to him by special engagement in 1806. They were finally ceded in 1826. In 1905, these two princly states were transferred from the control of the commissioner of Chhotanagur to that of Orissa Division and a separate Political Agent was appointed.
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Sundergarh district
Sundergarh District, also spelled Sundargarh District, is a district in the northwestern part of Orissa state in eastern India. Sundargarh district is bound by Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh in the west, Jashpur district of Chhattisgarh in the North-West, Simdega district of Jharkhand in the North, West Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and Keonjhar district of Orissa in the east and Jharsuguda, Sambalpur and Deogarh districts of Orissa in the South. The town of Sundergarh is the district headquarters.
Sundargarh district forms the North western part of Orissa state and is the Second largest district in the state accounting for 6.23% of the total area. Geographical Area of the district is 9712 km2. The district spreads from 21°36′N to 22°32′N and from 83°32′E to 85°22′E.
Two princely States of Gangpur and Bonaigarh constitute the present district of Sundargarh, consequent upon merger of the princely States in 1 January 1948. It is understood that, in ancient times, this district was under the rulers of South Kosala. However, divergent views are available regarding the origin of the ruling family. Bonaigarh was known as Bonai Mandala and was ruled by Mayura dynasty as a feudetory of Bhoumakara dynasty of Utkala.The present royal family of Gangpur belongs to the Parmar dynasty and Bonaigarh belongs to Kadamba dynasty. These ex-states were under the suzerainty of Sambalpur which formed part of the dominion of the Maratha Rajas of Nagpur. They were ceded to the British Government in 1803 by the Maratha Chief Raghuji Bhonsla of Nagpur under the treaty of Deogaon(near Rourkela). But they were restored to him by special engagement in 1806. They were finally ceded in 1826. In 1905, these two princly states were transferred from the control of the commissioner of Chhotanagur to that of Orissa Division and a separate Political Agent was appointed.
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Surubalijora
Surubalijora or Surubalijore is a small river (Jora or Jore) located in the Subalaya area of Birmaharajpur subdivision of Subarnapur district of Orissa, India. It is originating from a mountain and merging with Mahanadi river near Subalaya, Tebhapadar and Ambasarabhata. It had created a small delta at the meeting place. Near this delta, the land is fertile and farmers from nearby villages cultivate various vegetables.
Orissa bridge & Construction Corporation limited has constructed a bridge over Surubalijore near Subalaya and Kamira village. This bridge is playing a vital role in connecting various town viz. Rairakhol, Boudh, Subalaya, Birmaharajpur, Dharmasala, Sonepur and Sambalpur.
Coordinates: 20°50′N 83°54′E / 20.833°N 83.9°E / 20.833; 83.9
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Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal ( /ˈtɑːdʒ/ or /ˈtɑːʒ məˈhɑːl/;Hindi: ताज महल, from Persian/Urdu: تاج محل "crown of palaces", pronounced [ˈt̪aːdʒ mɛˈɦɛl]; also "the Taj") is a white marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage.It coveres area about 221 hectare (552 Acres) which include 38 hectare taj mahal and 183 hectare taj protected forest are."
Taj Mahal is the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Turkish and Indian architectural styles.
In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar component of the Taj Mahal, it is actually an integrated complex of structures. The construction began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.
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Talasari Beach
21°37′22.67″N 87°24′21.07″E / 21.6229639°N 87.4058528°E / 21.6229639; 87.4058528
Talasari Beach (Oriya: ତାଳସାରି) is a beach in the Baleswar district of Orissa, India. It lies on the north-eastern coast of India.
The name Talasari is derived from the two words Tala (ତାଳ) (meaning Palm) and Sari/Sarani (ସାରି/ସାରଣୀ) (meaning row). The palm trees surrounding the place gives such a name to it. The word “Tala” also means rhythm, which is reflected in the sea waves lapping against the shore.
The place has vast stretches of green paddy fields, numerous rivers, blue hills and extensive beaches. The beach with its tall coconut trees, palm trees and casuarina make for a beautiful sight. Udiapur beach is the last beach on this stretch.
The stream plays hide-and-seek with people. When the stream is brimming, one can only reach the main beach with the help of a boat. But at other times, one can walk across the dry riverbed. The place is fairly windy.
Talasari is one of the less exploited Orissa beaches. The Talsari beach is not as frequently visited by the people as the other beaches of Orissa. The waters of the sea at Talsari beach are not turbulent but calm and peaceful.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Taptapani
Taptapani is famous for its hot sulfur water spring.
The name “Taptapani” also suggests that. “Tapta” means hot and “pani” means water.
The hot water from the natural spring of Taptapani are attributed with medicinal properties and can be bathed in at the pond created next to the hot spring.
The other attractions of Taptapani are its tribal communities and the picturesque landscape. There is also a deer park maintained by the forest department.
Taptapani is 56 kilometres away from Berhampur (or Brahmapur as the locals call it), the nearest rail station.
The sprawling Panthanivas is the only shelter for tourists at Taptapani. The two AC suites have a common balcony and each has a huge bedroom, a dressing room and a bathroom containing a small swimming pool fed by the warm water from the hot springs.
The cottages overlook a pristine valley replete with various shades of green. Anyone can leisurely spend hours sitting here. The Dining Hall is strategically placed in between two crests of mountain fold. A few minutes walk from here will take to Kandimata Mandir where the locals take a bath in the spring before offering their daily prayers. There is also a deer park maintained by the forest department.
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Tarabalo
Tarabalo is famous for a cluster of hot springs dotted over an area of 8 acres. Tarabalo is located in Nayagarh district of Orissa. Sulphur water of the springs having certain medicinal properties is believed to be useful for a long time treatment of skin diseases and also related to religious rituals.
Besides the clusters of hot sulfur springs, Tarabalo is well known for the scenic beauty of the region. The panoramic views and the greenery of the nature around makes Tarabalo an interesting picnic spot. A fair is organized every year on Maghasthami at goddess Keltheshwari Temple when 7000-8000 pilgrim visit this place. At present, Tarabalo is a small settlement surrounded by vast agricultural tracts.
It is located at a distance of 75 Kilometers from the capital city of Bhubaneshwar.
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Utkal University
Utkal University, Bhubaneswar is the oldest university in Orissa and the 17th oldest university in India. It is a teaching-cum-affiliating university that has produced some of the best brains in Orissa. There are at 26 post-graduate departments at the university campus for studies and research in disciplines of Science, Humanities, Business Administration, Social Science, Law and Commerce. There are nearly 3,000 students in the post-grad departments at Vani Vihar. This is the largest affiliating university in the country with 267 affiliated general colleges, 15 law colleges, six medical and pharmacy colleges.
After the separation of Orissa from Bihar and the creation of the new province of Orissa in April 1936, there was a strong desire among the leaders of the province for the establishment of a separate university in Orissa. Until 1936 all the colleges were under the jurisdiction of either Patna University or Andhra University. Subsequently the government of Orissa, with Shri Biswanath Das as the premier, appointed a committee on 2 March 1938 with Pandit Nilakantha Das as its chairman to examine the possibility of establishing a separate university in Orissa. During the premiership of Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, who played a pioneering role in the establishment of the university, the recommendation of this committee was made available. Pandit Godavarish Mishra, the then minister of education in the government of Orissa introduced the Utkal University Bill which was passed by the Orissa Legislative Assembly on 30 June 1943. On receiving the Governor's assent subsequently on 2 August 1943, the Utkal University Act 1943 came into force, clearing the way for the foundation of the university on 27 November 1943.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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Vamsadhara River
River Vamsadhara (Oriya:ବଂଶଧାରା Telugu: వంశధార నది) (also called Bansadhara in Orissa) is an important east flowing river between Mahanadi and Godavari, in Southern Orissa and North Eastern Andhra Pradesh states in India.
It is situated in the geographic co-ordinates of 18 15 to 19 55 north latitudes and 83 20 84 20 east longitudes.
The river originates near Lanjigarh village in Kalahandi district of Orissa and runs for a distance of about 254 kilometers and joins the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
The total catchement area of the river basin is about 10,830 square kilometers.
Tourist attractions of Mukhalingam and Kalingapatnam in Srikakulam district are located on the banks of this river.
Name of this river originates from words bansa (bamboo) and dhara (water flow). This river originates from forests with bamboo trees. So, it was named as Bansadhara in Oriya and transliterated as Vamsadhara in Telugu.
Vamsadhara river basin occupies 8015 square kilometers in Orissa and rest 2815 sq. km. lies in Andhra Pradesh. This river basin receives high annual average rainfall of magnitude 1400 mm. The portion lying in Orissa is predominantly hilly and tribal populated area. Andhra Pradesh and Orissa roughly estimated that 115 thousand million cubic feet (TMC) water is available for use in the river. They entered in to agreements to use the available river water in 50:50 ratio. Andhra Pradesh has taken up Gotta barrage and Neredi barrage projects to put its share of water for use. However Orissa has not taken up new projects in the basin area to utilize its share of water. In fact it is diverting Vamsadhara river waters to adjacent Rushikulya river basin by constructing reservoir at Adaba town without taking prior consent from Andhra Pradesh. Also, Orissa has raised objections to Neredi barrage project on the grounds of land submergence in its territory.
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Western Orissa
Coordinates: 20°35′N 84°28′E / 20.58°N 84.47°E / 20.58; 84.47
Western Orissa, also referred as Kosal is a territory in western part of Orissa, India, extending from the Kalahandi district in the south to the Sundargarh district in the northwest. Western Orissa includes the districts of Balangir, Bargarh, Boudh, Deogarh, Jharsuguda, Kalahandi, Nuapada, Sambalpur, Sonepur, Sundargarh, and Aathamallik Sub-division of Angul Dist. During the Chauhan rule this land was also known as Hirakhand, literal meaning in English is the land of Diamonds. Their kingdom comprised all the present districts of Western Orissa except the dist of Kalahandi.
Prior to the 5th century, Dakshin Kosal was one of the several names by which this region was known. It is a vast geographical area, exhibiting a great degree of cultural uniformity in terms of demography and life-style.
This geographical area is also recognised by state government of Orissa as the area under Western Orissa development council (WODC). The Sonepur, Balangir, Nuapada, and Kalahandi districts of this region are also part of the Kalahandi Balangir Koraput or "KBK" area, noted for its high death rate from starvation and poverty. The book Cultural Profile of South Kosal depicts the rich history and culture of Kosalanchal.
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XIMB
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) is a business school in India, located in Bhubaneswar, the capital of the eastern Indian state of Orissa.
Established in 1987, the Institute owes its origin to a Social Contract between the Government of Orissa and the Orissa Jesuit Society. The Institute is led by a Governing Board consisting of representatives from the Orissa Jesuit Society, Government of India, and Government of Orissa and eminent invited industrialists and educationists.
The academic programmes offered by XIMB are based on the standard model of management education practised globally.
Currently, XIMB offers the following diploma and certificate programmes, namely,
XIMB has international exchange of faculty and students with the following institutions:
A Team of PGP second year students from XIMB claimed the 4th spot in the Rubicon International Business Case contest held in 2006, in Iserlohn, Germany. Incidentally, the team was the sole Asian finalist.
XIMB will establish a second campus in Orissa. This 100-acre (0.40 km2) campus is slated to start in 2011 to coincide with the institution's silver jubilee. It will be located somewhere on the outskirts of the city of Bhubaneswar.
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Acyutananda
Achyutananda Das (or Achutānanda) was a 16th century poet seer and Vaisnava saint from Orissa, India. He was considered to have the power to see the past, present and future. He was a prolific author, and one of the group of five, that led a revolution in spirituality in Orissa by translating Sanskrit texts into the Oriya language for common people.
He was one of the famous five friends of spirituality and literature Panchasakhā, who transcribed ancient Hindu Sanskrit texts into Oriya, for the people of Udra Desha (Orissa). Shri Achyutananda Das was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakhas and wrote numerous books, many of which could be loosely translated as the Book of Prophecies. He is known as the Mahapurusha (a Great Person) for his vast knowledge on many subjects such as spirituality, Yoga, rituals, Buddhist Tantra, Ayurveda (science of life, longevity and medicine), and other various science and social regulations.
As Acyutānanda became a popular figure, much of his life began to become legend. He is famous for being one of the few who wrote about the social situation of his time and this is a scholarly reason many study his writings. His poetry was often cryptic about himself, and written in code or analogies. Achyutananda belonged to Karana caste by birth, but some claim he was Khandayata. His surname Das means servant God.
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Adivasi
Adivasi (Sanskrit: Nepali: Hindi: आदिवासी; ādivāsī) is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. The word is used in the same sense in Nepal as is another word janajati (Nepali: जनजाति; janajāti), although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties.
Adivasi societies are particularly present in the Indian Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Mizoram, and other northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries. Officially recognized by the Indian government as "Scheduled Tribes" in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, they are often grouped together with scheduled castes in the category "Scheduled Castes and Tribes", which is eligible for certain affirmative action measures.
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Adivasis
Adivasi (Sanskrit: Nepali: Hindi: आदिवासी; ādivāsī) is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India. The word is used in the same sense in Nepal as is another word janajati (Nepali: जनजाति; janajāti), although the political context differed historically under the Shah and Rana dynasties.
Adivasi societies are particularly present in the Indian Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Mizoram, and other northeastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Many smaller tribal groups are quite sensitive to ecological degradation caused by modernization. Both commercial forestry and intensive agriculture have proved destructive to the forests that had endured swidden agriculture for many centuries. Officially recognized by the Indian government as "Scheduled Tribes" in the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution of India, they are often grouped together with scheduled castes in the category "Scheduled Castes and Tribes", which is eligible for certain affirmative action measures.
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Anubhav Mohanty
Anubhav Mohanty (Oriya: ଅନୁଭବ ମହାନ୍ତି) (born 24 December 1981) is an Ollywood and Tollywood Bangla stars in the state of Orissa in India. Anubhav Mohanty made his debut in films in I Love You in 2005 opposite Mumbai based TV actress Namrata Thapa. He made his debut in Bengali Films with the movie Saathi Amaar opposite Rachana Banerjee in a special appearance.
He has completed his schooling from DAV public school, Cuttack, Orissa. He started his career as a model and has won several award for modeling. Then he started getting offers from Oriya albums and has featured in around 80-100 video songs.
He debuted in the Oriya film industry with the 2004 film I Love You along with Namrata Thapa,which was the Block Buster Hit.But his other films of the same year were Saathire and Barsha My Darling, Flop and Hit respectively.
Currently[when?] he is the highest paid star of Oriya film industry . He is the only one actor in this industry who takes money if only his film will become super-hit.His not a single movie is flop except one (sathire)which was just for not good story background. he was nominated for Taranga best critically acclaimed actor for the movie ABHIMANYU.
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Aparajita Mohanty
Aparajita Mohanty (Oriya: ଅପରାଜିତା ମହାନ୍ତି) is an Oriya movie actress based in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. She is the wife of Oriya actor Uttam Mohanty and mother of actor Babushan Mohanty.
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Ashoka
Ashoka (Devanāgarī: अशोक, IAST: Aśoka, IPA: [aˈɕoːkə], ca. 304–232 BC), also known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan in the west, to the present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. He conquered the kingdom named Kalinga, which none of his ancestors had conquered starting from Chandragupta Maurya. His reign was headquartered in Magadha (present-day Bihar). He embraced Buddhism after witnessing the mass deaths of the Kalinga War, which he himself had waged out of a desire for conquest. He was later dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism across Asia and established monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha. Ashoka was a devotee of ahimsa (nonviolence), love, truth, tolerance and vegetarianism. Ashoka is remembered in history as a philanthropic administrator. In the history of India, Ashoka is referred to as Samraat Chakravartin Ashoka – the "Emperor of Emperors Ashoka".
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Bharata Muni
Bharata (Hindi: भरत) was an ancient Indian musicologist who authored the Natya Shastra, a theoretical treatise on ancient Indian dramaturgy and histrionics, dated to between roughly 400 BC and 200 BC. Indian dance and music find their root in the Natyashastra. Besides propounding the theory of three types of acting Bharata has discussed in detail classical Indian vocal \ instrumental music and dance since they are integral to Sanskrit drama. The classical dance form Bharata Natyam is codified in the Natya Shastra. Bharata classified Sanskrit theatrical forms (Natya\Rupaka) into ten types; what is known to the west as drama is but one among these, namely, Nataka.
Bharata also outlines a set of rasas or moods / emotions which were to be influential in defining the nature of Indian dance, music, and theater.
The Natyashastra comprises 36 chapters and it is possible that it was a creation of more than one scholar. Bharata is considered as the father of Indian theatrical art forms.
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Bhima Bhoi
Bhima Bhoi (1850–1895) was a poet and Satya Mahima Dharma activist from Orissa, India.
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Bijay Mohanty
Bijay Mohanty is a film actor of Oriya cinema. He is a National Film Awards winning actor and has played diverse roles in film, television serials and in various roles on the small screen.
Bijay Mohanty was born in Pandiri (Kendrapara)on 8 April and brought up in Baripada, Mayurbhanj, Orissa. He started acting in his school days while studying in MKC High School (Baripada). After his graduation from BA, he joined the National School of Drama. He passed successfully from the NSD with classmates like Naseeruddin Shah, Raj Babbar, Om Puri etc. He acted in the theatres and stayed in Delhi up to 1975. After returning to Orissa, he devoted himself to directing plays.
He has married to Tandra Ray, an actress of the Oriya film industry. The couple acted in a number of films opposite to each other.
In 1977, he started his career in the Oriya film industry with the film Chilika Tire which won the National Award for that year. Initially he was opted mostly for negative roles. Naga Phasa, Samay Bada Balaban, Danda Balunga, Sahari Bagha, Chaka Bhaunri and Chaka Akhi Sabu Dekhuchi are some of his most notable films in this role. He has acted almost all kinds of roles ranging from hero, villain, comedian, character roles etc. In every field he left his uncomparable mark. Other notable films include Arati (1981), Mamata Mage Mula (1985), Aei Aama Sansara (1986), Aama Ghara Aama Sansara (1991), Ki Heba Sua Posile, Bhisma Pratigya (1993), Bhai Hela Bhagari (1994), Suna Panjuri, Laxman Rekha, Rakhi Bhijigala Akhi Luhare and I Love My India.
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Bonda people
The Bonda (also known as the Bondo, Bondo Poraja, Bhonda, or Remo) are an ancient tribe of people numbering approximately 12,000 (2011 census) who live in the isolated hill regions of the Malkangiri district of southwesternmost Orissa, India, near the junction of the three states of Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh.
The Bonda are a scheduled tribe of India and are also known as the Remo (meaning "people" in the Bonda language). The tribe is one of the oldest and most primitive in mainland India; their culture has changed little for more than a thousand years. Their isolation and known aggressiveness continue to preserve their culture despite the pressures of an expanding Indian population.
In contrast with many other populations in India, the number of women among the Bonda greatly exceeds the number of men.
Their language belongs to the Munda subgroup of the Austro-Asiatic language family.
The Bonda are generally semi-clothed, with the women characterized by the wearing of thick silver neck bands.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.
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Buddhist
Buddhism is a religion and philosophy indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and practices largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, who is commonly known as the Buddha (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit and Pāli). The Buddha lived and taught in the eastern part of Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end ignorance (avidyā), craving (taṇhā), and suffering (dukkha), by recognizing dependent origination and sunyata, and attain Nirvana.
Two major branches of Buddhism are recognized: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Theravada has a widespread following in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Mahayana is found throughout East Asia and includes the traditions of Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon, Tiantai (Tendai) and Shinnyo-en. In some classifications, Vajrayana—practiced mainly in Tibet and Mongolia, and adjacent parts of China and Russia—is recognized as a third branch, while others classify it as a part of Mahayana. There are other categorisations of these three Vehicles or Yanas.
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Fakir Mohan Senapati
Fakir Mohan Senapati (Oriya: ଫକିର ମୋହନ ସେନାପତି) (13 January 1843 - 14 June 1918) born on January 13, 1843, at Mallikashpur in Balasore, played a leading role in establishing the distinct identity of Oriya, a language mainly spoken in the Indian state of Orissa. Fakirmohan Senapati is regarded as the father of Oriya nationalism and modern Oriya literaure. Born to Laxman Charan Senapati and Tulsi Devi Senapatie, Fakirmohan dedicated his life to the progress of Oriya language in the later 19th and early 20th century. The story of Fakirmohan is indeed the story of the 'Renaissance' of Oriya literature. Besides he was a social reformer and educator who used his pen to criticize and correct the aberrations prevalent in the society. He is called the father of Oriya fiction.
He is aptly called the Thomas Hardy of Orissa.[by whom?] Though he translated from Sanskrit, wrote poetry, and attempted many forms of literature, he is now known primarily as the father of modern Oriya prose fiction. The four novels of Fakirmohan, written between 1897 and 1915, reflect the socio-cultural conditions of Orissa during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. While the three novels, 'Chhamana Atha Guntha', 'Mamu' and 'Prayaschita' explore the realities of social life in its multiple dimensions. 'Lachhama' is a historical romance dealing with the anarchical conditions of Orissa in the wake of Maratha invasions during the eighteenth century. Chha Maana Atha Guntha is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal Lord. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India. Fakir Mohan is also the writer of the first autobiography in Oriya, "Atma Jeevan Charita" .
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Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha or Siddhārtha Gautama Buddha (Sanskrit: सिद्धार्थ गौतम बुद्ध; Pali: Siddhattha Gotama) was a spiritual teacher from the Indian subcontinent, on whose teachings Buddhism was founded. The word Buddha is a title for the first awakened being in an era. In most Buddhist traditions, Siddhartha Gautama is regarded as the Supreme Buddha (P. sammāsambuddha, S. samyaksaṃbuddha) of our age, "Buddha" meaning "awakened one" or "the enlightened one." Gautama Buddha may also be referred to as Śākyamuni (Sanskrit: शाक्यमुनि "Sage of the Śākyas"). The Buddha found a Middle Way that ameliorated the extreme asceticism found in the Sramana religions.
The time of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain: most early 20th-century historians dated his lifetime as c. 563 BCE to 483 BCE, but more recent opinion dates his death to between 486 and 483 BCE or, according to some, between 411 and 400 BCE. UNESCO lists Lumbini, Nepal, as a world heritage site and birthplace of Gautama Buddha. There are also claims about birth place of Gautama Buddha to be Kapileswara, Orissa or Kapilavastu at Piprahwa, Uttar Pradesh He later taught throughout regions of eastern India such as Magadha and Kośala.
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Gopabandhu Dash
Gopabandhu Dash (Oriya: ଗୋପବନ୍ଧୁ ଦାସ) (1877–1928) known as Utkalamani (Gem of Orissa) was a social worker who excelled in the field of politics as well as literature.
Born on 9 October 1877 to Swarnamayee Devi and Shree Daitari Dash in Suando Village, near Puri, Orissa, Gopabandhu was a legend in the Indian culture. He served his people even at the cost of his family. At the age of twelve, he married Apti, but continued his education. After completion of primary education, he joined Puri Zilla School in 1893, where he met his teacher Mukhtiar Ramachandra Dash, who was not only a genius but also a nationalist. It was at this school and with this teacher that Gopabandhu learned many nationalistic values. The inadequate response of authorities for the victims of cholera prompted him to start a voluntary corps Puri Seva Samiti. This movement later led to establishment of a separate hospital for cholera patients at Puri, and made Gopabandhu's name in society.
As a student Gopabandhu's literary fervor was excellent. During those days the Oriya literary world was divided between the ancient, The Indradhanu and the modernists, The Bijuli. Gopabandhu realized that a nation as well as its literature live by their tradition. He believed that a national superstructure of the present can endure only if it is based upon the solid foundations of the national heritage. His satirical poem in The Indradhanu led to an ugly incident and punishment meted out by the Inspector of schools. Gopabandhu refused to apologize for such writing in lieu of punishment.
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Gopinath Mohanty
Gopinath Mohanty (Oriya: ଗୋପୀନାଥ ମହାନ୍ତି) (1914–1991), winner of the prestigious jnanpith award, eminent Oriya novelist of the mid-twentieth century is arguably the greatest Oriya writer after Fakir Mohan Senapati.
He and his elder brother, Kahnu Charan Mohanty, along with his nephew Guru Prasad Mohanty exercised tremendous influence on Oriya literature for about three decades. Born at Nagabali (a small village on the bank of River Mahanadi which can boast of producing some of the trendsetters in oriya literature be it Gopinath himself, Kahnu Charan and Guru Prasad) in Cuttack district on 20 April 1914, Mohanty received higher education at Ravenshaw College. He got his M.A. degree from Patna University in 1936.
He joined the Orissa Administrative Service in 1938. Most of his service career was spent among the poor tribals of the undivided Koraput district. He retired from government service in 1969. In 1986, he joined San Jose State University in the U.S.A. as an Adjunct Professor of Social Sciences. He died at San Jose, Califormia on 20 August 1991.
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Hiuen-Tsang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
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Jagadish Mohanty
Jagadish Mohanty (Oriya: ଜଗଦୀଶ ମହାନ୍ତି)(born 1951) is a renowned Oriya writer, considered as a trendsetter in modern Oriya fiction, has received the prestigious Sarala Award 2003, Orissa Sahitya Akademy Award 1990, Jhankar Award, 1985 Dharitri Award, Prajatantra Award. Born in an iron mines of northern periphery of Orissa, he spent more than 30 years of his life working in the coal mines in western periphery of Orissa. Though he kept himself away from the cultural capital of Orissa, but still his writings highlighted him in the mainstream of Oriya literature and culture.
Indian feminist writer Sarojini Sahoo is his wife and he has two children Anubhav and Sambedana.
He has been awarded with prestigious Sarala Award, sponsored by IMFA foundation in 2003 for his short story collection Suna Ilishi Awarded with Orissa Sahitya Akademy, 1990 for his novel Kanishka Kanishka. Awarded with Jhankar Award,Utkal Sahitya Samaj Katha Samman and Bhubaneswar Book fair Award for his contribution to Oriya fiction. Besides this he has been felicated and awarded by Mahanadi Coal fields Limited (a subsidiary of Coal India), M/S J.K.Paper Mills Ltd, Jay Kay Pur, the Daily news paper Dharirti and other various institutions of Orissa.
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Jayadeva
Jayadeva (Oriya: ଜୟଦେବ, Sanskrit: जयदेव) was a Sanskrit poet circa 1200 AD. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of Krishna-an avatar of Vishnu and his consort, Radha, and it is mentioned that Radha is greater than Hari, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. He was born to a Hindu Brahmin family
Jayadeva was born in Kenduli Sasan (formerly Kendubilva), in the Prachi valley, Khurda district in Orissa.[citation needed]Kenduli Sasan is a village near the famous temple city of Puri. At the time of Jayadeva's birth, Orissa was under the rule of Eastern Ganga dynasty king Chodaganga Deva. It was during the reign of this monarch and his son and successor, Raghava, that Jayadeva composed his Sanskrit epics. Chodaganga Deva, originally a Shaiva, was strongly influenced by the devotion to Krishna in and around Puri and became a Vaishnava devotee of Krishna himself.
The poet's parents were named Bhojadeva and Ramadevi. From temple inscriptions it is now known that Jayadeva received his education in Sanskrit poetry from a place called Kurmapataka, possibly near Konark in Orissa. Later on, Jayadeva married Padmavati, who according to temple inscriptions, may have been an accomplished temple dancer on her own right.
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Jaydev
Jayadeva (Oriya: ଜୟଦେବ, Sanskrit: जयदेव) was a Sanskrit poet circa 1200 AD. He is most known for his composition, the epic poem Gita Govinda, which depicts the divine love of Krishna-an avatar of Vishnu and his consort, Radha, and it is mentioned that Radha is greater than Hari, and is considered an important text in the Bhakti movement of Hinduism. He was born to a Hindu Brahmin family
Jayadeva was born in Kenduli Sasan (formerly Kendubilva), in the Prachi valley, Khurda district in Orissa.[citation needed]Kenduli Sasan is a village near the famous temple city of Puri. At the time of Jayadeva's birth, Orissa was under the rule of Eastern Ganga dynasty king Chodaganga Deva. It was during the reign of this monarch and his son and successor, Raghava, that Jayadeva composed his Sanskrit epics. Chodaganga Deva, originally a Shaiva, was strongly influenced by the devotion to Krishna in and around Puri and became a Vaishnava devotee of Krishna himself.
The poet's parents were named Bhojadeva and Ramadevi. From temple inscriptions it is now known that Jayadeva received his education in Sanskrit poetry from a place called Kurmapataka, possibly near Konark in Orissa. Later on, Jayadeva married Padmavati, who according to temple inscriptions, may have been an accomplished temple dancer on her own right.
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Kambojas
The Kambojas (Sanskrit: कम्बोज, Kamboja; Persian: کمبوہ, Kambūh) were a kshatriya tribe of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in Sanskrit and Pali literature. Modern scholars conclude that the Kambojas were an Avestan speaking Eastern Iranian tribe at the boundary of the Indo-Aryans and the Iranians, and appear to have moved from the Iranian into the Indo-Aryan sphere over time.
The Kambojas migrated into India during the Indo-Scythian invasion from the 2nd century BCE to 5th century CE. Their descendants controlled various principalities in Medieval India.
The Kambojas were an Indo-Iranian tribe. However, the ancient Kambojas are sometimes described as Indo-Aryans or as having both Indian and Iranian affinities. However, most scholars now agree that the Kambojas were Iranians, cognate with the Indo-Scythians. The Kambojas are also described as a royal clan of the Sakas. This seems to be confirmed by the Mathura lion capital inscriptions made by Rajuvula and by one of the Edicts of Asoka. The Aśvakas were a subtribe of the Kambojas.
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Madhusudan Das
Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Das (28 April 1848- 4 February 1934) was born on 28 April 1848 in a village called Satyabhamapur, 20 kilometres from Cuttack, Orissa. He was known as "Utkal Gourav" which means Pride of Utkal and was a Poet, Freedom Fighter. He was the first Graduate and Advocate of Orissa.
He was born to father Choudhury Raghunath Das and mother Parbati Debi. They had initially named him Gobindaballabh. Later they changed his name to Madhusudan. He had two elder sisters and a younger brother named Gopalballabh. He had adopted a daughter, by name Shailabala, in whose name the famous Shailabala Womens college was founded. Shailabala was a Bengali, and her parents had left her in the care of Madhusudan Das and his wife at Calcutta. Madhubabu had taught Ashutosh Mukherjee, the former Vice-Chancellor of Calcutta University in Calcutta.
Madhusudan Das had his early education in the village school. He had studied many subjects, including Persian, from a Maulvi. After his early education, he moved to Cuttack High School (later known as Ravenshaw Collegiate School) which offered English education. In 1864, he passed the Entrance examination and went to Calcutta for Higher Education in the renowned Calcutta University. In spite of uttermost challenging conditions he lived in Calcutta for almost fifteen years (1866 to 1881). In 1870, he became the first Oriya to complete B.A. He continued his studies in Calcutta to complete his M.A. and B.L. degrees, thus becoming the first ever scholar of Orissa to achieve these feet.
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Mahali
Mahle is the name of a indigenous community of India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It is a indigenous of the state of West Bengal and Orissa. They mostly reside in areas adjoining to Santhal Parganas in Orissa and West Bengal. Mahle people forms a different tribe which is clubbed together with the Munda tribe. They basically speak Mahale language, but in some place they differentiate Mahale language from Mahale.
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Manoj Das
Manoj Das (Oriya: ମନୋଜ ଦାସ) (born 1934) is an Indian award-winning author who writes in Oriya and English.
Manoj Das, a prolific author, is India's foremost short story writers. He writes both in Oriya and English, and is a Professor of English at the Sri Aurobindo International University, Pondicherry.
Manoj Das was born in a small coastal village named Shankari in Balasore district, Orissa State. Since 1963, he has been an ashramite at Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry. He is presently concentrating on writing novels.
Manoj Das is perhaps the foremost bilingual Oriya writer and a master of dramatic expression both in his English and Oriya short stories and novels. He says that, 'Characters follow the theme of a story, and the words are merely added by author to represent the thoughts of the character'. That is the precise reason why Das's characters in fiction are from so many varied backgrounds, and display many different dimensions of human nature. He is a philosopher, a thinker-writer whose works can be defined as a quest for finding the eternal truth in everyday situations.
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Mihir Das
Mihir Kumar Das, known by film-industry name Mihir Das, is a popular Ollywood - Oriya film actor. He received several awards, notably, Best Actor award for his films -- Laxmi Protima in 1998 - Pheria Mo Suna Bhauni in 2005 and Best Supporting Actor award for his films -- Rakhi Bandhili Mo Rakhiba Mana in 2002 - Prema Adhei Akhyara in 2010 from Orissa state government.
He was born in 1966 at Mayurbhanj. He was married to singer and film artist Sangita Das(died in 2010), daughter of singer Chitta Jena. He debuted Oriya film industry with an art film School Master and then in commercial(non-art) film Mathura Bijay in 1979. He received wider applause and recognition for his performance in film Pua Mora Bholashankar. Though, a veteran actor from more than three decades, he received Best Actor award from state government for his performance in movies Laxmi Protima in 1998 and Pheria Mo Suna Bhauni in 2005.
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Munda people
The Munda are tribal (Adivasi) people of the Chota Nagpur Plateau region.
They are found across Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Assam states of India, and into parts of Bangladesh. Their language is Mundari, which belongs to the Munda subgroup of the Austro-Asiatic language family.
There are estimated to be two million Munda people.
While they are Austro-Asiatic speakers, the Munda people are generally thought to be indigenous peoples of the Indian subcontinent. However, a study conducted by a team of biologists seem to suggest a genetic drift from an ancestral population having a genetic profile similar to present-day Austroasiatic populations from Southeast Asia, suggesting a possible origin in Southeast Asia.
The term Munda given to this community designates the name of the leader of the tribal community. The munda call themselves "Hodoko" which means "Human Beings".
Though nothing much exists in contemporary history, oral stories, myths, ballads and songs provide some minimal information here and there. The Munda People have been living in the same region/place for quite a long time, considering it their home from birth to death. However, many of their folk ballads and songs or festivals display traits alien to chotanagpur region.
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Oraon
The Oraon tribes उरांव or Kurukh कुड़ुख tribe (Kurukh: Oṛāōn and Kuṛuḵẖ), also spelled Uraon, Oran, or Oram, are tribal aborigines inhabiting various states across central and eastern India as well as Bangladesh. Traditionally, Oraons depended on the forest and farms for their ritual and economic livelihood, but in recent times, a few of them have become mainly settled agriculturalists. Small numbers of Oraons have immigrated to the northeastern part of India, where they are mainly employed in tea estates.
According to the Indian Anthropological Society, Konkan is said to be original home of these Kurukh,Munda tirbes,from where they migrated to Northern India.Kurukh substratum is very prominent in the language of the Konkan or the Konkani language.
The Kurukh or Oraons are the tribals of Chota Nagpur Plateau. Oraon appears to have been assigned to them as a nickname by their masters, possibly with reference to their many migrations and proneness to roam, however they like to be called as Kurukhar.
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Oriya people
The Oriya, known classically by various names (Odia, Odri, Utkaliya, Kalingi, Latin: Uri), are an ethnic group of eastern India and of eastern Indo-Aryan stock. They constitute a majority in the eastern coastal state of Orissa, with minority populations in Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
The vast majority of the Oriyas are Hindus and are known for their history of Sun worship. Orissa is home to some of the oldest Sun temples in India, including Konark. There are small Christian and Muslim minorities.
The term 'Oriya', while sometimes used to refer to any inhabitant of Orissa (that is, an Orissi or Orissan), more precisely refers to the ethnic group which natively speaks the Oriya language. Orissa marks the southeastern frontier of Aryan expansion and is therefore also home to a large tribal population of Dravidian and Munda origin. While many of them have adopted the Oriya language, they maintain a distinct identity and there is no discernible admixture between them and the Oriyas.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – August 25, 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian. Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, Naturalis Historia, which became a model for all such works written subsequently. Pliny the Younger, his nephew, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus:
Pliny is referring to the fact that Tacitus relied on his uncle's now missing work on the History of the German Wars. Pliny the Elder died on August 25, 79 AD, while attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius that had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The prevailing wind would not allow his ship to leave the shore. His companions attributed his collapse and death to toxic fumes; but they were unaffected by the fumes, suggesting natural causes.
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Prasant Nanda
Prashanta Nanda (Oriya: ପ୍ରଶାନ୍ତ ନନ୍ଦ) (born May 2, 1947) is one of the most popular Oriya Movie stars in the state of Orissa in India. He served Oriya Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. He was also the former Minister of State of Orissa.
In 1962, he won National Film Awards as best actor for the film Nua Bou with his debut film. The name of Prasantha Nanda would always come while dealing with Oriya Film Industry. He was present in Oriya films since 1962, but he became super active only after 1976. Nanda served Oriya Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. Such a versatile genius is quite rare in Indian cinema history. Nanda alone carried Oriya films into the national honor list by winning National Awards for three times in 1962, 1966 and 1969 for his acting in Nua Bou, Matir Manisha and Adina Megha. For the year 2009, his film Jianta Bhoota won National Film Awards under National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film category.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy ( /ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaudios Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. AD 90 – c. AD 168), was a Greek-Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek. He was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in Egypt under Roman rule, and is believed to have been born in the town of Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid. This theory, proposed by Theodore Meliteniotes, could be correct, but it is late (ca. 1360) and unsupported. There is no reason to suppose that he ever lived anywhere else than Alexandria, where he died around AD 168.
Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, at least three of which were of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest (in Greek, Ἡ Μεγάλη Σύνταξις, "The Great Treatise", originally Μαθηματικὴ Σύνταξις, "Mathematical Treatise"). The second is the Geography, which is a thorough discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the astrological treatise known sometimes in Greek as the Apotelesmatika (Ἀποτελεσματικά), more commonly in Greek as the Tetrabiblos (Τετράβιβλος "Four books"), and in Latin as the Quadripartitum (or four books) in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day.
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Rabindranath Tagore
Rabindranath Tagore (Bengali: রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর; 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941), sobriquet Gurudev, was a Bengali polymath who reshaped his region's literature and music. Author of Gitanjali and its "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse", he became the first non-European to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913. In translation his poetry was viewed as spiritual and mercurial; his seemingly mesmeric personality, flowing hair, and other-worldly dress earned him a prophet-like reputation in the West. His "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. Tagore introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing the best of Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of modern India.
A Pirali Brahmin from Calcutta, Tagore wrote poetry as an eight-year-old. At age sixteen, he released his first substantial poems under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by literary authorities as long-lost classics. He graduated to his first short stories and dramas—and the aegis of his birth name—by 1877. As a humanist, universalist internationalist, and strident anti-nationalist he denounced the Raj and advocated independence from Britain. As an exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, he advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds of texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
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Ramakanta Rath
Ramakanta Rath (Oriya: ରମାକାନ୍ତ ରଥ) (born 13 December 1934) is one of the most renowned modernist poets in the Oriya literature. Heavily influenced by the poets such as T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound, Rath experimented greatly with form and style. The quest for the mystical, the riddles of life and death, the inner solitude of individual selves, and subservience to material needs and carnal desires are among this philosopher-poet's favorite themes. His poetry betrays a sense of pessimism along with counter-aesthetics, and he steadfastly refuses to put on the garb of a preacher of goodness and absolute beauty. His poetry is full of melancholy and laments the inevitability of death and the resultant feeling of futility. The poetic expressions found in his creations carry a distinct sign of symbolic annotations to spiritual and metaphysical contents of life. Often transcending beyond ordinary human capabilities, the poet reaches the higher territories of sharp intellectualism. The contents have varied from a modernist interpretation of ancient Sanskrit literature protagonist Radha in the poem "Sri Radha" to the ever-present and enthralling death-consciousness espoused in "Saptama Ritu" (The Seventh Season).
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Samudragupta
Samudragupta (Samudragupta the Great), ruler of the Gupta Empire (c. AD 335 – 375), and successor to Chandragupta I, is considered to be one of the greatest military geniuses in Indian history according to Historian V. A. Smith. His name is taken to be a title acquired by his conquests (samudra referring to the 'oceans'). Samudragupta the Great is believed to have been his father's chosen successor even though he had several elder brothers. Therefore, some believe that after the death of Chandragupta I, there was a struggle for succession in which Samudragupta prevailed.
The main source of Samudragupta's history is an inscription engraved on one of the rocks edicts found in Kausambi (near present day Allahabad). In this inscription Samudragupta details his conquests. This inscription is also important because of the political geography of India that it indicates by naming the different kings and peoples who populated India in the first half of the fourth century AD. The inscription to Samudragupta's martial exploits states that its author is Harisena, who was an important poet of Samudragupta's court.
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Sarala Dasa
Sarala Dasa or Sarala Das (Oriya: ସାରଳା ଦାସ) was a 15th-century poet and scholar of Oriya literature. Best known for three Oriya books - Mahabharata, Vilanka Ramayana and Chandi Purana - he was the first scholar to write in Oriya. As an originator of Oriya literature, his work has formed an enduring source of information for succeeding generations.
The life of Sarala Dasa is obscure. He was born at Kanakavati Patana, known as Kanakapura, one of the Sidhikshetras in Jagatsinghpur District. Though the date of his birth cannot be accurately determined, he can safely be placed on the second half of the 15th century AD. Of the Shudra caste, he was a cultivator by profession.
Sarala Dasa had no systematic early education, and what he achieved through self-education was attributed to the grace of Sarala, goddess of devotion and inspiration. Though his early name was Siddheswar Parida, he was later known as Sarala Dasa, or 'by the boon of Sarala'. (The title Dasa means a slave or a servant of a particular god or goddess: a long list of poets, preceding and succeeding Sarala Dasa, have names ending this way: for example, Vatra Dasa, Markanda Dasa, Sarala Dasa, Jagannatha Dasa, Balarama Dasa, and Yasovanta Dasa.) A story - similar to those told of other Indian poets, such as Kali Dasa, supposedly illiterate in early life until helped by the goddess Saraswati - tells that Siddheswar as a boy was once ploughing his father's field and singing so melodiously that the goddess Sarala stopped and listened to his song and endowed him with her power of composing beautiful poems.
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Sarat Pujari
Sarat Pujari (born 8 August 1934, Nayagarh, Orissa) is an Indian actor in Ollywood. He started his career as an acter in the sixties. His early education was completed in many schools all over Orissa. After he completed his post graduation in Economics and Diploma in Paintings in Allahabad University in 1956. First he started his career as a block designer and Publicity agent. In 1959, He joined as a lecturer in Economics in Panchayat College, Bargarh which he quit in 1966. Then, He joined tapang Light Foundery, Nayagarh as a Works Manager. He left service and became a free-lance film actor from September 1966 to September 1968 to learn the technique of Film-making. After that he was principal at the young age of 34 in Larambha College, Bargarh. Pujari was nominated by the State Govt of Orissa as member of the Orissa Sangeeta Natak Academy, Member of the Board of Director of Film Development Corporation of Orissa, Cuttack. He retired as a principal of Sangeet Nataka college, Bhubaneswar.
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Sarojini Sahoo
Sarojini Sahoo (Oriya: ସରୋଜିନୀ ସାହୁ) (born 1956) is an Orissa Sahitya Academy Award winnerIndian feminist writer, a columnist in The New Indian Express and associate editor of Chennai based English magazine Indian AGE, who has been enlisted among 25 Exceptional Women of India by ‘Kindle’ English magazine of Kolkata.
Born in the small town of Dhenkanal in Orissa (India), Sahoo earned her MA and PhD degrees in Oriya Literature and a Bachelor of Law from Utkal University. She now teaches at a degree college in Belpahar, Jharsuguda, Orissa.
She is the second daughter of Ishwar Chandra Sahoo and the late Nalini Devi and is married to Jagadish Mohanty, a veteran writer of Orissa. She has a son and a daughter.
She has published ten anthologies of short stories.
Her English anthologies of short stories are:
Her some of short stories have been anthologised in Hindi:
Her other Oriya anthologies of short stories are:
She won the Orissa Sahitya Academy Award and Bhubaneswar Book Fair Award for her collection of short stories titled, Amrutara Pratikshare.
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Satavahana
The Sātavāhana Empire (Telugu: శాతవాహన సామ్రాజ్యము, Maharashtri: सालवाहण, Sālavāhaṇa) or Andhra Empire, was a royal Indian dynasty based from Dharanikota and Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Although there is some controversy about when the dynasty came to an end, the most liberal estimates suggest that it lasted about 450 years, until around 220 CE. The Satavahanas are credited for establishing peace in the country, resisting the onslaught of foreigners after the decline of Mauryan Empire.
Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with its decline. They are known for their patronage of Buddhism which resulted in Buddhist monuments from Ellora (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) to Amaravati. The Sātavāhanas were one of the first Indian state to issue coins struck with their rulers embossed. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade as well as the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the southern tip of India.
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Siddhanta Mahapatra
Siddhanta Mahapatra (born 4 May 1966) is an Oriya and Bengali film actor from the state of Orissa in India. He gained a huge popularity in 1990s and has appeared in several Oriya Cinema. Sidhanta Mahapatra made his debut in films with Sradhanjali.He is one of the finest actor of orissa. He was elected to 15th Lok Sabha in 2009 as a member of the Parliament of India.
Siddhanta was born at Balugaon (A small town in Orissa). He completed his schooling from St Vincent's Convent School, Berhampur, and did his under graduation (known as Plus-Two in Orissa) and graduation in commerce from D.D. College, Keonjhar. He completed his masters from FMS, Delhi. His father, Dr. Manmohan Mohapatra, and his mother are doctors. He is married to actress Mama Mishra, and has a son with her named as Sai Samarth. He had a brief affair with bengali actress Rachana Banerjee in the mid 90s, they were rumored to have been married.
His first break in Oriya Films came in 1993 at the age of 27 years at the behest of his cousin brother. He has acted in more than 150 films. His debut film Shradhanjali starred Lekha Nanda in the female lead. He is famous for doing some difficult stunts by himself.
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Tandra Ray
Tandra Ray (Oriya: ତନ୍ଦ୍ରା ରାୟ) is an Oriya actor. She has worked in Oriya films during the 80's and 90's. She has married to Bijay Mohanty. Her first film was "Chilika Tire" opposite to Bijay Mohanty.
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Uttam Mohanty
Uttam Mohanty (Oriya: ଉତ୍ତମ୍ ମହାନ୍ତି ) is one of the most popular Ollywood stars in the state of Orissa in India. He has to his credit more than 135 Oriya films to date and has acted in 30 Bengali films and in the only Hindi film Naya Jahar. Currently, he is working for Oriya tele-serials and movies and interested in enhancing his knowledge in the area of politics. The Bollywood megastar Mithun Chakraborty, after co-starring in a movie with him, paid tribute to his influence: 'I feel immensely lucky and honoured to have worked with such an influential actor and I did learn a lot from him.'
Uttam Mohanty was born at Balrampur in Bihar. Though his forefathers belonged to Jajpur, his grandfather settled in Baripada 150 years ago. He completed his early education from Maharaja Krushna chandra High school in Baripada, where he actively participated in drama and plays. As a child he was very naughty which brought fresh complaints from outside. After matriculation he joined Maharaja Purnachandra College for intermediate in science. During his college days he was inclined more towards acting. He always tried to play the lead part in dramas. He was equally passionate to sports like badminton and table tennis. After completing graduation in commerce he went to Ludhiana for chartered accountancy. Thereafter he stayed with his elder brother, the late Arun Ku. Moyanty, in Kolkata for some time, enrolled in a chartered accountancy course there.
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Veda Vyasa
Vyasa (Devanagari: व्यास, vyāsa) is a central and revered figure in most Hindu traditions. He is also sometimes called Veda Vyasa (वेद व्यास, veda vyāsa), (the one who classified the Vedas in to four parts) or Krishna Dvaipayana (referring to his complexion and birthplace). He is the author as well as a character in the Mahabharata and considered to be the scribe of both the Vedas, and the supplementary texts such as the Puranas. A number of Vaishnava traditions regard him as an Avatar of Vishnu. Vyasa is sometimes conflated by some Vaishnavas with Badarayana, the author of the Vedanta Sutras. Vyāsa is also considered to be one of the seven Chiranjivins (long lived, or immortals), who are still in existence according to general Hindu belief. He is also the fourth member of the Rishi Parampara of the Advaita Guru Paramparā of which Adi Shankara is the chief proponent.
The festival of Guru Purnima, is dedicated to him, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day, which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.
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Yavana
"Yona" is a Pali word used in ancient India to designate Greek speakers. Its equivalent in Sanskrit, Malayalam, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil is the word "Yavana" and "Javanan" in Bengali. "Yona" and "Yavana" are both transliterations of the Greek word for "Ionians" (Homer Iāones, older *Iāwones), who were probably the first Greeks to be known in the East.
The Yavanas are mentioned in the Buddhist discourse of the Middle Length Sayings, in which the Buddha mentions to the Brahman Assalayana the existence of the Kamboja and Yavana people who have only two castes, master or slave. The direct identification of the word "Yavana" with the Greeks at such an early time (6th-5th century) can be doubted. However, in the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the word "Yavana" is used to identify the Greeks.
Direct identification of these words with the Greeks include:
This usage was shared by many of the countries east of Greece, from the Mediterranean to India:
In Indian sources, the usage of the words "Yona", "Yauna", "Yonaka", "Yavana" or "Javana" etc. appears repeatedly, and particularly in relation to the Greek kingdoms which neighboured or sometimes occupied the Indian north-western territories (which is now Afghanistan or part of Pakistan) over a period of several centuries from the 4th century BC to the 1st century AD, such as the Seleucid Empire, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and the Indo-Greek kingdom. The Yavanas are mentioned in detail in Sangam literature epics such as Paṭṭiṉappālai, describing their brisk trade with the Cholas in Tamilakam.
wn.com/Yavana
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ଦେବଭୂମି ଓଡ଼ିଶା (Odisha - The Divine Land)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:36
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
[Incredible Odisha : The Soul of India] - [Collected by Gorvachove Pothal] "Odisha - The Divine Land" delves into the state's documented history dating back to 2000 BC covering a wide range tales from spiritual aspects to culture and history to traditions. Hosted by noted television personality Kim Jagtiani, the programme explored a vivid kaleidoscope of beautiful landscapes, magnificent archaeological sites, dense forests, abundant wildlife, pristine beaches, rivers, art and culture. © Odisha Tourism (Scenic-Serene-Sublime)
http://wn.com/ଦେବଭୂମି_ଓଡ଼ିଶା_Odisha_The_Divine_Land
[Incredible Odisha : The Soul of India] - [Collected by Gorvachove Pothal] "Odisha - The Divine Land" delves into the state's documented history dating back to 2000 BC covering a wide range tales from spiritual aspects to culture and history to traditions. Hosted by noted television personality Kim Jagtiani, the programme explored a vivid kaleidoscope of beautiful landscapes, magnificent archaeological sites, dense forests, abundant wildlife, pristine beaches, rivers, art and culture. © Odisha Tourism (Scenic-Serene-Sublime)
Odisha: Congress workers thrash woman cop - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
A woman police constable who was deployed at a Congress rally venue was dragged and pushed down by the congress workers and allegedly molested. At least 262 persons, including 60 security personnel, were injured in a clash between police and Congress workers during the rally addressed by party's senior leaders, including AICC in-charge of Odisha, Jagdish Tytler. CM Naveen Patnaik condemned the violence in the Congress rally. For more log on to www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Odisha_Congress_workers_thrash_woman_cop_NewsX
A woman police constable who was deployed at a Congress rally venue was dragged and pushed down by the congress workers and allegedly molested. At least 262 persons, including 60 security personnel, were injured in a clash between police and Congress workers during the rally addressed by party's senior leaders, including AICC in-charge of Odisha, Jagdish Tytler. CM Naveen Patnaik condemned the violence in the Congress rally. For more log on to www.newsx.com
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 4118
- author: newsxlive
Rare black tiger spotted in Odisha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:28
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
For the first time, a melanistic or black tiger has been captured by one of the 64 digital cameras placed inside the Simlipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha to monitor tiger movements.
http://wn.com/Rare_black_tiger_spotted_in_Odisha
For the first time, a melanistic or black tiger has been captured by one of the 64 digital cameras placed inside the Simlipal Tiger Reserve in Odisha to monitor tiger movements.
- published: 03 Jul 2012
- views: 11582
- author: ndtv
Coalgate in Odisha: Anti-Patnaik protest sees several injured
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:40
- Updated: 06 Sep 2012
Coalgate in Odisha: Anti-Patnaik protest sees several injured . For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
http://wn.com/Coalgate_in_Odisha_Anti-Patnaik_protest_sees_several_injured
Coalgate in Odisha: Anti-Patnaik protest sees several injured . For more info log on to: www.youtube.com/abpnewsTV
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 457
- author: abpnewstv
Has the Odisha mining scam surpassed Karnataka-Goa?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 07 Nov 2012
In a season of scams, a central minister Srikant Jena on Monday demanded the resignation of Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik, following reports of an alleged iron ore mining scam. The Congress has alleged that Mr Patnaik allowed iron ore worth Rs. 2, 50000 crore to be illegally mined; a lot of by private firms in excess of the contracted amount. Watch full discussion: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Has_the_Odisha_mining_scam_surpassed_Karnataka-Goa?
In a season of scams, a central minister Srikant Jena on Monday demanded the resignation of Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik, following reports of an alleged iron ore mining scam. The Congress has alleged that Mr Patnaik allowed iron ore worth Rs. 2, 50000 crore to be illegally mined; a lot of by private firms in excess of the contracted amount. Watch full discussion: www.ndtv.com
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 203
- author: ndtv
Revolt in Gujarat, Odisha: Powerful Chief Ministers battle dissent
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik was forced to cut short his first official foreign trip to the UK to avoid a split in his party led by his confidante Pyarimohan Mahapatra. In Gujarat, trouble is just beginning for Chief Minister Narendra Modi, who faces a challenge from the powerful Patel community, represented by long time party rival Keshubhai Patel.
http://wn.com/Revolt_in_Gujarat,_Odisha_Powerful_Chief_Ministers_battle_dissent
Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik was forced to cut short his first official foreign trip to the UK to avoid a split in his party led by his confidante Pyarimohan Mahapatra. In Gujarat, trouble is just beginning for Chief Minister Narendra Modi, who faces a challenge from the powerful Patel community, represented by long time party rival Keshubhai Patel.
- published: 31 May 2012
- views: 653
- author: ndtv
Odisha bandh: Train services paralysed, 70 Congress workers arrested
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Train services across Odisha have been paralysed due to the 12-hour bandh called by the Congress to protest last week's police crackdown on its party workers during a rally in Bhubaneswar. The bandh has also hit public transport and commercial establishments.
http://wn.com/Odisha_bandh_Train_services_paralysed,_70_Congress_workers_arrested
Train services across Odisha have been paralysed due to the 12-hour bandh called by the Congress to protest last week's police crackdown on its party workers during a rally in Bhubaneswar. The bandh has also hit public transport and commercial establishments.
- published: 11 Sep 2012
- views: 148
- author: ndtv
Former Odisha judge, wife, son arrested
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 01 Aug 2012
The former additional judge of Kalahandi Samir Kumar Roy, his lawyer son Satyabrata, and his wife were arrested on Wednesday by Bhubaneswar police on charge of conspiring to murder their three months pregnant daughter-in-law Mini Pradhan.
http://wn.com/Former_Odisha_judge,_wife,_son_arrested
The former additional judge of Kalahandi Samir Kumar Roy, his lawyer son Satyabrata, and his wife were arrested on Wednesday by Bhubaneswar police on charge of conspiring to murder their three months pregnant daughter-in-law Mini Pradhan.
- published: 10 May 2012
- views: 609
- author: IndiaTV
Congress workers clash with police near Odisha Assembly
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Protests over coal blocks allocation turned violent in Odisha when several thousand Congress workers clashed with police outside the state Assembly. The Congress workers were demanding the resignation of Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik alleging that he recommended people for allocation of coal blocks. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/Congress_workers_clash_with_police_near_Odisha_Assembly
Protests over coal blocks allocation turned violent in Odisha when several thousand Congress workers clashed with police outside the state Assembly. The Congress workers were demanding the resignation of Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik alleging that he recommended people for allocation of coal blocks. ibnlive.com
- published: 06 Sep 2012
- views: 1220
- author: ibnlive
Odisha ,Orissa ( ଓଡ଼ିଶା ) -6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:34
- Updated: 09 May 2012
ଆମ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଓଡିଶା Orissa was renamed as Odisha and Oriya language was renamed as Odia on November 9, 2010 by Parliament of India.The name Odisha is derived from the modified form of ancient words Ora (Ura) or Odra Desa or Sumera or Odra bisaya The earliest epigraphic reference to Odras is found in the Soro copper plate grant of Somadatta from which it is clear that Uttara Tosali with its visaya Sarepahara identified with Soro of Baleswar district was part of Odra Visaya. Both Pali and Sanskrit Literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah, respectively. Ancient writers like Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy described the Odra people as Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras, Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pallavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were inhabiting the country where stood the Mount Maleus. The Greek Oretes is probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the Mount Maleus with the people called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Odisha. Edited and uploaded by Deepak Basti ,Automobile Engg. www.deepakbasti.blogspot ...
http://wn.com/Odisha_,Orissa_ଓଡ଼ିଶା_-6
ଆମ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଓଡିଶା Orissa was renamed as Odisha and Oriya language was renamed as Odia on November 9, 2010 by Parliament of India.The name Odisha is derived from the modified form of ancient words Ora (Ura) or Odra Desa or Sumera or Odra bisaya The earliest epigraphic reference to Odras is found in the Soro copper plate grant of Somadatta from which it is clear that Uttara Tosali with its visaya Sarepahara identified with Soro of Baleswar district was part of Odra Visaya. Both Pali and Sanskrit Literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah, respectively. Ancient writers like Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy described the Odra people as Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras, Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pallavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were inhabiting the country where stood the Mount Maleus. The Greek Oretes is probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the Mount Maleus with the people called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Odisha. Edited and uploaded by Deepak Basti ,Automobile Engg. www.deepakbasti.blogspot ...
- published: 08 Apr 2011
- views: 5962
- author: deepak basti
The Newshour Debate: Central Minister demands Odisha CM Patnaik's head - Part 2 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:42
- Updated: 06 Nov 2012
In a debate moderated by TIMES NOW's Editor-in-Chief Arnab Goswami, panelists -- Srikant Jena, MoS (IC), Statistics & Programme Implementation & Chemicals and Fertilizers and Pinaki Mishra, MP, Lok Sabha, BJD & Sr Lawyer -- discuss the issue of union minister Srikant Jena demanding CM Naveen Patnaik's resignation alleging his involvement in Odisha mining scam, and whether the Centre will go slow on the Odisha mining 'mega scam' in return for support on FDI in retail. Union Minister Srikant Jena on Monday (Nov 5) demanded resignation of Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik alleging his "direct" involvement in the multi-crore mining scam in the mineral-rich state. The senior Congress leader from Odisha said by imposing Rs 58000 crore penalty on 27 mining operators for alleged illegal mining, the BJD-led Govt has only ended up admitting its own involvement in the "mega loot of minerals". Jena, who had earlier written to Patnaik demanding cancellation of the miners' leases, claimed that the size of the scam was much bigger and could be pegged at Rs 4 lakh crore, more than the size of the recent unearthed scams put together in Karnataka and Goa. Lashing out at the Patnaik Govt, Jena said the state was "sitting idle" since 2003-04 to rein in the "rampant irregularities" in mining even after repeated prodding from his party. Jena, who is Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Statistics and Programme Implementation and Chemicals and Fertilisers, said if the Patnaik Govt had taken ...
http://wn.com/The_Newshour_Debate_Central_Minister_demands_Odisha_CM_Patnaik's_head_Part_2_of_2
In a debate moderated by TIMES NOW's Editor-in-Chief Arnab Goswami, panelists -- Srikant Jena, MoS (IC), Statistics & Programme Implementation & Chemicals and Fertilizers and Pinaki Mishra, MP, Lok Sabha, BJD & Sr Lawyer -- discuss the issue of union minister Srikant Jena demanding CM Naveen Patnaik's resignation alleging his involvement in Odisha mining scam, and whether the Centre will go slow on the Odisha mining 'mega scam' in return for support on FDI in retail. Union Minister Srikant Jena on Monday (Nov 5) demanded resignation of Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik alleging his "direct" involvement in the multi-crore mining scam in the mineral-rich state. The senior Congress leader from Odisha said by imposing Rs 58000 crore penalty on 27 mining operators for alleged illegal mining, the BJD-led Govt has only ended up admitting its own involvement in the "mega loot of minerals". Jena, who had earlier written to Patnaik demanding cancellation of the miners' leases, claimed that the size of the scam was much bigger and could be pegged at Rs 4 lakh crore, more than the size of the recent unearthed scams put together in Karnataka and Goa. Lashing out at the Patnaik Govt, Jena said the state was "sitting idle" since 2003-04 to rein in the "rampant irregularities" in mining even after repeated prodding from his party. Jena, who is Union Minister of State (Independent Charge), Statistics and Programme Implementation and Chemicals and Fertilisers, said if the Patnaik Govt had taken ...
- published: 06 Nov 2012
- views: 80
- author: timesnowonline
Odisha clash: Cops book Jagdish Tytler; Congress files counter FIR -- NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Senior Congress leaders Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik were booked by the police for the clash between party supporters and policemen during a rally that left over 260 people injured here, with the Congress filing a counter FIR against BJD President Naveen Patnaik and the police. "Cases have been registered against several Congress leaders including state Congress in-charge Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik on charges pertaining to Thursday's violence," Deputy Commissioner of Police Nitinjeet Singh said. For more log onto- www.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Odisha_clash_Cops_book_Jagdish_Tytler;_Congress_files_counter_FIR_-_NewsX
Senior Congress leaders Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik were booked by the police for the clash between party supporters and policemen during a rally that left over 260 people injured here, with the Congress filing a counter FIR against BJD President Naveen Patnaik and the police. "Cases have been registered against several Congress leaders including state Congress in-charge Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik on charges pertaining to Thursday's violence," Deputy Commissioner of Police Nitinjeet Singh said. For more log onto- www.newsx.com
- published: 08 Sep 2012
- views: 272
- author: newsxlive
Local method of grafting in mango plant Odia PRAGATI Odisha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
The video is about grafting of mango sapling. The local breed can be grafted with good variety of mango plant to produce grafted mango plants using local technology.
http://wn.com/Local_method_of_grafting_in_mango_plant_Odia_PRAGATI_Odisha
The video is about grafting of mango sapling. The local breed can be grafted with good variety of mango plant to produce grafted mango plants using local technology.
- published: 03 Dec 2012
- views: 14
- author: digitalgreenorg
Kanak TV Ajira Odisha Mukhya Sambad 03 Dec 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
http://wn.com/Kanak_TV_Ajira_Odisha_Mukhya_Sambad_03_Dec_2012
- published: 04 Dec 2012
- views: 26
- author: kanaktvonline
Odisha political crisis: Naveen Patnaik may cut short his UK visit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:03
- Updated: 03 Jun 2012
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is heading towards a split with Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik's confidante and BJD MP Pyari Mohan Mahapatra reportedly leading a rebel against him. CNN-IBN has now learnt that Patnaik is cutting short his first visit to London in ten years and rushing home. ibnlive.com
http://wn.com/Odisha_political_crisis_Naveen_Patnaik_may_cut_short_his_UK_visit
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) is heading towards a split with Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik's confidante and BJD MP Pyari Mohan Mahapatra reportedly leading a rebel against him. CNN-IBN has now learnt that Patnaik is cutting short his first visit to London in ten years and rushing home. ibnlive.com
- published: 30 May 2012
- views: 510
- author: ibnlive
After Congress protestors assault policewoman, Odisha cops up in arms
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
A day after a woman cop was beaten by a rampaging mob of protesting Congress workers in Bhubaneswar, the Odisha Police Association has threatened to protest if the attackers are not arrested within 48 hours.
http://wn.com/After_Congress_protestors_assault_policewoman,_Odisha_cops_up_in_arms
A day after a woman cop was beaten by a rampaging mob of protesting Congress workers in Bhubaneswar, the Odisha Police Association has threatened to protest if the attackers are not arrested within 48 hours.
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 2205
- author: puriNeninthe
Odisha clashes: Tytler booked; Congress files counter FIR
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
After the Bhubaneswar Police filed criminal conspiracy cases against Congress leaders Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik in connection with Thursday's clashes outside Odisha Assembly, the party has filed a counter case against the state government and the police. The First Information Report or FIR filed by the Congress blames them for alleged "brutalities" and "excesses" against party workers.
http://wn.com/Odisha_clashes_Tytler_booked;_Congress_files_counter_FIR
After the Bhubaneswar Police filed criminal conspiracy cases against Congress leaders Jagdish Tytler and Niranjan Patnaik in connection with Thursday's clashes outside Odisha Assembly, the party has filed a counter case against the state government and the police. The First Information Report or FIR filed by the Congress blames them for alleged "brutalities" and "excesses" against party workers.
- published: 09 Sep 2012
- views: 142
- author: ndtv
Woman cop thrashed by Congress protesters; police demand action
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:51
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Bhubaneswar: The Odisha Police Association (OPA) on Friday demanded the arrest of those who attacked the policemen yesterday during a protest over coal blocks allocation. Thousands of Congress workers clashed with the police when they tried to gherao the Odisha Assembly in Bhubaneswar building demanding resignation of Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik over the coal scam leaving around 260 people including 60 police personnel injured. The rampaging mob had badly beaten up a woman cop during the violence. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Woman_cop_thrashed_by_Congress_protesters;_police_demand_action
Bhubaneswar: The Odisha Police Association (OPA) on Friday demanded the arrest of those who attacked the policemen yesterday during a protest over coal blocks allocation. Thousands of Congress workers clashed with the police when they tried to gherao the Odisha Assembly in Bhubaneswar building demanding resignation of Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik over the coal scam leaving around 260 people including 60 police personnel injured. The rampaging mob had badly beaten up a woman cop during the violence. For more info log on to: www.youtube.com
- published: 07 Sep 2012
- views: 5891
- author: abpnewstv
Odisha State Film Awards 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:32
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Find here more Info www.odiasite.com About Odisha State Film Awards-Complete List with Photos
http://wn.com/Odisha_State_Film_Awards_2012
Find here more Info www.odiasite.com About Odisha State Film Awards-Complete List with Photos
- published: 19 Nov 2012
- views: 71
- author: odiasite
Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik bats for secular third front - NewsX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:28
- Updated: 03 May 2012
Dubbing the ruling UPA as "discredited" and "corruption ridden" and NDA as "communally tainted", Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik has mooted an alternative front to provide a transparent government at the Centre. "I certainly feel there is a need for a new front which will be transparent, corruption free and of course secular," Patnaik said. For more Log onto- alpha.newsx.com
http://wn.com/Odisha_CM_Naveen_Patnaik_bats_for_secular_third_front_NewsX
Dubbing the ruling UPA as "discredited" and "corruption ridden" and NDA as "communally tainted", Odisha Chief Minister Naveen Patnaik has mooted an alternative front to provide a transparent government at the Centre. "I certainly feel there is a need for a new front which will be transparent, corruption free and of course secular," Patnaik said. For more Log onto- alpha.newsx.com
- published: 17 Feb 2012
- views: 1143
- author: newsxlive
Rasgulla Recipe (Pahala/Odisha Style) Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:03
- Updated: 02 Dec 2012
Rasgulla is very favorite sweet all across India. Its made from Paneer/Chhena and dipped in sugar Syrup. This one is made in a little different style followed in Odisha and named as Pahala Rasagulla.
http://wn.com/Rasgulla_Recipe_Pahala_Odisha_Style_Video
Rasgulla is very favorite sweet all across India. Its made from Paneer/Chhena and dipped in sugar Syrup. This one is made in a little different style followed in Odisha and named as Pahala Rasagulla.
- published: 31 Aug 2012
- views: 596
- author: PriyasRasoi
Snake couple In the natural forests of Odisha
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:35
- Updated: 30 Jul 2012
It's a very rare opportunity to see snakes coupling in their natural habitat. This couple is captured in the camera of "HNF Wildlife" in the forests of Nayagarh in Odisha.
http://wn.com/Snake_couple_In_the_natural_forests_of_Odisha
It's a very rare opportunity to see snakes coupling in their natural habitat. This couple is captured in the camera of "HNF Wildlife" in the forests of Nayagarh in Odisha.
- published: 30 Jul 2012
- views: 202
- author: HOTnHIT Newsfeatures
ODISHA CHIEF MINISTER NAVEEN PATNAIK CONGRATULATED PRESIDENT ELECT PRANAB MUKHERJEE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:18
- Updated: 05 Sep 2012
The location of the video is Bhubaneswar, Odisha, not Puri, Odisha. Error regretted.
http://wn.com/ODISHA_CHIEF_MINISTER_NAVEEN_PATNAIK_CONGRATULATED_PRESIDENT_ELECT_PRANAB_MUKHERJEE
The location of the video is Bhubaneswar, Odisha, not Puri, Odisha. Error regretted.
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 65
- author: HOTnHIT Newsfeatures
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
06 Dec 2012
NEW BATAAN, Philippines - A powerful typhoon that washed away emergency shelters, a military camp and possibly entire families in the southern Philippines has killed almost 350 people with nearly 400 missing, authorities said Thursday. More bodies were retrieved from hardest-hit Compostela Valley and Davao Oriental provinces and six others impacted by Tuesday's storm, the Office of Civil Defense reported ... "It was horrible ... --- ... Location....(size: 8.0Kb)
photo: AP / Osama Faisal
08 Dec 2012
There has been a historic shift in the UN climate talks in Qatar, with the prospect of rich nations having to compensate poor nations for losses due to climate change. The US has fiercely opposed the measure - it says the cost could be unlimited. But after angry tussles throughout the night the principle of Loss and Damage is now in the final negotiating text ... The political stakes are high ... "I will block this ... "I will block this ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
07 Dec 2012
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. The in- and out-fighting between present-day Saudi Arabia and Iran is a mirror image of what occurred to Prophet Muhammad's Islamic Movement right after his death ... Still, and due to prosperity and wealth, an influx of trade goods, religious toleration, an emphasis on learning, and increased food supplies, Islam was becoming a vast empire ... Recent U.S ... Dallas Darling (darling@wn.com)....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Hassan Ammar
06 Dec 2012
The Egyptian army has deployed tanks and armoured troop carriers outside the presidential palace in Cairo after clashes between supporters and opponents of President Mohammed Morsi left five dead and hundreds injured. But, despite their presence, there are reports of a fresh outbreak of stone-throwing between the two sides. Egypt is seeing growing unrest over a controversial draft constitution ... 'Loud and clear' ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
The Telegraph India
09 Dec 2012
The Telegraph India
09 Dec 2012
The Times of India
09 Dec 2012
VISAKHAPATNAM. Ramanand Mantri, a city-based entrepreneur is just back from a trip to Yercaud, a lesser known hill station near Salem in Tamil Nadu ... "Tired of spending Christmas in clubs and hotels, this time we have decided to head to a picturesque tribal village near Damanjodi in Koraput district of Odisha, where we can celebrate Christmas in the midst of nature ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Siasat Daily
09 Dec 2012
Jaipur, December 08. ... Case lodged against Bapu Asaram for injuring man with 'prasad'Punjab govt susppends DIG Border Range Minor sexually abused by father, forced to drink alcoholMinor girl gang-raped in UPWoman and grand daughter killed in accidentZee editors sent to 2-day police custodyArmy personnel injured in mine blast14-year-old girl abducted, raped Woman commits suicide CRPF constable commits suicide in Odisha ....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Telegraph India
09 Dec 2012
Forgotten faith. Sir I went to Nabadwip recently and visited all the temples. I was shocked to witness the business being conducted in the name of religion there. Everything, from the permission to enter the temples to the prasad, came with a price tag. For Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Vaishnavism was a way of life, not merely a religion. He denounced materialism and the rigidity of rituals ... Yours faithfully, ... Games up ... Somesh Jha, Odisha ... " ....(size: 6.5Kb)
The Times of India
09 Dec 2012
Lilawati told TOI over phone that she earns up to Rs 8,000 per month as an operator of high-speed sewing machines in the garment factory. In addition to this, she earns money from overtime duty. Earlier, she had no work in the village, she said ... Though there are three such centres in Bihar, three in Haryana, four in Rajasthan, one in Odisha and two in Jharkhand, Gumla and Chatra, Gumla is the best in terms of performance and placement ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
The Times of India
08 Dec 2012
The much-awaited Buddhist train, popularly known Mahaparinirvan Express, will reach Odisha on December 23. India Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC), a subsidiary of Railways, in association with Odisha Tourism has drawn up two special trips from Delhi on December 20 and January 20, 2013 ... A little over 3,500 visitors from Japan toured Odisha the same year....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Telegraph India
08 Dec 2012
Zeenews
08 Dec 2012
Keonjhar (Odisha) ... force, committed suicide by shooting himself with his service revolver in Odisha's Keonjhar district on Saturday, police said....(size: 0.8Kb)
The Times of India
08 Dec 2012
Bhubaneswar ... Speaking at 'Think Literature' programme, organized by Tefla's in association with The Times of India here, Ray said Odisha has produced several great writers, who carved a niche in literature in vernacular language ... "We all have different fingerprints and expressions ... Veteran author of Odisha Manoj Das expressed concern about the lack of attraction among children today towards their mother tongue ... ....(size: 2.6Kb)
Scoop
08 Dec 2012
Saturday, 8 December 2012, 4.23 pm. Press Release. Survival International. SURVIVAL INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE. December 7, 2012. Thousands join rally of defiance as Vedanta mine ruling postponed ... Opposition to Vedanta’s push to extract bauxite from Niyamgiri’s sacred mountains remains acute in the state of Odisha, and beyond ... Prafulla Samantara, an Odisha activist told , ‘Its presence is harmful and dangerous ... ... ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Times of India
08 Dec 2012
BHUBANESWAR ... It is punishable under Rule 24(A) of the Odisha Government Servants Conduct Rules ... According to the latest annual health survey (AHS), 38 per cent people above the age of 15 chew gutka in Odisha, which was the highest among the nine surveyed states ahead of Assam (36.6%), Chhattisgarh (32.5%), Jharkhand (24.1%), Bihar (22.5%), Uttar Pradesh (21%), Madhya Pradesh (18.9%), Uttarakhand (8.8%) and Rajasthan (6.9%) ... ....(size: 3.2Kb)
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This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles and summarizing the key points of the subject. (February 2012) |
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This article may have too many section headers dividing up its content. Please help improve the article by merging similar sections and removing unneeded subheaders. (February 2012) |
| Odisha ଓଡ଼ିଶା oṛiśā |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
|
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| Coordinates (Bhubaneswar): 20°09′N 85°30′E / 20.15°N 85.50°E / 20.15; 85.50Coordinates: 20°09′N 85°30′E / 20.15°N 85.50°E / 20.15; 85.50 | |||
| Country | |||
| Established | 1 April 1936 | ||
| Capital | Bhubaneswar | ||
| Largest city | Bhubaneswar[1] | ||
| Districts | 30 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Governor | Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare | ||
| • Chief Minister | Naveen Patnaik (BJD) | ||
| • Legislature | Unicameral (147 seats) | ||
| • Parliamentary constituency | 21 | ||
| • High Court | Orissa High Court, Cuttack | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 155,820 km2 (60,160 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 9th | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 41,947,358 | ||
| • Rank | 11th | ||
| • Density | 270/km2 (700/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | IN-OR | ||
| HDI |  0.452 (medium) |
||
| HDI rank | 27th (2005) | ||
| Literacy | 73.45% | ||
| Official languages | Oriya | ||
| Website | orissa.gov.in | ||
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा[2] – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha,[3][4] is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE.[5] The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India,[6] and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers.[7] April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa[8] (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline[9] (about 480 km long[10]) and lacked good ports,[9] except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population.[11] The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.[11] Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
Orissa is home to the Hirakud Dam, near Sambalpur, which is the longest earthen dam in the world.[12][13] Orissa has several popular tourist destinations. Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar are known as Golden Triangle of eastern India. Puri, with the Jagannath temple near the Bay of Bengal sea and also famous for the Rath Yatra (Car Festival), and Konark, with the Sun Temple, are visited by thousands of tourists every year. The Jagannath Temple of Puri, the Konark Sun Temple, the Lingaraj Temple, Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, Dhauligiri of Bhubaneshwar, Ashoka's famous rock edict at Jaugada near Berhampur city and the Barabati Fort of Cuttack are important in the archaeological history of India.
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Orissa
See also: Historic sites in Orissa
Origin of the name of the State[link]
The name Orissa is derived from the Pali or Sanskrit[14] words Ora (Ura) or Odra Desa or Sumera or Odra Visaya The earliest epigraphic reference to Odras is found in the Soro copper plate grant of Somadatta from which it is clear that Uttara Tosali with its visaya Sarepahara identified with Soro of Balasore (Baleswar) district was part of Odra Visaya.[15] Both Pali and Sanskrit literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah, respectively. Ancient writers like Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy described the Odra people as Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras, Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pallavas, Chinas,[clarification needed] Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were inhabiting the country where the mount Maleus stood. The Greek Oretes is probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the mount Maleus with the people called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Orissa.
The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang who visited Orissa in about 636 CE gives an account of the territory named Wu-Che which is very likely the same as Odra. The pilgrim states that the Wu-Cha (Wu-tu) country was above 7,000 li in circuit and its capital was above 20 li in circuit. The area of the territory, which was 7,000 li or (2,253 km) in circuit, was very extensive.
General Cunningham who calls this territory Odra or Odra Desa writes as follows: "The ancient province of Odra desa or Or-desa was limited to the valley of the Mahanadi and to the lower course of the Subarnarekha river. It comprised the whole of the present districts of Cuttack and Sambalpur and a portion of Midnapore. It was bounded on the West by Gondwana, on the North by the wild hill states of Jashpur and Singhbhum, on the East by the sea and on the South by Ganjam. These also must have been the limits in the time of Hiuen-Tsang as the measured circuit agrees with his estimate".
The Muslim geographer Ibn Khurdadhbin who wrote his geography in 846 CE refers to a territory called Ursfin which is identified by the Russian scholar V. Minorsky with Odra Desa. In another Persian geography called Hudad-al Alam written towards the close of the 10th century CE mention has been made of a territory called Urshin (Odra Desa) which has been associated with the territories called N. Myas, Harkand, Smnder and Andhras which were more or less contiguous. The territory called N. Myas may be Mahismati and Harkand is suggested to be Akarakhand (eastern Malwa). Urshin may be the same as Odra Desa and Smnder may be the territory bordering the sea. Andhras is without doubt the same as Andhra Desa. Alberuni has referred to a territory called Udra Vishau located 50 forsakhs towards the sea in the south from the Tree of Prayaga. Fifty forsakhs is equal to about 200 miles or 321.86 km. So Udra Vishau may be the same as Odra Desa.
In the mediaeval Muslim chronicles like Tabaquat-I-Nasiri, Tabaquat-I-Akbari, Riyadus-Salatin, Tarkh-I-Firuzsahi, etc., the Odra territory has been referred to as Jajnagar probably after the capital Jajatinagar or Jajatinagar. The territory of Jajnagar very probably denotes to the Ganga empire during the period from Chodagangadeva to Anangabhimdeva III when Jajatinagar (modern Jagati on the Mahanadi) was the capital of that empire. It was Anangabhimadeva III who transferred the capital from Jajatinagar to Baranasi Kataka. Even after the change of capital some Muslim chroniclers continued to call this territory as Jajnagar. Shams-I-Seraj-Afif called this territory as Jajnagar-Udisa with its capital city Banaras on the right bank of the Mahanadi. The word ‘Udisa’ added to Jajnagar appears very significant. It is a developed form of the word Ursfin or Urshin used by earlier Muslim writers of the 9th and 10th centuries CE. In Buddhist literature this word is expressed as Odivisa or Udivisa as found in the works of Lama Taranath and the author of Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang. In the Tantric literature of the mediaeval period the word Udisa has been frequently used and in Tantrasara, Jagannath has been referred to as Udisanatha. Poet Sarala Das mentions both the words Odra Rastra and Orissa in his famous treatise Mahabharata while Gajapati Kapileswaradeva (1435–1467 CE) in his proclamation inscribed on the temple walls of Jagannath calls his territory as Orissa Rajya or Orissa Rastra. Thus, from the 15th century CE onwards, the land of the Oriya people was called Orissa.
On November 4, 2011, Orissa was officially renamed Odisha after Presidential assent and notification in the official Gazette.[16][17] The change required minor amendments to the Orissa (the alteration of name) Bill and the Constitution (113th) Amendment Bill which were approved by both houses of parliament.[18] The state's official language has also been renamed to Odia from Oriya.[16][19][20][21][22][23][24]
Orissa in pre-historic age[link]
Since prehistoric days the land of Orissa has been inhabited by various people. The earliest settlers of Orissa were primitive hill tribes. Although prehistoric communities cannot be identified, it is well known that Orissa had been inhabited by tribes like Saora or Sabar from the Mahabharata days. Saora in the hills, and the Sahara and Sabar of the plains continue to be an important tribe distributed almost all over Orissa. Most of the tribal people have been influenced by Hindus and have adopted Hindu manners, customs and rituals. Bonda Parajas of Koraput district are the best example of these tribes.
Several pre-historic sites have been excavated in Orissa since the arrival of Britishers. Kaliakata of Angul, Kuchai and Kuliana of Mayurbhanj, Vikramkhol near Jharsuguda, Gudahandi and Yogimath of Kalahandi, Ushakothi of Sambalpur, Similikhol near Bargarh etc.
History of Orissa[link]
Main articles: History of Orissa and Historic sites in Orissa
Orissa has a history spanning a period of over 5,000 years. Before Kalinga it was named as Udra or "Odra Desa". The Ancient Odra desa or Ordesa was limited to the valley of Mahanadi and to the lower course of Subarnarekha River. It comprised the whole of the present districts of Cuttack and Sambalpur and a portion of Midnapur. Bounded on the west by Gondwana, on the north by the wild hill states of Jaspur and Singhbhum, on the east by the sea and on the South by Ganjam, Orissa has a legendary history.[25] The name Oriya originated from Odra or Udra tribes that inhabited the central coastal belt (Khordha District and Nayagarh District) of modern Orissa. Orissa has also been the home of the Kalinga, Utkal, Mahakantara/Kantara and Kosal that played a particularly prominent role in the region's history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers.[26] In the 6th century BCE, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land.[26] Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th century,[26] when Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.
A major turning point in world history took place in Orissa.[26] The Kalinga War that led emperor Ashoka to embrace non-violence and the teachings of Buddha was fought here in 261 BCE. Ashoka's military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Later on, Ashoka was instrumental in spreading Buddhist philosophy all over Asia. However, Ativ Land (South Western Orissa) was unconquered by Ashoka.
Tel river civilization put light towards a great civilization existing in Kalahandi, Balangir, Koraput (KBK) region in the past that is recently getting explored.[27] The discovered archaeological wealth of Tel Valley suggest a well civilized, urbanized, cultured people inhabited on this land mass around 2000 years ago[28] and Asurgarh was its capital. Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar was part of Kantara referred in Ramayana and Mahabharata.[29] In 4th century BCE, this region was known as Indravana from where precious gem-stones and diamond were collected for the imperial Maurya treasury.[30] During the period of Maurya emperor Ashoka, Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar region was called Atavi Land.[31] This land was unconquered as per Ashokan record.[32] In the beginning of the Christian era probably it was known as Mahavana.[33] In the 4th Century CE, Vyaghraraja was ruling over Mahakantara comprising Kalahandi, undivided Koraput and Bastar region.[34] Asurgarh was capital of Mahakantara.[35]
On the other hand in the 3rd century BCE, in the eastern part of Orissa, Kalinga flourished as a powerful empire under the Jaina emperor, Kharavela.[36] He ruled all the way down south to include parts of the Tamil country. He built the superb monastic caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves. Subsequently, the region was ruled under various monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It also was a part of Harsha's empire. In 795 CE, the king Jajati Kesari I of Kesari or Soma dynasty of Kosala united Kosala and Utkala into a single empire. He is also supposed to have built the first Jagannath Temple at Puri,[37] although the current structure of the temple is entirely different and was built by Kings Choda Gangadeva and Ananga Bhimadeva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty in the 12th century. The famous Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneshwar was started by Keshari dynasty king Jajati Keshari III and completed by his son Lalatendu Keshari in the 10th century. King Narasimha Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Konark Sun Temple. Although now largely in ruins, the temple may have once rivaled the Taj Mahal in splendour.
Orissa resisted several Muslim attacks until 1568, when was conqurered by Sultanate of Bengal. The Mughals conquered Coastal Orissa in 1576.[38] The last Hindu Emperor of Orissa, Gajapati Mukunda Deva, was defeated and was killed in the battle of Gohiratikiri. The coastal plain of Orissa from Medinipur to Rajahmundry came under Mughal rule, which was broadly divided into six parts as Jaleswar Sarkar, Bhadrak Sarkar, Cuttack Sarkar, Chicacole (Srikakulam) Sarkar, Kalinga Dandapat and Rajamundry Sarkar or Godavari Province. Orissa's Central, Northern, Western and Southern hilly areas were ruled independently by Hindu kings. The Nizam of Hyderabad occupied the area between Rajahmundry to Srikakulam in 16th century. Medinipur was attached to Bengal province in 18th century. The remaining parts of Coastal Orissa, were subsequently ceded to the Maratha Empire in 1751.
The British occupied the Northern Circars comprising the southern coast of Orissa as a result of the Carnatic Wars in the early 1760s and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually.[39] In 1803, the British under the British East India Company annexed the Maratha province of Orissa after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The northern and western districts of Orissa were incorporated into Bengal Presidency. Following famine and floods in 1866, large-scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th century. The coastal section was separated from Bengal and made into the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1912, in response to local agitation for a separate state for the Oriya-speaking people. In 1936, Bihar and Orissa were split into separate provinces. Thus after a long period of struggle the Oriya people got re-united after centuries of political separation. On April 1, 1936, the new province of Orissa came into existence on linguistic basis during the British rule in India with Sir John Austin Hubback as the first Governor. A long cherished dream of Oriya people and their leaders like Madhusudan Das, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, Pandit Nilakantha Das, Bhubanananda Das and many other came true. The district of Ganjam was transferred from Madras Presidency to the new province of Orissa on April 1, 1936. From that time onwards people of Orissa celebrate the 1st of April as Utkal Divas or Orissa Day.
Following Indian independence, the area of Orissa was almost doubled, and the population increased by a third, by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950, Orissa became a constituent state in the Union of India.
| Animal | Sambar[40] |
|---|---|
| Bird | Indian Roller[41] |
| Flower | Ashoka[42] |
| Tree | Ashwatha[43] |
| Costume | Sari (women) |
Sub-divisions[link]
Main article: List of districts of Orissa
There are 30 districts in Orissa— Angul, Boudh, Bhadrak, Bolangir, Bargarh, Balasore, Cuttack (Kataka), Debagarh, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Gajapati, Jharsuguda, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur, Khordha, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Kendrapara, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabarangpur, Nuapada, Nayagarh, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Sundargarh.
Each district is governed by a District Collector (District Magistrate), appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the Orissa Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and thereafter into Blocks. Blocks consists of Panchayats(village councils) and town municipalities.
The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneswar and it is also famous by the name of Temple City. Other major cities in Orissa are Cuttack, Brahmapur, Baripada, Rourkela, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Balasore, Kendrapara and Puri.
Geography[link]
Bhubaneswar is the capital of Orissa. It is famed for its magnificent temples, numbering around a thousand. Cuttack, the former capital of Orissa, is 22 km from Bhubaneswar. With the rapid expansion of two cities and better road connectivity, the two cities are now almost conjoined and considered as twin cities. The city of Puri is about 60 kilometers from Bhubaneswar and lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Puri is considered a holy city and the abode of the deity Lord Jagannath. It is one of the Char Dhams (Four holy places) of Hinduism. The world-famous "car festival" (rath yatra) is celebrated every year in the Hindu month of Ashadha (Mid June to Mid July) in Puri.
The Chota Nagpur plateau occupies the western and northern portions of the state, while along the coast are fertile alluvial plains and the valleys of the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers, which fall into the Bay of Bengal. These alluvial plains are home to intensive rice cultivation. The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Asia's largest rice research Institute is situated along the bank of Mahanadi in Cuttack. One of the major nesting ground for the Olive Ridley sea turtles can be found in the Beaches of Orissa; in Devi, Gahirmatha and Rushikulya, which are known to be the nesting sites for the L. olivacea Indian Ocean population. In 2007, around 130,000 turtles nested on the beaches of Gahirmatha. The shore line also acts as their mating site and have attracted various scientific communities for research and studies.
Although most of Orissa's forest cover has been denuded lately, one of the greatest attractions of Orissa is its still vast expanses of unspoiled natural landscape that offer a protected yet natural habitat to the state’s incredible wildlife. There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Orissa. The Simlipal National Park Tiger Reserve is a huge expanse of lush green forest with waterfalls, inhabited by tigers, elephants, and other wildlife. The Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary has been protecting estuarine crocodiles since 1975.
Chilka Lake, a brackish water coastal lake on the Bay of Bengal, south of the mouth of the Mahanadi River, is the largest coastal lake in India and the second largest in the world. It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent. It is protected by the Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary, which harbors over 160 migratory and resident species of birds. Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here. It also has the small area of Satpada which is a safe sanctuary for the lesser known and endangered Irrawaddy Dolphins.
The highest mountain peak in the state is Deomali (1672 m), which is situated in Koraput district in southern Orissa. It is also the tallest peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain system. Location: 18°40'3"N 82°58'59"E (Deomali on Wikimapia).
Physiography[link]
On the basis of homogeneity, continuity and physiographical characteristics, Orissa has been divided into five major regions:
- The coastal plains in the east
- The middle mountainous and highlands region
- The central plateaus
- The western rolling uplands, and
- The major flood plains
Orissa Coastal Plains[link]
The Orissa Coastal Plains or Utkal Plains are the depositional landforms of recent origin and geologically belong to the Post-Tertiary Period. The 75 metre contourline delimits their western boundary and differentiates them from the Middle Mountainous Region. This region stretches from the West Bengal border, i.e. from the River Subarnarekha in the north to the River Rushikulya in the south.
This region is the combination of several deltas of varied sizes and shapes formed by the major rivers of Orissa, such as the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, and the Rushikulya. Therefore, the coastal plain of Orissa is called the "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". It stretches along the coast of the Bay of Bengal having the maximum width in the Middle Coastal Plain (the Mahanadi Delta), narrow in the Northern Coastal Plain (Balasore Plain) and narrowest in the Southern Coastal Plain (Ganjam Plain). The North Coastal Plain comprises the deltas of the Subarnarekha and the Budhabalanga rivers and bears evidences of marine transgressions. The Middle Coastal Plain comprises the compound deltas of the Baitarani, Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers and bears evidences of past 'back bays' and present lakes. The South Coastal Plain comprises the laccustrine plain of Chilika lake and the smaller delta of the Rushikulya River.
Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region[link]
The region covers about three-fourth of the entire State. Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which as a part of the ancient landmass of the Gondwanaland. The major rivers of Orissa with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys. This region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise abruptly and steeply in the east and slope gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-west (Mayurbhanj) to south-west (Malkangirig). This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds. The Eastern Ghats is interrupted by a number of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains. The average beight of this region is about 900 metres above the mean seal level. The highest peak is Deomali.
Central Plateaus[link]
The plateaus are mostly eroded plateaus forming the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats with elevation varying from 305–610 metres. There are two broad plateaus in Orissa : (i) the Panposh – Keonjhar -Pallahara plateau comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin, and (ii) the Nabrangpur – Jeypore plateau comprises the Sabari basin.
Western Rolling Uplands[link]
These are lower in elevation than the plateaus having heights varying from 153 metres to 305 metres.[44]
Forests[link]
Almost one-third of Orissa is covered by forests which make up about 37.34% of the total land area of the state. These forests cover most of southern and western Orissa. The eastern plains adjacent to the coast are covered by farmlands.The forest cover of Orissa extends over an area of 58,136.869 square kilometres out of which reserve forests make up an area of 26,329.12 square kilometres (10,165.73 sq mi), demarcated protected forests make up 11,687.079 square kilometres (4,512.406 sq mi) and undemarcated protected forests make up 3,638.78 square kilometres (1,404.94 sq mi). Other types of forests make up 16,261.34 square kilometres (6,278.54 sq mi) while unclassed forests make up 20.55 square kilometres (7.93 sq mi) of the total forest cover. The State Government of Orissa also classifies forests based on their density. About 538 square kilometres (208 sq mi) of land are classified as very dense forests with a canopy density of over 70 percent, 27,656 square kilometres (10,678 sq mi) of forests are classified as moderately dense cover with a canopy density of 40 to 70 percent and 20,180 square kilometres (7,790 sq mi) of land are classified as open forest with a canopy density of 10 to 40 percent.
Rivers[link]
There are four groups of rivers which flow through Orissa into the Bay of Bengal (Table-2). They are :
(i) Rivers that have a source outside the State (the Subarnarekha, the Brahmani the IB and the Mahanadi).
(ii) Rivers having a source inside the State (the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Salandi, and the Rushikulya).
(iii) Rivers having a source inside the Orissa, but flow through other states (the Bahuda, the Vamsadhara River, and the Nagavali River).
(iv) Rivers having a source inside Orissa, but tributary to rivers which flow through other states (the Machkund, the Sileru River, the Kolab, and the Indravati River).
- River Mahanadi: It is the major river of Orissa and the sixth largest river in India. It originates from the sihawa hills of the Bastar Plateau in Raipur district of [Chhattishgarh]. It is about 857 km Long (494 km in Orissa) and its catchment area spreads over 141,600 km2. (65,580 km².) in Orissa. The river carries on an average about 92,600 million m of water.
- River Kathajodi: Around Naraj Bridge which is approx. 10 K.M. from Cuttack City there are following villages:- Naraja Marthapur (Local Railway Station), Godi Sahi, Sandhapur, Bidyadharapur, Nua Sahi & Ratagarh. All these villages are rich in ancient heritage. Ratagarh, there is an ancient Shiva Temple of Chola Dynasty. It is 15 K.M. (approx.) distance from the City of Bhubaneswar & 6 K.M. (approx.) from Nandan Kanan, the Zoological Park. A canal arises from the Main Mahanadi River at Naraj Bridge is running besides which is the main source of water system. In Ratagarh there are 3-4 small hills which connects to the Chandaka-Damapada elephant reservoir. The main cultivation of the people of these villages are paddy besides vegetales also. The railway line running between the above villages connects Bhubaneswar with Talcher, the thermal power station, Sambalpur, Athagarh and then run into the states of Madhya Pradesh.
- The Brahmani: It is the second largest river in Orissa. It originates as two major rivers like the Sankh and the Koel from the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Bihar and both join at Veda Vyasa near Rourkela of Sundargarh district of Orissa forming the major River Brahmani. It flows through the Eastern Ghats in Sundargarh, Deogarh, Kendujhar, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and Jajpur districts into the Coastal Plains and enters into the Bay of Bengal along with a combined mouth with the Mahanadi known as the Dhamara. The Brahmani is 799 km long (541 km In Orissa) and its catchment area spreads over 39,033 km2. in Orissa).
- The Baitarani: It originates from the Gonasika hills of the Kendujhar district. It is 365 km long and its catchment area spread over 12,790 km2. It entres into the Bay of Bengal after joining of the Brahmani at Dhamara mouth near Chandbali, Bhadrak.
- The Subarnarekha: It originates from the Chhotanagpur plateau of Bihar. It is 433 km (70 km in Orissa) and has a catchment area of 19,500 km (3,200 km in Orissa) with a mean annual flow of 7,900 million.
- The Budhabalanga: It originates from the easterns slops of the Similipal massif. It is about 175 km long having a total catchment area of 4840 km2 with an annual flow of 2177 million. It is major tributaries are the Sone, the Gangadhar, the Catra etc.
- The Rushikulya: It originates from the Rushyamala hills of the Eastern Ghats in Kandhamal district. It is 165 km long with 8900 km2 of catchment areas. Its tributaries are the Baghua the Dhanei Badanadi etc. It has no delta at its mouth.
- The Bahuda: It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the Eastern Ghats in Gajapati districts and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh. Its length 73 km having a catchment area of 1250 km2.
- The Vanshadhara: It originates from the Flanks of the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj hills) of the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 230 km long out of which only 150 km in Orissa. It entres in to the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. It has a catchment area of 11500 km2.
- The Nagavali: It originates from the Bijipur Hills of the Eastern Ghats near Lanji Garah. It is 210 km long out of which 100 km is in Orissa. It has a total catchment area of about 9410 km2.
- The Salandi: It originates from the Meghasani Hills of the Similipal Massif in Keonjhar district. It is 144 km long with a catchment areas of 1793 km2.
- The Indravati: It originates from the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 530 km long with a catchment area of 41700 km2 as a tributary it flows into the Godavari river.
- The Kolab: It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the Eastern Ghats in Koraput districts. It has catchment areas of 20400 km2.
- Tel River: It is one of the largest river of Orissa originating in Nabaramgpur district and touching Chhattisgarh, Kalahandi, Balangir, Sonepur districts of Orissa and finally falling in Mahanadi.
Springs[link]
There are a number of Mountain springs and hotspring in Orissa. The Badaghagara and Sanaghagara in Keonjhar district, Saptasajya in Denkanal district, Chandikhole in Jajpur district, Barunei in Khorda district, Taptapani, Narayani and Nirmalajhar in Ganjam district, the Patalaganga in Kalahandi district, Nursinghanath in Bargarh district and Harisankar in Bolangir district.
Waterfalls[link]
Most of the rivers, either at the point of origin or over the mountainous bed, have waterfalls. The Harishankar and Nhrusinhanath waterfalls in the Gandhamardan hills in Bolangir and Bargarh districts, the Barehipani and Joranda (Similipal) in Mayurbhanja districts, Sanaghagara and Badaghagara in Keonjhar district, Pradhanpat in Deogarh district, khandadhar (Banei) in Sundargarh district, Koilighugar in Jharsuguda district, Phurlijharan, Khandabaladhar, and Rabandhara in Kalahandi district, Kentamari and Putudi in Boudh and Phulbani district Duduma in Malkangiri district and Bogra in Koraput district are some of the major waterfalls of Orissa. Chota Ghagra and Bada Ghagra in the Keonjhar district, Bhim Kund and Deb Kund in Mayurbhanj district are the major water falls. There are many more water falls in Dhenkanal district.
Lakes[link]
- The Chilika Lake is brackish water lagoon located in the southern part of the Orissa coastal plane. It areas varies 780 km2 and 144 km2; during the two monsson months it is 71 km long and 32 km wide. It salinity decleans to a minimum during the monsson. However in winter, due to the overflow of the tidal water through the narrow opening from the Bay of Bengal, it is maximum.
- Anshupa is a sweet water lake located in Athagarh of Cuttack district. It is 3 km long and 1.5 km wide. Sara is another sweet water lake located near Puri. It is 5 km long and 3 km wide. Kanjia is another sweet water lake with about 134 acres (0.54 km2) of area located in Nandankanan of Cuttack district near Bhubaneswar.[45]
- Pata is another sweet water lake located alongside the town of Chatrapur. It is 4 km long and 0.5 km wide.
- Hirakud Dam: Artificial Lake in Sambalpur and Jharsuguda largest in Asia.
- Indravati Dam: Artificial Lake in Kalahandi and Nabarangpur.
- Kolab Dam: Artificial Lake in Koraput. And khandadhar at Rourkela.
Economy[link]
Macro-economic trend[link]
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Orissa at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 1985 | 37,080 |
| 1987 | 68,230 |
| 1990 | 109,040 |
| 1995 | 271,180 |
| 2000 | 387,280 |
| 2005 | 670,900[46] |
The state's debt is estimated at almost 59 per cent of its GDP in 2005.[47]
Industrial growth[link]
Orissa has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite. Rourkela Steel Plant[48] was the first integrated steel plant in the Public Sector in India. It receives unprecedented investments in steel, aluminium, power, refineries and ports. India's topmost IT consulting firms, including Mahindra Satyam, TCS (Tata Consultancy Services), MindTree Consulting, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Infosys have large branches in Orissa. IBM, Syntel and Wipro are setting up development centers in Orissa. So far, two of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Orissa, for example, National Aluminium (2005 gross income 
.51,162 million) and Tata Sponge Iron (2005 gross income .2,044 million).
Orissa is notable as one of the first Indian states to have tackled its structural problems during the post-1994 Indian economic reforms. Orissa was also the first state in India to begin to privatise its electricity transmission and distribution businesses. Over the period between 1994 and 2000 Orissa's former state electricity board (SEB) was restructured to form Gridco. This corporation was then divided into Transco and a collection of distribution companies. Attempts were then made to sell the distribution companies to the private sector. Like many other states, in 1996 Orissa was losing over 50% of the electricity it was delivered. The scale and importance of these reforms is notable and an important milestone in India's dramatic economic development.
Recently the number of companies who have signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to set up steel plants in the state has gone up to 50, including POSCO of South Korea which has agreed to construct a mammoth $12 billion steel plant near Paradip port, named POSCO India. It would be the largest single investment in India's history. Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK) plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Orissa too. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminum, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest[citation needed] power plant with an investment of US $13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district. Vedanta Resources’ 1.4 million tonne alumina project in Kalahandi district is the largest investment in aluminium. Vedanta has also announced a $3.2 billion dollar huge private University project on the lines of the Ivy League Universities, which is unprecedented in the history of education in India. Bandhabahal is a major area which consist of Open Cast Coal Mines.
The Central Government has agreed to accord SEZ (Special Economic Zone) status to eight sites in Orissa, among which are Infocity at Bhubaneshwar and Paradip. But all these plans are facing massive resistance from the people of the state who mainly depend on agriculture for livelihood.
In the year 2009 Orissa was second top Domestic Investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) Study on Corporate Investments. Orissa's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received investment proposal worth . 2,00,846 crore during the last year. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[49]
Flood and cyclone are the major hurdles in Orissa's development as the important districts are situated near to the Bay of Bengal. In the five-year period between 2004 and 2005 and 2008–09, Orissa's GDP has grown by a stunning 8.74% way beyond the definition of 7% growth. It should be noted that the all-India growth during this period was 8.49%.In this period, Orissa is the fourth fastest growing state, just behind Gujarat, Bihar, Uttarakhand.
Infrastructure development[link]
Although Paradip is home to Orissa's only large port, the coastal towns of Dhamra and Gopalpur are also undergoing major port development. The government of India has selected the coastal region of Orissa, stretching from Paradip in the north to Gopalpur in the south, to be developed into one of five or six Special Economic Regions (SERs) of the country. The government of India and the state government of Orissa are working together to erect world-class infrastructure in this region to match that of Rotterdam, Houston, and Pudong. This is aimed at further private investment in petrochemicals, steel, and manufacturing. A recent Morgan Stanley report forecasts that Orissa would be flooded with massive investments for manufacturing related activities in the same manner that Bangalore had attracted software investment in the 1990s. The scale of the investments in Orissa would, however, be much higher. As of July 2006, total planned investment in the state is $90 billion. This includes investment in research, education, hospitals, roads, ports, airports, and hotels. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including the Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects. 14 locations have been identified on Orissa coast to be developed as port. These locations are Gopalpur (Ganjam district), Bahuda Muhan (Sonepur) in Ganjam district, Palur (Ganjam), Bali Harchandi (Puri), Astaranga (Puri), Jatadhari Muhan (Jagatsinghpur), Barunei Muhan (Kendrapara), Dhamra (Bhadrak), Chudamani (Bhadrak), Inchuri (Balasore), Chandipur (Balasore), Bahabalpur (Balasore), Subarnarekha mouth (Kirtania) in Balasore district and Talsara (Balasore). Most of the locations among them already been developing as port in the public private partnership (PPP).[50][51][52]
Transportation[link]
Orissa has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneshwar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. The Biju Patnaik airport is being expanded to accommodate wide bodied aircraft. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[53]
Regular airports[link]
- Biju Patnaik Airport
- Rourkela Airport
- Jharsuguda Airport (Proposed by AAI)
In addition to the above, there are numerous air strips in the state of Orissa.
Seaports[link]
- Port of Dhamara[54]
- Port of Gopalpur (Commenced Operation From January 2007 as Seasonal Port)
- Port of Paradip
Demographics[link]
| Religion in Orissa[55] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
94.35% | ||
| Christianity |
|
2.44% | ||
| Islam |
|
2.07% | ||
| Others |
|
1.14% | ||
According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Orissa is 41,947,358, of which 21,201,678 (50.54%) are male and 20,745,680 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 269 per km².
The dominant ethnic group are the Oriya people and Oriya (Oriya) is the official language of Orissa and spoken as a native language by about 73% of the people.[56] Other linguistic minorities in the state are Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, Santali. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form 16.53% and 22.13% of the state population, constituting 38.66% of the State population. Some of the important tribes are Santhal, Bonda, Munda, Oraon, Kora and Mahali.
The literacy rate is 73.45% with 82.4% of males and 64.36% of females being literate, according to 2011 census.
The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 1999–2000 was 47.15% which is nearly double the all India average of 26.10%.
Data of 1996–2001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a death rate of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Orissa has a Human Development Index of 0.579 in 2004.
Literature[link]
Main article: Oriya literature
The history of Oriya Literature has been mapped by historians and linguists along the following stages, Old Oriya (900–1300 AD), Early Middle Oriya (1300–1500 AD), Middle Oriya (1500–1700 AD), Late Middle Oriya (1700 AD – 1850 AD) and Modern Oriya (from 1850 AD till the present). But this rude categorization could not skillfully draw the real picture on account of development and growth of Oriya Literature. Here, we split the total periods in different stages such as: Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sarala Das, Age of Panchasakha, Age of Upendra Bhanja, Age of Radhanath, Age of Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post Independent Age.
The beginnings of Oriya poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.[57] This literature was written in a specific metaphor named "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Orissa. The language of Charya was considered as Prakrita.
The first great poet of Orissa is the famous Sarala Dasa who wrote the Mahabharata, not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, rather an imitation of the same. Among many of his poems and epics, he is best remembered for his Mahabharata. Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Ramayana are also two of his famous creations. Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Oriya.
Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged, though there are hundreds year gap in between them. But they are known as Panchashakhas as they believed to same school of thought, Utkaliya Vaishnavism. The poets are: Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananada Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das. The Panchasakhas are very much Vaishnavas by thought. In 1509 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu came to Orissa with his Vaishnava message of love. Before him Jaydev had prepared the ground by heralding the cult of Vaishnavism through his Geetagovinda. Chaitanya’s path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga, but the Panchasakhas differed from Chaitanyas and believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, which has similarities with the Buddhist philosophy of Charya Literature stated above.
The Panchashakhas, however, are the direct disciples of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Along with another seer Shri Arakhsita Das, they are called also as sada-goswami (six Lords). These five saints primarily believed in Vaishnavism and also additionally cultured and developed Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga as stated earlier (beliefs about the body, the mind, the soul, and the Parambrahm). They have composed numerous manuscripts, mâlikas, devotional poems, Sadhana descriptions, and other religious scriptures. Also, many prophecies are described by these seers in there numerous literature. Most of the literature were written in hand on palm-leaves using the Devanagari or the Oriya script.
The two prime works from the five writers are the Bhâgavata by Jagannath Das and the Jagamohana Râmâyana by Balarâm Das. Till today Jagannath Das’s Bhâgavata is the most valued book in Oriya literature. Besides this great work he (Jagannath Das) also composed Artha Koili, Darubrahma Geetâ, Shunya Bhâgabata, Dhruba Stuti etc. Balaram Das, apart from Jagamohana Râmâyana, has also composed various works such as the Lakshmi Purâna, Vendântasâra Guptagitâ, Nâma-mâhatmya, Bhâva samudra, Sisu Veda, Kamalalochana Chautisâ, Kânta Koili. Shri Ananta Das, also known as Shishu Ananta Das has composed various devotional literature, e.g., Chumbaka malikâ, Nilagiri charita, Hetu Udaya Bhâgabata, Artha Târeni Prasnottara, Anâkâra Samhitâ, Bhaktimuktipradâyaka Geetâ. Similarly, Shri Jasovanta Das composed Shiba Shirodaya, Premabhaktibrahma Geetâ, Âtmaparatey Geetâ, Gobindachandra.
Acyutananda was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakhas and has written numerous books (called as pothi's), believed not in one life but in many successive lives. He is known as the Mahapurusha, which means - a great man. A few works of him are: Shunya Samhita, Chaurashi Yantra, Gurubhakti Geeta, Khila Haribamsa, Gupta Bhagabata, Kaivarta Geeta, Kaala Nirghanta, Tera Janma Sharana, Brahma Ekahshara Geeta, Gopala Ogâla, Bhava Samudra, Garuda Geeta, Brahma Shankuli, Ananta Bata Geeta, Kali Kalkpa Geeta, Asta Gujjari, Gujjari Raasa, Brahma Kundali, Mahagupta Padmakalpa, Chausathi Patala, Chayalisha Patala, Chabisa Patala, Dasa Patala, Neetya Raasa, Manmatha Chandrika, Shiva Kalpa, Achyutananda Janma Sharana, Chitta Bodha, Raasa Maala, and Panchasakhaa Bhajana. The Shunya Samhita dealt with spiritual knowledge as well as physical sciences like solar science, atomic and molecular concepts, and aerospace concepts. The term Chauraashi Yantra describes '84 yantras' embedded within the human body, the later itself is ~84 fingers in length and each Yantra is located for each finger-length space. However, the most popular one seems to be an "Oracle of Prophecies" named as Bhavishya Malika. Among prophecies also are Aagata bhabishya lekhanaa and Bhavishya Paraardha. About the Identification of his disciple and the primary devotees, he had composed the Jaiphula Malika. Also his copper oracle (Tamrapothi) which appears to mysteriously read the mind and provide suitable answers is still available today, operated by a priest in Kakatpur. Shri Arakhsita Das, the seer of Olasuni, had written the Mahimandala Geeta, the Bhakti Tikaa, the Saptaanga Abadhuta Samhita, and the Tatvasara Geeta.
At the end of age of Panchasakha, the prominent poets are Dinakrushna Das, Upendra Bhanja and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhar. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism as the characteristics of Shringara Kavyas, became the trend of this period to which Upendra Bhanja took a leading role. His creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved landmark in Oriya Literature. Upendra Bhanja was conferred with the title Kabi Samrat of Oriya literature for the aesthetic poetic sense and verbal jugglery proficiency. Dinakrushna Das’s Rasokallola and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhara’s Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent kavyas of this time.
The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolution in Oriya literature. Instead of palm leaf inscription, the books were being printed and the periodicals and journals were published. The first Oriya Magazine of 'Bodha Dayini' was published from Balasore in 1861. The main object of this magazine was to promote Oriya literature and to draw attention to the lapses in government policy. The first Oriya paper, 'The Utkal Deepika' made its appearance in 1866 under the editorship of late Gouri Sankar Ray with the help of late Bichitrananda. The publication of these papers during the last part of the 19th century encouraged the modern literature and acted as a media to provide a wide readers range for the writers, The educated intellectuals came in contact with the English literature and got influenced. Radhanath Ray (1849–1908) is the prime figure, who tried to write his poems with the influence of Western literature. He wrote Chandrabhaga, Nandikeshwari, Usha, Mahajatra, Darbar and Chilika wee the long poems or Kavyas. Fakir Mohan Senapati (1843–1918), the prime figure of modern Oriya Fiction Prose is the product of that generation. He was considered the Vyasakabi or founder poet of Oriya language. Fakir Mohan Senapati is well known for his novel Chha Maana Atha Guntha. It is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal Lord. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India.
With rise of freedom movement, a literary though was emerged with the influence of Gandhiji and idealistic trend of Nationalism formed as a new trend in Oriya Literature. Much respected personality of Orissa culture and history, Utkalmani Gopabandhu Dash (1877–1928) has founded a school at avillage Satyabadi near Sakshigopal of Orissa and an idealstic literary movement influenced the writers of this age. Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kuntala-Kumari Sabat the other renowned name of this age.
With the emergence of Soviet Russia in 1935, a Communist party was formed in Orissa and a periodical named "Adhunika" was published by the party. Bhagawati Charan Panigrahi and Sachidananda Routray were the founder members and writer/poets of the party. Bhagwati turned to fiction writing and though Sachidananda Routray (who is better known as "Sachi Routra" or Sachi Babu) has written some short stories is actually remembered for his poems. Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath Tagore, during the thirties when the progressive Marxist movements was in full flow in Oriya Literature, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, the brother of Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi, the founder of Marxist trend in Orissa, formed a group circa 1920 called "Sabuja Samiti." Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time though he was considered as a romantic poet, but he kept the distance away from the influence of Rabindranath successfully.
As the successor of Sachi Babu, two poets Guruprasad Mohanty (popularly known as Guru Prasad) (1924–2004) and Bhanuji Rao came with T.S. Eliot and published their co-authored poetry book "Nutan Kabita". Later, Ramakanta Rath modified the ideas. Sitakanta Mohapatra, Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, Rajendra Kihore Panda, Brajanath Rath, Jayanta Mahapatra, Kamalakant Lenka, J.P. Das, Brahmotri Mohanty, Mamata Dash, Amaresh Patnaik, Hrushikesh Mallick, Sunil Kumar Prusty, Sucheta Mishra, Aparna Mohanty, Pritidhara Samal, Basudev Sunani, Gajanan Mishra, Bharat Majhi are some poets of this contemporary age. In the Post-Independence-Era Oriya fiction assumed a new direction. The trend which Fakir Mohan has started actually developed more after 50’s of last century. Gopinath Mohanty (1914–1991), Surendra Mohanty and Manoj Das are considered as three jewels of this time. The other significant fiction writers are Chandrasekhar Rath, Dr Jagannath Prasad Das, Shantanu Acharya, Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, Rabi Patnaik, Debraj Lenka, Krushna Prasad Mishra, Akhil Mohan Patnaik, Jagadish Mohanty, Kanheilal Das.
Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal, Binapani Mohanty, Prativa Ray, Yashodhara mishra and Sarojini Sahoo are a few writers whose writings have created a new age in the field of fiction. Jayanti Ratha, Susmita Bagchi. Paramita Satpathy, Hiranmayee Mishra, Chirashree IndraSingh Supriya Panda, Gayatri Saraf, Mamata Chowdhry are few fiction writerw in this period. In the field of drama, the traditional Oriya theatre is the folk opera, or Jatra, which flourishes in the rural areas of Orissa. Modern theatre is no longer commercially viable. But in the 1960, experimental theatre made a mark through the works of Manoranjan Das, who pioneered the new theatre movement with his brand of experimentalism. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Chandra Panigrahi, Ratnakar Chaini, Ranjit Patnaik continued the tradition. As a whole, Oriya literature is a strong wing of Indian Literature to represent in world forum.
Literary magazine: Jhankar, Nabarabi, Apurba, Galpa, Kahani, Kadambini, Istahara, Udbhasa, Amrutayana, Nabalipi, Pratibeshi, Paschima, Bijaya, Bartika, Chitra, Bishwamukti, Ama Samaya, Sananda, Godhuli Lagna, Bigyan Diganta (Science), and pourusha.
Further information: Oriya language, Sambalpuri Language, Indian literature, and List of Oriya writers
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Orissa
The language spoken by the majority of the people is Oriya. English is widely used for official purpose and Oriya is used as regional language. Oriya belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, and is closely related to Bengali and Assamese. A few tribal languages belonging to the Dravidian and Munda language families are spoken by the Adivasis (original inhabitants) of the state. The state has a very opulent cultural heritage, one of the richest in India. The capital city of Bhubaneshwar is known for the exquisite temples that dot its landscape. The classical dance form Odissi originated in Orissa. Contemporary Orissa has a proud cultural heritage that arose due to the intermingling of three great religious traditions – Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The culture of the Adivasis is an integral part of modern Oriya heritage.
Dance[link]
Main article: Odissi dance
Odissi (Orissi) dance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.[58][59] Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years,[citation needed] and finds mention in the Natyashastra of Bharatamuni, possibly written circa 200 BC. However, the dance form nearly went extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Mayadhar Raut, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Mahadev Rout, Guru Raghu Dutta, and Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra. Odissi classical dance is about the love of Krishna and his supposed consort Radha, mostly drawn from compositions by the notable Oriya poet Jayadeva, who lived in the twelfth century AD.
Ghumura Dance (or Ghumra Dance) is one of the most sought and leading folk dance form in Orissa. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India.[60] The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim it was a War dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Konark Sun Temple confirming this dance form is since the medieval period. In the Madhya Parba of Sarala Mhabharata Ghumura has been mentioned as: "Dhola Madala Gadi je Ghumura Bajai Ghumura je Ghumu Ghumu Hoi Garajai" In Chandi Purana mentions: "Biratwara Biradhola Daundi Ghumura Kadamardala Bajanti Mari Galatura" Ghumura was also used as a Darbari dance in the princely state of Kalahandi and played by the earstwhile Kalahandi state during war times.[60] The typical mixed sound that comes out of the musical instruments like Ghumura, Nishan, Dhol, Taal, Madal etc. and the expressions and movements of the artists make this dance to be a Heroic Dance.[61] Since thousands of years Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of South Western Orissa. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in South Western Orissa and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularizing and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Kalahandi is mainly known as land of Ghumura.[61] Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in various international events Delhi, Moscow, Kolkata, and various other cities in India. Ghumura dance is also one of the most researched folk dance form in Orissa.
Chhau dance is a form of tribal martial dance attributed to origins in Mayurbhanj princly state of Orissa and seen in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Orissa. There are three subtypes of the dance, based on the original places where the subtypes were developed. Seraikella Chau was developed in Seraikella, the administrative head of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, Purulia Chau in Purulia district of West Bengal and Mayurbhanj Chau in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa.
Mahari Dance is one of the important dance forms of Orissa and originated in the temples of Orissa. History of Orissa provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Orissa. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Orissa. The Devadasis in Orissa were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance.
It was during the reign of Chodagangadeva, Maharis were employed in the temples of Puri. After Chodagangadeva's death, Ananabhimadeva built Natyamandapa in the Jagannath temple for the dance performances inside the temple. Moreover, in those days, the Mahari dancers belonged to different categories namely, the 'Nachunis' (dancers), the Bahara Gauni, the Bhitara Gauni and the Gaudasanis.
The Mahari Dancers of Orissa are supposed to follow certain restrictions, such as:
- They cannot enjoy.
- They should dance on the ceremonies connected to Jagannath.
- They should adhere to the specifications made by the Sastras.
- They must always wear clean cloths.
- The dancer cannot be physically handicapped.
- At the time of the performances, the dancers are not supposed to look at the audience.
- The Maharis are married to the Lord at the age of nine.
- Before their performances, the Mahari dancers pay their obeisance to the Lord.
In Orissa, one can also come across another type of Mahari dancers, who are known as 'Samarpada Niyoga'. The duty of the 'Samarpada Niyoga' is to dance during the ceremonial procession of the deities. These dancers perform during the Ratha Yatra, Jhulana Yatra, Dola Yatra, etc.
The Western Orissa has also great variety of dance forms unique to Orissa culture. The children's verses are known as "Chhiollai", "Humobauli" and "Dauligit", the adolescent poems are "Sajani", "Chhata", "Daika", "Bhekani" : the eternal youth composes "Rasarkeli", "Jaiphul", "Maila Jada", "Bayamana", "Gunchikuta" and "Dalkhai". The work-man's poetry comprises "Karma" and "Jhumer" pertaining to Vishwakarma and the "Karamashani" deities. The professional entertainers perform Dand, Danggada, Mudgada, Ghumra, Sadhana, Sabar – Sabaren, Disdigo, Nachina – Bajnia, Samparda and Sanchar. They are for all occasions, for all time with varieties of rhythm and rhyme.
Pala is a unique form of balladry in Orissa, which artistically combines elements of theatre, classical Orissi music, highly refined Oriya and Sanskrit poetry, wit, and humour. The literal meaning of pala is turn. It is more sophisticated than the other Oriya ballad tradition, Daskathia. Pala is presented in three ways. The names can be mentioned as baithaki or `seated`, in which the performers sit on the ground throughout. The other one is thia or `standing`. This is more popular and aesthetically more satisfying, in which they stand. Badi is a kind of thia in which two groups vie for excellence. This is the most entertaining, as there is an element of competition.
Gotipua dance is another form of dance in Orissa. In Oriya colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance. When decadence and declination came in to Devadasi or mahari tradition due to various reasons this Gotipua dance tradition evolved as sequel as these performance were practiced to please the gods. It is totally unknown that when exactly this danced form came in to practice. Still some historians say that this dance tradition appears to have originated during the region of Prataprudradev (1497 AD to 1540 AD) and gained popularity in the subsequent Muslim Rule. Ray Remananda the famous Vaishnavite Minister of King Pratapruda and ardent follower of Sri Chitanya is the originator of this boy dancing tradition. As Vasishnavs were not approving of the females in to dance practices so it possible that the dance tradition must have come after Sri Chaitanya came to Orissa. The Gotipua Dance Tradition is now seen in the village Raghurajpur situated 10 km away from Puri town, situated on the banks of river Bhargabi. It is otherwise known as the Crafts Village as various Oriya handicrafts’ craftsmen reside in this village contributing their expertise in Patta Painting and other handukrafts.
Prince Dance Group, a dance group based in Berhampur, Orissa, India led by Krishna Mohan Reddy. It has won a reality show India's Got Talent on an Indian TV channel "Colors". The group is unique that the members are from a remote part of India and most of them are from disadvantaged sections of different parts of Ganjam district. Two of them, Padmanabha Sahu (24) and Telu Tarini (13) are physically challenged. They have won the hearts of all Oriyas, including chief minister Naveen Patnaik, and even outsiders with their performance in the programme "India's Got Talent". The group, comprising 26 artistes held the audience and the judges engrossed with their act from the mythological Mahabharata and Vande Mataram.
Music[link]
Main article: Odissi music
Sixteenth century witnessed the compilation of literature on music. The four important treatises written during that time are Sangitamava Chandrika, Natya Manorama, Sangita Kalalata and Gita Prakasha. Orissi music is a combination of four distinctive kinds of music, namely, Chitrapada, Dhruvapada, Panchal and Chitrakala. When music uses artwork, it is known as Chitikala. A unique feature of Oriya music is the Padi, which consists of singing of words in fast beat.
Being a part of the rich culture of Orissa, its music is also as much charming and colorful. Orissi music is more than two thousand five hundred years old and comprises a number of categories. Of these, the five broad ones are Tribal Music, Folk Music, Light Music, Light-Classical Music and Classical Music. Anyone who is trying to understand the culture of Orissa must take into account its music, which essentially forms a part of its legacy.
In the ancient times, there were poets who wrote the lyrics of poems and songs that were sung to rouse the religious feelings of people. It was by the eleventh century that the music of Orissa, in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari, underwent transformation and was converted into the classical style.
Folk music like Jhumar, yogi gita, kendara gita, dhuduki badya, prahallad natak, palla, sankirtan, mogal tamasa, gitinatya, kandhei nacha, kela nacha, ghoda nacha, danda nacha and daskathia are popular in Orissa. Almost every tribal group has their own distinct song and dance style.
Structural art[link]
Other cultural attractions include the Jagannatha Temple in Puri, known for its annual Rath Yatra or Car Festival, the unique and beautiful applique artwork of Pipili, silver filigree ornamental works from Cuttack, the Patta chitras (palm leaf paintings), famous stone utensils of Nilgiri (Balasore) and various tribal influenced cultures. The Sun temple at Konark is famous for its architectural splendour and erotic sculpture, while the 'Sambalpuri textiles' equals it in its artistic grandeur. The sari of Orissa is much in demand throughout the entire world. The different colors and varieties of sarees in Orissa make them very popular among the women of the state. The handloom sarees available in Orissa can be of four major types; these are Ikat, Bandha, Bomkai and Pasapalli. Orissa sarees are also available in other colors like cream, maroon, brown and rust. The tie-and-dye technique used by the weavers of Orissa to create motifs on these sarees is unique to this region. This technique also gives the sarees of Orissa an identity of their own.
Sand art[link]
A unique type of art form was developed at Puri,[citation needed] but it has spread all over the world. To carve a sand sculpture, the raw material is clean and fine-grained sand mixed with water. With the help of this type of sand and by the magic of fingers, an artist can carve a beautiful and attractive sculpture on the beach. Sudarshan Pattnaik is one of the major world-class artists in this sculpture.[citation needed]
Although not historically proved, there is a story in the Oriya myths regarding the origin of sand sculpture: "Poet Balaram Das, the author of Dandi Ramayan was a great devotee of Jagannath. Once during Ratha Yatra (Car Festival), he tried to climb the chariot of Jagannath to offer his prayer. He wasn't allowed by the priests of the chariot to climb it and was also insulted by them. With great frustration and humiliation he came to the beach (Mahodadhi) and carved statues of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra on the golden sand.
Religion[link]
The majority (over 94%[55]) of people in the state of Orissa are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Orissa is home to several Hindu figures. Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect movement. Sarala Dasa, an adivasi, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata in Oriya. Chaitanya Dasa was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda.
The Orissa Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the Government of Orissa to have Hindu temples open for all Hindus including the Harijans.[62]
Perhaps the oldest scripture of Orissa is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042 AD. Famous Hindu Oriyan scripture includes the 16th century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[63] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Oriya writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Oriya literature at the turn of the 20th century.[64]
Christians in Orissa account for about 2.4% of the population while Oriya Muslims account for 2.1% as per census figures of 2001. The Sikh, Buddhist and Jain communities together account for 0.1 % of the population[55]
See also: Orissa#Demographics
Cinema[link]
Main article: Oriya cinema
The Oriya film production in the initial years was very slow. After first Oriya film Sita Bibaha in 1936, only two films were produced till 1951. A joint consortium of landlords and businessmen who collected funds after 1948 produced those two movies. The first film 'Sita Bibaha' was directed by Mohan Sunder Dev Goswami and was released in Laxmi Theatre, Puri. The 1951 production Roles to Eight was the first Oriya film having an English name. It was released after 15 years of the first Oriya film Sita Bibaha. It was the fourth Oriya film produced by Ratikanta Padhi. The eleventh Oriya film Sri Lokenath was the first Oriya film, which got National Award in 1960 directed by Prafulla Sengupta.
One of the major trail blazers and pioneers of the Oriya film industry were Gour Prasad Ghose and his wife, Parbati Ghose. They introduced and mastered innovative ways of technical story-telling. Over the years, some of their most notable films such as Maa and Kaa brought them national fame and numerous awards, including many National awards and lifetime achievement awards for their contribution to cinema as directors, producers and actors.
The same year, Prasant Nanda won a National Award as best actor for the film Nua Bou with his debut film. The name of Prasantha Nanda would always come while dealing with Oriya Film Industry. He was present in Oriya films since 1939, but he became active only after 1976. Nanda served Oriya Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. Such a versatile genius is quite rare in Indian cinema history. Nanda alone carried Oriya films into the national honor list by winning National Awards three times in 1960, 1966 and 1969 for his acting in Nua Bou, Matira Manisha and Adina Megha. Uttam Mohanty, whose debut film Abhiman won accolades all over, is now the veteran actor of the Oriya Film Industry. His wife Aparajita Mohanty is also a renowned actress. Sarat Pujari was one of the most popular actor of the 60s era. His popular films are Nua Bou, Jeevan Sathi, Sadhana, Manika Jodi, Naba Janma, Matira Manisa, Arundhati, Ghara Sansara, Bhookha, etc. His films portrayed the general condition of the state of Orissa with a strong social message. Sarat Pujari is a prominent figure till now. Apart from being an actor he was also a successful director and an academician. He still continues to act in a few selected films. Currently he is enjoying his retired life and writes columns in the newspapers as his hobby. Raju Mishra is another rising star in Oriya film industry. He is an international award winning photographer, director, choreographer and lyricist of Oriya film industry. Other well-known actors are Bijay Mohanty, Sriram Panda, Mihir Das, Siddhanta Mahapatra, Mahasweta Ray, Tandra Ray, Anubhav Mohanty and many more.
Cuisine[link]
Main article: Oriya cuisine
Orissa has culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the famous Jagannath temple in Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[citation needed]
The famous Indian sweet "rasogolla" has its origin from this state. Salepur Rasogolla is famous and it is mainly prepared by Kar and Brothers (Bikalananda Kar) of salepur. Its branches are also present in Cuttack and Bhubaneswar. Pahala, located on the Cuttack-Bhubaneshwar road, is famous for its variety of Rasgullas. The well-known rice pudding, kheeri (kheer) that is relished all over India, also originated in Puri two thousand years ago. Chhenapoda is also a major Orissa sweet cuisine originated in Nayagarh, it is made by caramelizing cottage cheese with sugar, cardamom and other ingredients and then burning it over a chula (wood-burning clay hearths). Chhena Jheeli and malpua are other famous sweet deserts. One of the most famous delicacies of Orissa is Kakara Peetha (made of sooji or finely grained wheat) especially with coconut filling sauteed with pepper, cardamom, sugar and ghee and sometimes cottage cheese (chhena). Its one of the major delicacy during the festival occasions. Arisha is another delicacy. The sweet aroma of powdered rice and Gud being deep fried in Ghee is mesmerizing. Poda Pitha, Haladi Patra Pitha (enduri pitha), Manda Pitha, Chitou Pitha are more examples of Oriya specialitites. Mudhi (puffed rice) is an integral part of every Oriya household. Baripada is famous for its Mudhi. Mudhi serves the purpose of an instant snacks. It perfectly blends with any thing. Be it Chenachur (mix salty fried snacks), milk, tea, curries, peanuts or mango pulp.
Pakhala, a dish made of rice, water, and yoghurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets and no Oriya repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. A typical meal in Orissa consists of a main course and dessert. Typically breads are served as the main course for breakfast, whereas rice is eaten with lentils (dals) during lunch and dinner. The main course also includes one or more curries, vegetables and pickles. Given the fondness for sweet foods, the dessert course may include generous portions of more than a single item. Oriya desserts are made from a variety of ingredients, with milk, chhena (a form of ricotta cheese), coconut, rice, and wheat flour being the most common.
Also one of the most famous veg dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula. Even the former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam introduced these into the Rashtrapati Bhavan Menu. Ghanta and Posta curries are also some of the signature dishes.
Orissa food habit is pretty balanced between the non-vegetarian and vegetarian habits. Due to its vast shoreline and number of rivers flowing across, fish is a very important part of the diet. Orissa also expertises in sea food cuisines like Prawn and Crab. The famous Chilika Lake is particularly famous for offering best sea food cuisines that are one of a lifetime experience.[citation needed]
Orissa's food habit is actually the horizon between the South Indian food habit and the North Indian food habits. One can easily find Dosas, Vadas and idlis being served as breakfast and snacks which are typically south Indian food and also can find Poori- Chole, Samosa's (locally called Singada), and other north Indian delicacies in the menu. One of the best combination of both the North and South of India is Dahibara-Aludum-Ghuguni especially in the city of Cuttack. Dahibara (vadaa dipped and soaked in curd), aludum (a spicy curry made from potato) and Ghuguni (chickpea curry) really go well together and is one of the best fusion of the Indian recipes.
Education[link]
The ruins of a major ancient university and center of Buddhist learning, Ratnagiri, were recently discovered in the Jajpur district of Orissa. Scholars from far away lands, such as Greece,[citation needed] Persia and China used to study philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science at this famed university. Taxila, Nalanda and Ratnagiri are amongst the oldest universities in the world. The ruins of Ratnagiri University have not been fully excavated yet.
- Educational Institutions
- Berhampur University at Berhampur
- Biju Patnaik University of Technology at Rourkela
- Central University of Orissa, Koraput.[65]
- C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneshwar
- Fakir Mohan University at Balasore
- Gopal Krushna College of Engineering & Technology, Jeypore
- Government Ayurvedic College, Bolangir
- IIT Bhubaneshwar at Bhubaneshwar
- KIIT University in Bhubaneshwar
- M.K.C.G. Medical College, Berhampur
- National Institute of Science and Technology at Berhampur
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela at Rourkela
- National Law University, Orissa in Cuttack
- North Orissa University at Baripada,
- Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) at Bhubaneshwar
- Ravenshaw University in Cuttack
- Sambalpur University, Sambalpur
- SCB Medical College in Cuttack
- SCB Dental College in Cuttack
- Siksha O Anusandhan University
- Silicon Institute of Technology
- Sri Jagannatha Sanskrit University, Puri
- Sri Sri University in Cuttack
- Utkal University (at Bhubaneshwar)
- Utkal University of Culture at Bhubaneshwar
- Vedanta University (proposed)
- Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla
- Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Orissa Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela] where seats are provided according to order of merit.[66][67]
One of the prestigious institutions of India, NIT Rourkela, National Institute of Technology was upgraded from Regional Engineering College and is an Institute of National Importance. Another premier college of Orissa is the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, which is the first engineering college in Orissa and is famous for its excellent infrastructure and state-of-art teaching methodology.[citation needed] Orissa is also home to one of the two Indian Institute of Mass Communication IIMC situated in Dhenkanal. This is a premier institute for mass communication and journalism.[citation needed]
File:XIMB New Academic Block.JPG
Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar
The Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) is a premier business school of national and international significance[citation needed] located in the state capital. The National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar (NISER) is another premier educational cum research institution that is located in the state capital. The government of Orissa has provided 935 acres (3.78 km2) of land at Arugul near Jatni Railway Station for IIT Bhubaneshwar. Classes have already started from 2008 batch.IIT BBSR The plans of setting up of an AIIMS is also in advanced stages. Meanwhile Vedanta University Project, a not-for-profit initiative by the Anil Agarwal Foundation, is an epoch-making dream to have a world class centre for learning and research on the picturesque Puri-Konark marine drive in Orissa. It will have about 100,000 students with an international mix of students pursuing around 95 diverse streams of learning in a sprawling campus of around 56,000,000 sq ft (5,200,000 m2) built up area supported by state of the art, IT and Communications systems. Even more recently, Reliance industries has expressed its intention of establishing a new Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), as well as a health city for medical education and research in Bhubaneshwar. Some of the research institutes of Orissa includes Institute of Physics at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Life Sciences at Bhubaneshwar, Central Rice Research Institute at Cuttack, Central Institute of Fresh water Aquaculture (CIFA)at Bhubaneshwar, Regional Medical Research centre at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Minerals and Material Technology at Bhubaneshwar and Regional Plant Resource Centre at Bhubaneshwar. As of now, Orissa receives the lowest per capita investment of all 28 states from the central government towards human resource development.
Orissa also boasts of many renowned medical Colleges such as SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla and MKCG Medical College, Berhampur. These colleges have been able to produce excellent doctors who have gone on to head various top posts in the Union Medical Departments. Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar and Hi-tech Medical College, Bhubaneshwar are some of the private world-class medical colleges and hospitals serving the state of Orissa. Many students from the neighboring state of Jharkhand, Bihar and Chattisgarh come to Orissa for better education and expertise. Various International and National Universities have signed MoUs with top colleges for various seminars and workshop to be conducted within the campuses. The elite IIT have started its classes in Bhubaneshwar and for which the plans have already been laid out and is already taking shape.[68]
Tourism[link]
,_Udayagiri.jpg)
The landscape of Orissa is dotted with a large number of temples. The temples of Orissa conform to the Indo Aryan Nagara style of architecture, with distinctive features specific to this region. The best known of these are the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar, Jagannath Temple at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The temples of Orissa exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Oriya temple (deula) usually consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir).
'The Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneshwar boasts of a 150-foot (46 m) high deul while the Jagannath Temple at Puri is about 200 feet (61 m) high and it dominates the skyline of the town. Only a portion of the Sun Temple at Konark, the largest of the temples of the Golden triangle exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Orissa architecture. Orissa is also well known as a Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage destination. North-east of Cuttack, about 10 km from Bhubaneshwar, there are Buddhist relics and ruins at the three hilltop complexes of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which still bear witness to Buddhism's fruitful tryst with this region until well into the 13th century.
Orissa's varying topography – from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin – has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. Thereby creating such treasure troves of flora and fauna that even seem inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles. Bhitar Kanika National Park is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in Chilika (Asia's biggest brackish water lake) and the tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park are integral part of any eco tours in Orissa, arranged by Tourism of Orissa.[69]
The Gharial Sanctuary at Tikarpada and the Olive Ridley Sea Turtles in Gahirmatha turtle sanctuary also feature on the list of avid nature watchers. The city wildlife sanctuaries of Chandaka and Nandan Kanan are a must visit for the lessons they teach is conservation and revitalization of species from the brink of extinction.
Orissa is blessed with around 500 km long coastline and has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. Chilika, Asia's largest brackish water lake, not only provides a haven for millions of birds, but is also one of the few places in India where one can view dolphins. The lush green forest cover of Orissa plays host to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including the famed Royal Bengal Tiger. Amidst the picturesque hills and valleys nestle a number of breathtaking waterfalls and rivulets that attract visitors from all over. Orissa beaches include Puri, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Chandipur, Ramachandi Beach, Balighai Beach, Astarang Beach, Paradeep Beach. The famous Shiva Temple is near Dhenkanal. [70]
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ Hi News India Orissa becomes Odisha, Oriya becomes Odia
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- ^ ibid.7
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External links[link]
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- Official Website of the State Government of Orissa
- Official Website of Orissa State Tourism
- Orissa travel guide from Wikitravel
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| Jagdish Tytler at Manjeet Bullar Cavalry Gold Cup Polo 2010 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1944-01-11) 11 January 1944 (age 68) New Delhi |
| Political party | INC |
| Residence | New Delhi |
| Religion | Christianity[1] |
| As of September 16, 2006 | |
Jagdish Tytler (b. January 11, 1944 as Jagdish Kapoor) is a controversial Indian National Congress politician, and former member of Indian Parliament. He was the Indian Union Minister of State for Overseas Indian Affairs, a position he resigned from after an official commission of inquiry noted the 'balance of probability' indicated he was responsible for inciting and leading murderous mobs against the Sikh community in Delhi during the 1984 anti-Sikh riots, a charge he denies.
Contents |
Early days[link]
Tytler was born as Jagdish Kapoor in Gujranwala (now in Pakistan), to a Hindu father and Sikh mother.[2] He was later brought up by educationist James Douglas Tytler, the founder of Delhi Public School and several other schools. Upon, his influence he converted to Christianity and changed his surname.[1]
He was brought up by the eminent educationist, James Douglas Tytler, who was the founder of many public schools including the Delhi Public School and the Summer Fields School.[3]
He was highly influenced by Mr. James Douglas Tytler and therefore, to show his gratitude towards Mr. James Douglas Tytler he acquired his surname. Since then Jagdish Kapoor was called Jagdish Tytler.
Active in the Congress' youth organisation and a disciple of Sanjay Gandhi, he was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980. He served as a Union Minister first in the Civil Aviation department and then in the Labor department. He was re-elected in 1991 and served as the Union Minister of State for Surface Transport. In 2004, he was re-elected to the Lok Sabha.
1984 anti-Sikh pogroms[link]
The official report of the Nanavati Commission of the Government of India on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots found 'credible evidence' against Tytler, saying he 'very probably' had a hand in organising the attacks. The Indian government, however, decided not to prosecute Jagdish Tytler due to lack of concrete evidence.
Tytler claimed innocence, and maintained that it was a case of mistaken identity. Tytler had not been named by eight earlier inquiry commissions setup to investigate the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. On August 10, 2005, his resignation from the Union Council of Ministers was accepted by the President of India on the recommendation of Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh.
On April, 2004 the Indian National Congress Party announced Sajjan Kumar, Jagdish Tytler, R. K. Anand and others allegedly involved in the anti-Sikh riots, as its candidates for Indian Parliament elections for constituencies in and around Delhi. Sajjan Kumar, R. K. Anand, Darshan Sharstri and H.K.L.Bhagat were accused by several independent commissions of inquiry of being complicit in the riots, including the People's Union for Civil Liberties, the People's Union for Democratic Rights and the Citizen's Justice Committee.
The G.T. Nanavati Commission, which is now looking into the riots, continues to receive affidavits from victims with details of the activities of Sajjan, Anand and H.K.L.Bhagat. Tytler became minister of state with independent charge of non-resident affairs, a post which he relinquished under duress, following the Nanavati Commission's report.
Remarks against Phoolka[link]
During an interview of Tytler and advocate H. S. Phoolka on NDTV in 2004, Tytler had accused Phoolka of blackmailing him and demanding money from him.[4] Phoolka had filed the case at the Ludhiana court against Tytler accusing him of making defamatory remarks in programmes telecast on NDTV news channel. Harvinder Singh Phoolka, a senior advocate is noted for spearheading legal battle to gain justice for the victims of 1984 anti-Sikh riots.[5]
Recently, Tytler was granted bail in defamation case filed by Phoolka.[6]
In an interview to CNN-IBN, Justice Nanavati says the evidence against Jagdish Tytler is not that strong.[7]
Reopening of the case in 2007[link]
India's Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) closed all cases against Jagdish Tytler in November 2007 for his alleged criminal conspiracy to engineer riots against Sikhs in the aftermath of Indira Gandhi’s assassination on October 31, 1984. CBI submitted a report to the Delhi court which stated that no evidence or witness was found to corroborate the allegations against Tytler of leading murderous mobs during 1984[8]"Fresh probe into India politician". news.bb.co.uk. December 18, 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7149322.stm. </ref> It was also alleged in the court that then member of the Indian Parliament Jagdish Tytler was complaining to his supporters about relatively "small" number of sikhs killed in his parliamentary constituency Delhi Sadar, which in his opinion had undermined his position in the ruling Indian National Congress party of India.[9]
However in December 2007, a witness Jasbir Singh, who lives in California, appeared on several private television news channels in India, and stated that he was never contacted by Central Bureau of Investigation. India's main opposition party Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) demanded an explanation from the minister in charge of CBI in Indian Parliament. However, Minister of State for Personnel Suresh Pachouri, who is in charge of department of CBI, and was present in the parliament session refused to make a statement.[10]
On December 18, 2007, Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate of Delhi court Mr. Sanjeev Jain, who had earlier dismissed the case after CBI submitted a misleading report in his court; ordered India's Central Bureau of Investigation to reopen cases relating to 1984 Anti-Sikh riots against Jagdish Tytler.[11]
December 2008[link]
In December 2008, a two member CBI team was sent to New York to record the statements of two eyewitnesses, Jasbir Singh and Surinder Singh. The two witnesses have stated that they saw Jagdish Tytler lead a mob during the riots, but did not want to come to India as they feared for their security.[12]
Clean chit by CBI in 2009[link]
In March 2009, when the CBI filed its final report on investigation into the riots case involving Jagdish Tytler, the BJP spokesman Prakash Javadekar alleged that the "such a clean chit ahead of the elections" implied CBI has been misused.[13] Hundreds of Sikh protestors gathered outside the Karkardooma courts and raised slogans against Tytler and other senior leaders allegedly involved in the riots.[13]
Shoe throwing incident instigated by clean chit to Tytler[link]
On 7 April 2009, India's home minister P. Chidambaram was assaulted by Jarnail Singh, a Sikh journalist during a press conference in Delhi on the issue of clean chit to Jagdish Tytler. Singh, who works at the Hindi daily Dainik Jagaran was dissatisfied with Chidamabaram's answer to a question on the Central Bureau of Investigation's (CBI) clean chit to Jagdish Tytler on the 1984 anti-Sikh riots case.[14]
Denial of Lok Sabha ticket[link]
After this shoe throwing incident, Congress party dropped both Tytler and Sajjan Kumar as congress candidates for Lok Sabha 2009 elections.[15] Jadgish Tytler accused the media of victimizing him through a media trial. Tytler blamed the Shiromani Akali Dal and his enemies within the Congress party for scuttling his nomination.[16]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b Cong listens to sole - Tytler and Sajjan eased out The Telegraph - April 10. 2009. quote(final para): "He was later brought up by educationist Rev. James Douglas Tytler, the founder of Delhi Public School and several other schools, and converted to Christianity."
- ^ Bio-Data of Jagdish Singh Tytler
- ^ "Bio-Data of Shri Jagdish Tytler". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=1971.
- ^ NDTV Interview of HS Phoolka and Jagdish Tytler
- ^ 25 years after 1984 riots, victims' lawyer soldiers on
- ^ Tytler granted bail in defamation case
- ^ Justice Nanavati talks to IBN-CNN
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Re-probe Tytler’s role: Court
- ^ BJP to govt: Clear stand on anti-Sikh riots' witness
- ^ 1984 riots: CBI to re-investigate Tytler's role
- ^ Anti Sikh riots witness to give statement to CBI in US
- ^ a b CBI files final report in anti-Sikh riot case against Tytler. Press Trust of India.
- ^ The Times of India
- ^ Congress drops Jagdish Tytler, Sajjan Kumar
- ^ Sheila shooed me out
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jagdish Tytler |
- "United States Should Not Let Tytler Enter Country" Statement by New York Representative Edolphus Towns in US Congress.
- witness84.com Jagdish Tytler
- "I am innocent: Tytler" - rediff.com article dated August 8, 2005
- witness84.com
- NDTV X-Factor discussion about involvement of HKL Bhagat, Tytler, Sajjan Kumar and Congress Party in 1984 riots
- antisystemic.org, After Apology, Congress Tries to Scuttle Sikh Massacre Report
- NDTV Interview of HS Phoolka and Jagdish Tytler on YouTube
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Tytler, Jagdish |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | January 11, 1944 |
| Place of birth | New Delhi |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jagdish_Tytler
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Tytler
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Pranab Mukherjee | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Minister of Finance | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 24 January 2009 |
|
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Preceded by | Manmohan Singh |
| In office 15 January 1982 – 31 December 1984 |
|
| Prime Minister | Indira Gandhi Rajiv Gandhi |
| Preceded by | Ramaswamy Venkataraman |
| Succeeded by | Vishwanath Pratap Singh |
| Minister of External Affairs | |
| In office 24 October 2006 – 23 May 2009 |
|
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Preceded by | Manmohan Singh |
| Succeeded by | Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna |
| In office 10 February 1995 – 16 May 1996 |
|
| Prime Minister | Narasimha Rao |
| Preceded by | Dinesh Singh |
| Succeeded by | Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| Minister of Defence | |
| In office 22 May 2004 – 26 October 2006 |
|
| Prime Minister | Manmohan Singh |
| Preceded by | George Fernandes |
| Succeeded by | Arackaparambil Kurien Antony |
| Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission | |
| In office 24 June 1991 – 15 May 1996 |
|
| Prime Minister | Narasimha Rao |
| Preceded by | Mohan Dharia |
| Succeeded by | Madhu Dandavate |
| Lok Sabha representative from Jangipur, West Bengal | |
| In office 10 May 2004 – incumbant |
|
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1935-12-11) 11 December 1935 (age 76) Mirati, British Raj (now India) |
| Political party | Indian National Congress (Before 1986; 1989–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress (1986–1989) |
| Spouse(s) | Suvra Mukherjee |
| Alma mater | University of Calcutta |
| Profession | Social worker Teacher Writer |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Website | Pranab Mukherjee |
Pranab Kumar Mukherjee (born 11 December 1935, Mirati; West Bengal, India) is the current Finance Minister of India[1][2] and leader of the current 15th Lok Sabha.[3]
Mukherjee is a senior member of the Cabinet Committees on Economic Affairs, Infrastructure, Parliamentary Affairs, Political Affairs, Prices, Security, Unique Identification Authority of India, World Trade Organization, and heads the Group of Ministers Committee on the Dabhol dispute.[4] He is a member of the Congress Working Committee (CWC).[5]
Contents |
Early life[link]
His father Kamada Kinkar Mukherjee was a member of AICC, and West Bengal Legislative Council (1952–64), and President, District Congress Committee, Birbhum (WB).[6] He attended the Suri Vidyasagar College, Suri (Birbhum), then affiliated with the University of Calcutta.
He holds a Master of Arts degrees in History and Political Science & has a degree in law from the University of Calcutta. He has been an advocate and a college teacher in his long public career.[citation needed] In 2011 he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by University of Wolverhampton.[7]
Professional career[link]
Mukherjee began his career as a college-teacher and later as a journalist. He worked for noted Bengali publication Desher Dak (Call of Motherland). He also became trustee of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad and later President of Nikhil Bharat Banga Sahitya Sammelan.[8]
Political career[link]
He has a parliamentary career of over four decades, which began as a member of Rajya Sabha (upper house) from the Congress Party in 1969; he was re-elected in 1975, 1981, 1993 and 1999. In 1973, he joined the cabinet as Union Deputy Minister, Industrial Development. He rose through a series of cabinet posts to become the Finance Minister of India from 1982 to 1984.[9] His term was noted for India not withdrawing the last billion instalment of an IMF loan. Dr. Manmohan Singh was serving Reserve Bank of India as Governor during Pranab's term as Finance Minister. He was not included in Rajiv Gandhi's cabinet after Lok Sabha election held subsequent to Indira Gandhi's assassination. He was pushed out of the Congress party for a brief period, and during this period he formed his own political party Rashtriya Samajwadi Congress, but later merged it with Congress party in 1989 after settlement with Rajiv Gandhi.[10] His political career revived when P.V. Narasimha Rao chose to appoint him as deputy chairman of the planning commission and subsequently as a union cabinet minister. He served as External Affairs Minister for the first time from 1995 to 1996 in Rao's cabinet. In 1997 he was voted Outstanding Parliamentarian.
He was the President of the West Bengal state unit of Congress since 1985, but resigned in July 2010 due to work-load and was succeeded by Manas Bhunia. In 2004, when the Congress formed a government at the head of a coalition the new Congress Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was only a Rajya Sabha MP. So Pranab Mukherjee was made Leader of the House in the Lok Sabha when he won the Lok Sabha elections for the first time from Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency). He also has the distinction of being a Minister for various high profile Ministries including Defence, Finance, External Affairs, Revenue, Shipping, Transport, Communication, Economic Affairs, Commerce and Industry. He also heads the Congress Parliamentary Party and the Congress Legislative Party which consists of all the Congress MPs and MLAs in the country apart from being Leader of the House in Lok Sabha, Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee President and the Union Cabinet Minister of Finance in the Council of Ministers under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in the Congress-led Government. Pranab played crucial role in steering the Cabinet pre Lok Sabha elections when the Prime Minister underwent by-pass surgery by taking additional charges as chairman of the Cabinet Committee Of Political Affairs and Union Minister in Finance Ministry despite already being Union Minister of External Affairs.
International role[link]
File:Rice mukherjee after signing 123 agreement.jpg
Pranab Mukherjee played a central role in the implementation of the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement.
Mukherjee and US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice signed the Section 123 Agreement on October 10, 2008. He has been a member of the Board of Governors of the International Monetary Fund, of the World Bank, of the Asian Development Bank, and of the African Development Bank.
In 1984, he chaired the Group of 24 attached to the IMF and World Bank. Between May and November 1995, he presided over the SAARC Council of Ministers Conference.[11]
He was the first appointed by the Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, to ease issues over the campaign initiated by Anna Hazare on day 8 of his fast, that is 23 August 2011.
Political party role[link]
Mukherjee is very well respected within the party social circles."[12] Other media accounts describe him as having "a reputation as a number-crunching politician with a phenomenal memory and an unerring survival instinct."[13]
After Sonia Gandhi reluctantly agreed to join politics, Mukherjee was one of her key mentors, guiding her through difficult situations with examples of how her mother-in-law, Indira Gandhi would have done things.[14] Mukherjee's unfailing loyalty and competence have led to his closeness to Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh, and helped him gain the position of Minister of Defence when the party came to power in 2004.
He has also held the position of Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission from 1991 to 1996.
His talents were on display during the negotiations for the Patent's Amendment Bill in early 2005. The Congress was committed to passing an IP bill, but their allies in the United Progressive Alliance from the Left front had a long tradition of opposing some of the monopoly aspects of intellectual property. Pranab Mukherjee, as Defence Minister, was not formally involved but was roped in for his negotiation skills. He drew on many old alliances including the CPI-M leader Jyoti Basu, and formed new intermediary positions, which included product patent and little else. Then he had to convince his own colleagues including commerce minister Kamal Nath, at one point saying: "An imperfect legislation is better than no legislation."[15] Finally the bill was approved on March 23, 2005.
Foreign Minister: October 2006[link]
On 24 October 2006, he was appointed as the External Affairs Minister of India. His replacement in the Defence Ministry is A. K. Antony, a senior Congress Party politician and former Chief Minister of the southern state of Kerala.
Mukherjee was briefly considered for the post of the largely ceremonial Indian presidency. But his name was subsequently dropped after his contribution in the Union Cabinet was considered practically indispensable. Among Mukherjee's current legacy was the successful signing of the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Agreement with the US government and then with the Nuclear Suppliers Group, allowing India to participate in civilian nuclear trade in spite of not having signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. He is also awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor in 2007.
Finance Minister[link]
Pranab Mukherjee's first stint as the Finance minister of India was during the Indira Gandhi government in 1982. He presented his first annual budget in 1982-83. In the second government of Manmohan Singh, he again became the Finance Minister of India, a job he had held earlier, in the 1980s. On July 6, 2009, he presented the government's annual budget. In it, he announced many tax reforms, such as the scrapping of the 'irritant' Fringe Benefits Tax and the Commodities Transaction Tax. He announced, that the Finance Ministry, was well on track, to implement the Goods and Services Tax, a tax, that has been praised by major corporate executives, and economists. He also expanded funding for social sector schemes, like the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, girl's literacy, and health care. Also, he expanded infrastructure programmes, like the National Highway Development Programme, expansion of electricity coverage, and the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission. However, many people, expressed concern, about the rising fiscal deficit, the highest since 1991. Mukherjee said, that the expansion in government spending was only temporary, and he said that the government, was committed to the principle of fiscal prudence. He presented the 2009 Union budget of India as well as 2010 Union budget of India and the 2011 budget.
The 2010-11 budget includes the country's first explicit target to cut public debt as a proportion of GDP and he is targeting a budget deficit reduction to 4.1% of GDP in fiscal year 2012-13, from 6.5% in 2008-09.[16]
Contender for President[link]
After his unsatisfied wish to become the Prime Minister of India,[17] Pranab Mukherjee is considered as an eligible candidate for the President of India.[18] The elections are happening in July 2012 after the five-states scheduled elections. The current Vice-President of India Hamid Ansari along with Pranab Mukherjee are the top 2 contenders of Presidential candidate.[19]
Views and opinions[link]
On corruption[link]
In an interview to rediff.com in 1998, he was asked about the sleaze in the Congress government, in which he was the Minister for External Affairs. He replied:
- Corruption is an issue. We have dealt with it in the manifesto. But I am sorry to say that these scams are not confined to the Congress or the Congress government alone. There are so many scams. So many leaders of various political parties are involved in them. So it would be too simplistic to say that the Congress government was involved in scams.[20]
Controversies, allegations and accusations[link]
Mukherjee was a Minister in Indira Gandhi's Cabinet during the infamous Emergency and was held by many to be personally responsible for some of the excesses.[21] He was summoned before the Shah Commission but followed Mrs. Gandhi's lead in refusing to resign before it. A police case was registered against him which was withdrawn when Mrs. Gandhi returned to power.
S. Gurumurthy and Arun Shourie exposed how Pranab Mukerjee, the then Finance Minister of India helped Reliance Industries against Bombay Dyeing through differential taxation by influencing the Income Tax Department in textile industry.[22] As a result Bombay Dyeing was almost decimated.[22]
Mukherjee was involved in handling Taslima Nasreen's house arrest in Delhi, as the Foreign Minister. Dealing with a situation involving her expulsion for Kolkata, anger from Islamic radicals, and her protection in a safehouse, Mukherjee received criticism for actions leading to Nasreen's eventual departure from India in March 2008.[23]
He has also been accused of threatening banks if they invest in Gujarat by sending the Income Tax Department sleuths after them, a state governed by the Bharatiya Janata Party[24]
Personal life[link]
Pranab Mukherjee married Suvra Mukherjee on July 13, 1957 and has two sons, Abhijit and Indrajit and a daughter. He is inspired by Deng Xiaoping & has quoted him quite frequently.[25] His hobbies are reading, gardening and music.[26]
Honours, awards and international recognition[link]
In 1984, he was rated as the best Finance Minister of the World according to a survey of Euromoney magazine.[27][28] In 2010 he was awarded "Finance Minister of the Year for Asia" by Emerging Markets, the daily newspaper of record for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).[29] In December 2010 The Banker recognised him as "Finance Minister of the Year" after making significant inroads into budget deficit reduction, throughout a turbulent year.[16]
| Year | Name | Awarding organization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Best Administrator in India Award | K. Karunakaran Foundation. | [30] |
| 2008 | Padma Vibhushan | President of India. | [31] |
| 1997 | Outstanding Parliamentarian Award | Indian Parliamentary Group. |
References[link]
- ^ "Cabinet Ministers". Council of Ministers-Who's Who-Government: National Portal of India. http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ "Brief profile of Pranab Mukherjee". Webpage of Ministry of Finance, Government of India. http://finmin.nic.in/fm_pranab_mukherjee.asp. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ "15th Lok Sabha (18 May 2009-)". Webpage of the Lok Sabha. http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/sittingmember.aspx. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ "Composition and Functions of the Federal Cabinet Committees (as on 30.08.2011)". Cabinet Secretariat. 30 August 2011. http://cabsec.nic.in/files/allocation/cabinet_committees.pdf. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "Congress Working Committee". Webpage of the All India Congress Committee. http://www.aicc.org.in/new/cwc.php. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
- ^ Profile at Ministry of External Affairs
- ^ "Honorary doctorate for Pranab from UK university". Our Bureau. The Hindu, June, 2011. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article2054913.ece. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
- ^ "FM Pranab's first priority: Presenting budget 09-10 (page3)". Indian Express. May 23, 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fm-pranabs-first-priority-presenting-budget-0910/464858/3. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ "The tallest short man". Sumit Mitra. The Hindustan Times, February 26, 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/The-tallest-short-man/H1-Article1-512958.aspx. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
- ^ "FM Pranab's first priority: Presenting budget 09-10". Indian Express. May 23, 2009. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fm-pranabs-first-priority-presenting-budget-0910/464858/2. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
- ^ Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) Executive Committee Profile
- ^ "India's new foreign minister Mukherjee: a respected party veteran". Agence France-Presse. 24 October 2006. http://servihoo.com/Aujourdhui/kinews/afp_details.php?id=140225&CategoryID=74. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ "India gets new foreign minister". BBC News. 4 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6079438.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ GK Gokhale (19 April 2004). "Why is Dr. Singh Sonia's choice?". rediff.com. http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/may/19guest.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ Aditi Phadnis (29 March 2005). "Pranab: The master manager". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/29patents.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ a b Finance Minister of the Year The Banker, December 23, 2010
- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/analysis_troubleshooter-pranab-mukherjee-wants-to-become-prime-minister_1526853
- ^ http://in.news.yahoo.com/hunt-begins-for-head-of-state.html
- ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-presidential-election-july-2012/1/166433.html
- ^ Rajesh Ramachandran (10 January 1998). "The BJP's new-found secularism is a reckless exercise to hoodwink the people". rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/10pranab.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
- ^ How they buried Shah Commission report, even without an epitaph Indian Express - July 4, 2000
- ^ a b Aggarwal, S. K. (1990), The Investigative journalism in India, Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-224-0, http://books.google.com/books?id=m0ZUwtiTCKYC&dq=Investigative+journalism+in+India&source=gbs_navlinks_s, retrieved 10 October 2011
- ^ Taslima puts Pranab in a bind Times of India - February 18, 2008
- ^ Hands off Vibrant Gujarat, banks told Governance Now - January 15, 2011
- ^ 2 June 06 - Pranab Mukherjee, India's Defence Minister - January 15, 2011
- ^ http://www.finmin.nic.in/fm_pranab_mukherjee.html
- ^ "The Pranab Mukherjee Budget". Sanjaya Baru. Business Standard, February 22, 2010. http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=386396. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- ^ Profile from calcuttayellowpages.com
- ^ "Finance Minister of Asia award: 2010, Pranab". Special Correspondent. The Hindu, October 11, 2010. http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article825403.ece. Retrieved 2011-06-13.
- ^ "Prime Minister Manmohan Singh presents The Best Administrator in India Award 2011 of the K. Karunakaran Foundation to Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2735277.ece. Retrieved June 12, 2011 (2011-30-12).
- ^ "Padma Vibhushan Awardees for year 2008". india.gov.in. http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php?start=30. Retrieved April 3, 2012 (2012-04-03).
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Pranab Mukherjee |
 |
Wikinews has related news: Mukherjee injured in accident |
- Pranab Mukherjee – Official website
- Parliamentary profile at India.gov.in
- Pranab Mukherjee collected news and commentary at The Times of India
- Pranab denies UPA penalising non-Congress Governments
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ramaswamy Venkataraman |
Minister of Finance 1982–1984 |
Succeeded by Vishwanath Pratap Singh |
| Preceded by Mohan Dharia |
Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission 1991–1996 |
Succeeded by Madhu Dandavate |
| Preceded by Dinesh Singh |
Minister of External Affairs 1995–1996 |
Succeeded by Atal Bihari Vajpayee |
| Preceded by George Fernandes |
Minister of Defence 2004–2006 |
Succeeded by Arackaparambil Kurian Antony |
| Preceded by P Chidambaram |
Minister of External Affairs 2006–2009 |
Succeeded by Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna |
| Minister of Finance 2009–present |
Incumbent | |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mukherjee, Pranab |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 11, 1935 |
| Place of birth | Birbhum, British Raj |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Pranab_Mukherjee
Related pages:
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http://id.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://es.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://ru.wn.com/Мукерджи, Пранаб Кумар
http://nl.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://pt.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://pl.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://fr.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://de.wn.com/Pranab Mukherjee
http://hi.wn.com/प्रणव मुखर्जी
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
