- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 50594
- author: rippan9693
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- Agarwood
- Ahimsa
- Ahom Dynasty
- Ahom kingdom
- Ahom Kingdom
- Ahom language
- Ahom people
- Ahoms
- Aideu Handique
- Aiton people
- Ajan Fakir
- Ali Ai Ligang
- Ambubachi Mela
- Amulya Barua
- Andhra Pradesh
- Angaraag Mahanta
- Animism
- Anno Domini
- Areca nut
- Arnab Goswami
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Asian elephant
- Asom Sahitya Sabha
- Assam
- Assam agitation
- Assam Agitation
- Assam oil
- Assam Rifles
- Assam silk
- Assam Silk
- Assam Tea
- Assam tea
- Assam University
- Assam Valley
- Assamese alphabet
- Assamese Brahmins
- Assamese cinema
- Assamese cuisine
- Assamese Culture
- Assamese Jolpan
- Assamese language
- Assamese literature
- Assamese people
- Assamese poetry
- Assamese script
- Aurangzeb
- Austroasiatic
- Badarpur, Assam
- Baghdad
- Bagpipes
- Bagurumba
- Baihata Chariali
- Baksa district
- Bamboo
- Bangladesh
- Banikanta Kakati
- Baptist
- Barak river
- Barak River
- Barak Valley
- Barpeta
- Barpeta district
- Barua
- Barua (Bangladesh)
- Baruah
- Bathow
- Bell metal
- Bengal Florican
- Bengal Presidency
- Bengal Province
- Bengali language
- Betel
- Betel nut
- Bhabananda Deka
- Bhaona
- Bhupen Hazarika
- Bhutan
- Bhuyan chieftains
- Bihar
- Bihu
- Bihu dance
- Bihu Dance
- Bijoya Chakravarty
- Bilingualism
- Biodiversity
- Bishnu Prasad Rabha
- Bishnuprasad Rabha
- Bishnupriya Manipuri
- Bodo Brahma Dharma
- Bodo language
- Bodo people
- Bodoland
- Bodos
- Bombay Presidency
- Bongaigaon
- Bongaigaon District
- Borgeet
- Brahman
- Brahmaputra
- Brahmaputra valley
- Brahmo Samaj
- Braided river
- Brass instrument
- British India
- British Raj
- Buddhism
- Buranji
- Burma
- Cachar
- Cachar district
- Cachar District
- Camellia assamica
- Camellia sinensis
- Caning (furniture)
- Canyon
- Category Assam
- Chachar
- Chakma people
- Chakraborty (name)
- Chandigarh
- Chandra Kanta Singh
- Charyapada
- Chhattisgarh
- Chinas
- Chirang district
- Choudhury
- Christianity
- Cinema of Assam
- Citrus
- Clay
- Colonial Assam
- Coral (color)
- Crafts
- Crude oil
- Cuisine of Assam
- Cultural system
- Culture of Assam
- Culture of India
- Cyclone
- Cymbal
- Daman and Diu
- Danava dynasty
- Darjeeling tea
- Darrang District
- Das (surname)
- Delhi
- Dev Kant Baruah
- Dhansiri River
- Dhemaji District
- Dhol
- Dhubri
- Dhubri district
- Dhubri District
- Dibrugarh
- Dibrugarh District
- Dibrugarh University
- Digboi
- Dihanaam
- Dihing
- Dihing River
- Dihong
- Dima Hasao district
- Dimasa
- Dimasa language
- Dimasa people
- Dipannita Sharma
- Diphu
- Dispur
- District collector
- Districts of Assam
- Districts of India
- Doom Dooma
- Dowry
- Durga
- Durga Puja
- Dutta (surname)
- Dzongdey
- East Pakistan
- Economy of Assam
- Education in Assam
- Egypt
- Eid al-Adha
- Eid ul-Fitr
- Ekasarana Dharma
- English language
- Ethnic groups
- Etymology of Assam
- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
- Feldspar
- Fertiliser
- Fine Arts of Assam
- Flood
- Flute
- Forest
- Gamosa
- Garhgaon
- Garja
- Garo language
- Gauhati High Court
- Gauhati University
- Geography
- Geography of Assam
- Goa
- Goalpara
- Goalpara district
- Goalpara District
- Goalpariya
- Goalpariya lokageet
- Gogona
- Golaghat
- Golaghat district
- Golden Langur
- Gopinath Bordoloi
- Goswami
- Government of Assam
- Government of India
- Governors of Assam
- Grasslands
- Greater Adjutant
- Greater Assam
- Guerrilla warfare
- Gujarat
- Gun
- Gunpowder
- Gupta empire
- Guru Nanak Dev
- Guru Tegh Bahadur
- Guwahati
- Hacha-kekan
- Haflong
- Hailakandi District
- Hajo
- Hangool and haital
- Hapsa Hatarnai
- Harshavardhana
- Haryana
- Hastividyarnava
- Hazarika
- Hem Barua
- Hem Chandra Barua
- Hemchandra Barua
- Hemkosh
- High Courts of India
- Himachal Pradesh
- Himalayas
- Hinduism
- Hindus
- Hiranaam
- Hiren Bhattacharyya
- History of Assam
- Hmar
- Hoolock gibbon
- Hybridity
- India
- Indian Rhinoceros
- Indian rhinoceros
- Indian rupee
- Indian Standard Time
- Indo-Aryan languages
- International trade
- Islam
- ISO 3166
- ISO 3166-2 IN
- Ivory
- Jaapi
- Jagiroad
- Jahnu Barua
- Jainism
- Jammu and Kashmir
- Jayanta Hazarika
- Jerdon's Babbler
- Jewellery
- Jharkhand
- Jogighopa
- Joi Barua
- Jonaki
- Jonbeel Mela
- Jorhat
- Jorhat District
- Joymati
- Jute
- Kachari kingdom
- Kachari Kingdom
- Kalicharan Brahma
- Kalika Purana
- Kalitas of Assam
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- Kamakhya Temple
- Kamarupa
- Kamarupa kingdom
- Kamarupa Kingdom
- Kamata Kingdom
- Kamrup district
- Kamrupi
- Kamrupi Brahmins
- Kamrupi Literature
- Kamrupi Lokgeet
- Kaolin
- Karatoya River
- Karbi Anglong
- Karbi language
- Karbi people
- Karbis
- Karimganj
- Karimganj District
- Karnataka
- Kashmir
- Kaurava
- Kaziranga
- Kerala
- Khagen Mahanta
- Khampti
- Khamti
- Khamti language
- Khamyang
- Khamyang language
- Khasi language
- Kherai
- Kingdom of Assam
- Kiratas
- Kirtan Ghoxa
- Koch dynasty
- Koch Kingdom
- Koch kingdom
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- Konbaung dynasty
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- Lakshadweep
- Language
- Latin alphabet
- Laxminath Bezbarua
- Leaf vegetables
- Legislature of Assam
- Limestone
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- Literacy in India
- Lower Assam
- Madhabdev
- Madhav Kandali
- Madhya Pradesh
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- Magh Bihu
- Mahabharata
- Maharashtra
- Mahayana Buddhism
- Majuli
- Majuli Festival
- Mamta Baruah Herland
- Manas National Park
- Manipur
- Manipuri language
- Marigaon District
- Masjid
- Mask
- Mauryan Empire
- Me-dam-me-phi
- Meghalaya
- Metropolis
- Mir Jumla II
- Mishing language
- Mising language
- Mising people
- Missionary
- Mizoram
- Mlechchha dynasty
- Moamoria rebellion
- Moghul
- Moloya Goswami
- Monuments
- Mora Dhansiri River
- Mughal empire
- Music of Assam
- Mustard seed
- Naam Ghoxa
- Nagaland
- Nagaon
- Nagaon District
- Nalbari District
- Namghar
- Namrup
- Naraka dynasty
- Narayan
- Narayana
- Natural resources
- Navakanta Barua
- Navigation
- Nepali language
- Nepali people
- Nilmani Phookan
- North Cachar
- North Lakhimpur
- North-East India
- Northeast India
- Numaligarh
- One-horned rhino
- Orchidaceae
- Orissa
- Oxom Xahityo Xobha
- Panchayati Raj
- Papaya
- Parveen Sultana
- People of Assam
- Petrochemical
- Phani Sarma
- Politics of Assam
- Pondicherry
- Porag
- Portal Asia
- Portal Geography
- Portal India
- Portal South Asia
- Pottery
- Pragjyotisha
- Pragjyotisha Kingdom
- Pragjyotishpura
- Prakrit
- Pratima Barua Pandey
- Princely state
- Punjab, India
- Puranas
- Pygmy Hog
- Quartzite
- Rabha
- Radha Govinda Baruah
- Rainforest
- Rajasthan
- Rang Ghar
- Rangpur Division
- Ranjit Singh
- Rapeseed
- River Diphlu
- Rongali Utsav
- Rongker
- Rongkher
- Rudra Baruah
- Saikia
- Samir Barua
- Sandy Baruah
- Sanskrit
- Santali language
- Saraighat
- Sarma (surname)
- Sarnath
- Sarthebari
- Sattra
- Sattriya
- Sattriya dance
- Seal of Assam
- Seema Biswas
- Seven Sister States
- Shillong
- Shiva
- Short ton
- Sibsagar
- Sibsagar District
- Siddhartha Sarma
- Sikhism
- Sikkim
- Silchar
- Siliguri Corridor
- Sillimanite
- Singpho people
- Sokk-erroi
- Sonitpur district
- Sorai
- Srimanta Sankardeva
- Srimanta Shankardeva
- States of India
- Stone age
- String instruments
- Stupas
- Sualkuchi
- Sukaphaa
- Sunenphaa
- Sutiya Kingdom
- Sutiya kingdom
- Swami Vivekananda
- Swargajyoti Barooah
- Sylhet
- Sylhet Division
- Sylheti language
- Tai Aiton
- Tai Aiton language
- Tai languages
- Tai peoples
- Tai Phake language
- Tai Phake people
- Taiwanese tea
- Tai–Kadai
- Talk Assam
- Tamil Nadu
- Tarali Sarma
- Tarun Gogoi
- Tarun Kumar Gogoi
- Tarun Ram Phukan
- Tea Festival
- Tea garden
- Teesta River
- Tehsil
- Template Assam
- Template talk Assam
- Temples
- Terracotta
- Tezpur
- Tezpur University
- Thunderstorm
- Tibetan people
- Tibeto-Burman
- Time zone
- Tinsukia
- Tinsukia District
- Tiwa (Lalung)
- Tokari geet
- Tourism in Assam
- Tradition
- Treaty of Yandabo
- Tripura
- Turmeric
- Turung
- Turung language
- Udalguri district
- Uddipana Goswami
- UNDP
- Unicameral
- Union Territory
- Upanishads
- Upper Assam
- UTC+05 30
- Uttar Pradesh
- Uttarakhand
- Vaishnavism
- Varman dynasty
- Vegetarianism
- Weaving
- West Bengal
- Western culture
- Wetland
- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wikitravel
- Wildlife
- Wildlife sanctuaries
- Wildlife tourism
- World Heritage Sites
- Writing system
- Xorai
- Xuan Zang
- Xuanzang
- Zeme Naga
- Zubeen Garg
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Ahom kingdom
The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826, called Kingdom of Assam in medieval times) was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam, India that maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisted Mughal expansion in North-East India. It was able to establish its suzerainty over the Brahmaputra valley and had a profound effect on the political and social life in the region. The kingdom was established by Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from Mong Mao, in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra river between the extant Sutiya kingdom in the north and the Kachari kingdom in the south. The kingdom expanded north, south and the west in succession and evolved into a multi-ethnic polity, beginning especially under Suhungmung Dihingia Raja in the 16th century. It made major advances under Susenghphaa Pratap Singha, under whom the administration was revamped and the first military and diplomatic contact with the Mughals were made. Mughal influence was completely removed from much of the Brahmaputra valley under Gadadhar Singha and the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith under his son, Rudra Singha. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the Moamoria rebellion, and subsequently fell to a succession of Burmese invasions. With the defeat of the Burmese after the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into British (East India Company) hands.
wn.com/Ahom_kingdom -
Ahom Kingdom
The Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826, called Kingdom of Assam in medieval times) was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam, India that maintained its sovereignty for nearly 600 years and successfully resisted Mughal expansion in North-East India. It was able to establish its suzerainty over the Brahmaputra valley and had a profound effect on the political and social life in the region. The kingdom was established by Sukaphaa, a Tai prince from Mong Mao, in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra river between the extant Sutiya kingdom in the north and the Kachari kingdom in the south. The kingdom expanded north, south and the west in succession and evolved into a multi-ethnic polity, beginning especially under Suhungmung Dihingia Raja in the 16th century. It made major advances under Susenghphaa Pratap Singha, under whom the administration was revamped and the first military and diplomatic contact with the Mughals were made. Mughal influence was completely removed from much of the Brahmaputra valley under Gadadhar Singha and the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith under his son, Rudra Singha. The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the Moamoria rebellion, and subsequently fell to a succession of Burmese invasions. With the defeat of the Burmese after the First Anglo-Burmese War and the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826, control of the kingdom passed into British (East India Company) hands.
wn.com/Ahom_Kingdom -
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 12°41' and 22°N latitude and 77° and 84°40'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972 km (604 mi) among the states of India. Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema.
The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada, and Oriya.
wn.com/Andhra_Pradesh -
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh /ˌɑrəˌnɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China in the north.
Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains". It is also known as "land of the rising sun" ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin.[citation needed] A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state.[citation needed]
wn.com/Arunachal_Pradesh -
Assam
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India, having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India" A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.
wn.com/Assam -
Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
wn.com/Baghdad -
Baihata Chariali
Baihata Chariali is a town in Kamrup district of Assam, situated on the north bank of the Brahmaputra River.
Baihata Chariali is at National Highway 31.
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Baksa district
Baksa district (Assamese: বাক্সা জিলা) is one of the 27 districts of Assam state in north-eastern India.
Baksa was notified as a district in October 2003 while it started functioning from 1 June 2004 when Dr Anwaruddin Choudhury of the Assam Civil Service took charge as its founder Deputy Commissioner. It started working from PWD Inspection Bungalow of Barama on the NH 37 tll it was shifted to Mushalpur in late 2010.
It was created from parts of Barpeta, Nalbari, and Kamrup districts.
Mushalpur town is the headquarters of the district. This district is bounded by Bhutan in the north, Udalguri district in the east, Barpeta, Nalbari and Kamrup districts in the south and Chirang district in the west. Area of the district is 2400 km².
The district has three sub-divisions: Mushalpur, Salbari and Tamulpur. These sub-divisions are further divided into 13 revenue circles: Baksa, Barama, Tamulpur, Goreswar, Baganpara, Ghograpar, Barnagar, Bajali, Jalah, Patharighat, Rangia, Sarupeta and Tihu. Three Vidhan Sabha constituencies of this district are Tamulpur, Barama and Chapaguri. All of these are part of Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (
i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
wn.com/Bangladesh -
Barak Valley
Barak Valley (Bengali: বরাক উপত্যকা) is situated in the southern part of the Indian state of Assam.It's another name is East Bengal (Bengali: পূর্ববঙ্গ) or Northeast Bengal (Bengali: ঈশাণবঙ্গ) The main city of the valley is Silchar. The place is named after the Barak river. Barak valley mainly consists of three districts namely Cachar, Karimganj, and Hailakandi. Karimganj, the district headquarters of Karimgnaj district, is the second largest town in valley. It is considered as the cultural center of Barak valley.
The official language of Barak valley is Bengali. Majority of the people speak a dialect of Bengali, which is known as Sylheti. Religious composition of the valley population is Hindu:50%,Muslim:46%,and others 4%. Hindus are majority in Cachar district (60)% while Muslims are majority in Karimganj district (53%) and Hailakandi district (57%).
Apart from the Bengali nation (Bengali: বাঙালি জাতি), Barak Valley is the home land of Kacharis, Hmar, Manipuris (Both Bishnupriya and Meitei, Rongmei Nagas,and tea garden labourers.
wn.com/Barak_Valley -
Barpeta
Barpeta (Assamese: বৰপেটা) is the headquarters of Barpeta district, Assam, India. The city is located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) north west of Guwahati. Barpeta is renowned in the Historical map of Assam as the "Land of the Satras". These Satras bear the testimony of the great Assamese reformer, saint, Scholar and Cultural exponent Srimanta Sankardeva and his able disciple Shri Shri Madhabdeva who arrived from Upper Assam back in the 16th century to lay down strong foundation of Assamese Culture in the region through his socio-religious Vaishnava-reform movement. This reform movement left a historic legacy. The Barpeta Satra and various other Satras scattered around the district attract devotees from every nook and corner of Assam.
According to the CEO of Focus A-Z Entertainment Private Limited,Main Uddin there are four types transportation services available. By Railway:Nearest Railway station Barpeta Road -17 K.M. By Road:Deluxe,Semi Deluxe buses come from Capital Guwahati,Assam and all major towns every 15 minutes. By Air:Nearest Airport LGB International Airport[Guwahati]] By Water:Nearest Port Dhuburi
wn.com/Barpeta -
Barpeta district
Barpeta district (Assamese: বৰপেটা জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Barpeta. The district occupies an area of 3245 km² and has a population of 1,642,420 (as of 2001).
Barpeta district was created in 1983 when it was split from Kamrup district. On 1 June 2004, it lost part of its territory to the newly-formed Baksa district.
Barpeta district occupies an area of 3,245 square kilometres (1,253 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Russia's Iturup Island.
In 2006 the Indian government named Barpeta one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the eleven districts in Assam currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
There are six Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Sorbhog, Barpeta, Jania, Baghbor, Sarukhetri, and Chenga. Sorbhog is in the Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency, whilst the other five are in the Barpeta Lok Sabha constituency.
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Bhutan
Coordinates: 27°25′01″N 90°26′06″E / 27.417°N 90.435°E / 27.417; 90.435
Bhutan (Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, tr ʼbrug-yul, "Druk Yul"; Devanagari भूटान, Bhūṭān), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked state in South Asia, located at the eastern end of the Himalayas and bordered to the south, east and west by the Republic of India and to the north by the People's Republic of China. Bhutan is separated from the nearby country of Nepal to the west by the Indian state of Sikkim, and from Bangladesh to the south by the Indian states of Assam and West Bengal.
Bhutan existed as a patchwork of minor warring fiefdoms until the early 17th century, when the area was unified by Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who fled religious persecution in Tibet and cultivated a separate Bhutanese identity. In the early 20th century, Bhutan came into contact with the British Empire, after which Bhutan continued strong bilateral relations with India upon its independence. In 2006, Business Week rated Bhutan the happiest country in Asia and the eighth-happiest in the world, based on a global survey.
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Bihar
Bihar (/bɨˈhɑr/, pronounced [bɪˈɦaːr] (
listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi (98,940 km2) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India.
Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand.
Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. Out of five "The Greats" from India, four greats belonged to this region of India, Magadh: Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudragupta and Vikramaditya. From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era.
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Bodoland
Bodoland is an area located in the north bank of Brahmaputra river in the state of Assam in north east region of India, by the foothills of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh; inhabited predominantly by the Bodo people. Currently the map of Bodoland includes the Bodoland Territorial Areas District (BTAD) administered by the non-autonomous Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC). The territory came into existence under the BTC Accord. The map of Bodoland overlaps with the districts of Kokrajhar, Baksa, Chirang and Udalguri in the state of Assam. At present, Kokrajhar serves as the capital of Bodoland.
The early history of Bodos is largely unknown. By definition, Bodos do not display any tribal culture and they do not participate in any primitive rituals. For centuries majority Bodos remained as farmers,weavers, and peace loving society. Like many cultures in the world today, Bodos are also ethnocentric or nationalist society. Cultural assimilation with Assamese was not productive. In brief, before the British Raj, Dimasa Kachari Kingdom may have included a vast area extending far and beyond Assam, a small province in the North-East India. History suggest that Dimapur was the capital of Kachari kingdom (Dimasa Kachari kingdom) ,The Dimasas are part of Tibeto-Burman Bodo race. The British-India colonial rulers effectively adapted divide and rule policy for over 300 years. It is likely that Kachari were lagging behind their fellow Indians in terms of education and employability. Since the time of British Raj, Assam is known to produce oil and natural gas, and Assam tea. Before independence (1947), North-East India was a remote place.
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Bongaigaon
Bongaigaon (Assamese: বঙাইগাঁও, Bengali: বনগাইগাঁও) is a city and the administrative headquarters and municipal board of Bongaigaon District, Assam, India.It is considered to be the Fifth largest city of Assam after Guwahati, Jorhat, Dibrugarh and Silchar with a population of 1,60,550.The city, divided into two parts - Old Bongaigaon and New Bongaigaon, is situated 180 kilometres (112 mi) north west of Guwahati. To meet the demands of Bodos of Assam, Bongaigaon was recently carved up to give way for Chirang district. Bongaigaon has a major petrochemical industry, the Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL BGR).
The decision of the Government of Assam was taken in 1989, to create a new District of Bongaigaon curving out some areas of the Goalpara and Kokrajhar District with its headquarter located at Bongaigaon. On 29 September 1989, the creation of Bongaigaon District was declared by the Government of Assam with its headquarter at Bongaigaon.
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Bongaigaon District
Bongaigaon district (Assamese: বঙাইগাওঁ জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in northeastern India. The district headquarters are located at Bongaigaon. The district occupies an area of 2,510 km².
The district of Bongaigaon was created on 29 September 1989 from parts of Goalpara and Kokrajhar districts. 2004 saw a loss of size when part of the district was split to make Chirang district.
Bongaigaon district occupies an area of 1,724 square kilometres (666 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Réunion. Bongaigaon district is surrounded by Barpeta in the east, the Brahmaputra in the south and Kokrajhar in the north and west corner.
In 2006 the Indian government named Bongaigaon one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the eleven districts in Assam currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).
The district has three subdivisions: Bongaigaon, Bijni and North Salmara. In 2004, parts of the Bongaigaon district (mainly areas under Bijni subdivision) were given over to form the Chirang district, under the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), with its district headquarter at Kajalgaon.
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Burma
Burma
i/ˈbɜrmə/ BUR-mə, also known as Myanmar i/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑr/ MYAHN--MAR, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometres (1,200 mi) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous country in the world with over 60.28 million people.
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including the Pyu and the Mon. In the 9th century, the Burmans of the Kingdom of Nanzhao, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in the 1050s, the Burmese language and culture slowly became dominant in the country. During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the predominant religion of the country. The Pagan Empire fell due to the Mongol invasions (1277–1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty which for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Burma as well as Manipur and Assam. The country was colonized by Britain following three Anglo-Burmese Wars (1824–1885).
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Cachar District
Cachar (Bengali: কাছাড় kacchar) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India.
The name "Cachar" has derived from the words 'kacha' & 'har'.The district headquarters are located at Silchar. The name Cachar traces its origin to the Kachari kingdom.
Cachar was a part of the greater Kachari kingdom which also included the adjoining Hailakandi and Karimganj districts.
The later history of Cachar remains incomplete without the mention of Kamini Kumar Chanda, Arun Kumar Chanda and Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. Kamini Kumar Chanda died well before the eve of independence, but his son Arun Chanda and Abdul Matlib Mazumdar continued to fight for the cause. While Chanda was instrumental in garnering support of the Bengali Hindua, Mazumdar was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to oppose the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumdar along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country. To counter the rising popularity of Muslim League, he successfully organised the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind movement in Assam. Jamiat was an ally of the Congress having a mass following among the nationalist Muslims. In the very crucial 1946 General Elections just on the eve of India’s independence, he wrested the Muslim majority Hailakandi seat from the hold of Muslim League. That victory virtually sealed the hopes and aspirations of the Muslim League to include southern Assam including Cachar in Pakistan. It may be mentioned here that in that election, the bulk of the Muslim nominees of the Indian National Congress including Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India in later years) had lost to their Muslim League rivals miserably.
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Cachar district
Cachar (Bengali: কাছাড় kacchar) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India.
The name "Cachar" has derived from the words 'kacha' & 'har'.The district headquarters are located at Silchar. The name Cachar traces its origin to the Kachari kingdom.
Cachar was a part of the greater Kachari kingdom which also included the adjoining Hailakandi and Karimganj districts.
The later history of Cachar remains incomplete without the mention of Kamini Kumar Chanda, Arun Kumar Chanda and Abdul Matlib Mazumdar. Kamini Kumar Chanda died well before the eve of independence, but his son Arun Chanda and Abdul Matlib Mazumdar continued to fight for the cause. While Chanda was instrumental in garnering support of the Bengali Hindua, Mazumdar was one of the prominent Muslim leaders of eastern India to oppose the partition of India on communal lines. Mazumdar along with Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (who later became the 5th President of India) became the most prominent Muslim opponents of the demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan, especially in the eastern part of the country. To counter the rising popularity of Muslim League, he successfully organised the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind movement in Assam. Jamiat was an ally of the Congress having a mass following among the nationalist Muslims. In the very crucial 1946 General Elections just on the eve of India’s independence, he wrested the Muslim majority Hailakandi seat from the hold of Muslim League. That victory virtually sealed the hopes and aspirations of the Muslim League to include southern Assam including Cachar in Pakistan. It may be mentioned here that in that election, the bulk of the Muslim nominees of the Indian National Congress including Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India in later years) had lost to their Muslim League rivals miserably.
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Chandigarh
Chandigarh /ˈtʃɑːndɨɡər/ is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city. It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora.
The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design. The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (2006–2007). The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study, and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh /ˈtʃætɨsɡər/[citation needed] (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: छत्तीसगढ़, pronounced [tʃʰət̪ˈt̪iːsɡəɽʱ] ( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh.
Raipur is the capital of the state of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th-largest state in India, with an area of 135,190 km2 (52,200 sq mi). By population, it ranks as the 16th-largest state of the nation. It is an important electrical power and steel-producing state of India. Chhattisgarh produces 15% of the steel made in the country.
Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast, and Uttar Pradesh on the north.
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word Chhattisgarh. The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage in the last few centuries. In ancient times, the region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.
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Daman and Diu
Daman and Diu /dəˈmɑːn/ & /ˈdiːuː/ (
locally (help·info); Hindi: दमन और दीव, Gujarati: દમણ અને દીવ, Marathi: दमण आणि दीव, Portuguese: Damão e Diu) is a union territory in India.
For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts.
English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official and main languages. The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are two also shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Língua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Língua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.
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Darrang District
Darrang (Assamese: দৰং) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Mangaldai. The district occupies an area of 3481 km².
In 1983 Sonitpur district was formed from part of Darrang. This was repeated on 14 June 2004 with the creation of Udalguri district.
Darrang district occupies an area of 3,481 square kilometres (1,344 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Bahamas's North Andros Island. The main place of attraction in Darrang is Bhairabkund. Bhairabkund is a famous picnic spot in Assam. Geographically it shares the border with Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Bhairabkund is a must see place in Assam. The other important towns in Darrang are Udalguri, Tangla, Sipajhar, Rowta, Kharupetia, Kalaigaon.
There are four Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Kalaigaon, Sipajhar, Mangaldoi, and Dalgaon. Mangaldoi is designated for scheduled castes. All four are in the Mangaldoi Lok Sabha constituency.
According to the 2011 census Darrang district has a population of 908,090, roughly equal to the nation of Fiji or the US state of Delaware. This gives it a ranking of 463rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 491 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,270 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 19.51 %. Darrang has a sex ratio of 923 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 64.55 %.
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Delhi
Delhi (/ˈdɛli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16.7 million inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region under The Constitution (69th Amendment) Act, 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater National Capital Region urban area (which also includes the cities Noida, Greater Noida, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon,Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns).
Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE, though human habitation is believed to have existed since the second millennium BCE. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha, the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata. Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates. It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains.
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Dhansiri River
Dhansiri is the main river of Golaghat District of Assam and the Dimapur District of Nagaland. It originates from Laisang peak of Nagaland. It flows through a distance of 352 km from south to north before joining the Brahmaputra on its south bank. Its total catchment area is 1220 km².
While flowing as the boundary between Karbi Anglong and Nagaland, it flanks a large wilderness very rich in wildlife. On one side is the Dhansiri Reserved Forest and on the other Intanki National Park.
It has several types of important wood bearing trees along its bank like Itanki Forest. Dhansari river along with Kapili by headward erosion has completely isolated the Mikir hills from the Peninsular plateau. There are numerous perennially waterlogged swampy region locally known as bils associated with this river.
Coordinates: 26°40′N 93°45′E / 26.667°N 93.75°E / 26.667; 93.75
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Dhemaji District
Dhemaji district (Assamese: ধেমাজি জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Dhemaji. The district occupies an area of 3237 km² and has a population of 571,944 (as of 2001). Main Religions are Hindus 548,780, Muslims 10,533 (1.84%), Christians 6,390.
The town's name "Dhemaji' is believed to be derived from a combination two Assamese words "dhal" meaning flood and "dhemali" meaning "play".
The earliest capital of the Tai Ahoms was established in Habung, about 32 kilometres from the headquarters. Ruins of the erstwhile capital are still there but not well preserved. A number of monuments Ghuguha Dol, Ma Manipuri Than, Padumani Than built by the Ahom kings are worth visiting.
Dhemaji became a fully-fledged district on 14 October 1989 when it was split from Lakhimpur district.
Dhemaji district occupies an area of 3,217 square kilometres (1,242 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Solomon Islands' Makira Island. It is one of the remotest district of India, at the easetern-most part of Assam. Situated in the foothills of the lower Himalyas it is relatively a small town.
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Dhubri
Dhubri (Assamese: ধুবুৰী) is the headquarters of Dhubri district (Assam) India. It is a small old town on the bank of the Brahmaputra and Gadadhar Rivers. In 1883, the town was first constituted as a Municipal Board and is situated about 280 kilometres (174 mi) west from Guwahati, the state capital.
Dhubri was an important commercial centre and had a busy river port particularly for jute. Partition of the country in 1947 caused Dhubri to become a route for illegal immigrants and militants to cross the international border.
Dhubri is called the "Land of Rivers" as it is covered three sides by rivers.
The word Dhuburi: ধুবুৰী comes from a legendary lady named Netai-Dhubuni. The story is connected with Behula-Lakhindar. The word Dhubuni is considered a corruption of 'Dhuburi'. According to Bodo-Kacharis, the word is of Bodo origin and derived form Dubra, a kind of grass. The story of lady Netai-Dhubuni is widely accepted for the naming history of Dhubri and that is where the Gurdwara Sri Tegh Bahadur Sahib stands.
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Dhubri district
Dhubri District (Assamese: ধুবুৰী; Bengali: ধুবরী) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Dhubri town which is situated at ~290 km from Guwahati, the state capital. This was also the headquarters of erstwhile Goalpara district which was created in 1876 by the British government. In 1983, Goalpara district was divided into four districts and Dhubri is one among those. The Dhubri district is one of the Muslim Majority district of India. About 75% of population is Muslim.
As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Assam (out of 27), after Nagaon.
The name Dhubri comes from the tale of Chand Sadagar, where the main character of the story Netai Dhubuni used to wash her clothes on the surface of a big stone at bank of the river Brahmaputra . This particular place had a name called "Netai Dhubunir Ghat".
In the past, the gateway of western Assam was a meeting place of different racial groups which mingled together and formed a unique cultural heritage and historical background. The growth of blended culture in this region, particularly in the areas of language, art and religion is due to the continuous process of assimilation of various races, castes, and creeds of local people, invaders, and migrated people.
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Dhubri District
Dhubri District (Assamese: ধুবুৰী; Bengali: ধুবরী) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Dhubri town which is situated at ~290 km from Guwahati, the state capital. This was also the headquarters of erstwhile Goalpara district which was created in 1876 by the British government. In 1983, Goalpara district was divided into four districts and Dhubri is one among those. The Dhubri district is one of the Muslim Majority district of India. About 75% of population is Muslim.
As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Assam (out of 27), after Nagaon.
The name Dhubri comes from the tale of Chand Sadagar, where the main character of the story Netai Dhubuni used to wash her clothes on the surface of a big stone at bank of the river Brahmaputra . This particular place had a name called "Netai Dhubunir Ghat".
In the past, the gateway of western Assam was a meeting place of different racial groups which mingled together and formed a unique cultural heritage and historical background. The growth of blended culture in this region, particularly in the areas of language, art and religion is due to the continuous process of assimilation of various races, castes, and creeds of local people, invaders, and migrated people.
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Dibrugarh
Dibrugarh town (Assamese: ডিব্ৰুগড় ) is the headquarters of Dibrugarh district, Assam, India. It is one of the important cities in the state of Assam. It is situated on the banks of the Brahmaputra River, about 435 kilometres (270 mi) north-east of Guwahati.The district of Dibrugarh with only one sub-division is situated in the eastern part of Assam.
Dibrugarh district is surrounded by Dhemaji district in the north and a part of Lakhimpur district in the north-west, part of Sivasagar district to the west and Tinsukia district in the East.
Buridihing a tributary of Brahmaputra, which divided the district from East to West. Buridihing flows through Naharkatia and Khowang and at a later stage in its course, Buridihing acts as a divider between Dibrugarh and Sivasagar districts. The region is flat with gradual slop from the East Arunachal hills to the West. The soil of the district is mostly fertile alluvial soil.
It is the gateway to the three tea-producing districts of Tinsukia, Dibrugarh, and Sivasagar. These three areas account for approximately 50% of India's Assam tea crop and this gives Dibrugarh its rightly earned sobriquet as the "Tea City of India". Oil and timber are the other two big industries in and around Dibrugarh.
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Dibrugarh District
Dibrugarh is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Dibrugarh city. The district occupies an area of 3381 km².
Dibrugarh which is the headquarter of the district derived its name from Dibrumukh. The name derived from the mouth(mukh) of the river Dibru or Dibru (Dimasa kachari word dibru, a blister) during the reign of Suhungmung[when?], Pharsengmung Borgohain, Chao Siulung, Kilong fought against the Sutiya king who was defeated in the battle and surrendered before the Ahom King.
Dibarumukh was a renowned encampment of Ahoms during Ahom Sutiya War. Dibrugarh became a separate district when it was split from Lakhimpur in 1976. On 1 October 1989 Tinsukia district was split from Dibrugarh.
Dibrugarh district occupies an area of 3,381 square kilometres (1,305 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Russia's Vaygach Island. The district extends from 27° 5' 38" N to 27° 42' 30" N latitude and 94°33'46"E to 95°29'8"E longitude. It is bounded by Dhemaji district on the north, Tinsukia district on the east, Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh on the south-east and Sibsagar district on the north and south-west. The area stretches from the north bank of the Brahmaputra, which flows for a length of 95 km through the northern margin of the district, to the Patkai foothills on the south. The Burhi Dihing, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra with its network of tributaries and wetlands flows through the district from east to west. There is a large tract of Tropical Rainforest in its eastern and southern regions, which is a part of the Dehing Patkai wildlife sanctuary.
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Digboi
Digboi (Assamese: ডিগবৈ) is a town and a town area committee in Tinsukia district in the north-eastern part of the state of Assam, India
Crude oil was discovered here in late 19th century, in a span of ten years when the discovery of Oil took place in first Oil drilling in the world. Digboi oilfield has the oldest running oil well in the world[citation needed]. With a significant number of British professionals working for Assam Oil Company until the decade following independence of India, Digboi had a well developed infrastructure and a number of bungalows unique to the town. It has eighteen holes golf course as part of the Digboi Club. It has guest houses and tourist residential apartments laid on Italian architectural plan to promote tourism in upper Assam.
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Dima Hasao district
Dima Hasao district (DHD)(formerly, North Cachar Hills district) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in north-eastern India. As of 2011 it is the least populous district of Assam (out of 27).. "Dima Hasao" means "Dimasa Hills" in Dimasa language.
Dima Hasao District district was a part of Dimasa Kachari Kingdom before 1832. The kingdom was extended from Jamuna in the North to the foot-hills of Lushai Hills in the south & from the Kopili in the west to the Angami & Katcha Naga hills beyond the Dhansiri in the east. The Dimasa Kachari kings had their Capitals successively at Dimapur, Maibang, Kashpur & lastly at Horitikor ( Karimganj district near Badarpur ). In 1830, the Dimasa king Gobinda Chandra was assassinated by his own general Gambhir Singh, after that the British annexed the southern part of the kingdom on 14 August 1832 under the doctrine of Lapsi. The rest was ruled by last Dimasa General Tularam. In 1837 a portion of Tularam’s kingdom was further annexed to the British Empire & constituted into a sub-division of Nagaon district in 1837 with Head quarter at Asalu. In 1854, on the death of Tularam, the remaining portion of his kingdom was finally annexed to the British Empire & added to the Asalu sub-division.
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Diphu
Diphu (in Dimasa Kachari language it means Di-water and phu-white) is the headquarters of Karbi Anglong district in the state of Assam in India.
Diphu is located at 25°50′N 93°26′E / 25.83°N 93.43°E / 25.83; 93.43. It has an average elevation of 186 metres (610 feet). It is about 270 km by road and 213 km by railways from Guwahati, State capital of Assam.
As of 2001[update] India census, Diphu had a population of 52,062. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Diphu has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80% and, female literacy is 69%. In Diphu, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Different Tribes like Karbies, Dimasas,Boros, Garos, Rengma nagas and Adivasi resides in Diphu.
The important educational institutes are:
Diphu is part of Autonomous District (Lok Sabha constituency).
The town is home to many indigenous communities and other communities from rest of the country, the Karbis,Dimasa,Boro, Garo being the major tribes of the district. The town truly exhibits the peaceful and harmonious coexistence among them. It houses temples, churches, mosques and also a gurudwara. The town celebrates all the major festivals together with much fun-fare. Rongker, Bishu-Dima, Wangala, Bihu, Christmas, Durga Puja, Divali and other festivals are celebrated with fervour and joy.
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Dispur
Dispur /dɪsˈpʊər/ pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of Assam, in northeast India.
Dispur has existed as a locality on the outskirts of Guwahati, took its place as the capital of Assam in 1973. This was after Shillong, the erstwhile capital, became the capital of the state of Meghalaya that was carved out of Assam.
Dispur is the seat of Government of Assam. The Assam Secretariat building is located in Dispur along with the Assam Assembly House and the State Emergency Operations Centre. The Assam Trunk road and the G S road passes through Dispur. To the south of Dispur is the theologically important site of Basistha Ashram and the Shankardev Kalakshetra, a cultural center created in the 1990s. Next to Dispur is the ancient township of Jatia.
Though it is well known as the capital of Assam, Dispur is also known for its tea auctions market. It is easily accessible from Guwahati. As is the case of Assam, Dispur too is on the earthquake belt.
Dispur is part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency).
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East Pakistan
East Pakistan (Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান; Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان; Mashriqī Pākistān) was a provincial state of Pakistan that existed in Bengal region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent from 1955 until 1971, following the One Unit programme which laid the existence of East Pakistan.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Goa
Goai/ˈɡoʊ.ə/ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.
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Goalpara
Goalpara(Assamese: গোৱালপাৰা) is the district headquarter of Goalpara district, Assam, India. It is situated 134 kilometres (83 mi) west of Guwahati.
The name of Goalpara is said to have originally derived from `Gwaltippika` meaning `Guwali village` or the village of the milk men. In the local dialect "para" means village.
Goalpara is located by the bank of famous river Brahmaputra at 26°10′N 90°37′E / 26.17°N 90.62°E / 26.17; 90.62. It has an average elevation of 35 metres (114 feet).
Goalpara is endowed with its scenic beauty. Hulukanda Hill, located at the heart of Goalpara town on the bank of the river Brahmaputra, is one of the Natural beauty of the Town with various kinds of water birds and monkey. There are some other water bodies such as Hashila beel, Kumri beel. The evergreen forests on low hills with its undulating landscape, if harnessed properly, will attract tourists of all hue to this district.
As of 2001[update] India census, Goalpara had a population of 48,911. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Goalpara has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 64%. In Goalpara, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Goalpara district
Goalpara district (Assamese: গোৱালপাৰা জিলা; Bengali: গোয়ালপারা জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located in Goalpara town.
It was a princely state ruled by the Rajbongsi Kings and the then ruler of the undivided kingdom. Presently the erstwhile Goalpara district is divided into Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Dhubri, and Goalpara district. The district is mostly inhabited by Koch Rajbongshis and Muslims and widely spoken language is Goalpariya.
The name of the district Goalpara is widely said to have originally derived from `Gwaltippika` meaning `Guwali village` or the village of the milk men. The history of Goalpara goes back to several centuries. Based on the Chinese traveler `Hiuentsang` report, Sir Edward Gait had concluded that the erstwhile capital of the state of Kumar Bhaskar Varman was either in Goalpara district or in Cooch Behar. The district came under British rule in 1765. Before this, the area was under the control of the Koch dynasty. In 1826 the British accessed Assam and Goalpara was annexed to Assam in 1874, along with the creation of district headquarters at Dhubri.
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Goalpara District
Goalpara district (Assamese: গোৱালপাৰা জিলা; Bengali: গোয়ালপারা জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located in Goalpara town.
It was a princely state ruled by the Rajbongsi Kings and the then ruler of the undivided kingdom. Presently the erstwhile Goalpara district is divided into Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon, Dhubri, and Goalpara district. The district is mostly inhabited by Koch Rajbongshis and Muslims and widely spoken language is Goalpariya.
The name of the district Goalpara is widely said to have originally derived from `Gwaltippika` meaning `Guwali village` or the village of the milk men. The history of Goalpara goes back to several centuries. Based on the Chinese traveler `Hiuentsang` report, Sir Edward Gait had concluded that the erstwhile capital of the state of Kumar Bhaskar Varman was either in Goalpara district or in Cooch Behar. The district came under British rule in 1765. Before this, the area was under the control of the Koch dynasty. In 1826 the British accessed Assam and Goalpara was annexed to Assam in 1874, along with the creation of district headquarters at Dhubri.
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Golaghat
Golaghat (Assamese: গোলাঘাট), which was one of the largest subdivisions of Assam later, elevated to the position of a full-fledged district of Assam on 15 August 1987, is the headquarters of Golaghat district and is a sister town to Jorhat which is about 55 km away.
Golaghat has been divided into following divisions:
The name Golaghat ('Gola' which means shop and 'Ghat' meaning the landing point of river ferry) originated from the shops established by the 'Marwari' businessmen during mid part of 20th century AD at the bank of river Dhansiri near present Golaghat town.
Stone inscription of Nagajari Khanikar gaon of Sarupathar, dating back to the 5th century, reveals that there was an independent kingdom in Doyang - Dhansiri valley and relics of ramparts, brick structures, temples, tanks etc. discovered in these area confirms the presence of a kingdom during 9th and 10th century.
The Doyang – Dhansiri valley came under the rule of Ahom's during 16th century. Prior to that, this part was ruled by the Kacharis known as Herombial. During Ahom rule this area was under 'Morongi – Khowa Gohain', an administrative officer.
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Golaghat district
Golaghat district (Assamese: গোলাঘাট জিলা, Hindi: गोलाघाट जिला) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. It attained district status in 1987. The district headquarters are located at Golaghat. The district occupies an area of 3502 km² and lies 100 m above sea level. As of 2001, Golaghat district has a population of 946,279. Hindus 813,263, Muslims 74,808 (7.9%), Christians 52,277. World famous Kaziranga National Park is situated in Golaghat district.[citation needed]
The name 'Golaghat' originated from the markets established by a business class of people called 'Marwari' (who have their origins in Rajasthan) during the middle of 19th century at the bank of the river Dhansiri in the vicinity of the district headquarters. "Gola" means market and "Ghat" means the port of river transport.
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Government of Assam
The Government of Assam is the provincial governing authority of the state of Assam in the Republic of India.
It consists of the Governor as the head of the state, who is nominated by the Government of India. The head of government is the Chief Minister, who is the leader of the group that commands a majority in the 126-membered unicameral Assam Assembly. The Assam Assembly is elected by universal adult suffrage for a period of maximum 5 years. The Chief Minister is assisted by a Council of Ministers that he nominates, the size of which is restricted.
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Gujarat
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujarati: ગુજરાત Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, India's "father of the nation", who led the Indian Independence Movement against the British colonial rule was a Gujarati.Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister was also from Gujarat.
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Guwahati
Guwahati (Assamese: গুৱাহাটী Guwāhāti (help·info)), and formerly known as Pragjyotishpura (Sanskrit:प्राग्ज्योतिषपुर) and Durjoya (Sanskrit:दुर्जय) in ancient Assam, and Gauhati in the modern era, is an ancient urban area, the largest city of Assam, the largest metropolitan area in north-eastern India and one of the fastest developing cities in India. It is said to be the "Gateway" of the North East Region. Dispur, the capital of the Indian state of Assam is located within the city and is the seat of the Government of Assam. Guwahati, formerly Prāgjyotishpura meaning City of Eastern Light, other view is Prāg meaning eastern and jyotish meaning astrology and Durjaya meaning impregnable were the capital's of ancient state of Kamarupa under Varman's and Pala's respectively. Many ancient Hindu temples are located within the city, Kamakhya Temple, Umananda Temple, Navagraha Temple, Sukreswar Temple, Basistha Temple, Lankeshwar Temple, Doul Govinda Temple, Dirgheshwari temple, Ugro Tara Temple, Rudreswar Temple, etc., are but a few; thus, the city is also known as the "The City of Temples."
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Haflong
Haflong is a town and headquarters Dima Hasao (North Cachar Hills) district in India in the state of Assam. The Old name of HAFLONG was HAFLAU. In fact, HAFLONG is corrupt word of Dimasa word "HAFLAU" which means "Beautiful hills"
Haflong is located at Coord |25.18|N|9E. It has an average elevation of 513 metres (1683 feet).
Though there is no direct Air connection to Haflong, one can fly up to Silchar or Guwahati or Dimapur from where easy road & railway options to Haflong are available.
Commonly spoken languages are Haflong Hindi, Dimasa, Zeme Naga, Bengali, English and other tribal dialects.
As of 2009[update] India census, Haflong had a population of 35,906. Males constitute 45% of the population and females 55%. Haflong has an average literacy rate of 92%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 85%, and female literacy is 75%. In Haflong, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population of the Town comprises various tribes & races who maintain their own dialect, culture, customs & usages. Apart from various tribes, non-tribals also account for a sizable amount of the population. They are mostly government employees, traders living in urban & semi-urban area. The small and serene Villages shelter the lovely people – warm and fascinating – and as colourful as the land itself.Dimasas are indigenous and most largely populated tribe and apart from Dimasas. It is also home for Various tribe like Zeme, Hrangkhols (Halam), Sakachep (Khelma), Jaintias, Baiteis, Karbies, Rongmei Naga, Kukies, etc
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Hailakandi District
Hailakandi district (Bengali: হাইলাকান্দি জেলা) was one of the 27 districts of Assam state in north-eastern India. It was constituted as a civil subdivision on 1 June 1869. Subsequently, it was upgraded to district in 1989, when it was split from Cachar district. As of 2011 it is the third least populous district of Assam (out of 27), after Dima Hasao and Chirang.
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Haryana
Haryana /ˌhɑriˈɑːnə/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India. The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230). It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh /hɨˈmɑːtʃəl prəˈdɛʃ/ (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश [ɦɪmaːtʃəl prəd̪eːʃ] ( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,670 km2), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east.
Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty After the Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas. It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow".[citation needed]
The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India. Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan. The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Jagiroad
Jagiroad is a census town in Marigaon district in the Indian state of Assam.It is famous for papermill and dry fish market.
As of 2001[update] India census, Jagiroad had a population of 17,254. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Jagiroad has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 69%. In Jagiroad, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Jagiroad is part of Nowgong (Lok Sabha constituency).
Coordinates: 26°12′28″N 92°24′22″E / 26.207815°N 92.406006°E / 26.207815; 92.406006
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Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmiri/ˌdʒɑːmuː/ & /ˈkæʃmɪər/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.
Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed, refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations, call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India.
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.
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Jharkhand
Jharkhand /dʒɑrˈkɑːnd/[citation needed] (Hindi: झारखण्ड; Bengali: ঝাড়খন্ড; Urdu: جھاڑکھنڈ; Jhārkhaṇḍ, pronounced [ˈdʒʱaːrkʰəɳɖ] ( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714 km2 49,821 sq mi (129,040 km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands. During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.
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Jonaki
Jonaki [jɔˈnaki] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janów Lubelski, within Janów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
The village has a population of 17.
Coordinates: 50°41′37″N 22°22′16″E / 50.69361°N 22.37111°E / 50.69361; 22.37111
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Jorhat
Jorhat City (Assamese: যোৰহাট ) is the second most important city of Assam after Guwahati. Jorhat was established as a new capital in the closing years of the 18th century by the declining Tunkhungia Ahom Dynasty. Jorhat, as the name signifies, was just a couple (Jor) joint markets (Hat). Two parallel markets namely, Chowkihat and Macharhat, lay on the eastern and the western banks of the river Bhogdoi. Jorhat as "The last Capital of the Ahom Kingdom", has several archeological sites including the Raja maidam — the last burial mounds of the Ahom kings. Jorhat today has grown into a thriving city with a strong sense of character and identity. It is the best laid out city in Upper Assam with broad roads, cutting each other at right angles. Recent development of Jorhat has seen the rise of several high cost apartments and flats with people flocking in from all parts of the state. People of Jorhat have traditionally displayed a high interest towards arts and culture. Jorhat is claimed to be "The Cultural Capital of Assam". Jorhat, a rapidly developing city of Assam, also has the distinction of having the largest number of educated residents in Assam, among all other districts of Assam and is one of the major business hubs of the state. The noted oriental scholar Prof. Krishna Kanta Handique (1898–1982) was from Jorhat, and his life's work was all done in this city. The Assam Agricultural University and the Regional Research Laboratory are located here. Nestled in the tea gardens dotted around sprawling in and around the city, is the Tocklai Research Association (TRA), the oldest and the largest tea research station of its kind in the world. The Indian Air Force has a station at Rowriah, on the outskirts of the city which also serves as the commercial air hub for the city. The Gymkhana Club in Jorhat is a historic institution dating back to the British raj and boasts of the third oldest golf course in the world. The ease of access of the major world heritage sites including World's biggest river island "Majuli" and the Kaziranga National Park from this city makes it a major business and commercial hub of the country.
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Jorhat District
Jorhat, an important administrative district of Assam is located in the central part of Brahmaputra Valley. The district is bounded by Lakhimpur district on north, Nagaland state on the south, Sibsagar on the east and Golaghat on the west. On the North of the district, the river Brahmaputra forms the largest riverine island of the world. The administrative seat is located at Jorhat town.
Earlier Jorhat was a sub-division of undivided Sivasagar District. In 1983 Jorhat was curved out of Sibsagar District and was made a separate district.
"Jorhat" or "Jorehaut" means two hats or mandis-“Macharhat” and “Chowkihat” which existed on the two different banks of the river Bhugdoi during the 18th century, Jorhat was the last capital of the Ahom Kingdom. In 1794 the Ahom king Gaurinath Singha shifted the capital from Sibsagar (erstwhile ”Rangpur”) to Jorhat. This town was a flourishing and commercial metropolis but completely destroyed after a series of the Burmese invasions since 1817 till the arrival of the British force in 1824 under the Stewardship of David Scott and Captain Richard.
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Kamakhya Temple
The Kamakhya Temple is a Shakti Peeth temple situated on the Nilachal Hill in western part of Guwahati city in Assam, India. It is the main temple in a complex of individual temples dedicated to different forms of the mother goddess as the Dasa Mahavidya, including Bhuvaneshvari, Bagalamukhi, Chinnamasta, Tripura Sundari and Tara. It is an important pilgrimage destination for general Hindu and Tantric worshipers.
The temple was built in first millennium during the time of Kamarupa. Allahabad rock inscriptions of Samudragupta mentioned about it. Temple was destroyed during the middle of second millennium and revised temple structure was constructed in 1565 by Chilarai of the Koch dynasty in the style of medieval temples. The current structure has a beehive-like shikhara with delightful sculptured panels and images of Ganesha and other Hindu gods and goddesses on the outside . The temple consists of three major chambers. The western chamber is large and rectangular and is not used by the general pilgrims for worship. The middle chamber is a square, with a small idol of the Goddess, a later addition. The walls of this chamber contain sculpted images of Naranarayana, related inscriptions and other gods. The middle chamber leads to the sanctum sanctorum of the temple in the form of a cave, which consists of no image but a natural underground spring that flows through a yoni-shaped cleft in the bedrock. During the Ambuvaci festival each summer,the menstruation of the Goddess Kamakhya is celebrated. During this time, the water in the main shrine runs red with iron oxide resembling menstrual fluid.
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Kamrup district
Kamrup district (Assamese: কামৰূপ জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India, named after Kamarupa, a name by which Assam was previously known in ancient times. The district, however, is now a small western part of Assam, with a distinctive native Kamrupi culture and dialect (both known as Kamrupi). The distinctive dialect etc. are, however, shared with the present administrative districts of Nalbari and Barpeta, these districts being part of an un-divided Kamrup before the 1980s.
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Karatoya River
Karatoya River (also spelt Korotoa) (Bengali: করতোয়া নদী), a small stream in Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh, was once a large and sacred river. A channel of it presently flows by the ancient ruins of Mahasthangarh (or Pundranagara, ancient capital of Pundravardhana) in Bogra District. The Karatoya mahatmya bears testimony to its past greatness. In the Mahabharata it is mentioned that a visit to the Karatoya after three days’ fast produces the same merit as an aswamedha (horse killing) sacrifice. Another ancient city, Sravasti, may have been located on the banks of the Karatoya, north of Mahasthangarh. However, there is a controversy about the possible location of Sravasti.
The Karatoya, known as Phuljhur rises in the Baikunthapur jungles in the extreme north-west of Jalpaiguri district (West Bengal, India) and forms for some distance the boundary between Dinajpur and Rangpur districts. It, then, meanders through Rangpur and Bogra. In the south of Bogra district, it receives the Halhalia and the united stream is then known as Phuljhur. It leaves Bogra at Chanda kona and flowing in a southerly direction past Raiganj and Shujapur is, as already mentioned, joined by lchhamati at Nalka. The Phuljhur then flows south past the important village of Ullapara, a few miles below which it joins the Hurasagar at Narnia after a course of about 40 miles in this district. after this junction, it takes the name of Hurasagar and passing close by Shazadpur and Hera joins the Jamuna near Bera.
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Karimganj
Karimganj Town (Bengali: করিমগঞ্জ) is a town in the Karimganj District of the Indian state of Assam. It is the administrative headquarter and main town of the district.
Karimganj town is located on the northern fringe of the district adjoining Bangladesh [1], flanked on two sides by the Kushiyara River and Longai river, Karimganj town is located just on the Bangladesh border with the river Kushiara flowing in between. One prominent feature of the place is a long and winding canal called Noti Khal meandering across the town. Earlier, it used to be a connecting river way between Kushiara and Longai facilitating river communication and also balancing of water-levels between the two rivers. Now, however, this canal has been blocked at several places through embankments and land-fills to pave way for road transport and construction works.
The distance of Karimganj town from Guwahati - the state capital of Assam - is approximately 330 km by road and about 350 km by rail. Distance of other important places are : Silchar - 55 km, Shillong - 220 km, Agartala - 250 km.
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Karimganj District
Karimganj District (Bengali: করিমগঞ্জ জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Karimganj.
The early history of present district of Karimganj, Assam, is hazy and obscure. With available source materials and evidences, it is difficult to construct a chronologically comprehensive account of early history of the region. Only a broad outline, with major gaps, can be attempted. From the Nidhanpur copper inscriptions issued by King Bhaskarbarman, it is learned that the region has been within the Kamrupa Kingdom for about a hundred years since A.D. sixth century. The Aryanisation of the region under the leadership of the pioneer immigrant Brahmins with plough-based agriculture as economic basis had its beginning during this period. From the Kalapur copper plates issued by Samata Marundanatha, it is learned that in the 7th Century A.D., this region, along with foothills of North Cachar Hills had passed on to the Samatata Kingdom of the Eastern Bengal. Of course, there is no direct evidence to prove it. In the 10th Century A.D., King Srichandra of the renowned Chandra Dynasty of Eastern Bengal incorporated the entire region within his Vanga Kingdom. During this period, the Chandrapura Matha or monastery, situated at Panchakhanda (8 miles From Karimganj town, now in Bangladesh), became a very reputed centre of learning. According to the renowned historian D.C. Sarkar, the Chandrapura Matha was the greatest centre of Hindu-learning in the entire Eastern India of the early period. From two Bhatera inscriptions of Govindakeshava Deva and Ishana Deva, it is learnt that there was an independent Srihatta Rajya in the 12th Century within which the entire Karimganj District along with a major portion of the Cachar plains were incorporated.
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Karnataka
Karnataka /kɑrˈnɑːtəkə/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /maɪˈsɔər/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore.
Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres (74,122 sq mi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state.
The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal.
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Kashmir
Kashmir (Balti, Gojri, Poonchi/Chibhali, Dogri: कश्मीर; Kashmiri: कॅशीर, کٔشِیر; Ladakhi: ཀཤམིར; Uyghur: كەشمىر; Shina: کشمیر) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal mountain range. Today Kashmir denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (the Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit–Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract.
In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important center of Hinduism and later of Buddhism; later still, in the ninth century, Kashmir Shaivism arose. In 1349, Shah Mir became the first Muslim ruler of Kashmir and inaugurated the Salatin-i-Kashmir or Swati dynasty. For the next five centuries, Muslim monarchs ruled Kashmir, including the Mughals, who ruled from 1526 until 1751, then the Afghan Durrani Empire that ruled from 1747 until 1820. That year, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, upon the purchase of the region from the British under the Treaty of Amritsar, the Dogras—under Gulab Singh—became the new rulers. Dogra Rule, under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown, lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Kohinoor Theatre
The Kohinoor Theatre (Assamese: কহিনুৰ থিয়েটাৰ) the mobile theatre group of the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, founded by Sri Ratan Lahkar in 1976.
From Dhubri to Sadiya, from the north bank to the south bank of the Brahmaputra, Kohinoor Theatre performed its dramas, attracting thousands of spectators which came to see them perform.
Apart from initiating a theatrical movement, Sri Ratan Lahkar has done significant job by performing real drama based on Indian, Assamese culture and some famous drama of Shakespeare.Also he has brought Atlantic ocean in Stage by performing famous movie "Titanic" which surprised Hollywood also.He has introduced double acting in stage which is really surprising. Kohinoor Theatre is the only Assamese mobile theatre group that perform outside Assam. National School of Drama (NSD) has invited the troupe to perform at New Delhi in the year of 2010 for 3 days from April 25 to 29.
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Kokrajhar
Kokrajhar (Assamese: কোকৰাঝাৰ) is a city in Bodoland Territorial Council, Assam, one of the North East States and territories of India.
Kokrajhar city is located along the bank of Gourang River. The North East Indian Railways divides the city into two sides, north and the south. Kokrajhar city is the headquarters of Kokrajhar district and the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC).
Kokrajhar is located at 26°24′N 90°16′E / 26.4°N 90.27°E / 26.4; 90.27. It has an average elevation of 38 metres (124 feet).
Once Kokrajhar was a part of greater Goalpara District. The then Goalpara District consisted of Kokrajhar, Bongagaigaon, Dhubri and present Goalpara District. It was then a part of the Bijni Kingdom, ruled by then Koch Rjbongshi kings. Bijni Kingdom and Biddapur Kingdom (Maharaja Ajit Narayan Dev) were part of the Kamatapur Kingdom, also known as Koch Kingdom, ruled by then Koch Rajbongshi kings HH Maharaja Narayan, HH Maharaja Jagdipendra Narayan, HH Maharaja Nipendra Narayan and many more.
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Kokrajhar District
Kokrajhar district (Assamese: কোকৰাঝাৰ জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in north-eastern India. The district headquarters are located at Kokrajhar town. The district occupies an area of 3,169.22 km². As of 2001[update], the district had a population of 905,764. Hindus 594,168, Muslims 184,441(20.36%).
Kokrajhar was originally a part the undivided Goalpara district. In 1957, under the administration of Bimala Prasad Chaliha as the Chief Minister of Assam, three sub-divisions were created one of which was Kokrajhar. This sub-division was made into a district on the 1 July 1983.
On 29 September 1989 Bongaigaon district was created from parts of Kokrajhar and Goalpara.
Kokrajhar district occupies an area of 3,129 square kilometres (1,208 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Russia's Waigeo Island. Kokrajhar district is located on the northern bank of the Brahmaputra river. It forms the gateway to the Seven Sister States. Kokrajhar shares its boundary with Bongaigaon (now known as Chirang), Dhubri, West Bengal, Barpeta and Bhutan.
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Lakhimpur District
Lakhimpur (Assamese: লখিমপুৰ জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at North Lakhimpur. The district is bounded on the north by Siang and Papumpare District of Arunachal Pradesh and on the east by Dhemaji District and Subansiri River. Majuli Sub Division of Jorhat District stands on the southern side and Gahpur sub division of Sonitpur District is on the West.
Lakhimpur figures largely in the annals of Assam as the region where successive invaders from the east first reached the Brahmaputra. The Baro Bhuyans, originally from the western provinces of India, were driven out by the Sutiya (a Shan race), and these in their turn gave place to their more powerful brethren, the Ahoms in the 13th century. The Burmese, who had ruined the native kingdoms, at the end of the 18th century, were in 1826 expelled by the British under the Treaty of Yandaboo. They placed the southern part of the state, together with Sivasagar under the rule of Raja Purandhar Singh; but it was not till 1838 that the whole was taken under direct British administration.
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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃɑːdwiːp/ (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ് Lakṣadvīp (help·info), Mahl: ލަކްޝަދީބު Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækədaɪv ˌmɪnɨkɔɪ/ & /ˌæmɨnˈdiːvi/, is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group.
The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. However, the lagoon area is about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area is 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi).
Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa.[clarification needed] The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh /ˈmɑːdjə prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest.
The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center.
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Maharashtra
Maharashtra /mɑːhəˈrɑːʃtrə/ (Marathi: महाराष्ट् mahārāṣṭra [məharaːʂʈrə] ( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (2006–2007 figures).
Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307,731 km2 (118,816 sq mi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language.
Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico.
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Manipur
Manipur /mænɨˈpʊər/ (Pronunciation manipur (help·info)), literally meaning "a jeweled land", is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22,347 square kilometres (8,628 sq mi).
The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Paites and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State. Manipur is considered a sensitive border state.[citation needed]
Manipur state has taken Bengali script of writing but now-a-days started in their original scripts "Meetei/Meitei Mayek(Script)" at schools as well as in Newspapers.
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Marigaon District
Marigaon district (Assamese: মৰিগাও জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Marigaon. The district occupies an area of 1,550 km² and has a population of 957,853 (as of 2011) of which males and females are 485,328 and 472,525 respectively.
The ancient place of occult Mayang is located in this district as well as Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary.
The history of Morigaon is obscure. One famous traditional ruler of the region was Arimatta whose history is shrouded in mystery. After Arimattas's death, Jongalbalahu, his son ruled over the region. Jongalbalahu was ultimately killed by the Kacharis with a bamboo spear near Kajalimukh.
The legend further goes on to say that Jongalbalahu to escape his pursuers, submerged himself in Kollong river and emerge at Raha to quench his thirst and again dived here to emerge at Jagi. From this incident were derived the names of present day Raha and Jagi.
The writing of Bhimsingh throws some light on the history of present Morigaon town and its adjoining areas. This region was ruled independently by six rulers. During this time two princes from Darrang, Supradhvaj and Makardhvaj, fled from their homeland due to internal clash, by crossing the mighty Brahmaputra and they settled at Bahakajari. Later on, Supradhvaj married the daughter of Mangalsingh, the King of Baghara. Supradhvaj was then made the seventh king of the region, having an independent kingdom of his own.
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Meghalaya
Meghalaya /ˌmɛɡəˈleɪə/ (Hindi: मेघालय; pronounced [meːˈɡʱaːləjə]) is a state in north-eastern India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300 km long (east-west) and 100 km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sq mi (22,720 km²). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000.
About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya.
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Mizoram
Mizoram /mɨˈzɔrəm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /mɪ.'zoʊ.'rʌm/) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Myanmar Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 °C to 29 °C (68 °F to 84 °F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 °C to 21 °C (44 °F to 70 °F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254 cm (100 in.), per annum. In the capital, Aizawl rainfall is about 208 centimetres (82 in.) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (138 in.)
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1,000 metres (3,281 feet). These gradually rise up to 1,300 metres (4,265 feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2,000 metres (6,562 feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2,210 metres (7,251 feet).
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Mughal empire
The Mughal Empire, Shahan-e-Gurkhani, Shahan-e-Mughal, Sultanate-e-Mughliya, Daulat-e-Mughliya (Persian: شاهان گورکانی Shāhān-e Gūrkānī; Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت; self-designation: گوركانى Gūrkānī ), or Mogul (also Moghul) Empire in traditional English usage, was an imperial power from the Indian Subcontinent. The Mughal emperors were direct descendants of Genghis Khan through Chagatai Khan and Timur. The Mughal Empire began in 1526; at the height of their power in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent—extending from Bengal in the east to Balochistan in the west, Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri basin in the south. According to "Babur-Nama", Kazakh tribal aristocracy along with number of other Turkic soldiers participated actively in the campaign of Babur, which made great influence over the development of Mughal Empire. Its population at that time has been estimated as between 110 and 150 million, over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometres (1.2 million square miles).
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Nagaland
Nagaland /ˈnɑːɡəlænd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579 km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator.
Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.
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Nagaon
Nagaon (previously Nowgong, Assamese: নগাঁও) is a city and a municipal board in Nagaon district in the Indian state of Assam. It is situated 120 kilometres (75 mi) east of Guwahati. It is the fifth largest city of assam with a population of 147,231.
The Kolong River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River, flows through Nagaon and in the process divides the town into two distinct regions: Nagaon and Haibargaon.
Nagaon is bounded on the north by the Sonitpur district and the Brahmaputra River. On the south, it borders the western Karbi Anglong District and Dima Hasao. On the east it is bounded by eastern Karbi Anglong and the Golaghat district, while on the west it neighbours the Marigaon district.
The area of the district is 3831 km2.
There are several beels, marshy areas and swamps in the district, including the regions of Marikalong, Potakalong, Haribhanga, Jongalbalahu, Samoguri Beel, Urigadang and Nawbhanga. These wetlands are former channels of the Kolong and Kopili rivers.
Nagaon is integrated into the National Highway system connected to NH 36 and 37 providing easy access to important places in Nagaon District. Buses connect the city with parts of Assam. There are two railway stations in Nagaon district, one at Haiborgaon and another at Nagaon proper. The nearest railway junction is at Chaparmukh, which is around 28 km from Nagaon.
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Nagaon District
NAGAON is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. As of 2011 it is the most populous district of Assam (out of 27) and one of the largest in area.
Batadrowa gave birth to the famous Vaishnavite reformer Sankardeva, who brought about a Renaissance in Assamese society, at the same time the call of the azzan also blends equally well into the unique mosaic and cultural tapestry of Nagaon. Located in the very heartland of Assam, it falls directly at the center of the entire northeast of India. An old district which dates back to 1833, it is Assam’s most populous district, which probably prompted its old British administrators to jocularly describe Nagaon as a district of 3 c’s: chickens, children and cases.
On 29 September 1989, Marigaon district was split from Nagaon.
The district headquarters are located at Nagaon. Nagaon district occupies an area of 3,831 square kilometres (1,479 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to the Phillippines' Bohol Island.
The Agar perfume industry is also at Hojai, making Nagaon, in its many undiscovered facets, Assam’s best kept secret.It is known as the RICE BOWL of assam.Economy of Nagaon District, in terms of natural resources endowment, is purely agrarian. In fact, agriculture is the backbone of the entire economy of this district of Assam. It is providing livelihood to almost 78 percent of the total population. Rice is the staple food of the inhabitants and paddy is the principal crop cultivated in the district. Floods, however, are a major obstruction in the development of this sector. However, measures for the development of this prime sector of economy have been taken. Besides agriculture, economy of Nagaon District also includes another major sector that is fisheries.
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Nalbari District
Nalbari (Assamese: নলবাৰী জিলা) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Nalbari.
The district was created on 14 August 1985 when it was split from Kamrup district. 1 June 2004 saw the formation of Baksa district from parts of three districts, including Nalbari.
Nalbari district occupies an area of 2,257 square kilometres (871 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Indonesia's Morotai Island. The latitude of Nalbari is 26 degrees north and 27 degrees north and the longitude is 91 degrees east and 97 degrees east. The tributaries of the Brahmaputra, the Nona, Buradia, Pagaldia, Borolia and Tihu, which originate in the foothills of the Himalayan Range, are wild in nature and make an enormous contribution to the agrarian economy of the district.
According to the 2011 census Nalbari district has a population of 769,919, roughly equal to the nation of Djibouti or the US state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 488th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 763 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,980 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.74 %. Nalbari has a sex ratio of 945 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 79.89%. Hindus 873,749 and Muslims 253,842 (22.09%).
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Namrup
Namrup is a small beautiful town situated close to the foothills of the great Patkai Mountain Range(Purvanchal Range connecting to Myanmar) in the extreme northeastern part of Assam Arunachal, India. The river Dilih or Disang flows through it. Namrup is situated in a picturesque location amidst wet-paddy fields, Assamese villages, orchards, large tea-gardens and densely forested hills. Administratively Namrup is located within Dibrugarh district and is today an important industrial town of Assam.
Namrup is approximately 80 km from Dibrugarh by road towards south-east and approximately 70 km from Tinsukia (locally pronounced as Tinicukeeya) towards south. It is also a small railway station in Dibrugarh-Guwahati broad-gauge railway line. The nearest airport is Dibrugarh located at a distance of approximately 70 km.
Other urban areas close to Namrup are Naharkatiya - 18 km, Duliajan - 35 km, Sonari - 20 km, Moran - 55 km, etc. by roadways. Namrup is located around 500 km east of Guwahati, the largest city in the North East Region.
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North Lakhimpur
North Lakhimpur (Assamese: উত্তৰ লখিমপুৰ) is a city in India and a municipal board in Lakhimpur district in the North Eastern state Assam, about 394 kilometres (245 mi) north east of Guwahati. It is the district headquarter of Lakhimpur district. North Lakhimpur is also the name of the sub-division of Lakhimpur district where North lakhimpur town is located.
It is situated at 27° 13' 60 N and 94° 7' 0 E
As of 2001[update] India census, North Lakhimpur had a population of 54,262. Based on population, it is classified as a class-II city (between 50,000 and 99,999 inhabitants). According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 350,000.
Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. North Lakhimpur has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83%, and female literacy is 74%. In North Lakhimpur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
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Numaligarh
Numaligarh is a town in Assam, India.
A petroleum refinery named Numaligarh Refinery Limited has been established in 2001. Numaligarh Refinery is one of the major refineries of north east, having a capacity of 3 MMT. Numaligarh Refinery is a joint venture of Assam Government owned Numaligarh Refinery Limited with Bharat Petroleum Limited.
Numaligarh has a bus station. The nearest railway station is in Golaghat and the nearest airport is in Jorhat.
Coordinates: 26°38′N 93°45′E / 26.633°N 93.75°E / 26.633; 93.75
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Orissa
Orissa /ɔːˈrɪsə/ (Oriya: ଓଡ଼ିଶା [oˑɽisaˑ], Hindi: ओड़िशा – Oṛiśā), officially spelled Odisha, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BCE. The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in India, and consists predominantly of Oriya speakers. April 1st is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa (formation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and is the present capital of this state.
Orissa is the ninth largest state by area in India, and the eleventh largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline (about 480 km long) and lacked good ports, except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port (The Dhamra Port Company Limited (DPCL) is a 50:50 joint venture of L&T and Tata Steel. DPCL has been awarded a concession by Government of Orissa to build and operate a port north of the mouth of river Dhamra in Bhadrak district). The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi River delta supports the bulk of the population. The interior of the state is mountainous and sparsely populated.Deomali at 1672 m is the highest point of the state. Orissa is subject to intense cyclones. The most intense one, in October 1999, Tropical Cyclone 05B caused severe damage and nearly 15,000 deaths.
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Pondicherry
Puducherry /ˌpɒndɨˈtʃɛri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.
In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry to Puducherry, which means "New village" in the Tamil language. The territory is called புதுச்சேரி (Putuccēri) or பாண்டிச்சேரி (Pāṇṭiccēri) in Tamil, or Pondichéry in French. It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Côte d'Azur de l'Est).
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mahé on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mahé are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492 km²: Pondicherry (city) 293 km², Karaikal 160 km², Mahé 9 km² and Yanam 30 km². It has 900,000 inhabitants (2001).
Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of whom are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Puducherry has retained the borders of former French India.
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Rajasthan
Rājasthān /ˈrɑːdʒəstæn/ (Hindustani pronunciation: [raːdʒəsˈt̪ʰaːn] ( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342,269 square kilometres (132,151 sq mi).
Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far.
One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.
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Rang Ghar
Coordinates: 26°58′01″N 94°37′09″E / 26.967055°N 94.6190858°E / 26.967055; 94.6190858
Rang Ghar (Assamese: ৰংঘৰ, rong ghor) (meaning "Amusement House") is a two-storied building, which was the royal sports-pavilion from which the Ahom kings and nobles witnessed games like buffalo fights and other sports at the Rupahi Pathar (pathar meaning field in Assamese) specially during Rangali Bihu festival in the Ahom capital, Rangpur. On the roof of the Rang Ghar is a design of an Ahom royal long boat. The building was constructed during the reign of Swargadeo Pramatta Singha in 1746. It is located north east to the Talatal Ghar a multi-storied royal complex in Joysagar west of Sivasagar town, on the other side of the Assam Trunk (AT) Road in Sibsagar district in Assam, India .
The Rang Ghar is said to be the oldest amphitheater in Asia[citation needed].The base of the monument has a series of arched entrances and atop the roof is a decorative pair of carved stone crocodiles. In many of these, only the brick framework exists with vestiges of sculptural adornments here and there. The Ahoms, who used special thin baked bricks, did not have the use of cement and, therefore, used a paste of rice and eggs as mortar for their construction. They also made use of powdered mixed lime and bricks to cover the surface of the inner walls. It is said that this layer of powder used to keep the inside of Ranghar cool. The entrance to Sankardev Kalakshetra at Guwahati is made in the style of the Rang Ghar.
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Rangpur Division
Rangpur Division (Bengali: রংপুর বিভাগ) became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it had been the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division consists of eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 Upazillas or subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh and has a population of 15,665,000 at the 2011 Census.
The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur. Rangpur has well-known educational institutions, such as Carmichael College, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur Cadet College, and Begum Rokeya University.
The central City - Rangpur - has a historical importance and indentity. Mansingh, commander of Emperor Akbar, conquered part of Rangpur in 1575. Rangpur came completely under the Mughal empire in 1686. Mughalbasa and Mughalhat of Kurigram district still bear marks of the Mughal rule in the region. During the Mughal rule Rangpur was under the sarker of Ghoraghat. Rangapur Ghoraghat has been mentioned in the Riyaz-us-Salatin. During the early period of the company rule fakir-sannyasi resistance and peasant rebellion were held in Rangpur.
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Saraighat
Saraighat is a place near Guwahati in Assam, on the north bank of the river Brahmaputra. Sarai was a small village where the old abandoned N.F. Railway station of Amingaon was located. The famous Battle of Saraighat was fought near this place on the river.
There is a road-cum-rail bridge over the river Brahmaputra joining the north & the south banks at Saraighat. This bridge is the first bridge on river Brahmaputra in Assam.
Saraighat Bridge is the first rail-cum-road bridge constructed over the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati. It was opened to traffic in 1962 by the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The Chilarai Park or Lachit Udyan is situated at the end of the bridge.
Construction of Saraighat Bridge was started on January 1958. It was opened to goods traffic in Oct, 1962 and opened for passenger traffic on 7 June 1963. The estimated cost of the bridge was Rs.10,65,16,891.00 Its length is 1492 meters.
A new three lane concrete road bridge is being constructed by the side of the Saraighat Bridge.
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Sarnath
Sarnath is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. Sarnath is located 13 kilometres north-east of Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh, India. Singhpur, a village one km away from the site, was the birth place of Shreyansanath, the eleventh Tirthankara of Jainism, and a temple dedicated to him, is an important pilgrimage site.
Isipatana is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the four places of pilgrimage which his devout followers should visit, if they wanted to visit a place for that reason.
Mrigadava means "deer-park". Isipatana is the name used in the Pali Canon, and means the place where holy men (Pali: isi, Sanskrit: rishi) landed.
The legend says that when the Buddha-to-be was born, some devas came down to announce it to 500 rishis. The rishis all rose into the air and disappeared and their relics fell to the ground.[citation needed] Another explanation for the name is that Isipatana was so called because sages, on their way through the air (from the Himalayas), alight here or start from here on their aerial flight (isayo ettha nipatanti uppatanti cāti-Isipatanam). Pacceka Buddhas, having spent seven days in contemplation in the Gandhamādana, bathe in the Anotatta Lake and come to the habitations of men through the air, in search of alms. They descend to earth at Isipatana. Sometimes the Pacceka Buddhas come to Isipatana from Nandamūlaka-pabbhāra.
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Shillong
Shillong, India (Khasi: Shillong) is the capital of Meghalaya, one of the smallest states in India and home to the Khasis. It is also the headquarters of the East Khasi Hills district and is situated at an average altitude of 4,908 feet (1,496 m) above sea level, with the highest point being Shillong Peak at 6,449 feet (1,966 m). The city had a population of 314,610 according to the 2011 census. It is said that the rolling hills around the town reminded the European settlers of Scotland. Hence, Shillong is also known as "Scotland of the East." Shillong has steadily grown in size and significance since it was made the civil station of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in 1864 by the British. In 1874, on the formation of Assam as a Chief Commissioner's Province, it was chosen as the headquarters of the new administration because of its convenient location between the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys and more so because the climate of Shillong was much cooler than tropical India. Shillong remained the capital of undivided Assam until the creation of the new state of Meghalaya on 21 January 1972, when Shillong became the capital of Meghalaya and Assam moved its capital to Dispur in Guwahati.
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Sibsagar
Sivasagar (previously spelled Sibsagar) (Assamese: শিৱসাগৰ Xiwôxagôr), the Ocean of Lord Shiva, is a town in the Sibsagar district in the state of Assam in India, about 360 kilometres (224 mi) north east of Guwahati. It is the district headquarter of the Sivasagar district.
Apart from its history, culture, and tanks, it is also famous for its Ahom Palaces and Monuments. Now it is a multicultural town. Sivasagar today is also an important center for oil and tea trading.
Sivasagar, formerly known as Rangpur, was once the capital of the Ahom Kingdom from 1699 to 1788, who ruled Assam for more than 600 years. They ruled Assam virtually uninterrupted for 6 centuries until their kingdom fell to the Burmese in 1819, and their ruling class was all but wiped out. The province was liberated by the British in 1825 but, owing to the state of anarchy which prevailed in the province, it was completely annexed in 1826.
This town's main feature is the water body from which it gets its name. This is a 257-acre (1.04 km2) tank also called Borpukhuri, at a higher elevation than the rest of the town, with three temples("Doul"s in Assamese) on its banks. Of these temples, the most prominent is the Sivadol, standing tall at 104 feet (32 m), drawing large crowds on Shiv Ratri. The other temples are the Vishnudoul and Devidoul. The temples were built by Kuwori Ambika, wife of Swargadeo Siba Singha, in the year 1734.
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Sibsagar District
Sibsagar district (Assamese: শিৱসাগৰ জিলা) -- now known as Sivasagar -- is one of the 27 districts of Assam state in north-eastern India. Sibsagar city is the administrative headquarters of this district.
1983 saw the formation of Jorhat district from land previously in Sivasagar. This was repeated 15 August 1987 with the creation of Golaghat district.
The district is situated between 26.45° and 27.15° north latitudes and 94.25° and 95.25° east longitudes. Sivasagar district occupies an area of 2,668 square kilometres (1,030 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Estonia's Saaremaa Island.
The Naga Hills lie towards the South, while the Brahmaputra river is on the North. The district is mostly flat alluvial plain with hillocks on South-eastern and Southern areas near Nagaland border.
Industry in Sivasagar: The main industries in Sivasagar are oil industry and tea industry. Majority of the population are agrarian.
According to the 2011 census Sibsagar district has a population of 1,150,253, roughly equal to the nation of Timor-Leste or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 406th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 431 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,120 /sq mi) . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 9.37 %. Sivasagar has a sex ratio of 951 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 81.36 %.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (/ˈsɪkɨm/; Devanagari: सिक्किम, i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";Standard Tibetan: འབྲས་ལྗོངས་, Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs) is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.
With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011[update], Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7,096 km2 (2,740 sq mi). Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok.
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Silchar
Silchar (Bengali: শিলচর Shilchôr, Assamese: শিলচৰXilsôr, Sylheti: হিলচর Hilchor) is the headquarters of Cachar district in the state of Assam in India. It is the economic gateway to the state of Mizoram and part of Manipur.[citation needed] It is 343 kilometres (213 mi) south east of Guwahati. The city of Silchar is the second largest city in the state of Assam and an important commercial centre and consequently witnesses the settlement of a sizable population of traders from distant parts of India.
Being politically stable in the otherwise disturbed Northeast earned it the bon mot of "Island of Peace" from India's then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[citation needed]
During the British rule, ships were docked at the bank of the "River Barak" so a market developed at the bank and became a major place of economic activity. The bank was covered with stones to help dock ships and vessels, and the market developed at a place which was fully covered with stones. People started to refer to the place as "Shiler Chor", meaning a bank of stone. Gradually "Shiler Chor" became "Silchar" for linguistic simplification and, later on, British officials started to use "Silchar" in their official documents referring to the surrounding area of the market. "Silchar" became the official name of the place.
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Siliguri Corridor
The Siliguri Corridor (Bengali: শিলিগূড়ি করিডোর) or Chicken's Neck (Bengali: চিকেন নেক) is a narrow stretch of land that connects India's north-eastern states to the rest of India. This strip of land is only 21 to 40 km in width, with the countries of Nepal and Bangladesh lying on either side of the corridor. The kingdom of Bhutan lies on the northern side of the corridor.
The city of Siliguri in the state of West Bengal is the major city in this area. The city is the central node that connects Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling hills, north-east India and the rest of India.
The Siliguri Corridor was created in 1947 after the partition of Bengal between India and Pakistan (former state of East Bengal, now independent Bangladesh).
This corridor is an important and sensitive one for India. The location of this corridor has created a political reality that is important for Bangladesh as well. Separation of India occurred as an outcome of the hostility between Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. From the very beginning, the relationship between these two new states was marked by hostilities and confrontations.
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Sonitpur district
Sonitpur (Assamese: শোণিতপুৰ) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarters are located at Tezpur. As of 2011 it is the third most populous district of Assam (out of 27), after Nagaon and Dhubri.
The name Tezpur is derived from the Sanskrit words 'Teza' (meaning blood) and 'Pura' (meaning town or city). Legend has it that the original name of this place was 'Sonitpur' ("sonit" in Sanskrit also means blood!) but when the battle between Krishna's army and Banasura's army fought for the rescue of Aniruddha (who was the grandson of Lord Krishna, according to legend) there was so much bloodshed that the whole place was stained in red. This led to the name of the place becoming Tezpur.It is the seventh largest city of Assam after Guwahati,Silchar,Dibrugarh,Jorhat,Nagaon and Tinsukia.
Sonitpur district was created in 1983 when it was split from Darrang.
Sonitpur district occupies an area of 5,324 square kilometres (2,056 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to Guadalcanal.
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Sylhet
Sylhet (Sylheti: ছিলট Silôţ, Bengali: সিলেট Ṣileţ), is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is the main city of Sylhet Division and Sylhet District, and was granted metropolitan city status in March 2009. Sylhet is located on the banks of the Surma Valley and is surrounded by the Jaintia, Khasi and Tripura hills. The city is approaching a population of 500,000 people while also having a high population density.[citation needed] It is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. The Sylhet region is well known for its tea gardens and tropical forests. The city is also known for its business boom; being one of the richest cities in Bangladesh, with new investments of hotels, shopping malls and luxury housing estates, brought mainly by expatriates living in the United Kingdom.
Sylhet has a history of conquests and heritage from different types of cultures. The city is described as a City of Saints, with the mausoleum of the great saint Hazrat Shah Jalal, who brought Islam to Bengal during the 14th century, being located here. During the next few centuries it was part of the state of Assam during the rule of British India. After independence between India and Pakistan, Sylhet was then part of East Pakistan based on a referendum, and is now part of Bangladesh. It played a major role in the Bangladesh Liberation War during the 1970s.[citation needed]
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Sylhet Division
Sylhet Division (Bengali: সিলেট বিভাগ, pronounced Sileṭ Bibhag), also known as Greater Sylhet or Sylhet region, is the northeastern division of Bangladesh, named after its main city, Sylhet. It is bounded by Meghalaya State of India on the north, Tripura State on the south, Assam State of India on the east and Dhaka division on the west and Chittagong division on the southwest.
One of the most picturesque and archeologically rich regions in South Asia, is the Sylhet Division. Its bourgeoning economy has become a part of the attractions of the region, as landscapes are filled with fragrant orange and pineapple gardens and breathtaking tea plantations. Many Sylhet community members have found work and residence abroad, particularly in the United Kingdom and have been using remittances to fund projects and industries within the Sylhet Division, allowing the export industry and foreign investment sectors to grow.
The Division is subdivided into four districts (zilas) and thence into 36 sub-districts (upazilas).
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu /ˈtæmɨl ˈnɑːduː/ (Tamiḻ Nāṭu [t̪amɨɭ naːɖɯ] ( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south.
Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the fourth largest contributor (as of 2010) to India's GDP and ranks tenth in Human Development Index as of 2006. Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India. The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India, compared to the population share of about 6%.
The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years. Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
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Teesta River
River Teesta or Tista (Bengali: তিস্তাDevanagari टीस्ता) is said to be the lifeline of the Indian state of Sikkim, flowing for almost the entire length of the state and carving out verdant Himalayan temperate and tropical river valleys. The emerald-coloured river then forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal before joining the Brahmaputra as a tributary in Bangladesh. The total length of the river is 309 km (192 mi). with it drains an area of 12,540 km².
The river originates from Tso Lhamo in North Sikkim at an elevation of 5,330 m (17,487 ft) above sea level in the Himalaya. This lake lies to the east of the Donkia pass next to the Western base of Pauhunri and is formed by the melting of the Tista Khantse glacier.
The Teesta River is then fed by rivulets which arise in the Thangu, Yumthang and Donkia-La ranges. The river then flows past the town of Rangpo where Rangpo River merges into it and where it forms the border between Sikkim and West Bengal up to Teesta Bazaar. Just before the Teesta Bridge, where the roads from Kalimpong and Darjeeling join, the river is met by its main tributary, the Rangeet River. At this point, it changes course southwards flowing into West Bengal. The river hits the plains at Sevoke, 22 km (14 mi) north of Siliguri, where it is spanned by the Coronation Bridge which links the northeast states to the rest of India. The river then courses its way to Jalpaiguri and then to Rangpur district of Bangladesh, before finally merging with the mighty Brahmaputra at Fulchori.
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Tezpur
Tezpur is a city and the administrative headquarters and municipal board of Sonitpur district in the state of Assam in northeastern India. Tezpur is an ancient city on the banks of the river Brahmaputra and is the largest of the north bank towns with a population exceeding 100,000. It is situated 175 kilometres (109 mi) north east of Guwahati.
The name Tezpur is derived from the Sanskrit words 'Teza' (meaning blood) and 'Pura' (meaning town or city). Legend has it that the original name of this place was 'Sonitpur' ("sonit" in Sanskrit also means blood!) but when the battle between Krishna's army and Banasura's army fought for the rescue of Aniruddha (who was the grandson of Lord Krishna, according to legend) there was so much bloodshed that the whole place was stained in red. This led to the name of the place becoming Tezpur.It is the Seventh largest city of assam after Guwahati, Silchar, Dibrugarh, Jorhat,Nagaon and Tinsukia with a population of 100,477.
When you enter Tezpur via the Kaliyabhomora Bridge There is an inscription "Welcome to Tezpur - the city of love". This is based on a traditional love story set in the mythological periods when Tezpur was formed.
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Tinsukia
Tinsukia (Assamese: তিনিচুকীয়া) is a city and municipal board in Tinsukia district, Assam, India. Tinsukia is a regional business hub in the Indian state of Assam. It is situated 480 kilometres (298 mi) north east of Guwahati and 84 kilometres (52 mi) kilometres away from the border with Arunachal Pradesh.
It is the administrative headquarter of Tinsukia District of Assam, India. Hailed as the business capital of Assam, the place has a heady mix of Assamese, Bengali and Hindi- speaking people. The city is changing with the construction of numerous new malls and buildings.
Tinsukia is an industrial and commercial centre for Assam dealing in agricultural products such as Tea, oranges, ginger, citrus fruits and paddy. Tinsukia is also serves as rail-head for Assam, housing the state's largest railway junction of Assam and is a junction connecting the state and the country by Road and Rail.
Tinsukia is the site of Bangmara, which was originally known as Changmai Pathar. It was the capital city of the Muttack Kingdom which was fouded by Swargadeo Sarbananda Singha.
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Tinsukia District
Tinsukia district (Assamese: তিনিচুকীয়া জিলা) is one of the 27 administrative districts in the state of Assam, India. The district headquarters are located at Tinsukia. Tinsukia district occupies an area of 3,790 square kilometres (1,460 sq mi), comparatively equivalent to South Georgia.
The ancient name of Tinsukia was Bangmara. It was the capital of the Muttack Kingdom. Sarbananada Singha established his capital at Rangagarah situated in the bank of river Guijan. In 1791 AD, he transferred his capital to the city of Bangmara. Bangmara was built by King Sarbananda Singha with the help of his Minister, Gopinath Barbaruah (alias Godha). The city was built in the middle of the present city of Tinsukia. It was declared the 23rd district of Assam on 1 October 1989 when it was split from Dibrugarh.
Several tanks were dug in the days of Sarbananda Singha viz. Chauldhuwa Pukhuri, Kadamoni pukhuri, Da Dharua Pukhuri, Mahdhuwa Pukhuri, Bator Pukhuri, Logoni Pukhuri, Na-Pukhuri, Devi Pukhuri, Kumbhi Pukhuri, Rupahi Pukhuri etc.
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Tripura
Tripura /ˈtrɪpərə/ is a state in North East India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third smallest state of India, it occupies an area of 4,051 sq mi (10,490 km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south laid parallel hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state.
The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia. It was known as "Hill Tippera" during the British rule in India. The kingdom merged with independent India on 15 October 1949 by the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population led to tension and scattered violence since 1970s. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remains peaceful, as of 2012.
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Udalguri district
Udalguri district (Assamese: ওদালগুৰি জিলা) is one of the 27 districts of Assam state in north-eastern India. Udalguri town is the headquarters of the district.
The name of the district is derived from its headquarters, Udalguri. There are three traditions regarding the etymology of Udalguri. According to one tradition, the name is derived from Odal (a tree) and Guri (roots or surrounding) and it was named because originally the town developed around an Odal tree. According to another tradition, this town derived its name because this place was originally a hermitage of sage Uddalaka. According to the third tradition, the name is derived from two Bodo words Ordla (wide and spacious) and Gundri (powdered object).
This district was formed on June 14, 2004 as one of the four districts under the Bodoland Territorial Autonomous District. This district was carved out by bifurcating Darrang district. The territory of the present district was earlier Udalguri sub-division of the undivided district. There are Hindu,Christians and Muslim population living together in the district. The main composition of people there are Assamese (Borpetia), Boro Kachari, Saotal, Marwari, Bengali Hindu and Muslims, Nepali,Garo and other tribes. This was a very peaceful place till mid 80s but various communal clashes took place from time to time. Late Jojaram Sharma was one of the prominent India freedom fighters from Assam lived here.
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Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh /ˌʌtər prəˈdɛʃ/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. With a population of over 200 million people, it is India's most populous state, as well as the world's most populous sub-national entity. Were it a nation in its own right, Uttar Pradesh would be the world's fifth most populous country, ahead of Brazil (a country thirty-five times larger in territorial area than Uttar Pradesh). On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal and Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state 'Uttaranchal', now called Uttarakhand, meaning the 'Northern Segment' state.
Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state-economy in India, with a GDP of $103.5 billion in 2009. The annual per capita GDP of the state was $1586 in 2009, on purchasing power parity basis. It contributed 8.34% to India's total GDP in the financial year 2010. Agriculture is a significant part of UP's economy. The state was India's sixth largest producer of fruits, and became the largest producer of vegetables in 2010. With an area of 93,933 sq mi (243,290 km2), Uttar Pradesh covers a large part of the highly fertile and densely populated upper Gangetic plain. It shares an international border with Nepal to the north. Other states along Uttar Pradesh's border include Uttarakhand, Haryana and Delhi to the north and northwest; Rajasthan on the west; Madhya Pradesh on the south; Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand on the south east; and Bihar on the east.
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Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand[needs IPA] (Sanskrit: उत्तराखण्डम्, Uttarākhanḍam ?, Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड, Uttarākhanḍ ?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the Land of Gods (Hindi: देव भूमि, Dēv bhūmi ?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and cities found throughout the state, some of which are among Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious places of pilgrimage and worship. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the north west.
The region is traditionally referred to as Uttarakhand in Hindu scriptures and old literature, a term which derives from Sanskrit uttara (उत्तर) meaning north, and khaṇḍ (खण्ड्) meaning country or part of a country. It has an area of 20,682 sq mi (53,566 km²).
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West Bengal
West Bengal /bɛŋˈɡɔːl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous. It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants. Covering a total area of 34,267 sq mi (88,750 km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north.
In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal – a state of India – and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971.
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Ahom people
The Ahoms, (Thai: ไทอาหม Tai Aohm) who ruled Assam for six centuries are the descendants of ethnic Tai people who accompanied the Tai prince Sukaphaa into Assam. And for this reason people of this community call themselves the Tai-Ahom. Sukaphaa established the Ahom kingdom (1228-1826) and the Ahom dynasty ruled and expanded the kingdom for about 600 years. Many of those who accompanied Sukaphaa were unaccompanied males who married into the local communities. Some ethnic communities, like the Tibeto-Burman speaking Borahi people, were completely subsumed into the Ahom community. Members of other communities, based on their allegiance to the Ahom kingdom and their talents, were accepted as Ahoms. The kingdom the Ahom people established gave Assam its name.
In early 13th century, Sukaphaa, a Shan (Mong Mao) prince began his journey with about 9000 (Edward Gait) followers, mostly men. He crossed the Patkai hills and reached the Brahmaputra valley in 1228. He moved from place to place, searching for a seat. He decided not to attack the Morans and Borahis but befriend them instead. His followers, much depleted from the original 9000, married into the Borahi and the Moran ethnic groups. The Borahis, a Tibeto-Burman people, were subsumed into the Ahom fold, though the Moran maintained their independent ethnicity. Sukaphaa finally established his capital at Charaideo near present-day Sivasagar in 1253 and began the task of state formation.
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Aideu Handique
Aideu Handique (1915–2002) is the first film actress of Assamese cinema. She starred in the film, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala's Joymati (1935). She remained unmarried because she called her co-actor Bongohordeo (husband) in the film.
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Ajan Fakir
Ajan Fakir, born Shah Miran, also known as Azan Pir, Hazrat Shah Miran, and Shah Milan (presumably from Miran), was a Sufi Syed, poet, Muslim preacher and saint from the 17th century who came from Baghdad to settle in the Sibsagar area of Assam in the north-eastern part of India, where he helped to unify the people of the Brahmaputra valley, and to reform, reinforce and stabilise Islam in the region of Assam. The nickname Azan came from his habit of calling azan.
According to one version[which?][citation needed] his name was "Hazarat Shah Syed Mainuddin". He is particularly known for his Zikir and Zari, two forms of devotional songs, that draw from local musical traditions and have striking similarities with borgeets of Srimanta Sankardeva, the 16th century saint-scholar from Assam. In addition, the late renowned author and Sahitya Akademi award winner Abdul Malik states that Azan Fakir was a preacher with profound mastery over the Qur’an, the Hadith and Islamic philosophy.
Ajan Fakir was a disciple of Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya in Baghdad. He came to Assam accompanied by his brother Shah Navi. He married an Ahom woman of high social stature and settled at Gorgaon, near modern Sibsagar town.
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Amulya Barua
Amulya Barua was a pioneer of modern Assamese poetry. He was born at Jorhat on June 30, 1922. In 1941, he passed matriculation examination from Jorhat Govt High School with letter marks in Assamese and in 1945 he passed his B.A. examination from Jagannath Barooah College, Jorhat. Then he went to Kolkata for higher studies and admitted into the MA class of Calcutta University. But Amulya Barua was killed in the infamous communal violence of Bengal in 1946 along with many of his hostel mates at Raja Ram Narayan Street, Kolkata.His only collection of poems Achina (The Stranger)was published in 1964 after his death. Some of his famous poems include Andhaaraor Hahakar (The Tumult of Darkness), Beishya (The Prostitute), Biplobi (The Revolutionary) and Kukur (The Dog).
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Angaraag Mahanta
Angaraag Mahanta known as Papon is an Indian singer, composer and record producer. Born to music duo and legends of Assamese music, Archana Mahanta and Khagen Mahanta, he was introduced to music early on in his childhood. His first language is Assamese and he also sings in Hindi and Bengali. His initial training was in Indian Classical and devotional and folk music. He learnt vocals primarily but also plays the khol, tabla, guitar, and harmonium. His music genres are ambient electronic, acoustic folk and new age Indian classical music and has been identified as having traces of pentatonic Mongoloid notes, local river song influences and ghazals.
Papon has performed with the MIDIval Punditz and Karsh Kale at various festivals around the world including the Paléo Music Festival in Switzerland, Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival in Jakarta, Mosaic Music Festival in Singapore and Oslo World Music Festival in Norway. Aside from performing with them, Papon has co-written a couple of songs with the MIDIval Punditz that featured on their third album Hello Hello which ranked among the top three songs on Amazon, worldwide. He collaborated with the Welling Jazz Band, in Wellington, New Zealand, for a project with them playing some of his music live for the festival Crossings in Wellington, New Zealand in 2007. Also in the project was Rihan Sheehan, a popular electronic artist and producer from Wellington. He also wrote a song with Karsh Kale for his new album Cinema. He is presently working on two international collaborations which will be released in 2012.
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Arnab Goswami
Arnab Goswami (Assamese: অৰ্ণব গোস্বামী) is an Indian journalist who is the Editor in Chief and News anchor of the Indian news channel Times Now. He is an important contributor to the rise of the Times Now news channel since its launch in January 2006. His show The Newshour is aired at 9 pm (IST)on weekdays with live news coverage. Arnab Goswami also hosts a special television program Frankly Speaking with Arnab, which has featured eminent personalities. Arnab is a recipient of a number of awards for his journalistic abilities and has also written a book named Combating Terrorism: The Legal Challenge.
Arnab Goswami was born in Guwahati, Assam. He comes from a family of eminent jurists. His paternal grandfather, Rajani Kanta Goswami, was a well known lawyer, a Congress leader and a freedom fighter. His maternal grandfather, Gauri Sankar Bhattacharya, was a leader of the opposition in Assam for many years. He was a freedom fighter, an intellectual writer and a recipient of the Asom Sahitya Sabha Award. As an army officer's son, he attended schools in various cities. He passed his 10th Standard board examinations from Mount St. Mary's School in Delhi Cantonment, his 12th Standard board exams from Kendriya Vidyalaya in Jabalpur Cantonment. Arnab graduated in Sociology from Hindu College. He completed his Master's degree in Social Anthropology from Oxford University (St. Antony’s College, 1994) where he was a Felix Scholar. In 2000, he was a visiting fellow at the International Studies Department at Cambridge University (Sidney Sussex College) where he was a D C Pavate fellow.
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Assamese people
The Assamese people are people of Assam and elsewhere who are associated with the Assamese language. Historically, the definition of the "Assamese people" has remained in flux and this has had strong political repercussions in Assam, especially in the colonial (1826-1947) and post-colonial (after 1947) periods. Attempts in the past to define the Assamese people on linguistic, cultural or ethnic basis have failed.
The lack of a definition has put stumbling blocks in implementing clause 6 of the Assam Accord, an agreement signed by the activists of the Assam Movement and the Government of India in 1985. Since a legal definition is important to provide "constitutional, legislative and cultural" safeguards to the Assamese people, the Government of Assam had formed a ministerial committee to finalize the definition in March 2007. To address the clause 6 issue AASU had announced a definition on April 10, 2000 which was based on residency with a temporal limit: "All those whose names appeared in the 1951 National Register of Citizens and their progenies should be considered as Assamese".
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Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhiu 'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (Persian/Urdu: ابلمظفر محىالدين محمداورنگزيب, Hindi: अबुल मुज़फ्फर मुहिउद्दीन मुहम्मद औरंगज़ेब आलमगीर) (4 November [O.S. 25 October] 1618 – 3 March [O.S. 20 February] 1707), is more popularly known as Aurangzeb, or by his chosen imperial title Alamgir ("Conquerer of the World"), he was the sixth Mughal Emperor, whose reign lasted for 49 years, from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was also among the wealthiest of the previous Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in the year 1690), during his lifetime victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 1.25 million square miles, he ruled over more than 150 million subjects, constituting nearly one fourth of the world's population.
Aurangzeb was born the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Bāno Begam) in Dahod on the way to Ujjain. Aurangzeb was born when Shah Jahan was a governor of Gujarat suba. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under Nur Jahan at there grandfather Jahangir's Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and then Aurangzeb returned to Agra fort to live with his parents and Since then Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance were fixed to
500, while he spent his allowance in religious education and the study of history, he accused his brothers of alcoholism and womanizing.
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Banikanta Kakati
Banikanta Kakati (Assamese: বাণীকান্ত কাকতি) was a prominent literary figure, critic and scholar in Assamese language with his immense contribution to the language in terms of literature, linguistics, cultural anthropology and comparative religion.
Banikanta Kakati was born in 1894 at Barpeta of Assam. He was the second son of his parents Lalitram Kakati and Lahobala. Kakati showed sign of his genius from his early childhood. In his school days he obtained 105 marks out of 100 in his Sanskrit answer book. It is also said that he could memorize the whole of Pāṇini in his school days.
Kakati secured the highest position in English in Assam in his matriculation under the Calcutta University. 1913, he stood first amongst all the candidates in the intermediate from Cotton College, Guwahati under the Calcutta University. He took first M.A. degree in English Literature from Presidency College, Calcutta in 1918. Later on he secured the first class first position in M.A. in English Language group in 1923 from Calcutta University.
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Bhabananda Deka
Prof Bhabananda Deka (Assamese:ভৱানন্দ ডেকা) (1929–2006), is a multi-faceted writer of one hundred twelve books, textbooks on economics, literature and political science, and articles from Assam, a state in the north-eastern part of India. He pioneered the writing of books on Economics in Assamese. His Assamese book on Assam Economics was published for the first time in 1961.
Prof Bhabananda Deka was born to Late Baliram Pathak and Late Sayatri Bala Pathak at Byaskuchi Satra, Barpeta sub division of undivided Kamrup district, Assam. He completed his graduation in Economics in 1954 and did his post graduation in Economics from Gauhati University in 1957. After his post graduation, he went to his hometown and worked for Bhattadeb Milan Samiti as a secretary and was instrumental behind the building of the first Library (Bhattadev Puthivoral) in Byaskuchi.
On 1 September 1958 Prof. Bhabananda Deka joined Pragjyotish College in the Economics Department as a Professor. He was retired as Principal of Pragjyotish College in 1992. He was the Founder Principal of Bapuji College in Sorthebari. While he was working for Pragjyotish College, he took leave for a year and worked as a Senior Research Officer in the Language Unit of Union Public Service Commission, Delhi. He also worked as Principal of 4 (four) other Graduate and Post Graduate Colleges spread over the entire state of Assam in India, and brought access to the higher education closer to the toiling millions of underprivileged people in India,.
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Bhupen Hazarika
Dr. Bhupen Hazarika (Assamese:ড: ভূপেন হাজৰিকা) (1926–2011) was an Indian lyricist, musician, singer, poet and film-maker from Assam. He belonged to Dom, the untouchable caste. His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood; and have been translated and sung in many languages, most notable in Bengali, and Hindi. Known for writing bold lyrics with themes of communal amity, universal justice and empathy, his songs have become popular among all sections of ethnic and religious communities in Assam, besides West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is acknowledged widely in the Hindi film industry for introducing Hindi film to the sounds and folk music of Assam and Northeast India. He received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction in the year 1975. Winner of Padmashri (1997), Padmabhushan (2001), Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (2008) and the prestigious Dada Saheb Phalke Award in the year 1992, Dr. Hazarika was posthumously awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award in the year 2012. The Government of Assam honoured him with the title Asom Ratna, the highest Civilian Award in the state of Assam. Dr. Hazarika also held the position of the Chairman of the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi from December 1998 to December 2003.
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Bijoya Chakravarty
Bijoya Chakravarty (born 1939 in Jorhat, Assam), is an Indian politician from the Bhartiya Janata Party.
Bijoya began her political career in the Janata Party. She subsequently joined the regional Asom Gana Parishad and served in the Rajya Sabha from 1986 to 1992. Following her stint in the Rajya Sabha, she joined the Bhartiya Janata Party.
She represented the Gauhati in the 13th Lok Sabha. She won this seat for the BJP for the first time ever in 1999. Under the premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, she served as the Union Minister of State for Water Resources. In 2004, the BJP decided to field singer Bhupen Hazarika in her place, causing widespread protests from BJP party workers. Hazarika lost the elections. The BJP understood its mistake and re-nominated Bijoya in the 2009 Loksabha election from the Gauhati seat. As a result , she again won the seat in 2009 representing the BJP.
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Bishnu Prasad Rabha
Bishnu Prasad Rabha (Assamese: বিষ্ণুপ্ৰসাদ ৰাভা) was born in Dhaka on 31 January 1909. He was a multifaceted artist and revolutionary singer of Assam. A doyen of the Arts, he is popularly known as Kala Guru ( Assamese: কলা গুৰু). From an early stage, he played an active role in the struggle for Indian independence. However, he never joined Indian National Congress. He believed - the Congress is a party of the bourgeoisie and so it's struggle against British imperialism is fraught with compromises. He came to be influenced by left wing ideas and came close to the Communist Party of India. However, when Germany attacked Soviet Union during second world war and the Indian communists decided to work with the British government, a section of the party favoured a different approach - to oppose British imperialism and Fascism simultaneously. So a split happened in the communist party and in 1945 he finally joined the Revolutionary Communist Party of India (RCPI). In 1951, after the death of Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, he became the president of the Assam branch of Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).
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Bodo people
The Bodos (pronounced BO-ros) are an ethnic and linguistic community, early settlers of Assam in the North-East part of India. According to the 1991 census, there were 1.2 million Bodos in Assam which makes for 5.3% of the total population in the state. Bodos belong to a larger ethnic group called the Bodo-Kachari. The Bodos are recognized as a plains tribe in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Udalguri and Kokrajhar are considered the center of the Bodo area.
The Bodos represent one of the largest of the 18 ethnic sub-groups within the Kachari group, first classified in the 19th century. Bodos have settled in most areas of North-East India, and parts of Nepal.The BODO People constitute a diverse range of the Indigenous people of North-east India .The overarching term "BODO"(not Boro Kachari) is a collective designation to include the peoples of the region who share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups like boro, Dimasa kachari, sonowal kachari, Mech kachari, Rabha kachari, Thengal kachari,Tiwa(lalaung), Sarania, Moran-Motok, Twipras(Tiprasa/Devburman, Reangs(bru), jamatia, Noatia, Uchai, mogh. who each have their own particular traditions, language, cultures, and historical identity.The BODO word is nothing but merely a male Clan of Royal Dimasa Kachri Race. The first Raja of Dimasa Kachari kingdom was belongs to BODO Clan.so Bodo never be a tribe. There is no history in the world that A clan of a tribe can become a community. If it is so then is a distortion of the History Among the 18 groups mentioned by Endle, the Mech in Western Assam, the Bodo in central Assam, the Sonowal and Thengal in the eastern part of the Brahmaputra river are closely related. The others have been either Hinduized (e.g. Koch, Sarania), or have developed separate identities (e.g. Garo).
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Dev Kant Baruah
Debakanta Barua (also spelled as Dev Kant Baruah) (Assamese: দেৱকান্ত বৰুৱা) (22 February 1914 – 28 January 1996) was an Indian politician from Assam, who served as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977) and was one of the most loyal supporters of then-Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He is most remembered for his famous saying that "Indira is India and India is Indira", which most considered sycophancy and undue glorification of Indira Gandhi. He later joined Congress (Urs) which was later renamed as Indian Congress (Socialist). He was the Governor of Bihar from 1 February 1971 to 4 February 1973. He died in New Delhi.
Barua was a noted poet as well. His collection of Assamese poems, Sagar Dekhisa (সাগৰ দেখিছা) is still very popular. He was the elder brother of famous Assamese poet Nabakanta Barua.
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Dipannita Sharma
Dipannita Sharma (Assamese: দীপান্বিতা শৰ্মা) (born 2 November 1976 in Assam, India) is a supermodel,entrepreneur and an actress . She came into the limelight after making to the final five of the Miss India 1998 contest. She was also judged the 'Miss Photogenic' in the same contest. She has also done a couple of television shows starting with Life Nahi Hai Laddoo. She made her film debut with the 2002 film 16 December.
Dipannita was born in the Oil India Limited colony town of Duliajan in Assam. Her father was a doctor in the O.I.L Hospital. She studied in the Holy Child School, Krishna Nagar, Guwahati till her ninth standard (high school), and pursued the rest of her school academics from St. Mary's school, Naharkatia.
She is married to Delhi entrepreneur Dilsher Singh Atwal, a third generation businessman, and who is into his family business of mining, and currently lives in Mumbai, India.
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Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (Assamese: ফখৰুদ্দিন আলি আহমেদ pronunciation (help·info) (13 May 1905 – 11 February 1977) was the fifth President of India from 1974 to 1977.
Fakhruddin's grandfather, Khaliluddin Ali Ahmed, of Kacharighat near Golaghat, Assam, married in one of the families who were the relics of Emperor Aurangzeb's bid to conquer Assam
Ahmed was born on 13 May 1905, in Hauz Qazi area in Old Delhi, India. His father was Col. Zalnur Ali who married the daughter of the Nawab of Loharu in Delhi
His family was a well known Assamese Muslim family.[citation needed]
He started his education in the Government High School from Gonda district, Uttar Pradesh, India. He matriculated from the Delhi Government High School and went to England for higher education in 1923 continuing studies at St Catharine's College, Cambridge and was called to the Bar from the Inner Temple of London.. He started legal practice in the Lahore High Court in 1928.
He met Jawaharlal Nehru in England in 1925. He joined the Indian National Congress and actively participated in the Indian freedom movement. In 1942 he was arrested in the Quit India movement and sentenced to 3 1/2 years' imprisonment. He was a member of the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee from 1936 and of AICC from 1947 to 74, and remained the Minister of Finance, Revenue and labour in the 1938 Gopinath Bordoloi Ministry.
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Gopinath Bordoloi
Gopinath Bordoloi (6 June 1890–5 August 1950) was the first Chief Minister of the Indian state of Assam, and also a leading Indian independence activist. He was a follower of the Gandhian principle of non violence as a political tool. Due to his unselfish dedication towards Assam and its people, the then Governor of Assam Jayram Das Doulatram conferred him with the title “Lokapriya” (loved by all).
Gopinath Bordoloi was born on 6 June 1890 at Raha. His father was Buddheswar Bordoloi and mother Praneswari Bordoloi. He lost his mother when he was only 12 years old. He got admitted in Cotton College after passing matriculation in 1907. He passed I.A. in 1st Div. In 1909 and took admission in the renowned Scottish Church College, Calcutta and graduated in 1911. He then passed M.A. from Calcutta University in 1914. He studied Law for three years but came back to Guwahati without sitting in the final examination. Then on request of Tarun Ram Phukan, he took up the temporary job as Headmaster of Sonaram High School. During that period, he sat and passed in the Law examination and started practising in 1917 in Guwahati.
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Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦੁਰ [ɡʊru teɣ bəhɑdʊɾ]; 1 April 1621 – 24 November 1675) became the 9th Guru Ji of Sikhs on 20 March 1665, following in the footsteps of His Grand-Nephew, Guru Har Krishan Sahib Ji. Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi.
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji was the Youngest of the Five Sons of Guru Har Gobind Sahib Ji. He was born in Amritsar in the early hours of 1 April 1621. The name Tegh Bahadur (Mighty Of The Sword), was given to him by Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji after He had shown H is valour in a battle with the Mughals.
Amritsar at that time was the centre of Gursikh faith. Under Guru Hargobind, it had become even more renowned. By virtue of being the seat of the Guru, and with its connection to Sikhs in far flung areas of the country through the chains of masands it had developed the characteristics of a state capital.
Tegh Bahadur was brought up steeped in Sikh culture. He was trained in the martial-arts of archery and horsemanship, and was also taught the old classics. Prolonged spells of seclusion and contemplation are said to have given him a deep mystical temperament.
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Hazarika
Hazarika is a surname from Assam, India.
Originally the title was conferred by the Ahom kingdom of medieval Assam. The Assamese community has a naming system which is loosely based on their ancestors' profession during Ahom kings' reign. During Ahom reign, a Hazarika was commander over 1000 soldiers (Hazar=1000). The surname is common to Hindu and Muslim in Assam. The great musician Dr Bhupen Hazarika is the most renowned personality making the surname well known in rest of India/world. The surname belong to Kayastha/Kshatrya caste commonly known as "Kalita" caste in Assam.
http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/assamesemalenames.html
http://www.mnemonicdictionary.com/word/centurion
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Hem Barua
Hem Barua (Assamese: হেম বৰুৱা) (22 April 1915 – 9 April 1977) was a prominent Assamese poet and politician from Assam.
Born on the 22 April 1915, at Tezpur, Hem Barua obtained his M.A. degree from Calcutta University in 1938 and joined the J.B. College, Jorhat, in 1941 as lecturer in Assamese and English. He left it next year during the Quit India Movement and was imprisoned in 1943. On his release, he joined the B. Barua College, Guwahati, and later became its Principal.
Hem Barua was the author of several books. He became the President of the Assam Sahitya Sabha in its annual session held at Dhubri in 1972 and was regarded as one of the pioneers of modern literary movement in Assam.
Hem Barua left the Congress in 1948 and became a member of the Socialist party. Later he was elected to the National Executive of the Praja Socialist Party. He was elected to the Lok Sabha from Gauhati in 1957 and 1962 and from Mangaldoi in 1967. He was the member of the Lok Sabha till December 1970.
Some more books written by Hem Barua are,
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Hem Chandra Barua
Hem Chandra Barua (Assamese: হেমচন্দ্ৰ বৰুৱা Hêmsôndrô Boruwa), was one of the prominent writers of Assamese of the 19th century. He was the compiler of first exhaustive Assamese dictionary 'Hemkosh', where spellings based on Sanskrit was first introduced. It was the second dictionary of Assamese language.
He hailed from Golaghat District of Assam.
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Hiren Bhattacharyya
Hiren Bhattacharyya (Assamese: হীৰেন ভট্টাচাৰ্য) (1932 - ) is one of the welknown poets in Assamese language. He has innumerable publications in Assamese and achieved many prizes and accolades for his poetry . He is known as Hiruda (Assamese: হীৰুদা) among his fans. Prem aru Rodalir Kobi (Assamese: প্ৰেম আৰু ৰ’দালিৰ কবি) is his another name in the Assamese literature.
He was born in Jorhat district at Assam in the year 1932. His father was Late Tirthanath Bhattacharyya and mother was Late Snehalata Bhattacharyya. His father was a jailer.
Hiren Bhattacharyya mainly works in the field of Assamese poetry. he has been the editor of several Assamese magazines and newspapers. Some of the magazines are Chitrabon, Monon and Antorik.
His published anthologies of poetry include:
Few sample stanzas from the famous poems are :
Beya Nedekhi Lagok
Sonali Khini Mosi Nidiba Buku Juri Thakok...
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Jahnu Barua
Jahnu Barua (Assamese: জাহ্নু বৰুৱা, Hindi: जाहनू बरूवा) (1952- ) is a multiple national and international award-winning Indian film director from Assam. He has directed a number of Assamese and Hindi films, and along with Bhabendra Nath Saikia was one of the pioneers of Assamese Art cinema. He is best known for his Hindi film Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara, a drama which utilizes the principles of Gandhism for its thematic backstory.
http://www.jahnubarua.com/
Jahnu Baruah has received the following awards:
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Jayanta Hazarika
Jayanta Hazarika (Assamese: জয়ন্ত হাজৰিকা) was arguably the most melodious singer and composer in the world of Assamese music.[who?] In His short life span of 34 years he performed playback singing for numerous Assamese films and made a number of vinyl records and audio cassettes. He is the first Assamese singer that targeted the urban youth with his music.
Jayanta Hazarika was pioneer in introducing several western instruments in his songs and till date his songs mesmerise Assamese society with melody and soulful lyrics which typically sets the mood for that eastern state.
Jayanta, popularly known as Rana, was born to a family which produced several gifted musicians/ artists of Assamese music. He was youngest of six children of Nilakanta Hazarika & Smt. Shantipriya Hazarika,the eldest among them is Dr. Bhupen Hazarika.
He was married to Manisha Sengupta in 4th aug, 1969; a singer, born and raised in a respectable Bengali family in Kolkata, had a musical background. Mayukh Hazarika their only son, born on 13 January 1971 in kolkata is also a renowned singer /composer of Assamese modern music.
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Joi Barua
Joi Barua (Assamese: জয় বৰুৱা) is a singer, musician, and lead vocalist of the band Joi. He was born in Assam and is currently based in Mumbai, India. He has lent his voice to many Indian movies including 2010's Filmfare Award Winner (OST) Udaan and National Film Award Winner Dev D. He was invited as a Fellow at the first INK Conference in 2010, a TED- affiliated multidisciplinary conference, and as an INK Speaker in 2011. He has a mixed musical style incorporating elements of rock, soul, jazz, folk and world music.
Joi was born in Digboi, Assam, the younger of the two children to Ranjana Barua and Rohini Dhar Barua. His father gifted him a violin when he was four years old and that triggered his lifelong passion for music. His family moved to Jorhat when he was in junior school. When he was seven years old, his sister pushed him to join a singing competition and taught him the popular Cliff Richard song 'Bachelor Boy'. Even though ignorant about singing at that age, he won the competition. It was a defining moment. His school principal, Sister Mabilia, understood his passion for music and since then she never missed an opportunity to encourage him into singing and taking part in stage acts. Her favourite was the Boney M song 'El Lute' -about a man wrongly imprisoned for a crime he didn’t commit- which he would often sing to her. He considers her as his first guru in life and a constant source of inspiration. At home, he and his cousin Piku would sing songs of The Beatles, The Eagles, Simon and Garfunkel, U2, etc. He passed out his high school from St. Anthony's College, Shillong, and later attended Gauhati Commerce College for graduation.
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Kalicharan Brahma
Kalicharan Brahma (Bodo: कालिचरन ब्रह्मा 1862-1938), originally Kalicharan Mech, was a 20th century social and religious reformer of Bodo society. He joined a new religion called Brahmo Dharma / Brahmoism Adi Brahmo Samaj faction in Calcutta around 1906, and he is reverentially called Gurudev or Guru Brahma by Bodo people of lower plains of Assam along holy Brahmaputra river. Other great Assamese Brahmos of the time include Gunabhiram Barua and Swarnalata Devi of the same faction, all of whom agitated against Colonialist Imperialism of any kind. The followers of this group are locally known as Brahmas in tribute to their religion and the holy river of which they are sons.
"Born in 1862, in Kajigaon village in Goalpara District, he became a great religious preacher of Brahmo faith and brought over revolutionary changes in Bodo society by his continuous and sustained programme of reformation against the prevailing Bathou worship. All the educated and enlightened section of the Bodo community including Rup Nath Brahma lent their all-round efforts in his reformatory programme, religious propagation through spread of education and political activism."
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Kamrupi Brahmins
Kamrupi Brahmin (also Kamrupi Brahmana or Kamrupi Bamun; Brāhmaṇa) (Sanskrit: ब्राह्मण)Brahman, Brahma and Brahmin. Brahman, Brahmin and Brahma have different meanings. Brahman refers to the Supreme Self. Brahmin or Brahmana refers to an individual, while the word Brahma refers to the creative aspect of the universal consciousness. is a name used to designate a member of one of the four varnas in the traditional Hindu society. The English word brahmin is an anglicised form of the Sanskrit word Brāhmana. In the Smriti view there are four "varnas", or classes: the Brahmins, the Kshatriyas, the Vaishyas, and Shudras. The Atreya smriti 141-142 enjoins that
One is a Shudra by birth
samskarad dvija ucyate
By observing Samskaras one becomes a Dvija
vedapathi bhaved viprah
By studying the Vedas one becomes a Vipra
brahma janati brahmanah
Brahmins living in once undivided Kamrup or sometimes Lower Assam are known as Kamrupi Brahmins.They generally now occupies places like Guwahati, Nalbari, Barpeta.
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Khagen Mahanta
Khagen Mahanta (Assamese: খগেন মহন্ত) is an exponent in folk and traditional music of Assam. He was awarded Sangeet Natak Academy award for folk and traditional music in 1992.
Khagen Mahanta is one of the most respected name in Assamese folk music and known as the "King of Bihu". His Bihu songs, Borgeet and other folk songs are ever green to the assamese society. The artist along with his wife Archana Mahanta and son Angaraag Mahanta represent one of the most influential family in Assamese music.
Khagen Mahanta was born in Nagaon, 1 January 1942. His father was Harendra Nath Mahanta and mother was Laxmipriya Devi. He showed his musical talent from his childhood. At the age of only fifteen he started performing in the music concerts in Shillong. He voice was very much accepted by the audience. In 1958, he got the opportunity to perform from Delhi doordarshan (television) center established the very year. His program was much appreciated by the viewers.[citation needed]
During the "language movement" in 1960, Khagen Mahanta got actively involved in it under the leadership of personalities like Bishnuprasad Rabha, Hemanga Biswas, Jugal Das. He was member of the group called "Harmony" and popularized human values with his melodious voice and compositions. In 1961 his first gramophone recorded song was broadcasted from Guwahati All india radio center. He also participated in the "World Peace" festival in Calcutta. He was recognized as A grade artist in All India Radio and contributed in almost all genres of Assamese music like Lokageet, Okoni Geet, musicals, dramas. Khagen Mahanta has been felicitated numerous times nationally, internationally for his contributions. Some of his awards/ recognitions are listed below:
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Krishna
Krishna (Sanskrit: कृष्ण) (kṛṣṇa in IAST, pronounced [ˈkr̩ʂɳə] literally "dark, black") is a central figure of Hinduism. He is known as the eighth and "complete" avatar of Lord Vishnu, come to restore Dharma to the earth in a time of great dharmic imbalance. Krishna is identified as a historical individual who participated in the events of the Mahabharata.
Krishna is often described as an infant or young boy playing a flute as in the Bhagavata Purana, or as a youthful prince giving direction and guidance as in the Bhagavad Gita. The stories of Krishna appear across a broad spectrum of Hindu philosophical and theological traditions. They portray him in various perspectives: a god-child, a prankster, a model lover, a divine hero and the Supreme Being. The principal scriptures discussing Krishna's story are the Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, the Bhagavata Purana and the Vishnu Purana.
Worship of a deity of Krishna, in the form of Vasudeva, Bala Krishna or Gopala, can be traced to as early as 4th century BC. Worship of Krishna as svayam bhagavan, or the Supreme Being, known as Krishnaism, arose in the Middle Ages in the context of the bhakti movement. From the 10th century AD, Krishna became a favorite subject in performing arts and regional traditions of devotion developed for forms of Krishna such as Jagannatha in Orissa, Vithoba in Maharashtra and Shrinathji in Rajasthan. Since the 1960s the worship of Krishna has also spread in the West, largely due to the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.
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Lachit Borphukan
Lachit Borphukan (Assamese: লাচিত বৰফুকন ) was a commander and Borphukan in the Ahom kingdom known for his leadership in the 1671 Battle of Saraighat that thwarted a drawn out attempt by Mughal forces under the command of Ramsingh I to take back Kamrup. He died about a year later due to illness.
Lachit Borphukan, was the son of Momai Tamuli Borbarua,the first Borbarua (Governor of upper Assam and Commander-in-Chief of the Ahom army) under Prataap Singha. Lachit Borphukan was educated in humanities, scriptures and military skills. He was given positions of responsibility of the scarf-bearer (Soladhara Barua) of the Ahom Swargadeo, a position equivalent to a Private Secretaryship, which was regarded as the first step in career of an ambitious diplomat and politician. Other offices held by Lachit before his appointment as Borphukan included Superintendent of the Stable of Royal Horses (Ghora Barua), Commander of the strategic Simulgarh Fort and Superintendent of the Royal Household Guards or (Dolakaxaria Barua) to the Ahom king Chakradhwaj Singha.
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Laxminath Bezbarua
Lakshminath Bezbaruah (1868–1938) (Assamese: লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা, Hindi: लक्ष्मीनाथ बेजबरुवा) was a great Assamese personality in Assamese literature. He gave a new impetus to the Assamese literature that had stagnated for some time and enriched it through his essays, plays, fiction and poetry. As a sensitive artist he responded to the influences of social environment. His creative literature reflected the deeper urges of the people of Assam.
He was popularly known as Roxoraj(ৰসৰাজ) or 'The King of Humour' for his popular satirical writings. He is also known as Sahityarathi (সাহিত্যৰথী) which means expert in all branches of literature. Lakshminath wrote short stories, one novel, dramas, satires, biographies, and for children he compiled folk tales of Assam (Xadhukotha). In the later he did contribute by writing few new stories.
Poetry Collection:
Novel:
Short Story Collection:
Children's folk tales:
Collection of satire essays:
Comic Plays:
Plays
Biographies
Autobiographical
Others
Editor
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Mamta Baruah Herland
Mamta Baruah Herland is a painter and digital artist born in Assam, north east India, now living just outside Oslo, Norway. She has studied Visual Arts at Sydney College of the Arts in Australia, Graphic Design in Oslo and has her Masters degree in Fine Art — Painting from Winchester School of Art, England. Mamta has exhibited internationally, among them galleries in New York, London, Madrid, Barcelona and Ferrara, Italy. She participated in the International Biennale of Art in Florence (Firenze) in December 2005. In addition to private collectors, her works are acquired by commercial companies, communities in Norway and England and by The Norwegian Council of Cultural Affair.
In relevance to Mamta’s digital art she has written the thesis ['The impact of Giclée][1]. A shift towards digital print in future art.' and 'Internet & World Wide Web — [Consequences @ Fine Art][2]' discussing the influence and acceptance of digital technology in the international art world. Through the thesis and some of her digital works Mamta questions how the digital revolution will influence visual arts, among them the concept of authenticity, originality, limited editions and how art available through the World Wide Web will influence the traditional museums and galleries.
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Mir Jumla II
Mir Jumla II (1591 – 30 March 1663) (Urdu: مير جملا) was a prominent subahdar (governor, but today known as king) of Bengal in Eastern India under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. An Iranian by birth, his original name was Mir Muhammad Saeed Ardestani (Urdu: مير محمد سعيد اردستانی) (not to be confused with Mir Jumla I whose name was Mir Muhammad Amin during the reign of Emperor Jahangir). He received various titles from the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb such as Mu'azzam Khan, Khan-i-Khanan, Sipah salar and Yar-i-Wafahdar, but he became more popular in history as Mir Jumla. His son's name was Muhammad Amin Khan.
Mir Jumla was the son of a poor oil merchant from Bengal or Bihar.
In his early age Mir Jumla acquired some knowledge of reading, writing and arithmetic through which he was able to secure the job of a clerk under a diamond merchant having connections with the Kingdom of Golkonda in Southern India (near present day city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India), which was famous for its diamond mines. He later came to India in the service of another merchant. He, however, started his own diamond business, farmed some diamond mines, engaged in maritime commercial ventures and gradually rose to be a merchant of much fame, owning many ships.
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Moloya Goswami
Moloya Goswami (Assamese: মলয়া গোস্বামী) is a popular actress from Assam, India. She was the first North-East Indian actress to win the National Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in the Assamese film Firingoti (1992).
Malaya Goswami was born in Dibrugarh in Rajkhowa family of Sivasagar. Her father Kailash Rajkhowa was an engineer in Assam Electricity Board and used to transfer from one place to other due to work responsibilities. But Malaya and her sister stayed all of their school years in Nagaon. After her matriculation from Nagaon Girls' High School she came down to Guwahati. She completed her graduation from Handique College and completed her master degree from Guwahati University. Malaya was very active in sport during her college days and got selected even for the first women's Hockey team from Assam. After her education, she took teaching as her profession. Initially she worked in Sonari College for few years and then joined Jagiroad college in 1983.
In 1981, Malaya married Pradip Goswami, he is an engineer in Assam State Electricity Board. Her husband was a source of great inspiration towards her acting career. Her debut film was from the great Assamese Film maker Late Dr. Bhabendra Nath Saikia in 1987. The movie named 'Agnisnaan' was based on Saikia's famouis novel 'Antareep'. In the movie Malaya Goswami had the main role as 'Menaka'. Her on screen personality and gravity immediately caught attention assamese film industry. Even she just missed the best actress award with slight margin.
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Nilmani Phookan
Nilmani Phookan (Nilamani Phookan) (born 1933) is an Indian poet in Assamese language and an academic. His work replete with symbolism, is inspired by French symbolism and is representative of the genre in Assamese poetry. His notable works include Surya Henu Nami Ahe Ei Nodiyedi, Gulapi Jamur Lagna, Kobita
He was awarded the 1981 Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese for his poetry collection, Kavita (Kobita). He was awarded the Padma Shri by Government of India in 1990, and received the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, the highest literary honor in India, given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters in 2002
He was born in Dergaon in Golaghat district, Assam. He received his Masters degree in History from Guwahati University in 1961. Although he had started writing poetry since the early 1950s.
He started his career as a lecturer at Arya Vidyapeeth College in Guwahati in 1964, where he worked until his retirement in 1992. He has also translated Japanese and European poetry into Assamese.
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Parveen Sultana
Begum Parveen Sultana (born 1950) is an Assamese Hindustani classical singer of the Patiala Gharana. She is among the foremost classical vocalists in India and is known as Queen of Classical Vocal.
She was conferred the Padmashri in 1976.
Parveen Sultana was born at Daccapatty in Nowgong town , Assam, India to Ikramul Mazid and Maroofa Mazid. She went to Mission School .
Her father, late Ikramul Mazid was her first guru and he was very strict with her. She also received early training from her grandfather Mohammed Najeef Khan, a pathan . She later went to Kolkata to learn to learn music under the guidance of late Pandit Chinmoy Lahiri and from 1973, she became a disciple of Ustad Dilshad Khan of the Patiala Gharana.
She is married to Ustad Dilshad Khan. They have a daughter.
Parveen Sultana gave her first stage performance in 1962 when she was only 12 and has been recording music since 1965.
Sultana has sung for movies like Gadar, Kudrat, Do Boond Pani, and Pakeezah. Recently, she sang the theme song of Vikram Bhatt’s latest opus 1920. She also sang Humein Tumse Pyaar Kitna - Kudrat 1981.
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People of Assam
The people of Assam inhabit a multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic and multi-religious society. They speak languages that belong to three main language groups: Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic, and Tibeto-Burman, with Tai languages fading out after being replaced by Aryan languages. However, ethnic Tai roots run very deep, not just in modern Assam, but the former Assam which corresponds to all of Northeastern India, as far back as 1980s some 8 million people claimed Ahom descent (more than a third), though some intermixing of races is expected. India has attempted to dilute the Mongoloid influence in favor of Aryans, over the decades, resulting in ethnic tensions. The large number of ethnic and linguistic groups, the population composition and the peopling process in the state has led to it being called an "India in miniature".
Geographically Assam contains fertile river valleys surrounded and interspersed by mountains and hills. It is accessible from Tibet in the north (via Bum La, Tse La, Tunga), across the Patkai in the Southeast (via Diphu, Kumjawng, Hpungan, Chaukam, Pangsau, More-Tamu) and from Burma across the Arakan Yoma (via An, Taungup). In the west both the Brahmaputra valley and the Barak valley open widely to the Gangetic plains. Assam has been populated via all these accessible points in the past. It has been estimated that there were eleven major waves and streams of ethnolinguistic migrations across these points over time.
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Phani Sarma
Phani Sarma (Assamese: ফণী শৰ্মা) (1910 - 1970) was an Assamese theatre actor, playwright, film actor and director. Beginning as a stage actor, he appeared in the first film ever made in Assamese cinema, Joymati. in 1935.
He acted in and directed Siraj in 1948 and Pioli Phukan in 1955.
The theatrical career of Phani Sarma started as a gatekeeper of the women’s gallery of the prestigious Ban Stage situated at Tezpur. His father Molan Sarma was also an exponent of drama and was a noted actor of Ban Stage. Along with his father, Phani Sarma regularly went to the Ban Stage and closely observed the distinguished acting of a number of veteran actors like Indreswar Borthakur, Dr Lalit Mohan Chowdhury, Prafulla Borua. This inspired young Bolin (as Phani Sarma was popularly known) towards acting and had a deep impact on his future life. In 1928, he got the opportunity to act on the Ban Stage for the first time in the role of Akbar in the drama Rana Pratap. That was the beginning of a new chapter in the life of Phani Sarma.
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Pratima Barua Pandey
Pratima Barua Pandey (3 October 1935 – 27 December 2002) was a popular folk singer from the royal family of Gauripur in lower Assam's Dhubri district. Barua Pandey, a national awardee, best known for her immortal Goalpariya songs Hastir Kanya and Mur Mahut Bandhure, was the niece of filmmaker Pramathesh Barua of Devdas fame.
Barua Pandey was born on October 3, 1935, in Kolkata. She pursued her early education in the city’s Gokhale Memorial School, after which she came to Assam to study at the Girls’ High School, Gauripur, home of the royal family. She mostly spent her early years in between the din of Kolkata and the soothing environments of riverside "Gadadhar" at Gauripur. Although she learned Rabindrasangeet at school, but she never took any formal training or teaching in music except the encouraging words from her father Prakitesh Chandra Barua (Lalji). The most crucial point in her life came when Dr. Bhupen Hazarika visited Gauripur in 1955 and attended a jalsa organised on a social occasion, the shy young Pratima, though tongue-tied with fear, let her voice and the lyrics of the lokageet in Goalpariya dialect flow in tune with the strings and rhythms of the dhol, junuka, dotora, darinda, dhuluki and Bashi which are musical instruments in Goalpariya culture. Dr. Hazarika was highly impressed and predicted that this voice would definitely take Goalpariya lokageet to great heights. Later he continued his tireless moral and material support to establish that Goalpariya lokageet was a part of greater Assamese geet. Indeed, he first presented Goalpariya folk song in his film Era Bator Sur. Besides the mahout songs, Barua Pandey used to sing Paul Robeson’s evergreen hit We are in the same boat brother in stage shows. She married to Gauri Shankar Pandey, a retired principal of the Gauripur P. B. College.
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Radha Govinda Baruah
Radha Govinda Baruah (17 October 1900 – 15 July 1977) is the founder of The Assam Tribune, a group of news papers. He founded the Assam Tribune in 1939. He was a sports enthusiast, who was president of the Assam Cricket Association for over a decade. He is also noted for his contributions to the society and culture of Assam. He is called "the architect of modern Assam" for his being "instrumental in realising the educational needs" of the Assamese people. Radha Govinda Baruah College (or R G Baruah College) in Guwahati is named after him. In 2000, he was honoured with a postage stamp, part of a series of "Great Leaders : Social and Political" along with Jaglal Choudhary, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and Diwan Bahadur R. Srinivasan.
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Ranjit Singh
Maharaja Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 20 June 1839) was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire.
Ranjit Singh belonged to a Sikh clan of Northern India. He was born in Gujranwala, now in modern-day Pakistan. According to some historians, into a Jatt Sikh family and some that he was born into a Sansi Sikh family who were Sukerchakia misldars. As a child he suffered from smallpox which resulted in the loss of one eye. At the time, much of Punjab was ruled by the Sikhs under a Confederate Sarbat Khalsa system, who had divided the territory among factions known as misls.
Ranjit Singh's father Maha Singh was the Commander of the Sukerchakia misl and controlled a territory in the west Punjab based around his headquarters at Gujranwala. After his father's death he was raised under the protection of Sada Kaur of the Kanheya Misl. Ranjit Singh succeeded his father at the age of 18. After several campaigns, he conquered the other misls and created the Sikh Empire.
Pashtun King Amir Ahmad Shah Abdali 1747–1772 of Afghanistan Durrani Known as Kings of Kings first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore during that expedition. The following year (1749), the Mughal ruler was induced to cede Sindh and all of the Punjab including the vital trans Indus River to him, in order to save his capital from being attacked by the Afghan Pashtun forces of the DurraniEmpire.
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Rudra Baruah
Luit Konwar Rudra Baruah was one of the foremost music pioneers of Assam. He was a actor, composer, lyricist, singer and musician. He served with Govt. of Assam in the Public Relations Department (since renamed as Directorate of Information and Public Relations) and established the Culture & Film Division in the 1970s.
He was conferred the tile Luit Konwar in honour of the sterling work from his side for the development of music and cinema in Assam.
He was born in Bhimor village near Puranigudam in Nagaon district in 1926 and lived in Guwahati later on. He appeared in and directed music for several Assamese films and composed a lot of folk music in the local language. He died on February 14, 1980 leaving behind his wife and three sons.
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Samir Barua
Professor Samir Kumar Barua is the 10th director of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, and succeeds Bakul Dholakia as head of India's premiere management research institution.
Barua joined the IIMA as an associate professor in 1983 and became a professor in 1986. He is chairperson of the postgraduate programme in the IIMA. He is a member of visiting faculty at various academic institutions in the United States, the Netherlands, Singapore and Cyprus. He has also taught extensively in national and international executive training programmes.
Barua has been a consultant to many public and private organizations in manufacturing, banking and financial services sector. He has prepared policy papers for the finance minister, the governor of the Reserve Bank of India and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (Ficci).
Barua has published over 200 papers, articles and cases and has co-authored two books, namely, "Portfolio Management" and "The Great Indian Scam". The second book became a bestseller. He has developed several management games software for training and managerial decision-making. His specific areas of interest include capital markets and portfolio theory, international finance, operation research and decision sciences, applied statistics and management information and control systems.
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Sandy Baruah
Sandy K. Baruah is an American politician from the state of Oregon and is currently the president and chief executive officer of the Detroit Regional Chamber.
Sandy Baruah served as President George W. Bush’s last (acting) Administrator of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA). In this role, he was responsible for the SBA’s $18 billion small business loan portfolio.
Prior to leading the SBA, Baruah served as U.S. Assistant Secretary of Commerce. In this role he led the federal government’s domestic economic development program, the Economic Development Administration (EDA), served as the Senior Advisor to Commerce Secretary Carlos M. Gutierrez regarding the 2010 Census and represented the U.S. at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in Paris, France. Baruah led the development and implementation of the Agency’s award winning balanced scorecard.
Prior to his service in the Bush Administration, Baruah was a corporate mergers and acquisitions consultant for the Performance Consulting Group. He also served in the Administration of President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) and was on the staff of U.S. Senator Bob Packwood (Oregon).
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Seema Biswas
Seema Biswas (born 14 January 1965) is an Indian film and theatre actress from Assam who shot into prominence with the role of Phoolan Devi in Shekhar Kapur's film Bandit Queen (1994). She has a reputation for performing strong character roles.
Biswas won the 1996 National Film Award for Best Actress for her role in the film Bandit Queen. She won the 2000 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the 2006 Best Actress Genie Award for her role as Shakuntala in Deepa Mehta's Water (2005).
Biswas was born in Nalbari, Assam, to Jagdish and Meera Biswas. Her mother, an early influence, was a history teacher and a pioneering figure for female theatre artistes in Assam; and she came into contact with artists like Bhupen Hazarika, Phani Sarma and Bishnuprasad Rabha early in life.
She studied Political Science at Nalbari College, and later joined the National School of Drama, New Delhi. After graduating from NSD in 1984, she joined the NSD Repertory Company.
Seema Biswas acted as the heroine in Kishan Kartha's Amshini (Hindi) which entered the Indian Panorama Section of Filmotsav 1988. However the general belief is that Biswas debuted after Shekhar Kapur watched her perform in NSD Repertory Company, and offered her a role in Bandit Queen. Although she had earlier acted in Assamese cinema, this was her first big break into Hindi cinema, and she arrived with a bang.
wn.com/Seema_Biswas -
Siddhartha Sarma
Siddhartha Sarma (Assamese: সিদ্ধাৰ্থ শৰ্মা) is an Indian English novelist and journalist from Assam.
Sarma is the author of the young adult novel The Grasshopper's Run (Scholastic, 2009) It has been set against the Second World War and is set in Assam and Nagaland and follows the friendship between a Naga and Assamese boy. It won the 2009 Vodafone Crossword Book Award in Children's Literature category. In 2011, the Sahitya Academi shortlisted Sarma's The Grasshopper's Run for its Bal Sahitya Puruskar.</ref>[1] He became one of the three writers from the North East to have been shortlisted for the prestigious award in the same year. He has also written a travelogue based on his travels in the North East, an idea that originated from emails that he sent to his friends to describe his journey. The book titled East of The Sun released in early 2011.</ref>[2]
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Srimanta Sankardeva
Srimanta Shankardeva (1449–1568) (Assamese: মহাপুৰুষ শ্ৰীমন্ত শঙ্কৰদেৱ Môhapurux Srimôntô Xônkôrdev), was a 15th-16th century Assamese saint-scholar, playwright, social-religious reformer and a colossal figure in the cultural and religious history of Assam, India. He is credited with providing a thread of unity to Assam straddling two major kingdoms (Ahom and Koch kingdoms), building on past literary activities to provide the bedrock of Assamese culture, and creating a religion that gave shape to a set of new values and social synthesis. The religion he started, Mahapuruxiya Dharma, was part of the Bhakti movement then raging in India, and he inspired bhakti in Assam just as Ramananda, Guru Nanak, Kabir, Basava and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu inspired it elsewhere.
His literary and artistic contributions are living traditions in Assam today. The religion he preached is practiced by a large population, and Sattras (monasteries) that he and his followers established continue to flourish and sustain his legacy.
wn.com/Srimanta_Sankardeva -
Sukaphaa
Chaolung Sukaphaa (reign 1228–1268), also Siu-Ka-Pha (Assamese: স্বৰ্গদেউ চুকাফা ) , the first Ahom king in medieval Assam, was the founder of the Ahom kingdom. A Tai prince originally from Mong Mao, the kingdom he established in 1228 existed for nearly six hundred years and in the process unified the various tribal and non-tribal peoples of the region that left a deep impact on the region. In reverence to his position in Assam's history the honorific Chaolung is generally associated with his name (Chao: lord; Lung: great).
Since 1996 December 2 has been celebrated in Assam as the Sukaphaa Divas, or Asom Divas (Assam Day), to commemorate the advent of the first king of the Ahom kingdom in Assam after his journey over the Patkai Hills.
The details of Sukaphaa's life and origins before his entry into Assam, available from different chronicles, both Ahom and non-Ahom, are full of contradictions. According to Phukan (1992) who has tried to hold up a consistent account, Sukaphaa was born to Chao Chang-Nyeu (alias Phu-Chang-Khang) and Nang-Mong Blak-Kham-Sen in the Tai state of Mong Mao (also called Mao-Lung, with the capital at Kieng Sen), close to present-day Ruili in Yunan, China. Chao Chang Nyeu was a prince from Mong-Ri Mong-Ram, who had traveled to Mong Mao possibly on an expedition. Mong Mao was then ruled by Chao Tai Pung. Chao Chang Nyeu was befriended by Pao Meo Pung, the son of the ruler, who gave his sister Blak Kham Sen in marriage. Sukaphaa was born of this union not later than 1189 and was brought up by his maternal grandparents. Pao Meo Pung, who eventually ruled Mong Mao, had no male heir and Sukaphaa, his nephew, was nominated to succeed him. A son born late to Pao Meo Pung's queen ended Sukaphaa's claim to the throne of Mong Mao.
wn.com/Sukaphaa -
Sunenphaa
Sunenphaa (reign 1744–1751), or Pramatta Singha (Assamese: স্বৰ্গদেউ প্ৰমত্ত সিংহ ), Rudra Singha's second son, ascended the throne after the death of his brother Siba Singha. He assumed the Ahom name Sunenphaa. He was a kind and lenient ruler and his reign of seven years was peaceful and prosperous. In 1745 he initiated fresh land survey and census work. He constructed new buildings and masonry gateways at Garhgaon and Rangpur. In 1746, he built the Rang Ghar, an amphitheatre in Rangpur to watch animal fights and other sports.
He devoted his attention to construction of many temples and buildings. In Guwahati he built the Sukreswar Temple and the Rudreswar Temple (Devaloy)in North Guwahati at the place where the last rites of Rudra Singha was performed as per Hindus ritual. In Hajo the Ganesha temple was constructed during his reign.
wn.com/Sunenphaa -
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (pronounced: IPA: [ʂāmiː biːbeːkānoːnɗoː] listen (help·info)) (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendra Nath Datta (IPA: [nôreːnd̪roː naːt̪ʰ d̪ôttoː] was the chief disciple of the 19th century saint Ramakrishna and the founder of the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission. He is considered a key figure in the introduction of Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the western world, mainly in America and Europe and is also credited with raising interfaith awareness, bringing Hinduism to the status of a major world religion during the end of the 19th century CE. Vivekananda is considered to be a major force in the revival of Hinduism in modern India. He is perhaps best known for his inspiring speech which began: "Sisters and Brothers of America," through which he introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
Swami Vivekananda was born in an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta on 12 January 1863. Vivekananda's parents influenced his thinking—his father by his rationality and his mother by her religious temperament. From his childhood, he showed an inclination towards spirituality and God realisation. His guru, Ramakrishna, taught him Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism); that all religions are true and that service to man was the most effective worship of God. After the Mahasamadhi of his guru, Vivekananda became a wandering monk, touring the Indian subcontinent and acquiring first-hand knowledge of conditions in India. He later travelled to Chicago and represented India as a delegate in the 1893 Parliament of World Religions. He conducted hundreds of public and private lectures and classes, disseminating Vedanta and Yoga in America, England and Europe. He also established the Vedanta societies in America and England.
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Swargajyoti Barooah
Swargajyoti Barooah was one of the earliest first few film actresses of Assamese Cinema. She acted as a child artist in the first Assamese film Joymati released way back in 1935. The film was produced and directed by the noted Assamese poet Jyotiprasad Agarwala, and starred Aideu Handique and acclaimed stage actor and playwright Phani Sarma. The film was shot between 1933 and 1935.
Swargajyoti Barooah enacted the childhood character of Dalimi in the film. She died young due to serious health problems. She was married to Shri Tara Prasad Barooah of Golaghat (An eminent lawyer of Assam, University Prize-man, Gold-medalist in English from Calcutta University and an alumnus of Scottish Church who was also one of the few Tamra-Patra recipient freedom fighters from Assam). Though her original surname was Datta she became more identified with her married name of Barooah.
wn.com/Swargajyoti_Barooah -
Tarali Sarma
Tarali Sarma is a singer from Assam, who won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer in the year 2004 for the Assamese film Akashitorar Kothare. Her father is Prabhat Sarma who is a renowned folk exponent, flutist, music director and a Sangeet Natak Akademi Awardee. Tarali is a versatile singer and music director in the Assamese film industry. She has composed music for films like Akashitorar Kothare, Laaz, Jatra the passage, and Abhijatri, among others. She has also released several albums such as Abhixari Priya, Sonjoni, Sankar Madhav, Sneh, Pohar, Tarali, and Bargit.
Tarali Sarma performed in Valley Forge in Pennsylvania during Assam 2009 organized by Assam Society of America. She also performed in Colorado Springs, Colorado during Assam 2010 organized by Assam Society of America.
Tarali's album list also includes Abhimaan, Prajapati, Nayanmoni (with Krishnamani Nath), Mukoli
etc. in which she has created some beautiful melodies.
wn.com/Tarali_Sarma -
Tarun Gogoi
Tarun Gogoi (Assamese: তৰুণ গগৈ) (born April 1, 1936) is times Chief Minister of the state of Assam in India for the third consecutive time.
Gogoi was born on the Rangajan tea estate in the Jorhat district of Assam. He was a student of Jorhat Government Boys School . He did his graduation from J B College, Jorhat and LL.B from Gauhati University.
Tarun Gogoi is a member of the Indian National Congress. In 1971, Gogoi was elected to the 5th Lok Sabha from Jorhat constituency.
In 1976, he became the Joint Secretary of All India Congress Committee. He was re-elected to the 6th Lok Sabha in 1977 from the same constituency. Then again, he was re-elected to the 7th Lok Sabha in 1983 from Jorhat. For the 4th time, he was elected to the 10th Lok Sabha in 1991 from Kaliabor constituency. During 1991-93, he was the Union Minister of Food (Independent Charge). From 1993 to 1995, he held the portfolio of Food Processing Industry as the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge).
During 1996-98, Gogoi was elected Member of Assam Legislative Assembly from Margherita Constituency. He was elected as a member of Parliament for the fifth time in 1998 to the 12th Lok Sabha from Kaliabor. Again in 1999, Gogoi was re-elected to the 13th Lok Sabha from the same constituency. On 17 May 2001, he assumed the Office of Chief Minister in Assam.
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Tarun Ram Phukan
Tarun Ram Phookan / Tarun Ram Phukan (also known as Deshbhakta) was born in Guwahati in Kamrup District of Assam on January 22, 1877 and breathed his last on July 28, 1939.
He was educated in Cotton Collegiate School, Guwahati and Presidency College, Calcutta. Later, he moved to the Bar from Inner Temple in London. He educated as a lawyer but also served as Lecturer in Earle Law College in Guwahati.
He was a prominent member of a political organization then named Assam Association till 1920. Phookan played a important part in forming the Assam Branch of the Indian National Congress in 1921. He was elected its first President. When the Non-Cooperation Movement was started, Phookan took a leading part in it and he toured various parts of Assam carrying the message of Mahatma Gandhi. In connection with the Non-Cooperation Movement, he was sentenced to one year's rigorous imprisonment in 1921 .
Phookan became the Chairman of the Reception Committee,Pandu Session of the Indian National Congress in 1926. He also served as Chairman of the Municipal Board and Local Board of Guwahati and undertook several programmes for the upliftment of the under-privileged sections of society. He established a Leper Asylum in Guahati. He was a great orator and also a prominent writer. He served as the President of the Assam Sahitya Sabha, a premier literary organisation in Assam at its Goalpara Session in 1927. He also served as President of the Assam Chhatra Sammelan in 1928.
wn.com/Tarun_Ram_Phukan -
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ།་, Wylie: Bodpa; Chinese: 藏族; pinyin: Zàng Zú) are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The Khampas of Tibet are originally from Mongolia.
Tibetans speak the Tibetan language, which belongs to the Sino-Tibetan languages and has many mutually unintelligible dialects. The traditional, or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, though some observe the indigenous Bön and others are Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama, and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.
As of 2008, there are 5.4 million Tibetans in China. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetan language speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal, and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) own refugee register counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; in Nepal there are over 16,000; over 1,800 in Bhutan and more than 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Taiwan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and USA.[citation needed]
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Uddipana Goswami
Uddipana Goswami (Assamese: উদ্দিপনা গোস্বামী) is an Indian poet, academic, editor, author and media consultant. She is from Assam, India.
She is the author of the poetry collection We Called the River Read : Poems from a Violent Homeland (Authors Press, New Delhi, 2009)
She Assamese literature editor of Muse India, a literary e-journal. She blogs at Jajabori Mon
She has been previously published in Etchings (Australia), Chandrabhaga (India), Muse India (India), The Other Voices International Project (online), Geometer (UK online), XCP Streetnotes (online). Her poetry has also appeared in Tonight, An Anthology of World Love Poetry, South Africa.
Online Works
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Wildlife
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative.
Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, forests, rain forests, plains, grasslands, and other areas including the most developed urban sites, all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is impacted by human activities.
Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in a number of ways including the legal, social, and moral sense. This has been a reason for debate throughout recorded history. Religions have often declared certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times concern for the natural environment has provoked activists to protest the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment. Literature has also made use of the traditional human separation from wildlife.
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Xuanzang
Xuanzang (Chinese: 玄奘; pinyin: Xuánzàng; Wade–Giles: Hsüan-tsang Sanskrit: ह्वेनसांग) (c. 602 – 664) was a famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. Born in Henan province of China in 602 or 603, from boyhood he took to reading sacred books, including the Chinese Classics and the writings of the ancient sages.
While residing in the city of Luoyang, Xuanzang entered Buddhist monkhood at the age of thirteen. Due to the political and social unrest caused by the fall of the Sui dynasty, he went to Chengdu in Sichuan (Szechuan), where he was ordained at the age of twenty. He later traveled throughout China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. At length, he came to Chang'an, then under the peaceful rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang. Here Xuanzang developed the desire to visit India. He knew about Faxian's visit to India and, like him, was concerned about the incomplete and misinterpreted nature of the Buddhist scriptures that had reached China.
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Zeme Naga
Zeme Naga is one of the sub-groups of Zeliangrong people. The Zeme inhabits the Northeastern states of India. Zemes reside in NC Hills of Assam, Tousem Sub-Division of Tamenglong district and Senapati district of Manipur, and Peren district of Nagaland. They are also thought to be residing in Tripura but it is yet to be deciphered.They have close ethnic/cultural affinity with three other cognate tribes, viz. Liangmai, Rongmei and Npuimei Nagas of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland. Zeme professes 'Paupaise' (indigenous belief system), 'Christianity' and 'Heraka'.
In Manipur, Zemes and Liangmais together are recognised as "Kacha Naga", while the Rongmei and Npuimei as "Kabui". Zeme and Liangmai tribes are recognised as Zeliang by government of Nagaland (excluded Rongmei and Npuimei). The word "Kacha" is wrongly spelled. The actual word is "Ketsa" which originally is an Angami Naga word for thick forest.
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Zubeen Garg
Zubeen Garg (Assamese: জুবিন গাৰ্গ, born 18 November 1972) is a singer and composer from Assam, India, in the Bollywood and Assamese music scene. He plays dhols, guitar, dotora, mandolin, keyboard and various percussion instruments.
Garg hails from Jorhat, a city in upper Assam. His birth name is Zubeen Borthakur. He was named after the great composer Zubin Mehta and uses his gotra name, Garg, as his surname. Garg was born to Mohan Borthakur, a famous lyricist, poet and a magistrate (who uses the pseudonym Kapil Thakur, and the late Ily Borthakur.
The Borthakur family has its roots in Janji, Sivasagar. Mohan Borthakur was a magistrate and he and his family moved often during Garg's early years. Ily Borthakur was a dancer, actress and singer, but she never turned these talents into a professional career. Instead, she decided to teach her son at home. Garg's younger sister Jongki Borthakur was a well-known singer and actress who died in a car accident in 2002 near Tezpur while they were going to perform stage show. There after Zubeen made an album known as "SHISHU" in memory of his late sister. Zubeen's other sister Palme, a bharatanatyam dancer, runs a dance academy in Guwahati.
wn.com/Zubeen_Garg
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World's Most Dangerous Stretch of Railway - Interior Assam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
This is probably one of the bloodiest railway routes all across the world. Midst unparalleled genesis-ed natural beauty brutal extremists and terrorists rule this unknown part of India by the name of Black Widow. 100s of security personnel have been killed over these years and least to say, whenever you travel this route you stick your head into the guillotine. But the pristine and untouched nature is a sight to drool on as you will see in the video. So sit back and enjoy Interior Assam (From Lumding to Lower Haflong) Just look out for the last shot, I think it is my shot of a lifetime... its Awesome!
http://wn.com/World's_Most_Dangerous_Stretch_of_Railway_Interior_Assam
This is probably one of the bloodiest railway routes all across the world. Midst unparalleled genesis-ed natural beauty brutal extremists and terrorists rule this unknown part of India by the name of Black Widow. 100s of security personnel have been killed over these years and least to say, whenever you travel this route you stick your head into the guillotine. But the pristine and untouched nature is a sight to drool on as you will see in the video. So sit back and enjoy Interior Assam (From Lumding to Lower Haflong) Just look out for the last shot, I think it is my shot of a lifetime... its Awesome!
Outrage in Assam after mob publicly strips, molests girl in Guwahati
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
Reaffirming that women's safety is more a concept than reality in India, a shocking incident of a mob molesting a girl has emerged from Guwahati. Adding insult to injury, a video of the incident has gone viral on YouTube. Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
http://wn.com/Outrage_in_Assam_after_mob_publicly_strips,_molests_girl_in_Guwahati
Reaffirming that women's safety is more a concept than reality in India, a shocking incident of a mob molesting a girl has emerged from Guwahati. Adding insult to injury, a video of the incident has gone viral on YouTube. Watch full show: www.ndtv.com
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 209999
- author: ndtv
Outrage over Assam girl's molestation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 04 Jan 2013
Reactions pour in to what happened with the girl who was molested outside a bar in Guwahati.
http://wn.com/Outrage_over_Assam_girl's_molestation
Reactions pour in to what happened with the girl who was molested outside a bar in Guwahati.
- published: 13 Jul 2012
- views: 332759
- author: headlinestoday
30000 flee after Assam violence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
18 people have been killed and ten people have been reported missing after clashes erupted in Kokrajhar in Assam. The Army has been called in to assist the security forces. Meanwhile, more than 30000 people have fled their homes and reached relief camps. The Deputy Commissioner of Kokhrajhar spoke to TIMES NOW and said that the situation in Kokhrajhar remains tense.
http://wn.com/30000_flee_after_Assam_violence
18 people have been killed and ten people have been reported missing after clashes erupted in Kokrajhar in Assam. The Army has been called in to assist the security forces. Meanwhile, more than 30000 people have fled their homes and reached relief camps. The Deputy Commissioner of Kokhrajhar spoke to TIMES NOW and said that the situation in Kokhrajhar remains tense.
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 19589
- author: timesnowonline
TV9 News: Assam: Tinsukia Tea Estate MD & Family Burnt Alive, Naxals Suspected
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
TV9 News: Assam: Tinsukia Tea Estate MD & Family Burnt Alive, Naxalism Suspected..,
http://wn.com/TV9_News_Assam_Tinsukia_Tea_Estate_MD_Family_Burnt_Alive,_Naxals_Suspected
TV9 News: Assam: Tinsukia Tea Estate MD & Family Burnt Alive, Naxalism Suspected..,
- published: 21 Jan 2013
- views: 50
- author: tv9kannadanews
Flavours Of India Featuring Assam 22-01-13 Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:43
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Flavours Of India Featuring Assam 22-01-13 Part 2
http://wn.com/Flavours_Of_India_Featuring_Assam_22-01-13_Part_2
Flavours Of India Featuring Assam 22-01-13 Part 2
- published: 23 Jan 2013
- views: 3
- author: KairaliOnline
Assam Violence (English) - Sri Sri Ravi Shankar visits Assam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 07 Dec 2012
www.artofliving.org - In the midst of chaos, violence and mayhem in Assam, India, a ray of hope still lingers. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, founder of The Art of Living Foundation, visited the districts of Chirang and Kokrajhar on 08 August 2012. Sri Sri discussed ways and means to end the conflict and to identify and work on long term solution to the problems of Bodo-land. Help Art of Living heal Assam - Contribute to the Assam Crisis : www.artofliving.org The mistrust and fear amongst the people of Assam will take time to heal, and the main focus of The Art of Living is removing this fear. In addition to immediate relief there have been several reputed Ayurvedic doctors who have been brought to provide holistic health care. Teachers and volunteers of The Art of Living are working tirelessly towards trauma relief, and providing long term sustainable solutions. They are focusing on healing mental wounds and conflicts through meditation, satsang and through several holistic Art of Living workshops.
http://wn.com/Assam_Violence_English_Sri_Sri_Ravi_Shankar_visits_Assam
www.artofliving.org - In the midst of chaos, violence and mayhem in Assam, India, a ray of hope still lingers. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, founder of The Art of Living Foundation, visited the districts of Chirang and Kokrajhar on 08 August 2012. Sri Sri discussed ways and means to end the conflict and to identify and work on long term solution to the problems of Bodo-land. Help Art of Living heal Assam - Contribute to the Assam Crisis : www.artofliving.org The mistrust and fear amongst the people of Assam will take time to heal, and the main focus of The Art of Living is removing this fear. In addition to immediate relief there have been several reputed Ayurvedic doctors who have been brought to provide holistic health care. Teachers and volunteers of The Art of Living are working tirelessly towards trauma relief, and providing long term sustainable solutions. They are focusing on healing mental wounds and conflicts through meditation, satsang and through several holistic Art of Living workshops.
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 16037
- author: ArtOfLivingTV
NEW ASSAMESE BIHU - UREI JIBON THAKIM DUYO DOYOR HOI - TORAMAI 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
A nice Assamese bihu song. Song Title: UREI JIBON THAKIM DUYO DOYOR HOI... Album: TORAMAI 2012. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
http://wn.com/NEW_ASSAMESE_BIHU_UREI_JIBON_THAKIM_DUYO_DOYOR_HOI_TORAMAI_2012
A nice Assamese bihu song. Song Title: UREI JIBON THAKIM DUYO DOYOR HOI... Album: TORAMAI 2012. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
- published: 01 Apr 2012
- views: 12432
- author: HDAXOM
Koppiyam - Teenager Molested Outside Bar In Assam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:28
- Updated: 11 Dec 2012
This is a reality show which talks about the crime investigation which happens in Tamil Nadu. Unsolved murders coming to the channels seeking justice. This show is about brutal murders, kidnapping, and huge theft happening in town.
http://wn.com/Koppiyam_Teenager_Molested_Outside_Bar_In_Assam
This is a reality show which talks about the crime investigation which happens in Tamil Nadu. Unsolved murders coming to the channels seeking justice. This show is about brutal murders, kidnapping, and huge theft happening in town.
- published: 23 Jul 2012
- views: 7414
- author: RajTVTamil
Violence escalates in India's Assam state
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:27
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Indian authorities have sent more troops to quell ethnic violence in northeastern Assam state. At least 42 people have been killed during a week of clashes between the local Bodo tribe and Muslim settlers. Hundreds of thousands of people have been forced to flee their homes, as Prerna Suri reports from Kokrajhar.
http://wn.com/Violence_escalates_in_India's_Assam_state
Indian authorities have sent more troops to quell ethnic violence in northeastern Assam state. At least 42 people have been killed during a week of clashes between the local Bodo tribe and Muslim settlers. Hundreds of thousands of people have been forced to flee their homes, as Prerna Suri reports from Kokrajhar.
- published: 27 Jul 2012
- views: 16917
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
ASSAM LIVE - Bangladeshi Muslims Killing Innocent Hindus(Bodo) in assam, India 2012,july
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
This is what happening in Assam after illegally entering india and occupying the locals' land illegally and now they are also killing the same local people so that they can be the lords of this land. Shame on all those crooked politicians who helped all these illegal migrants with all these facilities and papers for their petty political ends without thinking the future security of India. Now the same politicians who helped all these people also will be killed by the same illegal migrants.
http://wn.com/ASSAM_LIVE_Bangladeshi_Muslims_Killing_Innocent_HindusBodo_in_assam,_India_2012,july
This is what happening in Assam after illegally entering india and occupying the locals' land illegally and now they are also killing the same local people so that they can be the lords of this land. Shame on all those crooked politicians who helped all these illegal migrants with all these facilities and papers for their petty political ends without thinking the future security of India. Now the same politicians who helped all these people also will be killed by the same illegal migrants.
- published: 28 Jul 2012
- views: 53238
- author: Karsevak India
Junbai Part 2 | Assamese Full Movie | Manas Robin | Assamese Bihu VCD |Gayatri Mahanta
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 66:03
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
This movie was produced by Manas Robin's Production.
http://wn.com/Junbai_Part_2_|_Assamese_Full_Movie_|_Manas_Robin_|_Assamese_Bihu_VCD_|Gayatri_Mahanta
This movie was produced by Manas Robin's Production.
- published: 18 Jan 2013
- views: 490
- author: Manas Robin
JANMONI - FULL ASSAMESE BIHU VCD
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 76:22
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
JANMONI FULL ASSAMESE BIHU VCD. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
http://wn.com/JANMONI_FULL_ASSAMESE_BIHU_VCD
JANMONI FULL ASSAMESE BIHU VCD. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
- published: 03 Jun 2012
- views: 24164
- author: HDAXOM
James Hill - Assam/Like A Bird (HiSessions.com Acoustic Live!)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:40
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
Watch James' full episode: www.youtube.com The second musical segment from the HI*Sessions studio featuring James, his amazing ukulele skills, and Anne Davison on cello. Stay tuned as we update more videos from James' episode featuring his music. Watch previous videos of HI*Sessions featuring James: "Heart Shaped Tattoo" - www.youtube.com Visit www.hisessions.com to see a complete list of artists, and tune into our bi-monthly podcast featuring a behind-the-scenes look at what makes them all great! Follow HI*Sessions hisessions.com http twitter.com
http://wn.com/James_Hill_Assam_Like_A_Bird_HiSessionscom_Acoustic_Live!
Watch James' full episode: www.youtube.com The second musical segment from the HI*Sessions studio featuring James, his amazing ukulele skills, and Anne Davison on cello. Stay tuned as we update more videos from James' episode featuring his music. Watch previous videos of HI*Sessions featuring James: "Heart Shaped Tattoo" - www.youtube.com Visit www.hisessions.com to see a complete list of artists, and tune into our bi-monthly podcast featuring a behind-the-scenes look at what makes them all great! Follow HI*Sessions hisessions.com http twitter.com
- published: 19 Jan 2012
- views: 49689
- author: hisessionsshow
Discussion on the recent incident of communal violence in Assam: Sh. Arun Jaitley: 09.08.2012: LQ
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:58
- Updated: 12 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/Discussion_on_the_recent_incident_of_communal_violence_in_Assam_Sh_Arun_Jaitley_09082012_LQ
ASINA DEKHOT - ASSAMESE SONG BY ZUBEEN GARG
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
An Assamese song Asina Dekhot by Zubeen Garg.
http://wn.com/ASINA_DEKHOT_ASSAMESE_SONG_BY_ZUBEEN_GARG
ASSAMESE BIHU SONG 2012 - Dhole tale from Gamosa
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 20 Jan 2013
A nice Assamese BIhu song from album Gamosa. Song Title: Dhole tale... Album: Gamosa. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
http://wn.com/ASSAMESE_BIHU_SONG_2012_Dhole_tale_from_Gamosa
A nice Assamese BIhu song from album Gamosa. Song Title: Dhole tale... Album: Gamosa. VIEW MY CHANNEL: www.youtube.com PLEASE SUBSCRIBE: www.youtube.com Thanks for watching!
- published: 29 Mar 2012
- views: 15507
- author: HDAXOM
Surujmukhi - Rowd (Sunshine) - Assamese Movie
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Rowd (Sunshine) - An Assamese feature film made under the banner of MB Production, presented by Tapan Bordoloi and produced by Mousumi Bordoloi. Rowd is directed by Gautam Baruah, music by Jatin Sarma. Enjoy and download the movie songs at Future Sounds. Buy and Download the audio album www.futuresounds.in
http://wn.com/Surujmukhi_Rowd_Sunshine_Assamese_Movie
Rowd (Sunshine) - An Assamese feature film made under the banner of MB Production, presented by Tapan Bordoloi and produced by Mousumi Bordoloi. Rowd is directed by Gautam Baruah, music by Jatin Sarma. Enjoy and download the movie songs at Future Sounds. Buy and Download the audio album www.futuresounds.in
- published: 21 May 2012
- views: 24478
- author: FutureSoundsIND
BJP leader LK Advani's Speech in Lok Sabha on Assam Riots PART 01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:21
- Updated: 21 Jan 2013
http://wn.com/BJP_leader_LK_Advani's_Speech_in_Lok_Sabha_on_Assam_Riots_PART_01
Best Bihu Dance from Assam, India
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:55
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
Incredible dances from Assam, India
http://wn.com/Best_Bihu_Dance_from_Assam,_India
Indian Temple - Kamakhya Mandir Assam - Indian Temple Tours
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:01
- Updated: 23 Jan 2013
Bless your day with the divine darshans of the Kamakhya Temple. The temple is a Shakti Peeth temple situated on the Nilachal Hill in western part of Guwahati city in state of Assam. The Kalika Purana which is an ancient work in Sanskrit describes Kamakhya as the yielder of all desires. It is also referred the young bride of Shiva and the giver of salvation. Shakti is known as Kamakhya. Being the centre for Tantra worship this temple attracts thousands of tantra devotees in an annual festival known as the Ambubachi Mela. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com . Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Indian_Temple_Kamakhya_Mandir_Assam_Indian_Temple_Tours
Bless your day with the divine darshans of the Kamakhya Temple. The temple is a Shakti Peeth temple situated on the Nilachal Hill in western part of Guwahati city in state of Assam. The Kalika Purana which is an ancient work in Sanskrit describes Kamakhya as the yielder of all desires. It is also referred the young bride of Shiva and the giver of salvation. Shakti is known as Kamakhya. Being the centre for Tantra worship this temple attracts thousands of tantra devotees in an annual festival known as the Ambubachi Mela. Subscribe to take the memorable Indian Temple Tours at www.youtube.com . Visit the ancient spiritual Indian temples and check out all tour videos here www.youtube.com
- published: 21 Jan 2012
- views: 11603
- author: TheDivineIndia
Koppiyam - Assam MLA Case
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:55
- Updated: 02 Jan 2013
8th July 2012, A serious controversy has begun in Assam Congress politics after the MLA from Borkhola Dr Rumi Nath suddenly left her husband and two-year-old daughter and eloped with her Facebook friend Jackie Zakir to convert to Islam before marrying him. CRPF troops have been deployed in and around Silchar to thwart any attempt at communal violence because of this conversion. Rumi's first husband Rakesh Kumar Singh lodged an FIR with police alleging that Rumi was kidnapped from Silchar Medical College and Hospital where she had gone for a medical check-up.
http://wn.com/Koppiyam_Assam_MLA_Case
8th July 2012, A serious controversy has begun in Assam Congress politics after the MLA from Borkhola Dr Rumi Nath suddenly left her husband and two-year-old daughter and eloped with her Facebook friend Jackie Zakir to convert to Islam before marrying him. CRPF troops have been deployed in and around Silchar to thwart any attempt at communal violence because of this conversion. Rumi's first husband Rakesh Kumar Singh lodged an FIR with police alleging that Rumi was kidnapped from Silchar Medical College and Hospital where she had gone for a medical check-up.
- published: 10 Jul 2012
- views: 9895
- author: RajTVTamil
Mishings full Videos, bhaba doley, urishma, assam
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 24 Jan 2013
video uploaded from my mobile phone
http://wn.com/Mishings_full_Videos,_bhaba_doley,_urishma,_assam
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
24 Jan 2013
North Korea threatened to conduct a nuclear weapons test “targeted” at the U.S. after the Obama administration pushed through new United Nations sanctions against the totalitarian state for last month’s rocket launch. “In a new phase of the anti-U.S ... The UN Security Council imposed additional restrictions on North Korea on Jan ... The U.S ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
photo: AP / Anis Belghoul
22 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. When then-Vice President Dick Cheney stated. "If there's a 1% chance that Pakistani scientists are helping al-Qaeda build or develop a nuclear weapon, we have to treat it as a certainty in terms of our response. It's not about our analysis...it's about our response,"(1) it was clearly evident that the "war on terror" had been lost ... And when Zacarias Moussaoui shouted. "America you lost ... 11....(size: 9.1Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
24 Jan 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. In the world of politics and imagination, theater usually trumps theology while history is most often vanquished by histrionics. President Barack Obama's swearing-in ceremony for a second term reflects this truth, specifically as he uses two historic bibles-one belonging to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and another used only by Abraham Lincoln ... "With malice toward none; with charity for all."....(size: 7.3Kb)
photo: AP / Patric Schneider
23 Jan 2013
HOUSTON (Reuters) - Three people were wounded, one critically, on Tuesday when gunfire erupted during an altercation between two people on a community college campus near Houston, police said, the latest in a series of shootings on U.S. college and school campuses. Two people "of interest" in the Lone Star College shooting were detained for questioning, including one with a student identification, according to authorities....(size: 3.7Kb)
photo: AP / Burhan Ozbilici
21 Jan 2013
Germany has sent 240 soldiers to southern Turkey as part of a NATO mission using Patriot missiles to deter cross-border airstrikes from war-torn Syria. Units are also being provided by the Netherlands and the US. The main German contingent flew out of Berlin Sunday, headed for Kahramanmaras, 100 kilometers (62 miles) inside Turkey's border with Syria, where two German Patriot units are to be fully operational by early February ... DW.DE ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Jan 2013
Guwahati, Jan 24 (IANS) A CRPF trooper was killed and an Assam Police constable injured when armed Karbi Peoples' Liberation Tigers (KPLT) militants ambushed a security forces patrol in Assam's Karbi Anglong district Thursday, police said ... While one CRPF jawan was killed, one constable of the Assam Police was also ... Assam Lingzey ... Assam Tribune ....(size: 2.5Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Jan 2013
Guwahati, Jan 24 (IANS) Suspected ULFA hardliners Thursday planted a powerful improvised explosive device (IED) near a police station in Assam's Darrang district but it was detected in time and safely defused, police said ... Additional Director General of >Assam Police (Law and Order) A.P ... Assam Lingzey . Assam Tribune . Assam Engg ... Assam Sachivalaya . Assam Syntex . Assam Agriculture University ... Assam Medical College . Assam University . ...(size: 3.7Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Jan 2013
The Centre has proposed to construct eleven new foodgrain godowns in different locations in Assam to strengthen the public distribution system in the state ... According to an official release, once constructed, these Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns will add foodgrain storage capacity of 3,47,000 MT in the state of Assam ......(size: 2.0Kb)
Zeenews
24 Jan 2013
A powerful improvised explosive device (IED), uranium and explosive materials were recovered today, triggering the authorities to tighten security across Assam in the run-up to the Republic Day celebrations, the police said ... Barua asking cadres to target police and security personnel particularly in upper Assam districts as also the state capital....(size: 1.9Kb)
The Telegraph India
24 Jan 2013
The Assam Football Associations face-saving exercise of bringing in an ......(size: 0.4Kb)
The Times of India
24 Jan 2013
Huffington Post
24 Jan 2013
An injured wild elephant tries to stand after it was attacked by poachers a number of days ago at the foothills of Pancharatna hills in Goalpara district of lower Assam, India, Monday, Dec ... Indian forest officials, on domestic elephants, try to push an injured wild elephant after it was attacked by poachers a number of days ago at the foothills of Pancharatna hills in Goalpara district of lower Assam, India, Monday, Dec....(size: 7.4Kb)
The Times of India
24 Jan 2013
GUWAHATI. The 116th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was celebrated in the city with patriotic fervour on Wednesday ... About 3,000 people from various walks of life participated in the rally. The rallyists raised slogans of Netaji ... Another programme was organized at Netaji Subhash Chowk by Greater Assam Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Birthday Celebration committee ... He also talked about the contribution of the leader for Assam ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
noodls
24 Jan 2013
(Source. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Republic of India) A. CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION - PERFORMANCE. Month / Period. PlannedTarget (TMT). Actual Production (TMT). %age achievement. Surplus(+)Shortfall() Vis-à-vis target (%age). Surplus(+)Shortfall()overlastyear(%ag). December, 2012*. 3398.337. 3206.333. 94.4. -5.6. 1.0. April-December, 2012*. 29878.949. 28598.804. 95.7. -4.3. -0.4 ... 28702.969 ... * ... ONGC ... Assam ... Assam ... C ... OIL(Assam & Arunachal Pradesh)....(size: 18.8Kb)
The Hindu
24 Jan 2013
Captain S ... “We were then moved to Sylhet in Assam, where we were given jungle training that included camouflage and concealment techniques, digging and hiding in trenches, patrolling and attacking enemy posts.” ... All the training in facing the enemy seemed to come to his aid in 1944, when the Madras Regiment stationed at Tamu (on the Assam-Burma border) came under a severe attack from the advancing Japanese troops ... Keywords....(size: 5.4Kb)
Newstrack India
24 Jan 2013
noodls
24 Jan 2013
(Source ... This issue was also raised at the recently concluded International Tourism Mart held at Guwahati, Assam, from 18th to 20th January, 2013. ****. Samir/rv. distributed by ... The issuer is solely responsible for the accuracy of the information contained therein.. (noodl. 17303489) ....(size: 1.8Kb)
| Assam অসম |
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|---|---|---|---|
| — State — | |||
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| Coordinates (Dispur): 26°08′N 91°46′E / 26.14°N 91.77°E / 26.14; 91.77Coordinates: 26°08′N 91°46′E / 26.14°N 91.77°E / 26.14; 91.77 | |||
| Country |  India |
||
| Established | 15 August 1947 (1947-08-15) (64 years ago) | ||
| Capital | Dispur | ||
| Largest city | Guwahati | ||
| Districts | 27 | ||
| Government[*] | |||
| • Governor | J B Patnaik | ||
| • Chief Minister | Tarun Gogoi (INC) | ||
| • Legislature | Unicameral (126 seats) | ||
| • Parliamentary constituency | 14 | ||
| • High Court | Gauhati High Court | ||
| Area | |||
| • Total | 78,550 km2 (30,330 sq mi) | ||
| Area rank | 16th | ||
| Population (2011) | |||
| • Total | 31,169,272 | ||
| • Rank | 14th | ||
| • Density | 400/km2 (1,000/sq mi) | ||
| Time zone | IST (UTC+05:30) | ||
| ISO 3166 code | IN-AS | ||
| HDI |  0.534 (medium) |
||
| HDI rank | 22nd (2005) | ||
| Literacy | 73.18% (26th)[1] | ||
| Official languages | Assamese; Karbi(in Barak Valley)[citation needed]; Bodo (in Bodoland)[2] | ||
| Website | assam.gov.in | ||
| ^[*] Assam has had a legislature since 1937 ^[*] Assam is one of the original provinces of British India | |||
Assam /əˈsæm/ (Assamese: অসম) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India and is one of the most culturally and geographically distinct regions of the country[citation needed]. Assam was one of the original provinces[3] of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India,[4] having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the outskirts of its largest metropolis, Guwahati.
Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India"[5] A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.[6]
Another aspect that separates Assam from the rest of Indian states is the rich composite culture of the state. Assamese constitute the majority of the state's population but the state has over two dozen other big and small tribal groups with many of them having their own language, writing system, dance forms and traditions.
Geographically, Assam is located south of the eastern Himalayas. Assam comprises the Brahmaputra and the Barak river valleys along with the Karbi Anglong and the Dima Hasao district with an area of 30,285 square miles (78,440 km2). Assam is surrounded by six of the other Seven Sister States: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya. These states are connected to the rest of India via a narrow strip in West Bengal called the Siliguri Corridor or "Chicken's Neck".[7] Assam also shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
Assam was known as Pragjyotisha in the Mahabharata, Puranas and historically as Kamarupa (350–1140), an kingdom that ruled Assam for 800 years.
The Kamarupa kingdom disintegrated into smaller kingdoms. Subsequently one of them, the Kingdom of Assam (1228–1826), became dominant and the region came to be named after that kingdom. The current academic consensus for Sanskrit word "Asama", as evidenced by Satyendra Nath Sarma's paraphrasing Banikanta Kakati, is that the name is indigenous and associated with the medieval kingdom[8]
"While the Shan invaders called themselves Tai, they came to be referred to as Āsām, Āsam and sometimes as Acam by the indigenous people of the country. The modern Assamese word Āhom by which the Tai people are known is derived from Āsām or Āsam. The epithet applied to the Shan conquerors was subsequently transferred to the country over which they ruled and thus the name Kāmarūpa was replaced by Āsām, which ultimately took the Sanskritized form Asama, meaning 'unequaled, peerless or uneven'."
The earliest recorded use of the name is from the 16th century[9] which was one among many variants that originated natively.[10][11] Europeans picked up this name in the 17th century initially as Assam[12] (Dutch), Acham[13] (English), or Assen (French) and which settled very quickly to the current spelling Assam. The medieval kingdom, then the British province and finally the Indian state came to be known as Assam when written in alphabets derived from the Latin alphabet. In the colonial and post-colonial period, the name Ahom derived from Āsām or Āsam (see quote above), denoted a community connected with the original invaders and the Kingdom of Assam[14] came to be referred to as Ahom kingdom.
The academic consensus is that current name "Assam" is based on the English word Assam [15][not in citation given (See discussion.)] by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas ruled by erstwhile Kamarupa. The named Assam applied to most of North East India including Brahmaputra and Barak river valleys, hills of Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA), Mizoram (Lushai Hills), Nagaland (Naga Hills) and Meghalaya (Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills. [16] Assam was known as Asama after 15th century till arrival of British.[17] The medieval native name was "Asama" derived from Sanskrit meaning unequal as referring to its geology which is equal mix of river valleys and hills.[18] The British province after 1838 and the Indian state after 1947 came to be known as Assam.
Different scholars forwarded their view in this regard. Some of them are as below. Banikanta Kakati's view regarding etymology of current official name and official language of state is as follows:-
The word Assamese is an English one. built on the same principle as Cingalese, Canarese etc. It is based on the English word Assam.
Satyendranath Sarma says:-
Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language of India, spoken by nearly eight millions of people inhabiting mostly the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The word Assamese is an English formation built on the same principle as Simhalese or Canarese etc. It is based on the English word Assam by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas. But the people call their country Asama and their language Asamiya.
For the many theories on the origin of the name, see the main article Etymology of Assam. On 27 February 2006, the Government of Assam started a process to change the name of the state to Asom or Axom,[21] a controversial move that has been opposed by the people and political organizations.[22]
Geography and Climate[link]
Main article: Physical Geography of Assam
File:Assam Valley.JPG
Assam and its Environs: Assam comprises plains, dissected hills of the South Indian Plateau system and the Himalayas all around its north, north-east and east.
Geomorphic studies conclude that the Brahmaputra, the life-line of Assam is an antecedent river, older than the Himalayas. The river with steep gorges and rapids in Arunachal Pradesh entering Assam, becomes a braided river (at times 10 mi/16 km wide) and with tributaries, creates a flood plain (Brahmaputra Valley: 50–60 mi/80–100 km wide, 600 mi/1000 km long).[23] The hills of Karbi Anglong, North Cachar and those in and close to Guwahati (also Khasi-Garo Hills) now eroded and dissected are originally parts of the South Indian Plateau system.[23] In the south, the Barak originating in the Barail Range (Assam-Nagaland border) flows through the Cachar district with a 25–30 miles (40–50 km) wide valley and enters Bangladesh with the name Surma.
Assam is endowed with petroleum, natural gas, coal, limestone and other minor minerals such as magnetic quartzite, kaolin, sillimanites, clay and feldspar.[24] A small quantity of iron ore is available in western districts.[24] Discovered in 1889, all the major petroleum-gas reserves are in Upper parts. A recent USGS estimate shows 399 million barrels (63,400,000 m3) of oil, 1,178 billion cubic feet (3.34×1010 m3) of gas and 67 million barrels (10,700,000 m3) of natural gas liquids in the Assam Geologic Province.[25]
With the “Tropical Monsoon Rainforest Climate”, Assam is temperate (summer max. at 95–100 °F or 35–38 °C and winter min. at 43–46 °F or 6–8 °C) and experiences heavy rainfall and high humidity.[23][26] The climate is characterized by heavy monsoon downpours reducing summer temperatures and affecting foggy nights and mornings in winters. Thunderstorms known as Bordoicila are frequent during the afternoons. Spring (Mar–Apr) and Autumn (Sept–Oct) are usually pleasant with moderate rainfall and temperature.
Flora and Fauna[link]
See also: Biodiversity of Assam
Assam is one of the richest biodiversity zones in the world and consists of tropical rainforests,[27] deciduous forests, riverine grasslands,[28] bamboo[29] orchards and numerous wetland[30] ecosystems; Many are now protected as national parks and reserved forests. The Kaziranga, home of the rare Indian Rhinoceros, and Manas are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Assam. The state is the last refuge for numerous other endangered species such as the Golden Langur (Presbetis geei), White-winged Wood Duck or Deohanh (Cairina scutulata), Bengal Florican, Black-breasted Parrotbill, Pygmy Hog, Greater Adjutant and so on. Some other endangered species with significant population in Assam are the tiger, elephant, Hoolock gibbon, Jerdon's Babbler and so on to name a few. For the State Bird, the White-winged Wood Duck, Assam is a globally important area.[31] Assam is also known for orchids.[32] The state has the largest population of the Wild Water Buffalo in the world.[33] The state also has the highest diversity of birds in India with around 820 species.[34] With subspecies the number is as high as 946.[35] The mammal diversity in Assam is also high with around 190 species[36]
The region is prone to natural disasters with annual floods and frequent mild earthquakes. Strong earthquakes are rare; three of which were recorded in 1869, 1897 (8.1 on the Richter scale); and in 1950 (8.6).
Government and Politics[link]
Main article: Districts of Assam
Assam is divided into 27 administrative districts.[37] These districts are further sub-divided into 49 “Sub-divisions” or Mohkuma.[37] Every district is administered from a district head quarter with the office of the District Collector, District Magistrate, Office of the District Panchayat and usually with a district court.
The districts are delineated on the basis of the features such as the rivers, hills, forests, etc. and majority of the newly constituted districts are sub-divisions of the earlier districts.
The local governance system is organised under the jila-parishad (District Panchayat) for a district, panchayat for group of or individual rural areas and under the urban local bodies for the towns and cities. Presently there are 2489 village panchayats covering 26247 villages in Assam.[38] The 'town-committee' or nagar-somiti for small towns, 'municipal board' or pouro-sobha for medium towns and municipal corporation or pouro-nigom for the cities consist of the urban local bodies.
For the revenue purposes, the districts are divided into revenue circles and mouzas; for the development projects, the districts are divided into 219 'development-blocks' and for law and order these are divided into 206 police stations or thana.[38]
History[link]
Main article: History of Assam
Pre-history[link]
Assam and adjoining regions have evidences of human settlements from all the periods of the Stone ages. The hills at the height of 1,500–2,000 feet (460 to 615 m) were popular habitats probably due to availability of exposed doleritic basalt useful for tool-making.[39]
According to the Kalika Purana (c.17th–18th AD), written in Assam, the earliest ruler of Assam was Mahiranga Danav followed by Hatak, Sambar, Ratna and Ghatak; Naraka removed this line of rulers and established his own Naraka dynasty. It mentions that the last of the Naraka-bhauma rulers, Narak, was slain by Krishna. Naraka's son Bhagadatta, mentioned in the Mahabharata, fought for the Kauravas in the battle of Kurukshetra with an army of kiratas, chinas and dwellers of the eastern coast. Later rulers of Kamarupa frequently drew their lineage from the Naraka rulers. However, there is much evidence that Mahayana Buddhism was prominent in ancient Assam. After Hi-uen Shang's visit Mahayana Buddhism came to Assam. Relics of Tezpur, Malini Than, Kamakhya and Madan Kam Dev Temple are the evidences of Mahayana Buddhism.
Ancient[link]
Ancient Assam, known as Kamarupa, was ruled by powerful dynasties: the Varmanas (c. 350–650 AD), the Salstambhas(Xalostombho, c. 655–900 AD) and the Kamarupa-Palas (c. 900–1100 AD). In the reign of the Varman king, Bhaskar Varman(c. 600–650 AD), the Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the region and recorded his travels. Later, after weakening and disintegration (after the Kamarupa-Palas), the Kamarupa tradition was somewhat extended till c. 1255 AD by the Lunar I (c. 1120–1185 AD) and Lunar II (c. 1155–1255 AD) dynasties.[39] Ruled by three dynasties Varman, Pala and Salstambhas from their capitals in present-day Guwahati (Pragjyotishpura, Durjaya) and Tezpur (Haruppeswara) respectively, it covered the entire Brahmaputra river valley and, at times, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh.[40]
Medieval[link]
Two later dynasties, the Ahoms and the Koch left larger impacts. The Ahoms, a Tai group, ruled Assam for nearly 600 years (1228–1826 AD) and the Koch, a Tibeto-Burmese, established sovereignty in c. 1510 AD. The Koch kingdom in western Assam and present North Bengal was at its zenith in the early reign of Naranarayana (c. 1540–1587 AD). It split into two in c. 1581 AD, the western part as a Moghul vassal and the eastern as an Ahom satellite state. Since c. 13th AD, the nerve centre of Ahom polity was upper Assam; the kingdom was gradually extended till Karatoya River in the c. 17th–18th AD. It was at its zenith during the reign of Sukhrungpha or Sworgodeu Rudra Simha (c. 1696–1714 AD). Among other dynasties, the Sutiya Kingdom ruled north-eastern Assam and parts of present Arunachal Pradesh and the Kacharis ruled from Dikhow River to central and southern Assam. With expansion of Ahom kingdom, by c. 1520 AD the Sutiyas areas were annexed and since c. 1536 AD Kacharis remained only in Cachar and North Cachar more as an Ahom ally then a competing force. Despite numerous invasions, mostly by the Muslim rulers, no western power ruled Assam until the arrival of the British. Though the Mughals made seventeen attempts to invade they were not successful. The most successful invader Mir Jumla, a governor of Aurangzeb, briefly occupied Garhgaon (c. 1662–63 AD), the then capital, but found it difficult to control people making guerrilla attacks on his forces, forcing them to leave. The decisive victory of the Assamese led by the great general Lachit Borphukan on the Mughals, then under command of Raja Ram Singha at Saraighat (1671) had almost ended Mughal ambitions in this region. Mughals were finally expelled in c. 1682 AD from lower Assam.
British Assam[link]
Ahom palace intrigue and political turmoil due to the Moamoria rebellion aided the Burmese to invade Assam and install Chandra Kanta Singh as a puppet king in 1817. In 1821, Singh switched his allegiance to the British, leading the Burmese to invade again. The Burmese defeated the Assamese army in 1822, and made Assam a Burmese province under a military governor-general.[41][42] With the Burmese having reached the East India Company’s borders, the First Anglo-Burmese War ensued in 1824. The war ended under the Treaty of Yandabo[43] in 1826, with the Company taking control of Lower Assam and installing Purander Singh as king of Upper Assam in 1833. The arrangement lasted till 1838 and thereafter the British gradually annexed the entire region. Initially Assam was made a part of the Bengal Presidency, then in 1906 it was a part of Eastern Bengal and Assam province, and in 1912 it was reconstituted into a Chief Commissioners' province. In 1913, a Legislative Council and in 1937 the Assam Legislative Assembly were formed in Shillong, the erstwhile capital of the region. The British tea planters imported labour from central India adding to the demographic canvas. After few initial unsuccessful attempts to free Assam during the 1850s, the Assamese since early 20th century joined and actively supported the Indian National Congress against the British.
At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor. The Assam Province was one amongst those major eight provinces of British India. The following table lists their areas and populations (but does not include those of the dependent Native States): [44]
During the partition of Bengal (1905–1911), a new province, Assam and East Bengal, was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.[44]
Table hereafter shows the major original provinces during British India that includes the Assam Province:
| Province of British India[44] | Area (in thousands of square miles) | Population (in millions of inhabitants) | Chief Administrative Officer |
|---|---|---|---|
| Burma | 170 | 9 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Bengal | 151 | 75 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Madras | 142 | 38 | Governor-in-Council |
| Bombay | 123 | 19 | Governor-in-Council |
| United Provinces | 107 | 48 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Central Provinces and Berar | 104 | 13 | Chief Commissioner |
| Punjab | 97 | 20 | Lieutenant-Governor |
| Assam | 49 | 6 | Chief Commissioner |
In 1947, Assam including the present Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya became a state of the Union of India (princely states, Manipur and Tripura became Group C provinces) and a district of Assam, Sylhet, chose to join Pakistan.
Post British[link]
Since 1947, with increasing economic problems in the region, separatist groups began forming along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty grew, resulting into fragmentation of Assam.
Since the mid-20th century, people from present Bangladesh have been migrating to Assam. In 1961, the Government of Assam passed a legislation making use of Assamese language compulsory. It had to be withdrawn later under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar. In the 1980s the Brahmaputra valley saw a six-year Assam Agitation[45] triggered by the discovery of a sudden rise in registered voters on electoral rolls. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners illegally migrating from neighboring Bangladesh and changing the demographics. The agitation ended after an accord between its leaders and the Union Government, which remained unimplemented, causing simmering discontent.[46]
The post 1970s experienced the growth of armed separatist groups like United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)[45] and National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB). In November 1990, the Government of India deployed the Indian army, after which low-intensity military conflicts and political homicides have been continuing for more than a decade. In recent times, ethnicity based militant groups (UPDS, HPDC etc.) have also mushroomed. Regional autonomy has been ensured for Bodo-kacahri community in Bodoland Territorial Council Areas (BTC) and for the Karbis in Karbi Anglong after agitation of the communities due to sluggish rate of development and general apathy of successive state governments towards indigenous communities.
-
Nidhanpur Inscription of Kamrupi King Bhaskar Varman.
-
Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings.
-
Ruins of Pragjyotishpura, Kamarupa.
,_Kamarupa_-_Panel_on_Plinth.jpg)
-
A typical octagonal Ahom coin of Ahom Dynasty.
Tea history[link]
Main article: Assam tea
After discovery of Camellia sinensis (1834) in Assam followed by its tests in 1836–37 in London, the British allowed companies to rent land since 1839. Thereafter tea plantations mushroomed in Upper Assam, where the soil and the climate were most suitable. Problems with the imported laborers from China and hostilities of native Assamese resulted into migration of forced laborers from central-eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting the Chinese and the Assamese-Chinese hybrid varieties, the planters later accepted the local Camellia assamica as the most suitable one for Assam. By 1850s, the industry started seeing some profits. Industry saw initial growth, when in 1861, investors were allowed to own land in Assam and it saw substantial progress with invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea during 1870s. The cost of Assam tea was lowered down many folds and became more competitive than its Chinese variant.
Despite the commercial success, tea laborers continued to be exploited, working and living under poor conditions. Fearful of greater government interference, the tea growers formed the Indian Tea Association in 1888 to lobby to retain the status quo. The organization was very successful in this, and even after India’s independence conditions of the laborers have improved very little.[47]
Demographics[link]
Main article: People of Assam
File:Assam Demography 1.png
District-wise Demographic Characteristics in 2001
| Population Growth | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1951 | 8,029,000 |
|
|
| 1961 | 10,837,000 | 35.0% | |
| 1971 | 14,625,000 | 35.0% | |
| 1981 | 18,041,000 | 23.4% | |
| 1991 | 22,414,000 | 24.2% | |
| 2001 | 26,656,000 | 18.9% | |
| Source:Census of India[48] The 1981 Census could not be held in Assam. Total population for 1981 has been worked out by Interpolation. |
|||
Total population of Assam was 26.66 million with 4.91 million households in 2001.[49] Higher population concentration was recorded in the districts of Kamrup, Nagaon, Sonitpur, Barpeta, Dhubri, Darang and Cachar. Assam's population was estimated at 28.67 million in 2006 and at 30.57 million by 2011, 34.18 million by 2021 and 35.60 million by 2026.[50]
In 2001, the census recorded literacy in Assam at 63.3% with male literacy at 71.3% and female at 54.6%. Urbanisation rate was recorded at 12.9%.[51]
Growth of population in Assam has experienced a very high trajectory since the mid-decades of the 20th century. Population grew steadily from 3.29 million in 1901 to 6.70 million in 1941, while it has increased unprecedentedly to 14.63 million in 1971 and 22.41 million in 1991 to reach the present level.[49] The growth in the western and southern districts was of extreme high in nature mostly attributable to rapid influx of population from the then East Pakistan or Bangladesh.[46]
Assam has many ethnic groups and the People of India project has studied 115 of these. Out of which 79 (69%) identify themselves regionally, 22 (19%) locally, and 3 trans-nationally. The earliest settlers were Austroasiatic, followed by Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan speakers, and Tai–Kadai speakers.[52] Forty-five languages are spoken by different communities, including three major language families: Austroasiatic (5), Sino-Tibetan (24) and Indo-European (12). Three of the spoken languages do not fall in these families. There is a high degree of bilingualism.
STs in Assam There are 23 notified Scheduled Tribes (ST) in Assam with the Bodos (40.9 per cent) making half of the total ST population (around 13 per cent) of the state. The other STs (both plains and hills) include Miri, Karbi, Rabha, Kachari, Lalung, Barman in Cachar, Borokachar, Deori, Hajai, Mech, Dimasa, Hajong, Singhphho, Khampti and Garo, Chakma, Hmar, Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam, and Kuki.
Religions[link]
| Religion in Assam[53] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Religion | Percent | |||
| Hinduism |
|
64.92% | ||
| Islam |
|
30.93% | ||
| Christianity |
|
3.71% | ||
| Others |
|
0.45% | ||
According to the 2001 census, there were 17,296,455 Hindus, 8,240,611 Muslims, 986,589 Christians, 22,519 Sikhs, 51,029 Buddhists, 23,957 Jains and 22,999 belonging to other religious communities.[54] The latter includes Animism (Khamti, Phake, Aiton etc. communities).
Hinduism[link]
The Hindus of Assam perform several dances to practice their devotion to their Gods. One category of them is the Sattriya Dances.
Kamakhya, dedicated to Goddess Durga is the eastern-most pilgrimage of Hinduism.
Popular forms of God in Assam are Durga, Shiva, Krishna and Narayana, although several tribes practice devotion to local deities as well.
Well known saints and philosophers from Assam include Gurudev Kalicharan, Madhab, Mahadeb, and very likely Kumarila Bhatta.
Brahmo Samaj: Assam is the home of Kalicharan Mech, a Bodo Hindu who stopped the British Christian missionaries, spread ahimsa and vegetarianism. He was deeply influenced by the Brahmo Samaj.[55] He later became known as "Gurudev Kalicharan Brahmachari"[56] or "Guru Brahma". His principles were established as the Brahma Dharma. Perhaps his teachings can be summarized by his given phrase, "Chandrama Surya Narayans Jyoti", meaning, "the light (jyoti) from the sun is capable from dispelling darkness and taking people to Brahma (Narayans)."[57]
From the teachings of Guru Brahma, the "Bodo-Brahmas" (the Bodos of this sect) have boycotted alcohol, heavy dowry as well as meat-eating.
This sect is written by scholars to be Vedic and Upanishadic.[58] As per Vedic rituals, the priests perform Horn Yajna, which was begun by Guru Brahma to organize the Bodos.[59]
While the Bodo Christians today are laying stress on adopting a Roman script for the Bodo community, the Bodo-Brahmas prefer the traditional Bengali-Ahomi script.
Out of the 3,308,570 Assamese tribals reported in the 2001 Census, 90.7% were Hindus and 8.8% were Christians. There were also 6,267 Muslims, 5,153 Budhists and 3,574 Animists.[60]
Islam[link]
Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in Assam with 8,240,611 Muslims.[54]
The history of the indigenous Muslims of Assam is a long one, though many details are obscure, especially for the Assamese Muslims. A Brahmin priest from Kamrup (near the geographical middle of Assam) was reported to have converted to Islam around the 13th century.
Later in the 16th century, an Islamic saint Ajan Fakir Shah Miran and also known as Ghiyasuddin Auliya came from Baghdad to Assam to preach Islam in the area. The Masjid constructed by him is known as, The Pao Mecca mosque, Pao Mecca literally means one-fourth of Mecca. It is believed that the foundation of the mosque was laid upon a handful of earth brought from Mecca. The Pao-Mecca mosque was partially destroyed by a strong earthquake that occurred in 1897 and the dargah on the 750 ft (229 m). high Gaurachol hills is of Ghiyasuddin Auliya Ajan Fakir was buried on the hills of Gaurachol and hence the tomb on the hill is related to him, are considered sacrosanct not only by the Muslims but by people of other faiths as well.[61]
- Panchpeer Dargaha, Dhurbi District, Assam: It is Mazar Sharif of five Sufi Saints who accompanied Raja Ram Singh during his time of invasion to Assam.Immigration from Bangladesh has increased the number of Muslims significantly in some areas.
Christianity[link]
The Bible was translated into Assamese in the year of 1819. In 1827, an attempt was made to start a Baptist church in Guwahati, but it made no permanent converts in the area. Later the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society was able to make some headway in Guwahati. Although these earliest Christian missionary endeavors which were focused in the north-east of India, were in Modern Assam, the great success of Protestant missionaries in North-East India which they achieved in late 19th and the 20th centuries, was primarily in areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya which are not part of Assam anymore.
As of 1991, only Tripura of the seven eastern states of India had a lower percentage of Christians than Assam. There were more Christians in Assam than in Mizoram even though Mizoram was the second most Christian state in India at the time.[62]
Besides the Protestants there are also Catholics. There is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Shillong.
According to the 2001 Census, there are a total of 986,589 Christians in Assam.[63] Out of this, 291,000 (29.5%) are tribals.[60]
Sikhism[link]
The first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev had visited Kamrup (Assam) in the 1505 as recorded in the his first visit in Purantan Janam Sakhi (the historical papers related to the visits and daily recorded activities of the Guru). Guru Nanak had met Srimanta Shankardeva (the founder of the Mahapuruxiya Dharma) as the Guru travelled from Dhaka to Assam. But no sangat or historical shrine dedicated to him survives as to date.
Ninth Guru of Sikhs Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Assam in 1668. This place is also famous for the Sikh Gurdwara Thara Sahib or Gurdwara Damdama Sahib which was constructed in memory atop the hillock place of meditation of the Guru in Dhubri, Kamrup. The historical site and places of interest of the Gurdwara are many times referred to as Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib situated in Dhubri (Assam) by the banks of the Brahmaputra .[64] The grateful Ahom King invited Guruji to the Kamakhya shrine, where he was honoured with great respect.
In the year 1820, few hundred Sikh soldiers went to Assam at the initiative of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to help Ahom rulers in a war. Their descendants are mostly concentrated in Lanka in Nagaon district of Assam.[65] Sikhs have been living in Assam for approximately two hundred years.[66]
Buddhism[link]
The religion is practised by 51,029 persons in Assam. Among them are the Chakma and Boruas. The Chakmas of Assam are located mostly in Chachar and Karbi Anglong with very lesser presence in Nagaon district. Guwahati has lots of Buddhist temples, the most prominent being the Bamunimaidan Buddhist temple.
The Indigenous Tai tribes like Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, Khamyang, Turung, Singpho and Khampti are also buddhist by religion. They mainly inhabit Upper Assam and also Karbi Anglong.
There is also a small Bhutanese and Tibetan population in Assam.
Languages[link]
See also: Assamese language, Assamese literature, Bodo language, Sylheti language, and Bishnupriya Manipuri language
.
Languages of Assam in 2001[67]
Assamese (57.81%)
Bengali (21.67%)
Bodo (5.28%)
Nepali (4.62%)
Mising, Karbi, Dimasa (3.66%)
Other (6.96%)
Assamese and Bodo are the major indigenous and official languages while Bengali holds official status in the three districts in the Barak Valley and is the second most widely spoken language of the state (27%).[68]
Traditionally Assamese was the language of the commons (of mixed origin – Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman, Prakrit) in the ancient Kamarupa and in the medieval kingdoms of Kamatapur, Kachari, Sutiya kingdom, Borahi, Ahom and Koch. Traces of the language is found in many poems by Luipa, Sarahapa, etc. in Charyapada (c.7th–8th AD). Modern dialects Kamrupi, Goalpariya etc. are the remnants. Moreover, Assamese in its traditional form was used by the ethno-cultural groups in the region as lingua-franca, which spread during the stronger kingdoms and was required for needed economic integration. Localised forms of the language still exist in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh. The form used in the upper Assam was enriched by the advent of Tai-Shans in the 13th century.
Linguistically modern Assamese traces its roots to the version developed by the American Missionaries based on the local form in practice near Sibsagar (Siwoxagor) district. Assamese (Osomeeya) is a rich language due to its hybrid nature with its unique characteristics of pronunciation and softness. Assamese literature is one of the richest.
Dimasa is a one of the oldest languages spoken in North East India particularly in Assam. The word Dimasa etymologically translates to "Son of the big river " (Di- Water, ma- suffix for great, sa-sons), the river being the mighty Brahmaputra. The Dimasa word "Di" for water forms the root word for many of the major rivers of Assam and the North East India like Dikrang which means green river, Dikhow which means "fetched water", Diyung ( huge river) etc. The mighty river Brahmaputra is known as Dilao (long river) among the Dimasas even now. Many of the important towns and cities in Assam and Nagaland found their names from the Dimasa word such as Diphu, Dimapur (a capital of Dimasa Kingdom), Dispur,Hojai, Khaspur, etc. In fact, Dimasa language is one of the last languages of the North East India which still has undiluted rich vocabularies.
Bodo is an ancient language of Assam. Spatial distribution patterns of the ethno-cultural groups, cultural traits and the phenomenon of naming all the major rivers in the North East Region with Bodo-Kachari words (e.g. Dihing, Dibru, Dihong, D/Tista, Dikrai, etc.) reveal that it was the most important language in the ancient times. Bodo is presently spoken largely in the Lower Assam (Bodo Territorial Council area). After years of neglect, now Bodo language is getting attention and its literature is developing. Other native languages of Tibeto-Burman origin and related to Bodo-Kachari are DEORI Mising, Karbi, Rabha, Tiwa, etc. Rajbongshi also known as Kamatapuri/Goalpariya is also widely spoken by the people of western Assam.
Nepali is also spoken in almost all parts of the state. There are approximately thirty lakhs of Nepali speakers spreading over the area of all the district of Assam. Assamese language being the main language, they are well versed in it. Assamese language is the main medium in educational institutions but Nepali language is also taught as a major Indian language. In Guwahati and Digboi, many Jr. basic School and Jr. high School are Nepali medium where all the teachers are Nepali. As a major Indian language, Nepali is included by Assam State Secondary Board, Assam Higher Secondary Council and Gauhati University in their HSCL, higher secondary and graduation level respectively, in some junior basic and higher secondary schools and colleges, Nepali teachers and lecturers are also appointed. In these institutions, Nepali and literature are taught.
There are also speakers of Tai languages in Assam. A total of six Tai language were spoken in Assam, although two are now extinct.[69]
The Tai Ahom language (brought by Sukaphaa and his followers), is no longer a spoken language today, but is receiving increased attention for research after centuries of long care and preservation by the Bailungs (traditional priests). There are also small groups of people speaking Manipuri, Khasi, Garo, Hmar, Kuki, Zeme Naga etc. in different parts.
Bengali is the official language in Barak Valley and the widely spoken language there is Sylheti, a dialect of Bengali. Bengali is also largely spoken in the western districts of Dhubri, Barpeta and Goalpara.
Santali or Santhali is also spoken widely by the tribal population in the tea garden districts of Assam. these people who were initially brought as tea estate labourers by the British to Assam have now made it their home state.
Bishnupriya Manipuri language is also spoken by a small minority of people in Barak Valley.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Assam
Assamese culture is traditionally a hybrid one developed due to assimilation of ethno-cultural groups in the past. Therefore, both local elements or the local elements in Sanskritised forms are distinctly found.[70] The major milestones in evolution of Assamese culture are:
- Assimilation in the Kamarupa Kingdom for almost 700 years (under the Varmans for 300 years, Salastambhas and Palas for each 200 years).[39]
- Establishment of the Ahom dynasty in the 13th century AD and assimilation for next 600 years.[39]
- Assimilation in the Koch Kingdom (15th–16th century AD) of western Assam and Kachari Kingdom (12th–18th century AD) of central and southern Assam.[39]
- Vaishnava Movement led by Srimanta Shankardeva (Sonkordeu) and its contribution and cultural changes.Vaishanav Movement, the 15th century religio-cultural movement under the leadership of great Srimanta Sankardeva (Sonkordeu) and his disciples have provided another dimension to Assamese culture. A renewed Hinduisation in local forms took place, which was initially greatly supported by the Koch and later by the Ahom Kingdoms. The resultant social institutions such as namghar and sattra (the Vaishnav Monasteries) have become part of Assamese way life. The movement contributed greatly towards language, literature and performing and fine arts. It is also noticed that many a times, Vaishnav Movement attempted to introduce alien cultural attributes and modify the way of life of common people. Brajavali a language specially created by introducing words from other Indian languages had failed as a language but left its traces on the Assamese language. Moreover, new alien rules were also introduced changing people's food habits and other aspects of cultural life. This had a greater impact on alienation of many local ethno-cultural and political groups in the later periods.
Historically, it is not difficult to understand that on one hand, during the strong politico-economic systems under stronger dynasties, greater cultural assimilations created common attributes of Assamese culture, while on the other during smaller politico-economic systems or during political disintegration, more localised attributes were created with spatial differentiation. Time-factor for such integrations and differentiations has also played extremely important role along with the position of individual events in the entire series of sequential events.
With rich traditions, the modern culture is greatly influenced by events in the British and the Post-British Era. The language was standardised by the American Baptist Missionaries such as Nathan Brown, Dr. Miles Bronson and local pundits such as Hemchandra Barua with the form available in the Sibsagar (Sivasagar) District (the ex-nerve centre of the Ahom Kingdom). A renewed Sanskritisation was increasingly adopted for developing Assamese language and grammar. A new wave of Western and northern Indian influence was apparent in the performing arts and literature.
Increasing efforts of standardisation in the 20th century alienated the localised forms present in different areas and with the less-assimilated ethno-cultural groups (many source-cultures). However, Assamese culture in its hybrid form and nature is one of the richest, still developing and in true sense is a 'cultural system' with sub-systems. It is interesting that many source-cultures of Assamese cultural-system are still surviving either as sub-systems or as sister entities, for e.g. Bodo or Karbi or Mishing. It is important to keep the broader system closer to its roots and at the same time to focus on development of the sub-systems.
Some of the common and unique cultural traits in the region are peoples' respect towards areca-nut and betel leaves, symbolic (Gamosa, Arnai, etc.), traditional silk garments and towards forefathers and elderly. Moreover, great hospitality and Bamboo culture are common.
Symbolism[link]
Symbolism is an ancient cultural practice in Assam and is still a very important part of Assamese way of life. Various elements are being used to represent beliefs, feelings, pride, identity, etc. Tamulpan, Sorai and Gamosa are three important symbolic elements in Assamese culture. Tamulpan (the areca nut and betel leaves) or guapan (gua from kwa) are considered along with the Gamosa (a typical woven cotton or silk cloth with embroidery) as the offers of devotion, respect and friendship. The Tamulpan-tradition is an ancient one and is being followed since time-immemorial with roots in the aboriginal Austro-Asiatic culture. Sorai is a traditionally manufactured bell-metal article of great respect and is used as a container-medium while performing respectful offers. Moreover, symbolically many ethno-cultural groups use specific clothes to portray respect and pride.
There were many other symbolic elements and designs, but are now only found in literature, art, sculpture, architecture, etc. or in use today for only religious purposes. The typical designs of assamese-lion, dragon, flying-lion, etc. were used for symbolising various purposes and occasions. The archaeological sites such as the Madan Kamdev (c. 9th–10th AD) exhibits mass-scale use of lions, dragon-lions and many other figures of demons to show case power and prosperity. The Vaishnava monasteries and many other architectural sites of late medieval period also showcase use of lions and dragons for symbolic effects.
Festivals[link]
There are diversified important traditional festivals in Assam. Bihu is the most important and common and celebrated all over Assam. Durga Puja is another festival celebrated with great enthusiasm. Muslims celebrate two Eids (Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha) with much eagerness all over Assam.
Bihu is a series of three prominent festivals. Primarily a non-religious festival celebrated to mark the seasons and the significant points of a cultivator's life over a yearly cycle. Three Bihus, rongali or bohag, celebrated with the coming of spring and the beginning of the sowing season; kongali or kati, the barren bihu when the fields are lush but the barns are empty; and the bhogali or magh, the thanksgiving when the crops have been harvested and the barns are full. Bihu songs and Bihu dance are associated to rongali bihu. The day before the each bihu is known as 'uruka'. The first day of 'rongali bihu' is called 'Goru bihu' (the bihu of the cows), when the cows are taken to the nearby rivers or ponds to be bathed with special care. In recent times the form and nature of celebration has changed with the growth of urban centres.
Bushu Dima or simply Bushu is a major harvest festival of the Dimasa people. This festival is celebrated during the end of January. Officially 27 January has been declared as the day of Bushu Dima festival.The Dimasa people celebrate their festival by playing musical instruments- khram (a type of drum), muri ( a kind of huge long flute). The people dances to the different tunes called "murithai" and each dance has got its name, the prominent being the "Baidima" There are three types of Bushu celebrated among the Dimasas Jidap, Surem and Hangsou.
Moreover, there are other important traditional festivals being celebrated every year on different occasions at different places. Many of these are celebrated by different ethno-cultural groups (sub and sister cultures). Some of these are:
|
|
Performing arts[link]
See also: Music of Assam
Assam has rich tradition of performing arts. Ankiya Nat (Onkeeya Naat) is a traditional Vaishnav dance-drama (Bhaona) form popular since 15th century AD It makes use of large masks of gods, goddesses, demons and animals and in between the plays a Sutradhar (Xutrodhar) keeps on telling the story. The Bihu dance and Hucory performed during the Bohag Bihu, Kushan nritra of Rajbongshi's, Bagurumba and Bordoicikhla dance of Bodos, Mishing Bihu, Banjar Kekan performed during Chomangkan by Karbis are some of the major folk dances. Sattriya (Sotriya) dance related to Vaishnav tradition is a classical form of dance. Moreover, there are several other age-old dance-forms such as Barpeta’s Bhortal Nritya, Deodhoni Nritya, Oja Paali, Beula Dance, Ka Shad Inglong Kardom, Nimso Kerung, etc. The tradition of modern moving theatres is typical of Assam with immense popularity of many large theatre groups such as Kohinoor, Srimanta Sankardev, Abahan, Bhagyadevi, Hengul, Rajmahal, Itihas etc.
At the same time musical tradition is also rich. Folk songs and music related to Bihu and other festivals dates back to time-immemorial. Borgeet, the popular Vaishnav songs are written and composed in 15th century. Assam has large numbers of traditional musical instruments including several types of drums, string instruments, flutes, cymbals, pipes, etc.
The indigenous folk music has substantially influenced the growth of a modern idiom, that finds expression in the music of such artists like Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Bishnuprasad Rabha, Parvati Prasad Baruwa, Bhupen Hazarika, Pratima Barua Pandey, Anima Choudhury, Luit Konwar Rudra Baruah, Jayanta Hazarika, Khagen Mahanta, Deepali Borthakur, "Ganashilpi" Dilip Sarma, Sudakshina Sarma among many others. Among the new generation, Zubeen Garg, Jitul Sonowal, Angaraag Mahanta and Joi Barua have a great fan following. There is an award given in the honour of Bishnuprasad Rabha for achievements in the cultural/music world of Assam by the State Government
Literature[link]
See also: Assamese literature
Noted writers:
- Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami
- Bhabendra Nath Saikia
- Lakshminath Bezbaruah
- Hem Barua
- Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya
- Hiren Bhattacharyya
Traditional crafts[link]
Main article: Traditional crafts of Assam
See also: Assam silk
Assam has a rich tradition of crafts; presently, Cane and bamboo craft, bell metal and brass craft, silk and cotton weaving, toy and mask making, pottery and terracotta work, wood craft, jewellery making, musical instruments making, etc. remained as major traditions.[71] Historically, Assam also excelled in making boats, traditional guns and gunpowder, ivory crafts, colours and paints, articles of lac, agarwood products, traditional building materials, utilities from iron, etc.
Cane and bamboo craft provide the most commonly used utilities in daily life, ranging from household utilities, weaving accessories, fishing accessories, furniture, musical instruments, construction materials, etc. Utilities and symbolic articles such as Sorai and Bota made from bell metal and brass are found in every Assamese household.[72][73] Hajo and Sarthebari (Sorthebaary) are the most important centres of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts. Assam is the home of several types of silks, the most prestigious are: Muga – the natural golden silk, Pat – a creamy-bright-silver coloured silk and Eri – a variety used for manufacturing warm clothes for winter. Apart from Sualkuchi (Xualkuchi), the centre for the traditional silk industry, in almost every parts of the Brahmaputra Valley, rural households produce silk and silk garments with excellent embroidery designs. Moreover, various ethno-cultural groups in Assam make different types of cotton garments with unique embroidery designs and wonderful colour combinations.
Moreover, Assam possesses unique crafts of toy and mask making mostly concentrated in the Vaishnav Monasteries, pottery and terracotta work in lower Assam districts and wood craft, iron craft, jewellery, etc. in many places across the region.
Fine arts[link]
Main article: Fine Arts of Assam
See also: Culture of Assam
The archaic Mauryan Stupas discovered in and around Goalpara district are the earliest examples (c. 300 BC to c. 100 AD) of ancient art and architectural works. The remains discovered in Daparvatiya (Doporboteeya) archaeological site with a beautiful doorframe in Tezpur are identified as the best examples of art works in ancient Assam with influence of Sarnath School of Art of the late Gupta period. Many other sites also exhibit development of local art forms with local motifs and sometimes with similarities with those in the Southeast Asia. There are currently more than forty discovered ancient archaeological sites across Assam with numerous sculptural and architectural remains. Moreover, there are examples of several Late-Middle Age art and architectural works including hundreds of sculptures and motifs along with many remaining temples, palaces and other buildings. The motifs available on the walls of the buildings such as Rang Ghar, Joydoul, etc. are remarkable examples of art works.
Painting is an ancient tradition of Assam. Xuanzang (7th century AD) mentions that among the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarma's gifts to Harshavardhana there were paintings and painted objects, some of which were on Assamese silk. Many of the manuscripts such as Hastividyarnava (A Treatise on Elephants), the Chitra Bhagawata and in the Gita Govinda from the Middle Ages bear excellent examples of traditional paintings. The medieval Assamese literature also refers to chitrakars and patuas.
There are several renowned contemporary artists in Assam. The Guwahati Art College is a government institution for tertiary education. Moreover, there are several art-societies and non-government initiatives across the state and the Guwahati Artists Guild is a front-runner organisation based in Guwahati.
Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Assam
File:Assam historical pci.png
In the 1950s, per capita income in Assam was little higher than that in India. In 2000–01, in Assam it was INR
6,157 at constant prices (1993–94) and INR 10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.[74] According to the recent estimates,[75] per capita income in Assam has reached INR 6756 (1993–94 constant prices) in 2004–05, which is still much lower than India's.
File:TeaGardenOfAssam.jpg
A tea garden in Assam: tea is grown at elevations near sea level, giving it a malty sweetness and an earthy flavor, as opposed to the more floral aroma of highland (e.g. Darjeeling, Taiwanese) teas
Macro-economy[link]
Economy of Assam today represents a unique juxtaposition of backwardness amidst plenty.[76] Despite its rich natural resources, and supplying of up to 25% of India's petroleum needs, growth rate of Assam’s income has not kept pace with that of India’s; differences increased rapidly since 1970s.[77] Indian economy grew at 6% per annum over the period of 1981 to 2000, the same of Assam was only 3.3%.[78] In the Sixth Plan period Assam experienced a negative growth rate of 3.78% when India's was positive at 6%.[77] In the post-liberalised era (after 1991), the differences widened further.
According to recent analysis, Assam’s economy is showing signs of improvement. In 2001–02, the economy grew (at 1993–94 constant prices) at 4.5%, to fall to 3.4% in the next financial year.[79] During 2003–04 and 2004–05, the economy grew (at 1993–94 constant prices) more satisfactorily at 5.5% and 5.3% respectively.[79] The advanced estimates placed the growth rate for 2005–06 at above 6%.[75] Assam's GDP in 2004 is estimated at $13 billion in current prices. Sectoral analysis again exhibits a dismal picture. The average annual growth rate of agriculture, which was only 2.6% per annum over 1980s has unfortunately fallen to 1.6% in the 1990s.[80] Manufacturing sector has shown some improvement in the 1990s with a growth rate of 3.4% per annum than 2.4% in the 1980s.[80] Since past five decades, the tertiary sector has registered the highest growth rates than the other sectors, which even has slowed down in the 1990s than in 1980s.[80]
Agriculture[link]
Accounts for more than a third of Assam’s income and employs 69% of workforce.[81] Assam's biggest contribution to the world is tea. It produces some of the finest and expensive teas and has its own variety Camellia assamica. Assam also accounts for fair share of India’s production of rice, rapeseed, mustard seed, jute, potato, sweet potato, banana, papaya, areca nut and turmeric. It is also a home of large varieties of citrus fruits, leaf vegetables, vegetables, useful grasses, herbs, spices, etc.
Assam’s agriculture is yet to experience modernisation in real sense. With implications to food security, per capita food grain production has declined in past five decades.[82] Productivity has increased marginally; but still lower comparing to highly productive regions. For instance, yield of rice (staple food of Assam) was just 1531 kg per hectare against India’s 1927 kg per hectare in 2000–01[82] (which itself is much lower than Egypt’s 9283, US’s 7279, South Korea’s 6838, Japan’s 6635 and China’s 6131 kg per hectare in 2001[83]). On the other hand, after having strong domestic demand, 1.5 million hectares of inland water bodies, numerous rivers and 165 varieties of fishes,[84] fishing is still in its traditional form and production is not self-sufficient.[85]
The Assam Agriculture University is located at Jorhat, Assam. It is the only agricultural university for the Seven Sisters.
Industry[link]
Apart from tea and petroleum refineries, Assam has few industries of significance. Industrial development is inhibited by its physical and political isolation from neighbouring countries such as Burma, China and Bangladesh and from other growing Southeast Asian economies; ultimately leading to neglect by the federal government in regards to development – a key motivation for separatist groups.[86] The region is landlocked, situated in the eastern periphery of India and is linked to the mainland by a flood and cyclone prone narrow corridor, known as the Siliguri Corridor or Chicken's Neck, with weak transport infrastructure that have remained undeveloped since independence. The international airport in Guwahati is yet to find providing direct international . The Brahmaputra suitable for navigation does not possess sufficient infrastructure for international trade and success of such a navigable trade route will be dependent on proper channel maintenance and diplomatic and trade relationships with Bangladesh.
File:Taylors of Harrogate Assam tea logo.png
Processed Assam tea
Assam is a major producer of crude oil and it accounts for about 15% of India's crude output,[87] exploited by the Assam Oil Company Ltd., and natural gas in India and is the second place in the world (after Titusville in the United States) where petroleum was discovered. Asia’s first successful mechanically drilled oil well was drilled in Makum (Assam) way back in 1867. Most of the oilfields are located in the Upper Assam region. Assam has four oil refineries located in Guwahati, Digboi, Golaghat (Numaligarh) and Bongaigaon with a total capacity of 7 million metric tonnes (7.7 million short tons) per annum. It is worth mentioning here that Asia's first refinery was set up at Digboi and discoverer of Digboi oilfield was the Assam Railways & Trading Company Limited (AR&T Co. Ltd.), a registered company of London in 1881.[88] Despite its richness in natural resources, the benefits have yet to improve the lives of the people of Assam.
Although having a poor overall industrial performance, several other industries have nevertheless been started, including a chemical fertiliser plan at Namrup, petrochemical industries at Namrup and Bongaigaon, paper mills at Jagiroad, Panchgram and Jogighopa, sugar mills at Barua Bamun Gaon, Chargola, Kampur, cement plant at Bokajan & Badarpur, cosmetics plant (HLL) at Doom Dooma, etc. Moreover, there are other industries such as jute mill, textile and yarn mills, silk mill, etc. Unfortunately many of these industries are facing loss and closure due to lack of infrastructure and improper management practices.[89]
Tourism[link]
See also: Tourism in Assam
Assam is the central state in the North-East Region of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven Sister States. For the purposes of tourism there are wildlife preserves like the Kaziranga National Park, Manas National Park among others. Cultural and historical destinations also provide opportunities for tourists.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Assam
Assam boasts of the most wide-ranging networks of higher educational institutions in the whole of North-Eastern region of India. Assam has developed into a top educational destination at the state as well as at the national level. To enhance the status of Assam education, the state government has introduced many innovative education polices. Its capital city, Guwahati, is a key destination for higher education for students of the whole of north-eastern region. One of India's best boarding schools The Assam Valley School is located at Balipara in the Sonitpur(Tezpur) District of Assam. It is a co-educational residential school. It is an ICSE school. This article offers an understanding of Assam Education system.Assam has several institutions for tertiary education and research.
The major institutions are:
Universities[link]
- Gauhati University, Guwahati
- Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh
- Tezpur Central University, Tezpur
- K.K.Handique State Open University, Guwahati
- Assam University, Silchar
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat
- Bodoland University, Kokrajhar
- Don Bosco University, (private)
- Assam Down Town University, (private)
Medical Colleges[link]
- Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh
- Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati
- Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar
- Jorhat Medical College, Jorhat
- Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta
- Dr. J. K. Saikia Homeopathic Medical College, Jorhat
- Assam Govt. Ayurvedic College, Guwahati
Government Technology and Engineering College[link]
- Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
- Assam Engineering College, Guwahati
- Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat
- Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Sibsagar
- National Institute of Technology, Silchar
- Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh
- Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Management and Technology (GIMT), Guwahati
- NETES Institute of Technology & Science (NITS), Mirza
Law Academy[link]
- National Law School and Judicial Academy, Guwahati
The National Law School and Judiciary Academy, Assam is located in the capital city of Assam, Guwahati, with its permanent campus under construction at Agiyathuri, on the Northern bank of the Brahmaputra. Nestled in the midst of greenery with a campus area covering 21 acres (8 ha), the Academy will offer the right atmosphere for educational pursuits and excellence. The area is likely to increase to 47 acres (19 ha) in the near future.
See also[link]
.svg){kind=small}
- List of Assam state symbols
- List of Cities and Towns in Assam
- 1897 Assam earthquake
- 1950 Assam earthquake
- Assam agitation
- Assamese Associations
- Assamese people
- Assamese Brahmins
- Assam Rifles
- Assamese cinema
- Assamese cuisine
- Assamese language
- Asom Sahitya Sabha
- Baruah
- Bihu
- Biodiversity of Assam
- Charyapada
- Culture of Assam
- Cultural Development of Kamarupa
- Districts of Assam
- Etymology of Assam
- Fine Arts of Assam
- Greater Assam
- History of Assam
- Kalitas of Assam
- Kamarupa
- Kamrupi
- Kamrupi Literature
- Kamrupi Brahmins
- Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti
- Kamrupi Lokgeet
- Karbi
- Lower Assam
- Mishing
- Mishing language
- Music of Assam
- People of Assam
- Physical Geography of Assam
- Political parties in Assam
- State Anthem of Assam
- Tourism in Assam
- Traditional crafts of Assam
- Textiles and dresses of Assam
- Varman Dynasty
- WikiProject Assam
Notes[link]
- ^ http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/assam.html
- ^ "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India#Major_provinces
- ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganization_Act#Three types of states
- ^ http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/hinduism-forum/188649-documentary-film-swami-vivekananda-assam.html
- ^ World Heritage Centre, UNESCO. "World Heritage List". http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31.
- ^ Dixit, K. M. (August 2002). "Chicken's Neck (Editorial)" (– Scholar search). Himal South Asian. http://www.himalmag.com/2002/august/lastpage.htm. [dead link]
- ^ Sarma, Satyendra Nath (1976) Assamese Literature, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
- ^ Srimandbhagavat, skandha 2, H Dattabaruah and Co., Nalbari, pp-38
- ^ D.C Sirkar "Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa" in "The Comprehensive History of Assam", Vol I, p59
- ^ Banikanta Kakati, "Early Aspects of Assamese Literature", 1953 p2
- ^ "Vervarelijke Schipbreuk Van't Oostindisch Jacht Terschilling", January 1944, W. de Haan NV, Utrecht. The map from 1662 shows the name "Assam" at the correct geographical location.
- ^ Bowrey, Thomas, A Geographical Account of Countries around Bay of Bengal, ed Temple, R. C., Hakluyt Society's Publications
- ^ Taher, M in "Geography of Assam", 2001, p3
- ^ S. C. Bhatt, Gopal Bhargava, Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories, Gyan Publishing House, 2005, p. 147. The word Assamese is an English one, built on the same principle as Cingalese, Canarese, etc. It is based on the English word Assam.
- ^ Sarma, Satyendranath, Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2, pp. 43
- ^ Sarma, Satyendranath (1976), Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 43
- ^ http://www.indiatravelogue.com/dest/nest/nest.html
- ^ Banikanta Kakati, ASSAMESE, ITS FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT,Govt. of Assam in the Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies ,1941, p. . The word Assamese is an English one. built on the same principle as Cingalese. Canarese. etc. It is based on the English word Assam
- ^ Satyendranath Sarma, Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2 , Harrassowitz,1976, p. 43. It is based on the English word Assam by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas.
- ^ "Assam to fall off the map, turn Asom". The Times of India. 28 February 2006. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1431357.cms.
- ^ Editorial (6 January 2007). "Assam or Axom?". The Assam Tribune.
- ^ a b c Singh, R. L. (1993), India, A Regional Geography, Varanasi, India: National Geographical Society of India
- ^ a b NEDFi & NIC-Assam. "North East India Databank". http://nerdatabank.nic.in/as_minerals.htm.
- ^ Wandrey 2004, p. 17
- ^ Purdue University. "The Köppen Classification of Climates". http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_04/lec_04.html. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
- ^ Borthakur, Ahir Bhairab (15 January 2002), "Call of the wild", Down to Earth, http://www.downtoearth.org.in/full6.asp?foldername=20020115&filename=gra&sec_id=11&sid=1. [dead link]
- ^ Birdlife International, UK. "Indo-Gangetic Grasslands". http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/asia_strategy/pdf_downloads/grasslandsGO2.pdf.
- ^ National Mission on Bamboo Applications 2004
- ^ Sharma, Pradip (April–June 2003), "An Overview on Wetlands in Assam", ENVIS Assam, Assam Science Technology and Environment Council 2: 7, http://www.envisassam.org/VOL2_2.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ Choudhury, A.U.(1996) Survey of the white-winged wood duck and the Bengal florican in Tinsukia district & adjacent areas of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India,Guwahati, India. 82pp+
- ^ ENVIS Assam (April–June 2003), "Endemic Orchids of Assam", ENVIS Assam, Assam Science Technology and Environment Council 2: 8, http://www.envisassam.org/VOL2_2.pdf.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2010)The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2000)The birds of Assam. Gibbon Books & WWF-India, Guwahati, India
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (1990). Checklist of the birds of Assam. Sofia Press & Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Guwahati, India. 72 pp+
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (1997)The check list of the mammals of Assam. Gibbon Books & ASTEC, Guwahati, India
- ^ a b Revenue Department, Government of Assam
- ^ a b Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Assam. "Area of the National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries in Assam, 2002". http://janasanyogassam.nic.in/assamataglance.htm. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
- ^ a b c d e Barpujari, H. K. (ed.) (1990), The Comprehensive History of Assam, 1st edition, Guwahati, India: Assam Publication Board
- ^ (Sircar 1990:63–68)
- ^ Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre (1967), History of Burma (2 ed.), London: Susil Gupta, pp. 233–234
- ^ Thant Myint-U (2006), The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pp. 111–112, ISBN 978-0-374-16342-6, 0-374-16342-1
- ^ Aitchison, C. U. ed (1931), [http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/Docs/history/primarydocs/Treaties/Burma/002.htm The Treaty of Yandaboo, A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads: Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vol. XII.], Calcutta: Government of India Central Publication Branch, pp. 230–233, http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/
- ^ a b c Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1907, p. 46
- ^ a b Hazarika, Sanjoy (2003), Strangers of the Mist, Penguin Books Australia Ltd., ISBN 0-14-024052-7
- ^ a b Governor of Assam (8 November 1998). "Report on Illegal Migration into Assam". http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/papers/illegal_migration_in_assam.htm. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ MacFarlane, Alan; MacFarlane, Iris (2003), Green Gold, The Empire of Tea, Ch. 6–11, Random House, London
- ^ "Census Population" (PDF), Census of India (Ministry of Finance India), http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf, retrieved 18 December 2008
- ^ a b Government of Assam 2002–03. "Statistics of Assam". http://www.assamgov.org/generalinformation/assamstatistics.html. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ National Commission on Population, Census of India (2006). "Population Projections for India and States 2001–2026". http://www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
- ^ Director of Census Operations, Census of India 2001
- ^ Taher, Mohammad (1993) The Peopling of Assam and contemporary social structure in Ahmad, Aijazuddin (ed) Social Structure and Regional Development, Rawat Publications, New Delhi
- ^ "Census of India - Socio-cultural aspects". Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Social_and_cultural/Religion.aspx. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- ^ a b Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (2001). "Census of India 2001: Population by religious communities". Government of India. http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
- ^ Bodo History
- ^ P. 624 ANTHROPOLOGY THE STUDY OF MAN By DR.(MRS.)INDRANI BASU ROY
- ^ P. 60 The Eastern anthropologist By Ethnographic and Folk-Culture Society (Uttar Pradesh, India)
- ^ P. 347 Proceedings of North East India History Association By North East India History Association Session, North East India History Association, Session
- ^ P. 249 Proceedings of North East India History Association By North East India History Association Session, North East India History Association, Session
- ^ a b http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_st_assam.pdf
- ^ http://www.radianceweekly.com/98/1739/pakistan-islam-remains-5th-wheel-of-the-coach/2008-03-02/history-speaks/story-detail/pao-mecca-mosque-in-assam.html
- ^ Amri Kumar Goldsmith. Christianity in North-east India in a Historical Persepctive.
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm
- ^ "Historical Sikh Gurdawaras in Assam – India". Gurbaani.com. http://www.gurbaani.com/gurd/gurdawaras5.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "WSN-Punjab News-Assamese Sikhs trace their Punjabi roots". Worldsikhnews.com. 18 March 2009. http://worldsikhnews.com/18%20March%202009/Assamese%20Sikhs%20trace%20their%20Punjabi%20roots.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ Puneet Singh Lamba (25 August 2003). "News and Analysis – The Sikhs of Assam". The Sikh Times. http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_082503a.html. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm.
- ^ "Census of India – Distribution of 10,000 persons by language – India, States and Union Territories-2001". http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm.
- ^ Morey, Stephen. 2005. The Tai languages of Assam: a grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- ^ Kakati, Banikanta (1962), Assamese, Its Formation and Development, 2nd edition, Guwahati, India: Lawyer's Book Stall
- ^ Assam Tourism 2002, Government of Assam. "Arts and Crafts of Assam in About Assam". Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070407040421/http://www.assamtourism.org/arts.htm. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
- ^ Ranjan, M.P.; Iyer, Nilam; Pandya, Ghanshyam, Bamboo and Cane Crafts of Northeast India, National Institute of Design
- ^ Nath, T.K., Bamboo Cane and Assam, Guwahati, India: Industrial Development Bank of India, Small Industries Development Bank of India
- ^ Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 2001–2002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003" (PDF). p. 25. http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm. Retrieved 6 June 2007. [dead link]
- ^ a b Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 2005–2006 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank". http://databank.nedfi.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=4. Retrieved 6 June 2007. [dead link]
- ^ National Commission for Women 2004
- ^ a b UNDP 2004, pp. 22–23
- ^ UNDP 2004, p. 22
- ^ a b Government of Assam (2006). "Economic Survey of Assam 2004–2005 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank". http://databank.nedfi.com/index.php?module=pagemaster&PAGE_user_op=view_page&PAGE_id=4. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
- ^ a b c UNDP 2004, pp. 24–25
- ^ Government of Assam. Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty "Economic Survey of Assam 2001–2002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003" (PDF). p. 32. http://planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty. Retrieved 6 June 2007. [dead link]
- ^ a b UNDP 2004, p. 33
- ^ FAO Statistics Division, 2007, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Faostat" (– Scholar search). Archived from the original on 14 November 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061114202949/http://faostat.fao.org/site/340/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=340. Retrieved 5 June 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Assam Small Farmers’ Agri-business Consortium. "Fish Species of Assam". http://www.assamagribusiness.nic.in/2ndoct/fishspeciesofAssam.pdf. Retrieved 5 June 2006.
- ^ UNDP 2004, p. 37
- ^ "MAR | Data | Assessment for Assamese in India". Cidcm.umd.edu. 31 December 2006. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=75015. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ Government of Assam (18 February 2007). "Available Resources in Assam". Government of Assam. http://assamgovt.nic.in/business/resources.asp. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
- ^ http://investinassam.com/overview.html
- ^ "Assam Economy – Economy of Assam, Business & Economy of Assam India". iloveindia.com. http://www.iloveindia.com/states/assam/economy.html. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
References[link]
- Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Assam, Assam at a Glance, http://janasanyogassam.nic.in/assamataglance.htm, retrieved 25 May 2007
- National Commission for Women (2004) (PDF), Situational Analysis of Women in Assam, http://www.ncw.nic.in/pdfreports/Gender%20Profile-Assam.pdf, retrieved 5 July 2006.
- National Mission on Bamboo Applications, Assam, State Profile, http://www.bambootech.org/subsubTOP.asp?subsubid=101&subid=37&sname=STATE, retrieved 25 May 2007
- Revenue Department, Government of Assam, Revenue Administration – Districts and Subdivisions, http://revenueassam.nic.in/, retrieved 25 May 2007
- Singh, K. S (ed) (2003) People of India: Assam Vol XV Parts I and II, Anthropological Survey of India, Seagull Books, Calcutta
- UNDP (2004), Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty in Assam Human Development Report, 2003[dead link]PDF, Government of Assam
- Wandrey, C. J. (2004), "Sylhet-Kopili/Barail-Tipam Composite Total Petroleum System, Assam Geologic Province, India", U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2208-D, http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2208/D/b2208-d.pdf
Further reading[link]
- Online Books and material
- A statistical account of Assam (1879) by WW Hunter
- Assam Attitude to Federalism (1984)by Girin Phukon
- A Glimpse of Assam (1884) by Susan Ward
- A history of Assam (1906) by Edward Gait
- Physical and political geography of the province of Assam (1896) by Assam Secretariat Printing Office
- Outline Grammar of the Kachári (Bārā) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam (1884) by Sidney Endle
- An outline grammar of the Deori Chutiya language spoken in upper Assam (1895) by William Barclay Brown
- Travels and adventures in the province of Assam, during a residence of fourteen years (1855) by John Butler
- Language and literature
- Bara, Mahendra (1981), The Evolution of the Assamese Script, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha
- Barpujari, H. K. (1983), Amerikan Michanerisakal aru Unabimsa Satikar Asam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha
- Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1965), History of Assamese Literature, Guwahati: East-West Centre Press
- Barua, Hem (1965), Assamese Literature, New Delhi: National Book Trust
- Brown, William Barclay (1895), An Outline Grammar of the Deori Chutiya Language Spoken in Upper Assam with an Introduction, Illustrative Sentences, and Short Vocabulary, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office
- Deka, Bhabananda (1961), Industrialisation of Assam, Guwahati: Gopal Das
- Dhekial Phukan, Anandaram 1829–1859 (1977), Anandaram Dhekiyal Phukanar Racana Samgrah, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall
- Endle, Sidney (1884), Outline of the Kachari (Baro) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam, Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press
- Gogoi, Lila (1972), Sahitya-Samskriti-Buranji, Dibrugarh: New Book Stall
- Gogoi, Lila (1986), The Buranjis, Historical Literature of Assam, New Delhi: Omsons Publications
- Goswami, Praphulladatta (1954), Folk-Literature of Assam, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam
- Gurdon, Philip Richard Thornhagh (1896), Some Assamese Proverbs, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office, ISBN 1-104-30633-6
- Kakati, Banikanta (1959), Aspects of Early Assamese Literature, Guwahati: Gauhati University
- Kay, S. P. (1904), An English-Mikir Vocabulary, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office
- Medhi, Kaliram (1988), Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
- Miles, Bronson (1867), A Dictionary in Assamese and English, Sibsagar, Assam: American Baptist Mission Press
- Morey, Stephen (2005), The Tai languages of Assam : a grammar and texts, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-549-5
- History
- Antrobus, H. (1957), A History of the Assam Company, Edinburgh: Private Printing by T. and A. Constable
- Barabaruwa, Hiteswara 1876–1939 (1981), Ahomar Din, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
- Barooah, Nirode K. (1970), David Scott In North-East India, 1802–1831, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
- Barua, Harakanta 1813–1900 (1962), Asama Buranji, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam
- Barpujari, H. K. (1963), Assam in the Days of the Company, 1826–1858, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall
- Barpujari, H. K. (1977), Political History of Assam. Department for the Preparation of Political History of Assam, Guwahati: Government of Assam
- Barua, Kanak Lal, An Early History of Kamarupa, From the Earliest Time to the Sixteenth Century, Guwahati: Lawyers Book Stall
- Barua, Kanak Lal, Studies in the Early History of Assam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha
- Baruah, Swarna Lata (1993), Last days of Ahom monarchy : a history of Assam from 1769–1826, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1949), Anglo-Assamese Relations, 1771–1826, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1947), Annals of the Delhi Badshahate, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Government of Assam
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1957), Atan Buragohain and His Times, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1962), Deodhai Asam Buranji, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1928), Early British Relations with Assam, Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1947), Lachit Barphukan and His Times, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Government of Assam
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1964), Satasari Asama Buranji, Guwahati: Gauhati University
- Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1975), Swargadew Rajeswarasimha, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
- Buchanan, Francis Hamilton 1762–1829 (1963), An Account of Assam, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies
- Duara Barbarua, Srinath (1933), Tungkhungia Buranji, Bombay: H. Milford, Oxford University Press
- Gait, Edward Albert 1863–1950 (1926), A History of Assam, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.
- Gogoi, Padmeswar (1968), The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms, Guwahati: Gauhati University
- Guha, Amalendu (1983), The Ahom Political System, Calcutta: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences
- Hunter, William Wilson 1840–1900 (1879), A Statistical Account of Assam, London: Trubner & Co.
- Tradition and Culture
- Barkath, Sukumar (1976), Hastibidyarnnara Sarasamgraha (English & Assamese), 18th Century, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
- Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1969), A Cultural History of Assam, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall
- Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1960), Sankardeva, Guwahati: Assam Academy for Cultural Relations
- Gandhiya, Jayakanta (1988), Huncari, Mukali Bihu, aru Bihunac, Dibrugarh
- Goswami, Praphulladatta (1960), Ballads and Tales of Assam, Guwahati: Gauhati University
- Goswami, Praphulladatta (1988), Bohag Bihu of Assam and Bihu Songs, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board
- Mahanta, Pona (1985), Western Influence on Modern Assamese Drama, Delhi: Mittal Publications
- Medhi, Kaliram (1978), Studies in the Vaisnava Literature and Culture of Assam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Assam |
- Official website
- Assam Tourism (Official)
- Assam at the Open Directory Project
- http://www.aboutassam.com/
- Assam travel guide from Wikitravel
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For other people named Ravi Shankar, see Ravi Shankar (disambiguation).
| Ravi Shankar | |
|---|---|
 Shankar performs in Delhi in March 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury |
| Born | (1920-04-07) 7 April 1920 (age 92) Varanasi, United Provinces, Indian Empire |
| Genres | Hindustani classical music |
| Occupations | composer, musician |
| Instruments | sitar |
| Years active | 1939–present |
| Associated acts | Uday Shankar, Allauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Lakshmi Shankar, Yehudi Menuhin, Chatur Lal, Alla Rakha, George Harrison, Anoushka Shankar, Beatles |
| Website | RaviShankar.org |
Ravi Shankar (Bengali: রবি শংকর; born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury on 7 April 1920), often referred to with the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument sitar. He has been described as the most known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart.[1]
Shankar was born in Varanasi and spent his youth touring Europe and India with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.
In 1956, he began to tour Europe and America playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison of The Beatles. Shankar engaged Western music by writing concerti for sitar and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992 he served as a nominated member of the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999, and received three Grammy Awards. He continues to perform in the 2000s, often with his daughter Anoushka.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Shankar was born 7 April 1920 in Varanasi to a Bengali Brahmin family as the youngest of seven brothers.[2][3][4] Shankar's Bengali birth name was Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury.[2] His father, Shyam Shankar, an administrator for the Maharaja of Jhalawar, used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part.[2][5] Shyam was married to Shankar's mother Hemangini Devi, but later worked as a lawyer in London.[2] There he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Varanasi, and did not meet his son until he was eight years old.[2] Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".[2]
At the age of ten, after spending his first decade in Varanasi, Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.[6][7] By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group, accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance and play various Indian instruments.[3][4] Uday's dance group toured Europe and America in the early to mid-1930s and Shankar learned French, discovered Western classical music, jazz, and cinema, and became acquainted with Western customs.[8] Shankar heard the lead musician for the Maihar court, Allauddin Khan, in December 1934 at a music conference in Kolkata and Uday convinced the Maharaja of Maihar in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group's soloist for a tour of Europe.[8] Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar.[8]
Career[link]
Training and work in India[link]
Shankar's parents had died by the time he returned from the European tour, and touring the West had become difficult due to political conflicts that would lead to World War II.[9] Shankar gave up his dancing career in 1938 to go to Maihar and study Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family in the traditional gurukul system.[6] Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar had training on sitar and surbahar, learned ragas and the musical styles dhrupad, dhamar, and khyal, and was taught the techniques of the instruments rudra veena, rubab, and sursingar.[6][10] He often studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi.[9] Shankar began to perform publicly on sitar in December 1939 and his debut performance was a jugalbandi (duet) with Ali Akbar Khan, who played the string instrument sarod.[11]
Shankar completed his training in 1944.[3] Following his training, he moved to Mumbai and joined the Indian People's Theatre Association, for whom he composed music for ballets in 1945 and 1946.[3][12] Shankar recomposed the music for the popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the age of 25.[13][14] He began to record music for HMV India and worked as a music director for All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, from February 1949 to January 1956.[3] Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra at AIR and composed for it; his compositions experimented with a combination of Western instruments and classical Indian instrumentation.[15] Beginning in the mid-1950s he composed the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, which became internationally acclaimed.[4][16]
International career 1956–1969[link]
V. K. Narayana Menon, director of AIR Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's first visit to India in 1952.[17] Shankar had performed as part of a cultural delegation in the Soviet Union in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New York City for a demonstration of Indian classical music, sponsored by the Ford Foundation.[18][19] Shankar declined to attend due to problems in his marriage, but recommended Ali Akbar Khan to play instead.[19] Khan reluctantly accepted and performed with tabla (percussion) player Chatur Lal in the Museum of Modern Art, and he later became the first Indian classical musician to perform on American television and record a full raga performance, for Angel Records.[20]
Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.[21] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music, incorporating ragas from the South Indian Carnatic music in his performances, and recorded his first LP album Three Ragas in London, released in 1956.[21] In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of the United Nations and UNESCO music festival in Paris.[12] From 1961, he toured Europe, the United States, and Australia, and became the first Indian to compose music for non-Indian films.[12] Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on tabla until 1962, when Alla Rakha assumed the role.[21] Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai in 1962.[22]
Shankar befriended Richard Bock, founder of World Pacific Records, on his first American tour and recorded most of his albums in the 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label.[21] The Byrds recorded at the same studio and heard Shankar's music, which led them to incorporate some of its elements in theirs, introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of The Beatles.[23] Harrison became interested in Indian classical music, bought a sitar and used it to record the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)".[24] This led to Indian music being used by other musicians and created the raga rock trend.[24]
Harrison met Shankar in London in 1966 and visited India for six weeks to study sitar under Shankar in Srinagar.[14][25][26] During the visit, a documentary film about Shankar named Raga was shot by Howard Worth, and released in 1971.[27] Shankar's association with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's popularity and Ken Hunt of Allmusic would state that Shankar had become "the most famous Indian musician on the planet" by 1966.[3][25] In 1967, he performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance for West Meets East, a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin.[25][28] The same year, the Beatles won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band which included "Within You Without You" by Harrison, a song that was influenced by Indian classical music.[26][28] Shankar opened a Western branch of the Kinnara School of Music in Los Angeles, California, in May 1967, and published an autobiography, My Music, My Life, in 1968.[12][22] He performed at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969, and found he disliked the venue.[25] In the 1970s Shankar distanced himself from the hippie movement.[29]
International career 1970–present[link]
In October 1970 Shankar became chair of the department of Indian music of the California Institute of the Arts after previously teaching at the City College of New York, the University of California, Los Angeles, and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College of Music.[12][30][31] In late 1970, the London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto with sitar; Concerto for Sitar and Orchestra was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[4][32] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has criticized the usage of the orchestra in this concert as "amateurish".[1] George Harrison organized the charity Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, in which Shankar participated.[25] Interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, but the concert album became one of the best-selling recordings featuring it and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.[28][31]
During the 1970s, Shankar and Harrison worked together again, recording Shankar Family & Friends in 1973 and touring North America the following year to a mixed response after Shankar had toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored Music Festival from India.[33] The demanding schedule weakened Shankar, and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago in November 1974, causing him to miss a portion of the tour.[34] In his absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted the touring orchestra.[34] The touring band visited the White House on invitation of John Gardner Ford, son of U.S. President Gerald Ford.[34] Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto, Raga Mala, conducted by Zubin Mehta, in 1981.[35][36] Shankar was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score for his work on the 1982 movie Gandhi, but lost to John Williams' E.T.[37] He served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[14][38] Shankar composed the dance drama Ghanashyam in 1989.[22] His liberal views on musical cooperation led him to collaboration with contemporary composer Philip Glass, with whom he released an album, Passages, in 1990.[6]
Shankar underwent an angioplasty in 1992 due to heart problems, after which George Harrison involved himself in several of Shankar's projects.[39] Because of the positive response to Shankar's 1996 career compilation In Celebration, Shankar wrote a second autobiography, Raga Mala, with Harrison as editor.[39] He performed in between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s.[6] Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar to play sitar and in 1997 became a Regent's Lecturer at University of California, San Diego.[40] In the 2000s, he won a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album for Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000 and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her father, Bapi: Love of My Life, in 2002.[28][41] Anoushka performed a composition by Shankar for the 2002 Harrison memorial Concert for George and Shankar wrote a third concerto for sitar and orchestra for Anoushka and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra.[42][43] In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert,[29] but his 2011 tour includes dates in the United Kingdom.[44]
Style and contributions[link]
Shankar developed a style distinct from that of his contemporaries and incorporated influences from rhythm practices of Carnatic music.[6] His performances begin with solo alap, jor, and jhala (introduction and performances with pulse and rapid pulse) influenced by the slow and serious dhrupad genre, followed by a section with tabla accompaniment featuring compositions associated with the prevalent khyal style.[6] Shankar often closes his performances with a piece inspired by the light-classical thumri genre.[6]
Shankar has been considered one of the top sitar players of the second half of the 20th century.[1] He popularized performing on the bass octave of the sitar for the alap section and became known for a distinctive playing style in the middle and high registers that uses quick and short deviations of the playing string and his sound creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string.[1][6] Narayana Menon of The New Grove Dictionary noted Shankar's liking for rhythmic novelties, among them the use of unconventional rhythmic cycles.[45] Hans Neuhoff of Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart has argued that Shankar's playing style was not widely adopted and that he was surpassed by other sitar players in the performance of melodic passages.[1] Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for tabla playing in Hindustani classical music.[1] Shankar promoted the jugalbandi duet concert style and introduced new ragas, including Tilak Shyam, Nat Bhairav and Bairagi.[6]
Recognition[link]
Shankar won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury at the 1957 Berlin International Film Festival for composing the music for the movie Kabuliwala.[46] He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1962,[47] and was named a Fellow of the academy for 1975.[48] Shankar was awarded the three highest national civil honors of India: Padma Bhushan, in 1967, Padma Vibhushan, in 1981, and Bharat Ratna, in 1999.[49] He received the music award of the UNESCO International Music Council in 1975, three Grammy Awards, and was nominated for an Academy Award.[12][28][37] Shankar was awarded honorary degrees from universities in India and the United States.[12] He received the Kalidas Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1987–88, the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1991, the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1992, and the Polar Music Prize in 1998.[50][51][52][53] In 2001, Shankar was made an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Elizabeth II for his "services to music".[54] Shankar is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 1997 received the Praemium Imperiale for music from the Japan Art Association.[6] The American jazz saxophonist John Coltrane named his son Ravi Coltrane after Shankar.[55]
Personal life and family[link]
Shankar married Allauddin Khan's daughter Annapurna Devi in 1941 and a son, Shubhendra Shankar, was born in 1942.[10] Shankar separated from Devi during the 1940s and had a relationship with Kamala Shastri, a dancer, beginning in the late 1940s.[56] An affair with Sue Jones, a New York concert producer, led to the birth of Norah Jones in 1979.[56] In 1981, Anoushka Shankar was born to Shankar and Sukanya Rajan, whom Shankar had known since the 1970s.[56] After separating from Kamala Shastri in 1981, Shankar lived with Sue Jones until 1986. He married Sukanya Rajan in 1989.[56]
Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar often accompanied his father on tours.[57] He could play the sitar and surbahar, but elected not to pursue a solo career and died in 1992.[57] Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s, winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003.[58] Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003.[58]
Shankar is a Hindu and a vegetarian.[59][60] He lives with Sukanya in Encinitas, California.[61]
Discography[link]
Main article: Ravi Shankar discography
Bibliography[link]
- Shankar, Ravi (1968). My Music, My Life. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-20113-1.
- Shankar, Ravi (1979). Learning Indian Music: A Systematic Approach. Onomatopoeia. OCLC 21376688.
- Shankar, Ravi (1997). Raga Mala: The Autobiography of Ravi Shankar. Genesis Publications. ISBN 0-904351-46-7.
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d e f Neuhoff 2006, pp. 672–673
- ^ a b c d e f Lavezzoli 2006, p. 48
- ^ a b c d e f Hunt, Ken. "Ravi Shankar – Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ravi-shankar-p3434/biography. Retrieved 15 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d Massey 1996, p. 159
- ^ Ghosh 1983, p. 7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Slawek 2001, pp. 202–203
- ^ Ghosh 1983, p. 55
- ^ a b c Lavezzoli 2006, p. 50
- ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 51
- ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 52
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 53
- ^ a b c d e f g Ghosh 1983, p. 57
- ^ Sharma 2007, pp. 163–164
- ^ a b c Deb, Arunabha (26 February 2009). "Ravi Shankar: 10 interesting facts". Mint. http://www.livemint.com/2009/02/26212701/Ravi-Shankar-10-interesting-f.html. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 56
- ^ Schickel, Richard (12 February 2005). "The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959)". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953094_1953142_1953289,00.html. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 47
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 57
- ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 58
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 58–59
- ^ a b c d Lavezzoli 2006, p. 61
- ^ a b c Brockhaus, p. 199
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 62
- ^ a b Schaffner 1980, p. 64
- ^ a b c d e Glass, Philip (9 December 2001). "George Harrison, World-Music Catalyst And Great-Souled Man; Open to the Influence Of Unfamiliar Cultures". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/arts/george-harrison-world-music-catalyst-great-souled-man-open-influence-unfamiliar.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ^ a b Kozinn, Allan (1 December 2001). "George Harrison, 'Quiet Beatle' And Lead Guitarist, Dies at 58". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/01/arts/george-harrison-quiet-beatle-and-lead-guitarist-dies-at-58.html. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ^ Thompson, Howard (24 November 1971). "Screen: Ravi Shankar; ' Raga,' a Documentary, at Carnegie Cinema". The New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50810F93D591A7493C6AB178AD95F458785F9. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "Past Winners Search". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=Shankar&title=&year=All&genre=All. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ a b O'Mahony, John (8 June 2008). "Ravi Shankar bids Europe adieu". The Taipei Times (UK). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2008/06/08/2003414118. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Ghosh 1983, p. 56
- ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 66
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 221
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 195
- ^ a b c Lavezzoli 2006, p. 196
- ^ Rogers, Adam (8 August 1994). "Where Are They Now?". Newsweek. http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/NWEC/lib00285,0EC05F4D76C65508.html. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 222
- ^ a b Piccoli, Sean (19 April 2005). "Ravi Shankar remains true to his Eastern musical ethos". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-9117516.html. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "'Rajya Sabha Members'/Biographical Sketches 1952 – 2003" (PDF). Rajya Sabha. 6 January 2004. http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/r.pdf. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ a b Lavezzoli 2006, p. 197
- ^ "Shankar advances her music". The Washington Times. 16 November 1999. http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/WT/lib00179,0EB0F3E288AD65E1.html. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
- ^ Lavezzoli 2006, p. 411
- ^ Idato, Michael (9 April 2004). "Concert for George". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/08/1081326843156.html. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Anoushka enthralls at New York show". The Hindu (India). 4 February 2009. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200902041040.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ Barnett, Laura (6 June 2011). "Portrait of the artist: Ravi Shankar, musician". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/culture/2011/jun/06/ravi-shankar-musician. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ^ Menon 1995, p. 220
- ^ "Archive > Annual Archives > 1957 > Prize Winners". Berlin International Film Festival. http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1957/03_preistr_ger_1957/03_Preistraeger_1957.html. Retrieved 21 August 2010.
- ^ "SNA: List of Akademi Awardees – Instrumental – Sitar". Sangeet Natak Akademi. http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm#InstrumentalSitar. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "SNA: List of Akademi Fellows". Sangeet Natak Akademi. http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/fellowslist.htm#1980. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Padma Awards". Ministry of Communications and Information Technology. http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Ravi&award=All. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
- ^ "राष्ट्रीय कालिदास सम्मान [Rashtriya Kalidas Samman]" (in Hindi). Department of Public Relations of Madhya Pradesh. 2006. http://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfonew/hindi/award/kalidas.asp. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
- ^ "Ravi Shankar – The 2nd Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes 1991". Asian Month. 2009. http://asianmonth.com/prize/english/winner/. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Citation for Ravi Shankar". Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationShankarRav.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ van Gelder, Lawrence (14 May 1998). "Footlights". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/14/books/footlights.html. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Sir Ravi". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 113 (19): 14. 12 May 2001. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/?id=FikEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14.
- ^ Watrous, Peter (16 June 1998). "Pop Review; Just Music, No Oedipal Problems". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/16/arts/pop-review-just-music-no-oedipal-problems.html. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Hard to say no to free love: Ravi Shankar". Press Trust of India. Rediff.com. 13 May 2003. http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/13ravi.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ a b Lindgren, Kristina (21 September 1992). "Shubho Shankar Dies After Long Illness at 50". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61210384.html?FMT=ABS. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ^ a b Venugopal, Bijoy (24 February 2003). "Norah's night at the Grammys". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/us/2003/feb/24grammy.htm. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
- ^ Melwani, Lavina (24 December 1999). "In Her Father's Footsteps". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/dec/24us1.htm. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
- ^ "Signing up for the veg revolution". Screen. 8 December 2000. http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001208/shtakes.htm. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
- ^ Varga, George (10 April 2011). "At 91, Ravi Shankar seeks new musical vistas". signonsandiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/apr/10/91-ravi-shankar-seeks-new-musical-vistas/. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
References[link]
- "Shankar, Ravi" (in German). Brockhaus Enzyklopädie. 20 (19th ed.). Mannheim: F. A. Brockhaus GmbH. 1993. ISBN 3-7653-1120-0.
- Ghosh, Dibyendu (December 1983). "A Humble Homage to the Superb". In Ghosh, Dibyendu. The Great Shankars. Kolkata: Agee Prakashani. p. 7. OCLC 15483971.
- Ghosh, Dibyendu (December 1983). "Ravishankar". In Ghosh, Dibyendu. The Great Shankars. Kolkata: Agee Prakashani. p. 55. OCLC 15483971.
- Lavezzoli, Peter (2006). The Dawn of Indian Music in the West. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1815-5.
- Massey, Reginald (1996). The Music of India. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-332-9.
- Menon, Narayana (1995) [1980]. "Shankar, Ravi". In Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 17 (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 1-56159-174-2.
- Neuhoff, Hans (2006). "Shankar, Ravi". In Finscher, Ludwig (in German). Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik. 15 (2nd ed.). Bärenreiter. ISBN 3-7618-1122-5.
- Schaffner, Nicholas (1980). The Boys from Liverpool: John, Paul, George, Ringo. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-416-30661-6.
- Sharma, Vishwamitra (2007). Famous Indians of the 20th Century. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 81-223-0829-5.
- Slawek, Stephen (2001). "Shankar, Ravi". In Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 23 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-333-60800-3.
External links[link]
| Find more about Ravi Shankar on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Images and media from Commons |
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Quotations from Wikiquote |
- "Ravi Shankar". Official website. http://www.ravishankar.org/.
- "East Meets West Music". Ravi Shankar Foundation. http://eastmeetswestmusic.com/.
- Ravi Shankar at Allmusic
- Ravi Shankar at the Internet Movie Database
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Shankar, Ravi |
| Alternative names | রবি শঙ্কর (Bengali); Shôngkor, Robi (Bengali transliteration) |
| Short description | Indian classical musician |
| Date of birth | 7 April 1920 |
| Place of birth | Varanasi, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, British Raj |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Ravi_Shankar
Related pages:
http://cs.wn.com/Ravi Šankar
http://id.wn.com/Ravi Shankar
http://es.wn.com/Ravi Shankar (músico)
http://ru.wn.com/Шанкар, Рави
http://pt.wn.com/Ravi Shankar
http://pl.wn.com/Ravi Shankar
http://fr.wn.com/Ravi Shankar (musicien)
http://de.wn.com/Ravi Shankar
http://it.wn.com/Ravi Shankar
http://hi.wn.com/रवि शंकर
http://nl.wn.com/Ravi Shankar (musicus)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Shankar
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) |
| Arun Jaitley | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha) | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1952-12-28) 28 December 1952 (age 59) New Delhi |
| Political party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| Residence | New Delhi |
| Alma mater | University of Delhi |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India |
| Religion | Hindu |
| Signature | Arun Jaitley's signature |
Arun Jaitley (Hindi:अरुण जेटली ) (born 28 December 1952) is a prominent Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is currently the largest Opposition party in India. He is the leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha and has previously served as the Union Minister for commerce, industry, law and justice of the Government of India.
Contents |
Background[link]
He was born to Kishen and Ratan Prabha Jaitley.[1] Born to a lawyer father,[2] he did his schooling at St. Xavier's School, New Delhi from 1969-70.[citation needed] He graduated in Commerce from Shri Ram College of Commerce, New Delhi in 1973. He passed his Law degree from the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi, in 1977. During his career as a student, he was the recipient of several distinctions for his outstanding performances both in academics and extra curricular activities. He was President of the Students Union of Delhi University in 1974.[3]
Political career as student union leader[link]
Jaitley was an Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) student leader in the Delhi University Campus in the seventies and rose to be President of the University Students' Union in 1974. During the period of proclamation of Internal Emergency (1975–77) when civil liberties were suspended, he was under preventive detention for a period of 19 months. He was a prominent leader of a movement against corruption launched in the year 1973 by Raj Narain and Jai Prakash Narayan. He was the Convenor of the National Committee for Students and Youth organisation appointed by Jai Prakash Narayan. He was also active in civil rights movement and helped found PUCL Bulletin along with Satish Jha and Smitu Kothari.[2][3] After being released from jail he joined Jan Sangh.
Legal career[link]
He has been practicing law before the Supreme Court of India and several High Courts in the country since 1977.[4] He is a designated Senior Advocate. He was appointed Additional Solicitor General by the V.P. Singh Government in 1989 and did the paperwork for the investigations into the Bofors scandal.[2] His clients cover the political spectrum from Sharad Yadav of the Janata Dal to Madhavrao Scindia of the Indian National Congress to L.K. Advani of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He has authored several publications on legal and current affairs. He has presented a Paper on Law relating to Corruption and Crime in India before the Indo-British Legal Forum. He was a delegate on behalf of the Government of India to the United Nations General Assembly Session in June 1998 where the Declaration on Law relating to Drugs and Money Laundering was approved.
Political career[link]
Arun Jaitley had been the member of the ABVP, the student wing of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) during his student days. He became the spokesman of the BJP during the period preceding the 1999 general election. After the Vajpayee Government came to power under the umbrella of the National Democratic Alliance, he was appointed Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting (Independent Charge) on October 13, 1999. He was also appointed Minister of State for Disinvestment (Independent Charge), a new Ministry created for the first time to give effect to the policy of disinvestments under the World Trade Organisation (WTO) regime. He took over the additional charge of the Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs on July 23, 2000 following the resignation of Ram Jethmalani as the Union Cabinet Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs. He was elevated as a Cabinet Minister in November 2000 and was made simultaneously the Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs and Shipping. He was the first Minister of Shipping following the bifurcation of the Ministry of Surface Transport. He demitted the office of the Minister for Shipping with effect from September 1, 2001 and as Union Minister of Law, Justice and Company Affairs on July 1, 2002 to join as a Secretary General, BJP and its national spokesman.[4] He worked in this capacity till January 2003. He rejoined the Union Cabinet as the Minister of Commerce & Industry and Law & Justice on 29 January 2003. With the defeat of the National Democratic Alliance in May 2004, Jaitley returned to serving the BJP as a General Secretary, and back to his legal career.
He is currently a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat (as of March 2006) and has never contested any election. He was chosen as the Leader of the opposition in Rajya Sabha on June 3, 2009 by L.K. Advani. On June 16, 2009 he resigned from the post of General Secretary of BJP as per his party's One Man One Post principle.
In his capacity as the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha- he has been credited for his excellent oratory which is matched equally by his intense research into the topic and his ability to succinctly convey the message without being shrill.
Personal income[link]
In a news item on income of Rajya Sabha MPs, Times of India reported that Arun Jaitely's income is Rs. 10 Crore (about US$ 2.15 million) per annum.[5]
The BJP leader of opposition in the Rajya Sabha and senior BJP leader Arun Jaitley has disclosed movable and immovable properties worth Rs 158 crore.[6]
US cable controversy[link]
It was alleged that Jaitley had suggested that the use of right-wing Hindu nationalism was opportunistic and was being done as it was in 'currency' in certain parts of India.[7]
Jaitley and his party BJP vehemently denied it.
Notable achievements[link]
Legal[link]
He represented the Birla family in their legal battle against R. S. Lodha on the question of ownership of Birla Corporation Limited, the property worth Rs. 5000 Cr and above.
He has represented Ram Gopal Verma in a case against the film-maker who had a distorted version of the National Anthem in his film Rann. He later dropped the song from the film.
84th Amendment[link]
He successfully introduced the eighty-fourth amendment to the Constitution of India in 2002 freezing parliamentary seats until 2026.[8]
91st Amendment[link]
He successfully introduced the ninety-first amendment to the Constitution of India in 2004 penalising defections.[9]
Role as strategic planner of BJP[link]
Recently, Arun Jaitley had emerged as strategic planner for his track record of managing a number of victories in state Assembly election for the BJP.
Arun Jaitley as General Secretary has managed 8 Assembly elections as of May 2008. Most recently, he oversaw the BJP's success in the state of Karnataka.
Gujarat[link]
In 2002, Arun Jaitley helped his close associate, Narendra Modi, win the Gujarat Assembly elections with a landslide mandate, winning 126 out of 182 seats. This partnership rewarded him with a Rajya Sabha nomination[citation needed].
In December 2007, Arun Jaitley orchestrated a well organized campaign to return the incumbent Chief Minister Narendra Modi back to power. The BJP won 117 seats out of the 182 seats. Narendra Modi specifically asked the party high command to depute Arun Jaitley in Gujarat. The primary poll issues were pro-incumbency of Narendra Modi and good governance by the state administration.
Madhya Pradesh[link]
In 2003, Arun Jaitley, managed the assembly elections for theBJP in the state of Madhya Pradesh. He, along with Uma Bharti, won a majority of 173 out of 230 in the MP Assembly.
Karnataka[link]
Arun Jaitley was specifically put in charge of Karnataka, which went to polls simultaneously with the Lok Sabha in May 2004. Karnataka is the only southern state in which the BJP has a sizable presence and a positive mandate for the BJP was expected. The BJP won 18 out of 26 Lok Sabha Seats in the State and emerged as the single largest party in the Assembly, capturing 83 seats, as opposed to the Congress' 68 and the Janata Dal (Secular)'s 59. The Congress and the JD(S) forged a coalition to form the Government with the Congress' Dharam Singh becoming Chief Minister. This however, did not last. In January 2006, disgruntled JDS leaders, led by H. D. Kumaraswamy decided to form a coalition government in the state in partnership with BJP. The understanding was that after half the remaining term of the assembly, the BJP would have its own Chief Minister in the State. In November 2007 H.D.Kumaraswamy declined to transfer the power to B. S. Yeddyurappa and assembly was dissolved.
In May 2008, Arun Jaitley oversaw a phenomenal election campaign in Karnataka, outdoing his previous performance. In the 224-member Assembly, the BJP won 110 seats, falling 3 short of a majority. Soon after, Arun Jaitley negotiated the support of 5 independent MLAs thus taking the BJP's strength to 115. All party leaders starting from President Rajnath Singh to colleague Sushma Swaraj and the BJP's Chief Ministerial candidate in Karnataka, B.S. Yedyurrappa, credited Arun Jaitley with the victory. The Karnataka victory and the ascendency of Yedyurrappa is widely touted as BJP's entry in South Indian politics.
Bihar[link]
In 2005, after the February elections resulted in a hung verdict, re-elections were held in November in the state of Bihar. This election was fought by the BJP in a coalition with the JD(U). He was the chief strategist of the NDA combine. The BJP, ended up winning an all time high of 58 seats and with the JD(U)'s 88 seats were able to form the government. Nitish Kumar of the JD(U) was instated as Chief Minister and the BJP's Sushil Kumar Modi was installed as Deputy Chief Minister.of Bihar.
Punjab[link]
In February 2007, Arun managed the BJP's campagaign in Punjab and coordinated a strategy between the party and its ally, the Shiromani Akali Dal. Out of the 23 seats the party contested, it won 19, a figure that surpassed all expectations and is the party's best-ever performance in the state.
MCD[link]
Late in 2007, Arun Jaitley was appointed general secretary in-charge of elections to the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD). Of the 272 member Corporation, the BJP won 184 wards.
Personal life[link]
Jaitley has been married to Sangeeta Jaitley since 24 May 1982. They have two children, son Rohan[10] and daughter Sonali.[1][4]
References[link]
- ^ a b http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp
- ^ a b c http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990919/iex19021.html
- ^ a b http://pib.myiris.com/profile/article.php3?fl=D20166
- ^ a b c http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/rjan2003/30012003/r300120032.html
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Abhishek-Manu-Singhvi-Vijay-Mallya-are-top-earners-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/10773614.cms
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Arun-Jaitley-discloses-assets-worth-Rs-158-crore/articleshow/12335732.cms
- ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/sibal-hits-out-at-bjp-over-wikileaks-cable-on-jaitley-94506
- ^ Arun Jaitley introduced the 84th Amendment to freeze parliamentary seats until 2026
- ^ Arun Jaitley introduced the 91st Amendment to penalise defections(pdf)
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/636819.cms
- Rajya Sabha Member's Weccb Site: Arun Jaitley
- BJP finds its winning mojo: alliances and incumbency
- India Today Interview: Arun Jaitley
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ram Jethmalani |
Minister of Law and Justice 2000-2002 |
Succeeded by Hansraj Bhardwaj |
| Preceded by Hansraj Bhardwaj |
Minister of Law and Justice 2003-? |
Succeeded by Veerappa Moily |
| Preceded by unknown |
Minister of Shipping 2000-2001 |
Succeeded by G K Vasan |
| Preceded by unknown |
Minister of Commerce and Industry 2003-04 |
Succeeded by unknown |
He rejoined the Union Cabinet as the Minister of Commerce & Industry and Law & Justice on 29 January 2003.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jaitley, Arun |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Indian politician |
| Date of birth | December 28, 1952 |
| Place of birth | Delhi |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Arun_Jaitley
Related pages:
http://hi.wn.com/अरुण जेटली
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Jaitley
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (February 2012) |
| Zubeen Garg | |
|---|---|
 Zubeen Garg at a concert in Bangalore, February 2007 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Zubeen Borthakur |
| Also known as | Goldie |
| Born | (1972-11-18) November 18, 1972 (age 39) Jorhat, Assam |
| Genres | Playback singing, Bihu, Indian pop, rock |
| Occupations | Singer, composer, songwriter, musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocalist, guitar,tabla |
| Years active | 1992–present |
| Labels | Various |
| Website | http://www.zubeen.com |
Zubeen Garg (Assamese: জুবিন গাৰ্গ, born 18 November 1972) is a singer and composer from Assam, India, in the Bollywood and Assamese music scene. He plays dhols, guitar, dotora, mandolin, keyboard and various percussion instruments.
Contents |
Background[link]
Garg hails from Jorhat, a city in upper Assam. His birth name is Zubeen Borthakur. He was named after the great composer Zubin Mehta and uses his gotra name, Garg, as his surname. Garg was born to Mohan Borthakur, a famous lyricist, poet and a magistrate (who uses the pseudonym Kapil Thakur, and the late Ily Borthakur.
The Borthakur family has its roots in Janji, Sivasagar. Mohan Borthakur was a magistrate and he and his family moved often during Garg's early years. Ily Borthakur was a dancer, actress and singer, but she never turned these talents into a professional career. Instead, she decided to teach her son at home. Garg's younger sister Jongki Borthakur was a well-known singer and actress who died in a car accident in 2002 near Tezpur while they were going to perform stage show. There after Zubeen made an album known as "SHISHU" in memory of his late sister.[1] Zubeen's other sister Palme, a bharatanatyam dancer, runs a dance academy in Guwahati.
Feeling indebted to his fans from Assam, Garg became involved in various charitable organizations dealing with AIDS and cancer. He is also president of societies including Destination (for autistic children), the All-Assam Cultural Organisation, and Vande.
Garg lives with his wife Garima, a fashion designer, in his Mumbai flat, which is a part of his music studio called Sound & Silence. Zubeen is also a prominent actor in Assamese films. His films have won national awards.
Entering the music scene[link]
Garg considers his mother to be his first guru and mentor. He started learning tabla from Guru Robin Banarjee, and then continued learning Assamese folk music from Guru Romoni Rai. He attended Jagannath Barooah College in Jorhat, and then moved to B. Barooah College, where he pursued Bachelor of Science. He left before completing his degree. When he received the gold medal for his western solo performance in a 1992 youth festival, he got his first taste of success and confidence as vocalist. Apart from playing dhols, dotara, mandolin, percussions, Garg is an accomplished keyboard player. He entered the professional music scene in 1992, releasing his first album, Anamika. This unusual album, became an instant hit in northeast India and had a strong influence on the Assamese musical landscape.
Career[link]
Garg continues to make albums. Garg has sung more than 9000 songs in various languages including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Punjabi, Oriya, Bengali, Marathi, Nepali, English, Bodo and Karbi. His song "Ya Ali" from the movie Gangster became a superhit in India, the Middle East, and across South Asia. Following this success, he released an album titled Ya Ali Remix Blast. Z
Garg released a Hindi album Zindagi, in 2007, which was well-received. His most recent Assamese album is Runjun.
He has sung in many films in several Indian languages.He is the most successful musician after legendary Bhupen Hazarika in Assamese music industry.
Film career: producer[link]
Garg started his own production house in Guwahati. He acts in Assamese and Bengali films as well. In 2007 he acted in the Assamese Mon Jai which won as national award.
In 2000, Garg wrote, directed and acted in the Assamese film Tumi Mor Matho Mor. He acted, co-produced and scored music in another Assamese film Dinabandhu, for which he received a national award in 2005.
Garg has served as music director for Assamese, Hindi, and Bengali films. He received the Best Music Award in 2005 for the Bengali movie Shudhu Tumi. He was the music director for Strings – Bound By Faith, a Hindi film directed by Sanjay Jha. He won the Rajat Kamal National Award in 2007 for best music in a short film.
His new Assamese/Bengali film You are Not My Julie is set to be released in October 2011.[dated info]
List of Zubeen's albums[link]
Assamese albums[link]
- Anamika
- Sopunor Sur
- Meghor Boron
- Zubeenor Gaan
- Mukti(added by saranga)
- Hiya mon
- Zubeenor Gaan
- Shapoon
- Xabda (Sobdo)
- Paakhi(2000)
- Snigdha Jonak
- Shishu(2002)
- Maya
- Chinaki Mon
- Akou Hiya mon
- Niribili Godhuli
- Lajuki mon
- Jantra(2004)
- Raang
- Rangdhali
- Mor Priyo Geet(remake)
- Chinaki Sur(Remake)
- Rongmaanguunu
- Mukha(2006)
- Rumal(2008)
- Abujan Mon(2010)
- Bahi(2010)
- Junaki mon
- Uroniya mon
- Unmona mon
- Ringa ringa mon
- GAAN
- Mone Mone
- Sunali Mon
- Runjun
List of Hindi album[link]
- Chandini Raat Hai Sanam Paas Aana
- Yuhi Kabhi
- Sparsh
- Shradhanjali(vol-i, ii & iii)
- Nupur
- Chanda
- Zindagi
Zubeen's Bengali Songs[link]
- soniye tu janiye tu film khokababu
- Tore niye jai film khokababu
- kichu chupi chupi kotha film Phire Esho tumi
- kichu kichu kotha film Phire Esho tumi
Music director in Assamese films[link]
- Barud
- Bidhata
- Daag
- Dinobondhu
- Rong
- Hiya Diya Niya
- Jeevan Nadir Duti Paar
- Jumon Sumon
- Jown Jwole Kopalot
- Prem aaru Prem
- Priya Milan
- Kanyadaan
- Mon Jai
- Nayak
- Tumi Mor Matho Mor
- Ekhan nedekha nodir Sipare
Awards[link]
- Global Indian Film Awards (GIFA) (2006)- Best playback singer (Male) for the song "Ya Ali".
- Max Stardust Awards (2007)- New Musical Sensation (Male) for the song "Ya Ali".
- Nominated for Film Fare Awards (2007)- Best Play Back Singer.
- National Award (Rajat Kamal) (2009) for Best music director (non-feature film category) for his work on film 'Echoes of Silence'(English-Khasi)is fine
Zubeen's Hindi Songs[link]
| Year | Songs | Films | Language |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | As the River Flows (Upcoming) | Hindi | |
| Akela Hoon Mein (Upcoming) | umang | Hindi | |
| Jaana Hai | Dum Maaro Dum | Hindi | |
| 2010 | Waqt Bada Baimaan O Rabba Dil Ne Jise Apna Kaha |
Musaa | Hindi |
| Ab Mujhko Jeena | Aashayein | Hindi | |
| Wazood Ki Talash | Kuchh Kariye | Hindi | |
| Maula Mere Maula Mere | Aakhri Descision | Hindi | |
| Maula | Mission 11 July | Hindi | |
| 2009 | Shola Shola | London Dreams | Hindi |
| Bansuri | Yeh Mera India | Hindi | |
| Dil main junoon hai | Fastforward | Hindi | |
| 2008 | Rab Ka Banda | Hello | Hindi |
| Yar Mere Dildara | Mission Istanbul | Hindi | |
| Mera Halaat Ye & Tu Jaan Se Pyara (RMX Also) | Deshdrohi | Hindi | |
| Almadad Chere Khuda Mera Yaar | Hastey Hastey | Hindi | |
| Kee Kasoor | Kaise Kahein featuring Neha Jhulka | Hindi | |
| 2007 | Teri Tamanna Teri Tamanna (Club Mix by Akbar Sami) TeriTamanna (Euro Mix Goldeyy) |
The Train | Hindi |
| Dheere Dheere Dheere Dheere Remix |
Bombay to Bangkok | Hindi | |
| Dard E Dil | Good Boy, Bad Boy | Hindi | |
| Jhoom Barabar Jhoom (JBJ) | Jhoom Barabar Jhoom | Hindi | |
| Woh Bheege Pal | Manorama Six Feet Under | Hindi | |
| Dilruba Dilruba (Remix) |
Namastey London | Hindi | |
| Shael Sutha Ke Ankhon | My Friend Ganesha | Hindi | |
| Tum Ho | Raqeeb | Hindi | |
| Jag Laal Laal Laal Laal (Part 2) Jag Laal Laal Laal Laal (Part 3) |
Big Brother | Hindi | |
| Jeena Kya Tere Bina Jeena Kya Tere Bina (Remix) |
Kya Love Story Hai | Hindi | |
| Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein Hum Khushi Ki Chah Mein (Rock Mix) |
Life Mein Kabhie Kabhiee | Hindi | |
| Ek Din Teri (Remix) | Naqaab | Hindi | |
| Hoga Hoga Khuda Gawah | Nehlle Pe Dehlla | Hindi | |
| Zindagi Aa Gayi | Victoria No. 203 | Hindi | |
| Let's Enjoy | Bombay to Goa | Hindi | |
| Ommomme Heego | Hudugaata | Kannada | |
| Yele Yelele Yele Yelele |
Takkari | Telugu | |
| 2006 | Ya Ali | Gangster | Hindi |
| Subah Subah | I See You | Hindi | |
| Payal Ki Chham Chham | Brides Wanted | Hindi | |
| Ishq Mantra (om) Piya Milan Ko Jaana RamoRamo Rimjhim |
Strings – Bound By Faith | Hindi | |
| Rabbi Rabbi (Remix) |
Zindaggi Rocks | Hindi | |
| Janne Kya Chaheman | Pyaar Ke Side Effects | Hindi | |
| 2004 | Jugnu Ki Payal | Aan: Men at Work | Hindi |
| Ishq Ishq Mein Rabba |
Agnipankh | Hindi | |
| Ek Hasina Thi (Remix) | Ek Hasina Thi | Hindi | |
| Rama Re (The Boys Are Back Mix) | Musafir | Hindi | |
| Aane Wala Pal Aane Wala Pal – 2nd Version |
Plan | Hindi | |
| 2003 | Dildara | Chupke Se | Hindi |
| Sapne Saare | Mudda – The Issue | Hindi | |
| 2002 | Rama Re Socha Nahin Tha |
Kaante | Hindi |
| Rumal | Maya Namara | Nepali | |
| Sandhya | Sandhya | Hindi | |
| 2000 | Mere Watan | Fiza | Hindi |
| 1995 | Beta Apni Maa Se | Gaddar | Hindi |
Zubeen Garg's songs[link]
References[link]
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Garg, Zubeen |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 18 November 1972 |
| Place of birth | Jorhat, Assam |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Zubeen_Garg
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeen_Garg
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
