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Assen
Assen [ˈɑ.sə(n)] (
listen) is a municipality and a city in the northeastern Netherlands, and is the capital of the province of Drenthe. It received city rights in 1809. Assen's main claim to fame is the TT Circuit Assen the motorcycle racing circuit, where on the last Saturday in June the Dutch TT is run. Assen has a railway station: Assen railway station.
Anreep, Assen, De Haar, Graswijk, Loon, Rhee, Schieven, Ter Aard, Ubbena, Witten, Zeijen, Zeijerveen, Zeijerveld.
The history of the capital of Drenthe can be traced back to at least 1258, when a new location had to be found for the Maria in Campis monastery, which was originally built near Coevorden as a penalty for the slaughter in 1227 of the army of the Bishop of Utrecht at the hands of Drenthe's peasants, in what has come to be known as the Battle of Ane. A battle, incidentally, in which the Bishop was killed. His successor ordered the monastery to be built as a penalty. As this monastery was located in a barren peat area, which also happened to flood from time to time, a better location had to be found. A better and especially dryer spot for the Cistercian monastery was found in an area known as Witten, where at the time only a few farms were located. Around it were village communities like Deurze, Witten en Peelo. The latter has a history which goes back to the times from when Dolmens were built, but is presently situated between two new districts of Assen. The "relocated" monastery probably was erected in the 1260s, and over the centuries Assen developed around it.
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Bay City, Michigan
Bay City is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan located near the base of the Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron. As of the 2010 census, the city's population was 34,932, and is the principal city of the Bay City Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Saginaw-Bay City-Saginaw Township North Combined Statistical Area. The city, along with nearby Midland and Saginaw, form the "Tri-Cities" region, which has more recently been called the "Great Lakes Bay" region.
The city is geographically divided by the Saginaw River, and travel between the east and west sides of the city is made possible by four modern drawbridges which allow large ships to travel easily down the river. The city is served by MBS International Airport, located in nearby Freeland, and James Clements Municipal Airport.
Leon Tromble is regarded as the first settler within the limits of Bay County, in an area which would become Bay City. In 1831, he built a log cabin on the east bank of the Saginaw river. Bay City was first established in 1837, and was incorporated as a city in 1865. In 1834 John B. Trudell built a log-cabin near the present corner of Seventeenth and Broadway. Trudell later purchased land that extended from his residence north along the river to what later became the location for the Industrial Brownhoist, making him the first permanent resident of what has become Bay County. Bay City became the largest community in the county and the location of the county seat of government. Most of the county's agencies and associations are located here. The city shares common borders with Essexville and the townships of Bangor, Frankenlust, Hampton, Merritt, Monitor, and Portsmouth.
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Berlin
Berlin (
/bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Białystok
Białystok ([bʲaˈwɨstɔk] ( listen)) (Belarusian: Беласток, Biełastok) is the largest city in northeastern Poland and the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Located in the North Podlasie Lowland (pl:Nizina Północnopodlaska) on the banks of the Biała River, Białystok ranks second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area, of the cities of Poland. It has historically attracted migrants from elsewhere in Poland and beyond, particularly from Central and Eastern Europe. This is facilitated by the fact that the nearby border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok. The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate, characterized by warm summers and long frosty winters. Forests are an important part of Białystok's character, and occupy around 1,756 ha (4,340 acres) (17.2% of the administrative area of the city) which places it as the fifth most "wooded" city in Poland.
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Braşov
Brașov (Romanian pronunciation: [braˈʃov] ( listen); German: Kronstadt; Hungarian: Brassó, Hungarian pronunciation: [’brɒʃʃoː]; Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona; 1950–1960: Orașul Stalin) is a city in Romania and the capital of Brașov County.
According to the last Romanian census, from 2011, there were 227,961 people living within the city of Brașov, making it the 8th most populated city in Romania, and the metropolitan area is home to 335,668 residents.
Brașov is located in the central part of the country, about 166 km north of Bucharest. It is surrounded by the Southern Carpathians and is part of the Transylvania region.
The city is notable for being the birthplace of the national anthem of Romania and for hosting the Golden Stag International Music Festival.
The city was first attested in 1235 AD under the name Corona, a Latin word meaning "crown", a name given by the German colonists. The current Romanian and Hungarian names are derived from the Turkic word barasu, meaning "white water" with a Slavic suffix -ov.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgaria
i/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Bydgoszcz
Bydgoszcz [ˈbɨdɡɔʂt͡ʂ] ( listen) (German: Bromberg (
listen), Latin: Bydgostia) is a city located in northern Poland, on the Brda and Vistula rivers. With a city population of 358,029 (June 2009), and an urban agglomeration with more than 460,000 inhabitants, Bydgoszcz is the 8th-largest city in Poland. It has been the seat of Bydgoszcz County and the co-capital, with Toruń, of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship since 1999. Prior to this, between 1947 and 1998, it was the capital of the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship, and before that, of the Pomeranian Voivodeship between 1945 and 1947.
Bydgoszcz is part of the metroplex Bydgoszcz-Toruń, which totals over 850,000 inhabitants. Bydgoszcz is the seat of Casimir the Great University, University of Technology and Life Sciences and a conservatory, as well as a Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń. Bydgoszcz hosts the Filharmonia Pomorska concert hall, the Opera Nova opera house, and the Bydgoszcz Ignacy Jan Paderewski Airport. Due to its location between the Vistula and Odra rivers, and the water course of the Bydgoszcz Canal, the city forms part of a water system connected via the Noteć, Warta, Odra, and Elbe with the Rhine and Rotterdam. Bydgoszcz was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Chodzież County
Chodzież County (Polish: powiat chodzieski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Chodzież, which lies 65 kilometres (40 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Szamocin, lying 16 km (10 mi) east of Chodzież, and Margonin, 13 km (8 mi) east of Chodzież.
The county covers an area of 680.58 square kilometres (262.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 46,967, out of which the population of Chodzież is 19,652, that of Szamocin is 4,267, that of Margonin is 2,956, and the rural population is 20,092.
Chodzież County is bordered by Piła County to the north, Wągrowiec County to the south-east, Oborniki County to the south and Czarnków-Trzcianka County to the west.
The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban, two urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna (German: Wiener Kongress) was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September, 1814 to June, 1815. The objective of the Congress was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
This objective resulted in the redrawing of the continent's political map, establishing the boundaries of France, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Netherlands, the states of the Rhine, the German province of Saxony, and various Italian territories, and the creation of spheres of influence through which Austria, Britain, France and Russia brokered local and regional problems. The Congress of Vienna was the first of a series of international meetings that came to be known as the Concert of Europe, which was an attempt to forge a peaceful balance of power in Europe, and served as a model for later organizations such as the League of Nations and United Nations.
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Counter-Reformation
The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival or Catholic Reformation) was the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 which is sometimes considered a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of four major elements:
Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.
Pope Paul III (1534–1549) initiated the Council of Trent (1545–1563), a commission of cardinals tasked with institutional reform, addressing contentious issues such as corrupt bishops and priests, indulgences, and other financial abuses. Paul had been appointed Pope as a genuine convert to and lover of Catholicism, in the hope that he would represent a movement away from what had become a Papal Monarchy and caused struggles of power in the years preceding - epitomised with the Sack Of Rome 1527. Paul had proposed a General Church Council as early as 1536 but was unable to hold it until 1545 due to vulnerability of the Papacy - support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V was needed, but he was occupied with the Hapsburg-Valois Conflict in Milan until the Peace of Crépy 1544. This fundamental political weakness is historically considered the reason which the outcomes of Trent were so conservative - the papacy could not afford to surrender power, and that power was held up by church abuses.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Częstochowa
Częstochowa [t͡ʂɛ̃stɔˈxɔva] ( listen) is a city in south Poland on the Warta River with 240,027 inhabitants (June 2009). It has been situated in the Silesian Voivodeship (administrative division) since 1999, and was previously the capital of Częstochowa Voivodeship (1975–1998). However, Częstochowa is historically part of Lesser Poland, not of Silesia, and before 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), it belonged to the Kraków Voivodeship.
The town is known for the famous Pauline monastery of Jasna Góra, which is the home of the Black Madonna painting (Polish: Jasnogórski Cudowny obraz Najświętszej Maryi Panny Niepokalanie Poczętej), a shrine to the Virgin Mary. Every year, millions of pilgrims from all over the world come to Częstochowa to see it. The city was became home to the Frankism religion in the late 18th and 19th Century. There is also a Lusatian culture excavation site and museum in the city and ruins of a medieval castle in Olsztyn, approximately 25 kilometres (ca. 16 mi) from the city centre.
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Duchy of Warsaw
The Duchy of Warsaw (Polish: Księstwo Warszawskie; French: Duché de Varsovie; German: Herzogtum Warschau; Russian: Варшавское герцогство, Varshavskoye gertsogstvo) was a Polish state established by Napoleon I in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit. The duchy was held in personal union by one of Napoleon's allies, King Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the duchy was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when it was formally partitioned between the two countries at the Congress of Vienna.
The duchy is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.
The area of the duchy had already been liberated by a popular uprising that had escalated from anti-conscription rioting in 1806. One of the first tasks for the new government included providing food to the French army fighting the Russians in East Prussia.
The Duchy of Warsaw was officially created by French Emperor Napoleon I, as part of the Treaty of Tilsit with Prussia. Its creation met the support of both local republicans in partitioned Poland, and the large Polish diaspora in France, who openly supported Napoleon as the only man capable of restoring Polish sovereignty after the Partitions of Poland of late 18th century. Although it was created as a satellite state (and was only a duchy, rather than a kingdom), it was commonly hoped and believed that with time the nation would be able to regain its former status, not to mention its former borders.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (abbreviated as Europarl or the EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council) and the European Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is currently composed of 754 Members of the European Parliament, who represent the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (375 million eligible voters in 2009).
It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, and has been under 50% since 1999. Turnout in 2009 stood at 43% of all European voters, ranging from 90% in Luxembourg and Belgium (where compulsory voting is used) to 20% in Slovakia. Turnout was under 50% in 18 out of 27 member states.
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Festung Posen
Poznań Fortress, known in German as Festung Posen (Polish: Twierdza Poznań) was a set of fortifications in the city of Poznań (German: Posen) in western Poland, built under Prussian rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It represents the third largest system of its kind in Europe.
The first set of fortifications was a tight defensive ring around central Poznań, including the main citadel called Fort Winiary (now the Cytadela park). Construction of these fortifications began in 1828. Later, beginning in 1876, an outer defensive ring was built around the perimeter of the city, consisting chiefly of a series of "forts", which mostly still survive.
The term Festung Posen was also used by the Nazi German occupiers during the Red Army's advance in the closing phases of the Second World War, to refer to Poznań's status as one of the "strongholds" (Festungen) which were to be defended at all costs. It fell in the Battle of Poznań (1945), with Fort Winiary the last point of resistance.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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Fort VII
Coordinates: 52°25′01″N 16°52′05″E / 52.41694°N 16.86806°E / 52.41694; 16.86806
Fort VII, officially Konzentrationslager Posen (later renamed), was a Nazi concentration camp set up in Poznań in occupied Poland during World War II, located in one of the 19th-century forts which ringed the city. According to different estimates, between 4,500 and 20,000 people, mostly Poles from Poznań and the surrounding region, died while imprisoned at the camp.
Fort VII (also known as Fort Colomb from 1902–1918) was one of the ring of defensive forts built around the perimeter of Poznań by the Prussian authorities in the late 19th century, in the second stage of the Festung Posen scheme. It was built in 1876–1880 (with improvements in 1887–1888). It stands in the western part of the city, on today's ul. Polska in the Ogrody neighbourhood, part of Jeżyce district. In the interwar period it was used for storage purposes.
Following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Fort VII was chosen as the site of the first concentration camp in occupied Poland, called Konzentrationslager Posen. It was probably created by decision of the Reichsstatthalter of the Poznań region, Arthur Greiser. It began functioning at some time around October 1939. The prisoners were mostly Poles from the Wielkopolska region. Many were representatives of the region's intelligentsia, often people who had been engaged in social and political life, as well as known Polish patriots and veterans of the Wielkopolska Uprising (1918–1919) and Silesian Uprisings. In the early stages of the camp's existence prisoners were generally executed within a week of arrival. In October 1939 an early experiment in execution by gas chamber was carried out, where around 400 patients and staff from psychiatric hospitals in Poznań and Owińska were killed.
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Fort Winiary
Fort Winiary was part of Festung Posen ("Fortress Poznań"), a system of defensive fortifications around the city built under Prussian rule in the 19th century. It was the main fort in that system, and was among the first elements to be constructed. Detailed plans were approved on 21 February 1829, and the name "Fort Winiary" soon came to be applied, as the fort was situated on a hill where there were two villages called Winiary (the name alluding to the vine cultivation which had once taken place there). The fort would later become popularly known as Poznań's citadel (cytadela).
On 10 October 1829 an order was made restricting civilian building in a strip in front of the planned fort. In May and June 1830, the villages of Winiary and the nearby Bonin farm were evacuated, the inhabitants being moved to an area to the north-west (Neu Winiary). This is the neighbourhood known as Winiary today, part of the city's Jeżyce district (there is also an estate there named Bonin).
The fort had a main reduit (Kernwerk) on the southern (city) side, flanked by four redoubts (Redoute I and Redoute II to the west; Redoute IV and Redoute III to the east). At the eastern and western extremes were Ravelin I and Ravelin IV. The northern side of the fort consisted of (from west to east) Bastion I, Ravelin II, Bastion II, Ravelin III and Bastion III. The first and third redoubt were the first to be completed, in 1830, and the main réduit was finished in 1832. In 1834 three infantry battalions were garrisoned there. The third and fourth ravelins were finished in 1838 and 1839, completing the fort.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gdańsk
Gdańsk ( /ɡəˈdænsk/ or /ɡəˈdɑːnsk/; Polish: [ˈɡdaɲsk]; German: Danzig, pronounced [ˈdantsɪç]) is a Polish city on the Baltic coast, at the center of the country's fourth-largest metropolitan area.
The city lies on the southern edge of Gdańsk Bay (of the Baltic Sea), in a conurbation with the city of Gdynia, spa town of Sopot, and suburban communities, which together form a metropolitan area called the Tricity (Trójmiasto), with a population of over 800,000. Gdańsk itself has a population of 455,830 (June 2010), making it the largest city in the Pomerania region of Northern Poland.
Gdańsk is Poland's principal seaport as well as the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship. It is also historically the largest city of the Kashubian region. The city is close to the former late medieval/modern boundary between West Slavic and Germanic lands and it has a complex political history with periods of Polish rule, periods of German rule, and extensive self-rule, with two spells as a free city. It has been part of modern Poland since 1945.
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General Government
The General Government (German: Generalgouvernement, Polish: Generalne Gubernatorstwo, Ukrainian: Генеральна губернія) was an area of Second Republic of Poland under Nazi German rule during World War II; designated as a separate region of the Third Reich (Großdeutsches Reich) between 1939–1945. Following Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the former Polish eastern voivodeships (districts) of Kresy (earlier invaded by the Red Army in Nazi–Soviet pact) were added to the General Government by a decree issued by Adolf Hitler.
In terms of international and civil law, all of these acts were illegal from their inception, according to section III of the Fourth Hague Convention (1907) accepted by Germany. The area was not a puppet state; its rulers had no goal of collaborating with Poles throughout the war, regardless of their political orientation. The Nazi authorities made a determined effort to avoid even mentioning the name "Poland" in government correspondence. The only exception to this were the German-backed banknotes and coins (called 'zloty' and 'grosz') printed in 1940 in which the word was used for propaganda purposes. The government and administration of the General Government was composed entirely of Germans, with the intent that the area was eventually to become an ethnic German province. According to Heim ins Reich initiative the only locals remaining were to be those of German descent.
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Georgia (country)
Georgiai/ˈdʒɔrdʒə/ (Georgian: საქართველო Sakartvelo, IPA: [sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of Georgia is Tbilisi. Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 km² and its population is almost 4.7 million. Georgia is a unitary, semi-presidential republic, with the government elected through a representative democracy.
During the classical era independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia. The kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia adopted Christianity in the early 4th century. A unified Georgia reached the peak of its political and economic strength during the reign of King David IV and Queen Tamar in the 11th–12th centuries. At the beginning of the 19th century, Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire. After a brief period of independence following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia was occupied by Soviet Russia in 1921, becoming the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic and part of the Soviet Union. After independence in 1991, post-communist Georgia suffered from civil unrest and economic crisis for most of the 1990s. This lasted until the Rose Revolution of 2003, after which the new government introduced democratic and economic reforms.
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German Empire
The German Empire (German: Deutsches Kaiserreich) is the common name given to the state officially named the Deutsches Reich (literally: "German Realm"), designating Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became a federal republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of the Emperor, Wilhelm II.
The German Empire consisted of 27 constituent territories (most of them ruled by royal families). While the Kingdom of Prussia contained most of the population and most of the territory of the Reich; the Prussian leadership became supplanted by German leaders and Prussia itself played a lesser role. As Dwyer (2005) points out, Prussia's "political and cultural influence had diminished considerably" by the 1890s. Its three largest neighbors were rivals Imperial Russia to the east and France to the west and ally Austria-Hungary to the south.
After 1850, Germany industrialized rapidly, with a foundation in coal, iron (and later steel), chemicals and railways. From a population of 41 million people in 1871, it grew to 68 million in 1913. From a heavily rural nation in 1815, it was now predominantly urban. During its 47 years of existence, the German Empire operated as an industrial, technological and scientific giant, receiving more Nobel Prizes in science than Britain, France, Russia and the United States combined.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gmina Buk
Gmina Buk is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Buk, which lies approximately 28 kilometres (17 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 90.32 square kilometres (34.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 11,917, of which the population of Buk is 6,181, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 5,736.
Apart from the town of Buk, Gmina Buk contains the villages and settlements of Cieśle, Dakowy Suche, Dobieżyn, Dobra, Kalwy, Niepruszewo, Otusz, Pawłówko, Szewce, Szewce-Zgoda, Sznyfin, Wielka Wieś, Wiktorowo, Wygoda, Wysoczka and Żegowo.
Gmina Buk is bordered by the gminas of Dopiewo, Duszniki, Granowo, Opalenica, Stęszew and Tarnowo Podgórne.
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Gmina Czerwonak
Gmina Czerwonak is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Czerwonak, which lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 82.24 square kilometres (31.8 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 23,692. It includes Koziegłowy, which is Poland's second most populous village with 10,755 inhabitants (2006). Czerwonak itself has a population of 5,432. The gmina also contains the south-western part of the protected forest area Puszcza Zielonka Landscape Park, including the hill of Dziewicza Góra, which is the Park's highest point and has an observation tower (seasonally open to the public).
Gmina Czerwonak contains the villages of Annowo, Bolechówko, Bolechowo, Czerwonak, Dębogóra, Kicin, Kliny, Koziegłowy, Ludwikowo, Miękowo, Mielno, Owińska, Potasze, Promnice, Szlachęcin and Trzaskowo.
Gmina Czerwonak is bordered by the city of Poznań to the south-west, and by the gminas of Swarzędz (south), Pobiedziska (south and east) Murowana Goślina (north and east), and Suchy Las (west).
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Gmina Dopiewo
Gmina Dopiewo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Dopiewo, which lies approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 108.1 square kilometres (41.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,889.
Gmina Dopiewo contains the villages and settlements of Dąbrowa, Dąbrówka, Dopiewiec, Dopiewo, Drwęca, Fiałkowo, Glinki, Gołuski, Joanka, Konarzewo, Lisówki, Palędzie, Podłoziny, Pokrzywnica, Skórzewo, Trzcielin, Więckowice, Zakrzewo, Żarnowiec and Zborowo.
Gmina Dopiewo is bordered by the gminas of Buk, Komorniki, Stęszew and Tarnowo Podgórne.
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Gmina Kleszczewo
Gmina Kleszczewo is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Kleszczewo, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 74.77 square kilometres (28.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,436.
Gmina Kleszczewo contains the villages and settlements of Bugaj, Bylin, Gowarzewo, Kleszczewo, Komorniki, Krerowo, Krzyżowniki, Lipowice, Markowice, Nagradowice, Poklatki, Śródka, Szewce, Tanibórz, Tulce and Zimin.
Gmina Kleszczewo is bordered by the city of Poznań and by the gminas of Kórnik, Kostrzyn, Środa Wielkopolska and Swarzędz.
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Gmina Komorniki
Gmina Komorniki is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Komorniki, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 66.55 square kilometres (25.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 14,353. The largest village is Komorniki, with 3,500 inhabitants.
Gmina Komorniki is bordered by the towns of Luboń, Poznań and Puszczykowo, and by the gminas of Dopiewo, Mosina and Stęszew.
The gmina contains the following villages: Chomęcice, Głuchowo, Jarosławiec, Komorniki, Łęczyca, Plewiska, Rosnówko, Rosnowo, Szreniawa, Walerianowo, Wiry and Wypalanki.
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Gmina Kostrzyn
Gmina Kostrzyn is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Kostrzyn, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 154 square kilometres (59.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 15,456 (out of which the population of Kostrzyn amounts to 8,539, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 6,917).
Apart from the town of Kostrzyn, Gmina Kostrzyn contains the villages and settlements of Antonin, Brzeźno, Buszkówiec, Chorzałki, Czerlejnko, Czerlejno, Drzązgowo, Glinka Duchowna, Glinka Szlachecka, Gułtowy, Gwiazdowo, Iwno, Jagodno, Klony, Leśna Grobla, Libartowo, Ługowiny, Rujsca, Sanniki, Siedlec, Siedleczek, Siekierki Małe, Siekierki Wielkie, Skałowo, Sokolniki Drzązgowskie, Sokolniki Klonowskie, Strumiany, Tarnowo, Trzek, Węgierskie, Wiktorowo and Wróblewo.
Gmina Kostrzyn is bordered by the gminas of Dominowo, Kleszczewo, Nekla, Pobiedziska, Środa Wielkopolska and Swarzędz.
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Gmina Kórnik
Gmina Kórnik is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Kórnik, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 186.58 square kilometres (72.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 17,585 (out of which the population of Kórnik amounts to 6,981, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 10,604).
Apart from the town of Kórnik, Gmina Kórnik contains the villages and settlements of Biernatki, Błażejewko, Błażejewo, Borówiec, Czmoń, Czmoniec, Czołowo, Dachowa, Dębiec, Dworzyska, Dziećmierowo, Gądki, Jaryszki, Kamionki, Konarskie, Koninko, Mościenica, Pierzchno, Prusinowo, Radzewo, Robakowo, Runowo, Skrzynki, Świątniczki, Szczodrzykowo, Szczytniki, Trzykolne Młyny and Żerniki.
Gmina Kórnik is bordered by the city of Poznań and by the gminas of Kleszczewo, Mosina, Śrem, Środa Wielkopolska and Zaniemyśl.
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Gmina Mosina
Gmina Mosina is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Mosina, which lies approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 170.87 square kilometres (66.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 25,098 (out of which the population of Mosina amounts to 12,150, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 12,948).
Apart from the town of Mosina, Gmina Mosina contains the villages and settlements of Babki, Baranówko, Baranowo, Bogulin, Bolesławiec, Borkowice, Czapury, Daszewice, Drużyna, Głuszyna Leśna, Jeziory, Konstantynowo, Krajkowo, Krosinko, Krosno, Kubalin, Ludwikowo, Mieczewo, Nowe Dymaczewo, Nowinki, Pecna, Radzewice, Rogalin, Rogalinek, Sasinowo, Sowiniec, Sowinki, Stare Dymaczewo, Świątniki, Wiórek and Żabinko.
Gmina Mosina is bordered by the towns of Luboń, Poznań and Puszczykowo, and by the gminas of Brodnica, Czempiń, Komorniki, Kórnik and Stęszew.
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Gmina Pobiedziska
Gmina Pobiedziska is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Pobiedziska, which lies approximately 27 kilometres (17 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 189.27 square kilometres (73.1 sq mi), including the southern part of the protected forest area of Puszcza Zielonka Landscape Park and the whole of Promno Landscape Park. As of 2006 the total population of the gmina is 16,382 (out of which the population of Pobiedziska amounts to 8,329, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,053).
Apart from the town of Pobiedziska, the gmina contains the villages and settlements of Bednary, Biskupice, Bociniec, Borowo-Młyn, Bugaj, Czachurki, Główna, Gołunin, Góra, Jankowo, Jerzykowo, Jerzyn, Kocanowo, Kociałkowa Górka, Kołata, Kowalskie, Krześlice, Łagiewniki, Latalice, Podarzewo, Polska Wieś, Pomarzanowice, Promno, Pruszewiec, Stara Górka, Stęszewko, Tuczno, Uzarzewo-Huby, Wagowo, Węglewo, Wójtostwo, Wronczyn, Zbierkowo and Złotniczki.
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Gmina Stęszew
Gmina Stęszew is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Stęszew, which lies approximately 21 kilometres (13 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 175.22 square kilometres (67.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,919 (out of which the population of Stęszew amounts to 5,339, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 8,580).
Apart from the town of Stęszew, Gmina Stęszew contains the villages and settlements of Będlewo, Dębienko, Dębno, Drogosławiec, Drożdżyce, Górka, Jeziorki, Krąplewo, Łódź, Mirosławki, Modrze, Piekary, Rybojedzko, Sapowice, Skrzynki, Słupia, Smętówko, Srocko Małe, Strykówko, Strykowo, Tomice, Tomiczki, Trzebaw, Twardowo, Wielka Wieś, Witobel, Wronczyn, Zamysłowo and Zaparcin.
Gmina Stęszew is bordered by the gminas of Buk, Czempiń, Dopiewo, Granowo, Kamieniec, Komorniki, Kościan and Mosina.
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Gmina Suchy Las
Gmina Suchy Las is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Suchy Las, which lies to the immediate north of the city of Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 116.55 square kilometres (45.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 13,219.
Gmina Suchy Las contains the villages and settlements of Biedrusko, Chludowo, Golęczewo, Suchy Las, Zielątkowo, Złotkowo and Złotniki. It also contains the former villages of Chojnica, Glinienko, Glinno, Knyszyna, Łagiewniki, Okalewo, Trzuskotowo and Tworkowo, now uninhabited, which lie within the area of the military training area centred on Biedrusko.
Gmina Suchy Las is bordered by the city of Poznań and by the gminas of Czerwonak, Murowana Goślina, Oborniki and Rokietnica.
Coordinates: 52°28′36″N 16°52′39″E / 52.47667°N 16.8775°E / 52.47667; 16.8775
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Gmina Swarzędz
Gmina Swarzędz is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Poznań County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Swarzędz, which lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań.
The gmina covers an area of 101.99 square kilometres (39.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 40,499 (out of which the population of Swarzędz amounts to 29,894, and the population of the rural part of the gmina is 10,605).
Apart from the town of Swarzędz, Gmina Swarzędz contains the villages and settlements of Bogucin, Garby, Gortatowo, Gruszczyn, Janikowo, Jasin, Karłowice, Katarzynki, Kobylnica, Kruszewnia, Ligowiec, Łowęcin, Mechowo, Paczkowo, Puszczykowo-Zaborze, Rabowice, Sarbinowo, Sokolniki Gwiazdowskie, Święcinek, Uzarzewo, Wierzenica, Wierzonka and Zalasewo.
Gmina Swarzędz is bordered by the city of Poznań and by the gminas of Czerwonak, Kleszczewo, Kostrzyn and Pobiedziska.
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Gniezno
Gniezno [ˈɡɲeznɔ] ( listen) (German: Gnesen) is a city in central-western Poland, some 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. One of the Piasts' chief cities, it was mentioned by 10th century A.D. sources as the capital of Piast Poland (in Dagome Iudex) however the first capital of Piast realm was most likely Giecz built around 840s A.D. Its Roman Catholic archbishop, the Archbishop of Gniezno, is the Primate of Poland. These historical facts make its position in Polish history similar to Canterbury or Rheims.
Gniezno is located in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Poznań Voivodeship. The city is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat).
There are archaeological traces of human settlement since the late Paleolithic. Early Slavonic settlements on the Lech Hill and the Maiden Hill are dated to 8th century. At the beginning of the 10th century this was the site of several places sacred to the Slavic religion. The ducal stronghold was founded just before AD 940 on the Lech Hill, and surrounded with some fortified suburbs and open settlements.
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Gniezno County
Gniezno County (Polish: powiat gnieźnieński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gniezno, which lies 49 kilometres (30 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains four other towns: Witkowo, 16 km (10 mi) south-east of Gniezno, Trzemeszno, 16 km (10 mi) east of Gniezno, Kłecko, 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Gniezno, and Czerniejewo, 14 km (9 mi) south-west of Gniezno.
The county covers an area of 1,254.34 square kilometres (484.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 140,333, out of which the population of Gniezno is 70,080, that of Witkowo is 7,855, that of Trzemeszno is 7,789, that of Kłecko is 2,677, that of Czerniejewo is 2,556, and the rural population is 49,376.
Gniezno County is bordered by Żnin County to the north, Mogilno County to the east, Słupca County to the south-east, Września County to the south, Poznań County to the west, and Wągrowiec County to the north-west.
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Gostyń County
Gostyń County (Polish: powiat gostyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Gostyń, which lies 59 kilometres (37 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains four other towns: Krobia, 11 km (7 mi) south of Gostyń, Poniec, 20 km (12 mi) south-west of Gostyń, Borek Wielkopolski, 17 km (11 mi) east of Gostyń, and Pogorzela, 17 km (11 mi) south-east of Gostyń.
The county covers an area of 810.34 square kilometres (312.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 75,683, out of which the population of Gostyń is 20,588, that of Krobia is 4,022, that of Poniec is 2,875, that of Borek Wielkopolski is 2,486, that of Pogorzela is 1,974, and the rural population is 43,738.
Gostyń County is bordered by Śrem County to the north, Jarocin County to the east, Krotoszyn County to the south-east, Rawicz County to the south, Leszno County to the west and Kościan County to the north-west.
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Grand Duchy of Posen
The Grand Duchy of Posen, or the Grand Duchy of Poznań (German: Großherzogtum Posen; Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie) was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, created from territories annexed by Prussia after the Partitions of Poland, and formally established following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815. Per agreements derived at the Congress of Vienna it was to have some autonomy. However in reality it was subordinated to Prussia and the proclaimed rights for Polish subjects were not fully implemented. The name was unofficially used afterward for denoting the territory, especially by Poles, and today is used by modern historians to describe different political entities until 1918. Its capital was Posen (Polish: Poznań). The Grand Duchy was formally replaced by the Province of Posen in the Prussian constitution of 5 December 1848.
Originally part of the Kingdom of Poland, this area largely coincided with Greater Poland. The mid-17th century brought devastation from invading Swedish forces during "the Deluge". The eastern portions of the territory were taken by the Kingdom of Prussia during the Partitions of Poland; during the first partition (1772), Prussia took just the Netze District, the portion along the Noteć (German: Netze) river. Prussia added the remainder during the second partition in 1793. Prussia briefly lost control during the Kościuszko Uprising in (1794).
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Grunwald Poznan
Grunwald Poznań is a sports club based in Poznań, Poland, with several sections:
Coordinates: 52°23′47″N 16°53′00″E / 52.39639°N 16.8833333°E / 52.39639; 16.8833333
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Győr
Coordinates: 47°41′03″N 17°38′04″E / 47.68417°N 17.63444°E / 47.68417; 17.63444
Győr (Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈɟøːr] ( listen); German: Raab, Slovak: Ráb, names in other languages) is the most important city of northwest Hungary, the capital of Győr-Moson-Sopron county and Western Transdanubia region, and — halfway between Budapest and Vienna — lies on one of the important roads of Central Europe. The city is the sixth largest in Hungary, and one of the seven main regional centres of the country.
The area has been inhabited since ancient times. The first large settlement dates back to the 5th century BCE; the inhabitants were Celts. They called the town Arrabona, a name that was used for eight centuries and whose shortened form is still used as the German (Raab) and Slovak (Ráb) names of the city.
Roman merchants moved to Arrabona during the 1st century BCE, and around 10 CE the Roman army occupied the northern part of Western Hungary, which they called Pannonia. Although the Roman Empire abandoned the area in the 4th century due to constant attacks by the tribes living to the east, the town remained inhabited.
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Hala Arena
Hala Arena [ˈxala aˈrɛna], generally called simply Arena, is an indoor sporting arena in the Grunwald district of the city of Poznań in western Poland. It is primarily used for volleyball, other indoor sports, and concerts. The venue opened in 1974 and seats approximately 5,500 people, depending on type of event.
The arena hosted a preliminary round group of the EuroBasket 2009 competition.
Coordinates: 52°23′51″N 16°53′32″E / 52.3975°N 16.89222°E / 52.3975; 16.89222
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jarocin
Jarocin ([jaˈrɔt͡ɕin]) (German: Jarotschin) is a town in central Poland with 25,700 inhabitants (1995), the administrative capital of Jarocin County. Since 1999 Jarocin has been located in Greater Poland Voivodeship, prior to that it was located in the Kalisz Voivodeship (1975–1998).
The lordship of Jarocin was first mentioned in a 1257 deed issued by Duke Bolesław the Pious of Greater Poland. The town was conveniently located at the intersection of the trade routes from Wrocław to Toruń and from Poznań to Kalisz.
Jarocin was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the 1793 Second Partition of Poland and administered within South Prussia. It was part of the Duchy of Warsaw from 1807–13 during the Napoleonic Wars, but was restored to Prussia afterwards. The town was included within the Grand Duchy of Posen from 1815 and the Province of Posen from 1848. It became part of the German Empire in 1871. In 1889 it was included within the newly-created Jarotschin District of the Province of Posen.
Jarocin participated in the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) and had the first soldiers' council in the Province of Posen. It was subsequently included in the Second Polish Republic. The West German Minister and former SS officer Waldemar Kraft was born here at Brzustow in 1898.
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Jarocin County
Jarocin County (Polish: powiat jarociński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Jarocin, which lies 63 kilometres (39 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Żerków, lying 12 km (7 mi) north of Jarocin.
The county covers an area of 587.7 square kilometres (226.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 70,390, out of which the population of Jarocin is 25,834, that of Żerków is 2,058, and the rural population is 42,498.
Jarocin County is bordered by Środa Wielkopolska County and Września County to the north, Pleszew County to the east, Krotoszyn County to the south, and Gostyń County and Śrem County to the west.
The county is subdivided into four gminas (two urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Jyväskylä
Jyväskylä (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈjyvæsˌkylæ]) is a city and municipality in Central Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is the largest city in central Finland and on the Finnish Lakeland. Jyväskylä is located on the northern coast of Lake Päijänne, 147 kilometres (91 mi) north-east of Tampere and 270 kilometres (170 mi) north of Helsinki. The hilly and forested terrain in Jyväskylä is surrounded by hundreds of lakes. The summers in Jyväskylä are warm and winters cold and snowy.
Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic Kalevala, gave the city a nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname is used to describe the major role of Jyväskylä as an education centre and the first place in the world to provide education in Finnish.
The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.
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Kalisz
Kalisz [ˈkalʲiʂ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 106,857 inhabitants (June 2010), the capital city of the Kalisz Region. Situated on the Prosna river in the southeastern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship, the city forms a conurbation with the nearby towns of Ostrów Wielkopolski and Nowe Skalmierzyce. See Kalisz County for the regional administrative area (powiat).
Kalisz is an important regional industrial and commercial centre[citation needed], with many notable factories[which?]. The city is also a centre for traditional folk art. The town was also the site of the former 'Calisia' piano factory, until it went out of business in 2007.
The name itself stems from the Celtic term cal which means stream, or Slavic term kal, meaning swamp or marsh.
Kalisz has long been considered the oldest city of Poland because it was mentioned by Ptolemy in the 2nd century A.D., but the claim is now doubted by some (cf. Calisia). The location mentioned by Ptolemy was situated in the territory of the Diduni in Magna Germania on the Amber Trail. There are many artefacts of the Roman times in the area, pointing out that it could have been one of the stops of the Roman caravans heading for the Baltic Sea.
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Kalisz County
Kalisz County (Polish: powiat kaliski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Kalisz, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only town in Kalisz County is Stawiszyn, which lies 18 km (11 mi) north of Kalisz.
The county covers an area of 1,160.02 square kilometres (447.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 80,369, out of which the population of Stawiszyn is 1,554 and the rural population is 78,815.
Apart from the city of Kalisz, Kalisz County is also bordered by Konin County to the north, Turek County to the north-east, Sieradz County to the east, Ostrzeszów County to the south, Ostrów Wielkopolski County to the west and Pleszew County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into 11 gminas (one urban-rural and 10 rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Katowice
Katowice (Polish: [katɔˈvʲit͡sɛ] ( listen); German: Kattowitz) is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers (tributaries of the Oder and the Vistula respectively). Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about 50 km (31 mi) north of the Silesian Beskids (part of the Carpathian Mountains) and about 100 km (62 mi) southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.
It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2.2 million to 3.5 million. Katowice is the center of science, culture, industry, business and transportation in southern Poland. It is the main city in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and of the 2.7 millionconurbation, the Katowice urban area, within a Silesian metropolitan area populated by 4,676,983 people.
Katowice has been the capital of the Silesian Voivodeship since its formation in 1999. Previously, it was the capital of the Katowice Voivodeship, before then, of the Silesian Voivodeship and before then Province of Upper Silesia in Germany.
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Kharkiv
Kharkiv (Ukrainian: Харків, pronounced [ˈxɑrkiw]) or Kharkov (Russian: Ха́рьков) is the second-largest city in Ukraine.
The city was founded in 1654 and was a major centre of Ukrainian culture in the Russian Empire. Kharkiv became the first city in Ukraine where the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed in December 1917 and Soviet government was formed. Kharkiv became and remained the capital of the Ukrainian SSR until 1934, when the administrative capital was moved to Kiev. Currently, it is the administrative centre of the Kharkiv oblast (province), as well as the administrative centre of the surrounding Kharkivskyi Raion (district) within the oblast. The city is located in the northeast of the country. As of 2006, its population was 1,461,300.
Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with 60 scientific institutes, 30 establishments of higher education, 6 museums, 7 theatres and 80 libraries. Its industry specializes primarily in machinery. There are hundreds of industrial companies in the city. Among them are world renown giants like the Morozov Design Bureau and the Malyshev Tank Factory, leaders in tank production since the 1930s; Khartron (aerospace and nuclear electronics); and the Turboatom turbines producer.
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Kiekrz, Poznań
Kiekrz is a part of the city of Poznań in western Poland, situated on the northwest edge of the city, adjoining Kierskie Lake. It has several holiday sites and sailing clubs, and a significant number of mainly detached houses. Kiekrz is one of the 42 osiedles (neighbourhoods) into which Poznań is divided for local government purposes (see Administrative division of Poznań).
The former village church (St. Michael the Archangel and Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary) is located in the centre; its provost is the Rev. Janusz Buduj.
Kiekrz is a village located 12 km from Poznan in the north-westerly direction. Currently, in terms of administration, Kiekrz is divided into two parts. The "rural" part - the housing estate of Chwaliszewo, Kierska street and all streets adjacent to it along with the village of Pawłowice form the sołectwo belonging to the Municipality of Rokietnica, Poznań County. The second, "urban" part is a subject of the Delegation of Poznań-Jeżyce.
Kiekrz and its immediate surroundings are situated around three lakes: the Great Kierskie Lake (Wielkie Jezioro Kierskie), the Small Kierskie Lake (Małe Jezioro Kierskie) and the Strzeszyńskie Lake. The valleys of these lakes were formed by melting glaciers thousands of years ago.
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Kielce
Kielce [ˈkʲɛlt͡sɛ] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 204,891 inhabitants (June 2009). It is also the capital city of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (Holy Cross Voivodeship) since 1999, previously in Kielce Voivodeship (1919–1939, 1945–1998). The city is located in the middle of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Holy Cross Mountains), at the banks of Silnica river, in northern part of the historical Polish province of Lesser Poland. Once an important centre of limestone mining, Kielce is now a centre of trade and commerce, with Kielce Trade Fairs (Targi Kieleckie) ranking third among Central and Eastern Europe trade fairs centres.
The area of Kielce has been inhabited since at least the 5th century BC. Until the 6th or 7th century the banks of the Silnica were inhabited by Kelts. They were driven out by a Slavic tribe of Vistulans who started hunting in the nearby huge forests and had settled most of the area now known as Małopolska and present-day Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. The lands of Wiślanie were at first subdued by Bohemia, however they soon came under the control of the Piast dynasty and became a part of Poland. According to a local legend, Mieszko, son of Boleslaus II of Poland dreamt he was attacked by a band of brigands in a forest. In the dream he saw a vision of Saint Adalbert who drew a winding line which turned into a stream. When Mieszko woke up, he found the Silnica River whose waters helped him regain strength. He also discovered huge white tusks of an unknown animal. Mieszko announced he would build a town and a church to St. Adalbert at that site. According to this legend, the town's name Kielce commemorates the mysterious tusks (kieł in Polish).
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Konin
Konin [ˈkɔɲin] is a town in central Poland on the Warta river. It is the capital of Konin County. Since 1999, it has been in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. Previously, it was the capital of Konin Voivodeship (1975–1998). In 2006, the population was 81,233.
The oldest remains of human habitation in Konin have been dated to the Paleolithic. On the dunes near the Warta river in Konin various ancient flint tools and implements were found, among them knives, burins, and tanged points. These earliest artefacts belong to the Swiderian culture (Kultura świderska) from 9000 - 8000 BC.
The beginnings of permanent settlements near Konin were connected with the Amber Route leading from the Roman Empire to the Baltic Sea through the area of present-day town. Though there was no settlement called Konin at that time, valuable record about the place remained on map drawn by Ptolemy. The place was described as Setidava (or Getidava), a Dacian name using the form "-dava" and indicated probably a wading place in the Warta river, and an emporium - probably quite important place to merchants travelling along the Amber Route (information derived from Kalisz-Konin on The Amber Route written by Krzysztof Gorczyca). The biggest burial ground from that time was situated on the dunes, on the west from the centre of today's Konin and it belonged to the Przeworsk culture (Kultura Przeworska) (2nd to 3rd centuries AD).
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Konin County
Konin County (Polish: powiat koniński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Konin, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The county contains five towns: Golina, 12 km (7 mi) north-west of Konin, Kleczew, 19 km (12 mi) north of Konin, Sompolno, 27 km (17 mi) north-east of Konin, Ślesin, 17 km (11 mi) north of Konin, and Rychwał, 18 km (11 mi) south of Konin.
The county covers an area of 1,578.71 square kilometres (609.5 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 123,646, out of which the population of Golina is 4,330, that of Kleczew is 4,173, that of Sompolno is 3,695, that of Ślesin is 3,102, that of Rychwał is 2,377, and the rural population is 105,969.
Apart from the city of Konin, Konin County is also bordered by Mogilno County, Inowrocław County and Radziejów County to the north, Koło County to the east, Turek County to the south-east, Kalisz County to the south, Pleszew County to the south-west, and Słupca County to the west.
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Koło County
Koło County (Polish: powiat kolski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Koło, which lies 119 kilometres (74 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Kłodawa, 21 km (13 mi) east of Koło, Dąbie, 19 km (12 mi) south-east of Koło, and Przedecz, 21 km (13 mi) north-east of Koło.
The county covers an area of 1,011.03 square kilometres (390.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 88,601, out of which the population of Koło is 23,034, that of Kłodawa is 6,829, that of Dąbie is 2,087, that of Przedecz is 1,771, and the rural population is 54,880.
Koło County is bordered by Radziejów County and Włocławek County to the north, Kutno County and Łęczyca County to the east, Poddębice County to the south-east, Turek County to the south, and Konin County to the west.
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Kościan County
Kościan County (Polish: powiat kościański) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Kościan, which lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Śmigiel, 13 km (8 mi) south-west of Kościan, Czempiń, 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Kościan, and Krzywiń, 18 km (11 mi) south-east of Kościan.
The county covers an area of 722.53 square kilometres (279.0 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 77,760, out of which the population of Kościan is 24,102, that of Śmigiel is 5,452, that of Czempiń is 5,135, that of Krzywiń is 1,547, and the rural population is 41,524.
Kościan County is bordered by Poznań County to the north, Śrem County to the east, Gostyń County to the south-east, Leszno County to the south, Wolsztyn County to the west and Grodzisk Wielkopolski County to the north-west.
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Kraków
Kraków (Polish pronunciation: [ˈkrakuf] ( listen)) also Cracow, or Krakow (English /ˈkrækaʊ/), is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River (Polish: Wisła) in the Lesser Poland region, the city dates back to the 7th century. Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs. It was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1569; the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; the Grand Duchy of Kraków from 1846 to 1918; and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1999. It is now the capital of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second most important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was already being reported as a busy trading centre of Slavonic Europe in 965. With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of approximately 760,000 whereas about 8 million people live within a 100 km radius of its main square.
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Krotoszyn County
Krotoszyn County (Polish: powiat krotoszyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Krotoszyn, which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains four other towns: Koźmin Wielkopolski, 16 km (10 mi) north of Krotoszyn, Zduny, 6 km (4 mi) south-west of Krotoszyn, Kobylin, 14 km (9 mi) west of Krotoszyn, and Sulmierzyce, 12 km (7 mi) south-east of Krotoszyn.
The county covers an area of 714.23 square kilometres (275.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 77,092, out of which the population of Krotoszyn is 29,421, that of Koźmin Wielkopolski is 6,707, that of Zduny is 4,498, that of Kobylin is 3,084, that of Sulmierzyce is 2,772, and the rural population is 30,610.
Krotoszyn County is bordered by Jarocin County to the north, Pleszew County to the north-east, Ostrów Wielkopolski County to the east, Milicz County to the south, Rawicz County to the west and Gostyń County to the north-west.
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Kutaisi
Kutaisi (Georgian: ქუთაისი; ancient names: Aea/Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi) is Georgia's second largest city and the capital of the western region of Imereti. It is 221 km to the west of Tbilisi.
Kutaisi is located along both banks of the Rioni River. The city lies at an elevation of 125–300 meters (410–984 feet) above sea level. To the east and north-east, Kutaisi is bounded by the Northern Imereti Foothills, to the north by the Samgurali Range, and to the west and the south by the Colchis Plain.
Kutaisi is surrounded by deciduous forests to the northeast and the northwest. The low-lying outskirts of the city have a largely agricultural landscape. Because of the many gardens in the city centre and the high leafy trees alongside the sidewalks of its streets and boulevards, Kutaisi is painted in bright green in the spring and in yellow-red in the autumn. In the springtime, when the snow starts to melt in the nearby mountains, the storming Rioni River in the middle of the city is heard far beyond its banks.
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Kórnik
Kórnik [ˈkurɲik] is a town with about 6,800 inhabitants (2006), located in western Poland, approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south-east of the city of Poznań. It is one of the major tourist attractions of the Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) region.
Until 1961 there were two separate towns, Kórnik and Bnin, both founded in the Middle Ages (Bnin gained town rights in 1395, and Kórnik in 1426), situated just 1 kilometre apart. Bnin lost its town rights in 1934, and in 1961 it became part of Kórnik. The enlarged town also includes the former settlement of Prowent, birthplace of Wisława Szymborska.
The town's notable sites include:
In German the town was traditionally called Kurnik; during the Nazi occupation of 1939–1945 it was renamed Burgstadt. On 20 October 1939 a mass execution of 15 local residents was carried out, part of Operation Tannenberg.
Kórnik is twinned with the German town of Königstein im Taunus.
The castle in 1842
Print of the castle by Napoleon Orda
A lake in the arboretum next to the castle
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Kępno County
Kępno County (Polish: powiat kępiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Kępno, which lies 144 kilometres (89 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The county covers an area of 608.39 square kilometres (234.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 55,335, out of which the population of Kępno is 14,710 and the rural population is 40,625.
Kępno County is bordered by Ostrzeszów County to the north, Wieruszów County to the east, Kluczbork County to the south, Namysłów County to the south-west and Oleśnica County to the west.
The county is subdivided into seven gminas (one urban-rural and six rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Leszno
Leszno [ˈlɛʂnɔ] ( listen) (German: Lissa, between 1800 and 1918 also called Polnisch Lissa) is a town in central Poland with 63,955 inhabitants (2008). Situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship since 1999, it was previously the capital of the Leszno Voivodeship (1975–1998). The town has county status.
Leszno was first mentioned in historical documents in 1393. The settlement was then the property of Stefan z Karnina of Clan Wieniawa. The family adopted the surname of Leszczyński from the name of their estate according to the medieval custom of the Polish nobility.
In the early 16th century a community of Protestant Unity of the Brethren refugees from Bohemia settled in Leszno invited by the Leszczyński family, who were since 1473 imperial counts and had converted to Calvinism. The arrival of the Bohemian Protestants as well as weavers from nearby Silesia helped the settlement to grow and made it possible to became a town in 1547 by a privilege given by King Sigismund I the Old. Leszno was also the biggest printing center in Greater Poland thanks to the activity of the Protestant community, whose number increased because of inflow of German refugees from Silesia during the Thirty Years War. At the time it already had a Gymnasium school led for a period by Jan Amos Komenský (known in English as Comenius), a Bohemian educator who was a bishop of the Unity of the Brethren. From 1638 to his death in 1647, Johann Heermann, a German-speaking poet, lived in Leszno. Between 1736 and 1639 the town became fortified and its area increased. The golden era of Leszno ended with a large fire in 1655. During the Great Northern War the town was burned again in 1707 by Russians and had a plague in 1709. The Leszczyński family owned the city until 1738 when king Stanisław Leszczyński sold it after he abdicated for the second time.
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Leszno County
Leszno County (Polish: powiat leszczyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat is the city of Leszno, although the city is not part of the county (it constitutes a separate city county). The only towns in Leszno County are Rydzyna, which lies 9 km (6 mi) south-east of Leszno, and Osieczna, 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Leszno.
The county covers an area of 804.65 square kilometres (310.7 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 50,024, out of which the population of Rydzyna is 2,539, that of Osieczna is 2,018, and the rural population is 45,467.
Apart from the city of Leszno, Leszno County is also bordered by Kościan County to the north, Gostyń County to the east, Rawicz County to the south-east, Góra County to the south, Wschowa County to the west, and Wolsztyn County to the north-west.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
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Lublin
Coordinates: 51°14′N 22°34′E / 51.233°N 22.567°E / 51.233; 22.567
Lublin [ˈlublʲin] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Люблін, Liublin, Yiddish: לובלין Lublin) is the ninth largest city in Poland, and the second largest city of Lesser Poland. It is the capital of Lublin Voivodeship (province) with a population of 350,392 (June 2009). Lublin is also the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. Lublin was a candidate for the title of European Capital of Culture in 2016. Lublin is situated around 170 km (105 miles) away from the capital, Warsaw.
The first permanent settlements on the Lublin site were established in the early Middle Ages, though archeological finds indicate a long, earlier presence of various cultures in the general area. The earliest, most significant settlement began in the 6th century, on a hill located in the suburb of Czwartek (in Polish Thursday, most likely in reference to the market day of the settlement). It is likely that the surrounding hills, notably the site of the present day Old Town, were also settled at around this time. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Czwartek settlement developed into an important trade centre. The location of Lublin at the eastern borders of the Polish lands gave it a military significance. The first fortification on the site may have been built as early as the 8th century, possibly on the Castle Hill. Certainly at the end of the 10th century a significant fortification existed there. As the castle grew, the Old Town hill adjacent to it became the main focus of settlement, and the Czwartek settlement declined in relative importance. The castle became the seat of a Castellan, first mentioned in historical sources from 1224, but quite possibly present from the start of the 12th, or even 10th century. The oldest historical document mentioning Lublin dates from 1198, so the name must have come into general use some time earlier.
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Luboń
Luboń [ˈlubɔɲ] (German: Luban) is a town situated on the Warta River, in the Poznań metro area, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999). It was previously in the Poznań Voivodeship (1975-1998). It has 29,301 inhabitants (2010).
The neighbourhood of Żabikowo (former German Zabikowo, called Poggenburg by the Nazis) in the north-west of Luboń was the site of a Nazi prison camp in 1943–1945, which replaced the Fort VII camp in western Poznań. There is now a museum there, and a monument entitled Nigdy wojny ("Never War") by Józef Gosławski. Żabikowo became part of Luboń when town rights were conferred in 1954.
Motorway A-2
Gymnasium
Warta River in Luboń
"Never war" monument at the Nazi prison site in Żabikowo
Coordinates: 52°20′00″N 16°53′00″E / 52.3333333°N 16.8833333°E / 52.3333333; 16.8833333
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Lubrański Academy
The Lubrański Academy (Polish: Akademia Lubrańskiego; Latin: Collegium Lubranscianum) was a university college that was established in 1518 in Poznań by Bishop Jan Lubrański. It was the first school with university aspirations in Poznań (in fact it was not a full university).
The Academy's first rector was the Poznań humanist Tomasz Bederman. Another prominent lecturer was Grzegorz of Szamotuły.
The Lubrański Academy aimed at independence from the Kraków Academy but was finally transformed into a faculty of the Kraków Academy. Before that the Lubrański Academy comprised six schools: of philosophy, logic, mathematics, languages (Latin, Greek), law, and rhetoric.
The Academy's main building was remodeled in the 17th and 18th centuries.
In 1780 the Academy was merged with the Jesuit Collegium Posnaniae.
Today the Lubrański Academy's building holds the museum of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Poznań.
Coordinates: 52°24′44.78″N 16°56′48.67″E / 52.4124389°N 16.9468528°E / 52.4124389; 16.9468528
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Majdanek
Majdanek was a German Nazi concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland, established during the German Nazi occupation of Poland. The camp operated from October 1, 1941 until July 22, 1944, when it was captured nearly intact by the advancing Soviet Red Army. Although conceived as a forced labor camp and not as an extermination camp, over 79,000 people died there (59,000 of them Polish Jews) during the 34 months of its operation.
The name 'Majdanek' ("little Majdan") derives from the nearby Majdan Tatarski ("Tatar Maidan") district of Lublin, and was given to the camp in 1941 by the locals, who were aware of its existence. In Nazi documents, and for reasons related to its funding, Majdanek was initially "Prisoner of War Camp of the Waffen-SS in Lublin". It was renamed "Konzentrationslager Lublin" (Concentration Camp Lublin) in February 1943.
Among German Nazi concentration camps, Majdanek was unusual in that it was located near a major city, not hidden away at a remote rural location. It is also notable as the best-preserved concentration camp of the Holocaust - there had been too little time for the Nazis to destroy the evidence before the Red Army arrived.
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Międzychód County
Międzychód County (Polish: powiat międzychodzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Międzychód, which lies 74 kilometres (46 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Sieraków, lying 16 km (10 mi) east of Międzychód.
The county covers an area of 736.66 square kilometres (284.4 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 36,329, out of which the population of Międzychód is 10,920, that of Sieraków is 5,994, and the rural population is 19,415.
Międzychód County is bordered by Czarnków-Trzcianka County to the north-east, Szamotuły County to the east, Nowy Tomyśl County to the south, Międzyrzecz County to the south-west and Strzelce-Drezdenko County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into four gminas (two urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Nablus
Nablus (Arabic: نابلس Nāblus [næːblʊs] ( listen), Hebrew: שכם Šəḵem, Biblical Shechem ISO 259-3 Škem) is a Palestinian city in the northern West Bank, approximately 63 kilometers (39 mi) north of Jerusalem, with a population of 126,132. Located in a strategic position between Mount Ebal and Mount Gerizim, it is the capital of the Nablus Governorate and a Palestinian commercial and cultural center.
Founded by the Roman Emperor Vespasian in 72 CE as Flavia Neapolis, Nablus has been ruled by many empires over the course of its almost 2,000-year-long history. In the 5th and 6th centuries, conflict between the city's Christian and Samaritan inhabitants climaxed in a series of Samaritan revolts against Byzantine rule, before their violent quelling in 529 CE drastically dwindled that community's numbers in the city. In 636, Neapolis, along with most of Palestine, came under the rule of the Islamic Arab Caliphate of Umar ibn al-Khattab; its name Arabicized to Nablus. In 1099, the Crusaders took control of the city for less than a century, leaving its mixed Muslim, Christian and Samaritan population relatively undisturbed. After Saladin's Ayyubid forces took control of the interior of Palestine in 1187, Islamic rule was reestablished, and continued under the Mamluk and Ottoman empires to follow.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (
i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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Nottinghamshire
Nottinghamshire ( /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃər/ or /ˈnɒtɪŋəmʃɪər/; abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent.
The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes.
As of 2006 the county is estimated to have a population of just over one million. Over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation (which continues into Derbyshire). The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries.
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Nowy Tomyśl County
Nowy Tomyśl County (Polish: powiat nowotomyski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Nowy Tomyśl, which lies 55 kilometres (34 mi) west of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Opalenica, 20 km (12 mi) east of Nowy Tomyśl, Zbąszyń, 17 km (11 mi) south-west of Nowy Tomyśl, and Lwówek, 16 km (10 mi) north of Nowy Tomyśl.
The county covers an area of 1,011.67 square kilometres (390.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 71,817, out of which the population of Nowy Tomyśl is 15,225, that of Opalenica is 9,104, that of Zbąszyń is 7,300, that of Lwówek is 2,909, and the rural population is 37,279.
Nowy Tomyśl County is bordered by Międzychód County to the north, Szamotuły County to the north-east, Poznań County and Grodzisk Wielkopolski County to the east, Wolsztyn County to the south, Zielona Góra County to the south-west, and Świebodzin County and Międzyrzecz County to the west.
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Oborniki
Oborniki [ɔbɔrˈɲikʲi] (German: Obornik) is a town in Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, about 30 km north of Poznań. It is the capital of Oborniki County and of Gmina Oborniki. Its population is 18,176 (2005).
Coordinates: 52°39′N 16°49′E / 52.65°N 16.817°E / 52.65; 16.817
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Oborniki County
Oborniki County (Polish: powiat obornicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Oborniki, which lies 29 kilometres (18 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Rogoźno, lying 17 km (11 mi) north-east of Oborniki.
The county covers an area of 712.65 square kilometres (275.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 55,976, out of which the population of Oborniki is 17,850, that of Rogoźno is 10,905, and the rural population is 27,221.
Oborniki County is bordered by Czarnków-Trzcianka County and Chodzież County to the north, Wągrowiec County to the east, Poznań County to the south, and Szamotuły County to the west.
The county is subdivided into three gminas (two urban-rural and one rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Olsztyn
Olsztyn [ˈɔlʂtɨn] ( listen) (German: Allenstein ( listen); Old Polish: Holstin; Old Prussian: Alnāsteini; Lithuanian: Olštynas) is a city on the Łyna River in northeastern Poland. Olsztyn has been the capital of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999. It was previously in the Olsztyn Voivodeship (and in other units in 1945–75 and 1975–98). The city has county status.
In 1346 the old Prussian Warmian forest in the vicinity was cleared and a place was selected on the Alle, now Łyna River, for a new settlement. The Teutonic Knights began the construction of Ordensburg castle in 1347 as a stronghold against the Old Prussians, and the settlement of Allenstein was first mentioned the following year. The German name Allenstein meant a castle on the Alle River. It became known in Polish transliteration as Olsztyn. The settlement received municipal rights from Johannes von Leysen on 31 October 1353, and the castle was completed in 1397. Allenstein was incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland during the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War in 1410 and in 1414 during the Hunger War, but was returned to the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights after hostilities ended.
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Ostrzeszów County
Ostrzeszów County (Polish: powiat ostrzeszowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Ostrzeszów, which lies 134 kilometres (83 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Grabów nad Prosną, lying 14 km (9 mi) north-east of Ostrzeszów, and Mikstat, 15 km (9 mi) north of Ostrzeszów.
The county covers an area of 772.37 square kilometres (298.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 54,490, out of which the population of Ostrzeszów is 14,536, that of Grabów nad Prosną is 1,967, that of Mikstat is 1,840, and the rural population is 36,147.
Ostrzeszów County is bordered by Kalisz County to the north, Sieradz County to the east, Wieruszów County to the south-east, Kępno County to the south, Oleśnica County to the west and Ostrów Wielkopolski County to the north-west.
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Pasadena, California
Pasadena ( /ˌpæsəˈdiːnə/) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Although famous for hosting the annual Rose Bowl football game and Tournament of Roses Parade, Pasadena is also the home to many scientific and cultural institutions, including the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena City College (PCC), Fuller Theological Seminary, Art Center College of Design, the Pasadena Playhouse, the Norton Simon Museum of Art and the Pacific Asia Museum.
As of 2010 United States Census, the population of Pasadena was 137,122, making it the 180th-largest city in the United States, down from 168th place in 2009. Pasadena is the ninth-largest city in Los Angeles County, and on June 19, 1886, became the fourth to be incorporated in Los Angeles County, after Anaheim (March 18, 1876) and Santa Ana (June 1, 1886), which were part of Los Angeles County until Orange County was formed in 1889. It is one of the primary cultural centers of the San Gabriel Valley.
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Piła County
Piła County (Polish: powiat pilski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Piła, which lies 85 kilometres (53 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains four other towns: Wyrzysk, 36 km (22 mi) east of Piła, Ujście, 10 km (6 mi) south of Piła, Łobżenica, 37 km (23 mi) east of Piła, and Wysoka, 25 km (16 mi) east of Piła.
The county covers an area of 1,267.1 square kilometres (489.2 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 137,099, out of which the population of Piła is 75,044, that of Wyrzysk is 5,234, that of Ujście is 3,899, that of Łobżenica is 3,172, that of Wysoka is 2,750, and the rural population is 47,000.
Piła County is bordered by Złotów County to the north, Sępólno County and Nakło County to the east, Wągrowiec County to the south-east, Chodzież County and Czarnków-Trzcianka County to the south, and Wałcz County to the north-west.
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Pleszew County
Pleszew County (Polish: powiat pleszewski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Pleszew, which lies 83 kilometres (52 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.
The county covers an area of 711.91 square kilometres (274.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 61,951, out of which the population of Pleszew is 17,787 and the rural population is 44,164.
Pleszew County is bordered by Września County and Słupca County to the north, Konin County to the north-east, the city of Kalisz and Kalisz County to the south-east, Ostrów Wielkopolski County to the south, Krotoszyn County to the south-west, and Jarocin County to the west.
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Pocztowiec Poznan
KS Pocztowiec Poznań is a field hockey team based in Poznań, Poland.
Coordinates: 52°23′51″N 16°56′0″E / 52.3975°N 16.933333°E / 52.3975; 16.933333
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Posen-West Prussia
The Frontier March of Posen–West Prussia (German: Grenzmark Posen-Westpreußen, Polish: Marchia Graniczna Poznańsko-Zachodniopruska) was a province of the Free State of Prussia within the German Weimar Republic. The capital was Schneidemühl (present–day Piła). The province comprised the small western parts of the former Prussian territories of Posen and West Prussia, that remained with Germany after World War I according to the Treaty of Versailes.
The province comprised two spatially separated areas, stretching from the Prussian Province of Pomerania and the "Polish Corridor" in the north along the eastern border of the Province of Brandenburg to the Silesia Province in the south.
The lands had been part of the Greater Poland and East Pomeranian (Pomerelian) regions, which until the late 18th century partitions of Poland had been incorporated into the Poznań and Pomeranian voivodeships of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Kingdom of Prussia had established the West Prussian province on Pomerelian and Greater Polish territories annexed during the 1772 First Partition, followed by the annexation of remaining Greater Poland in the Second Partition of 1793, which ended the existence of the Polish state.
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Poznań
Poznań [ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen) (Latin: Posnania; German: Posen; Yiddish: פוזנא or פּױזן Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be the first capital of the kingdom of Poland.
Poznań is now Poland's fifth largest city. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska ("Greater Poland") region, and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Poznań is an important centre of trade, industry, and education, and hosts regular international trade fairs. It was the host city for the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2008, a key stage in the creation of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. Poznań was a candidate city for European Capital of Culture in 2016. Poznań is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. The local football team has been responsible for the spread of the eponymous goal celebration to Manchester City and to a lesser extent throughout the United Kingdom. Poznań is one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.
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Poznań 1956 protests
The Poznań 1956 protests, also known as Poznań 1956 uprising or Poznań June (Polish: Poznański Czerwiec), were the first of several massive protests of the Polish people against the communist government of the People's Republic of Poland. Demonstrations by workers demanding better conditions began on June 28, 1956, at Poznań's Cegielski Factories and were met with violent repression.
A crowd of approximately 100,000 gathered in the city center near the UB secret police building. About 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of Ludowe Wojsko Polskie and the Internal Security Corps under Polish-Soviet general Stanislav Poplavsky were ordered to suppress the demonstration and during the pacification fired at the protesting civilians.
The death toll was placed between 57 and over a hundred people, including a 13-year-old boy, Romek Strzałkowski. Hundreds of people sustained injuries. Nonetheless the Poznań protests were an important milestone on the way to the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government in Poland in October.
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Poznań Citadel
Fort Winiary was part of Festung Posen ("Fortress Poznań"), a system of defensive fortifications around the city built under Prussian rule in the 19th century. It was the main fort in that system, and was among the first elements to be constructed. Detailed plans were approved on 21 February 1829, and the name "Fort Winiary" soon came to be applied, as the fort was situated on a hill where there were two villages called Winiary (the name alluding to the vine cultivation which had once taken place there). The fort would later become popularly known as Poznań's citadel (cytadela).
On 10 October 1829 an order was made restricting civilian building in a strip in front of the planned fort. In May and June 1830, the villages of Winiary and the nearby Bonin farm were evacuated, the inhabitants being moved to an area to the north-west (Neu Winiary). This is the neighbourhood known as Winiary today, part of the city's Jeżyce district (there is also an estate there named Bonin).
The fort had a main reduit (Kernwerk) on the southern (city) side, flanked by four redoubts (Redoute I and Redoute II to the west; Redoute IV and Redoute III to the east). At the eastern and western extremes were Ravelin I and Ravelin IV. The northern side of the fort consisted of (from west to east) Bastion I, Ravelin II, Bastion II, Ravelin III and Bastion III. The first and third redoubt were the first to be completed, in 1830, and the main réduit was finished in 1832. In 1834 three infantry battalions were garrisoned there. The third and fourth ravelins were finished in 1838 and 1839, completing the fort.
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Poznań City Hall
Poznań Town Hall or Ratusz is a building in the city of Poznań in western Poland, located in the Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) in the centre of the Old Town neighbourhood. It served as the city's administrative building until 1939, and now houses a museum. The town hall was originally built in the late 13th century following the founding of the medieval city in 1253; it was rebuilt in roughly its present-day form, in mannerist style, with an ornate loggia, by Giovanni Battista di Quadro in 1550–1560. The display of mechanical fighting goats, played out daily at noon above the clock on the front wall of the building, is one of the city's main tourist attractions.
The town hall was originally constructed as the administrative building of the city founded on the left bank of the Warta in 1253 (see History of Poznań). It was completed around 1300, during the reign of Wacław II Czeski, and was first documented in Latin in 1310 as Domus Consulum. It was a one-storey Gothic building built upon a raised quadrangle. The cellars remain from this period of construction. The building was extended in the 15th century, and at the turn of the century a tower was built at the north-western corner. The interior was remodeled between 1504 and 1508.
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Poznań Fortress
Poznań Fortress, known in German as Festung Posen (Polish: Twierdza Poznań) was a set of fortifications in the city of Poznań (German: Posen) in western Poland, built under Prussian rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It represents the third largest system of its kind in Europe.
The first set of fortifications was a tight defensive ring around central Poznań, including the main citadel called Fort Winiary (now the Cytadela park). Construction of these fortifications began in 1828. Later, beginning in 1876, an outer defensive ring was built around the perimeter of the city, consisting chiefly of a series of "forts", which mostly still survive.
The term Festung Posen was also used by the Nazi German occupiers during the Red Army's advance in the closing phases of the Second World War, to refer to Poznań's status as one of the "strongholds" (Festungen) which were to be defended at all costs. It fell in the Battle of Poznań (1945), with Fort Winiary the last point of resistance.
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Poznań Old Town
Coordinates: 52°24′30″N 16°56′4″E / 52.40833°N 16.93444°E / 52.40833; 16.93444
Poznań Old Town is a central neighbourhood of the city of Poznań in western Poland, covering the area of the walled medieval city of Poznań. It is called Stare Miasto in Polish (although that name may also refer to the wider administrative district of Stare Miasto, which extends to most of the city centre and northern parts of the city).
The original settlement of Poznań was on the river island of Ostrów Tumski, and dates from at least the 9th century. The Old Town neighbourhood, however, corresponds to the city on the left bank of the Warta, to the west of Ostrów Tumski, which received its charter in 1253 (work on the Royal Castle, which would be at the western side of the ring of walls, began several years earlier). The city walls were taken down when the city expanded in the early 19th century, but the street layout of the Old Town still corresponds closely to that of the former walled city, with a grid of narrow streets. Surviving fragments of the walls, some of which have been further reconstructed, can be seen on ul. Stawna and ul. Masztalarska in the north, and next to Chopin Park in the south.
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Poznań Town Hall
Poznań Town Hall or Ratusz is a building in the city of Poznań in western Poland, located in the Old Market Square (Stary Rynek) in the centre of the Old Town neighbourhood. It served as the city's administrative building until 1939, and now houses a museum. The town hall was originally built in the late 13th century following the founding of the medieval city in 1253; it was rebuilt in roughly its present-day form, in mannerist style, with an ornate loggia, by Giovanni Battista di Quadro in 1550–1560. The display of mechanical fighting goats, played out daily at noon above the clock on the front wall of the building, is one of the city's main tourist attractions.
The town hall was originally constructed as the administrative building of the city founded on the left bank of the Warta in 1253 (see History of Poznań). It was completed around 1300, during the reign of Wacław II Czeski, and was first documented in Latin in 1310 as Domus Consulum. It was a one-storey Gothic building built upon a raised quadrangle. The cellars remain from this period of construction. The building was extended in the 15th century, and at the turn of the century a tower was built at the north-western corner. The interior was remodeled between 1504 and 1508.
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Pozuelo de Alarcón
Coordinates: 40°26′10″N 3°48′50″W / 40.43611°N 3.81389°W / 40.43611; -3.81389
Pozuelo de Alarcón is a suburb of over 85,000 inhabitants near the city of Madrid, capital of Spain. It is surrounded by large Mediterranean pine-tree forests: la Casa de Campo, el Monte del Pardo and el Monte del Pilar. It is situated ten kilometres west (and perhaps slightly north) of the Moncloa District of Madrid.
Temperatures are cooler than Madrid's all year round due to its proximity to Madrid's Sierra de Guadarrama Mountains, about 30 kilometres northwest of Pozuelo.
Pozuelo has become a low-density residential area during recent decades as new residential developments have quickly spread over formerly agricultural lands. New elements of transport infrastructure pass through the municipality. Most notable of these are: the M-40, the second, counting outwards, of Madrid's ring motorways; and the new (summer 2007) 'Metro Ligero' (= light rail) line ML2 of the madrid metro system, which connects Pozuelo with the Aluche district in the city of Madrid. Pozuelo is also served by two stations, 'Pozuelo' and 'El Barrial-Centro Comercial Pozuelo' of the Madrid area local train system, the 'Cercanias'. Important road access is also provided by the A6 and the M503.
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Province of Posen
The Province of Posen (German: Provinz Posen, Polish: Prowincja Poznańska) was a province of Prussia from 1848–1918 and as such part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918. The area was about 29,000 km2.
The territory of later province, roughly corresponding to the region of Greater Poland, had become Prussian in 1772 (Netze District) and 1793 (South Prussia) during the partitions of Poland. After Prussia's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars, the territory was attached to the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807 during the Treaty of Tilsit. In 1815 during the Congress of Vienna, Prussia gained the western third of the Warsaw duchy, which was about half of former South Prussia. Prussia then administered this province as the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen, which lost most of its exceptional status in 1830. While the local Posen (Poznań) Parliament voted 26 to 17 votes against joining German Confederation, on 3 April 1848 the Frankfurt Parliament ignored the vote, forcing status change to a normal Prussian province and its integration in the German Confederation.
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Ra'anana
Ra'anana (Hebrew: רַעֲנָנָה, lit. "Fresh") is a city in the heart of the southern Sharon Plain of the Central District of Israel with a population of 68,300, as of 2009[update]. Ra'anana is bordered by Kfar Sava on the east and Herzliya on the southwest. While the majority of its residents are native Israelis, a large part of the population are immigrants from English, French and Spanish speaking countries.
Ra'anana's high tech industrial park is home to many leading global companies and local start up companies. It has been named the city with the highest quality of life in Israel and the safest city in the Middle East.
In 1912, the Company for Jewish Settlement in Israel formed the "Ahuza A – New York" group to purchase land in Israel for agricultural settlement. The First World War delayed their plans but on April 2, 1922, two wagons left the corner of Lilienblum and Herzl Streets in Tel Aviv carrying 4 "Ahuza" members, 3 laborers and 2 armed watchmen. After a 5 hour journey, they unloaded their baggage at the place destined to become Ra'anana.
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Radom
Radom [ˈradɔm] ( listen) is a city in central Poland with 223,397 inhabitants (December 31, 2009). It is located on the Mleczna River in the Masovian Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been the capital of Radom Voivodeship (1975–1998); 100 km south of Poland's capital, Warsaw. In spite of being part of the Masovian Voivodeship, the city historically belongs to Lesser Poland.
It is home to the biennial Radom Air Show, the largest and best-attended air show in Poland, held during the last weekend of August. "Radom" is also the popular unofficial name for a semiautomatic 9 mm Para pistol of Polish design (the Model 35/ViS-35) designed by Piotr Wilniewczyc and Jan Skrzypinski (hence the designation "ViS"), under Director Kazimierz Ołdakowski, which had been in production from 1935 to 1945 at the national arsenal located in the city. The Łucznik Arms Factory (still located in Radom) continues to produces modern military firearms such as assault rifles.
The original settlement dates back to 8th–9th century. It was an early mediaeval town in the valley of the Mleczna River (approximately on the location of present-day Old Town). Around the 2nd half of 10th century, it turned into a fortified town called Piotrówka.
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Rawicz County
Rawicz County (Polish: powiat rawicki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Rawicz, which lies 88 kilometres (55 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Miejska Górka, 9 km (6 mi) north-east of Rawicz, Bojanowo, 13 km (8 mi) north-west of Rawicz, and Jutrosin, 22 km (14 mi) east of Rawicz.
The county covers an area of 553.23 square kilometres (213.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 59,375, out of which the population of Rawicz is 21,301, that of Miejska Górka is 3,128, that of Bojanowo is 3,014, that of Jutrosin is 1,872, and the rural population is 30,060.
Rawicz County is bordered by Gostyń County to the north, Krotoszyn County and Milicz County to the east, Trzebnica County to the south, Góra County to the west, and Leszno County to the north-west.
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Royal Castle, Poznań
The Royal Castle in Poznań (Polish: Zamek Królewski w Poznaniu) dates from 1249 and the reign of Przemysł I. Located in the Polish city of Poznań, it was largely destroyed during the Second World War but has since been partly rebuilt.
Construction of the castle was probably started by Przemysł I in 1249 on hill later called Góra Zamkowa (Castle Mountain, Latin mons castrenis), and now better known as Góra Przemysława (Hill of Przemysł (or Przemysław)). The first building was a habitable tower made of bricks with a well inside, and the rest of the hill was surrounded by a rampart with a palisade. A small ducal residence was incorporated into the system of city walls in the late 13th century.
The son of Przemysł I, Przemysł II, hoping for reunification of Poland under his rule decided to build a larger castle, more proper for a king. In 1295 Przemysł became king of Poland, but he was assassinated a year later. The castle wasn't finished. Work started by Przemysł was continued by a branch of the Piasts from Głogów ruling in Greater Poland, and finished before 1337. The castle served as the residence of prince Casimir, then-governor of Greater Poland.
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Rzeszów
Rzeszów [ˈʐɛʂuf] ( listen) (Ukrainian: Ряшiв, Riashiv; Russian: Ряшев; German: Reichshof; Latin: Resovia; Yiddish: ריישע-rayshe) is a city in southeastern Poland with a population of 179,455 in 2010. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River, in the heartland of the Sandomierska Valley. The city, which was granted a town charter in 1354, has been the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship since 1999, and is also the seat of Rzeszów County.
Rzeszów is served by an international airport, is a member of Eurocities, and is home to a number of higher education schools, company headquarters, and foreign consulates.
First humans appeared in the area of Rzeszów in late Paleolithic Age, as archeologists found a tool made in that period, discovered on site Rzeszów 25. In the mid-6th century BC, ancient farmers came to the area of the city, most likely through the Moravian Gate. Later on, Rzeszów was a settlement of the Lusatian culture, which then was replaced with the Przeworsk culture.
In the 5th century, first Slavs appeared in the area, which is confirmed by numerous archeological findings. Most probably, Rzeszów was then inhabited by the Vistulans. Some time between 11th and 13th century, the town was annexed by the Ruthenians, and Polish princes of the Piast dynasty confirmed it in 1264, when in Tarnów, there was a meeting of Prince Bolesław V the Chaste, and Prince Daniel of Galicia, during which both sides agreed that the border would go between Rzeszów and Czudec (Rzeszów belonged to Red Ruthenia, while Czudec and Strzyżów to Lesser Poland).
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Shenzhen
Shenzhen (Mandarin pronunciation: [ʂə́ntʂə̂n]) is a major city in the south of Southern China's Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong. The area became China's first—and one of the most successful—Special Economic Zones (SEZs). It currently also holds sub-provincial administrative status, with powers slightly less than a province.
Shenzhen's modern cityscape is the result of the vibrant economy made possible by rapid foreign investment since the institution of the policy of "reform and opening" establishment of the SEZ in the late 1979, before which it was only a small village. Both Chinese and foreign nationals have invested enormous amount of money in the Shenzhen SEZ. More than US$30 billion in foreign investment has gone into both foreign-owned and joint ventures, at first mainly in manufacturing but more recently in the service industries as well. Shenzhen is now reputedly considered as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world.
Being southern mainland China's major financial centre, Shenzhen is home to the Shenzhen Stock Exchange as well as the headquarters of numerous high-tech companies. Shenzhen is also the third-busiest container port in China, after Shanghai and Hong Kong.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Stargard Szczeciński
Stargard Szczeciński [ˈstarɡart ʂt͡ʂɛˈt͡ɕiɲskʲi] ( listen) (German: Stargard in Pommern; Kashubian: Stôrgard) is a city in northwestern Poland, with a population of 71,017 (2005). Situated on the Ina River it is the capital of Stargard County and since 1999 has been in the West Pomeranian Voivodeship; prior to that it was in the Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998). Stargard is a major railroad junction, where the southwards connection from Szczecin splits into two directions - one towards Poznań and the other towards Gdańsk. There is also another minor line to Pyrzyce from the town.
Stargard, which was first mentioned in around 1140, received Magdeburg city rights in 1243 from Barnim I, Duke of Pomerania.
In 1363 the city joined the Hanseatic League and was then strongly fortified. During the 15th century the Pomeranian dukes chose it as their residence.
During the Thirty Years' War the city burnt down and in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia it was incorporated, together with the rest of Further Pomerania, into Brandenburg-Prussia. In 1701 Stargard became part of the Kingdom of Prussia and in 1818, after the Napoleonic Wars, Stargard became part of the new district Saatzig within the Province of Pomerania.
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Stary Browar
Shopping, Arts and Business Center "Stary Browar" - the center of commerce and art, built in November 2003, located in the center of Poznan at 42 Półwiejska Street. The center is a combination of retail space and an art gallery. The shopping center is adjacent to a Class A high-rise office complex. The total area of the center is around 130 000 m². The Old Brewery is home to around 210 stores and restaurants. The building was designed on the basis of a historic factory - the former Brewery Huggerów - by Studio ADS. The investor was Fortis, a company owned by Grazyna Kulczyk. The décor was designed by stage designer Ryszard Kaja . It is notable for preserving the original architecture and style.
The new wing of the Old Brewery, similar size to the already existing portion opened March 11 2007. The new wing has six storeys including three underground levels. A parking lot for 1200 cars was built under the building. The courtyard between the two parts of the Old Brewery was enclosed, so that is also used in the winter.
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Swarzędz
Swarzędz [ˈsfaʐɛnt͡s] (German: Schwersenz) is a town (miasto) in central Poland of 29,766 inhabitants and a mixed urban-rural commune (gmina miejsko-wiejska) of 40,166 inhabitants (2006 estimates). It is situated in the Poznań metropolitan area, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), having previously been in Poznań Voivodeship (1975–1998).
The town lies directly on the route E92 and includes an aerosport facility run by the Poznań flying club, Wanda Modlibiowska. There are various companies based in the town, in particular carpentry and upholstering businesses. In addition a bicycle path from Poznań runs through the Dębiniec nature reserve and finally through the town to Pobiedziska.
The documentary evidence for a settlement on the site of modern day Swarzędz comes from 1366. In 1377 there is mention of a rectory in the settlement.
Due to its advantageous location on the route from Poznań to Masovia the town developed well. The settlement was formerly in private ownership. Originally the property of the Łodziów family, from the 15th century it passed to the Górków family. In 1638 the town was granted town rights. In the 17th century, guilds for tradesmen and craftsmen were formed. In 1793 during the 2nd Division of Poland the town of some 2.508 inhabitants came under Prussian rule. In 1798 448 craftsmen lived in the town. Of these, 70 were cloth makers and 36 weavers. In 1807 Swarzędz became part of the Duchy of Warsaw, though when the Duchy collapsed in 1815, the town again fell under Prussian rule.
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Szamotuły County
Szamotuły County (Polish: powiat szamotulski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Szamotuły, which lies 32 kilometres (20 mi) north-west of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains four other towns: Wronki, 18 km (11 mi) north-west of Szamotuły, Pniewy, 24 km (15 mi) south-west of Szamotuły, Obrzycko, 13 km (8 mi) north of Szamotuły, and Ostroróg, 9 km (6 mi) north-west of Szamotuły.
The county covers an area of 1,119.55 square kilometres (432.3 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 85,849, out of which the population of Szamotuły is 18,760, that of Wronki is 11,551, that of Pniewy is 7,464, that of Obrzycko is 2,170, that of Ostroróg is 1,995, and the rural population is 43,909.
Szamotuły County is bordered by Czarnków-Trzcianka County to the north, Oborniki County to the east, Poznań County to the south-east, Nowy Tomyśl County to the south-west and Międzychód County to the west.
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Szczecin
Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ( listen); German: Stettin [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ( listen)}), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. In the vicinity of the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2011 the population was 407,811.
Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police.
The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when Szczecin had become one of Pomerania's main urban centres, it lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and German settlers arrived. The native Slavic population was assimilated and sometimes discriminated against in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, and it joined the Hanseatic League.
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Słupca County
Słupca County (Polish: powiat słupecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Słupca, which lies 66 kilometres (41 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The only other town in the county is Zagórów, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Słupca.
The county covers an area of 837.91 square kilometres (323.5 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 58,725, out of which the population of Słupca is 14,363, that of Zagórów is 2,932, and the rural population is 41,430.
Słupca County is bordered by Mogilno County to the north, Konin County to the east, Pleszew County to the south, Września County to the west and Gniezno County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and six rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Taizé Community
The Taizé Community is an ecumenical monastic order in Taizé, Saône-et-Loire, Burgundy, France. It is composed of about one hundred brothers, from Protestant and Catholic traditions, who originate from about thirty countries across the world. The monastic order has a strong devotion to peace and justice through prayer and meditation. It was founded in 1940 by Brother Roger Schutz, a Protestant.
The community has become one of the world's most important sites of Christian pilgrimage. Over 100,000 young people from around the world make pilgrimages to Taizé each year for prayer, Bible study, sharing, and communal work. Through the community's ecumenical outlook, they are encouraged to live in the spirit of kindness, simplicity and reconciliation.
The Taizé Community was founded by Frère Roger in 1940. He pondered what it really meant to live a life according to the Scriptures and began a quest for a different expression of the Christian life. A year after this decision Roger reflected, “‘The defeat of France awoke powerful sympathy. If a house could be found there, of the kind I had dreamed of, it would offer a possible way of assisting some of those most discouraged, those deprived of a livelihood; and it could become a place of silence and work.’” Because his Swiss homeland was neutral and thus less affected by the war, he felt as if France would be ideal for his vision. For Roger, France was a “land of poverty, a land of wartime suffering, but a land of inner freedom.” He eventually settled in Taizé, which was a small desolate village just north of Cluny, the birthplace of western monasticism.
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Third Reich
The Third Reich, also Nazi Germany, is the common name for Germany when it was a totalitarian state ruled by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). On 30 January 1933 Hitler became chancellor of Germany, quickly eliminating all opposition to rule as sole leader. The state idolized Hitler as its Führer ("leader"), centralizing all power in his hands. Historians have emphasized the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. Kessel writes, "Overwhelmingly...Germans speak with mystification of Hitler's 'hypnotic' appeal..." Under the "leader principle", the Führer's word was above all other laws. Top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, but they had considerable autonomy. The government was not a coordinated, cooperating body, but rather a collection of factions struggling to amass power and curry favor with the Führer. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazi government restored prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending and a mixed economy of free-market and central-planning practices. Extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of the Autobahns. The return to prosperity gave the regime enormous popularity; the suppression of all opposition made Hitler's rule mostly unchallenged.
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Toledo, Ohio
Toledo is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Lucas County. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, on the western end of Lake Erie, and borders the State of Michigan. The city was founded in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River, originally incorporated as part of Monroe County, Michigan Territory, then re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. Toledo grew quickly as a result of the Miami and Erie Canal and its position on the railway line between New York and Chicago. It has since become a city well known for its industry, particularly in glass and auto assembly, as well as for its art community, education, and local sports teams. The population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, while the Toledo metropolitan area had a population of 651,409.
French trading posts operated in the area as far back as 1680. The area was first settled by Americans in 1845, after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, with the founding of Fort Industry. However, many settlers fled the area during the War of 1812. Resettlement began around 1868 when a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a 974-acre (3.9 km2) tract at the mouth of Cedar Creek and named it Port Lawrence, creating the modern downtown area. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end. These two towns physically bordered each other with Cherry Street dividing them. This is why present day streets on the northeast side of Cherry Street run at a slightly different angle from those to the southwest of it.
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Toruń
Toruń [ˈtɔruɲ] ( listen) (German: Thorn ( listen), Kashubian: Torń, Latin: Thorunium, see also: other names) is an ancient city in northern Poland, on the Vistula River. Its population is 205,934 as of June 2009. Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland. The medieval old town of Toruń is the birthplace of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
In 1997 the medieval part of the city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town in Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland. National Geographic Polska rated the old town market and the Gothic town hall as one of the "30 Most Beautiful Places in the World." In 2010 Forbes magazine ranked Toruń as number one of the "Polish Cities Attractive for Business".[citation needed] In 2009 it was listed as one of the "Best Cities to Live in Poland", in a ranking published by Przekrój.[citation needed]
Previously it was the capital of the Toruń Voivodeship (1975–98) and the Pomeranian Voivodeship (1921–45). Since 1999, Toruń has been a seat of the self-government of the Kujawy-Pomerania Province and, as such, is one of its two capitals (together with Bydgoszcz). The cities and neighboring counties form the Bydgoszcz-Toruń bi-polar metropolitan area. In September 2004, Bydgoszcz Medical School joined Toruń's Nicolaus Copernicus University as its Collegium Medicum.
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Turek County
Turek County (Polish: powiat turecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Turek, which lies 117 kilometres (73 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Tuliszków, lying 16 km (10 mi) north-west of Turek, and Dobra, 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Turek.
The county covers an area of 929.4 square kilometres (358.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 83,635, out of which the population of Turek is 29,302, that of Tuliszków is 3,393, that of Dobra is 1,511, and the rural population is 49,429.
Turek County is bordered by Koło County to the north, Poddębice County to the east, Sieradz County to the south, Kalisz County to the south-west and Konin County to the north-west.
The county is subdivided into nine gminas (one urban, two urban-rural and six rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Warta
The Warta (German: Warthe; Latin: Varta) is a river in western-central Poland, a tributary of the Oder river. With a length of approximately 808 kilometres (502 mi) it is the country's third longest river. The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers. It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (Kanał Bydgoski) near Bydgoszcz.
It rises in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie, Silesian Voivodeship, flows through Łódź Land, Greater Poland and Lubusz Land, where it empties into the Oder near Kostrzyn at the border with Germany.
The Greater Polish Warta river basin was the original Poland —it is said that the Polans (Polish: Polanie), a West Slavic tribe, inhabited the Warta river basin from the 8th century. The river is also mentioned in the second stanza of the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego Polish national anthem.
Coordinates: 52°35′55″N 14°36′37″E / 52.5986°N 14.6103°E / 52.5986; 14.6103
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik [ˈvaɪmaʁɐ ʁepuˈbliːk] ( listen)) is the name given by historians to the federal republic and parliamentary representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government. It was named after Weimar, the city where the constitutional assembly took place. Its official name was German Reich (Deutsches Reich)
Following World War I, the republic emerged from the German Revolution in November 1918. In 1919, a national assembly convened in Weimar, where a new constitution for the German Reich was written, then adopted on 11 August of that same year. The ensuing period of liberal democracy lapsed in the early 1930s, leading to the ascent of the nascent Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler in 1933. The legal measures taken by the Nazi government in February and March 1933, commonly known as Gleichschaltung ("coordination") meant that the government could legislate contrary to the constitution. The republic nominally continued to exist until 1945, as the constitution was never formally repealed. However, the measures taken by the Nazis in the early part of their rule rendered the constitution irrelevant. Thus, 1933 is usually seen as the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Hitler's Third Reich.
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Wolsztyn County
Wolsztyn County (Polish: powiat wolsztyński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Wolsztyn, which lies 63 kilometres (39 mi) south-west of the regional capital Poznań.
The county covers an area of 680.03 square kilometres (262.6 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 54,718, out of which the population of Wolsztyn is 13,557 and the rural population is 41,161.
Wolsztyn County is bordered by Nowy Tomyśl County to the north, Grodzisk Wielkopolski County to the north-east, Kościan County to the east, Leszno County to the south-east, Wschowa County to the south, Nowa Sól County to the south-west and Zielona Góra County to the west.
The county is subdivided into three gminas (one urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Wrocław
Wrocław ( /ˈvrɒtswəf/; Polish pronunciation: [ˈvrɔt͡swaf] ( listen); German: Breslau [ˈbʁɛslaʊ̯] ( listen); Czech: Vratislav), situated on the River Oder (Polish: Odra), in Lower Silesia. It is the largest city in western Poland.
Wrocław was the historical capital of Silesia, and today is the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Over the centuries, the city has been part of either Poland, Bohemia, Austria, Prussia, or Germany, and has been part of Poland since 1945 as a result of border changes after World War II. According to official figures for 2010, its population is 632,996, making it the fourth largest city in Poland.
Wrocław is one of the hosts of UEFA Euro 2012, and has been selected as a European Capital of Culture for 2016. In 2017, Wrocław will host the World Games, a competition in 37 non-olympic sport disciplines.
The city's name was first recorded, in Latin, in the form "Wrotizlava", in the chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, which mentions it as a seat of a newly installed bishopric in the context of the Congress of Gniezno. The first municipal seal stated Sigillum civitatis Wratislavie. A simplified name is given, in 1175, as Wrezlaw, Prezla or Breslaw. The Czech spelling was used in Latin documents as Wratislavia or Vratislavia. At that time, Prezla was used in Middle High German, which became Preßlau. In the middle of the 14th century the Early New High German (and later New High German) form of the name Breslau began to replace its earlier versions.
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Września County
Września County (Polish: powiat wrzesiński) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Września, which lies 46 kilometres (29 mi) east of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Miłosław, 16 km (10 mi) south-west of Września, Nekla, 12 km (7 mi) west of Września, and Pyzdry, 20 km (12 mi) south of Września.
The county covers an area of 704.19 square kilometres (271.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 73,778, out of which the population of Września is 28,617, that of Miłosław is 3,589, that of Nekla is 3,203, that of Pyzdry is 3,188, and the rural population is 35,181.
Września County is bordered by Gniezno County to the north, Słupca County to the east, Pleszew County and Jarocin County to the south, and Środa Wielkopolska County and Poznań County to the west.
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Wągrowiec
Wągrowiec [vɔŋˈɡrɔvjɛt͡s] (German: Wongrowitz) is a town in northwestern Poland, 50 km from both Poznań and Bydgoszcz. Since the 18th century it has been the a seat of a powiat. It is currently attached to the Greater Poland Voivodeship. The town is situated in the middle of the historical region of Pałuki and the Chodzież lake area (Pojezierze chodzieskie), on the river Wełna and its tributaries Nielba and Struga, as well as on the shores of Durów Lake.
The region around the town is rich in lakes. The town itself sits in the middle of Lake Durowskie (jezioro durowskie]. The Wągrowiec municipal area boasts a rare attraction: two rivers, the Nielba and Wełna cross there, without commingling.
Wągrowiec is constituted as a gmina miejska, or municipal commune. The city is also the seat of the rural commune of Wągrowiec, as well as of powiat of Wągrowiec.
Situated in the Greater Poland Voivodeship since 1999, Wągrowiec was previously a part of the Pila Voivodeship (1975–1998).
Wągrowiec is an important rail and road junction. There are several notable industries in the town, including the machinery factories (a branch of the Hipolit Cegielski factory in Poznań and a branch of the Zremb machinery factory), major food processing plants (a mill, meat canning factory and a milk yard) and a furniture factory. The town is also a centre of tourism, with several hotels along the shores of the lake.
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Wągrowiec County
Wągrowiec County (Polish: powiat wągrowiecki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Wągrowiec, which lies 49 kilometres (30 mi) north-east of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Skoki, lying 16 km (10 mi) south of Wągrowiec, and Gołańcz, 18 km (11 mi) north-east of Wągrowiec.
The county covers an area of 1,040.8 square kilometres (401.9 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 67,606, out of which the population of Wągrowiec is 24,681, that of Skoki is 3,866, that of Gołańcz is 3,342, and the rural population is 35,717.
Wągrowiec County is bordered by Nakło County to the north-east, Żnin County to the east, Gniezno County to the south-east, Poznań County to the south, Oborniki County to the west, and Chodzież County and Piła County to the north-west.
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Złotów County
Złotów County (Polish: powiat złotowski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. Its administrative seat and largest town is Złotów, which lies 107 kilometres (66 mi) north of the regional capital Poznań. The county contains three other towns: Jastrowie, 17 km (11 mi) northwest of Złotów, Okonek, 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Złotów, and Krajenka, 7 km (4 mi) southwest of Złotów.
The county covers an area of 1,661 square kilometres (641.3 sq mi). As of 2011, its total population is 68,791, out of which the population of Złotów is 18,303, that of Jastrowie is 8,485, that of Okonek is 3,855, that of Krajenka is 3,659, and the rural population is 34,489.
Before 1772, the area was part of the Kingdom of Poland. From 1772 to 1945, it was part of Prussia and Germany, contained mainly in the district called Kreis Flatow (Złotów), although parts were in Kreis Deutsch Krone (Jastrowie). For more information, see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II.
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Łódź
Łódź ([wut͡ɕ] ( listen); Yiddish: לאדז', Lodzh) is the third-largest city in Poland. Located in the central part of the country, it had a population of 742,387 in December 2009. It is the capital of Łódź Voivodeship, and is approximately 135 kilometres (84 mi) south-west of Warsaw. The city's coat of arms is an example of canting: depicting a boat, it alludes to the city's name which translates literally as "boat".
Łódź first appears in the written record in a 1332 document giving the village of Łodzia to the bishops of Włocławek. In 1423 King Władysław Jagiełło granted city rights to the village of Łódź. From then until the 18th century the town remained a small settlement on a trade route between Masovia and Silesia. In the 16th century the town had fewer than 800 inhabitants, mostly working on the nearby grain farms.
With the second partition of Poland in 1793, Łódź became part of the Kingdom of Prussia's province of South Prussia, and was known in German as Lodsch. In 1798 the Prussians nationalised the town, and it lost its status as a town of the bishops of Kuyavia. In 1806 Łódź joined the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw and in 1810 it had 190 inhabitants. In the 1815 Congress of Vienna treaty it became part of Congress Poland, a client state of the Russian Empire.
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Śrem County
Śrem County (Polish: powiat śremski) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is Śrem, which lies 36 kilometres (22 mi) south of the regional capital Poznań. The county also contains the towns of Książ Wielkopolski, lying 15 km (9 mi) east of Śrem, and Dolsk, 12 km (7 mi) south of Śrem.
The county covers an area of 574.41 square kilometres (221.8 sq mi). As of 2006 its total population is 58,646, out of which the population of Śrem is 30,227, that of Książ Wielkopolski is 2,724, that of Dolsk is 1,479, and the rural population is 24,216.
Śrem County is bordered by Poznań County to the north, Środa Wielkopolska County to the north-east, Jarocin County to the east, Gostyń County to the south and Kościan County to the west.
The county is subdivided into four gminas (three urban-rural and one rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
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Święty Marcin
Święty Marcin [ˈɕvjɛntɨ ˈmart͡ɕin] ("Saint Martin"), in full ulica Święty Marcin ("Saint Martin Street"), is a main central street in the city of Poznań in western Poland. It runs from south of the old town district, westwards past the church of St. Martin of Tours from which it takes its name, past the "Zamek" (former German imperial palace), to Adam Mickiewicz Square, and finally to University Bridge (Most Uniwersytecki), by which it crosses the railway line and leads to the roundabout called Rondo Kaponiera.
On Adam Mickiewicz square is a statue of Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, as well as a monument to the victims of the Poznań popular protests of 1956 (erected in 1981). On the left of the square are the central buildings of Adam Mickiewicz University.
Trams run along most of the length of the street, in both directions at the western end, and eastwards only along the central portion.
The area around St. Martin's church was originally a separate settlement outside the medieval walled city of Poznań. It was brought within the city boundaries in 1797, at the beginning of the period of Prussian rule, and the street began to be laid out soon after that. It was named St. Martin Strasse in German (later, during the Nazi occupation, it was called Martin-strasse). Following the building of the 19th-century fortifications around Poznań, the street led to the Berlin Gate, the main western entrance to the city. The imperial palace and other grand buildings in its vicinity were built following the demolition of this fortified line in the early 20th century.
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Żabikowo, Luboń
Luboń [ˈlubɔɲ] (German: Luban) is a town situated on the Warta River, in the Poznań metro area, in the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999). It was previously in the Poznań Voivodeship (1975-1998). It has 29,301 inhabitants (2010).
The neighbourhood of Żabikowo (former German Zabikowo, called Poggenburg by the Nazis) in the north-west of Luboń was the site of a Nazi prison camp in 1943–1945, which replaced the Fort VII camp in western Poznań. There is now a museum there, and a monument entitled Nigdy wojny ("Never War") by Józef Gosławski. Żabikowo became part of Luboń when town rights were conferred in 1954.
Motorway A-2
Gymnasium
Warta River in Luboń
"Never war" monument at the Nazi prison site in Żabikowo
Coordinates: 52°20′00″N 16°53′00″E / 52.3333333°N 16.8833333°E / 52.3333333; 16.8833333
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Akiva Eiger
Akiva Eger, or Akiva Güns, Yiddish: עקיבא אייגער, (Eisenstadt, 1761 – Poznań, 1837) was an outstanding Talmudic scholar, influential halakhic decisor and foremost leader of European Jewry during the early 19th century.
Akiva Eger was born in Eisenstadt - the most important town of the Seven Jewish Communities of Burgenland, Hungary, (now Austria). He was a child prodigy and was educated first at the Mattersdorf yeshiva and later by his uncle, Rabbi Wolf Eger, (1756-1795) (b. 5516, d. 6 Tishrei 5556), at the Breslau (Wrocław) yeshiva, who later became rabbi of Tziltz and Leipnik. Out of respect for his uncle he changed his surname to Eger. He therefore shared the full name Akiva Eger with his maternal grandfather, the first Rabbi Akiva Eger (1722-1758) (b. 5482, d. 15 Elul 5518), the Mishnas De'Rebbi Akiva who was Rabbi of Zülz, Silesia from 1749 and Pressburg from 1756.
He was the rabbi of Märkisch Friedland, West Prussia, from 1791 until 1815; then for the last twenty two years of his life, he was the rabbi of the city of Posen (Poznań). He was a rigorous casuist of the old school, and his chief works were legal notes and responsa on the Talmud and the Shulkhan Arukh. He believed that religious education was enough, and thus opposed the party which favored secular schools. He was a determined foe of the Reform movement, which began to make itself felt in his time.
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Andrzej Niegolewski
Andrzej Niegolewski (1787-1857) was a Polish colonel during the Napoleonic Wars, member of parliament and a shareholder of the Poznan Bazar.
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Anna Anderson
Anna Anderson (16 December 1896 – 12 February 1984) was the best known of several impostors who claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia. The real Anastasia, the youngest daughter of the last Tsar and Tsarina of Russia, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was killed along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by communist revolutionaries in Ekaterinburg, Russia; but the location of her body was unknown until 2008.
In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental hospital after a suicide attempt in Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) as she refused to reveal her identity. Later she used the name Tschaikovsky and then Anderson. In March 1922, claims that Anderson was a Russian grand duchess first received public attention. Most members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who had known her, including court tutor Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. In 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker with a history of mental illness. After a lawsuit lasting many years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed to prove she was Anastasia, but through media coverage, her claim gained notoriety.
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Anna Wolff-Powęska
Anna Wolff-Powęska (born 1941) is a Polish historian and political scientist specialising in Polish-German relations. She was the director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1990 to 2004.
In 1964, she graduated in history from the Philosophical-Historical Department of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. For a few years, she taught history in primary schools, until she was employed by the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in 1969. In 1970, she obtained a Ph.D., and in 1980 she completed her habilitation with a thesis on political and law doctrines at the same university. She became full professor in 1986 and was made director of the Western Institute in 1990. She left this post in 2004, but continues to work at the Institute.
Wolff-Powęska's main areas of interest are the history of German political thought and the political culture of Central-Eastern Europe.
In 2005, Wolff-Powęska received the Polish-German Award for special contribution to Polish-German relations.[citation needed]
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Antoni Czubiński
Antoni Czubiński (b. 1928 - 10 February 2003 in Poznań, Poland) was a Polish historian and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1978 to 1990.
He was Polish United Workers' Party aparatchik, and in his works represented Marxism-Leninism in Polish historical thought.
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Antoni Kraszewski
Antoni Kraszewski (1797-1870) was a Polish politician and parliamentarian. He was a member of the Polish National Committee (1848).
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Antoni Radziwiłł
Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł (13 June 1775 – 7 April 1833) was a Polish-Lithuanian and Prussian noble, aristocrat, musician and politician. Initially a hereditary Duke of Nieśwież (modern Nesvizh, Belarus) and Ołyka (modern Olyka, Ukraine), as a scion of the Radziwiłł family he also held the honorific title of a Reichsfürst of the Holy Roman Empire. Between 1815 and 1831 he acted as Duke-Governor (Polish: książę-namiestnik, German: Statthalter) of the Grand Duchy of Posen, an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia created out of Greater Polish lands annexed in the Partitions of Poland.
Antoni Radziwiłł was born on 13 June 1775 in Vilnius to Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł and Helena née Przeździecka. From 1792 he attended Göttingen University and was invited to the court of King Frederick William II of Prussia. In 1796 he married Princess Louise of Prussia, the second daughter of Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia and hence a niece of the late Prussian king Frederick the Great. His new family convinced him that he should be a mediator between the Poles living under the Third Partition after the failed Kościuszko Uprising and the Prussian authorities in Berlin. Fluctuating between Berlin, Warsaw and Saint Petersburg, Radziwiłł developed the idea of making the province of South Prussia the nucleus of a renewed Polish kingdom, ruled by the Prussian king in personal union.
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Arthur Liebehenschel
Arthur Liebehenschel (help·info) (25 November 1901 - 28 January 1948) was a commandant at the Auschwitz and Majdanek death camps during World War II. He was convicted of war crimes after the war and executed.
Liebehenschel was born in Posen (now Poznań). He studied economics and public administration. Too young to serve in World War I, in 1919 he was in the Freikorps "Grenzschutz Ost"; he served as a sergeant major in the German Reichswehr afterwards. In 1932, he joined the Nazi Party (member number 39 254), and in 1934 was commissioned in the SS, where he served in the Totenkopfverbände. Liebehenschel became the adjutant in the Lichtenburg concentration camp, and two years later was transferred to the inspectorate of the concentration camps in Berlin. In 1942, when the SS- Wirtschaftsverwaltungshauptamt (WVHA - Office of economic policy) was founded, Liebehenschel was assigned to the new Amtsgruppe D (Concentration Camps) as head of Office D I (Central Office).
On 01943-12-01December 1, 1943, Liebehenschel was appointed commandant of Auschwitz extermination camp, succeeding Rudolf Höß. When Höß returned to Auschwitz, Liebehenschel was replaced as commandant on 01944-05-08May 8, 1944, and appointed commandant of the Majdanek extermination camp on 19 May 1944, succeeding Martin Gottfried Weiss. The camp was evacuated because of the Soviet advance on Nazi Germany, and Liebehenschel was ordered to Trieste, Italy to the office of Odilo Globocnik, Höhere SS- und Polizeiführer (HSSPF) for Operational Zone Adriatic Coast (OZAK). Liebehenschel became head the SS Manpower Office there.
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August Cieszkowski
Count August Cieszkowski (12 September 1814, Nowa Sucha – 12 March 1894, Wierzenica) was a Polish philosopher, economist and social and political activist. His Hegelian philosophy influenced the young Karl Marx and action theorists.
Cieszkowski studied at the Jagiellonian University and in then, from 1832, at the University of Berlin where he became interested in Hegelianism through the lectures of Karl Ludwig Michelet, who became a life-long friend. He gained his doctorate in philosophy from Heidelberg in 1838. After his studies he travelled around Europe, visiting France, England and Italy before returning to Poland in 1840 and settling permanently in Wierzenica, near Poznań, in 1843.
Cieszkowski co-founded the Polish League (Liga Polska) in 1848. He was a member of the Prussian National Assembly (1848–1855) and a political activist. He (unsuccessfully) endeavoured to start a university in Poznań and co-founded the Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (PTPN) in 1857, being elected to its presidency three times (1857–1858, 1861–1868, 1885). It was the most important cultural and scientific society in Poland until the creation of Kraków's Academy of Learning (Akademia Umiejętności) in 1871-73. In 1870 he founded the Halina School of Agriculture in Żabikowo, named after his wife Halina, who had died in 1861. In 1873 it became affiliated to the Kraków Academy of Learning, established in 1872.
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Bambrzy
Bambrzy (Poznańskie Bambry, German: Posener Bamberger) are Poles who are partly descended from Germans who moved from the area of Bamberg (Upper Franconia, Germany) to villages surrounding Poznań, Poland. They settled in villages which had been destroyed during the Great Northern War and the subsequent epidemic of cholera, including:
The condition for settlement was, according to the order of King August II of 1710, all newly-arrived foreign settlers in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had to be Catholic. At least 450 to 500 men and women came to Poland according to surviving contracts, however, later documents suggest this number may have been as high as 900 people in four waves of immigration.
The Polonisation of this group was a voluntary act and happened very quickly. The settlers refused to build their own churches, prayed with Poles, and their children learned the Polish language. There were also many mixed marriages with Poles living there. At the end of the 19th century, during the Kulturkampf period, all Catholics in villages inhabited by Bambrzy chose Polish nationality during Prussian and German censuses. In the late 19th century, the meaning of the word "Bamber" (singular form) became wider - it started to denote all people living in those villages, regardless of their ethnic or cultural background.
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Bolesław Chrobry
Bolesław I Chrobry (aka Bolesław I the Brave or the Valiant) (Czech: Boleslav Chrabrý) (967 – 17 June 1025), in the past also known as Bolesław I the Great (Wielki), was a Duke of Poland in 992–1025 and the first King of Poland from 19 April 1025 until his death. He also ruled as Boleslav IV, Duke of Bohemia during 1002–1003.
He was the firstborn son of Mieszko I by his Czech first wife, Dobrawa, daughter of Boleslav I the Cruel, Duke of Bohemia. He was named after his maternal grandfather.
Bolesław I was a remarkable politician, strategist and statesman. He turned Poland into a country that was not only comparable to older western monarchies, but also elevated it into the European elite. Bolesław conducted successful military campaigns in the west, south and east. He consolidated the Polish lands and conquered territories outside of modern borders of Poland such as Slovakia, Moravia, Red Ruthenia, Meissen and Lusatia as well as Bohemia. He was a powerful mediator in Central European affairs.
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Casimir the Restorer
Casimir I the Restorer (Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel; b. Kraków, 25 July 1016 – d. Poznań, 28 November 1058), was a Duke of Poland of the Piast dynasty and the de facto monarch of the entire country from 1034 until his death.
He was the only son of Mieszko II Lambert by his wife Richeza, daughter of Count Palatine Ezzo of Lotharingia (Ezzonen) and granddaughter of Emperor Otto II.
Casimir is known as the Restorer because he managed to reunite all parts of the Polish Kingdom after a period of turmoil. He reinstated Masovia, Silesia and Pomerania into his realm. However, he failed to crown himself King of Poland, mainly because of internal and external threats to his rule.
Relatively little is known of Casimir's early life. He must have spent his childhood at the royal court of Poland in Gniezno. In order to acquire a proper education, he was sent to one of the Polish monasteries in 1026. According to some older sources he initially wanted to have a career in the Church (it is probable that he held the post of Oblate) and even asked for a dispensation to became a monk. This hypothesis, however, is not supported by modern historians. Regardless, he left the church for good in 1031.
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China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
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Cyryl Ratajski
Cyryl Ratajski (3 March 1875, Zalesie Wielkie - 19 October 1942, Warsaw) was a Polish politician and lawyer.
He was the president (mayor) of Poznań in the years 1922-1924, 1925-1934 and in September 1939. In the years 1924-1925 he was the Polish Minister of the Interior.
From 1937 he was a member of Labour Party, Stronnictwo Pracy. Voivode of the Poznań Voivodeship in 1939.
During World War II he was the first Head of Delegate's Office of the Polish government in exile (Delegat Rządu na Kraj), in the years 1940-1942.
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Dariusz Lipiński
Dariusz Lipiński (born August 4, 1955 in Warsaw) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 4482 votes in 39 Poznań district, candidating from Platforma Obywatelska list. In 2007 parliamentary election he got 20 695 votes and has been elected for his second term in Polish Sejm.
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Dezydery Chłapowski
Baron Dezydery Chłapowski (1788, Turew – 1879) was a Polish general, businessman and political activist.
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Eduard Gerhard
Friedrich Wilhelm Eduard Gerhard (November 29, 1795 – May 12, 1867) was a German archaeologist. He was co-founder and secretary of the first international archaeological society.
Gerhard was born at Posen, and was educated at Breslau and Berlin. The reputation he acquired by his Lectiones Apollonianae (1816) led soon afterwards to his being appointed professor at the gymnasium of Posen. On resigning that office in 1819, on account of weakness of the eyes, he went in 1822 to Rome, where he remained for fifteen years.
Gerhard was one of the principal originators of the Instituto di corrispondenza archeologica, founded at Rome in 1829, with the support of the Prussian crown prince, Frederick William. Co-founders included Theodor Panofka, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg and August Kestner. This model of international cooperation and systematic scientific publication was influenced by the example of Alexander von Humboldt, and later became the present-day German Archaeological Institute. Gerhard served as secretary to the new Institute during his stay in Rome.
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Ewaryst Estkowski
Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–1856) was a Polish teacher, education activist, and editor of Szkoła Polska (Polish School) magazine.
Ewaryst Estkowski died 1856 in Germany Bad Soden am Taunus near Frankfurt Main
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Fredrak Fraske
Frederick (Fredrak) W. Fraske (March 8, 1872 – June 18, 1973) was the last surviving veteran of the Indian Wars at the time of his death.
Fraske was an ethnic German born in the city of Posen, which was at that time in the Province of Posen and part of the Kingdom of Prussia. As a young child in 1877, he migrated to the United States with his family, including his parents and four brothers. At the age of 21, on February 22, 1894, in Chicago, which was his home town, he enlisted in the U.S. Army to help his widowed mother support her family of seven. He was assigned to Fort D.A. Russell, which was near Cheyenne, Wyoming, serving as a private with company F of the 17th infantry as a first aid man and letter carrier. He spoke about Cheyenne of that time as a quiet but wild town, where cattle were unloaded, and the residents were a tough breed.
His starting pay in the Army was the standard $9 a month, and then it increased $1 each year. The time that he was in the service was spent preparing for confrontation at the fort, which never occurred. Fraske commented on the fact that he was glad that he never fired a shot in battle with American Indians, and didn't feel any ill will towards them either, and he felt he understood their difficult time. He never personally had more than peaceful encounters with them.
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Friedrich Goltz
Friedrich Leopold Goltz (14 August 1834 in Posen (Poznań), Grand Duchy of Posen – 5 May 1902 in Strasbourg) was a German physiologist and nephew of the writer Bogumil Goltz.
Goltz held various university positions in Königsberg, Halle and Strasbourg, Germany. He was known for his experiments in neurophysiology, and was the first person to perform a hemispherectomy on a dog.
In 1870 he introduced the "hydrostatic concept" involving the semicircular canals of the inner ear and their ability to transmit sensations of position, and therefore providing assistance in equilibrioception. Goltz proposed that the canals dealt mainly with the equilibrium of the head, and that the movements of the body were regulated by the more or less conscious awareness an individual has of the position of his head in space.
Goltz held a unitary view of brain function, which he demonstrated in London at the International Medical Congress of 1881. Here he showed that a dog with sections of its cerebral cortex removed, could still remain functional. Conversely, Scottish neurologist David Ferrier held the belief of localization of cerebral functions, which he demonstrated at the same conference. Ferrier presented macaque monkeys with particular paralysis following specific surgeries of the motor cortex. Ferrier's demonstration of localized functionality impressed the medical community, and was seen as a major impetus in the development of neurological surgery.
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Gerard Labuda
Gerard Labuda (December 28, 1916 – October 1, 2010) was a Polish historian whose main fields of interest were the Middle Ages and the Western Slavs. He was born in what became the Polish Corridor after World War I. He lived and died in Poznań, Poland.
Labuda was born in Neuhütte/ Karthaus, West Prussia, Germany (now Nowa Huta, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kartuzy, Poland), into a Kashubian family. He was the son of Stanislaw Labuda and Anastazja Baranowska. From 1950 he was a professor at Poznań University; rector 1962–1965; from 1951 a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU); president 1989–1994; from 1964 member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN); vice-president 1984–1989; from 1959 to 1961 director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań and a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. He was buried in Luzino - Kashubia.
From 1958 onwards he edited the multi-volume Dictionary of Slavonic Antiquities (Słownik Starożytności Słowiańskich) and published historical sources. Author of more than 30 books and close to 2000 scholarly publications.
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Gustaw Potworowski
Gustaw Potworowski, count, (Polish pronunciation: [ˈɡustaf pɔtfɔˈrɔfskʲi]; June 3, 1800, Bielewo - November 23, 1860, Poznań) was a Polish activist, founder of the Kasyno in Gostyń, activist of the Polish League (Liga Polska).
Born into an old Calvinist noble family, was one of the leading persons of the Polish national movement in the Prussian Province of Posen. He was the founding chairman of the Polish National Committee (1848).
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Günther von Kluge
Günther Adolf Ferdinand “Hans” von Kluge (30 October 1882 – 17 August 1944) was a German military leader. He was born in Posen into a Prussian military family. Kluge rose to the rank of Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht. He was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grade Oak Leaves and Swords was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
During World War I, he was a staff officer and in 1916 was at the Battle of Verdun. By 1936 he was a lieutenant-general, and in 1937 took command of the Sixth Army Group.
As commander of the Sixth Army Group, which became the German Fourth Army, Kluge led the Sixth into battle in Poland in 1939. Though he opposed the initial German plan to attack westwards into France, he led the Fourth Army in its attack through the Ardennes that culminated in the fall of France. Kluge was promoted to field marshal in July 1940.
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Heinrich Caro
Heinrich Caro (February 13, 1834 in Posen, Prussia Germany now Poznań, Poland – September 11, 1910 in Dresden), was a German chemist.
He started his study of chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelms University and later chemistry and dyeing in Berlin at the Royal Trades Institute. On the initiative of Nicolaus Druckenmüller, he trained as a calico printer in Germany, worked at Troost's calico printing works in Mülheim and then worked at the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester. During this time he improved the analysis of madder lake. After he returned to Germany he conducted his military service in 1857 and 1858. He worked in the laboratory of Jaques Meyer the father of Victor Meyer in Berlin. In 1858 he was able to return to Mühlheim where he was not able to conduct his work. He joined the chemical firm Roberts, Dale in Manchester which he knew from his former visit. During his time in England he improved the extraction of Mauveine from the residues of the synthesis and developed a synthesis for aniline red and other dyes. In 1861 Caro returned to Germany and stayed at the laboratory of Robert Bunsen until he joined the Chemische Fabrik Dyckerhoff Clemm & Co. This chemical company later became BASF.
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Henryk Zygalski
Henryk Zygalski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈxɛnrɨk zɨˈɡalski] ( listen); 15 July 1908, Poznań - 30 August 1978, Liss) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma ciphers before and during World War II.
Zygalski was, from September 1932, a civilian cryptologist with the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau), housed in the Saxon Palace in Warsaw. He worked there with fellow Poznań University alumni and Cipher Bureau cryptology-course graduates Marian Rejewski and Jerzy Różycki. Together they developed methods and equipment for breaking Enigma messages.
In late 1938, in response to growing complexities in German encryption procedures, Zygalski designed the "perforated sheets," also known as "Zygalski sheets," a manual device for finding Enigma settings. This scheme, like the earlier "card catalog," was independent of the number of connections being used in the Enigma's plugboard, or commutator.
After the war he remained in exile in the United Kingdom and worked, until his retirement, as a lecturer in mathematical statistics at the University of Surrey. During this period he was prevented by the Official Secrets Act from speaking of his achievements in cryptology.
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Herbert Baum
Herbert Baum (February 10, 1912 – June 11, 1942) was a Jewish member of the German resistance against National Socialism.
Baum was born in Mosina, Province of Posen; his family moved to Berlin when he was young. After he graduated secondary school there, he took on an apprenticeship as an electrician, which he carried on with as a profession.
By 1926, he was an active member of different left wing and Jewish youth organizations, and from 1931, he became a member of the Young Communist League of Germany (KJVD).
After the seizure of power by the National Socialists he began, together with his wife Marianne Baum (February 9, 1912 - August 18, 1942) and friends, Martin and Sala Kochmann, to organize meetings in the Kochmann drawing-room and other members' apartments about dealing with the threat of Nazism. The circle of friends, most of whom were Jewish, designated Herbert Baum as chairman. Up to 100 youths attended meetings at various times, and topics included political debates and cultural discussion. The group openly distributed leaflets arguing against National Socialism.
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Hipolit Cegielski
Hipolit Cegielski (6 January 1813, Ławki – 30 November 1868, Poznań) was a Polish businessman and social and cultural activist. He founded H. Cegielski - Poznań S.A. in 1846.
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Isidor Ascheim
Isidor Ascheim (Hebrew: איזידור אשהיים; born 1891, died 1968) (variant names Isidor Aschheim, Izidor Aschheim) was a German-born Israeli painter and printmaker
Ascheim was born in Posen (Poznań), Prussia (present-day Poland) in 1891. He was raised in an Orthodox Jewish family and served during World War I. During the years 1919-23, Ascheim studied under the German Expressionist Otto Mueller in Breslau and was influenced by Erich Heckel of the Die Brücke (The Bridge) group.
Ascheim emigrated to Mandate Palestine in 1940 and settled in Jerusalem. In Israel, Ascheim became an instructor at the renowned Bezalel Academy in Jerusalem, and was appointed its director for a number of years.
He was married to the Israeli painter Margot Lange-Ascheim.
Ascheim "belongs to a generation of artists whose whole repertoire is based on a direct impression of nature, life and the human form. His oeuvre represents a continuous connection with nature and the human figure, usually executed with a dark palette, the legacy of his German Expressionist roots."
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Jacek Tomczak
Jacek Tomczak (born July 27, 1973 in Poznań) is a Polish politician and lawyer. He is a member of the Sejm for Poland Comes First, having been a member for Law and Justice from 2005 to 2010.
He was elected to Sejm on 25 September 2005 getting 17991 votes in Poznań, standing for Law and Justice (PiS). He joined Poland Comes First when that party split from PiS in 2010.
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Jan Filip Libicki
Jan Filip Libicki (born January 17, 1971 in Poznań) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 17503 votes in 39 Poznań district, standing for Law and Justice. He joined Poland Comes First when that party split from Law and Justice in 2010. He's a son of Marcin Libicki, a member of the European Parliament. Actually he is an independent politician.
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Jan Węglarz
Jan Węglarz (born 1947 in Poznań) is a Polish computer scientist. His current research focuses on operations research.
He studied at the University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań, where he graduated mathematics in 1969, and later on Poznań University of Technology, when he received title from automatics in 1971. He started work there in 1971. He received a doctorate in 1974, and habilitation in 1977. In 1988 he received the title of professor. Member of Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN), member-co-founder of Polish Information Processing Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Informatyczne, PTI), member of American Mathematical Society, Operations Research Society of America, member of Poznan Chapter of Agder Academy of Sciences and Letters. Author of 12 monographs in Computer Science, Operation Research, Decision Theory, etc. Author of more than 200 articles. He discovered the so called two-phase method, but unfortunately he published his discovery in a Polish journal, so the discovery was ignored. Western scientists received accolades instead. He refused many offers to move to the West and opted for his own research team in Poland.
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Janusz Pałubicki
Janusz Pałubicki (born 1948) is a Polish politician and activist.
Born in 1948 in Wałbrzych, he studied history of art in University of Poznań. From 1981 he was the member of Solidarity, in 1982 he became the leader of Wielkopolska part of the movement. During the martial law in Poland (1981–1983) he was one of many Solidarity activists who were arrested and interned.
From 1997 to 2001 he was a minister-coordinator of Polish secret services in the AWS government of Jerzy Buzek. During that period he was also a deputy for Polish parliament, the Sejm.
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Jean Gebser
Jean Gebser (August 20, 1905 – May 14, 1973) was a philosopher, a linguist, and a poet, who described the structures of human consciousness.
Born Hans Gebser in Posen in Imperial Germany (now Poland), he left Germany in 1929, living for a time in Italy and then in France. He then moved to Spain, mastered the Spanish language in a few months and entered the Spanish Civil Service where he rose to become a senior official in the Spanish Ministry of Education.
When the Spanish Civil War began, he moved to Paris. He lived in Paris for a while but saw the unavoidability of German invasion. He fled to Switzerland in 1939, escaping only hours before the frontier was closed. He spent the rest of his life near Bern, where he did most of his writing.
Late in life, Gebser travelled widely in India, the Far East, and the Americas, and wrote half a dozen more books. He was also a published poet.
Gebser died in Wabern bei Bern on May 14, 1973 "with a soft and knowing smile."
His personal letters and publications are held at the Gebser Archives at the University of Oklahoma History of Science Collections, Norman, Oklahoma, Bizzel Libraries.
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Jerzy Różycki
Jerzy Witold Różycki (pronounced [ˈjɛʒɨ ruˈʒɨt͡ski] ( listen); Vilshana, near Kiev, Ukraine, July 24, 1909 — January 9, 1942, Mediterranean Sea, near the Balearic Islands) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who worked at breaking German Enigma-machine ciphers.
Różycki was born in what is now Ukraine, the fourth and youngest child of Zygmunt Różycki, a pharmacist and graduate of Saint Petersburg University, and Wanda, née Benita. He attended a Polish school in Kiev before moving with his family to Poland in 1918. In 1926 he completed secondary school at Wyszków on eastern Poland's Bug River.
Różycki studied mathematics 1927–1932 in western Poland, at Poznań University's Mathematics Institute, graduating with a master's degree February 19, 1932. He would later earn a second master's degree from Poznań University, in geography, on December 13, 1937.
In 1929, while still a student, Różycki, proficient in German, was one of twenty-odd Poznań University mathematics students who accepted an invitation to attend a secret cryptology course organized at a nearby military installation by the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, headquartered in Warsaw.
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Jerzy Topolski
Jerzy Topolski (1928–1998) was a Polish historian. Professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, he wrote over 30 books and hundreds of articles. He specialized in modern history of Poland and Europe, history of historiography and theory and methodology of history.
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Johannes Gad
Johannes Wilhelm Gad (June 30, 1842–1926) was a German neurophysiologist who was a native of Posen.
He was an assistant to Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) at the physiological institute at the University of Berlin, and later worked under Adolf Fick (1829–1901) at the University of Würzburg. In 1893–1894 he was a visiting lecturer of physiology at Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and after returning to Germany, became departmental head at the physiological institute in Berlin. In 1895 he succeeded Ewald Hering (1834–1918) as manager of the department of physiology at the University of Prague.
Gad is known from his work in experimental physiology. He performed numerous investigations involving electrophysiology, spinal cord functionality, the relationship between lactic acid to muscle contraction, et al. With Edward Flatau (1868–1932) he performed experiments that were critical of Bastian-Bruns Law regarding the loss of function following spinal cord injury.
Among his written works was a textbook on human physiology that he co-authored with pharmacologist Jean-François Heymans called Kurzes Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, and a treatise on skin sensation called Ueber die Summation von Hautreizen, that was published with Alfred Goldscheider (1858–1935).
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John Jonston
John Jonston (in Polish, Jan Jonston; in Latin, Joannes Jonstonus; Szamotuły, 15 September 1603 – 1675, Legnica) was a Polish scholar and physician, descended from Scottish nobility and closely associated with the Polish magnate family of the Leszczyńskis.
Jonston was born in Szamotuły, the son of Simon Johnston, who had emigrated to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from Scotland. Jonston's early education was sponsored by one of his two paternal uncles who had come to the Commonwealth with the father.
From 1611 Jonston attended the school of the Bohemian Brothers in Ostroróg, then the Schoenaichianum in Bytom, and from 1619 the gymnasium in Toruń, Royal Prussia. As a Calvinist, he could not attend the Catholic-controlled Jagiellonian University. Consequently he earned his first degree at the University of St Andrews (1622-25; M.A., 1623), where he studied theology, scholastic philosophy, and the Hebrew language; his sponsors included the Primate of All Scotland, John Spottiswood.
In 1625 Jonston returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Until 1628 he was a private tutor in the household of the Kurtzbach-Zawadski family in Leszno, where he was an active member of the Czech Brethren community. Around 1625-28 he published Enchiridion historiae naturalis, which in 1657 would be translated into English.
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Józef Struś
Josephus Struthius (Polish: Józef Struś; 1510 in Poznań – between 27 July 1568 and 26 January 1569 in Poznań) was a Polish professor of medicine in Padua (1535–1537) and personal doctor of Polish kings. He also served as mayor of Poznań in 1557–1558 and 1558–1559.
His conceptual approach to measurement of the pulse is regarded as pioneering and revolutionary. In Sphygmicae artis iam mille ducentos perditae et desideratae libri V. (first published 1540 in Basel, but only copies from 1555 are accessible) he described five types of pulses, the diagnostic meaning of those types, and the influence of body temperature and nervous system on pulse. It contains probably the earliest graphic presentation of the pulse. This was one of books used by William Harvey in his works.
Robert Burton wrote of Josephus Struthius in The Anatomy of Melancholy: "Josephus Struthis, that Polonian, in the fifth book, _cap. 17._ of his Doctrine of Pulses, holds that [...] passions of the mind may be discovered by the pulse."
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Karol Libelt
Karol Libelt (8 April 1807, Poznań, Grand Duchy of Posen, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation - 9 June 1875, Brdów) was a Polish philosopher, writer, political and social activist, social worker and liberal, nationalist politician, president of the PTPN.
Libelt took part in the failed November Uprising against Russia in 1830. Since 1839 he became the head of a secret committee started to organise yet another uprising against the partitioning powers, which was nicknamed the Libelt Committee - Komitet Libelt). For taking part in the Greater Poland Uprising (1846) he was sentenced by the Prussian authorities to 20 years of imprisonment in a fortress. However, he was amnestied in 1848 and returned to Posen (Poznań), where he took part in the Greater Poland Uprising (1848) and joined various organisations supporting the independence of Poland (Polish National Committee and Revolutionary Committee). During the Spring of Nations he was elected as one of the members of the Frankfurt Parliament; he also took part in the Slavic Congress in Prague in June 1848.
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Karol Marcinkowski
Karol Marcinkowski (23 June 1800 in Poznań–6 November 1846) was a Polish physician, social activist in the Greater Poland region (also called the Grand Duchy of Poznań), supporter of the basic education (Praca organiczna) programmes, organizer of the Scientific Help Society (Towarzystwo Pomocy Naukowej) and the Poznań Bazar (Bazar Poznański) - the Polish mall in Poznań that included a hotel, meeting rooms, crafts and shops.
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Kazimierz Piwarski
Kazimierz Piwarski (1903-1968) was a Polish historian, professor of Jagiellonian University in Kraków since 1946 and Poznań University in years 1953-1955, member of Polish Academy of Skills (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, PAU) since 1945, and member of Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) since 1958.
He researched in the history of the Polish provinces of Pomerania, Silesia, East Prussia and also the universal history of the 18th and 20th centuries.
Kazimierz Piwarski was the director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in years 1956-1958.
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Konstanty Gorski
Konstanty Antoni Gorski (Lida, June 13, 1859 – May 31, 1924, Poznań) was a Polish composer, violinist, organist and music teacher.
Gorski began attending school in Grodno and continued at the First Philological Gymnasium in Wilno. He obtained his musical education at the Apolinary Kątski Musical Institute in Warsaw and at the St. Petersburg Conservatory. In 1881 he graduated from the great Hungarian violinist and pedagogue Leopold Auer class and received large silver medal and “free artist” status. Next year he spent studying composition and instrumentation in class of famous Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
In year 1890 after eight-years-trip over Russia and Georgia – through Penza, Saratov and Tiflis (Tbilisi nowadays) Konstanty Gorski arrived to Ukrainian city of Kharkov to stay there for 29 years. He spent those years teaching youth in Kharkov Musical Secondary School, performing public work (he was one of the “Polish House” culture organization founders), working as conductor of symphonic orchestra and Polish and Church Chorus that was created due to his efforts, and staying beloved by publicity violinist and highly valued by other composers performer of their musical compositions (and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky treated him with deep respect saying that Gorski was the greatest one to execute his violin concert D-dur).
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Krystyna Łybacka
Krystyna Maria Łybacka (Polish pronunciation: [krɨˈstɨna wɨˈbat͡ska]; born 10 February 1946 in Jutrosin) is a Polish political figure who has been serving in the country's national Parliament (Sejm), since 1991 and, from October 2001 to May 2004, was a member of the cabinet, with the title of Minister of National Education.
A native of the small, west-central town of Jutrosin in Greater Poland Voivodeship's Rawicz County, Łybacka received her degree from the mathematics/physics/chemistry department at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Earning a doctorate from the Mathematics Institute of Poznań University of Technology in 1976 with the thesis, Random Division of a Square, she remained on the faculty of the Institute's Electrical Engineering department. For over two decades (1968–91) she served as the technical and academic secretary of the Polish Mathematical Society.
During the years 1978–89, she was a member of Polish United Workers' Party, the name used by the Communist Party ruling Poland between 1948 and 1989 and, in 1993, joined its successor party, the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, becoming, in 1996, its leader in Poznań. In 1999, she rose to the head of Poznań voivodeship sejmik [council] and, in December, to deputy leader of the Democratic Left Alliance's national leadership council. Starting with modern Poland's first entirely free election, in 1991, she has been re-elected to the Sejm in each subsequent poll, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2005 and 2007, serving on various committees, including the National Defense Committee and the Special Services Committee. In her 3rd term, she was deputy head of the Committee for Education, Study and Youth, a position she also held in the 5th term.
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Krzysztof Komeda
Krzysztof Komeda (born Krzysztof Trzciński 27 April 1931 in Poznań – 23 April 1969 in Warsaw) was a Polish film music composer and jazz pianist. Perhaps best known for his work in film scores, Komeda wrote the scores for Roman Polanski’s films Rosemary’s Baby, The Fearless Vampire Killers, Knife in the Water and Cul-de-sac. Komeda's album Astigmatic (1965) is widely regarded as one of the most important European jazz albums; critic Stuart Nicholson describes the album as "marking a shift away from the dominant American approach with the emergence of a specific European aesthetic."
Born Krzysztof Trzcinski, he used Komeda as a stage name due to the Communist government's dislike of jazz. He grew up in Częstochowa, Ostrów Wielkopolski where he earned his A-level certificate in 1950 at the Male Gymnasium, participated in the Music and Poetry Club. After graduating from high school he entered the Medical Academy in Poznań to study medicine. He finished six-year long studies and obtained a medical doctor diploma in 1956. He chose to specialize as an otolaryngology physician.
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Lech Trzeciakowski
Lech Trzeciakowski (born 24 December 1931 in Poznań, Poland) is a Polish historian who served as director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1974 to 1978.
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Leo Königsberger
Leo Königsberger (15 October 1837 – 15 December 1921) was a German mathematician, and historian of science. He is best known for his three-volume biography of Hermann von Helmholtz, which remains the standard reference on the subject.
Königsberger was born in Posen (now Poznań, Poland), the son of a successful merchant. He studied at the University of Berlin with Karl Weierstrass, where he taught mathematics and physics (1860-64). He taught at the University of Greifswald (assistant professor, 1864-66; professor, 1866-69), the University of Heidelberg (1869-75), the Technische Universität Dresden (1875-77), and the University of Vienna (1877-84) before returning to Heidelberg in 1884, where remained until his retirement in 1914.
In 1919 he published his autobiography, Mein Leben (My Life). The biography of Helmholtz was published in 1902 and 1903. He also wrote a biography of C. G. J. Jacobi.
Königsberger's own research was primarily on elliptic functions and differential equations. He worked closely with Lazarus Fuchs, a childhood friend.
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Leon Wegner
Leon Wegner (31 March 1824, Poznań – 9 July 1873, Poznań) was a Polish economist and historian, co-founder of Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences.
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Leopold Damrosch
Leopold Damrosch (October 22, 1832 – February 15, 1885) was a German American orchestral conductor.
Damrosch was born in Posen (Poznań), Kingdom of Prussia, the son of Heinrich Damrosch. His father was Jewish and his mother was Lutheran. Leopold Damrosch was baptized a Lutheran when marrying his wife, former opera singer Helene von Heimburg.
Damrosch began his musical education at the age of nine, learning the violin against the wishes of his parents, who wanted him to become a doctor. Capitulating to the wishes of his parents he entered the University of Berlin and completed his PhD in medicine but during his spare time he studied violin under Ries, and thorough bass with Dehn and Bohmer. After he completed his degree Damrosch decided to dedicate his life and energy to music. He gained fame as a violinist and began to play to large audiences in many major German cities including Berlin and Hamburg. He went to Weimar, and was received by Franz Liszt, who appointed him solo-violinist in the Ducal orchestra.
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Lilli Palmer
Lilli Palmer (24 May 1914 – 27 January 1986), born Lilli Marie Peiser, was a German actress. She won the Volpi Cup, the Deutscher Filmpreis three times, and was nominated twice for a Golden Globe Award.
Palmer, who took her surname from an English actress she admired, was one of three daughters born to Dr. Alfred Peiser, a German Jewish surgeon, and Rose Lissman, an Austrian Jewish stage actress in Posen, Prussia, Germany (now Poznań, Poland). When Lilli was four her family moved to Berlin-Charlottenburg. She studied drama in Berlin before fleeing to Paris in 1933 following the Nazi takeover. While performing in cabarets, she attracted the attention of British talent scouts and was offered a contract by the Gaumont Film Company. She made her screen debut in Crime Unlimited (1935) and appeared in British films for the next decade.
In 1943, she married actor Rex Harrison and followed him to Hollywood in 1945. She signed with Warner Brothers and appeared in several films, notably Cloak and Dagger (1946) and Body and Soul (1947). She also periodically appeared in stage plays as well as hosting her own television series in 1951. Harrison and Palmer appeared together in the hit Broadway play Bell, Book and Candle in the early 50s and later starred in the film version of The Four Poster (1952), which was based on the award-winning Broadway play of the same name, written by Jan de Hartog. She won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress in 1953 for The Four Poster. Harrison and Palmer divorced in 1956; they had one son, Carey Harrison, born in 1944. During the marriage, Harrison had many affairs, including one with Carole Landis, who committed suicide in 1948 in the wake of their failed relationship.
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Ludwig Dessoir
Ludwig Dessoir, original name Leopold Dessauer (15 December 1810 – 30 December 1874) was a German actor born in Posen, the son of a Jewish tradesman. He made his first appearance on the stage there in 1824 in a small part. After some experience at the theatre in Posen and on tour, he was engaged at Leipzig from 1834 to 1836. Then he was attached to the municipal theatre of Breslau, and in 1837 appeared at Prague, Brno, Vienna and Budapest, where he accepted an engagement which lasted until 1839. He succeeded Karl Devrient at Karlsruhe, and went in 1847 to Berlin, where he acted Othello and Hamlet with great success, he received a permanent engagement at that theatre. From 1849 to 1872, when he retired on a pension, he played 110 parts, frequently on tour, and in 1853 acting in London. He died in 1874 in Berlin.
Dessoir was twice married; his first wife, Theresa, a popular actress (1810-1866), was separated from him a year after marriage; his second wife went mad on the death of her child. By his first wife Dessoir had one son, the actor Ferdinand Dessoir (1836-1892). In spite of certain physical disabilities Ludwig Dessoir's skill made him famous, especially as an interpreter of Shakespeare's characters.
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Marcin Libicki
Marcin Libicki (born February 2, 1939 in Poznań) is a Polish politician, former member of the Polish parliament (Sejm), elected for the Poznań constituency. He is one of the leaders of the Law and Justice party.
On 13 June 2004 he was elected member of the European Parliament, and when the Parliament convened he was elected Chair of its Committee on Petitions.
He is a member of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, also the alumnus of Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań. He is the father of Jan Filip Libicki, a member of Sejm.
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Marek Karpinski
Marek Karpinski is a computer scientist and mathematician known for his research in the theory of algorithms and their applications, combinatorial optimization, computational complexity, and mathematical foundations. He is a recipient of several research prizes in the above areas.
He is currently a Professor of Computer Science, and the Head of the Algorithms Group at the University of Bonn. He is also a member of Bonn International Graduate School in Mathematics BIGS and the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics.
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Margo Dydek
Małgorzata Dydek (28 April 1974 – 27 May 2011), known as Margo Dydek in the United States, was a Polish international professional basketball player. Standing 7 ft 2 in (2.18 m) tall, she was famous for being the tallest active professional female basketball player in the world. She played center position for the Los Angeles Sparks in the WNBA and was a coach for the Northside Wizards in the Queensland Basketball League.
Margo Dydek was born 28 April 1974 in Warsaw, Poland to a 6'7" father and a 6'3" mother. She had two sisters, her elder sister, Katarzyna (Kaska) (6'7") used to play for the Colorado Xplosion of the now defunct ABL, and in Poland. Her younger sister, Marta Krystyna, (standing 6'6") graduated from the University of Texas-El Paso where she played basketball, and played in Spain professionally in the 2000s.
She was awarded the Polish Gold Cross of Merit (1999).
In 2008, Dydek married her boyfriend, David Twigg, in Gdynia, Poland. The couple moved to live together in Brisbane, Australia, where David established Online Marketing Consultants. The couple had 2 children: David, born in April 2008; and Alexander, born in October 2010, both born in Gdansk, Poland.
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Marian Rejewski
Marian Adam Rejewski [ˈmarjan reˈjefski] ( listen) (16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist who in 1932 solved the plugboard-equipped Enigma machine, the main cipher device used by Germany. The success of Rejewski and his colleagues Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski jump-started British reading of Enigma in World War II; the intelligence so gained, code-named "Ultra", contributed, perhaps decisively, to the defeat of Nazi Germany.(Note 1)
While studying mathematics at Poznań University, Rejewski had attended a secret cryptology course conducted by the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau), which he joined full-time in 1932. The Bureau had achieved little success reading Enigma and in late 1932 set Rejewski to work on the problem. After only a few weeks, he deduced the secret internal wiring of the Enigma. Rejewski and his two mathematician colleagues then developed an assortment of techniques for the regular decryption of Enigma messages. Rejewski's contributions included devising the cryptologic "card catalog," derived using his "cyclometer," and the "cryptologic bomb."
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Małgorzata Stryjska
Małgorzata Stryjska (born August 3, 1953 in Poznań) is a Polish politician. She was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 12791 votes in 39 Poznań district, running as a candidate on the Prawo i Sprawiedliwość list.
She was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005.
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Michał Sczaniecki
Michał Sczaniecki (1910 – 1977) was a Polish historian of state and law, especially of Poland and France; professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań from 1951 to 1965, and director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań from 1961 to 1964, later professor at Warsaw University.
Publications:
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Michał Stuligrosz
Michał Stuligrosz (born September 17, 1950 in Poznań) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 12659 votes in 39 Poznań district, candidating from Platforma Obywatelska list.
He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005.
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Mieszko I
Mieszko I (ca. 930 – 25 May 992), was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was son of Siemomysł; grandchild of Lestek; father of Bolesław I the Brave, the first crowned King of Poland; likely father of Świętosława (Sigrid), a Nordic Queen; and grandfather of her son, Cnut the Great.
The first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He continued the policy of both his father and grandfather, who were rulers of the pagan tribes located in the area of present Greater Poland. Either through alliances or by use of military force, Mieszko extended the ongoing conquests and early in his reign subordinated Kuyavia and probably Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia. For most of his reign, Mieszko I was involved in warfare for the control of Western Pomerania, eventually conquering it up to the vicinity of the lower Oder. During the last years of his life he fought the Bohemian state, winning Silesia and probably Lesser Poland.
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Mieszko I of Poland
Mieszko I (ca. 930 – 25 May 992), was a Duke of the Polans from about 960 until his death. A member of the Piast dynasty, he was son of Siemomysł; grandchild of Lestek; father of Bolesław I the Brave, the first crowned King of Poland; likely father of Świętosława (Sigrid), a Nordic Queen; and grandfather of her son, Cnut the Great.
The first historical ruler of Poland, Mieszko I is considered the de facto creator of the Polish state. He continued the policy of both his father and grandfather, who were rulers of the pagan tribes located in the area of present Greater Poland. Either through alliances or by use of military force, Mieszko extended the ongoing conquests and early in his reign subordinated Kuyavia and probably Gdańsk Pomerania and Masovia. For most of his reign, Mieszko I was involved in warfare for the control of Western Pomerania, eventually conquering it up to the vicinity of the lower Oder. During the last years of his life he fought the Bohemian state, winning Silesia and probably Lesser Poland.
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Mieszko II of Poland
Mieszko II Lambert (ca. 990 – 10/11 May 1034) was King of Poland during 1025–1031, and Duke from 1032 until his death.
He was the second son of Bolesław I the Brave, but the eldest born from his third wife Emmilda, daughter of Dobromir, possible ruler of Lusatia. He was probably named after his paternal grandfather, Mieszko I. His second name, Lambert, sometimes erroneously considered to be a nickname, was given to him as a reference to the cult of Saint Lambert. Also, it is probable that this name Lambert was chosen after Bolesław I's half-brother Lambert. It is thought that the choice of this name for his son was an expression of warming relations between Bolesław I and his stepmother Oda.
He organized two devastating invasions to Saxony in 1028 and 1030. Then Mieszko II ran a defensive war against Germany, Bohemia and the Kievan princes. Mieszko II was forced to escape from the country in 1031 after an attack of Yaroslav I the Wise, who installed Mieszko's older half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne. Mieszko took refuge in Bohemia, where he was imprisoned by the Duke Oldrich. In 1032 he regained power in one of the three districts, then united the country, making good use of the remaining power structures. At this time, several Polish territorial acquisitions of his father were lost: Upper Lusatia (also known as Milsko), part of Lower Lusatia, Red Ruthenia, western and central part of Upper Hungary (now Slovakia) and probably Moravia.
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Mieszko III the Old
Mieszko III the Old (Polish: Mieszko III Stary) (ca. 1126/27 – 13 March 1202), of the royal Piast dynasty, was Duke of Greater Poland from 1138 and High Duke of Poland, with interruptions, from 1173 until his death.
He was the fourth but second surviving son of Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, by his second wife Salomea, daughter of the German count Henry of Berg-Schelklingen.
According to the 1138 Testament of Bolesław III, Mieszko received the newly established Duchy of Greater Poland, comprising the western part of Greater Poland with Poznań as his main residence. His older half-brother, Władysław II, the eldest son of the late duke with his first wife Zbyslava of Kiev, was proclaimed High Duke and overlord of the Seniorate Province at Kraków, including the Greater Polish lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, as well as Duke of Silesia.
The first major conflict with the High Duke took place during 1140–1141, when his younger half-brothers Bolesław IV the Curly and Mieszko III together with their mother but without Władysław's knowledge divided between them the lands of Łęczyca, which were held only as a wittum by Bolesław's widow Salomea for life and should revert to Władysław's Seniorate Province upon her death.
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Napoleon I of France
Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napoleɔ̃ bɔnɑpaʁt]) (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815. His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide, but he is best remembered for his role in the wars led against France by a series of coalitions, the so-called Napoleonic Wars. He established hegemony over most of continental Europe and sought to spread the ideals of the French Revolution, while consolidating an imperial monarchy which restored aspects of the deposed Ancien Régime. Due to his success in these wars, often against numerically superior enemies, he is generally regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time and his campaigns are studied at military academies throughout much of the world.
Napoleon was born in Corsica to parents of noble Genoese ancestry, and trained as an artillery officer in mainland France. He rose to prominence under the French First Republic and led successful campaigns against the First and Second Coalitions arrayed against France. In 1799, he staged a coup d'état and installed himself as First Consul; five years later the French Senate proclaimed him emperor. In the first decade of the 19th century, the French Empire under Napoleon engaged in a series of conflicts—the Napoleonic Wars—involving every major European power.
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Paul Leonhardt
Paul Saladin Leonhardt (November 13, 1877 – December 14, 1934) was a German chess master.
He was born in Posen, Province of Posen, Poland (then German Empire), and died of a heart attack in Königsberg (East Prussia) during a game of chess.
A player with a low profile and not many tournament wins, Leonhardt has been largely forgotten by the history books. However, at his best, he was able to defeat most of the elite players of the period. Tarrasch, Tartakower, Nimzowitsch, Maróczy and Réti all succumbed to his fierce attacking style between 1903 and 1920. He won several brilliancy prizes.
In major tournaments he was first at Hilversum 1903, Hamburg 1905, and Copenhagen 1907 (ahead of Maróczy and Schlechter), making him Nordic Champion; third, behind Rubinstein and Maróczy, at Carlsbad 1907; second, behind Milan Vidmar, at Göteborg 1909 (7th Nordic-ch), second, behind Rudolf Spielmann, at Stockholm 1909, and second, behind Carl Ahues, at Duisburg (DSB Congress) 1929.
In matches he drew with Rudolf Loman (+4 –4 =2), won against James Mortimer (+5 –0 =3), defeated Samuel Passmore (6 : 2), and drew with Georg Schories (2 : 2) at London 1904, defeated Hector William Shoosmith (+5 –0 =1) at London 1905, lost to Jacques Mieses (+1 –5 =1) at London 1905, lost to Spielmann at Munich 1906 (+4 –6 =5), lost to Frank Marshall (+1 –2 =4) at Hamburg 1911, defeated Nimzowitsch (+4 –0 =1) at Hamburg 1911, lost to Hugo Süchting (1.5 : 2.5) at Hamburg 1911 and drew with him (2 : 2) at Hamburg 1912, won against Moishe Lowtzky (+5 –1 =1) at Leipzig 1913, drew with Hans Fahrni (1 : 1), won against Jeno Szekely (2.5 : 1.5), both at Munich 1914, and drew with Curt von Bardeleben (2 : 2) at Berlin 1921.
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Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg ( listen (help·info)), known universally as Paul von Hindenburg (German: [ˈpaʊl fɔn ˈhɪndənbʊɐ̯k] ( listen); 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Prussian-German field marshal, statesman, and politician, and served as the second President of Germany from 1925 to 1934.
Hindenburg enjoyed a long career in the Prussian Army, retiring in 1911. He was recalled at the outbreak of World War I, and first came to national attention, at the age of 66, as the victor at Tannenberg in 1914. As Germany's Chief of the General Staff from 1916, he and his deputy, Erich Ludendorff, rose in the German public's esteem until Hindenburg came to eclipse the Kaiser himself.[citation needed] Hindenburg retired again in 1919, but returned to public life one more time in 1925 to be elected as the second President of Germany.
Though 84 years old and in poor health, Hindenburg was persuaded to run for re-election in 1932, as he was considered the only candidate who could defeat Adolf Hitler. Hindenburg was re-elected in a runoff. Although he was opposing Hitler, the deteriorating political stability of the Weimar Republic let him play an important role in the Nazi Party's rise to power. He dissolved the parliament twice in 1932 and eventually appointed Hitler as Chancellor in January 1933. In February, he issued the Reichstag Fire Decree which suspended various civil liberties, and in March he signed the Enabling Act, in which the parliament gave Hitler's administration legislative powers. Hindenburg died the following year, after which Hitler declared the office of President vacant and, as "Führer und Reichskanzler", made himself head of state.
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Peja (musician)
Ryszard "Peja" Andrzejewski (Polish pronunciation: [ˈrɨʂart ˈpɛja andʐɛˈjɛfskʲi], born September 17, 1976 in Poznań) is a Polish rap musician, songwriter and producer. He is one of Poland's most popular rappers, best known as the frontman of the Polish rap group Slums Attack. Peja was the recipient of the Fryderyk prize in 2002. Also in 2001 he had a role in a movie "Blokersi". Afterwards even the magazines like The New York Times and The Source In 2010 he recorded a song Gruba impra z Rysiem 2 with comedian actress Barbara Rogowska.
He was twice a youngsters champion and in 2005 he received an award from Polish Judo Association - silver badge for his contribution to sport in the country.
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Przemysł I
Przemysł I (5 June 1220/4 June 1221 – 4 June 1257) was a Duke of Greater Poland (during 1241–1247 with his brother as co-ruler; according to some historians during 1239–1241 sole Duke of Ujście), Duke of Poznań and Gniezno during 1247–1249, Duke of Poznań and Kalisz during 1249–1250, sole Duke of Greater Poland during 1250–1253 and Duke of Poznań from 1253 until his death.
He was the eldest son of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Greater Poland by his wife Hedwig, who was probably daughter of Duke Mestwin I of Pomerania, or a member of the Premyslid dynasty (a fact supported by the name given to her son, the first in the Piast dynasty who bear it). The numeral primus (The First) was given to him in the almost contemporary Chronicle of Greater Poland. Duke Władysław Odonic ordered a very strict and complete education to his son, because, as was attested in the Chronicle, young Przemysł was easily able to read Latin psalms.
Przemysł began to appear in the official documents issued by his father since 1232, and after Władysław Odonic's death on 5 June 1239, he assumed the government of his domains. Two years later (in 1241), Przemysł admitted his younger brother Bolesław as a formal co-ruler, but in reality he reigned alone. The principality inherited from his father was composed of northern Greater Poland, which included Ujście and Nakło (although some historians believed that Władysław Odonic remained in the lands at the north of Warta river until his death but lost Ujście and Nakło, and this lands were inherited by his sons); subsequently he strove to recover the remaining part of Greater Poland. In 1241, after the death of Silesian Duke Henry II the Pious at the battle of Legnica, Przemysł recovered Poznań and Gniezno, and subsequently managed to conquer also the parts of Greater Poland once controlled by Dukes of Silesia.
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Przemysł I of Poland
Przemysł I (5 June 1220/4 June 1221 – 4 June 1257) was a Duke of Greater Poland (during 1241–1247 with his brother as co-ruler; according to some historians during 1239–1241 sole Duke of Ujście), Duke of Poznań and Gniezno during 1247–1249, Duke of Poznań and Kalisz during 1249–1250, sole Duke of Greater Poland during 1250–1253 and Duke of Poznań from 1253 until his death.
He was the eldest son of Władysław Odonic, Duke of Greater Poland by his wife Hedwig, who was probably daughter of Duke Mestwin I of Pomerania, or a member of the Premyslid dynasty (a fact supported by the name given to her son, the first in the Piast dynasty who bear it). The numeral primus (The First) was given to him in the almost contemporary Chronicle of Greater Poland. Duke Władysław Odonic ordered a very strict and complete education to his son, because, as was attested in the Chronicle, young Przemysł was easily able to read Latin psalms.
Przemysł began to appear in the official documents issued by his father since 1232, and after Władysław Odonic's death on 5 June 1239, he assumed the government of his domains. Two years later (in 1241), Przemysł admitted his younger brother Bolesław as a formal co-ruler, but in reality he reigned alone. The principality inherited from his father was composed of northern Greater Poland, which included Ujście and Nakło (although some historians believed that Władysław Odonic remained in the lands at the north of Warta river until his death but lost Ujście and Nakło, and this lands were inherited by his sons); subsequently he strove to recover the remaining part of Greater Poland. In 1241, after the death of Silesian Duke Henry II the Pious at the battle of Legnica, Przemysł recovered Poznań and Gniezno, and subsequently managed to conquer also the parts of Greater Poland once controlled by Dukes of Silesia.
wn.com/Przemysł_I_of_Poland -
Rafał Szukała
Rafał Marek Szukała (born April 9, 1971 in Poznań) is a former butterfly swimmer from Poland, who won the silver medal in the men's 100 m butterfly at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
Szukała competed in three consequentive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1988. Szukała won his first major title in 1989, at the 1989 European Aquatics Championships in Bonn, in the 100 m butterfly. He regained the European title in 1993. Szukala also won gold in the 1994 World Championships in the 100 m butterfly.
He attended the University of Iowa, in the United States.
wn.com/Rafał_Szukała -
Richard Kandt
Richard Kandt (* 17 December 1867 in Posen; † 29 April 1918 in Nuremberg; original name Kantorowicz) was a German physician and explorer of Africa.
Richard Kandt started as a psychiatrist in Bayreuth and Munich. Between 1897 and 1907 he explored the North-West of German East Africa and in 1908 was appointed as Resident of Rwanda, where he founded Kigali. Nearly a century after his death, Kandt still is a well-respected person in Rwanda. His former house in Kigali is now a natural history museum.
In July 1897 he started from Bagamoyo and in July 1898 Richard Kandt discovered one of the Nile-sources in the Nyungwe Forest of Rwanda, the essential Nile-source in his opinion. Kandt tells about this in his book Caput Nili, a deliberately more fancy than erudite work. Between 1899 and 1901 he explored the Lake Kivu.
Since about 1900 he was a close friend with the writer Richard Voss.
On 2 July 1917 Kandt suffered a gas poisoning in World War I on the eastern front. Little later he caught a miliary tuberculosis in Poland. He died 29 April 1918 in a military hospital in Nuremberg.
wn.com/Richard_Kandt -
Richard Rothe
Richard Rothe (28 January 1799 - 20 August 1867) was a German Lutheran theologian.
Richard Rothe was born at Posen, then part of Prussia. He studied theology in the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin (1817-20) under Karl Daub, Schleiermacher and Neander, the philosophers and historians G. W. F. Hegel, Friedrich Creuzer and F. C. Schlosser exercising a considerable influence in shaping his thought. From 1820 to 1822 he was in the clerical seminary at Wittenberg. In the autumn of 1823 he was appointed chaplain to the Kingdom of Prussia embassy in Rome, of which Baron Bunsen was the head. This post he exchanged in 1828 for a professorship in the Wittenberg theological seminary, of which in 1832 he became also second director and ephorus, and hence in 1837 he removed to Heidelberg as professor and director of a new clerical seminary; in 1849 he accepted an invitation to Bonn as professor and university preacher, but in 1854 he returned to Heidelberg as professor of theology, and afterwards became member of the Oberkirchenrath, a position he held until his death.
wn.com/Richard_Rothe -
Roman Szymański
Roman Szymański (4 August 1840, Kostrzyn - 18 December 1908, Poznań) was a Polish political activist, publicist, editor of Orędownik magazine.
wn.com/Roman_Szymański -
Ryszard Grobelny
Ryszard Grobelny (born 17 April 1963 in Poznań) — president of Poznań since 1998.
After his graduation from Adam Mickiewicz High School in Poznań and from Poznań University of Economics, Grobelny worked at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan. In 1991 he joined Kongres Liberalno-Demokratyczny and later Unia Wolności. At the rebirth of local governments in Poland, Grobelny became a member of Poznań City Council. Since 1992, he held a function in municipal government, which elected him to the mayor's office in December 1998. In 2002, in the first direct election for mayor, he was an independent candidate with the support of Platforma Obywatelska. He won in the second round against the fully independent ex-mayor Wojciech Szczęsny Kaczmarek. In February 2003, Ryszard Grobelny was also elected as chairman of Związek Miast Polskich. In the 2006 election he got most of the votes in the first round on 12 November. In the second round, he won against the candidate of Platforma Obywatelska, Maria Pasło-Wiśniewska, with 58.83% of the vote.
wn.com/Ryszard_Grobelny -
Sigismund III Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa (Polish: Zygmunt III Waza, Lithuanian: Zigmantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, a monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 until he was deposed in 1599. He was the son of King John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagellonica of Poland.
Elected to the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Sigismund sought to create a personal union between the Commonwealth and Sweden (Polish–Swedish union), and succeeded for a time in 1592. After he had been deposed in 1599 from the Swedish throne by his uncle, Charles IX of Sweden, and a meeting of the Riksens ständer (Swedish Riksdag), he spent much of the rest of his life attempting to reclaim it.
Sigismund remains a highly controversial figure in Poland. His long reign coincided with the apex of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's prestige, power and economic influence. On the other hand, it was during his reign that the symptoms of decline leading to the Commonwealth's eventual demise surfaced. Popular histories, such as the books of Paweł Jasienica, tend to present Sigismund as the principal source of these destructive processes; whereas academic histories are usually not damning of him. However, the question of whether the Commonwealth's decline was caused by Sigismund's decisions or had its roots in historical processes beyond his personal control, remains a highly debated topic.
wn.com/Sigismund_III_Vasa -
Stanisław Barańczak
Stanisław Barańczak (born November 13, 1946, Poznań, Poland) is a poet, literary critic, scholar, editor and lecturer. His book, Chirurgiczna Precyzja / Surgical Precision, won the 1999 Nike Award.
Barańczak studied Polish at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, where he became a lecturer and earned his Ph.D. He broke into print as a poet and critic in 1965. Barańczak was on the staff of the Poznań magazine "Nurt" from 1967-1971. After the political events of June 1976, he became a co-founder of the Workers' Defence Committee (KOR) and of the clandestine quarterly "Zapis". He has lectured on Polish literature at Harvard University since 1981 and was editor of The Polish Review from 1986 to 1990. He was a co-founder of the Paris "Zeszyty Literackie" in 1983, and is a regular contributor to the periodical "Teksty Drugie". He's a brother of the popular novelist Małgorzata Musierowicz.
He is a leading poet in the "New Wave" and one of the outstanding Polish writers to begin his career in the communist period, combining literary work with scholarship and politics. He is the most prominent translator in recent years of English poetry into Polish (e.g., Shakespeare) and of Polish poetry into English.
wn.com/Stanisław_Barańczak -
Teofil Matecki
Teodor Teofil Matecki (April 25, 1810 – May 15, 1886) was a Polish physician, social activist and member of Poznań Society of Friends of Learning. He died in his home town of Poznań.
Matecki was born in Poznań and educated at the Mary Magdalene High School which was the oldest secondary school in Poznań, founded at the beginning of 14th century. Nevertheless, he decided to quit school in order to take part in the November Uprising. He was awarded for his bravery afterwards but the Prussian authorities punished him for the participation in the uprising by sentencing him to three months in prison. He achieved a secondary school certificate in 1833 in Wrocław and started his medicine studies at the university therein. He received the degree of doctor of medicine in 1837 and then he fulfilled his residency in Berlin. He went to live in Poznań the following year.
He linked his work as a doctor with social, national and political activities. He tried to follow Karol Marcinkowski by helping the destitute. Meanwhile he collaborated with an underground movement that was preparing an uprising in Greater Poland. His main task included storing medicaments. He was captured in 1846 and sent to prisons in Poznań, Sonnenburg, Hausvogtei and Moabit. He was sentenced to 6 years in prison and a fine but the revolution that took place in 1848 set him free. He established hospitals in Śrem, Września and Miłosław (where insurgents were treated). In 1848-1849 Matecki played a significant role in fighting epidemic of cholera. He also engaged himself in helping the wounded later on, especially during the January Uprising over a dozen years later.
wn.com/Teofil_Matecki -
Tytus Działyński
Tytus Adam Działyński (1796–1861, son of Ksawery, father to Jan Kanty) was a Polish political activist and protector of arts and a Prussian politician.
He was a publisher of historical sources important for the Polish history, founder of Kórnik Library (Biblioteka Kórnicka), co-founder of Poznań Industrial Society (Towarzystwo Przemysłowe w Poznaniu), the Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences (Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk) and the president of the latter since 1858. He was also a participant of the November Uprising (1830/31) and Spring of Nations (1848). He was also a member of provincial parliament of the Grand Duchy of Poznan (1841-1846) and of the Prussian parliament (1851-1853, 1858-1861).
wn.com/Tytus_Działyński -
Waldy Dzikowski
Waldy Dzikowski [ˈvaldi d͡ʑiˈkɔvskʲi] ( listen) (born July 23, 1959 in Wschowa) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 54959 votes in 39 Poznań district, candidating from Platforma Obywatelska list.
He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005.
wn.com/Waldy_Dzikowski -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I -
Władysław Markiewicz
Władysław Markiewicz (b. 2 January 1920 in Ostrów Wielkopolski) is a Polish sociologist; professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań since 1966, and Warsaw University since 1972, director of the Western Institute (Instytut Zachodni) in Poznań in years 1966-1973, member of Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) since 1972.
He was a secretary of the Social Sciences Division of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Wydział Nauk Społecznych PAN) since 1972, editor-in-chief of Studia Socjologiczne (Sociological Studies) quarterly since 1972, chairman of the Poland 2000 Committee (Komitet Polska 2000 PAN) since 1980. From 1969 until 1972, he was the president of the Polish Sociological Association.
His main areas of interest are: sociology of labour and industry, sociology of the nation, sociology of the political relations.
wn.com/Władysław_Markiewicz -
Zygmunt Bauman
Zygmunt Bauman (born 19 November 1925 in Poznań) is a Polish sociologist. Since 1971, he has resided in England after being driven out of Poland by an anti-Semitic campaign, engineered by the Communist government which he had previously supported. Professor of sociology at the University of Leeds (and since 1990 emeritus professor), Bauman has become best known for his analyses of the links between modernity and the Holocaust, and of postmodern consumerism.
Zygmunt Bauman was born to non-practising Polish-Jewish parents in Poznań, Poland, in 1925. When Poland was invaded by the Nazis in 1939 his family escaped eastwards into the Soviet Union. Bauman went on to serve in the Soviet-controlled Polish First Army, working as a political education instructor. He took part in the battles of Kolberg (now Kołobrzeg) and Berlin. In May 1945 he was awarded the Military Cross of Valour.
According to semi-official statements of a historian with the Polish Institute of National Remembrance made in the conservative magazine Ozon in May 2006, from 1945 to 1953 Bauman held a similar function in the Internal Security Corps (KBW), a military unit formed to combat Ukrainian nationalist insurgents and part of the remnants of the Polish Home Army.
wn.com/Zygmunt_Bauman
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Poznan I Love You | My Tiny Little Poznan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
www.poznaniloveyou.com http „My Tiny Little Poznan" to tillshift'owa opowieść o Poznaniu. filmed & edited: Poznan, I Love You music by: Nathalie And The Loners „It Is So" (Kamp! remix)
http://wn.com/Poznan_I_Love_You_|_My_Tiny_Little_Poznan
www.poznaniloveyou.com http „My Tiny Little Poznan" to tillshift'owa opowieść o Poznaniu. filmed & edited: Poznan, I Love You music by: Nathalie And The Loners „It Is So" (Kamp! remix)
Let's all do the Poznan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:47
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
If your fan base has no originality whatsoever, you too can Do The Poznan. If your club doesn't win anything for 35 years, you too can find other ways to amuse yourself. Welcome to Wastelands, sit where you like.
http://wn.com/Let's_all_do_the_Poznan
If your fan base has no originality whatsoever, you too can Do The Poznan. If your club doesn't win anything for 35 years, you too can find other ways to amuse yourself. Welcome to Wastelands, sit where you like.
- published: 24 Feb 2011
- views: 173074
- author: mancuniamerchandise
Man city do the Poznan at Wembley
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:35
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Man City
http://wn.com/Man_city_do_the_Poznan_at_Wembley
Sunderland v Man Utd 2012 Sunderland Fans do Poznan to Man Utd Fans at Final Whistle
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 26 Nov 2012
Sunderland V Man Utd The Final whistle blows at the stadium of light & Sunderland fans cheer Man City winning the premier league title from Man Utd. Sunderland fans do the Manchester City Poznan & sing and taunt jokingly at the Man Utd Fans who have just lost their premier league trophy to Man City
http://wn.com/Sunderland_v_Man_Utd_2012_Sunderland_Fans_do_Poznan_to_Man_Utd_Fans_at_Final_Whistle
Sunderland V Man Utd The Final whistle blows at the stadium of light & Sunderland fans cheer Man City winning the premier league title from Man Utd. Sunderland fans do the Manchester City Poznan & sing and taunt jokingly at the Man Utd Fans who have just lost their premier league trophy to Man City
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 31961
- author: sunderlandoful
Sky Sports News Short - Irish partying in Poznan (10/6/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:15
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Sky Sports News short broadcast on Sunday the 10/6/12 Reporter - Andy Burton Irish fans are in good form in Poznan ahead of their game against Croatia.
http://wn.com/Sky_Sports_News_Short_Irish_partying_in_Poznan_10_6_12
Sky Sports News short broadcast on Sunday the 10/6/12 Reporter - Andy Burton Irish fans are in good form in Poznan ahead of their game against Croatia.
- published: 10 Jun 2012
- views: 110746
- author: BoysinGreenEURO2012
Poznan I Love You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
www.poznaniloveyou.com http Poznan w 3 i pol minuty. Enjoy! Photo&video;: Poznan, I Love You Music: Pretty Lights "My Other Love"
http://wn.com/Poznan_I_Love_You
www.poznaniloveyou.com http Poznan w 3 i pol minuty. Enjoy! Photo&video;: Poznan, I Love You Music: Pretty Lights "My Other Love"
- published: 02 Jul 2010
- views: 217028
- author: poznaniloveyou
Poznan I love You more
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 29 Nov 2012
www.facebook.com www.poznaniloveyou.com Music Pretty Lights Photo&video;: Poznan, I Love You
http://wn.com/Poznan_I_love_You_more
www.facebook.com www.poznaniloveyou.com Music Pretty Lights Photo&video;: Poznan, I Love You
- published: 09 Aug 2010
- views: 207884
- author: poznaniloveyou
GROUNDHOPPING: Manchester City - Lech Poznan (Poznan Fans Jumping)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:41
- Updated: 24 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/GROUNDHOPPING_Manchester_City_Lech_Poznan_Poznan_Fans_Jumping
EURO 2012 . .. POLISH BEAUTIES FROM POZNAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:05
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
POLISH BEAUTIES FROM POZNAN - EURO 2012 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 09.06.2012 Netherlands - Denmark 0 ...
http://wn.com/EURO_2012_POLISH_BEAUTIES_FROM_POZNAN
POLISH BEAUTIES FROM POZNAN - EURO 2012 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 09.06.2012 Netherlands - Denmark 0 ...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 36801
- author: TifoTV
Joxer Goes to Poznan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 09 Nov 2012
Free HQ download and lyrics here: www.emeraz.com In 1988, Christy Moore sang about how Joxer went to Stuttgart to see Ireland make history at the European Championships. Twenty-four years later, Ireland are back at the Euros and 'Joxer Goes to Poznań'! joxerpoznan2012@gmail.com This is a fan video. I do not own the images or rights to the music.
http://wn.com/Joxer_Goes_to_Poznan
Free HQ download and lyrics here: www.emeraz.com In 1988, Christy Moore sang about how Joxer went to Stuttgart to see Ireland make history at the European Championships. Twenty-four years later, Ireland are back at the Euros and 'Joxer Goes to Poznań'! joxerpoznan2012@gmail.com This is a fan video. I do not own the images or rights to the music.
- published: 14 May 2012
- views: 26546
- author: Joxer Poznan
Sunderland Fans Doing the Poznan at Home to Manchester United
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:00
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
Sunderland fans having some banter with the Man United fans after the game at the Stadium of Light.
http://wn.com/Sunderland_Fans_Doing_the_Poznan_at_Home_to_Manchester_United
Sunderland fans having some banter with the Man United fans after the game at the Stadium of Light.
- published: 13 May 2012
- views: 108086
- author: sunderlandfootballuk
Poznan newlyweds play hurling with Irish fans
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 03 Dec 2012
The irish fans having the craic as usual with the locals follow me on twitter @niallspace (twitter.com
http://wn.com/Poznan_newlyweds_play_hurling_with_Irish_fans
The irish fans having the craic as usual with the locals follow me on twitter @niallspace (twitter.com
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 64454
- author: Niall O'Connor
EURO 2012 .. POZNAN FANZONE IMPRESSIONS .. IRISH, CROATIAN AND POLISH PARTY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:13
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
POZNAN FANZONE IMPRESSIONS .. IRISH, CROATIAN AND POLISH PARTY - EURO 2012 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 ...
http://wn.com/EURO_2012_POZNAN_FANZONE_IMPRESSIONS_IRISH,_CROATIAN_AND_POLISH_PARTY
POZNAN FANZONE IMPRESSIONS .. IRISH, CROATIAN AND POLISH PARTY - EURO 2012 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 ...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 13410
- author: TifoTV
Kibice Kolejorza, doping, konfetti - Lech Poznań - Legia Warszawa 18.11.2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:53
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Kibice Kolejorza podczas meczu Lech Poznań - Legia Warszawa. ponad 40 tysięcy kiboli dopingowało Kolejorza podczas prestiżowego spotkania z Legią. Kibice stworzyli wspaniałą atmosferę mimo że na boisku ich zespół zawiódł i przegrał z warszawska Legia 1:3
http://wn.com/Kibice_Kolejorza,_doping,_konfetti_Lech_Poznań_Legia_Warszawa_18112012
Kibice Kolejorza podczas meczu Lech Poznań - Legia Warszawa. ponad 40 tysięcy kiboli dopingowało Kolejorza podczas prestiżowego spotkania z Legią. Kibice stworzyli wspaniałą atmosferę mimo że na boisku ich zespół zawiódł i przegrał z warszawska Legia 1:3
- published: 18 Nov 2012
- views: 35901
- author: LechTV
![PROJECT X POLAND [07.09.2012 Poznań] by CAM-L](http://web.archive.org./web/20121215232040im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/znuZlPyOVp4/default.jpg "PROJECT X POLAND [07.09.2012 Poznań] by CAM-L")
PROJECT X POLAND [07.09.2012 Poznań] by CAM-L
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
Produkcja video: Cam-L Studio (www.facebook.com 3 edycja już wkrótce! ! ! www.facebook.com Zajrzyj do nas na VIMEO: (www.vimeo.com zobacz też naszą relację woodstock i hip hop kemp 2012: youtu.be youtu.be Project X Poland 07.09.2012 Eskulap Poznań muzyka: - Kid Cudi - Pursuit of Happiness (Steve Aoki Remix) - Excision & SKisM - Sexism (Far Too Loud Remix) -------- LINE - UP -------- SICK PHYSICAL www.facebook.com DOGZROX LIVE www.facebook.com H'KIM www.facebook.com FOXHOLE (Paszczak & Julian De Narco) www.facebook.com www.facebook.com JUNKIE PUNKS + MC BAKU www.facebook.com MIKOS ER + BIEGUS live www.facebook.com www.facebook.com MOPTRON www.facebook.com KEMOT BLURR
http://wn.com/PROJECT_X_POLAND_07092012_Poznań_by_CAM-L
Produkcja video: Cam-L Studio (www.facebook.com 3 edycja już wkrótce! ! ! www.facebook.com Zajrzyj do nas na VIMEO: (www.vimeo.com zobacz też naszą relację woodstock i hip hop kemp 2012: youtu.be youtu.be Project X Poland 07.09.2012 Eskulap Poznań muzyka: - Kid Cudi - Pursuit of Happiness (Steve Aoki Remix) - Excision & SKisM - Sexism (Far Too Loud Remix) -------- LINE - UP -------- SICK PHYSICAL www.facebook.com DOGZROX LIVE www.facebook.com H'KIM www.facebook.com FOXHOLE (Paszczak & Julian De Narco) www.facebook.com www.facebook.com JUNKIE PUNKS + MC BAKU www.facebook.com MIKOS ER + BIEGUS live www.facebook.com www.facebook.com MOPTRON www.facebook.com KEMOT BLURR
- published: 19 Sep 2012
- views: 261291
- author: CamLStudio
Overcrowded tram of Irish and Croatian fans going to the match in Poznań, Euro 2012 (10.06.2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:23
- Updated: 18 Nov 2012
Poznań, Euro 2012 10 June 2012
http://wn.com/Overcrowded_tram_of_Irish_and_Croatian_fans_going_to_the_match_in_Poznań,_Euro_2012_10062012
Stand Up, Sit Down, Shoes Off for the Boys in Green - Poznan Euro 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:33
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Ireland fans before the Croatia match in Poznan Euro 2012. Stand up, sit down, shoes off for the boys in green.
http://wn.com/Stand_Up,_Sit_Down,_Shoes_Off_for_the_Boys_in_Green_Poznan_Euro_2012
Ireland fans before the Croatia match in Poznan Euro 2012. Stand up, sit down, shoes off for the boys in green.
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 63828
- author: conordarcy
RTÉ Six One News Short - Irish fans arrive in Poznań (8/6/12)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 03 Sep 2012
News short from the RTÉ Six One News broadcast on Friday the 8/6/12 Presenter - Bryan Dobson Reporter - Philip Bromwell
http://wn.com/RTÉ_Six_One_News_Short_Irish_fans_arrive_in_Poznań_8_6_12
News short from the RTÉ Six One News broadcast on Friday the 8/6/12 Presenter - Bryan Dobson Reporter - Philip Bromwell
- published: 08 Jun 2012
- views: 27952
- author: BoysinGreenEURO2012
Poznan I Love You | Noc Kupały 2012 - St. John's Night in Poznan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:20
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
www.poznaniloveyou.com http music: The Naked And Famous - Young Blood
http://wn.com/Poznan_I_Love_You_|_Noc_Kupały_2012_St_John's_Night_in_Poznan
www.poznaniloveyou.com http music: The Naked And Famous - Young Blood
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 111066
- author: poznaniloveyou
EURO 2012 .. CROATIAN CHANTS IN POZNAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:02
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
CROATIAN CHANTS IN POZNAN - EURO 2012 POLAND/UKRAINE 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 09.06.2012 Netherlands ...
http://wn.com/EURO_2012_CROATIAN_CHANTS_IN_POZNAN
CROATIAN CHANTS IN POZNAN - EURO 2012 POLAND/UKRAINE 10.06.2012, Stary Rynek / POZNAN Group C Match Irland vs. Croatia 1:3 ++++ TifoTV - ULTRAS CHANNEL NO.1 **************************************** Follow TifoTV on: www.facebook.com twitter.com www.flickr.com pinterest.com Become a Part Of Us and Share Your Videos! Upload Your Video File On Fileserve.com And Send Us The Downloadlink on tifotv@gmail.com! ++++ INFO.. UEFA EURO 2012 - POLAND /UKRAINE The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2012, will be the 14th European Championship for national football teams organised by UEFA. The final tournament will be hosted by Poland and Ukraine between 8 June and 1 July 2012. It is the first time that either nation has hosted the tournament. This bid was chosen by UEFA's Executive Committee in 2007. ---------------- CITYS & STADIUMS Poland: Warsaw - National Stadium Capacity: 58500 Gdańsk - PGE Arena Capacity: 43600 Wrocław - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 42800 Poznań - Municipal Stadium Capacity: 43300 Ukraine: Wrocław - Olympic Stadium Capacity: 60000 Kiev - Donbass Arena Capacity: 50000 Lviv - Metalist Stadium Capacity: 35000 Donetsk - Arena Lviv Capacity: 30000 GROUP A: Poland, Greece, Russia and Czech Republic GROUP B: Netherlands, Germany, Portugal and Denmark GROUP C: Spain, Italy, Croatia and Ireland GROUP D: Ukraine, Sweden, France and England GAMES.. 08.06.2012 Poland - Greek 1:1 08.06.2012 Russia - Czech Republic 4:1 09.06.2012 Netherlands ...
- published: 13 Jun 2012
- views: 10436
- author: TifoTV
Lech Cup 2010: Lech Poznań - Tottenham Hotspur
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:12
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Gorący doping kibiców na meczu małych piłkarzy
http://wn.com/Lech_Cup_2010_Lech_Poznań_Tottenham_Hotspur
Gorący doping kibiców na meczu małych piłkarzy
- published: 12 Dec 2010
- views: 1449289
- author: mmpoznan
Poznan I Love You | Thousands of Lanterns
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:50
- Updated: 05 Dec 2012
www.facebook.com As part of celebrations to mark the official comming of summer (Kupała Night), crowds gathered near the Warta River and released 11.000 of paper lanterns into the air. 2011.06.21 Poznan's most romantic night organized by: Poznański DREPTAK Kultury filmed by: Michał Leśniewski (Bez3manki), Poznan, I Love You edited by: Poznan, I Love You Music: Aeroplane - We Can't Fly
http://wn.com/Poznan_I_Love_You_|_Thousands_of_Lanterns
www.facebook.com As part of celebrations to mark the official comming of summer (Kupała Night), crowds gathered near the Warta River and released 11.000 of paper lanterns into the air. 2011.06.21 Poznan's most romantic night organized by: Poznański DREPTAK Kultury filmed by: Michał Leśniewski (Bez3manki), Poznan, I Love You edited by: Poznan, I Love You Music: Aeroplane - We Can't Fly
- published: 03 Aug 2011
- views: 66863
- author: poznaniloveyou
Irish and Croatian fans going to the match - Poznań, Euro 2012 (10.06.2012)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
Irish and Croatian fan crowd in the tram in Poznań, going to the match
http://wn.com/Irish_and_Croatian_fans_going_to_the_match_Poznań,_Euro_2012_10062012
Irish and Croatian fan crowd in the tram in Poznań, going to the match
- published: 11 Jun 2012
- views: 73403
- author: Linukz
photo: AP / Nick Ut
14 Dec 2012
Former President Bill Clinton, President Barack Obama, First Lady Michelle Obama, and Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer, meet 55-year-old Martha Sellers. For the past nine years, Sellers has worked as a Walmart cashier in Paramount, California ... More than 10,000 community members joined more than 30 striking employees who walked off the job to demand better working conditions. . "It was wonderful ... That's not too much to ask for." ... 1698 ... ....(size: 23.6Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
The massacre of 26 children and adults at an elementary school in the US state of Connecticut elicited horror and soul-searching around the world even as it raised more basic questions about why the gunman, a 20-year-old described as brilliant but remote, would have been driven to such a crime and how he chose his victims ... He paused for several seconds to keep his composure as he teared up and wiped an eye ... ... "I'm numb ... Yes, yeah....(size: 8.8Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
14 Dec 2012
More than two dozen people, mostly elementary school children, were shot and killed at a Newtown, Conn., elementary school this morning, federal and state sources tell ABC News. The massacre involved two gunmen at a Connecticut school this morning, prompting the town of Newtown to lock down all of its schools and draw SWAT teams to the school, authorities said today. State Police confirm that one shooter is dead ... at ABCNews.com ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
photo: AP / Newtown Bee, Shannon Hicks
15 Dec 2012
Newtown, Conn. Twenty schoolchildren were slaughtered by a heavily armed gunman who opened fire at a suburban elementary school in Connecticut on Friday, ultimately killing at least 27 people including himself in the one of the worst mass shootings in US history ... Authorities found 18 children and seven adults, including the gunman, dead at the school, and two children were pronounced dead later after being taken to a hospital ... Reuters ....(size: 7.5Kb)
photo: AP / Jessica Hill
15 Dec 2012
December 15, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT). Newtown, Connecticut (CNN) -- The bodies of children and educators lay where they fell in a Newtown, Connecticut, elementary school -- in classrooms and hallways -- as investigators worked to identity the dead early Saturday while piecing together the path of the gunman ... J. Paul Vance, a spokesman for the Connecticut State Police. Timeline. School violence in U.S ... J ... HIDE CAPTION. << ... 1....(size: 24.9Kb)
noodls
14 Dec 2012
(Source. Manchester United plc) WHAT THE PAPERS SAY. 14/12/2012 10.05. Mark Ogden writes in the Telegraph... United get green light to pursue Lewandowski ... Dortmund rejected a bid from United for Lewandowski in August, with the Bundesliga champions currently valuing the former Lech Poznan player at £24.4 million ... "We will have to make decisions in this case at the end of the season." Watzke said. "We may decide on economical factors ... (noodl....(size: 2.7Kb)
The Examiner
14 Dec 2012
... Schulz Edit) [Live from Mandarine Nightclub, Buenos Aires] Yura Moonlight - Harrier [Live from DJ Mag Top 100 Party at Ministry of Sound, London] Skytech - What's Wrong (Skytech Stadium Mix) [Live from Planeta Born to Party, Poznan] Johnny Yono - Fairfax (Markus Schulz Edit) [Live from Metro Theatre, Sydney] Susana & Dark Matters - Home (Mr....(size: 4.5Kb)
Irish Times
13 Dec 2012
BARRY ROCHE. Cork Airport suffered a blow yesterday with the news that Hungarian low- cost carrier Wizz Air is to cease three of its services from the airport to Eastern Europe ... It will continue to operate services from Cork to Gdansk, Poznan and Katowice in Poland ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
Stockhouse
13 Dec 2012
Film to Open in IMAX Theatres Across North America Dec. 14. LOS ANGELES, Dec. 12, 2012 /CNW/ - IMAX Corporation (NYSE. IMAX; TSX. IMX) today announced that Peter Jackson's The Hobbit. An Unexpected Journey, a production of New Line Cinema and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures (MGM), the first of a trilogy of films adapting the enduringly popular masterpiece The Hobbit, by J.R.R ... 14. (Logo ... 14. ... St ... Poznan – Cinema City Orange Poznan IMAX**....(size: 36.8Kb)
CBC
12 Dec 2012
Scientists have found the first clear evidence that humans made cheese more than 7,000 years ago in prehistoric Europe ... (Carrie Antlfinger/Associated Press) ... But testing conducted by researchers at the University of Bristol, Princeton University, and scientists in Lodz, Gdansk and Poznan in Poland showed that their hunches were correct, Salque said ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
StreetInsider
12 Dec 2012
Film to Open in IMAX Theatres Across North America Dec. 14. Tweet. LOS ANGELES, Dec. 12, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- IMAX Corporation (NYSE. IMAX; TSX. IMX) today announced that Peter Jackson's The Hobbit. An Unexpected Journey, a production of New Line Cinema and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures (MGM), the first of a trilogy of films adapting the enduringly popular masterpiece The Hobbit, by J.R.R ... 14. (Logo ... Poznan – Cinema City Orange Poznan IMAX** ... ....(size: 36.0Kb)
Business Insider
07 Dec 2012
Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal celebrates return to Gaza Hillary Clinton arrives in Belfast for talks Brazil restaurants offer half price meals for people with gastric bands. There Is A Fatal Flaw In Arsenal's Philosophy. CITI'S MATT KING PRESENTS. 'The Most Depressing Slide I've Ever Created'. Facebook And Microsoft Are Working On A Deal, And It Could Change Everything About Advertising ... Sunderland fans gloated by performing the Poznan ... ....(size: 6.7Kb)
Orange News
06 Dec 2012
Tweet. Commuters may face further disruptions in parts of the UK as forecasters predict more snow, a day after air and train passengers endured miserable delays ... While England and Wales are expected to enjoy milder conditions on Thursday, Scotland is braced for more cold temperatures and snow ... ... Patrycja Kubiak, from Poznan in Poland, was due to fly home on the 7.05am flight, but at around 8.30am she was told it had been cancelled ... .....(size: 4.6Kb)
Skynews
06 Dec 2012
Commuters may face further disruptions in parts of the UK as forecasters predict more snow, a day after air and train passengers endured miserable delays. ... While England and Wales are expected to enjoy milder conditions on Thursday, Scotland is braced for more cold temperatures and snow. ... ... Patrycja Kubiak, from Poznan in Poland, was due to fly home on the 7.05am flight, but at around 8.30am she was told it had been cancelled. ... .....(size: 8.0Kb)
Newstrack India
05 Dec 2012
Tweet. Chandigarh, Dec 5 (IANS) One of them is just nine years of age and a few others are 10 to 12, while the the rest are teenagers. But their age is no deterrent to their enthusiasm ... The group of folk performers, "Cepelia-Poznan", is not here on a student exchange programme; neither is this an academic trip ... In the group are children from kindergarten, primary and secondary schools from Poznan and towns in its neighbourhood in Poland....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
05 Dec 2012
The cold snap was forecast to continue into the weekend after dozens of flights were cancelled, trains were delayed and roads were blocked when the first snow of winter fell in the South on Wednesday morning ... London News Pictures. 3.09PM GMT 05 Dec 2012 ... She said the weather in Poznan, where she lives, is frequently cold, but they cope with the snow. "It was snowing in Poznan yesterday and they just had minor delays," she added ... ... ....(size: 10.9Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
05 Dec 2012
The Home Counties woke up to the first snow of winter as airports closed to clear runways and flights were cancelled ... Chris Radburn/PA. By Tom Rowley. 10.45AM GMT 05 Dec 2012. Comments ... Forecasters said up to an inch could lie on the ground ... Related Articles ... She said the weather in Poznan, where she lives, is frequently cold, but they cope with the snow. "It was snowing in Poznan yesterday and they just had minor delays," she added ... ... ....(size: 12.1Kb)
This article is about the city in Poland. For other uses, see Poznan (disambiguation).
| Poznań | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 Upper Middle: Poznań Town Hall and market place Lower Middle: Długa Street, Jesuit College Bottom: Panorama of Poznań at dusk |
|||
|
|||
 Poznań
|
|||
| Coordinates: 52°24′N 16°55′E / 52.4°N 16.917°E / 52.4; 16.917 | |||
| Country |  Poland |
||
| Voivodeship |  Greater Poland |
||
| County | city county | ||
| Established | 8th century | ||
| Town rights | 1253 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Ryszard Grobelny | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 261.85 km2 (101.10 sq mi) | ||
| Highest elevation | 154 m (505 ft) | ||
| Lowest elevation | 60 m (200 ft) | ||
| Population (2009) | |||
| • City | 556,022 | ||
| • Density | 2,100/km2 (5,500/sq mi) | ||
| • Metro | 943,700 | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 60-001 to 61-890 | ||
| Area code(s) | +48 61 | ||
| Car plates | PO | ||
| Website | http://www.poznan.pl/ | ||
Poznań [ˈpɔznaɲ] ( listen) (Latin: Posnania; German: Posen; Yiddish: פוזנא or פּױזן Poyzn) is a city on the Warta river in west-central Poland, with a population of 556,022 in June 2009. It is among the oldest cities in Poland, and was one of the most important centres in the early Polish state, whose first rulers were buried at Poznań's cathedral. It is sometimes claimed to be the first capital of the kingdom of Poland.
Poznań is now Poland's fifth largest city. It is the historical capital of the Wielkopolska ("Greater Poland") region, and is currently the administrative capital of the province called Greater Poland Voivodeship.
Poznań is an important centre of trade, industry, and education, and hosts regular international trade fairs. It was the host city for the United Nations Climate Change Conference in December 2008, a key stage in the creation of a successor to the Kyoto Protocol. Poznań was a candidate city for European Capital of Culture in 2016. Poznań is currently bidding to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. [1] The local football team has been responsible for the spread of the eponymous goal celebration to Manchester City and to a lesser extent throughout the United Kingdom. Poznań is one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012.
Contents |
Names[link]
The name Poznań probably comes from a personal name Poznan (from the Polish participle poznan(y) – "one who is known/recognized") and would mean "Poznan's town". It is also possible that the name comes directly from the verb poznać, which means "to get to know" or "to recognize". It may simply mean "known town".
The earliest surviving references to the city are found in the chronicles of Thietmar of Merseburg, written between 1012 and 1018: episcopus Posnaniensis ("bishop of Poznań", in an entry for 970) and ab urbe Posnani ("from the city of Poznań", for 1005). The city's name appears in documents in the Latin nominative case as Posnania in 1236 and Poznania in 1247. The phrase in Poznan appears in 1146 and 1244.
The city's full official name is Stołeczne Miasto Poznań ("The Capital City of Poznań"), in reference to its role as a centre of political power in the early Polish state. Poznań is known as Posen in German, and was officially called Haupt- und Residenzstadt Posen ("Capital and Residence City of Poznań") between 20 August 1910 and 28 November 1918. The Latin names of the city are Posnania and Civitas Posnaniensis. Its Yiddish name is פּױזן, or Poyzn.
The Russian version of the name, Познань (Poznan'), is of feminine gender, in contrast to the Polish name, which is masculine.
History[link]
Main article: History of Poznań
See also: Historical population of Poznań
For centuries before the Christianization of Poland, Poznań (consisting of a fortified stronghold between the Warta and Cybina rivers, on what is now Ostrów Tumski) was an important cultural and political centre of the Polan tribe. Mieszko I, the first historically recorded ruler of the Polans, and of the early Polish state which they dominated, built one of his main stable headquarters in Poznań. Mieszko's baptism of 966, seen as a defining moment in the establishment of the Polish state, may have taken place in Poznań.
Following the baptism, construction began of Poznań's cathedral, the first in Poland. Poznań was probably the main seat of the first missionary bishop sent to Poland, Bishop Jordan. The Congress of Gniezno in 1000 led to the country's first permanent archbishopric being established in Gniezno (which is generally regarded as Poland's capital in that period), although Poznań continued to have independent bishops of its own. Poznań's cathedral was the place of burial of the early Piast monarchs (Mieszko I, Boleslaus I, Mieszko II, Casimir I), and later of Przemysł I and King Przemysł II.
The pagan reaction that followed Mieszko II's death (probably in Poznań) in 1034 left the region weak, and in 1038 Bretislaus I of Bohemia sacked and destroyed both Poznań and Gniezno. Poland was reunited under Casimir I the Restorer in 1039, but the capital was moved to Kraków, which had been relatively unaffected by the troubles.
In 1138, by the testament of Bolesław III, Poland was divided into separate duchies under the late king's sons, and Poznań and its surroundings became the domain of Mieszko III the Old, the first of the Dukes of Greater Poland. This period of fragmentation lasted until 1320. Duchies frequently changed hands; control of Poznań, Gniezno and Kalisz sometimes lay with a single duke, but at other times these constituted separate duchies.
In about 1249, Duke Przemysł I began constructing what would become the Royal Castle on a hill on the left bank of the Warta. Then in 1253 Przemysł issued a charter to Thomas of Guben (Gubin) for the founding of a town under Magdeburg law, between the castle and the river. Thomas brought a large number of German settlers to aid in the building and settlement of the city – this is an example of the German eastern migration (Ostsiedlung) characteristic of that period.[2][3] The city (covering the area of today's Old Town neighbourhood) was surrounded by a defensive wall, integrated with the castle.
In reunited Poland, and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poznań was the seat of a voivodeship. The city's importance began to grow in the Jagiellonian period, due to its position on trading routes from Lithuania and Ruthenia to western Europe. It would become a major centre for the fur trade by the late 16th century. Suburban settlements developed around the city walls, on the river islands and on the right bank, with some (Ostrów Tumski, Śródka, Chwaliszewo, Ostrówek) obtaining their own town charters. However the city's development was hampered by regular major fires and floods. On 2 May 1536 a blaze destroyed 175 buildings, including the castle, the town hall, the monastery and the suburban settlement called St. Martin.[4] In 1519 the Lubrański Academy had been established in Poznań as an institution of higher education (but without the right to award degrees, which was reserved to Kraków's Jagiellonian University). However a Jesuits' college, founded in the city in 1571 during the Counter-Reformation, had the right to award degrees from 1611 until 1773, when it was combined with the Academy.
In the second half of the 17th century and most of the eighteenth, Poznań was severely affected by a series of wars (and attendant military occupations, lootings and destruction) – the Second and Third Northern Wars, the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years' War and the Bar Confederation rebellion. It was also hit by frequent outbreaks of plague, and by floods, particularly that of 1736, which destroyed most of the suburban buildings. The population of the conurbation declined (from 20,000 around 1600 to 6,000 around 1730), and Bambergian and Dutch settlers (Bambrzy and Olędrzy) were brought in to rebuild the devastated suburbs. In 1778 a "Committee of Good Order" (Komisja Dobrego Porządku) was established in the city, which oversaw rebuilding efforts and reorganized the city's administration. However in 1793, in the Second Partition of Poland, Poznań, came under the control of the Kingdom of Prussia, becoming part of (and initially the seat of) the province of South Prussia.
The Prussian authorities expanded the city boundaries, making the walled city and its closest suburbs into a single administrative unit. Left-bank suburbs were incorporated in 1797, and Ostrów Tumski, Chwaliszewo, Śródka, Ostrówek and Łacina (St. Roch) in 1800. The old city walls were taken down in the early 19th century, and major development took place to the west of the old city, with many of the main streets of today's city centre being laid out.
In the Greater Poland Uprising of 1806, Polish soldiers and civilian volunteers assisted the efforts of Napoleon by driving out Prussian forces from the region. The city became a part of the Duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and was the seat of Poznań Department - a unit of administrative division and local government. However in 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the region was returned to Prussia, and Poznań became the capital of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Posen.
The city continued to expand, and various projects were funded by Polish philanthropists, such as the Raczyński Library and the Bazar hotel. The city's first railway, running to Stargard in Pommern (now Stargard Szczeciński), opened in 1848. Due to its strategic location, the Prussian authorities intended to make Poznań into a fortress city, building a ring of defensive fortifications around it. Work began on the citadel (Fort Winiary) in 1828, and in subsequent years the entire set of defences (Festung Posen) was completed.
A Greater Poland Uprising during the Revolutions of 1848 was ultimately unsuccessful, and the Grand Duchy lost its remaining autonomy, Poznań becoming simply the capital of the Prussian Province of Posen. It would become part of the German Empire with the unification of German states in 1871. Polish patriots continued to form societies (such as the Central Economic Society for the Grand Duchy of Poznań), and a Polish theatre (Teatr Polski, still functioning) opened in 1875; however the authorities made efforts to Germanize the region, particularly through the Prussian Settlement Commission (founded 1886). Germans accounted for 38% of the city's population in 1867, though this percentage would later decline somewhat, particularly after the region returned to Poland.
Another expansion of Festung Posen was planned, with an outer ring of more widely spaced forts around the perimeter of the city. Building of the first nine forts began in 1876, and nine intermediate forts were built from 1887. The inner ring of fortifications was now considered obsolete and came to be mostly taken down by the early 20th century (although the citadel remained in use). This made space for further civilian construction, particularly the Imperial Palace ("Zamek"), completed 1910, and other grand buildings around it (including today's central university buildings and the opera house). The city's boundaries were also significantly extended to take in former suburban villages: Piotrowo and Berdychowo in 1896, Łazarz, Górczyn, Jeżyce and Wilda in 1900, and Sołacz in 1907.
After World War I the Greater Poland Uprising (1918–1919) brought Poznań and most of the region under Polish control, confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles. The local populace had to acquire Polish citizenship or leave the country. This led to a significant decline of ethnic Germans, whose number decreased from 65,321 in 1910 to 5,980 in 1926 and further to 4,387 in 1934.[5] In the interwar Second Polish Republic, the city again became the capital of Poznań Voivodeship. Poznań's university (today called Adam Mickiewicz University) was founded in 1919, and in 1925 the Poznań International Fairs began. In 1929 the fairs site was the venue for a major National Exhibition (Powszechna Wystawa Krajowa, popularly PeWuKa) marking the tenth anniversary of independence; it attracted around 4.5 million visitors. The city's boundaries were again expanded in 1925 (to include Główna, Komandoria, Rataje, Starołęka, Dębiec, Szeląg and Winogrady) and 1933 (Golęcin, Podolany).
During the German occupation of 1939–1945, Poznań was incorporated into the Third Reich as the capital of Reichsgau Wartheland. Many Polish inhabitants were executed, arrested, expelled to the General Government or used as forced labour; at the same time many Germans and Volksdeutsche were settled in the city. The pre-war Jewish population of about 2,000 [6] were mostly murdered in the Holocaust. A concentration camp for perceived enemies was set up in Fort VII, one of the 19th-century perimeter forts (the camp was later moved to Żabikowo south of Poznań). The Nazi authorities significantly expanded Poznań's boundaries to include most of the present-day area of the city; these boundaries were retained after the war. Poznań fell to the Red Army (assisted by Polish volunteers) on 23 February 1945 following the Battle of Poznań, in which the German army conducted a last-ditch defence in line with Hitler's designation of the city as a Festung. The Citadel was the last point to fall, and the fighting left much of the city (particularly the Old Town) in ruins.
Due to the expulsions of Germans from Polish territory (and the fact that many Germans had left as the Soviets advanced), Poznań's post-war population was almost uniformly Polish. The city again became a voivodeship capital; in 1950 the size of Poznań Voivodeship was reduced, and the city itself was given separate voivodeship status. This status was lost in the 1975 reforms, which also significantly reduced the size of Poznań Voivodeship.
The Poznań 1956 protests are seen as an early expression of resistance to communist rule. In June 1956, a protest by workers at the city's Cegielski locomotive factory developed into a series of strikes and popular protests against the policies of the government. After a protest march on June 28 was fired on, crowds attacked the communist party and secret police headquarters, where they were repulsed by gunfire. Riots continued for two days until being quelled by the army; 67 people were killed according to official figures.
The post-war years had seen much reconstruction work on buildings damaged in the fighting. From the 1960s onwards intensive housing development took place, consisting mainly of pre-fabricated concrete blocks of flats, especially in Rataje and Winogrady, and later (following its incorporation into the city in 1974) Piątkowo. Another infrastructural change (completed in 1968) was the rerouting of the river Warta to follow two straight branches either side of Ostrów Tumski.
The most recent expansion of the city's boundaries took place in 1987, with the addition of new areas mainly to the north, including Morasko, Radojewo and Kiekrz. The first free local elections following the fall of communism took place in 1990. With the Polish local government reforms of 1999, Poznań again became the capital of a larger province (Greater Poland Voivodeship). It also became the seat of a powiat ("Poznań County"), with the city itself gaining separate powiat status.
Recent infrastructural developments include the opening of the fast tram route (Poznański Szybki Tramwaj, popularly Pestka) in 1997, and Poznań's first motorway connection (part of the A2 autostrada) in 2003. In 2006 Poland's first F-16 Fighting Falcons came to be stationed at the 31st Air Base in Krzesiny in the south-east of the city.
Poznań continues to host regular trade fairs and international events, including the United Nations Climate Change Conference. It is one of the host cities for UEFA Euro 2012. Irish people have recently been flocking to the city as their football team plays there.
Geography[link]
Poznań covers an area of 261.3 km2 (100.9 sq mi), and has coordinates in the range 52°17'34''–52°30'27''N, 16°44'08''–17°04'28''E. Its highest point, with an altitude of 157 m (515 ft), is the summit of Góra Moraska (Morasko Hill) within the Morasko meteorite nature reserve in the north of the city. The lowest altitude is 60 m (197 ft), in the Warta valley.
Poznań's main river is the Warta, which flows through the city from south to north. As it approaches the city centre it divides into two branches, flowing west and east of Ostrów Tumski (the cathedral island) and meeting again further north. The smaller Cybina river flows through eastern Poznań to meet the east branch of the Warta (that branch is also called Cybina – its northern section was originally a continuation of that river, while its southern section has been artificially widened to form a main stream of the Warta). Other tributaries of the Warta within Poznań are the Junikowo Stream (Strumień Junikowski), which flows through southern Poznań from the west, meeting the Warta just outside the city boundary in Luboń; the Bogdanka and Wierzbak, formerly two separate tributaries flowing from the north-west and along the north side of the city centre, now with their lower sections diverted underground; the Główna, flowing through the neighbourhood of the same name in north-east Poznań; and the Rose Stream (Strumień Różany) flowing east from Morasko in the north of the city. The course of the Warta in central Poznań was formerly quite different than today: the main stream ran between Grobla and Chwaliszewo, which were originally both islands. The branch west of Grobla (the Zgniła Warta – "rotten Warta") was filled in late in the 19th century, and the former main stream west of Chwaliszewo was diverted and filled in during the 1960s. This was done partly to prevent floods, which did serious damage to Poznań frequently throughout history.
Poznań's largest lake is Jezioro Kierskie (Kiekrz Lake) in the extreme north-west of the city (within the city boundaries since 1987). Other large lakes include Malta (an artificial lake on the lower Cybina, formed in 1952), Jezioro Strzeszyńskie (Strzeszyn Lake) on the Bogdanka, and Rusałka, an artificial lake further down the Bogdanka, formed in 1943. The latter two are popular bathing places. Kiekrz Lake is much used for sailing, while Malta is a competitive rowing and canoeing venue.
The city centre (including the Old Town, the former islands of Grobla and Chwaliszewo, the main street Święty Marcin and many other important buildings and districts) lies on the west side of the Warta. Opposite it between the two branches of the Warta is Ostrów Tumski, containing Poznań Cathedral and other ecclesiatical buildings, as well as housing and industrial facilities. Facing the cathedral on the east bank of the river is the historic district of Śródka. Large areas of apartment blocks, built from the 1960s onwards, include Rataje in the east, and Winogrady and Piątkowo north of the centre. Older residential and commercial districts include those of Wilda, Łazarz and Górczyn to the south, and Jeżyce to the west. There are also significant areas of forest within the city boundaries, particularly in the east adjoining Swarzędz, and around the lakes in the north-west.
For more details on Poznań's geography, see the articles on the five districts: Stare Miasto, Nowe Miasto, Jeżyce, Grunwald and Wilda.
Climate[link]
The climate of Poznań is continental humid with relatively cold winters and fairly hot summers. Snow is common in winter, when night-time temperatures are typically below zero. In summer temperatures may often reach 30 °C (86 °F). Annual rainfall is less than 500 mm, among the lowest in Poland. The rainiest month is July, mainly due to short but intense cloudbursts and thunderstorms. The number of hours of sunshine is among the highest in the country.
| Climate data for Poznań | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15.0 (59.0) |
16.6 (61.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
34.0 (93.2) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.7 (99.9) |
34.1 (93.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
2.9 (37.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.1 (71.8) |
24.6 (76.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
6.7 (44.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.8 (49.6) |
14.9 (58.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.3 (59.5) |
9.9 (49.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.6 (23.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.3 (52.3) |
5.9 (42.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −28.5 (−19.3) |
−27.6 (−17.7) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−3 (26.6) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.7 (40.5) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−22.4 (−8.3) |
−28.5 (−19.3) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 25 (0.98) |
23 (0.91) |
30 (1.18) |
38 (1.5) |
45 (1.77) |
62 (2.44) |
70 (2.76) |
58 (2.28) |
35 (1.38) |
39 (1.54) |
37 (1.46) |
30 (1.18) |
492 (19.37) |
| % humidity | 81 | 82 | 75 | 68 | 63 | 68 | 70 | 72 | 74 | 77 | 80 | 82 | 74 |
| Avg. precipitation days | 14 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 9 | 12 | 14 | 12 | 142 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 56 | 67 | 118 | 179 | 230 | 237 | 236 | 229 | 171 | 122 | 55 | 40 | 1,740 |
| Source: Polish Central Statistical Office | |||||||||||||
Administrative division[link]
Main article: Administrative division of Poznań
Poznań is divided into 42 neighbourhoods (osiedles), each of which has its own elected council with certain decision-making and spending powers. The first uniform elections for these councils covering the whole area of the city were held on 20 March 2011.
For certain administrative purposes, the old division into five dzielnicas is used (although these ceased to be governmental units in 1990). These were:
- Stare Miasto ("Old Town"), population 161,200, area 47.1 km2 (18.2 sq mi), covering the central and northern parts of the city
- Nowe Miasto ("New Town"), population 141,424, area 105.1 km2 (40.6 sq mi), including all parts of the city on the right (east) bank of the Warta
- Grunwald, population 125,500, area 36.2 km2 (14.0 sq mi), covering the south-western parts of the city
- Jeżyce, population 81,300, area 57.9 km2 (22.4 sq mi), covering the north-western parts of the city
- Wilda, population 62,290, area 15.0 km2 (5.8 sq mi), in the southern part of the city
Economy[link]
See also: List of corporations in Poznań
Poznań has been an important trade centre since the Middle Ages. Starting in the 19th century, local heavy industry began to grow. Several major factories were built, including the Hipolit Cegielski steel mill and railway factory (see H. Cegielski - Poznań S.A.).
Nowadays Poznań is one of the major trade centers in Poland. Poznań is regarded as the second most prosperous city in Poland after Warsaw. The city of Poznań produced PLN 31.8 billion of Poland's gross domestic product in 2006. The city also boasts a GDP per capita of 200,4% (2008) of Poland's average. Furthermore, Poznań had very low unemployment rate of 2.3% as of May 2009. For comparison, Poland's national unemployment rate was over 10%.
Many Western European companies have established their Polish headquarters in Poznań, or in the nearby towns of Tarnowo Podgórne and Swarzędz. Most foreign investors are German and Dutch companies (see List of corporations in Poznań), along with a few others. Investors are mostly from the food processing, furniture, automotive and transport and logistics industries. Foreign companies are primarily attracted by low labour costs, but also by the relatively good road and railway network, good vocational skills of workers and relatively liberal employment laws.
The recently built Stary Browar shopping center contains many high-end shops and is considered one of the best in Europe. It has won an award for the best shopping center in the world in the medium-sized commercial buildings category. Other notable shopping centers in the city include Galeria Malta, one of the largest in Central Europe, and the shops at the Hotel Bazar, a historical hotel and commercial center in the Old Town.
Transport[link]
Poznań has an extensive public transport system, consisting of trams (see Tramways in Poznań, especially Poznański Szybki Tramwaj) and urban and suburban buses. The main railway station is Poznań Central Station to the south-west of the city centre; there is also the smaller Poznań Wschód and Poznań Garbary station north-east of the centre, and a number of other stations on the outskirts of the city. The main east-west A2 motorway runs south of the city; other main roads run in the directions of Warsaw, Bydgoszcz, Wągrowiec, Oborniki, Katowice, Wrocław, Buk and Berlin. An intensive programme of road building and improvement in and around the city is underway in preparation for the hosting of matches in the Euro 2012 football championships. Poznań has also one of the biggest airports on the west of Poland called Poznań-Ławica Airport. In 2010 it handled approximately 1.5 million passengers.
-
Motorway A2 in Poznań
-
Solaris Urbino Bus
-
SA108-001 Train
Culture and sights[link]
Poznań has many historic buildings and sights, mostly concentrated around the Old Town and other parts of the city centre. Many of these lie on the Royal-Imperial Route in Poznań – a tourist walk leading through the most important parts of the city showing its history, culture and identity.
Perhaps the most important cultural event in Poznań is the annual Malta theatre festival, which takes place at many city venues usually in late June and early July. It hosts mainly modern experimental off-theatre performances, often taking place on squares and other public spaces. It also includes cinema, visual, music and dancing events.
Classical music events include the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition (held every 5 years), and classical music concerts by the city's Philharmonic Orchestra held each month in the University Aula. Especially popular are concerts by the Poznań Nightingales.
Every year on the 11th of November, Poznanians celebrate The Day of St. Marcin Street. A procession of horses, with St. Marcin at the head, parades along St Marcin Street, in front of The Imperial Castle. Everybody can eat delicious croissants, the regional product of Poznań.
Poznań hosted the 2009 European Young Adults Meeting of the ecumenical Christian Taizé Community.
Poznań also stages the "Ale Kino!" International Young Audience Film Festival in December and the "Off Cinema" festival of independent films. Poznań has several cinemas, including both multiplexes and smaller cinemas, an opera house and several other theatres, as well as museums.
The "Rozbrat" squat serves not only as a home for squatters, but also as a centre of independent and open-minded culture. It hosts frequent gigs, as well as an anarchistic library, vernissages, exhibitions, annual birthday festival (each October), poetry evenings, graffiti festivals and so on.
The city centre has many clubs, pubs and coffee houses, mainly in the area of the Old Town.
Education[link]
Main article: Education in Poznań
Poznań has a few state-owned universities and a number of smaller, mostly private-run colleges and institutions of higher education. Adam Mickiewicz University (abbreviated UAM in Polish, AMU in English) is one of the most influential and biggest universities in Poland:
- University of Fine Arts in Poznań
- Academy of Music in Poznań
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- Poznań University of Economics
- Poznań University of Medical Sciences
- Poznań University of Technology
- Poznań University School of Physical Education
- University of Life Sciences in Poznań
Scientific and regional organizations[link]
- Poznań Society of Friends of Arts and Sciences
- Poznań Supercomputing and Networking Center
- Western Institute
Sports[link]
- Tor Poznań – circuit in Poznań
- AZS AWF Poznań – women's volleyball team playing in Polish Seria A Women's Volleyball League: 8th place in 2003/2004 season.
- AZS Poznań – women's basketball team playing in Torell Basket Liga: 2nd place in 2003/2004 season (formerly also called Danter AZS Poznań and Stary Browar AZS Poznań)
- KKS Lech Poznań – men's football team (Polish Champion: 1983, 1984, 1990, 1992, 1993, 2010; Polish Cup winner 1982, 1984, 1988, 2004, 2009 ; Polish SuperCup winner 1990, 1992, 2004, 2009)
- UKS Stoper Poznań – men's football team
- KS AZS AWF Poznań – men's field hockey team
- KS Energetyk – rhythmic gymnastics club
- KS Pocztowiec Poznań – men's field hockey team
- KTKFiT Błękitny Express Lech Poznań – men's field hockey team
- Lake Malta in Poznań hosted the World Rowing Championships in 2009 and has previously hosted some regattas in the Rowing World Cup. It also hosted the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships (sprint canoe) in 1990 and 2001, and will do so again in 2010.
- Malta Ski – year-long skiing complex (hosting minor sport competitions), toboggan run, minigolf course
- MKS Dąbrówka – rhythmic gymnastics club, synchronized swimming
- Polonia Poznań – men's football team
- PSŻ Poznań – motorcycle speedway team
- SSW Malta Poznań – roller skating club
- TPS Winogrady Poznań – men's football team
- UKS Szóstka – synchronized swimming, football
- UKS Wanda – synchronized swimming
- U-19 Euro Championship in VI 2006 – Open and Final.
- Warta Poznań – men's football team (Polish Champion: 1929, 1947), currently plays in the Polish First League.
- WKS Grunwald Poznań – sports club with sections in field hockey, shooting, wrestling, handball and tennis.
- KS Sobieski Poznań – wrestling.
Politics[link]
Municipal politics[link]
Since the end of the communist era in 1989, Poznań municipality and suburban area have invested heavily in infrastructure, especially public transport and administration. That results in a massive investment from foreign companies in Poznań as well as in communities west and south of Poznań (namely, Kórnik and Tarnowo Podgórne). One of the most important values of Poznań is the positive attitude of public administration towards investments, and less bureaucracy than elsewhere in Poland.
City investments into transportation were mostly into public transport. While the number of cars since 1989 has at least doubled, the policy of improving public transport gave good effects. Limiting car access to the city center, building new tram lines (including Poznański Szybki Tramwaj) and investing in new rolling stock (such as modern Combino trams by Siemens and Solaris low-floor buses) actually increased the level of ridership. This is a notable success, even considering the fact that Polish society only possesses about half of the "old EU"'s purchasing power, hence not everybody can afford to own a car.
Future investments into transportation include the construction of a third bypass of Poznań, and the completion of A2 (E30) motorway towards Berlin. New cycle lanes are being built, linking to existing ones, and an attempt is currently being made to develop a Karlsruhe-style light rail system for commuters. All this is made more complicated (and more expensive) by the heavy neglect of transport infrastructure throughout the Communist era.
See also: Tramways in Poznań
Constituency[link]
Members of Sejm elected in 2005 from Poznań constituency:
- Arkady Radosław Fiedler, PO
- Waldy Dzikowski, PO
- Maria Pasło-Wiśniewska, PO
- Dariusz Lipiński, PO
- Michał Stuligrosz, PO
- Tomasz Górski, PiS
- Jan Filip Libicki, PiS
- Małgorzata Stryjska, PiS
- Jacek Tomczak, PiS
- Krystyna Łybacka, SLD
Members of European Parliament elected from Poznań constituency:
- Filip Kaczmarek, PO
- Jan Kułakowski, Unia Wolności
- Marcin Libicki, PiS
- Jan Masiel, Samoobrona
- Marek Siwiec, SLD
- Witold Tomczak, LPR
International relations[link]
Twin towns[link]
|
Sister cities[link]
Gallery[link]
-
Old Market Square and Poznan City Hall
-
Houses on the Old Market Square
-
Old Market Square houses at evening
-
Old Market Square by night
-
U.A.M Park
-
Bamberka fountain on the Old Market Square
-
View of Owińska
-
Aquanet water supply company
-
Stary Browar in Poznań
-
Poznań - Collegium Minus - Adam Mickiewicz University
-
Poznań Collegium Minus by night
-
South view of Poznań Collegium Minus
-
Poznań Collegium Iuridicum
-
Guard house
-
View of Basilica of St.Peter and St.Paul from the south by night in Poznań
-
Remanents of grave of Mieszko I, underground of Poznań Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul
-
Remanents of grave of Bolesław Chrobry, underground of Poznań Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul
-
Absyda Floriana
-
Academy of Music
-
Baroque Collegiate Church, built 1651–1701
-
Jesuit College established by King Sigismund III Vasa in 1611
-
Western Institute
Notable residents[link]
 |
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See also: Category:People from Poznań
- Anna Anderson (c. 1900–1984), pretender of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
- Ryszard "Peja" Andrzejewski (born 1976), rapper
- Barbara Antkowiak (born 1987), designer
- Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière (1886–1941), German U-boat commander
- Isidor Ascheim (1891–1968), painter and printmaker
- Stanisław Barańczak (born 1946), poet
- Herbert Baum (1912–1942) resistance fighter
- Zygmunt Bauman (born 1925), sociologist
- Bernhard Baumeister (1828–1917), actor
- Józef Brzeziński, biologist
- Brigitte Burmeister (died 1940), novelist
- Heinrich Caro (1834–1910), chemist
- Hipolit Cegielski (1815–1868), businessman
- Dezydery Chłapowski (1788–1848), general
- August Cieszkowski (1814–1894), philosopher
- Antoni Czubiński (1928–2003), historian
- Leopold Damrosch (1832–1885), conductor
- Ludwig Dessoir, (1810–1874), actor
- Franciszek Dobrowolski (1830–1896), theater director
- Tytus Działyński (1796–1861), political activist
- Małgorzata Dydek (1974–2011), basketball player
- Akiva Eiger (1761–1837), Rabbi of Poznań (1815–1837)
- Jean Paul Ertel (1865–1933), composer
- Ewaryst Estkowski (1820–1856), teacher
- Fredrak Fraske (1872–1973), the last surviving United States veteran of the Indian Wars
- Johannes Gad (1842–1926), neurophysiologist
- Jean Gebser (1905–1973), human consciousness scientist
- Eduard Gerhard (1795–1867), archaeologist
- Friedrich Goltz (1834–1902), physiologist
- Konstanty Gorski (1859–1924), composer and violinist
- Paul von Hindenburg (1847–1934), Field Marshal and President of the Weimar Republic
- Maksymilian Jackowski (1815–1905), activist
- John Jonston (1603–1675), naturalist and physician
- Stefan Jurga (born 1946), professor and rector of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (1996–2002)
- Jan A.P. Kaczmarek (born 1954), composer
- Richard Kandt (1867–1918), doctor and explorer
- Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (1895–1963), historian
- Marek Karpinski, computer scientist
- Günther von Kluge (1882–1944), Field Marshal
- Krzysztof Komeda (1931–1969), jazz musician
- Leo Königsberger (1837–1921), mathematician
- Antoni Kraszewski (1797–1870), politician
- Max Kretzer (1854–1941), writer
- Antoni Krzyżanowski, 19th century architect
- Jerzy Kurczewski, (1924–1995), boys choral conductor
- Gerard Labuda (born 1916), historian
- Arthur Liebehenschel (1901–1948), commandant of Auschwitz and Majdanek
- Paul Leonhardt (1877–1934), chess master
- Karol Libelt (1807–1875), philosopher
- Włodzimierz Łęcki (born 1937), politician and writer
- Andrzej Maleszka (born 1955), theatre and movie director
- Karol Marcinkowski (1800–1848), physician and social activist
- Władysław Markiewicz (born 1920), sociologist
- Teofil Matecki (1810–1886), philosopher
- Heinrich Mendelssohn (1881–1959), building tycoon
- Karl-Friedrich Merten (1905–1993), U-boat commander
- Maciej Mielżyński (1799–1870), politician
- Julius Moses (1868–1942), politician
- Małgorzata Musierowicz (born 1945), novelist
- Andrzej Niegolewski (1787–1857), colonel
- Władysław Niegolewski (1814–1880), politician
- Gustav Oelsner (1879–1956), architect
- Władysław Oleszczyński (1809–1866), sculptor
- Lilli Palmer (1914–1986), actress
- Janusz Pałubicki (born 1948), politician
- Kazimierz Piwarski, (1903–1968), historian
- Gustaw Potworowski (1800–1860), activist
- Tomasz Przybecki (born 1981), articled clerk
- Edward Raczyński (1786–1845), politician
- Cyryl Ratajski (1875–1942), mayor of Poznań
- Antoni Radziwiłł (1775–1833), aristocrat
- Marian Rejewski (1905–1980), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
- Richard Rothe ( 1799–1867), Lutheran theologian.
- Jerzy Różycki (1927–1932), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
- Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (1915–2006), operatic coloratura-soprano, born in Jarocin
- Michał Sczaniecki (1910–1977), historian
- Józef Struś (1510–1568), scientist and mayor of Poznań
- Sir Paweł Edmund Strzelecki (July 20, 1797 – October 6, 1873), Polish explorer and geologist
- Stefan Stuligrosz (born 1920), choral conductor
- Rafał Szukała (born 1971), butterfly swimmer
- Roman Szymański (1840–1908), political activist
- Mirosław Szymkowiak (born 1976) football player
- Jerzy Topolski (1928–1998), historian
- Lech Trzeciakowski (born 1931), historian
- Jan Węglarz (born 1947), computer scientist
- Piotr Wiśniewski (born 1955), Statistician
- Zygmunt Wojciechowski, (1900–1955), historian and founder of the Western Institute
- Leon Wegner (1824–1873), economist
- Anna Wolff-Powęska, historian
- Henryk Zygalski (1906–1978), cryptoanalist, Enigma codemachine codebreaker
See also[link]
 |
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Posen (city). |
- Tourism in Poland
- History of Poland
- Royal coronations in Poland including in Poznań cathedral
- Poznań Fortress
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Six NOCs apply to host the 3rd Summer Youth Olympic Games in 2018
- ^ Brather, Sebastian (2001) (in German). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. 30. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 87, 156, 159. ISBN 3-11-017061-2.
- ^ Brather, Sebastian (2001) (in German). Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. 30. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. ISBN 3-11-017061-2. "Das städtische Bürgertum war auch in Polen und Böhmen zunächst überwiegend deutscher Herkunft. [English: Also in Poland and Bohemia were the burghers in the towns initially primarily of German origin.]"
- ^ J. Perles: Geschichte der Juden in Posen. In: Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. Vol. 13, Breslau 1864, pp. 321-334 (in German, online)
- ^ Kotowski, Albert S. (1998) (in German). Polens Politik gegenüber seiner deutschen Minderheit 1919-1939. Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa, University of Dortmund. p. 56. ISBN 3-447-03997-3. http://books.google.de/books?id=KVg_tMs_ZPIC&pg=PA365&dq=Goetheschule+Graudenz#v=onepage&q=adelnau&f=false.
- ^ "Survival artist: a memoir of the Holocaust", Eugene Bergman, 2009, pg. 20
- ^ "Poznań Official Website - Twin Towns".
(in Polish) © 1998–2008 Urząd Miasta Poznania. http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/publikacje/pages.html?co=list&id=19&ch=20&instance=1017&lang=pl. Retrieved 2008-11-29. - ^ "Brno - Partnerská města" (in Czech). © 2006-2009 City of Brno. http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ "Hanover - Twin Towns" (in German). © 2007-2009 Hannover.de - Offizielles Portal der Landeshauptstadt und der Region Hannover in Zusammenarbeit mit hier.de. http://www.hannover.de/de/buerger/entwicklung/partnerschaften/staedte_regionspartnerschaften/index.html. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
- ^ http://www.raanana.muni.il/English/Topics/My+City/Sister+Cities/
Bibliography[link]
- Frieder Monzer: Posen, Thorn, Bromberg (mit Großpolen, Kujawien und Südostpommern), Trescher Reiseführer, Berlin 2011
- Gotthold Rhode: Geschichte der Stadt Posen, Neuendettelsau 1953
- Collective work, Poznań. Dzieje, ludzie kultura, Poznań 1953
- Robert Alvis, Religion and the Rise of Nationalism: A Profile of an East-Central European City, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse 2005
- K. Malinowski (red.), Dziesięć wieków Poznania (in three volumes), Poznań 1956
- Collective work, Poznań, Poznań 1958
- Collective work, Poznań. Zarys historii, Poznań 1963
- Cz. Łuczak, Życie społeczno-gospodarcze w Poznaniu 1815–1918, Poznań 1965
- J. Topolski (red.), Poznań. Zarys dziejów, Poznań 1973
- Zygmunt Boras, Książęta Piastowscy Wielkopolski, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, Poznań 1983
- Jerzy Topolski (red.), Dzieje Poznania, Wydawnictwo PWN, Warszawa, Poznań 1988
- Alfred Kaniecki, Dzieje miasta wodą pisane, Wydawnictwo Aquarius, Poznań 1993
- Witold Maisel (red.), Przywileje miasta Poznania XIII-XVIII wieku. Privilegia civitatis Posnaniensis saeculorum XIII-XVIII. Władze Miasta Poznania, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, Wydawnictwa Żródłowe Komisji Historycznej, Tom XXIV, Wydawnictwo PTPN, Poznań 1994
- Wojciech Stankowski, Wielkopolska, Wydawnictwo WSiP, Warszawa 1999
External links[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Poznań |
- Official website of the City
- MPK - Public Transport Official Site
- Poznań at the Open Directory Project
- Poznań Multimedia City Guide - Official Municipality Site
- A Photo Gallery of Poznań by a tourist
- Interaktywny Poznań - city guide
- You are in Poznań - online bulletin for Foreigners
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