Allahabad ([ɪlɑhɑbɑd̪]; Hindi: इलाहाबाद; Urdu: الہ آباد), or Settled by God in Persian, is a major city of India and is one of the main holy cities of Hinduism. It was renamed by the Mughal emperor Akbar from the original (still unofficially used) native name of Prayaga, and is by some accounts the second-oldest city in India. It is located in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, lying some 205 kilometres (127 mi) south of the state capital, Lucknow. It is the administrative headquarters of the Allahabad District. Allahabad has been ranked the world's 130th fastest growing city (growth rate: 2.09 per cent (2011)).[citation needed] The ancient name of the city is Prayaga (Sanskrit for "place of sacrifice"), as it is believed to be the spot where Brahma offered his first sacrifice after creating the world. It is one of four sites of the mass Hindu pilgrimage Kumbh Mela, the others being Haridwar, Ujjain and Nashik. It has a position of importance in Hindu scriptures for it is situated at Triveni Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and the ancient Sarasvati River.[2]
Many government offices of both central and state government are present in the city, which is also home to India's 4th oldest university, AU and UP's single National Institutes of Technology
Allahabad is a home to seven out of fourteen Prime Ministers of India. Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, Gulzarilal Nanda, Vishwanath Pratap Singh and Chandra Shekhar were all either born in Allahabad, were alumni of Allahabad University or got elected from a constituency in Allahabad.[citation needed]
The Government of India has selected Allahabad as one of the mission cities for the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, with the goals of improving urban infrastructure, efficient governance and basic services to urban citizens.[3]
Other cities that are fairly close include Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow and Rewa.
The original native name of this city is Prayaga, representing the sacred union of the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. The name is still used by Indians to refer to the city.
The area became a part of the Mauryan and Gupta empires of the east and the Kushan empire of the west before becoming part of the Kannauj empire.
Allahabad became a part of the Mughal Empire after the Mughal invasion of India in 1526. The Mughal emperor Akbar built a magnificent fort in Allahabad. The city was the scene of Maratha incursions before colonial rule was imposed over India.[citation needed]
In 1765, the British established a garrison at Fort Allahabad. In 1857, Allahabad was active in the Indian Mutiny.[citation needed]
The annual convention of the Indian National Congress was held on the extensive grounds of Darbhanga Castle, Allahabad in 1888 and 1892.[4][5]
In 1931, at Alfred Park in Allahabad, the revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad killed himself when surrounded by the British Police. In the years of the struggle for Indian independence, the Nehru family homes of Anand Bhavan and Swaraj Bhavan, both in Allahabad, were at the center of the political activities of the Indian National Congress. Thousands of satyagrahis (nonviolent resistors) went to jail. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, was from Allahabad.[citation needed]
Surroundings of Allahabad.
Allahabad is at 25°27′N 81°50′E / 25.45°N 81.84°E / 25.45; 81.84 in the southern part of Uttar Pradesh at an elevation of 98 metres (322 ft) and stands at the confluence of two rivers, the Ganges and Yamuna. The region was known in antiquity as the Vats country. To its south and southeast is the Bagelkhand region, to its east is the mid Ganges valley of North India, or Purvanchal, to its southwest is the Bundelkhand region, to its north and northeast is the Awadh region and to its west along with Kaushambi it forms the Lower Doab region.
Allahabad stands at a strategic point both geographically and culturally. An important part of the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region, it is the last point of the Yamuna River and is the last frontier of the Indian west.
The land of the Allahabad district that falls between the Ganges and Yamuna is just like the rest of Doab, fertile but not too moist, and is especially suitable for the cultivation of wheat. The non-Doabi (southern and eastern) part of the district, are somewhat similar to those of adjoining Bundelkhand and Bagelkhand regions: dry and rocky.
Allahabad is 343 km (213 mi) north of Jabalpur on the same longitude. Indian Standard Time is calculated from 82.5° E longitude, just west of the town of Mirzapur, near Allahabad.
Allahabad has always been represented by political heavyweights. There have been renowned figures like Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Lal Bahadur Shastri, V. P. Singh, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, Amitabh Bachan, Murli Manohar Joshi, Rewati Raman Singh. Currently the constituency is represented by Rewti Raman Singh.
As of 2011[update] Allahabad city had a population of 1,216,719.[1] It is the 32nd most populous city in India.[citation needed] The sex ratio was 888, and 12.4% of the population were under the age of 6.[1] The effective literacy rate was 78.29%.[1]
Hindi, Urdu and English are spoken in Allahabad. The dialect of Hindi spoken in Allahabad is Awadhi, although Khariboli is most commonly used in the city area. In the eastern non-Doabi part of Allahabad district Bagheli dialect is more common. Bengali and Punjabi are also spoken in some quarters.[citation needed]
All major religions are practised in Allahabad. Hindus comprise 86.81% and Muslims 12.72%. There are small groups of Christians, Sikhs and Buddhists with 0.18%, 0.13%, and 0.04% of the population, respectively.[citation needed]
| Allahabad |
| Climate chart (explanation) |
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| Source: IMD |
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Allahabad has the humid subtropical climate common to cities in the plains of North India. Allahabad experiences three seasons: hot dry summer, cool dry winter and warm humid monsoon. Summer lasts from April to June with maximum temperatures ranging from 40 °C (104 °F) to 45 °C (113 °F). Monsoon begins in early July and lasts till September. Winter lasts from December to February. Temperatures rarely drop to the freezing point. Maximum temperatures are around 22 °C (72 °F) and minimum around 10 °C (50 °F). Allahabad also witnesses severe fog in January resulting in massive traffic and travel delays. It does not snow in Allahabad.
Lowest temperature recorded, −2 °C (28 °F); highest 48 °C (118 °F).[6]
| Climate data for Allahabad |
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
23.6
(74.5) |
27.2
(81.0) |
33.6
(92.5) |
39.4
(102.9) |
42.3
(108.1) |
40.1
(104.2) |
34.1
(93.4) |
32.7
(90.9) |
33.2
(91.8) |
33.1
(91.6) |
29.7
(85.5) |
24.8
(76.6) |
32.8
(91.0) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
8.7
(47.7) |
11.2
(52.2) |
16.5
(61.7) |
22.5
(72.5) |
26.7
(80.1) |
28.5
(83.3) |
26.4
(79.5) |
25.7
(78.3) |
24.7
(76.5) |
20.5
(68.9) |
13.8
(56.8) |
9.3
(48.7) |
19.5
(67.1) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
19.2
(0.756) |
15.6
(0.614) |
9.2
(0.362) |
5.7
(0.224) |
9.9
(0.39) |
85.4
(3.362) |
300.1
(11.815) |
307.6
(12.11) |
189.8
(7.472) |
40.1
(1.579) |
11.7
(0.461) |
3.4
(0.134) |
1,017.7
(40.067) |
| Source: IMD |
Municipal Corporation of Allahabad (also called Allahabad Nagar Nigam), is one of the old municipalities of the state. The corporation came into existence in 1864,[7] when Lucknow Municipal Act was passed by Government of India. City municipal area is divided in total 80 wards and a member (the Corporator) from each ward is elected to form the Municipal Committee.[8] The Corporators elect the Mayor of city. The chief executive is the Commissioner of Allahabad who is appointed by the state government.http://www.allahabadnagarnigam.in
Anand Bhavan, a mansion that once belonged to the Nehru-Gandhi family, is now owned by the Government and has been converted into a museum.
Allahabad is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. It occupies a large area and is an inland peninsula surrounded by rivers on three sides with only one side connected to the mainland. To handle growing traffic and connectivity demands, Allahabad has many bridges crossing the rivers Ganges and Yamuna.
The urban area can be divided into three categories:
- The old city is the economic center of city. This is a high density area where major roads are used as transport corridors as well as market streets.
- The newer city around civil lines area was conceived during British rule. This area is well planned on a gridiron road pattern with additional diagonal roads. It is a low density area with wide tree-lined avenues. It houses major educational institutions, the High Court, Uttar Pradesh public service commission, offices, gardens and cantonment areas. It also has shopping malls and multiplexes.
- The outer growth areas include satellite towns along major highways passing through cities. They includes city areas across the Ganges and Yamuna, like Naini, Jhunsi and Phaphamau.
Many real estate developers are investing in Allahabad, prominent being Omaxe, Ansals etc. A hi-tech city, "Omaxe Waterfront", with an area of 1,535 acres (6.21 km2) is being built in the satellite city of Naini by Omaxe Group.
Allahabad has good medical colleges, hospitals and up-to-date medical facilities. Some of the Government Hospitals are: Swarooprani Hospital, Kamala Nehru Hospital, North Central Railway Hospital, Tej Bahadur Sapru Hospital, State Cancer Treatment Hospital, Motilal Nehru Hospital.
It also has an Allopathic Medical College, a Homeopathic Medical College, an Unani and two Ayurvedic Medical Colleges.
Among private hospitals, prominent are Apollo Hospitals (under construction), Jeevan Jyoti Hospital, Anand hospital, Bhola hospital, Preeti hospital, Nazareth hospital, Preeti Nursing Home, Parvati Hospital, Saraswati heart Care , Prayag Medicare, Apollo clinic etc.
Various movies have been shot in and around Allahabad, such as Omkara, Haasil, Chal Chalein and Road to Sangam. Few more Hindi movies are to be shot in Allahabad such as Milan Talkies and Jai Ram Ji, which would be directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia.
Allahabad high court is the fourth oldest high court of India and also one of the biggest.
Some places of interest in Allahabad are:
- Sangam and surroundings, particularly in December to February, when Kumbh Mela, Magh Mela is underway.
- Anand Bhavan.
- Cosmic Safari in Jawahar Planetarium.
- Allahabad Fort It was built by Emperor Akbar in 1583. The fort stands on the banks of the Yamuna near the site of confluence with the river Ganges. It is the largest fort built by Akbar. Inside the fort there is the Zenana, Palace of Mariam-uz-Zamani and the 3rd century BC Ashoka pillar. Allahabad Fort is the location of the much revered Akshayavat or "immortal tree."
- Chandrashekhar Azad park (Company Bagh, Alfred Park)where Chandra Shekhar Azad sacrificed his life and Allahabad Museum is located within it
- Allahabad Museum It preserves the paintings of Nicholas Roerich, terracotta figurines, Rajasthani miniatures, coins and stone sculptures from the 2nd century BC till date
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad It is the state's lone NIT and is one of the most reputed and premier institute of the nation attracting top brains not only from India but other countries like Nepal , Bhutan , Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, UAE and NRI students.
- All Saints Cathedral - was built in the Gothic style in the 19th century. Also commonly known as Patthar Girja Ghar, it stands at a prominent location of the city in lush green premises. It is among the finest cathedrals of India. Though it was consecrated in 1887, it took another 40 years for it to be completed.
- New Yamuna Bridge, Yamuna bank road.[vague]
- Maharshi Sadafaldeo Ashram in Jhunsi, a multi-acre Ashram on the bank of the Ganges - also the international HQ of Vihangam Yoga[9]
- Munawwar Ali Shah Baba Dargah, HIMMATGANJ,ALLD, is a famous dargah in Allahabad, a lot peoples from all castes and communities come here to take blessings of these great sufi saint.
- Allahabad University, established on 23 September 1887, is the fourth oldest university of India after Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. Many people[who?] consider it to be the Oxford of India. Its sprawling 320-acre (1.3 km2) campus in the middle of the city has many old buildings.
- Ewing Christian College - American and Victorian era architecture; the College was established by American Presbyterians in 1902 by the banks of the river Yamuna.
- Sachcha Baba Ashram, Arail, Naini[vague]
- Narayan Ashram, Govindpur[vague]
- Shivkuti (Ancient temple of god Shiva), Shivkuti[vague]
- Ma Lalita Devi mandir, (Sidha Peetha) Meerapur
Marching over the
Ganges river
Every year thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in a festival on the banks of the Ganges, the Magh Mela. The same festival is organised in a larger scale every 12th year and attracts millions of people and is called the Kumbha Mela. Kumbh Mela (especially the Maha Kumbh Mela) is the most sacred of all the pilgrimages. Thousands of holy men and women (monks, saints and sadhus) attend, and the auspiciousness of the festival is in part attributable to this. The sadhus are seen clad in saffron sheets with plenty of ashes and powder dabbed on their skin as required by ancient traditions. Some called nanga sanyasis or 'Dhigambers' may often be seen without any clothes even in severe winter, generally considered to live an extreme lifestyle. This tends to attract a lot of western attention as it is seemingly in contrast to a generally conservative social modesty practised in the country. Allahabad witnessed the largest human gathering anywhere in the world with more than 70 million people for the Kumbh Mela festival in 2007.
All Saints’ Cathedral is built of red and white stone, a closer view showing the style is an early phase of 13th century Gothic.
The imprint of the British and Mughals can be seen in buildings, gardens and places in Allahabad. The styles of buildings reflect a good mix of western Gothic and Mughal architectures.[citation needed]
All Saints Cathedral, designed by the English architect William Emerson who also designed Victoria Memorial of Calcutta. Styled in 13th Century Gothic architecture, building's interior is more beautiful than its exterior with high ceilings and stone Gothic arches.[10]
Muir College (1874), designed by William Emerson, in Indo-Saracenic architecture, an excellent mix of Gothic and Indian architectural elements. Its foundation was laid in 1874 and opened in 1886. It has an arcade quadrangle, which is dominated, by a 200 feet (61 m) minaret tower in cream coloured sandstone from Mirzapur with marble and mosaic floors. The domes of the Indo-Saracenic structure are clad in Multan glazed tiles.[citation needed]
University Science Faculty buildings have classical architectural designs and have strong Victorian and Mughal architectural influences.[citation needed]
Allahabad High Court (1916) - Chief Justice, Sir John Staley laid the foundation in 1911. It was finally completed in 1916 and opened by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford. Designed by Frank Lishman. This structure is subtly adapted to the climate as is evident from the double roofing with tiles from Allahabad on top to beat the summer heat. Conceived in a grand fashion, it has a domed pediment centre, arcade wings, stone balustrades and engrained arches. It reflects a synthesis of Eastern and Western architectural styles.[citation needed]
Company Garden - A great green area set in the mid of the city, holding Allahabad Museum and National Library.[citation needed]
Khusro Bagh - The three sandstone mausoleums within this walled garden, are an example of Mughal architecture.[citation needed]
Public Library (1864)- Standing at Alfred Park it is a building designed by R. Roskell Rayne. This public library is an example of Gothic style. The memorial has a lofty tower and accorded cloisters.[citation needed]
The Old High Court and Public Offices - They are five-storied block. Made of sandstone and ashore these were built by Colonel Pile in 1870 in the classical style. The Minto Park to the west of the ton has a Memorial Pillar enriched with Royal medallions and four lions carrying the Imperial coronet. This was a memorial pillar to the Royal Proclamation of the assumption of rule by the British crown in 1858. The Municipal Museum adjoining the library is yet another colonial structure that is a treasure-trove of archaeological artifacts.[citation needed]
The new Yamuna bridge built jointly by Hindustan Construction Company and Hyundai Engineering and Construction, is India's first cable stayed four lane road bridge in India, representing modern design structure.[11] This large bridge has two pylons made of concrete, which support a large part of bridge deck with the help of attached steel cables.
This cable-stayed four-lane road bridge on Yamuna river in Allahabad is one of the largest structures in India.
Allahabad is served by the Allahabad Airport (Bamrauli Air Force Base) (IXD) and is linked to Delhi by Air India Regional. Other larger airports in the vicinity are at Varanasi (Varanasi International Airport, 142 km (88 mi)) and Lucknow (Amausi International Airport 200 km (120 mi)).
National Highway 2 runs through the middle of the city. National Highway 2 is also proposed as one of the routes of Golden Quadrilateral Highway, Delhi-Kolkata section, but it runs out of the city through newly constructed bypass. NH 96 connects to NH 28 at Faizabad. Another is NH 27 which is 93 km (58 mi) long and starts from Allahabad and ends at Mangawan in Madhya Pradesh connecting to National Highway 7. A four lane access controlled bypass road of 84.7 km aided by World Bank is completed.[12]
There are other state highways that link Allahabad to all other parts of the country. A number of road bridges on rivers Ganges and Yamuna have been built to connect Allahabad with its suburb towns like Naini, Jhusi etc. A new eight lane access controlled expressway - Ganga Expressway is also proposed to pass through Allahabad.[13] A 8 laned outer ring road is proposed in the Allahabad district.
Allahabad also has three bus stands catering to different routes. The buses from western destinations like Delhi, Agra, Lucknow and Kanpur halt at Leader Road Bus Stand. The Zero Road Bus Stand serves the buses going on the southern route i.e. Mahoba and Satna. Buses from Varanasi and other eastern towns arrive at M.G. Road Bus stand.
City buses, Tourist taxis, auto rickshaws (or tempos) are available for local transport. There are also city buses service run by UPSRTC as well as private operators that connects various parts of the city. There are around 150 city buses that are run by UPSRTC under the name Allahabad Mahanagar Bus sewa and about 50 buses run by private operators. But the most convenient method of local transport inside the city is the cycle rickshaw.NH 76, and 24B connects to Rajasthan state, and Lucknow respectively.[14]
Served by Indian Railways, Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway Zone, and is well connected by trains with all major cities, namely, Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Indore, Lucknow, Bhopal, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack Bangalore and Jaipur. Allahabad has many major railway stations within its city limits namely Prayag, Allahabad City (Rambagh), Daraganj, Allahabad Junction, Naini Jn, Prayag Ghat, Subedar Ganj & Bamrauli.Other Stations outside city boundry are Shankargarh, Phaphamau, Jhunsi, Handia,Karchana, Meja, Bara, Phulpur and many more. Allahabad is represented by Northern Railway, North Western Railways (Ajmer division), North Central Railways, as well as North Eastern Railways.The city is well connected to Kanpur, Lucknow, Varanasi, Mughalsarai, Jabalpur and other neighbouring cities through Fast Moving Local Trains called EMU. .
Allahabad attracts students and learners from all over country. Allahabad has one central university, three deemed universities, an open university, research and technical institutions and colleges known for providing higher education in vast range of disciplines. Few of the reputed ones can be listed as following.
- Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad [IIIT-A] is one of the top engineering colleges in India[citation needed] which offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in computer science and allied areas. It was established by MHRD as a centre of excellence in IT. It is state's lone Indian Institute Of Information Technology, better known as IIIT. It is the first IIIT of the country to get the status of "Institute Of National Importance" by Government of India.[citation needed]
- Govind Ballabh Pant Social Science Institute Established in 1980 as one in the network of Social Science Research Institutes, which Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) set up in association with the State Governments. The Institute undertakes interdisciplinary research in the social sciences.
- Ewing Christian College, founded in 1902, is the only Autonomous Minority Co-Educational College of the Allahabad University. The College was established by American Presbyterians visiting India on Christian Mission.
- United College of Engineering & Research, which comes under the Uttar Pradesh Technical University. The college has two campuses, the main campus is situated in Naini near Allahabad, and the newer campus is in Greater Noida.
Some well known and prominent schools of Allahabad are:
Allahabad is one of the regional divisions of CBSE and head office of UP Board of High School and Intermediate Education. English is the medium of instructions in most private schools while government aided schools and colleges offer both Hindi and English medium education. To cater needs of vocational, technical and professional education in rural areas of Allahabad and nearby districts, the Ministry of HRD, Government of India has recently started another university named Nehru Gram Bharti Vishwavidyalaya at Dubawal village of Allahabad. The university currently offers academic programs at graduate and post graduate levels in various disciplines including Arts, Commerce, Science, Education (as subject), Law, Management, Rural Development, Master of Social Works, Computer Applications, Journalism etc.[15]
Allahabad city is one of the largest commercial centers in the state. It is also one of the most prominent industrial towns, with 18 medium and large industrial units, and more than 3,000 small scale industries. The Third All India Census for Small Scale Industries shows[citation needed] that there are more than 10,000 unregistered small scale industry units in the district, employing thousands of people.
Allahabad has glass, wire based industries. The main industrial area of Allahabad is Naini and Phulpur, where several public and private sector companies have their units, offices and factories. These include AREVA T&D India[16] (a division of multinational Areva Group), and Bharat Pumps & Compressors (BPC) which is a Miniratna now. Indian Telephone Industries Limited [ITI] was set up in Naini in 1971 for the manufacture of transmission equipment. The major products are optic fibre systems of both PDH and SDH and telephone instruments of various types, Reliance Industries - Allahabad Manufacturing Division, Hindustan Cables (HCL), Triveni Structurals Limited (TSL, a subsidiary of Bharat Yantra Nigam), GEEP battery factory etc. Indian Farmers Fertilizer Co-Operative is in Phulpur. IFFCO's Phulpur complex has two urea production units and once was the world’s largest fertiliser complex based on naphtha as feedstock.[citation needed] But owing to environmental concerns, it has been switched to natural gas based plant.
Baidyanath Ayurved has its unit in Naini, Allahabad which has a state of the art manufacturing facility spread over 30 Acres. This unit was the largest manufacturing facility of its kind in the whole world was said by none other than the first Prime Minister of Independent India Pt Jawahar Lal Nehru, on his visit to the unit in 1965.[citation needed] This unit boasts of manufacturing not only over 800 formulations, it also is capable of manufacturing the bulk drugs required for these formulations.[citation needed]
In the new projects, three mega thermal power projects are coming up at Meja,[17] Karchna] tehsils of the district being constructed by Jaypee Group and National Thermal Power Corporation, they are expected to be over by 2016.[citation needed]
BPCL (Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited), one of India’s largest oil marketing companies, the state-owned petroleum firm is setting up a seven million tonnes per annum (MTPA) capacity refinery with an estimated investment of 62 billion at Lohgara, Allahabad to meet the growing demand for petroleum products in the northern region, especially in Uttar Pradesh. It is expected to be over[vague] by 2020.[18] Indian Railways is setting up a bottling plant of packaged water bottles Rail Neer in Allahabad under public-private partnership mode.[19]
Madan Mohan Malviya Stadium.
Prayag Sangeet Samiti, a semi-autonomous institute imparting education in Hindustani Classical music, Hindustani Academy established in 1927 and was inaugurated on 29th March of the same year by Provincial Governor Sir William Mauris,North Central Zone Cultural Centre, Allahabad was established as a society in 1986.
[citation needed]
The newspapers that are published from Allahabad include The Hindu, Dainik Jagran, Amar Ujala, Aaj, Dainik Hindustan, Pioneer, Amrit Prabhat, Daily News Activist, United Bharat, Rashtriya sahara, Compact (Amar Ujala Group), Prayagraj Times etc. in Hindi. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Economic Times, The Pioneer, Northern India Patrika, Our Leader etc. There is also the Hinglish newspaper tabloid Inext, which is also widely read. Rock Street Journal magazine covering the rock scene in India and South Asia was started in January 1993 in Allahabad . A H Wheeler & Co, the largest bookstore chain in India, is headquartered in Allahabad. The chain was founded by Emile Moreau, a French author, and T K Bannerjee, an Indian businessman in Allahabad.
There are currently four FM radio stations and one All India Radio Akashwani Station broadcasting in Allahabad. The three[vague] FM radio stations are following:
Allahabad is covered by a large network of optical fibre cables. There are three fixed telephone line operators in the city: BSNL, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular, Vodafone and Bharti Airtel.[vague] There are eight mobile phone companies: BSNL, Reliance Communications, Vodafone, Idea, Bharti Airtel, Aircel, Tata DoCoMo, Uninor, Virgin Mobile India, Videocon Mobile Service while CDMA services are offered by BSNL, Virgin Mobile India, Tata Indicom, MTS India and Reliance Communications.
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Allahabad 
