- published: 18 Feb 2012
- views: 166838
- author: babuybabuyan
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- Adam Blackwood
- Adèle of Champagne
- Agnes of Merania
- Ainslie Tavern Bond
- Alison Weir
- Alpín I of the Picts
- Amboise conspiracy
- Amias Paulet
- Amlaíb of Scotland
- Anne of Austria
- Anne of Brittany
- Anne of Kiev
- Antonia Fraser
- Arthur Clifford
- Auld Alliance
- Authority control
- Babington Plot
- Baptism
- Bastian Pagez
- Battle of Langside
- Bertha of Burgundy
- Bertha of Holland
- Bertrade de Montfort
- Berwick Pursuivant
- Bess of Hardwick
- Bishop of Galloway
- Bishop of Ross
- Blanche of Burgundy
- Blanche of Castile
- Bolton Castle
- Bond of Association
- Border reiver
- Brittany
- Buxton
- Cailtram
- Carlisle Castle
- Casket Letters
- Catherine de' Medici
- Catholic Church
- Charles I of England
- Charles IX of France
- Charlotte of Savoy
- Chartley Castle
- Chaseabout Raid
- Chatsworth House
- Cinioch
- Clan Hamilton
- Claude of France
- Clementia of Hungary
- Cloth of state
- Conall mac Taidg
- Constance of Arles
- Constance of Castile
- Cornelius Cure
- Coronation
- Craigmillar Castle
- Crown Matrimonial
- Cuilén
- Cumberland
- Dauphin of France
- Dauphine of France
- David Beaton
- David Hume
- David I of Scotland
- David II of Scotland
- David Rizzio
- Domnall mac Ailpín
- Drest Gurthinmoch
- Drest I of the Picts
- Drest mac Caustantín
- Drest V of the Picts
- Drest X of the Picts
- Duke of Orkney
- Duke of Somerset
- Dumbarton
- Dumbarton Castle
- Dunbar Castle
- Duncan I of Scotland
- Dundrennan Abbey
- Dunkeld
- Earl of Mar
- Edinburgh
- Edinburgh Castle
- Edward VI of England
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Eleanor of Austria
- Elisabeth of Valois
- Elizabeth of Bohemia
- Elizabeth of York
- Embalming
- England
- Eochaid, son of Rhun
- Eugénie de Montijo
- Eóganan mac Óengusa
- Favourite
- Feast day
- Fotheringay Castle
- Fotheringhay Castle
- Francis II of France
- François Clouet
- French language
- Galam Cennalath
- Galan Erilich
- George Buchanan
- Giric
- Glasgow
- Gordon Donaldson
- Great Hall
- Greek language
- Gregorian calendar
- Guardian of Scotland
- Hans Eworth
- Henry II of France
- Henry Sidney
- Henry VII of England
- Hermitage Castle
- Holyrood Abbey
- Holyrood Palace
- House of Stewart
- House of Stuart
- Inchmahome Priory
- Indulf
- Isabeau of Bavaria
- Isabella of Aragon
- Isabelle of Hainaut
- Italian language
- James I of Scotland
- James II of England
- James II of Scotland
- James IV of Scotland
- James Rennie
- James V of Scotland
- James VI and I
- James VI of Scotland
- Jeanne d'Évreux
- Jedburgh
- Jenny Wormald
- Joan I of Navarre
- Joan the Lame
- Joanna of Bourbon
- John Balliol
- John Guy (historian)
- John Knox
- John Lesley
- Joust
- Julian calendar
- Kenneth MacAlpin
- King of France
- Kingdom of England
- Kingdom of France
- Kingdom of Ireland
- Kingdom of Scotland
- Kirk o' Field
- Lady Janet Stewart
- Laird
- Latin
- Leith
- Linlithgow
- Linlithgow Palace
- Loch Leven (Kinross)
- Loch Leven Castle
- Lord Clerk Register
- Lord Justice Clerk
- Louise of Lorraine
- Lulach
- Lute
- Margaret Douglas
- Margaret Erskine
- Margaret of Provence
- Margaret of Valois
- Margaret Tudor
- Marie Antoinette
- Marie de' Medici
- Marie Leszczyńska
- Marie of Anjou
- Marjorie Bruce
- Mary Beaton
- Mary Fleming
- Mary I of England
- Mary II of England
- Mary Livingston
- Mary of Guise
- Mary Seton
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Mass (liturgy)
- Matilda of Frisia
- Miscarriage
- Misprision
- Nechtan mac Der-Ilei
- Nechtan Morbet
- Nechtan nepos Uerb
- Nicholas Hilliard
- North of England
- Northamptonshire
- Notre Dame de Paris
- Nottingham
- Patrilineality
- Peerage of Scotland
- Perth, Scotland
- Philip II of Spain
- Porphyria
- Privy councillor
- Protestantism
- Provost of Edinburgh
- Queen consort
- Queen dowager
- Queen regnant
- Ralph Sadler
- Regent
- Retha Warnicke
- Ridolfi plot
- Rising of the North
- Robert the Bruce
- Roman Catholicism
- Ronsard
- Roscoff
- Rough Wooing
- Royal house
- Rozala of Italy
- Saint-Pol-de-Léon
- Scotland
- Scots language
- Scottish Borders
- Scottish highlands
- Sheffield Castle
- Siege of Haddington
- Skye terrier
- Smallpox
- Solway Firth
- Spa town
- Spanish language
- Stirling
- Stirling Castle
- Taran of the Picts
- Tendon
- Third Succession Act
- Throckmorton Plot
- Tolbooth
- Tower of London
- Treaty of Edinburgh
- Treaty of Greenwich
- Tutbury Castle
- Uurad
- Virginals
- Wemyss Castle
- West Lothian
- Westminster
- Westminster Abbey
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Will (law)
- William Camden
- William the Lion
- William Tytler
- Wingfield Manor
- Workington
- York
- Áed mac Cináeda
- Óengus I
- Óengus II
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Battle of Langside
The Battle of Langside, fought on 13 May 1568, was one of the more unusual contests in Scottish history, bearing a superficial resemblance to a grand family quarrel, in which a mother fought her brother who was defending the rights of her infant son. In 1567 Mary, Queen of Scots's short period of personal rule ended in recrimination, intrigue and disaster when she was forced to abdicate in favour of James VI, her infant son. Mary was sent into captivity in Loch Leven Castle, while her Protestant half-brother, James Stewart, Earl of Moray was appointed Regent on behalf of his nephew. In early May 1568 Mary escaped, heading west to the country of the Hamiltons, high among her remaining supporters, with the determination to restore her rights as queen.
Mary's abdication had not been universally popular, even among sections of the Protestant nobility, and news of her escape were widely welcomed. With an escort of fifty horse led by Lord Claud Hamilton she arrived in Lanarkshire, soon to be joined by a wide cross-section of the nobility, including the Earls of Argyll, Cassillis, Rothes and Eglinton, the Lords Sommerville, Yester, Livingston, Herries, Fleming, Ross, numerous of the feudal barons such as Robert Lauder of The Bass, and many others who all assembled at the town of Hamilton with their followers and vassals. Within a few short days Mary had managed to gather a respectable force of some 6000 men.
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Bolton Castle
Bolton Castle in North Yorkshire, is located in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales (grid reference SE03379183). The nearby village Castle Bolton takes its name from the castle. The castle is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The castle was damaged in the English Civil War, but much of it remains. It has never been sold and is still in the ownership of the descendants of the Scrope family, and is now a tourist attraction.
It was built between 1378 and 1399 by Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton and Chancellor of England, and is an example of a quadrangular castle. Construction was reputed to cost 18,000 Marks. The licence to build it was granted in July 1379 and a contract with the mason Johan Lewyn was made in September 1378. Leland described 'An Astronomical Clock' in the courtyard and how smoke was conveyed from the hearth in the hall through tunnels. Bolton Castle was described by Sir Francis Knollys as having 'The highest walls of any house he had seen'.
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Brittany
Brittany (French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] (
listen); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [brɛjs]; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a cultural region in the north-west of France. Previously a kingdom and then a duchy, Brittany was united to the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province. Brittany has also been referred to as Less, Lesser or Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain). Brittany is considered as one of the six Celtic nations.
Brittany occupies the northwest peninsula of continental Europe in northwest France. It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Bay of Biscay to the south. Its land area is 34,023 km² (13,136 sq mi). The historical province of Brittany is divided into five departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the north east, Loire-Atlantique in the south east and Morbihan in the south on the Bay of Biscay.
In 1956, French regions were created by gathering departments between them. The Region of Brittany comprises, since then, four of the five Breton departments (80% of historical Brittany), while the remaining area of the old Brittany, the Loire-Atlantique department, around Nantes, forms part of the Pays de la Loire region. This territorial organisation is regularly contested. The Kingdom and the Duchy of Brittany, the province of Brittany, and the modern Region of Brittany cover the Western part of Armorica, as it was known during the period of Roman occupation.
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Buxton
Coordinates: 53°15′32″N 1°54′40″W / 53.259°N 1.911°W / 53.259; -1.911
Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire, England. It has the highest elevation of any market town in England. Located close to the county boundary with Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south, Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". A municipal borough until 1974, Buxton was then merged with other localities including Glossop, lying primarily to the north, to form the local government district and borough of High Peak within the county of Derbyshire. Buxton is within the sphere of influence of Greater Manchester due to its close proximity to the area.
Buxton is home to Poole's Cavern, an extensive limestone cavern open to the public, and St Ann's Well, fed by the geothermal spring bottled and sold internationally by Buxton Mineral Water Company. Also in the town is the Buxton Opera House, which hosts several music and theatre festivals each year. The Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby is housed in one of the town's historic buildings.
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Carlisle Castle
Carlisle Castle is situated in Carlisle, in the English county of Cumbria, near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall. The castle is over 900 years old and has been the scene of many historical episodes in British history. Given the proximity of Carlisle to the border between England and Scotland, it has been the centre of many wars and invasions. Today the castle is managed by English Heritage and is open to the public. The castle until recently was the administrative headquarters of the former King's Own Royal Border Regiment now county headquarters to the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and a museum to the regiment is within the castle walls.
Carlisle Castle was first built during the reign of William II of England, the son of William the Conqueror who invaded England in 1066. At that time, Cumberland (the original name for north and west Cumbria) was still considered a part of Scotland. William II arrived and drove the Scots out of Cumberland to claim the area for England.[citation needed] He ordered the construction of a Norman style motte and bailey castle in Carlisle on the site of an old Roman fort, with construction beginning in 1093. The need for a castle in Carlisle was to keep the northern border of England secured against the threat of invasion from Scotland. In 1122, Henry I of England ordered a stone castle to be constructed on the site. Thus a keep and city walls were constructed.
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Chartley Castle
Chartley Castle lies in ruins to the north of the village of Stowe-by-Chartley in Staffordshire, between Stafford and Uttoxeter (grid reference SK010285). It is a Grade II* listed building
The motte and bailey castle was built by one of the early Earls of Chester circa 1100 as a safe stop over for their journeys to places like Tutbury. It was rebuilt in 1220 by Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester, who died in 1232. It then passed by marriage to William de Ferrers, Earl of Derby. It remained in the Ferrers family for more than 200 years and in 1453 passed to Walter Devereux through his wife Elizabeth, the Ferrers heiress. Walter was created Baron Ferrers in 1461 and was killed at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The castle was then abandoned as a residence and Chartley Manor, a moated and battlemented timber mansion, was built nearby but was destroyed by fire in 1781 What is now known as Chartley Manor was in fact known as Chartley Manor Farm until the 1980s
Substantial remains are still present today, including a rare cylindrical keep, a curtain wall flanked by two half-round towers, a twin-towered gatehouse and an angled tower. A survey conducted in the nineteenth century identified five towers ranging from 35 to 41 feet external diameter, and the keep, 50 feet in diameter . One author has noted similarities of the plan to Montlhery near Paris, France, which Ranulph de Blondeville may have been familiar with. M.W. Thompson has noted numerous architectural similarities between Chartley, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, and also Beeston Castle in Cheshire, all thought to have been built under de Blondeville .
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Chatsworth House
Chatsworth House is a stately home in North Derbyshire, England, 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northeast of Bakewell and 9 miles (14 km) west of Chesterfield (GB Grid SK260700). It is the seat of the Duke of Devonshire, and has been home to his family, the Cavendish family, since Bess of Hardwick settled at Chatsworth in 1549.
Standing on the east bank of the River Derwent, Chatsworth looks across to the low hills that divide the Derwent and Wye valleys. The house is set in expansive parkland, and backed by wooded, rocky hills rising to heather moorland and contains a unique collection of priceless paintings, furniture, Old Master drawings, neoclassical sculptures, books and other artefacts. Chatsworth has been selected as the United Kingdom's favourite country house several times.
Chatsworth house is built on sloping ground, lower on the north and west sides than on the south and east sides and has changed greatly since it was first built. The main block was re-built by the 1st Duke between 1687 and 1707, on the site of Bess of Hardwick's original Tudor mansion. The long north wing was added by the 6th Duke in the early nineteenth century.
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Craigmillar Castle
Craigmillar Castle is a ruined medieval castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is situated 3 miles (4.8 km) south-east of the city centre, on a low hill to the south of the modern suburb of Craigmillar. It was begun in the late 14th century by the Preston family, feudal barons of Craigmillar, and extended through the 15th and 16th centuries. In 1660 the castle was sold to Sir John Gilmour, Lord President of the Court of Session, who made further alterations. The Gilmours left Craigmillar in the 18th century, and the castle fell into ruin. It is now in the care of Historic Scotland.
Craigmillar Castle is best known for its association with Mary, Queen of Scots. Following an illness after the birth of her son, the future James I of England, Mary arrived at Craigmillar on 20 November 1566 to convalesce. Before she left on 7 December 1566, a pact known as the "Craigmillar Bond" was made, with or without her knowledge, to dispose of her husband Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
Craigmillar is one of the best-preserved medieval castles in Scotland. The central tower house, or keep, is surrounded by a 15th-century courtyard wall with "particularly fine" defensive features. Within this are additional ranges, and the whole is enclosed by an outer courtyard wall containing a chapel and a doocot.
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Cumberland
Cumberland (
/ˈkʌmbərlənd/) is a historic county of North West England, on the border with Scotland, from the 12th century until 1974. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1914) and now forms part of Cumbria.
What was to become Cumberland had a complicated political history before the 12th century. The first record of the term "Cumberland" appears in 945, when the Anglo Saxon Chronicle recorded that the area was ceded to Malcolm I of Scotland by King Edmund of England. At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 most of the future county remained part of Scotland although some villages in the far south west, which were the possessions of the Earl of Northumbria, were included in the Yorkshire section with the Furness region.
In 1092 King William Rufus of England invaded the Carlisle district, settling it with colonists. He created an Earldom of Carlisle, and granted the territory to Ranulf Meschyn. In 1133 Carlisle was made the see of a new diocese, identical with the area of the earldom. However, on the death of King Henry I in 1135, the area was regained by Scotland's King David I. He was able to consolidate his power and made Carlisle one of his chief seats of government, while England descended into a lengthy civil war. In 1157 Henry II of England resumed possession of the area from Malcolm IV of Scotland, and formed two new counties from the former earldom: Westmorland and "Carliol". The silver-mining area of Alston, previously associated with the Liberty of Durham, was also added to the new county of Carliol for financial reasons. By 1177 the county of Carliol was known as Cumberland. The border between England and Scotland was made permanent by the Treaty of York in 1237.
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Dumbarton
Coordinates: 55°57′00″N 4°34′00″W / 55.95°N 4.566667°W / 55.95; -4.566667
Dumbarton (from Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Breatainn meaning "fort of the Britons",pronounced [t̪umˈpɾʲɛʰt̪ɪɲ]) is a town and burgh which is the administrative centre of the council area of West Dunbartonshire, and formerly of the historic county of Dunbartonshire, in the West-Central Lowlands of Scotland. The town lies on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. As of 2006, the town had an estimated population of 19,990 and forms a conurbation with Alexandria, Bonhill and Renton with a combined estimated population of 44,690.
Dumbarton functioned as the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Strathclyde, and later as the county town of the county of Dunbartonshire.Dumbarton Castle, sitting on top of Dumbarton Rock, dominates the area. Dumbarton was a Royal burgh between 1222 and 1975.
Dumbarton emerged from the 19th century as a centre for shipbuilding, glassmaking, and whisky production. However these industries have since declined, or demised altogether, and Dumbarton today increasingly functions as a commuter town for the major City of Glasgow which is 13 miles (21 km) east-southeast. Dumbarton F.C. is the burgh's local association football club.
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Dumbarton Castle
Dumbarton Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Breatainn, pronounced [d̪̊unˈb̊ɾʲɛhd̪̊ɪɲ]) has the longest recorded history of any stronghold in Great Britain. It overlooks the Scottish town of Dumbarton, and sits on a plug of volcanic basalt known as Dumbarton Rock which is 240 feet (73 m) high.
At least as far back as the Iron Age, this has been the site of a strategically important settlement. Its early residents were known to have traded with the Romans. The presence of a settlement is first recorded in a letter Saint Patrick wrote to King Ceretic of Alt Clut in the late 5th century.
From the fifth century until the ninth, the castle was the centre of the independent British Kingdom of Strathclyde. Alt Clut or Alcluith (Scottish Gaelic: Alt Chluaidh, pronounced [aɫ̪d̪̊ˈxɫ̪uəj], literally "Clyde Rock"), the Brythonic name for Dumbarton Rock, became a metonym for kingdom. The king of the Britons of Dumbarton in about AD 570 was Riderch Hael, who features in Norse legends. During his reign Merlin was said to have stayed at Alt Clut. In 756, the first (and second) losses of Dumbarton Rock were recorded. A joint force of Picts and Northumbrians captured Alcluith after a siege, only to lose it again a few days later.
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Dunbar Castle
Dunbar Castle is the remnants of one of the most mighty fortresses in Scotland, situated over the harbour of the town of Dunbar, in East Lothian.
The Votadini or Gododdin, are thought to have been the first to defend this site, the Brythonic name Dyn Barr, (the fort of the point) is still in use. By the 7thc. Dunbar Castle was a central defensive position of the Kings of Bernicia, an Anglian kingdom that took over from the British Kingdom of Bryneich.
During the Early Middle Ages, Dunbar Castle was held by an Ealdorman owing homage to either the Kings at Bamburgh Castle, or latterly the Kings of York. In 678 Saint Wilfrid was imprisoned at Dunbar, following his expulsion from his see of York by Ecgfrith of Northumbria.
Later, Dunbar was said to have been burnt by Kenneth MacAlpin, King of the Scots. Certainly he is on record in possession of the castle.
In the 10th and early 11th century the Norsemen made increasing inroads in Scotland, and in 1005 there is record of a Patrick de Dunbar, under Malcolm II, engaged against the Norse invaders in the north, at Murthlake, a town of Marr, where, alongside Kenneth, Thane of the Isles, and Grim, Thane of Strathearn, he was slain.
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Dundrennan Abbey
Dundrennan Abbey, in Dundrennan, Scotland, near to Kirkcudbright, was a Cistercian monastery in the Romanesque architectural style, established in 1142 by Fergus of Galloway, King David I of Scotland (1124–53), and monks from Rievaulx Abbey.
Though extensively ruined (the transepts are the main surviving parts), Dundrennan is noted for the purity and restraint of its architecture, reflecting the austere Cistercian ideal. It is also built from very hard-weathering grey sandstone, so the original architectural forms and mouldings are well preserved.
Mary, Queen of Scots, after the Battle of Langside, spent her final night in Scotland here, in 1568. From neighbouring Port Mary, she crossed the Solway Firth to Workington, and shortly after was imprisoned by the English.
In 1587, following the Scottish Reformation, the land passed to the Crown. The site fell into ruin after it was subsequently used to house livestock. Historic Scotland maintain the site today.
Coordinates: 54°48′24″N 3°56′52″W / 54.80667°N 3.94778°W / 54.80667; -3.94778
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Dunkeld
Coordinates: 56°33′52″N 3°35′06″W / 56.564341°N 3.584886°W / 56.564341; -3.584886
Dunkeld (Scots: Dunkell, from Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Chailleann) is a small town in Strathtay, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It is about 15 miles north of Perth on the eastern side of the A9 road into the Scottish Highlands and on the opposite (north) side of the Tay from the Victorian village of Birnam. Dunkeld and Birnam share a railway station, (Dunkeld and Birnam railway station) on the Highland Main Line. Population 1,170 (2004).
On the western side of the A9 is The Hermitage, a National Trust for Scotland site. Dunkeld Cathedral is on the north bank of the River Tay.
The name Dùn Chailleann means Fort of the Caledonii or of the Caledonians. The 'fort' is presumably that on King's Seat, slightly north of the town (NO 009 440). Both these place-names imply an early importance for the area of the later town and bishop's seat, stretching back into the Iron Age.
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Edinburgh
Edinburgh (
i/ˈɛdɪnbʌrə/ ED-in-burr-ə; Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Èideann) is the capital city of Scotland and the seat of the Scottish Parliament. It is the second largest city in Scotland and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a 30 square miles (78 km2) rural area. Located in the south-east of Scotland, Edinburgh lies on the east coast of the Central Belt, along the Firth of Forth, near the North Sea.
The city was one of the historical major centres of the Enlightenment, led by the University of Edinburgh, helping to earn it the nickname Athens of the North. The Old Town and New Town districts of Edinburgh were listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 in recognition of the unique character of the Medieval Old Town and the planned Georgian New Town. It covers both the Old and New Towns together with the Dean Village and the Calton Hill areas. There are over 4,500 listed buildings within the city. In May 2010, it had a total of 40 conservation areas covering 23% of the building stock and 23% of the population, the highest such ratios of any major city in the UK. In the 2011 mid-year population estimates, Edinburgh had a total resident population of 495,360.
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Edinburgh Castle
Edinburgh Castle is a fortress which dominates the skyline of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position atop the volcanic Castle Rock. Human habitation of the site is dated back as far as the 9th century BC, although the nature of early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle here since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site continued to be a royal residence until the Union of the Crowns in 1603. From the 15th century the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century its principal role was as a military base with a large garrison. Its importance as a historic monument was recognised from the 19th century, and various restoration programmes have been carried out since. As one of the most important fortresses in the Kingdom of Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts, from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century, up to the Jacobite Rising of 1745, and has been besieged, both successfully and unsuccessfully, on several occasions.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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Fotheringhay Castle
Fotheringhay Castle (also Fotheringay Castle) was in the village of Fotheringhay 3½ miles (6 km) to the north of the market town of Oundle, Northamptonshire (grid reference TL061930). It was probably founded around 1100 by Simon de Senlis, Earl of Northampton. In 1113, possession passed to Prince David of Scotland when he married Simon's widow. The castle then descended with the Scottish princes until the early 13th century when it was confiscated by King John of England.
By 1220, Fotheringhay Castle was controlled by Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester. In January the following year, the castle was briefly captured by William II de Forz, 3rd Earl of Albemarle, in his rebellion against King Henry III. Forz abandoned the castle and Henry III took it under his control; Fotheringhay remained in royal hands until the reign of Edward II. King Richard III was born here in 1452 and it was also where Mary, Queen of Scots, was tried and executed in 1587. The castle is protected as a Scheduled Monument and is open to the public.
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George Buchanan
George Buchanan (February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar. He was part of the Monarchomach movement.
His father, a younger son of an old family, owned the farm of Moss, in the parish of Killearn, Stirling, but he died young, leaving his widow and children in poverty. George's mother, Agnes Heriot, was of the family of the Heriots of Trabroun, East Lothian, of which George Heriot, founder of Heriot's Hospital, was also a member. Buchanan, a native speaker of Scottish Gaelic is said to have attended Killearn school, but not much is known of his early education. In 1520 he was sent by his uncle, James Heriot, to the University of Paris, where he first came in contact with the two great influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation. There, according to him, he devoted himself to the writing of verses "partly by liking, partly by compulsion (that being then the one task prescribed to youth)."
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Glasgow
Coordinates: 55°51′29″N 4°15′32″W / 55.858°N 4.259°W / 55.858; -4.259
Glasgow (i/ˈɡlɑːzɡəʊ/, locally /ˈɡlazɡo/, GLAZ-goh; Scots: Glesga listen (help·info); Scottish Gaelic: Glaschu ([ˈkɫ̪as̪əxu] listen (help·info))) is the largest city in Scotland and third most populous in the United Kingdom. The city is situated on the River Clyde in the country's West Central Lowlands.
Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become one of the largest seaports in Britain. Expanding from the medieval bishopric of Glasgow and the later establishment of the University of Glasgow in the 15th century, it became a major centre of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th century. From the 18th century the city also grew as one of Britain's main hubs of transatlantic trade with British North America and the British West Indies. With the Industrial Revolution, the city and surrounding region shifted to become one of the world's pre-eminent centres of heavy engineering, most notably in shipbuilding and marine engineering industry, which produced many innovative and famous vessels. Glasgow was known as the "Second City of the British Empire" for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period. Today it is one of Europe's top ten financial centres and is home to many of Scotland's leading businesses. Glasgow is also ranked as the 57th most liveable city in the world.
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Hermitage Castle
Hermitage Castle is a semi-ruined castle in the border region of Scotland. It is under the care of Historic Scotland. The Castle has a reputation, both from its history and its appearance, as one of the most sinister and atmospheric in Scotland.
It is thought that the name derives from Old French: l'armitage – guardhouse. It was known as the guardhouse of the bloodiest valley in Britain, and the "Strength of Liddesdale".
Supposedly built by one Nicholas de Soulis around 1240, in a typical Norman Motte and Bailey pattern. It stayed in his family until approximately 1320 when his descendant, William de Soulis was forfeited on account of witchcraft and the attempted regicide of King Robert I of Scotland. Legend has it that Soulis' tenantry, having suffered unbearable depredations, arrested him and at the nearby Ninestane Rig (a megalithic circle), had him boiled to death in molten lead. In actuality, he died, a prisoner, in Dumbarton Castle.
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Holyrood Abbey
Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by King David I of Scotland. During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Reformation the Palace of Holyroodhouse was expanded further. The abbey church was used as a parish church until the 17th century, and has been ruined since the 18th century. The remaining walls of the abbey lie adjacent to the palace, at the eastern end of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. The site of the abbey is protected as a scheduled monument.
Rood is an old word for a type of Christian cross, bearing a lower cross-bar as well as the main upper cross-bar.[citation needed] It therefore means the cross which Jesus Christ was crucified upon; thus the name Holyrood is equivalent to "Holy Cross."
Legend relates that in 1127, while King David I was hunting in the forests to the east of Edinburgh during the Feast of the Cross, he was thrown from his horse after it had been startled by a hart. According to variations of the story, the king was saved from being gored by the charging animal when it was startled either by the miraculous appearance of a holy cross descending from the skies, or by sunlight reflected from a crucifix which suddenly appeared between the hart's antlers while the king attempted to grasp them in self-defence. As an act of thanksgiving for his escape, David I founded Holyrood Abbey on the site in 1128. The abbey was originally served by a community of Augustinian Canons Regular from Merton Priory. The layout of the abbey is clearly based on that building. In 1177 the papal legate Vivian held council here. In 1189 the nobles and prelates of Scotland met here to discuss raising a ransom for William the Lion.
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Holyrood Palace
The Palace of Holyroodhouse, commonly referred to as Holyrood Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland. The palace stands at the bottom of the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle. Holyrood Palace is the setting for state ceremonies and official entertaining.
Holyrood Abbey was founded by David I, King of Scots in 1128, and Holyrood Palace has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of Scots since the 15th century. Queen Elizabeth II spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at the beginning of each summer, where she carries out a range of official engagements and ceremonies.
The palace is open to the public throughout the year, except when members of the Royal Family are in residence.
The ruined Augustinian abbey that is sited in the grounds was founded in 1128 at the order of King David I of Scotland. The name derives either from a legendary vision of the cross witnessed by David I, or from a relic of the True Cross known as the Holy Rood or Black Rood, and which had belonged to Queen Margaret, David's mother. As a royal foundation, and sited close to Edinburgh Castle, it became an important administrative centre. A Papal legate was received here in 1177, while in 1189 a council of nobles met to discuss a ransom for the captive king, William the Lion.Robert the Bruce held a parliament at the abbey in 1326, and by 1329 it may already have been in use as a royal residence. In 1370, David II became the first of several Kings of Scots to be buried at Holyrood. Not only was James II born at Holyrood in 1430, it was at Holyrood that he was crowned, married and laid to rest.James III and Margaret of Denmark were married at Holyrood in 1469. The early royal residence was in the abbey guesthouse, which most likely stood on the site of the present north range of the palace, west of the abbey cloister, and by the later 15th century already had dedicated royal apartments.
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Inchmahome Priory
Inchmahome Priory is situated on Inchmahome ("Inch" meaning an island), the largest of three islands in the centre of Lake of Menteith, close to Aberfoyle, Scotland.
The name "Inchmahome" comes from the Gaelic Innis MoCholmaig, meaning Island of St Colmaig.
The priory was founded in 1238 by the Earl of Menteith, Walter Comyn, for a small community of the Augustinian order (the Black Canons). The Comyn family were one of the most powerful in Scotland at the time, and had an imposing country house on Inch Talla, one of the other islands on the Lake of Menteith. There is some evidence that there was a church on the island before the priory was established.
The priory has a long history of receiving many notable guests. King Robert the Bruce visited three times: in 1306, 1308 and 1310. His visits were likely politically motived, as the first prior had sworn allegiance to Edward I, the English king. In 1358 the future King Robert II also stayed at the priory. In 1547 the priory served as a refuge for Queen Mary, aged four, hidden here for a few weeks following the disastrous defeat of the Scots army at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh during the Rough Wooing.
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Jedburgh
Coordinates: 55°28′37″N 2°32′46″W / 55.477°N 2.546°W / 55.477; -2.546
Jedburgh (Scots: Jeddart/Jethart,Scottish Gaelic: Deadard) is a town and former royal burgh in the Scottish Borders and historically in Roxburghshire.
Jedburgh lies on the Jed Water, a tributary of the River Teviot, it is only ten miles from the border with England and is dominated by the substantial ruins of Jedburgh Abbey. Other notable buildings in the town include Mary, Queen of Scots' House and Jedburgh Castle Jail, now a museum.
A church had been at Jedburgh since the 9th century, founded by Bishop Ecgred of Lindisfarne, and king David I of Scotland made it a priory between 1118 and 1138, housing Augustinian monks from Beauvais in France. The abbey itself was founded in 1147. Border wars with England in the 16th century left the abbey a magnificent ruin, still worth a visit today.
The deeply religious Scottish king Malcolm IV died at Jedburgh in 1165, aged 24. His death was thought to be brought on by excessive fasting.
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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state to the northwest of continental Europe. At its height, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain (including both modern-day England and Wales) and several smaller outlying islands; what today comprises the legal jurisdiction of England and Wales. It had a land border with the Kingdom of Scotland to the north. At the start of the period its capital and chief royal residence was Winchester, but Westminster and Gloucester were accorded almost equal status, with Westminster gradually gaining preference.
England as a state began on 12 July 927 after a gathering of kings from throughout Britain at Eamont Bridge, Cumbria, but broadly traces its origins to the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain and the Heptarchy of petty states that followed and ultimately united. The Norman invasion of Wales from 1067–1283 (formalised with the Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284) put Wales in England's control, and Wales came under English law with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. On 1 May 1707, England was united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union 1707. Though no longer a sovereign state, modern England continues as one of the countries of the United Kingdom.
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Kingdom of Ireland
The Kingdom of Ireland (Irish: Ríoghacht Éireann) refers to the country of Ireland in the period between the proclamation of Henry VIII as King of Ireland by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 and the Act of Union in 1800. It replaced the Lordship of Ireland, which had been created in 1171. King Henry VIII was recognised as monarch of Ireland by some Protestant powers in Europe, although not by the Catholic monarchies in Europe. However his daughter Mary I was recognised as Queen of Ireland by the pope in 1555. The separate Kingdom of Ireland ceased to exist when Ireland joined with the Kingdom of Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
The papal bull Laudabiliter of Pope Adrian IV was decreed in 1155. It granted the Angevin King Henry II of England who ruled from Anjou in France, the title Dominus Hibernae. Laudabiliter enabled the king to invade Ireland, in order to bring the country into the European sphere. In return, Henry was required to remit a penny per hearth of the tax roll to the Pope. This was reconfirmed by Adrian's successor Pope Alexander III in 1172.
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Leith
Coordinates: 55°58′48″N 3°10′12″W / 55.980089°N 3.170049°W / 55.980089; -3.170049
Leith ( /ˈliːθ/ LEETH; Scottish Gaelic: Lìte) is a district and former municipal burgh to the north of the city of Edinburgh at the mouth of the Water of Leith in Scotland. It has long been regarded as Edinburgh's port. It lies on the south shore of the Firth of Forth, in the unitary local authority of the City of Edinburgh.
First referred to in the charter authorising the construction of Holyrood Abbey, Leith officially became Edinburgh's port in 1329 when Robert I transferred control to the magistrates and citizens of Edinburgh. It remains a busy port, handling over 1.5 million tonnes of cargo a year.
Up until the late 16th century Leith (originally designated Inverleith, i.e. the mouth of the Water of Leith, on early maps), comprised two separate towns on either side of the river.
South Leith was the larger, coming under the jurisdiction of St. Cuthbert's parish in Edinburgh. It was based on trade and had many merchants' houses and warehouses. This was where ships offloaded their cargoes at the Shore where they were collected by Edinburgh merchants.
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Linlithgow
Coordinates: 55°58′45″N 3°36′38″W / 55.97905°N 3.61054°W / 55.97905; -3.61054
Linlithgow ( /lɪnˈlɪθɡoʊ/; Scottish Gaelic: Gleann Iucha, Scots Lithgae) is a Royal Burgh in West Lothian, Scotland. An ancient town, it lies south of its two most prominent landmarks: Linlithgow Palace and Linlithgow Loch, and north of the Union Canal.
The town's coat of arms shows a black dog, chained to an oak tree, which grows on an island. Linlithgow's patron saint is Saint Michael and its motto is St. Michael is kinde to straingers.
Formerly the principal town of West Lothian, which was also known as Linithgowshire, the town lies some 20 miles (32 km) west of Edinburgh along the main railway route to Glasgow. Before the construction of the M8 & M9 motorways and the opening of the Forth Road Bridge, the town lay on the main road from Edinburgh to Stirling, Perth and Inverness while the canal system linked the burgh to Edinburgh and Glasgow. The nearby village of Blackness once served as the burgh's port.
The chief historic attraction of Linlithgow is the remains of Linlithgow Palace, the birthplace of James V and Mary, Queen of Scots, and probably Scotland's finest surviving late medieval secular building. The present Palace was started (on an older site) in 1424 by James I of Scotland. It was burnt in 1746, and, whilst unroofed, it is still largely complete in terms of its apartments (though very few of the original furnishings survived).
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Linlithgow Palace
The ruins of Linlithgow Palace are situated in the town of Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland, 15 miles (24 km) west of Edinburgh. The palace was one of the principal residences of the monarchs of Scotland in the 15th and 16th centuries. Although maintained after Scotland's monarchs left for England in 1603, the palace was little used, and was burned out in 1746. It is now a visitor attraction in the care of Historic Scotland.
A royal manor existed on the site in the 12th century. This was replaced by a fortification known as 'the Peel', built in the 14th century by English forces under Edward I. The site of the manor made it an ideal military base for securing the supply routes between Edinburgh Castle and Stirling Castle. The English fort was begun in March 1302 under the supervision of two priests, Richard de Wynepol and Henry de Graundeston. The architect Master James of St George was also present. In September 1302, sixty men and 140 women helped dig the ditches; the men were paid twopence and the women a penny daily. A hundred foot soldiers were still employed as labourers on the castle in November and work continued during the Summer of 1303.
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Loch Leven Castle
Loch Leven Castle is a ruined castle on an island in Loch Leven, in the Perth and Kinross local authority area of Scotland. Possibly built around 1300, the castle was the location of military action during the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296–1357). In the later part of the 14th century, the castle was granted by his uncle to William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, and remained in Douglas' hands for the next 300 years. Mary, Queen of Scots was imprisoned here in 1567–1568, and forced to abdicate as queen, before escaping with the help of her gaoler's family. In 1588, the Queen's gaoler inherited the title Earl of Morton, and moved away from the castle. It was bought, in 1675, by Sir William Bruce, who used the castle as a focal point in his garden; it was never again used as a residence.
Today, the remains of the castle are protected as a category A listed building, in the care of Historic Scotland. Loch Leven Castle is accessible in summer by the public via a ferry.
A castle may have been constructed on Castle Island by 1257, when the 16-year-old King Alexander III of Scotland was forcibly brought there by his regents. During the First War of Scottish Independence (1296–1328), the invading English army held the castle, then named Loch Leven Castle, which lies at a strategically important position between the towns of Edinburgh, Stirling and Perth. Parts of the present fortification, the curtain wall, may date from this time and were perhaps built by the occupying English. The castle was captured by the Scots before the end of the 13th century, possibly by the forces of William Wallace.
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Northamptonshire
Coordinates: 52°17′N 0°50′W / 52.283°N 0.833°W / 52.283; -0.833
Northamptonshire ( /nɔrˈθæmptənʃər/ or /nɔrθˈhæmptənʃɪər/; archaically, the County of Northampton; abbreviated Northants. or N/hants) is a landlocked ceremonial county in the East Midlands region of England. Its population is 629,676 as at the 2001 census. It has boundaries with eight other ceremonial counties: Warwickshire to the west, Leicestershire and Rutland to the north, Cambridgeshire to the east, Bedfordshire to the south-east, Buckinghamshire to the south, Oxfordshire to the south-west and Lincolnshire to the north-east – England's shortest county boundary at 19 metres (21 yd). The county seat is Northampton. Other large population centres include Kettering, Corby, Wellingborough, Rushden and Daventry.
Northamptonshire's county flower is the cowslip[citation needed].
Much of Northamptonshire’s countryside appears to have remained somewhat intractable with regards to early human occupation, resulting in an apparently sparse population and relatively few finds from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods. In about 500 BC the Iron Age was introduced into the area by a continental people in the form of the Hallstatt culture, and over the next century a series of hill-forts were constructed at Arbury Camp, Rainsborough camp, Borough Hill, Castle Dykes, Guilsborough, Irthlingborough, and most notably of all, Hunsbury Hill. There are two more possible hill-forts at Arbury Hill (Badby) and Thenford.
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Notre Dame de Paris
Notre Dame de Paris (IPA: [nɔtʁ dam də paʁi]; French for Our Lady of Paris), also known as Notre Dame Cathedral or simply Notre Dame, is a Gothic, Roman Catholic cathedral on the eastern half of the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France. It is the cathedral of the Catholic Archdiocese of Paris: that is, it is the church that contains the cathedra (official chair) of the Archbishop of Paris, currently André Vingt-Trois. The cathedral treasury houses a reliquary with the purported Crown of Thorns.
Notre Dame de Paris is widely considered one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture in France and in Europe, and the naturalism of its sculptures and stained glass are in contrast with earlier Romanesque architecture. The first period of construction from 1163 into 1240s coincided with the musical experiments of the Notre Dame school.
The cathedral suffered desecration during the radical phase of the French Revolution in the 1790s, when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. An extensive restoration supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc removed remaining decoration, returning the cathedral to an 'original' gothic state.
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Nottingham
Nottingham (i/ˈnɒtɪŋəm/ NOT-ing-əm) is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and is one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group.
Nottingham is famed for its links with the legend of Robin Hood and, during the Industrial Revolution, obtained worldwide recognition for its lace-making, bicycle and tobacco industries. With origins tracable back to 600 AD, Nottingham was granted its city charter as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria in 1897 and has since been officially titled the City of Nottingham. The city has historically been nicknamed The Queen of the Midlands, being the smaller yet less industrialised regional neighbour to the Midlands biggest city, Birmingham. Nottingham is considered the primary centre of England's East Midlands region, being home to numerous regional headquarters and media stations including the BBC East Midlands and the Regional Government Office.
Whilst Nottingham has always had a tightly-drawn authority boundary, accounting for its relatively small population of 306,700, Nottingham's Urban Area has a population of approximately 670,000; in the 2001 census, it was the eighth largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Eurostat's concept of the Larger Urban Zone listed the area's population at 825,600 as of 2004.
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Roscoff
Coordinates: 48°43′38″N 3°59′04″W / 48.7272°N 3.9844°W / 48.7272; -3.9844
Roscoff (Breton: Rosko) is a commune in the Finistère département of Brittany in northwestern France.
Roscoff is renowned for its picturesque architecture, labeled « Petite cité de caractère de Bretagne (small town of character) » since 2009. Roscoff is also a traditional departure point for Onion Johnnies.
After lobbying by local economic leaders headed by Alexis Gourvennec, the French Government agreed in 1968 to provide a deep water port at Roscoff. Existing ferry operators were reluctant to take on the relatively long Plymouth/Roscoff crossing, so Gourvennec and colleagues founded Brittany Ferries. Since the early 1970s, Roscoff has been developed as a ferry port for the transport of Breton agricultural produce, and for car-based tourism. Brittany Ferries' and Irish Ferries link Roscoff with the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland which provides a boost to the local economy.
The nearby Île de Batz, called Enez Vaz in Breton, is a small island that can be reached by launch from the harbour.
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Scotland
Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Alba ([ˈalˠ̪apə] listen (help·info))) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland constitutes over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides.
Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. Edinburgh was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which transformed Scotland into one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Glasgow, Scotland's largest city, was once one of the world's leading industrial cities and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third largest city in Scotland, the title of Europe's oil capital.
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Scottish Borders
The Scottish Borders (Scots: The Mairches; Scottish Gaelic: Na Crìochan) is one of 32 local government council areas of Scotland. It is bordered by Dumfries and Galloway in the west, South Lanarkshire and West Lothian in the north west, City of Edinburgh, East Lothian, Midlothian to the north; and the non-metropolitan counties of Northumberland and Cumbria in England to the south and east. The administrative centre of the area is Newtown St. Boswells.
Historically, the name Scottish Borders designated the entire border region of southern Scotland and, together with neighbouring areas of England, was part of the historical Borders region.
The Scottish Borders are located in the Eastern part of the Southern Uplands.
The region is hilly and largely rural, with the River Tweed flowing west to east through the region. In the east of the region the area that borders the River Tweed is flat and is known as 'The Merse'. The Tweed and its tributaries drain the entire region with the river flowing into the North Sea at Berwick-upon-Tweed, and forming the border with England for the last twenty miles or so of its length.
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Scottish highlands
The Highlands (Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, "the place of the Gaels"; Scots: the Hielands) are an historic region of Scotland. The area is sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Highlands". It was culturally distinguishable from the Lowlands from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. The term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of A' Ghàidhealtachd literally means "the place of the Gaels" and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands.
The area is very sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. Before the 19th century the Highlands was home to a much larger population, but due to a combination of factors including the outlawing of the traditional Highland way of life following the Jacobite Rising of 1745, the infamous Highland Clearances, and mass migration to urban areas during the Industrial Revolution, the area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. The average population density in the Highlands and Islands is lower than that of Sweden, Norway, Papua New Guinea and Argentina.
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Sheffield Castle
Sheffield Castle was a castle in Sheffield, England, constructed at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don, possibly on the site of a former Anglo-Saxon long house, and dominating the early town. A motte and bailey castle had been constructed on the site at some time in the century following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. This was destroyed in the Second Barons' War, and construction of a second stone castle began four years later in 1270. Mary, Queen of Scots was held prisoner in this castle and its associated estates for 14 years between 1570 and 1584. The castle was held by Royalist forces for part of the English Civil War, but was surrendered to the Parliamentarians in 1644 following a short siege; its demolition was ordered soon after, and the castle was razed. There are no known surviving drawings or plans of the castle, but excavations in the 1920s revealed stone foundations from the castle begun in 1270 as well as evidence of earlier structures.
Sheffield castle was located at the confluence of the River Sheaf and the River Don (53°23′5″N 1°27′48″W / 53.38472°N 1.46333°W / 53.38472; -1.46333), on the western bank of the Sheaf and the southern bank of the Don. The rivers provided defence to the north and east and there was a moat on the south and western sides of the castle. This site is now largely covered by the castle market.
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Siege of Haddington
The Sieges of Haddington were a series of sieges staged at the Royal Burgh of Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, as part of the War of the Rough Wooing one the last Anglo-Scottish Wars. Following Regent Arran's defeat at the battle of Pinkie Cleugh on Saturday 10 September 1547, he took Haddington, with 5000 troops including French mercenaries and troops sent by Henry II of France to bolster the Auld Alliance. Afterwards, Francis Talbot, 5th Earl of Shrewsbury took it with nearly 15000. The English forces built artillery fortifications and were able to withstand an assault by the besieging French and Scots troops supported by heavy cannon in July 1548. Although the siege was scaled down after this unsuccessful attempt, the English garrison abandoned the town on 19 September 1549, after attrition by Scottish raids at night, sickness, and changing political circumstance.
The English commander, Grey of Wilton captured and garrisoned Haddington and outlying villages by 23 February 1548. The garrison included 200 Albanians who had previously fought in the French army. At the end of February 1548, Regent Arran brought four cannon to beseige and take the East Lothian houses of Ormiston, Brunstane, and Saltoun which John Cockburn of Ormiston and Alexander Crichton of Brunstane held for England, and summoned the men of Stirling, Menteith and Strathearn to the field. Grey and Thomas Palmer began to fortify the town in earnest after 24 April 1548.
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Solway Firth
The Solway Firth is a firth that forms part of the border between England and Scotland, between Cumbria (including the Solway Plain) and Dumfries and Galloway. It stretches from St Bees Head, just south of Whitehaven in Cumbria, to the Mull of Galloway, on the western end of Dumfries and Galloway. The Isle of Man is also very near to the firth. The firth comprises part of the Irish Sea.
The coastline is characterised by lowland hills and small mountains. It is a mainly rural area with fishing and hill farming (as well as some arable farming) still playing a large part in the local economy, although tourism is increasing. It has also been used for the location of films such as The Wicker Man (starring Edward Woodward), which was filmed around Kirkcudbright.
The Solway Coast was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1964. Construction of Robin Rigg Wind Farm began in the firth in 2007.
The water itself is generally benign with no notable hazards excepting some large areas of salt and mud flats, which often contain dangerous patches of quicksand that move frequently. It is recommended[by whom?] that visitors do not attempt to navigate them without expert guidance.
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Stirling
Coordinates: 56°07′02″N 3°56′23″W / 56.117222°N 3.939722°W / 56.117222; -3.939722
Stirling (Gaelic: Sruighlea pronounced [ˈs̪t̪ruʝlə]) is a city and former ancient burgh in Scotland, and is at the heart of the wider Stirling council area. The city is clustered around a large fortress and medieval old-town beside the River Forth. Historically it was strategically important as the "Gateway to the Highlands", with its position near the boundary between the Scottish Lowlands and Highlands, and its crossing of the Forth, the nearest to the river mouth.
Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling contains the Great Hall (restored 1999) and the Renaissance Palace (restoration completed 2011) within the Castle that rivalled any building in Europe at the time. Stirling also has its medieval parish church, The Church of the Holy Rude, where King James VI was crowned King of Scots on 29 July 1567. The Holy Rude still functions as living church with a service every Sunday.
Stirling is a centre for local government, higher education, retail, and light industry. Its population in 2008 was 33,710, for Stirling itself, the wider urban area including Bridge of Allan and Bannockburn has a population of 45,750. This makes it the smallest city in Scotland: indeed it is smaller than many of Scotland's larger towns.
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Stirling Castle
Stirling Castle, located in Stirling, is one of the largest and most important castles, both historically and architecturally, in Scotland. The castle sits atop Castle Hill, an intrusive crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. It is surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs, giving it a strong defensive position. Its strategic location, guarding what was, until the 1890s, the farthest downstream crossing of the River Forth, has made it an important fortification from the earliest times. Most of the principal buildings of the castle date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. A few structures of the fourteenth century remain, while the outer defences fronting the town date from the early eighteenth century. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1543. There have been at least eight sieges of Stirling Castle, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the last being in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie unsuccessfully tried to take the castle. Stirling Castle is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and is now a tourist attraction managed by Historic Scotland.
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Tower of London
Coordinates: 51°30′29″N 0°4′34″W / 51.50806°N 0.07611°W / 51.50806; -0.07611
Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London, England. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It was founded towards the end of 1066 as part of the Norman Conquest of England. The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078, and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. The castle was used as a prison since at least 1100, although that was not its primary purpose. A grand palace early in its history, it served as a royal residence. As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. There were several phases of expansion, mainly under Kings Richard the Lionheart, Henry III, and Edward I in the 12th and 13th centuries. The general layout established by the late 13th century remains despite later activity on the site.
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Tutbury Castle
Tutbury Castle is a largely ruinous medieval castle at Tutbury, Staffordshire, England, in the ownership of the Duchy of Lancaster. It is a Grade I listed building.
Tutbury Castle became the headquarters of Henry de Ferrers and was the centre of the wapentake of Appletree, which included Duffield Frith. With his wife Bertha, he endowed Tutbury Priory with two manors in about 1080. It would seem that Tutbury at that time was a dependency of the Norman abbey of St Pierre‑sur‑Dives.
The castle was destroyed by Prince Edward in 1264 after the rebellion of Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby. In 1269, after a further rebellion the lands were given to Edmund Crouchback and have remained part of the Duchy of Lancaster.
Apart from the 12th century chapel the ruins date from the 14th and 15th centuries when the castle was rebuilt. Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in the castle in the 16th century.
In 1999 Lesley Smith became the Curator of the Castle. The Duchy of Lancaster granted her this position for which Smith works as Public Relations Officer.
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Wemyss Castle
Wemyss Castle (pronounced [wi:ms]) is situated on the cliffs between the villages of East Wemyss and West Wemyss in Fife, Scotland.
Accounts date the construction of the castle to the year 1421 when Sir John Wemyss decided to build a fortified castle to replace one destroyed by the Duke of Rothesay at Kilconquhar in 1402. The castle is thus the ancient seat of the Earls of Wemyss and their families. Historically, the castle is perhaps best known as the location where Mary, Queen of Scots, met her future husband Lord Darnley in 1565.
Wemyss is an imposing castle sitting high atop cliffs with a view out over the Firth of Forth. Two particular points of interest are that one of the towers from an earlier building has been re-used, first as a windmill and later as a dovecote. There is also an oval-shaped dungeon within the castle, connected to the building by a 30m zigzag passage. Wemyss castle was restored in the 1950s and remains a residence to this day. Indeed, members of today's Royal Family, including the Queen, have visited.
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West Lothian
West Lothian (Scots: Wast Lowden, Scottish Gaelic: Lodainn an Iar) is one of the 32 unitary council areas in Scotland, and a Lieutenancy area. It borders the City of Edinburgh, Falkirk, North Lanarkshire, the Scottish Borders and South Lanarkshire.
The council area was created in 1996, under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994, with the boundaries of the West Lothian district of the Lothian region.
The county of West Lothian was called Linlithgowshire or the County of Linlithgow until 1921.
Before it was abolished in 1975 by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, the county contained six burghs. Two are now outside the West Lothian unitary council area:
On abolition in 1975 the county, with the exception of the Bo'ness area, was included in the Lothian Region. Bo'ness became part of the Central Region. Lothian Region was divided into four districts, one of which was named West Lothian and approximated to the former county.
West Lothian District was created in 1975, comprising the county of West Lothian; less the burghs of Bo'ness and South Queensferry and the Kirkliston area; it also included the East Calder and West Calder districts of the former county of Midlothian. The council's headquarters were originally in Bathgate, later moving to the new town of Livingston. The unitary authority created in 1996 used the same boundaries.
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Westminster
Coordinates: 51°29′58″N 0°08′00″W / 51.4995°N 0.1333°W / 51.4995; -0.1333
Westminster /ˈwɛsᵗmɪnstə/ is an area of central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and 0.5 miles (0.8 km) southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, and Westminster Cathedral.
Historically a part of Middlesex, the name Westminster was the ancient description for the area around Westminster Abbey – the West Minster, or monastery church, that gave the area its name – which has been the seat of the government of England (and later the British government) for almost a thousand years. Westminster is the location of the Palace of Westminster, a UNESCO World Heritage Site which houses the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The name Westminster describes the area around Westminster Abbey and Palace of Westminster. Its name derives from the West Minster, or monastery church, west of the City of London's St Paul's. The area has been the seat of the government of England for almost a thousand years. The name is also used for the larger City of Westminster which covers a wider geographical area; and, since 1965, has included the former boroughs of Marylebone and Paddington.
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Wingfield Manor
Wingfield Manor is a deserted (since the 1770s) and ruined manor house some 4 miles from the town of Alfreton in the English county of Derbyshire. There is a working farm that forms part of the old manor.
It is now in the care of English Heritage, though only viewable through pre-booked guided tours one Saturday a month during the Summer.
Wingfield Manor was built around 1450 for Ralph de Cromwell, 3rd Baron Cromwell, then Chancellor of England, on the site of a 12th century castle and was bought by the second Earl of Shrewsbury. The design was the inspiration for Hampton Court Palace in London.
The sixth Earl of Shrewsbury was entrusted with the care of Mary, Queen of Scots, when she was detained from 1569 onwards, in his various houses around Derbyshire, Wingfield among them. It may have been here that she met Anthony Babington, whose family lived at Dethick nearby, who organised the abortive Babington Plot, a Recusant Catholic plot against Elizabeth I. The walnut tree in the north courtyard is reputed to have grown from a seed left when Anthony Babington smeared walnut juice over his face to disguise himself and enter the castle to see Mary, Queen of Scots. Unfortunately, the tree is not old enough for this story to be true.
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Workington
Coordinates: 54°38′11″N 3°33′18″W / 54.6365°N 3.5549°W / 54.6365; -3.5549
Workington is a town, civil parish and port on the west coast of Cumbria, England, at the mouth of the River Derwent. Lying within the Borough of Allerdale, Workington is 32 miles (51.5 km) southwest of Carlisle, 7 miles (11.3 km) west of Cockermouth, and 5 miles (8.0 km) southwest of Maryport. It has a population of 24,121.
Historically a part of Cumberland, the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high-grade iron ore.
Workington is the seat of Allerdale Borough Council, which is one of three borough councils in Cumbria. Tony Cunningham is the local MP for the constituency of the same name that includes other towns in the hinterland of Workington.
Historically a part of Cumberland, the area around Workington has long been a producer of coal, steel and high grade iron ore.
Between 79AD and 122AD, Roman forts, mile-forts and watchtowers were established down the Cumbrian coast. They acted as coastal defences against attacks by the Scoti in Ireland and by the Caledonii, the most powerful tribe in what we now call Scotland. The 16th century book, Britannia, written by William Camden describes ruins of the coastal defences at Workington.'
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York
York (locali/ˈjɔːk/) is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of historic attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent, and a variety of cultural and sporting activities.
The city was founded by the Romans in 71 AD, under the name of Eboracum. It became in turn the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jorvik. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained.
In the 19th century York became a hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy.
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Adam Blackwood
Adam Blackwood (1539–1613) was a Scottish author and apologist for Mary, Queen of Scots.
He was born in Dunfermline, Scotland and died in Poitiers, France.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.
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Adèle of Champagne
Adèle of Champagne (c. 1140 – 4 June 1206), also known as Adelaide and Alix, was the third wife of Louis VII of France (they married in November 1160, only five weeks after his previous wife Constance of Castile had died at childbirth) and the mother of his only male heir, the future Philip II. She was also the daughter of Theobald II of Champagne and Matilda of Carinthia.
She was active in the political life of the kingdom, along with her brothers Henry I of Champagne, Theobald V of Blois, and Guillaume aux Blanches Mains, archbishop of Reims. Henry and Theobald were married to daughters of Louis VII and his first wife, Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine. She and her brothers felt their position threatened when the heiress of Artois, Isabelle of Hainaut, married Adèle's son Philip. Adèle formed an alliance with Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy and Count Philip of Flanders, and even tried to interest Frederick Barbarossa. War broke out in 1181, and relations became so bad that Philippe attempted to divorce Isabelle in 1184.
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Agnes of Merania
Agnes Maria of Andechs-Merania (died 1201), queen of France, was the daughter of Bertold IV (died 1204), who was Count of Andechs, a castle and territory near Ammersee, Bavaria and from 1183 duke of Merania (Istria). Her mother was Agnes of Rochlitz. She is called Marie by some of the French chroniclers.
In June 1196 Agnes married Philip II of France, who had repudiated his second wife Ingeborg of Denmark in 1193. Pope Innocent III espoused the cause of Ingeborg; but Philip did not submit until 1200, when, nine months after interdict had been added to excommunication, he consented to a separation from Agnes. She died broken-hearted in July of the next year, at the castle of Poissy, and was buried in the Convent of St Corentin, near Nantes. Her two children by Philip II, Philip, count of Clermont (died 1234), and Mary, who married Philip I of Namur, were legitimized by the pope in 1201 at the request of the king. Little is known of the personality of Agnes, beyond the remarkable influence which she seems to have exercised over Philip II. She has been made the heroine of a tragedy by François Ponsard, Agnès de Méranie, and of an opera by Vincenzo Bellini, La straniera.
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Alison Weir
Alison Weir (born 1951 in Westminster) is a British writer of history books, and latterly historical novels, mostly in the form of biographies about British royalty. Her works on the Tudor period have made her a best-selling author. She is the biggest-selling female historian in the United Kingdom.
1989's Britain's Royal Families, Weir's first published work, was a genealogical overview of the British Royal Family. She subsequently wrote biographies of Eleanor of Aquitaine, Isabella of England, Katherine Swynford, and the Princes in the Tower. Other focuses have included Henry VIII of England and his wives and children, Mary Boleyn, Elizabeth I, and Mary, Queen of Scots. She has published historical overviews of the Wars of the Roses and royal weddings, as well as historical fiction novels on Lady Jane Grey, Elizabeth I, and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
Weir was born in Westminster, UK in 1951. She has described her mother as "a genuinely good person with heaps of integrity, strength of character, humour and wisdom, and has overcome life’s trials with commendable fortitude."
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Alpín I of the Picts
Alpín was king of the Picts in the 720s, together with Drest. The Pictish Chronicle king lists give Alpín and Drest a five year joint rule. Alpín is a Pictish form of the Old English Ælfwine and may, perhaps, indicate a tie to Bernician exiles in Pictland, such as Eanfrith, father of Talorgan mac Enfret, and Oswiu.
In 724, Nechtan mac Der-Ilei is reported in the Annals of Tigernach to have abdicated in favour of Drest, entering a monastery. Alpín, who is associated with Drest in the Pictish Chronicle king lists, is not mentioned at this time. In 726, the Annals of Tigernach report that "Drest was cast from the kingdom of the Picts; and Alpín reigned in his stead."
In 728–729, a war in Pictland involving Alpín, Drest, Nechtan and Óengus is reported in various sources. Alpín appears to have been the initial opponent of Nechtan and Óengus. He was first defeated by Óengus at Monaidh Craeb, for which Monicrieffe near Perth has been suggested, where his son was killed. A second defeat led to Alpín's flight and Nechtan being restored as king. Drest was killed the following year, but Alpín's fate is not known.
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Amias Paulet
Sir Amias Paulet (1532 – 26 September 1588) was an English diplomat, Governor of Jersey, and the gaoler for a period of Mary, Queen of Scots.
He was the son of Sir Hugh Paulet and Philippa Pollard. His name is sometimes spelt 'Amyas'. In 1559 he was made Lieutenant Governor of Jersey, one of the Channel Islands, his father being Governor. He kept this post until 1573. His father Hugh died that year, and Paulet was made Governor, a post he held until his death.
In 1576 Queen Elizabeth raised him to knighthood, appointed him Ambassador to Paris and at the same time put the young Francis Bacon under his charge. Paulet was in this embassy until he was recalled November, 1579. In 1579, he took into his household, the young Jean Hotman, son of Francis Hotman, to tutor his two sons Anthony and George. When the family returned to England, the tutor and his two charges settled at Oxford.
A fanatical Puritan with a harsh character, Paulet was appointed gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots, by Elizabeth in January 1585, replacing the more tolerant Sir Ralph Sadler. He remained her keeper until Mary's execution at Fotheringhay Castle on 8 February 1587.
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Amlaíb of Scotland
Amlaíb mac Ilduilb (Modern Gaelic: Amhlaigh), known in English as simply Amlaíb (died 977) was King of Scots during the 970s. He was the son of King Indulf (Idulb mac Causantín) and brother of King Cuilén (Cuilén mac Iduilb). His name is of Old Norse or Norse-Gael origin, in this case the Old Irish equivalent of Olaf.
He is known from the notice of his death in the Annals of Tigernach, which reports that he was killed by Kenneth II of Scotland (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim). His name is not included in any extant king lists, nor is he named as a king in 973 when Kenneth II met with King Edgar the Peaceable at Chester, so that the length of his reign is unknown.
Alex Woolf asserts that the Norse origin of the name Amlaíb "...strongly suggests that his maternal kind may have been from a Scandinavian background and they are likely to have been a branch of the Uí Ímair... ...He may well be the grandson of Amlaíb Cúaran, or his cousin Amlaíb son of Gothfrith".
For primary sources see also External links below.
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Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria (22 September 1601 – 20 January 1666) was Queen consort of France and Navarre, regent for her son, Louis XIV of France, and a Spanish Infanta by birth. During her regency (1643–1651) Cardinal Mazarin served as France's chief minister.
Born at Benavente Palace in Valladolid, Spain, and baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter of Habsburg parents, Philip III of Spain and Margaret of Austria. She held the titles of Infanta of Spain and of Portugal and Archduchess of Austria. Despite having been a native of Spain, she was referred to as "...of Austria" due to the fact that the Habsburgs were originally from Austria.
Anne was raised mainly at the Royal Alcazar of Madrid. Unusually, Anne grew up close to her parents, and lived a rather calm and orderly life when compared to other royal children. Her parents were very religious, and she therefore was raised to be as well, often visiting monasteries during her childhood. In 1611, she lost her mother, who died in childbirth; despite her grief, Anne did her best to take care of her younger siblings, who referred to her with affection as mother.
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Anne of Brittany
Anne, Duchess of Brittany (25 January 1477 – 9 January 1514), also known as Anna of Brittany (French: Anne de Bretagne; Breton: Anna Vreizh), was a Breton ruler, who was to become queen to two successive French kings. She was born in Nantes, Brittany, and was the daughter of Francis II, Duke of Brittany and Margaret of Foix. Her maternal grandparents were Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of Foix. Upon her father's death, she became sovereign Duchess of Brittany, Countess of Nantes, Montfort and Richmont and Viscountess of Limoges. In her time, she was the richest European woman.
Anne was the only child of Francis and Margaret to survive childhood (she had a younger sister, Isabeau, who died in 1490). Accordingly, she was brought up as the heiress to the Duchy. She was given a good education under the guidance of Françoise de Dinan, Lady of Laval and Chateaubriant, and the poet Jean Meschinot.
Since the Breton War of Succession, Brittany had been understood to operate according to semi-Salic Law–women could only inherit if the male line had died out. By the time Anne was born, her father was the only male left of the Breton House of Montfort. The War of Succession had ended with an agreement that, in the absence of a male heir, the heirs of Joanna of Penthièvre would succeed. After a century, however, this agreement had been forgotten. Thus, in 1486 Anne's father had her recognised as heiress by the Breton estates; however, the question of her marriage remained a diplomatic issue. Francis had no intention of allowing Brittany to be absorbed by France. Therefore, he sought for his daughter a marriage with a figure capable of withstanding French power.
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Anne of Kiev
Anne of Kiev (or Anna Yaroslavna) (between 1024 and 1032–1075) was the queen consort of France as the wife of Henry I, and regent for her son Philip I.
Her parents were Yaroslav I the Wise and princess Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden.
After the death of his first wife, Matilda of Frisia, King Henry searched the courts of Europe for a suitable bride, but could not locate a princess who was not related to him within illegal degrees of kinship. At last he sent an embassy to distant Kiev, which returned with Anne (also called Agnes). Anne and Henry were married at the cathedral of Reims on 19 May 1051.
The new queen consort was not instantly attracted to her new realm. She wrote to her father that Francia was "a barbarous country where the houses are gloomy, the churches ugly and the customs revolting."
Anne is credited with bringing the name Philip to Western Europe. She imported this Greek name (Philippos, from philos and hippos, meaning "loves horses") from her Eastern Orthodox culture.
For six years after Henry's death in 1060, she served as regent for Philip, who was only eight at the time. She was the first queen of France to serve as regent. Her co-regent was Count Baldwin V of Flanders. Anne was a literate woman, rare for the time, but there was some opposition to her as regent on the grounds that her mastery of French was less than fluent.
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Antonia Fraser
Dame Antonia Margaret Caroline Fraser, DBE (born 27 August 1932), née Pakenham, is an Anglo-Irish author of history, novels, biographies and detective fiction, best known as Lady Antonia Fraser. She is the widow of Harold Pinter (1930–2008), the 2005 Nobel Laureate in Literature, and, prior to her husband's death, was also known as Antonia Pinter.
Fraser is the daughter of Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford (1905–2001), and his wife, Elizabeth Pakenham, Countess of Longford, née Elizabeth Harman (1906–2002). As the daughter of an Earl, she is accorded the honorific courtesy title "Lady" and thus customarily addressed formally as "Lady Antonia".
As a teenager, she and her siblings converted to Catholicism, following the conversions of their parents. Her "maternal grandparents were Unitarians – a non-conformist faith with a strong emphasis on social reform ...". In response to criticism of her writing about Oliver Cromwell, she has said, "I have no Catholic blood". Before his own conversion in his thirties following a nervous breakdown in the Army, as she explains, "My father was Protestant Church of Ireland, and my mother was Unitarian up to the age of 20 when she abandoned it." She was educated at St Mary's School, Ascot and Dragon School, Oxford and Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford; the last was also her mother's alma mater.
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Arthur Clifford
Arthur Clifford (1778-1830) was an English antiquarian.
Clifford was the sixth of the eight sons of the Hon. Thomas Clifford (fourth son of Hugh Clifford, 3rd Baron Clifford of Chudleigh) of Tixall, Staffordshire, by the Hon. Barbara Aston, younger daughter and coheiress of James Aston, 5th Lord Aston of Forfar. After receiving some preliminary education, he spent some months in 1795 at Stonyhurst College.
He married on 15 June 1809 Eliza Matilda, second daughter of Donald Macdonald of Berwick-upon-Tweed. His wife died in August 1827. There seems to have been no issue of the marriage.
He died at Winchester on 16 January 1830, aged 52.
His first publication was The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler, edited by Arthur Clifford, Esq.; to which is added a Memoir of the Life of Sir R. Sadler, with Historical Notes by Walter Scott, Esq., Edinburgh (Constable), 1809, 2 vols. 4to (a few copies were printed on large paper in 3 vols. 4to). This collection consists of four sets of letters relating almost entirely to Scottish affairs. A less complete collection of Ralph Sadler's State Papers had been previously published in 1720. The documents in Clifford's edition were printed by him from a copy of the original manuscripts preserved at Tixall, the seat of his eldest brother, Thomas Hugh Clifford, to whom they had descended through the family of Lord Aston, into which Sir Ralph Sadler's granddaughter had married. Sir Walter Scott superintended the printing of the book, besides contributing the notes and a memoir of Sadler extending to thirty pages (republished in Scott's Miscellaneous Prose Works, iv. 834).
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Bastian Pagez
Bastian Pagez was a French servant and musician at the court of Mary, Queen of Scots. He devised part of the entertainment at the baptism of Prince James at Stirling Castle in 1566. When Mary was exiled in England, Bastian and his family continued in her service. The 19th-century historian Agnes Strickland considered his court role as equivalent to the English Master of the Revels; in England he was Mary's chamber valet and designed her embroidery patterns.
Bastian is first recorded at the Scottish court in 1565 when Mary and Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley bought him an elaborate and expensive suit of clothes costing over £100 Scots as a mark of their favour.James Melville of Halhill wrote in his Memoirs that Bastian was held responsible for an entertainment in the Great Hall of Stirling Castle which offended the English guests at the baptism of the future James VI. Mary and thirty guests sat at a round table like King Arthur's at the head of the hall. The courses of the dinner were brought up the hall on a moving table, with twelve men dressed as satyrs, with long tails, carrying lighted torches. In their other hand the satyrs carried whips to clear the way in front. When the table reached the stage, the satyrs passed their torches to bystanders. Then six servers dressed as nymphs who had been seated on the moving table, passed the food to the satyrs, who brought the dishes up to the round table on the stage. Meanwhile the nymphs and satyrs sang Latin verses specially written by George Buchanan in honour of the food and hosts as the gift of the offering of rustic gods to James and his mother. Parts of the song were given to the satyrs, nereids, fauns, and naiads who alternately addressed the Queen and Prince, and it was concluded by characters representing the Orkney Islands. Although the choreography was perfect, when the satyrs first wagged their tails, the Englishmen took it as reference to an old saying that Englishmen had tails.
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Bertha of Burgundy
Bertha of Burgundy (952, 964 or 967 – 1010, 16 January 1016, or 1035) was the daughter of Conrad the Peaceful, King of Burgundy and his wife Matilda, daughter of Louis IV, King of France and Gerberga of Saxony. She was named for her father's mother, Bertha of Swabia.
She first married Odo I, Count of Blois in about 983. They had several children, including Odo II.
After the death of her husband in 996, Bertha's cousin Robert, co-King of France wished to marry her, in place of his repudiated first wife Rozala, who was many years his senior. The union was opposed by Robert's father, Hugh Capet, due to the close relation of husband and wife. However, the marriage went ahead after Hugh's death in October 996, which left Robert as sole king.
The closeness of Robert and Bertha by blood was such that Church authorities considered the marriage illegal. Accordingly, Pope Gregory V declared the pair excommunicate. This, and the lack of children (save one, who lived and died in 999), caused Robert to agree with Pope Silvester II to have the marriage annulled in 1000.
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Bertha of Holland
Bertha of Holland (c. 1055–1093) was the first wife of Philip I of France, the King of France.
She was the daughter of Floris I, Count of Holland, by his wife Gertrude of Saxony. After her father died in 1061, her mother remarried to Robert I, Count of Flanders. In 1072 her stepfather concluded a peace treaty with King Philip. As part of the terms of the treaty Bertha was married to Philip.
Nine years passed before Bertha produced the desired son and heir, Louis. Reportedly, her fertility was only restored thanks to the prayers of a hermit, Arnoul, who also named the child.
In 1092, Philip repudiated Bertha, alleging that she was too fat. He confined her to the fortress of Montreuil-sur-Mer, and took up with Bertrade de Montfort, the countess of Anjou.
Together, Philip and Bertha had five children:
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Bertrade de Montfort
Bertrade de Montfort (c. 1070 – 14 February 1117) was the daughter of Simon I de Montfort and Agnes, Countess of Evreux. Her brother was Amaury de Montfort.
The oft-married Fulk IV, Count of Anjou was married to the mother of his son in 1089, when the lovely Bertrade caught his eye. According to the chronicler John of Marmoutier:
The lecherous Fulk then fell passionately in love with the sister of Amaury de Montfort, whom no good man ever praised save for her beauty.
Bertrade and Fulk were married, and they became the parents of a son, Fulk, but in 1092 Bertrade left her husband and took up with King Philip I of France. Philip married her on 15 May 1092, despite the fact that they both had spouses living. He was so enamoured of Bertrade that he refused to leave her even when threatened with excommunication. Pope Urban II did excommunicate him in 1095, and Philip was prevented from taking part in the First Crusade. Astonishingly, Bertrade persuaded Philip and Fulk to be friends.
With Fulk IV, Count of Anjou:
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Bess of Hardwick
Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury (c. 1521 – 13 February 1608), known as Bess of Hardwick, was the daughter of John Hardwick, of Derbyshire and Elizabeth Leeke, daughter of Thomas Leeke and Margaret Fox. She was married four times, firstly to Robert Barlow, who died in his teens; secondly to the courtier Sir William Cavendish; thirdly to Sir William St Loe; and lastly to George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, sometime keeper to the captive Mary, Queen of Scots. An accomplished needlewoman, Bess hosted Mary at Chatsworth House for extended periods in 1569, 1570, and 1571, during which time they worked together on the Oxburgh Hangings. In 1601, Bess ordered an inventory of the household furnishings including textiles at her three properties at Chatsworth, Hardwick and Chelsea, which survives, and in her will she bequeathed these items to her heirs to be preserved in perpetuity. The 400-year-old collection, now known as the Hardwick Hall textiles, is the largest collection of tapestry, embroidery, canvaswork, and other textiles to have been preserved by a single private family.
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Blanche of Burgundy
Blanche of Burgundy (French: Blanche de Bourgogne) (c. 1296 – 29 April 1326) was queen of France and Navarre for a few months in 1322 due to her marriage to the future king Charles IV.
She was the daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and Mahaut, Countess of Artois. She married Charles IV, then the Count of La Marche, third son of Philip IV at Corbeil on 20 May 1308.
The couple had two children:
Accusing her of adultery during the Tour de Nesle affair, her father-in-law threw Blanche and her supposed accomplices – her sister-in-law Margaret and sister Joan – into the fortress of Château Gaillard at the beginning of 1314.
She was still there in 1322 during the crowning of her husband Charles IV. The king refused to free her. Their marriage was annulled by Pope John XXII on 19 May 1322.
Blanche saw the end of her days at Maubuisson Abbey, near Pontoise, in April 1326.
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Blanche of Castile
Blanche of Castile (Blanca de Castilla in Spanish; 4 March 1188 – 27 November 1252), was a Queen consort of France as the wife of Louis VIII. She acted as regent twice during the reign of her son, Louis IX.
She was born in Palencia, Spain, 1188, the third daughter of Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, and Eleanor of England. Eleanor was a daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
In her youth, she visited the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, founded by her father, several times. Later in life, she would establish Cisterian abbeys and would be buried in one eventually.
In consequence of the Treaty of Le Goulet between Philip Augustus and John of England, Blanche's sister Urraca was betrothed to Philip's son, Louis. Their grandmother Eleanor of Aquitaine, upon getting acquainted with the two sisters, judged that Blanche's personality was more fit for a queen consort of France. In the spring of 1200 Eleanor crossed the Pyrenees with her and brought her to France instead.
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Cailtram
Cailtram son of Girom was a king of the Picts.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him ruling for one or six years between his brother Gartnait son of Girom and Talorc son of Muircholach. No two lists which give a possibly authentic version of his name agree on its form, variants including Cailtarni and Cailtaine. Later versions include Kelhiran, Kelturan and Kyburcan.
He is the third son of Girom listed as king, although Drest son of Girom is not explicitly stated to have been a brother of Cailtram and Gartnait.
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Charles I of England
Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles believed was divinely ordained. Many of his English subjects opposed his actions, in particular his interference in the English and Scottish churches and the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, because they saw them as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch.
Charles's reign was also characterised by religious conflicts. His failure to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War, coupled with the fact that he married a Roman Catholic princess, generated deep mistrust concerning the king's dogma. Charles further allied himself with controversial ecclesiastic figures, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, whom Charles appointed Archbishop of Canterbury. Many of Charles's subjects felt this brought the Church of England too close to the Roman Catholic Church. Charles's later attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall.
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Charles IX of France
Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was King of France, ruling from 1560 until his death. His reign was dominated by the Wars of Religion. He is best known as king at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
He was born Charles Maximilian, third son of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici in the royal chateau of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He was immediately made Duke of Orléans upon his birth, succeeding his older brother Louis, his father's second son who had died in infancy the year before.
He[when?] visited England and on 14 May was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, along with Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford and Sir Henry Sidney.[citation needed]
His father died in 1559, followed in December 1560 by his elder brother, King Francis II (1544–1560). The ten-year-old Charles was immediately proclaimed King and, on 15 May 1561, consecrated as King of France in the cathedral at Reims. Government was dominated by his mother, Catherine de' Medici, who at first acted as regent for her young son. Antoine of Bourbon, himself in line to the French throne and husband to Queen Joan III of Navarre, was appointed Lieutenant-General of France.
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Charlotte of Savoy
Charlotte of Savoy (11 November 1441 – 1 December 1483) was the second wife and only Queen consort of Louis XI of France. She had three surviving children, one of whom succeeded Louis as King Charles VIII of France, with her eldest daughter, Anne of France, acting as his regent.
She was a daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy, and Anne of Cyprus. Her maternal grandparents were Janus of Cyprus and Charlotte de Bourbon-La Marche. Her maternal grandmother, for whom she was probably named, was a daughter of John I, Count of La Marche, and Catherine de Vendôme.
She was one of 19 children, 14 of whom survived infancy.
On 11 March 1443, when Charlotte was just over a year old, she was betrothed to Frederick of Saxony (28 August 1439- 23 December 1451), eldest son of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony. For reasons unknown, the betrothal was annulled. Less than eight years later on 14 February 1451, Charlotte married Louis, Dauphin France (future Louis XI), eldest son of Charles VII of France and Marie of Anjou. The bride was only nine years old and the groom twenty-seven. The marriage, which had taken place without the consent of the French king, was Louis' second; his first wife, Margaret of Scotland, had died childless in 1445. Upon her marriage, Charlotte became Dauphine of France.
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Cinioch
Cinioch, named Cínaed mac Luchtren in the Irish Annals, was king of the Picts, in modern Scotland, from circa 617 to 631 or 633, when his death is reported in the Annals of Ulster, the Annals of Tigernach and the Chronicon Scotorum.
According to the Pictish Chronicle king lists, he reigned for 14 or 19 years and was followed by Gartnait III.
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Claude of France
Claude of France (French: Claude de France) (13 October 1499 – 20 July 1524) was a princess and queen consort of France and ruling Duchess of Brittany. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany.
As the first spouse of Francis I of France, she was the mother of Henry II, and thus grandmother of the last three kings of the Valois line and also of Elisabeth, Queen consort of Spain; Claude, Duchess consort of Lorraine; and Margaret, the Queen consort of Henry IV of France. She is also the maternal grandmother of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy.
Queen Claude was named after St. Claude, a saint her mother had invoked during a pilgrimage so she could give birth to a living child.
Because her mother, Anne, Duchess of Brittany, had no surviving sons, Claude became heiress to the Duchy of Brittany. The crown of France, however, could pass only to and through male heirs, according to Salic Law. In 1504, Anne, eager to keep Brittany separate from the French crown, effected the Treaty of Blois, which promised Claude's hand in marriage to the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the promise of Brittany and the Duchy of Burgundy. The prospect of a reduced France surrounded on several sides was unacceptable to the Valois, and so the betrothal was soon canceled.
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Clementia of Hungary
Clementia of Hungary (also known as Clémence d'Anjou; French: Clémence de Hongrie) (1293–12 October 1328), Queen consort of France and Navarre, was the second wife of King Louis X of France.
Clémence of Hungary was the daughter of Charles Martel of Anjou, titular King of Hungary, and Clementia of Habsburg, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf I. Both of Clémence's parents died during her early childhood, and Mary of Hungary, Clementia's grandmother, raised her. The family claimed Hungary through Mary of Hungary, and so although Clémence was born and grew up in Naples, she used the title Clémence of Hungary.
Clémence is best known for the remarkable, rare inventory that was made of her belongings. The ninety-nine-page document in French describes her works of art and material culture in great detail. We learn about her many crown jewels, her reliquaries, the textiles that decorated her domestic space and her chapel, the silver sculptures she owned, and even her clothing. The almost forty manuscripts she held allow us to see what the queen read. The inventory is also valuable because we learn where she acquired many of her objects and who received them after her death. We can see the movement of her works of art to members of all classes.
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Conall mac Taidg
Conall mac Taidg (died circa 807) (Conall son of Tadc) was a king in Scotland. Very little is recorded of Conall and that unclear. He is mentioned twice by the Irish annals, the most reliable source for the history of northern Britain in the years around 800. He also appears in later king lists.
The Chronicle of Ireland survives only in later manuscripts. Of these, the Annals of Ulster contain two reports of Conall. The first, dated to 789, records "a battle between the Picts, in which Conall son of Tadc was defeated and escaped; and Constantín was victor". Constantín here is Caustantín mac Fergusa (d. 820), king of Fortriu. The second, in 807, reports "the killing of Conall son of Tadc, by Conall son of Aedacán in Cenn Tíre". Cenn Tíre is the Old Irish language form of Kintyre and Conall son of Aedacán is usually called Conall mac Áedáin.
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Constance of Arles
Constance of Arles (986 – 25 July 1034), also known as Constance of Provence, was the third wife and queen of King Robert II of France. She was the daughter of William I, count of Provence and Adelais of Anjou, daughter of Fulk II of Anjou. She was the half-sister of Count William II of Provence.
In 1001, she was married to King Robert, after his divorce from his second wife, Bertha of Burgundy. The marriage was stormy; Bertha's family opposed her, and Constance was despised for importing her Provençal kinfolk and customs. Robert's friend, Hugh of Beauvais, tried to convince the king to repudiate her in 1007. The knights of her kinsman, Fulk Nerra, then murdered Beauvais, perhaps at her order.
In 1010 Robert went to Rome, accompanied by his former wife Bertha, to seek permission to divorce Constance and remarry Bertha. Constance encouraged her sons to revolt against their father, and then favored her younger son, Robert, over her elder son, Henri.
During the famous trial of Herefast de Crepon (who was alleged to be involved with a heretical sect of canons, nuns, and clergy in 1022), the crowd outside the church in Orleans became so unruly that, according to Moore:
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Constance of Castile
Constance of Castile (1141 – 4 October 1160) was the second wife of Louis VII, King of France, following his divorce from Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was a daughter of Alphonse VII, King of Galicia, León and Castile, and Berenguela of Barcelona. Her maternal grandparents were Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona and his third wife Douce I, Countess of Provence.
The official reason for her husband's divorce from Eleanor of Aquitaine had been that he was too close a relative of Eleanor for the marriage to be legal by Church standards; however, he was even more closely related to Constance.
Constance died giving birth to her second child. Desperate for a son, her husband remarried a mere five weeks after her death.
Constance was buried in the Basilica of Saint-Denis, France.
Constance bore her husband two children:
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Cornelius Cure
Cornelius Cure (died 1607) was an English-born sculptor of Dutch parentage, being the son of the sculptor, William Cure I.
Cure lived and worked in Southwark in Surrey (now London). He held the office of Master Mason to both Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, originally jointly with his father. He was a popular sculptor of church monuments, such as those to Sirs Philip and Thomas Hoby, Thomas' widow, Elizabeth, Lady Russell, at Bisham in Berkshire, and Sir William Cordell at Long Melford in Suffolk.
In 1606, he was commissioned to produce the great monument to Mary, Queen of Scots, in Westminster Abbey, which remained incomplete at his death, but was finished by his son, William. The queen was interred in September 1612, under the Cures' sculpture, for which they received £825.
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Cuilén
Cuilén mac Ildulb (Modern Gaelic: Cailean), sometimes anglicised as Culen or Colin, and nicknamed An Fionn, "the White" (died 971) was king of Scotland (Alba) from 967 to 971. He was one of three known sons of King Indulf (Ildulb mac Causantín), the others being Amlaíb and Eochaid.
It is supposed that Cuilén was implicated in the death of his predecessor Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim), who had defeated Cuilén in battle in 965.
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba reports several events in the reign of Cuilén. It says that Marcan son of Breodalach was killed in Lothian, that Cellach, Bishop of Cennrígmonaid and Máel Brigte, also a Bishop, died. Other reported deaths include Domnall mac Cairill and Máel Brigte mac Dubacain, the identities of whom are unknown, but they must evidently have been important men. Máel Brigte might be a son of the Dubacan mac Indrechtaig, Mormaer of Angus, who was killed at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. Finally, we are told that Leot and Sluagadach went to Rome, presumably on church business.
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David Beaton
The Most Rev. Dr. David Cardinal Beaton (c. 1494 – 29 May 1546) was Archbishop of St Andrews and the last Scottish Cardinal prior to the Reformation.
Cardinal Beaton was a younger son of John Beaton of Balfour in the county of Fife, and is said to have been born in 1494. He was educated at the universities of St Andrews and Glasgow, and in his sixteenth year was sent to Paris, where he studied civil and canon law. He began his political career at the French court. He was Rector and Prebendary at Cambuslang from 1520. He became Commendator of Arbroath in 1524, Bishop of Mirepoix in Languedoc in December 1537 on the recommendation of King Francis I, and in 1538 he was appointed a Cardinal by Pope Paul III, under the title of St Stephen in the Caelian Hill. He was the only Scotsman named to that office by an undisputed right, Cardinal Wardlaw, Bishop of Glasgow, having received his appointment from the Antipope Clement VII about 160 years earlier. On the death in 1539 of Archbishop James Beaton, his uncle and patron who had given him the prebend of Cambuslang, the Cardinal became Archbishop of St. Andrews. In 1544, he was made Papal legate in Scotland.
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David Hume
David Hume (7 May [O.S. 26 April] 1711 – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, known especially for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism. He was one of the most important figures in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist.
Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In stark opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour, saying: "Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions." A prominent figure in the sceptical philosophical tradition and a strong empiricist, he argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding instead that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. Thus he divides perceptions between strong and lively "impressions" or direct sensations and fainter "ideas", which are copied from impressions. He developed the position that mental behaviour is governed by "custom"; our use of induction, for example, is justified only by our idea of the "constant conjunction" of causes and effects. Without direct impressions of a metaphysical "self", he concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self.
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David I of Scotland
David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim (Modern: Daibhidh I mac [Mhaoil] Chaluim; 1083 x 1085 – 24 May 1153) was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians (1113–1124) and later King of the Scots (1124–1153). The youngest son of Máel Coluim III (Malcolm III) and Margaret of Wessex, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093. Perhaps after 1100, he became a dependent at the court of King Henry I. There he was influenced by the Norman and Anglo-French culture of the court.
When David's brother Alexander I of Scotland died in 1124, David chose, with the backing of Henry I, to take the Kingdom of Scotland (Alba) for himself. He was forced to engage in warfare against his rival and nephew, Máel Coluim mac Alaxandair. Subduing the latter seems to have taken David ten years, a struggle that involved the destruction of Óengus, Mormaer of Moray. David's victory allowed expansion of control over more distant regions theoretically part of his Kingdom. After the death of his former patron Henry I, David supported the claims of Henry's daughter and his own niece, the former Empress-consort, Matilda, to the throne of England. In the process, he came into conflict with King Stephen and was able to expand his power in northern England, despite his defeat at the Battle of the Standard in 1138.
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David II of Scotland
David II (Medieval Gaelic: Daibhidh a Briuis, Modern Gaelic: Dàibhidh Bruis; 5 March 1324 – 22 February 1371) was King of Scots from 7 June 1329 until his death.
David II was the elder and only surviving son of Robert I of Scotland and his second wife, Elizabeth de Burgh. He was born on 5 March 1324 at Dunfermline Palace, Fife. His mother died in 1327. In accordance with the Treaty of Northampton's terms, David was married on 17 July 1328 to Joan of the Tower, daughter of Edward II of England and Isabella of France, at Berwick-upon-Tweed. They had no issue.
David became King of Scots upon the death of his father on 7 June 1329, aged 5 years, 3 months, and 3 days. David and his Queen were crowned at Scone on 24 November 1331.
During David's minority, Sir Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was appointed Guardian of Scotland by the Act of Settlement of 1318. After Moray's death, on 20 July 1332, he was replaced by Donald, Earl of Mar, elected by an assembly of the magnates of Scotland at Perth, 2 August 1332. Only ten days later Mar fell at the Battle of Dupplin Moor. Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, who was married to Christian (or Christina), the sister of King Robert I, was chosen as the new Guardian. He was taken prisoner by the English at Roxburgh in April 1333 and was thence replaced as Guardian by Archibald Douglas (the Tyneman) who fell at Halidon Hill that July.
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David Rizzio
Davide Rizzio, sometimes written as Davide Riccio or Davide Rizzo (c. 1533 – 9 March 1566), was an Italian courtier, born close to Turin, a descendant of an ancient and noble family still living in Piedmont, the Riccio Counts de San Paolo et Solbrito, who rose to become the private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots. Mary's husband, Lord Darnley, is said to have been jealous of their friendship, because of rumours that he had made Mary pregnant, and joined in a conspiracy of Protestant nobles, led by Patrick Ruthven, 3rd Lord Ruthven, to murder him. The murder was the catalyst for the downfall of Darnley and had serious consequences for Mary's subsequent career.
Rizzio (whose name appears in Italian records as David Riccio di Pancalieri in Piemonte) went first from Turin to the Court of the Duke of Savoy, then at Nice. However, finding no opportunities for advancement there, he found means to get himself admitted into the train of the Count de Moretto in 1561, who was about to lead an embassy to Scotland. The Court in Scotland had no employment for Rizzio, and dismissed him. He ingratiated himself with the Queen's musicians, whom she had brought with her from France. James Melville, a personal friend of Rizzio, said that "Her Majesty had three valets in her chamber, who sung three parts, and wanted a bass to sing the fourth part". Thus, he was drawn into her court (Hawkins, 1778).
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Domnall mac Ailpín
Domnall mac Ailpín (Modern Gaelic: Dòmhnall mac Ailpein, anglicised sometimes as Donald MacAlpin, and known in most modern regnal lists as Donald I); (born 812 died 13 April 862) was king of the Picts from 858 to 862. He followed his brother Kenneth I to the Pictish throne.
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that Domnall reigned for four years, matching the notices in the Annals of Ulster of his brother's death in February 858 and his own in April 862. The Chronicle notes:
The laws of Áed Find are entirely lost, but it has been assumed that, like the laws attributed to Giric and Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda), these related to the church and in particular to granting the privileges and immunities common elsewhere. The significance of Forteviot as the site of this law-making, along with Kenneth's death there and Constantine's later gathering at nearby Scone, may point to this as being the heartland of the sons of Alpín's support.
The Chronicle of Melrose says of Domnall, "in war he was a vigorous soldier ... he is said to have been assassinated at Scone." No other source reports Domnall's death by violence.
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Drest Gurthinmoch
Drest Gurthinmoch was a king of the Picts.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists all give him a reign of 30 years between Nechtan and Galan. The meaning of the epithet Gurthinmoch is unknown, but the first part may be related to the Welsh gwrdd, meaning great.
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Drest I of the Picts
Drest or Drust, son of Erp, is a legendary king of the Picts whose reign is recorded in the king lists of the Pictish Chronicle.
The Chronicle tells that Drest reigned for 100 years and triumphed in 100 battles, which should be read as tradition rather than fact. It also states that Saint Patrick came to Ireland in the nineteenth year of his reign, which would place it in the middle of the 5th century. The Chronicle claims that he exiled his brother Nechtan to Ireland. John of Fordun claims that Drest reigned for 45 years in the time of Palladius rather than Patrick, and conflates him with his brother Nechtan.
The king lists record that he was followed by one Talorc son of Aniel.
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Drest mac Caustantín
Drest mac Caustantín was king of the Picts, in modern Scotland, from about 834 until 836 or 837. He was the son of King Caustantín and succeeded his uncle, Óengus, to the throne.
The length of his reign is based on the various Pictish king lists, where he is associated with Talorgan son of Uuthoil. Some sources, such as John of Fordun, conflate the two kings as "Durstolorger", perhaps under the influence of the earlier "Dubthalorc".
It was once thought that Pictish kings in this period were also kings of Dál Riata, but this is no longer supported.
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Drest V of the Picts
Drest son of Munait was a king of the Picts.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for one year between Talorc II and Galam Cennalath. He reigned until 580.
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Drest X of the Picts
Drest (Scottish Gaelic: Drust) was king of the Picts from before 845 until 848, a rival of Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín). According to the Pictish Chronicle, he was the son of Uurad.
The myth of MacAlpin's Treason was attached to a king named Drest, and it may be this king who is intended. He was the last king of the Picts.
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Duncan I of Scotland
Donnchad mac Crínáin (Modern Gaelic: Donnchadh mac Crìonain; anglicised as Duncan I, and nicknamed An t-Ilgarach, "the Diseased" or "the Sick"; ca. 1001 – 14 August 1040) was king of Scotland (Alba) from 1034 to 1040. He was son of Crínán, hereditary lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of king Malcolm II of Scotland (Máel Coluim mac Cináeda).
Unlike the "King Duncan" of Shakespeare's Macbeth, the historical Duncan appears to have been a young man. He followed his grandfather Malcolm as king after the latter's death on 25 November 1034, without apparent opposition. He may have been Malcolm's acknowledged successor or tánaise as the succession appears to have been uneventful. Earlier histories, following John of Fordun, supposed that Duncan had been king of Strathclyde in his grandfather's lifetime, between 1018 and 1034, ruling the former Kingdom of Strathclyde as an appanage. Modern historians discount this idea.
An earlier source, a variant of the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba (CK-I), gives Duncan's wife the Gaelic name Suthen. Whatever his wife's name may have been, Duncan had at least two sons. The eldest, Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) was king from 1058 to 1093, the second Donald III (Domnall Bán, or "Donalbane") was king afterwards. Máel Muire, Earl of Atholl is a possible third son of Duncan, although this is uncertain.
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Earl of Mar
The Mormaer or Earl of Mar is a title that has been reaffirmed seven times, all in the Peerage of Scotland. The first creation of the earldom was originally the provincial ruler of the province of Mar in north-eastern Scotland. First attested in the year 1014, the "family seat" eventually became Kildrummy Castle, although other sites like Doune of Invernochty were initially just as important.
The title evolved into a peerage title, and was made particularly famous by John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar who was an important Jacobite military leader during the 1715 Jacobite rising.
Owing to a nineteenth-century dispute, there are currently two Earls of Mar, with James Thorne Erskine, 15th Earl of Mar and 17th Earl of Kellie and Margaret Alison of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar sharing the title. The Earl of Mar and Kellie is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Erskine; the Countess of Mar is the hereditary Clan Chief of Clan Mar.The Earldom of Mar is thought to be the oldest peerage in Great Britain, and even Europe.
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Edward VI of England
Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was the King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first monarch who was raised as a Protestant. During Edward's reign, the realm was governed by a Regency Council, because he never reached maturity. The Council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick, from 1551 Duke of Northumberland (1550–1553).
Edward's reign was marked by economic problems and social unrest that, in 1549, erupted into riot and rebellion. An expensive war with Scotland, at first successful, ended with military withdrawal from there and Boulogne-sur-Mer in exchange for peace. The transformation of the Anglican Church into a recognisably Protestant body also occurred under Edward, who took great interest in religious matters. Although Henry VIII had severed the link between the Church of England and Rome, he never permitted the renunciation of Catholic doctrine or ceremony. It was during Edward's reign that Protestantism was established for the first time in England with reforms that included the abolition of clerical celibacy and the Mass and the imposition of compulsory services in English. The architect of these reforms was Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, whose Book of Common Prayer has proved lasting.
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Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine (French: Aliénor d’Aquitaine; Éléonore de Guyenne) (1122 or 1124 – 1 April 1204) was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages. As well as being Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, she was queen consort of France (1137–1152) and of England (1154–1189). She was the patroness of such literary figures as Wace, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, and Bernart de Ventadorn.
Eleanor succeeded her father as Duchess of Aquitaine and Countess of Poitiers at the age of fifteen, becoming the most eligible bride in Europe. Three months after her accession, she married Louis VII, son of her guardian, King Louis The Fat. As Queen of France, she participated in the unsuccessful Second Crusade. Soon after the Crusade, Eleanor sought an annulment of her marriage but was rejected by Pope Eugene III. However, after the birth of Alix, another daughter, Louis agreed to an annulment. The marriage was annulled on 11 March 1152, on the grounds of consanguinity within the fourth degree. Their daughters were declared legitimate and custody was awarded to Louis, while Eleanor's lands were restored to her.
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Eleanor of Austria
Eleanor of Austria (15 November 1498 – 25 February 1558), also called Eleanor of Castile, was born an Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became Queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France (1530–1547). She also held the Duchy of Touraine (1547–1558) as dower. She is called "Leonor" in Spanish and Portuguese and "Eléonore" or "Aliénor" in French.
Eleanor was born in Louvain as the eldest child of Philip of Austria and Joanna of Castile, who would later become co-sovereigns of Castile. Her siblings were Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, Queen Isabella of Denmark, Queen Mary of Hungary and Queen Catherine of Portugal.
When she was young, Eleanor's relatives tried to marry her to the future King of England, Henry VIII, to whom she was betrothed. However, when Henry's father died and he became King, Henry decided to marry Eleanor's aunt, Catherine of Aragon, who was the widow of King Henry's older brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales. Her relatives also tried to marry her to the French Kings Louis XII or Francis I or to the Polish King Sigismund I, but nothing came of these plans. Eleanor was also proposed as a marriage candidate for Antoine, Duke of Lorraine, in 1510.
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Elisabeth of Valois
Elisabeth of France (also known as Elizabeth of Valois; French: Élisabeth de France or Élisabeth de Valois, Spanish: Isabel de Valois; 2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568) was the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.
She was born in the Château de Fontainebleau. Her childhood was spent in the French royal nursery, where her father insisted she share her bedroom with her future sister-in-law, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was about the same age. Even though Elisabeth had to give precedence to Mary (since Mary was already a crowned queen), the two would remain close friends for the rest of their lives. While it is acknowledged that her sister Margaret and her future sister-in-law Mary were prettier than she, she was one of Catherine's attractive daughters. Elisabeth was also described as being shy, timid and very much in awe of her formidable mother; although there is also evidence that Catherine was tender and loving toward Elisabeth. This was certainly evident in her letters to Elisabeth.
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Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was Queen consort of England as spouse of King Henry VII from 1486 until 1503, and mother of King Henry VIII of England.
Elizabeth of York is the only English queen to have been a daughter (of Edward IV), sister (of Edward V), niece (of Richard III), wife (of Henry VII), mother (of Henry VIII) and grandmother (on the paternal side of Mary I, Elizabeth I and Edward VI) of English monarchs.
She was born at Westminster, the eldest child of King Edward IV and his Queen consort, Elizabeth Woodville, the former Lady Grey.
Her christening was celebrated at Westminster Abbey, her sponsors being her grandmothers Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, and Jacquetta of Luxembourg, Duchess of Bedford. Her third sponsor was her cousin, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick.
She was named a Lady of the Garter in 1477, along with her mother and her paternal aunt Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk.
In 1469, she was briefly betrothed to George Neville, son of John Neville, Earl of Northumberland, who initially supported Edward IV against his brother Warwick's rebellion. The Earl of Northumberland switched sides, however, and the betrothal was called off. In 1475, Louis XI agreed to let her marry his son, Charles, the Dauphin of France, but Louis reneged on the promise in 1482.
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Eugénie de Montijo
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Eóganan mac Óengusa
Uuen (Wen) or Eogán in Gaelic (commonly referred to by the hypocoristic Eóganán) was king of the Picts, or of Fortriu (as it was known in Ireland at the time), in what is now Scotland.
Uuen was a son of Onuist II [son of] Uurguist [Wrguist] (in Gaelic: Óengus II mac Fergusa, died 834) and succeeded his cousin Drest mac Caustantín as king in 836 or 837. The sole notice of Uuen in the Irish annals is the report of his death, together with his brother Bran and "Áed mac Boanta, and others almost innumerable" in a battle fought by the men of Fortriu against Vikings in 839. This defeat appears to have ended the century-long domination of Pictland by the descendants of Onuist I [son of] Wrguist (in Gaelic: Óengus I mac Fergusa.
If the annalistic record is short, there are other traditions relating to Uuenn. He is named by the St Andrews foundation tale as one of the sons of Onuist who met with Saint Regulus at Forteviot when the Saint supposedly brought the relics of Saint Andrew to Scotland. Along with his uncle Caustantín, Uuen appears to have been a patron of the Northumbrian monasteries as he is named in the Liber Vitae Dunelmensis, which contains a list of those for whom prayers were said, dating from around 840.
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Francis II of France
Francis II (French: François II) (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was aged 15 when he succeeded to the throne of France after the accidental death of his father, King Henry II, in 1559. He reigned for 18 months before he died in December 1560. He was also King consort of Scotland (1558–1560) as the husband of Queen Mary I.
He was born at the Royal Chateau at Fontainebleau, the son of Henry II, King of France (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) and Catherine de' Medici (13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589).
He was the grandson of King Francis I of France, and of Claude of France, and the brother of King Charles IX of France, and of King Henry III of France. He was also the first husband of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Following the death of her father, James V, King of Scots, Mary I was crowned Queen of Scots in Stirling Castle on 9 September 1543, at the age of nine months. The marriage between the Queen of Scots and the Dauphin of France, was arranged by Henry II of France in 1548, when Francis was just four years old. Once the marriage agreement had been formally ratified, the now six-year-old Mary was sent to France, to be raised in the royal court until the marriage.
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François Clouet
François Clouet (c. 1510 – 22 December 1572), son of Jean Clouet, was a French Renaissance miniaturist and painter, particularly known for his detailed portraits of the French ruling family.
Clouet was born in Tours.
The earliest reference to him is a document dated December 1541 (see Jean Clouet), in which the king renounces for the benefit of François his father's estate, which had escheated to the crown as the estate of a foreigner. In this document, the younger Clouet is said to have followed his father very closely in his art. Like his father, he held the office of groom of the chamber and painter in ordinary to the king, and so far as salary is concerned, he started where his father left off. Many drawings are attributed to this artist, often without perfect certainty. There is, however, more to go upon than there is in the case of his father.
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Galam Cennalath
Galam Cennalath (died 580) was a king of the Picts.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for between two and four years, with one year being jointly with Bridei son of Maelchon according to some versions. Some variants place his reign between Gartnait and Drest son of Girom which may be a copyist's error, or alternatively he may have had two reigns.
The death of "Cennalath, King of the Picts" is reported by the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach for 580.
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Galan Erilich
Galan Erilich was a king of the Picts.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for fifteen years between Drest Gurthinmoch and the joint rule of Drest son of Uudrost and Drest son of Girom.
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George Buchanan
George Buchanan (February 1506 – 28 September 1582) was a Scottish historian and humanist scholar. He was part of the Monarchomach movement.
His father, a younger son of an old family, owned the farm of Moss, in the parish of Killearn, Stirling, but he died young, leaving his widow and children in poverty. George's mother, Agnes Heriot, was of the family of the Heriots of Trabroun, East Lothian, of which George Heriot, founder of Heriot's Hospital, was also a member. Buchanan, a native speaker of Scottish Gaelic is said to have attended Killearn school, but not much is known of his early education. In 1520 he was sent by his uncle, James Heriot, to the University of Paris, where he first came in contact with the two great influences of the age, the Renaissance and the Reformation. There, according to him, he devoted himself to the writing of verses "partly by liking, partly by compulsion (that being then the one task prescribed to youth)."
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Giric
Giric mac Dúngail (Modern Gaelic: Griogair mac Dhunghail, known in English simply as Giric, and nicknamed Mac Rath, ("Son of Fortune");fl. c. 878–889) was a king of the Picts or the king of Alba. The Irish annals record nothing of Giric's reign, nor do Anglo-Saxon writings add anything, and the meagre information which survives is contradictory. Modern historians disagree as to whether Giric was sole king, or ruled jointly with Eochaid, on his ancestry, and if he should be considered a Pictish king, or the first king of Alba.
Although little is now known of Giric, he appears to have been regarded as an important figure in Scotland in the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. It is widely believed that the MacGregor Clan is descended from Giric with a royal bloodline descending to their current Chief. Scots chroniclers such as John of Fordun, Andrew of Wyntoun, Hector Boece and the humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote of Giric as "King Gregory the Great" and told how he had conquered half of England and Ireland too.
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Gordon Donaldson
Gordon Donaldson CBE, FRHistS, FBA (13 April 1913, Leith, Edinburgh - 16 March 1993, Fife) was a Scottish historian.
Born in Edinburgh of Shetlander descent, Donaldson attended the Royal High School of Edinburgh, before being awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Edinburgh. He also supplemented his income by undertaking some tutoring. After graduating in 1935 with a first-class Honours Degree in History (MA), he gained his PhD in 1938 at the Institute of Historical Research in London, where he also won the David Berry Prize from the Royal Historical Society. Donaldson also has a DLitt degree.
After working as an archivist at the General Register Office for Scotland 1938-1947, he was appointed to a lectureship in Scottish History at his alma mater in Edinburgh - largely through the offices of William Croft Dickinson. This marked the beginning of Donaldson's 32-year academic career at Edinburgh.
He served as a Reader from 1955, before succeeding Dickinson as Professor of Scottish History and Palaeography in 1963, which he held until his retirement in 1979. During his academic career, Professor Donaldson wrote or co-wrote over thirty books, and numerous articles and addresses. He also served at various times as President of the Scottish Ecclesiological Society, the Scottish Church History Society, the Scottish History Society, the Scottish Record Society, the Scottish Records Association, and the Stair Society.
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Guardian of Scotland
The Guardians of Scotland were the de facto heads of state of Scotland during the First Interregnum of 1290–1292, and the Second Interregnum of 1296–1306. During the many years of minority in Scotland's subsequent history, there were many guardians of Scotland and the post was a significant constitutional feature in the course of development for politics in the country.
In a letter (written in Old French) from the Scots Parliament of 1290, sitting at Birgham, confirming the Treaty of Salisbury, the guardians of Scotland are listed as:
"... Guillaume de Seint Andreu et Robert de Glasgu evesques, Johan Comyn et James Seneschal de Escoce, gardeins du reaume de Escoce..."
English translation: "William [Fraser] of St Andrews and Robert [Wishart] of Glasgow bishops, John Comyn and James the Steward of Scotland, guardians of the kingdom of Scotland".
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Hans Eworth
Hans Eworth (or Ewouts) (c. 1520–1574) was a Flemish painter active in England in the mid-16th century. Along with other exiled Flemings, he made a career in Tudor London, painting allegorical images as well as portraits of the gentry and nobility. About 40 paintings are now attributed to Eworth, among them portraits of Mary I and Elizabeth I. Eworth also executed decorative commissions for Elizabeth's Office of the Revels in the early 1570s.
Nothing is known of Eworth's early life or training. As "Jan Euworts", he is recorded as a freeman of the artists' Guild of St Luke in Antwerp in 1540. A "Jan and Nicholas Ewouts, painter and mercer" were expelled from Antwerp for heresy in 1544 and scholars generally accept that this Jan is the same individual. By 1545 Eworth was resident in London, where he is well recorded (under a wide variety of spellings) from 1549.
Eworth's earliest surviving works also date from 1549 to 1550. These include the allegorical portrait of Sir John Luttrell with the goddess Pax, commemorating Luttrell's military exploits and the Treaty of Boulogne (24 March 1550) which finally brought peace between England, Scotland, and France after the long wars known as the Rough Wooing. The original—signed with Eworth's "HE" monogram—was donated to the Courtauld Institute of Art by Lord Lee of Farnham in 1932. The painting was in "badly damaged" condition when it was donated to the Institute, although it has subsequently been conserved and restored.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559. Henry II's reign was dominated by war against the House of Habsburg, chiefly in Italy. He suffered an untimely death in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis at the conclusion of the conflict. During Henry's reign, Protestantism became an important minority religion in France, in spite of his efforts to suppress it. His death led to a weakening of French royal authority that helped spur decades of religious violence between Protestants and Catholics.
Henry was born in the royal Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, the son of Francis I and Claude, Duchess of Brittany (daughter of Louis XII of France and Anne, Duchess of Brittany).
His father was captured at the Battle of Pavia in 1525 by his sworn enemy, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and held prisoner in Spain. To obtain his release it was eventually agreed that Henry and his older brother be sent to Spain in his place. They remained in captivity for three years.
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Henry Sidney
Sir Henry Sidney (1529 – 5 May 1586), Lord Deputy of Ireland was the eldest son of Sir William Sidney of Penshurst, a prominent politician and courtier during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, from both of whom he received extensive grants of land, including the manor of Penshurst in Kent, which became the principal residence of the family.
Henry Sidney was brought up at court as the companion of Prince Edward, afterwards King Edward VI, and he continued to enjoy the favour of the Crown, particularly throughout the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.
Sidney married Mary Dudley, eldest daughter of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland in 1551. They would have three sons and four daughters. His eldest son was Sir Philip Sidney, and his second was Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester.
His daughter Mary Sidney married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and by reason of her literary achievements was one of the most celebrated women of her time.
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Henry VII of England
Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.
Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial rapacity which stretched the bounds of legality. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple "greed" in large part underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry's final years.
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Indulf
Ildulb mac Causantín, anglicised as Indulf, nicknamed An Ionsaighthigh, "the Aggressor" (died 962) was king of Scots from 954. He was the son of Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda); his mother may have been a daughter of Earl Eadulf I of Bernicia, who was an exile in Scotland.
John of Fordun and others supposed that Indulf had been king of Strathclyde in the reign of his predecessor, based on their understanding that the kingdom of Strathclyde had become a part of the kingdom of Alba in the 940s. This, however, is no longer accepted.
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says: "In his time oppidum Eden", usually identified as Edinburgh, "was evacuated, and abandoned to the Scots until the present day." This has been read as indicating that Lothian or some large part of it, fell to Indulf at this time. However, the conquest of Lothian is likely to have been a process rather than a single event, and the frontier between the lands of the kings of Alba and Bernicia may have lain south and east of Edinburgh many years before Indulf's reign.
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Isabeau of Bavaria
Isabeau of Bavaria (also Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt; c. 1370 – 24 September 1435) was Queen consort of France (1385–1422) as spouse of King Charles VI of France, a member of the Valois Dynasty. She assumed a prominent (and controversial) role in public affairs during the disastrous later years of her husband's reign.
Isabeau of Bavaria was the daughter of Stephen III of Bavaria-Ingolstadt and Taddea Visconti. The precise date and venue of her birth within the territories of Bavaria cannot be established.
Her paternal grandparents were Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria (a son of Emperor Louis IV) and Elisabeth of Sicily (whose name Isabella received), daughter of king Frederick III of Sicily and his wife Eleanor of Anjou.
Her maternal grandparents were Barnabò Visconti, Lord of Milan and Regina-Beatrice della Scala. Regina was daughter of Mastino II della Scala, Lord of Verona from 1329 to 1351 and his wife Taddea di Carrara.
Isabeau was brought to France in 1385 to marry King Charles VI. The first years the couple spent together were peaceful until signs of mental illness on the part of her husband started to become obvious beginning in 1392.
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Isabella of Aragon
Isabella of Aragon (1247 – 28 January 1271), infanta of Aragon, was, by marriage, Queen consort of France in the Middle Ages from 1270 to 1271.
She was the daughter of King James I of Aragon and his second wife Violant of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary.
In Clermont on 28 May 1262, she married the future Philip III of France, son of king Louis IX and Marguerite of Provence. They had four sons:
She accompanied her husband on the Eighth Crusade against Tunis. On their way home, they stopped in Cosenza, Calabria. Six months pregnant with her fifth child, on 11 January 1271 she suffered a fall from her horse after they had resumed the trip back to France. Isabella gave birth to a premature stillborn son. She never recovered from her injuries and the childbirth, and died seventeen days later, on 28 January. Her husband took her body and their stillborn son and, when he finally returned to France, buried her in Saint Denis Basilica. Her tomb, like many others, was desecrated during the French Revolution in 1793.
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James I of Scotland
James I, King of Scots (July 1394 – 21 February 1437), was the youngest of three sons of King Robert III and Annabella Drummond and was probably born in late July 1394 in Dunfermline. By the time he was eight years of age both of his elder brothers were dead—Robert had died in infancy, but David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, died under suspicious circumstances in Falkland Castle while being detained by his uncle, Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany. Although parliament exonerated Albany, fears for James's safety grew during the winter of 1405–6 and plans were made to send him to France. In February 1406, James, in the company of nobles loyal to King Robert III, clashed with those of the Earl of Douglas, forcing the prince to take temporary refuge on the Bass Rock in the Forth estuary. He remained there until mid-March, when he boarded a vessel bound for France, but English pirates captured the ship on 22 March and delivered James to Henry IV of England. A few days later, on 4 April Robert III died, and the 12 year-old uncrowned King of Scots began his 18-year detention.
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James II of England
James II & VII (14 October 1633O.S. – 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Members of Britain's political and religious elite increasingly opposed him for being pro-French and pro-Catholic, and for his designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, the tension exploded, and leading nobles called on William III of Orange (his son-in-law and nephew) to land an invasion army from the Netherlands, which he did. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated) in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was replaced by William of Orange who became king as William III, ruling jointly with his wife (James's daughter) Mary II. Thus William and Mary, both Protestants, became joint rulers in 1689. James made one serious attempt to recover his crowns, when he landed in Ireland in 1689 but, after the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamite forces at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, James returned to France. He lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV.
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James II of Scotland
James II (16 October 1430 – 3 August 1460), who reigned as king of Scots from 1437 on, was the son of James I and Joan Beaufort. Nothing is known of his early life, but by his first birthday his only brother, Alexander, who was also older, had died, thus making James the heir apparent and Duke of Rothesay. Curiously enough, James held no other titles while Duke of Rothesay. On 21 February 1437, James I was assassinated and the six-year-old Duke of Rothesay immediately succeeded him as James II.
In 1449, nineteen-year-old James married fifteen-year-old Mary of Guelders, daughter of the Duke of Gelderland. She had numerous royal ancestors such as John II of France and John of Bohemia. She bore him seven children, six of whom survived into adulthood. Subsequently, the relations between Flanders and Scotland became better. James's nickname, Fiery Face, referred to a conspicuous vermilion birthmark on his face which appears to have been deemed by contemporaries an outward sign of a fiery temper.
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James IV of Scotland
James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scots from 11 June 1488 to his death. He is generally regarded as the most successful of the Stewart monarchs of Scotland, but his reign ended with the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Flodden Field, where he became the last monarch from not only Scotland, but also from all of Great Britain, to be killed in battle.
James was the son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, probably born in Stirling Castle. As heir apparent to the Scottish crown, he became Duke of Rothesay. In 1474, his father arranged his betrothal to Princess Cecily of England. His father was not a popular king and faced two major rebellions during his reign. The marriage negotiations and dowry payments led to the invasion of Scotland and capture of Berwick in 1482 by his uncle Alexander, Duke of Albany and Richard, Duke of Gloucester while James remained at Stirling. James III's army rebelled against him and the English army reached Edinburgh.
During the second rebellion, the rebels set up the 15-year-old James as their nominal leader. His father was killed fighting rebels at the Battle of Sauchieburn on 11 June 1488, and James took the throne and was crowned at Scone on 24 June. When he realised the indirect role which he had played in the death of his father, he decided to do penance for his sin. From that date on, he wore a heavy iron chain cilice around his waist, next to the skin, each Lent as penance, adding every year extra ounces.
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James Rennie
James Rennie FRS (26 February 1787, Sorn – 1867, Adelaide) was a Scottish naturalist.
In 1815 he graduated M.A. from Glasgow University where he had previously studied natural sciences, and took holy orders. In 1821 he moved to London. From 1830 to 1834 he was professor of natural history and zoology at King's College. From then on he made his living as a natural history author. Rennie was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1845.
Rennie eventually emigrated to Australia, where he ran the College High School in Elizabeth Street, Sydney, with an emphasis on the Arts and Natural History.
He wrote, among many other books, The Natural History of Insects published by John Murray (1829) co-authored by John Obadiah Westwood;Insect Architecture (1830), a very popular work originally in the Library of Entertaining Knowledge but reissued in 1857 John Murray and Alphabet of Botany for use of beginners (1834).
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James V of Scotland
James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss. His only surviving legitimate child, Mary, succeeded him to the throne when she was just six days old.
The only son of King James IV of Scotland and his queen Margaret Tudor to survive infancy, he was born on 10 April 1512, at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgowshire and was christened the next day, receiving the titles Duke of Rothesay and Prince and Grand Steward of Scotland. He was just seventeen months old when his father was killed at the Battle of Flodden Field on 9 September 1513.
James was crowned in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle on 21 September 1513. During his childhood, the country was ruled by regents, first by his mother, the sister of King Henry VIII of England, until she remarried the following year, and thereafter by John Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, who was himself next in line to the throne after James and his younger brother, the posthumously-born Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross. Other regents included Robert Maxwell, 5th Lord Maxwell, a member of the Council of Regency who was also bestowed as Regent of Arran, the largest island in the Firth of Clyde. In February 1517, James came from Stirling to Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh, but during an outbreak of plague in the city he was moved to the care of Antoine d'Arces at nearby rural Craigmillar Castle. At Stirling, the 10-year-old James had a guard of 20 footmen dressed in his colours, red and yellow. When he went to the park below the Castle, "by secret and in right fair and soft wedder (weather)," six horsemen would scour the countryside two miles roundabout for intruders. Poets wrote his own nursery rhymes, advising him on royal behaviour. William Stewart in his Princelie Majestie counselled against ice-skating:
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James VI and I
James VI and I (19 June 1566 – 27 March 1625) was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death. The kingdoms of England and Scotland were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciary, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union.
He became King of Scotland at the age of thirteen months, succeeding his mother Mary, Queen of Scots, who had been compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died without issue. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known as the Jacobean era after him, until his death in 1625 at the age of 58. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, only returning to Scotland once in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began.
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Jenny Wormald
Jenny Wormald FRHist S, FSA Scot, FRSA, is a Scottish historian who studies late medieval and early modern Scotland. She taught at the University of Glasgow between 1966 and 1985, and then St Hilda's College, University of Oxford, between 1985 and 2005. She held a variety of other posts in this time. Her most important research has been on bloodfeud in early modern Scotland, but she has also produced a study of the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots. She is currently an Honorary Fellow in Scottish History at the University of Edinburgh.
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Joan I of Navarre
Joan I (also known as Jeanne I) (14 January 1273 – 31 March/2 April 1305), the daughter of king Henry I of Navarre and Blanche of Artois, reigned as queen regnant of Navarre and also served as queen consort of France.
Joan was born in Bar-sur-Seine on 14 January 1273. The following year 1274, upon the death of her father, she became Countess of Champagne and Queen regnant of Navarre. Her mother Queen Blanche was her guardian and regent in Navarre. Various powers, both foreign and Navarrese, sought to take advantage of the minority of the heiress and the "weakness" of the female regent, which caused Joan and her mother to seek protection at the court of Philip III of France.
At the age of 10 (based on the date of birth above), Joan married the future Philip IV of France on 16 August 1284, becoming queen of France a year later. Their three surviving sons would all rule as kings of France, in turn, and their only surviving daughter, Isabella became queen consort of England. Queen Joan founded the famous College of Navarre in Paris.
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Joan the Lame
Joan of Burgundy (French: Jeanne de Bourgogne) (24 June 1293 – 12 September 1348), also known as Joan the Lame (French: Jeanne la Boiteuse), was Queen consort of France as the first wife of Philip VI. Joan was the regent of France while her husband fought on military campaigns during the Hundred Years' War.
Joan was the daughter of Robert II, Duke of Burgundy, and Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy and Daughter of France. Her mother was the youngest daughter of King Louis IX of France and Margaret of Provence.
Her older sister, Margaret of Burgundy, was the first wife and Queen of Louis X of France. Her brothers were Hugh V, Duke of Burgundy, and Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy.
She married Philip of Valois in July 1313. From 1315 to 1328, they were Count and Countess of Maine; from 1325, they were also Count and Countess of Valois and Anjou.
Intelligent and strong-willed, Joan proved a capable regent while her husband fought on military campaigns during the Hundred Years' War. However, her nature and power earned both herself and her husband a bad reputation, which was accentuated by her deformity (which was considered by some to be a mark of evil), and she became known as la male royne boiteuse ("the lame evil Queen"), supposedly the driving force behind her weaker husband. One chronicler described her as a danger to her enemies in court: "the lame Queen Jeanne de Bourgogne...was like a King and caused the destruction of those who opposed her will."
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Joanna of Bourbon
Joanna of Bourbon (3 February 1338 – 6 February 1378) was consort to Charles V of France.
Born in Vincennes, Joanna was a daughter of Peter I, Duke of Bourbon and Isabella of Valois, a half-sister of Philip VI of France as the daughter of Charles of Valois and his third wife Mahaut of Châtillon.
Joanna gave birth to nine children but only Charles and Louis survived.
Joanna's father, Peter was killed while at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, her mother, Isabella died in 1388, having outlived Joanna by ten years.
Her father, grandfather, and brother were all somewhat mentally unstable, and Joanna seems to have inherited this family ailment. She suffered a complete nervous breakdown after the birth of her seventh child. Her eldest surviving son, Charles VI, was famous for his insanity. From her marriage to Charles V of France (1350, Tain-en-Viennois) were born nine children:
Joanna died in Paris while giving birth to her youngest child, Catherine. According to Froissart, while Joanna was heavily pregnant with Catherine she wished to have a bath but the doctors advised against it because they thought it to be too dangerous. Joanna ignored them and had a bath anyway. Soon after she went into labour and died giving birth. The king was very upset with the death of Joanna and never really was the same after her death. Her heart was buried in the convent of the Cordeliers and her entrails in the Church of the Celestines in Paris. The rest of her remains were then placed in the Basilique Saint-Denis.
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John Balliol
John Balliol (c. 1249 – 25 November 1314), known to the Scots as Toom Tabard ("empty suit"), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296.
Little of John's early life is known. He was born between 1248 and 1250 at an unknown location, possibilities include Galloway, Picardy and Barnard Castle, County Durham. He was the son of John, 5th Baron Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle, and his wife Dervorguilla of Galloway, daughter of Alan, Lord of Galloway and granddaughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon. From his mother he inherited significant lands in Galloway and claim to Lordship over the Gallovidians, as well as various English and Scottish estates of the Huntingdon inheritance; from his father he inherited large estates in England and France, such as Hitchin, in Hertfordshire.
In 1284 Balliol had attended a parliament at Scone, which had recognised Margaret, Maid of Norway as heiress to King Alexander III of Scotland. Following the death of Margaret in 1290, John Balliol was a competitor for the Scottish crown in the so called 'Great Cause', as he was a great-great-great-grandson of King David I through his mother (and therefore one generation further than his main rival Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandfather of the Robert the Bruce who later became king), being senior in genealogical primogeniture but not in proximity of blood. He submitted his claim to the Scottish auditors with King Edward I of England as the arbitrator, at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 6 June 1291. The Scottish auditors' decision in favour of Balliol was pronounced in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle on 17 November 1292, and he was inaugurated accordingly King of Scotland at Scone, 30 November 1292, St. Andrew's Day.
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John Knox
John Knox (c. 1514 – 24 November 1572) was a Scottish clergyman and a leader of the Protestant Reformation who brought reformation to the church in Scotland. He was educated at the University of St Andrews or possibly the University of Glasgow and was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in 1536. Influenced by early church reformers such as George Wishart, he joined the movement to reform the Scottish church. He was caught up in the ecclesiastical and political events that involved the murder of Cardinal Beaton in 1546 and the intervention of the regent of Scotland, Mary of Guise. He was taken prisoner by French forces the following year and exiled to England on his release in 1549.
While in exile, The Rev. John Knox was licensed to work in the Church of England, where he quickly rose in the ranks to serve King Edward VI of England as a royal chaplain. In this position, he exerted a reforming influence on the text of the Book of Common Prayer. In England he met and married his first wife, Marjorie. When Mary Tudor ascended the throne and re-established Roman Catholicism, Knox was forced to resign his position and leave the country.
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John Lesley
John Lesley (or Leslie) (29 September 1527 – 31 May 1596) was a Scottish Roman Catholic bishop and historian. His father was Gavin Lesley, rector of Kingussie, Badenoch.
He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, where he took the degree of M.A. In 1538 he obtained a dispensation permitting him to hold a benefice, notwithstanding his being a natural son, and in June 1546 he was made an acolyte in the cathedral church of Aberdeen, of which he was afterwards appointed a canon and prebendary.
He also studied at Poitiers, at Toulouse and at Paris, where he was made doctor of laws in 1553. In 1558 he took orders and was appointed Official of Aberdeen, and inducted into the parsonage and prebend of Oyne. At the Reformation Lesley became a champion of Catholicism. He was present at the disputation held in Edinburgh in 1561, when Knox and Willox were his antagonists. He was one of the commissioners sent the same year to bring over the young Mary, Queen of Scots, to take the government of Scotland. He returned in her train, and was appointed a privy councillor and professor of canon law in King's College, Aberdeen, and in 1565 one of the senators of the college of justice. Shortly afterwards he was made abbot of Lindores, and in 1565 bishop of Ross, the election to the see being confirmed in the following year. He was one of the sixteen commissioners appointed to revise the laws of Scotland, and the volume of the Actis and Constitutiounis of the Realme of Scotland known as the Black Acts was, chiefly owing to his care, printed in 1566.
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Kenneth MacAlpin
Cináed mac Ailpín (Modern Gaelic: Coinneach mac Ailpein), commonly Anglicised as Kenneth MacAlpin and known in most modern regnal lists as Kenneth I (died 13 February 858) was king of the Picts and, according to national myth, first king of Scots, earning him the posthumous nickname of An Ferbasach, "The Conqueror". Kenneth's undisputed legacy was to produce a dynasty of rulers who claimed descent from him and was the founder of the dynasty which ruled Scotland for much of the medieval period.
The Kenneth of myth, conqueror of the Picts and founder of the Kingdom of Alba, was born in the centuries after the real Kenneth died. In the reign of Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Coluim), when the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba was compiled, the annalist wrote:
In the 15th century Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland, a history in verse, added little to the account in the Chronicle:
When humanist scholar George Buchanan wrote his history Rerum Scoticarum Historia in the 1570s, a great deal of lurid detail had been added to the story. Buchanan included an account of how Kenneth's father had been murdered by the Picts, and a detailed, and entirely unsupported, account of how Kenneth avenged him and conquered the Picts. Buchanan was not as credulous as many, and he did not include the tale of MacAlpin's treason, a story from Giraldus Cambrensis, who reused a tale of Saxon treachery at a feast in Geoffrey of Monmouth's inventive Historia Regum Britanniae.
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Lady Janet Stewart
Janet Stewart, Lady Fleming (17 July 1502 – 20 February 1562), called la Belle écossaise ("The Beautiful Scotswoman"), was an illegitimate daughter of James IV of Scotland and served as governess to her niece, Mary, Queen of Scots. Janet was briefly a mistress to Henry II of France, by whom she had an illegitimate son, Henri d'Angoulême. Her daughter, Mary Fleming, was one of the Queen's Four Marys.
Janet Stewart (called "Jane Stuart" or "Jenny Fleming" in some sources) was the eighth known bastard child of James IV of Scotland, by the fourth mistress with whom he had children. Lady Janet was half-sister to, among others, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, Alexander Stewart, Lord Chancellor of Scotland, as well as James V of Scotland, her father's only legitimate child to reach adulthood.
Her mother was Isabel Stewart of Buchan, daughter of James Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan, known as "Hearty James". Isabel was a distant relative (specifically, half second cousin once removed) of James IV by a common ancestor, Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland.
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Lord Clerk Register
The office of Lord Clerk Register is the oldest surviving Great Officer of State in Scotland, with origins in the 13th century.
The Clerk-Register was from ancient times the principal Clerk in the kingdom, from whom all other clerks, whatever their government positions, and who were essentially his deputies, derived their immediate authority. He acted also as Clerk to the parliament and Privy Council, where in the old registers and proceedings of parliament he is referred to as Clericus Rotulorum, because the ancient scripts were in rolls of paper, not books. These later became termed Rotuli parliamenti, the rolls of court, but were thereafter ordered to be made up into Register books and the respective clerks instructed to transmit those books to the Clerk-Register to be preserved by him in the public archives.
By the Treaty of Union in 1707 the preservation of public records was provided for, and the election, and management thereof of the sixteen Scottish peers to the House of Lords in the new British parliament was ordered by the Lord Clerk-register, with two Clerks of Session commissioned by him to assist.
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Lord Justice Clerk
The Lord Justice Clerk is the second most senior judge in Scotland, after the Lord President of the Court of Session.
The holder has the title in both the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary and, as President of the Second Division of the Inner House, is in charge of the Second Division of Judges of the Inner House of the Court of Session. The office is one of the Great Officers of State of Scotland.
Originally clericus justiciarie or Clerk to the Court of Justiciary, the counterpart in the criminal courts of the Lord Clerk Register, the status of the office increased over time and the Justice-Clerk came to claim a seat on the Bench by practice and custom. This was recognised by the Privy Council of Scotland in 1663 and the Lord Justice-Clerk became the effective head of the reformed High Court of Justiciary in 1672 when the court was reconstituted.
The Lord Justice Clerk now rarely presides at criminal trials in the High Court, with most of his time being spent dealing with civil and criminal appeals.
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Louise of Lorraine
Louise of Lorraine (French: Louise de Lorraine) (30 April 1553 – 29 January 1601) was a member of the House of Lorraine who became Queen consort of France from 1575 until 1589. Born in Nomeny in the Duchy of Bar, she was the daughter of Nicholas of Lorraine, duke of Vaudémont, regent of Lorraine and Bar and Margaret of Egmont.
Her childhood was unhappy; unloved by her father and stepmother, Catherine de Lorraine-Aumale, she was expected to keep out of the way of her family. This upbringing would result in her being quiet and dutiful as an adult. She was also very pious.
She first caught the eye of her future husband, Henry, Duke of Anjou, in 1574. Recently elected King of Poland, he was paying a visit to her cousin, the Duke of Lorraine (married to Henry's sister, Claude) on his way to his new kingdom, and caught sight of Louise whilst he was there. Henry was attracted to Louise, who was not only attractive, and sweet-natured, but who also resembled the Princess of Condé, Marie de Clèves, with whom Henry III was infatuated. He remembered Louise long after he left France.
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Lulach
Lulach mac Gille Coemgáin (Modern Gaelic: Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain, known in English simply as Lulach, and nicknamed Tairbith, "the Unfortunate" and Fatuus, "the Simple-minded" or "the Foolish"; before 1033 – 17 March 1058) was King of Scots between 15 August 1057 and 17 March 1058.
He appears to have been a weak king, as his nicknames suggest. He does, however, have the distinction of being the first king of Scotland of whom there are coronation details available. He was crowned in August 1057 at Scone.
Lulach was the son of Gruoch of Scotland, from her first marriage to Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray, and thus the stepson of Macbeth (Mac Bethad mac Findlaích). Following the death in battle of Macbeth in 1057, the king's followers placed Lulach on the throne. Lulach ruled only for a few months before being assassinated and succeeded by Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada).
Lulach's son Máel Snechtai was Mormaer of Moray, while Óengus of Moray was the son of Lulach's daughter.
He is believed to be buried on Saint Columba's Holy Island of Iona in or around the monastery. The exact position of his grave is unknown.
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Margaret Douglas
Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (8 October 1515 – 7 March 1578) was the daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, Queen Dowager of Scotland. In her youth she was high in the favour of her uncle, King Henry VIII, but twice incurred the King's anger, first for her unauthorized engagement to Lord Thomas Howard, who died in the Tower of London in 1537 because of his misalliance with her, and again in 1540 for an affair with Thomas Howard's nephew Sir Charles Howard, the brother of Queen consort Catherine Howard. On 6 July 1544, she married Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, one of Scotland's leading noblemen. Her son Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, married Mary, Queen of Scots and was the father of James I of England.
Margaret was born at Harbottle Castle in Northumberland. Her mother had crossed the border from Scotland. When her father was facing difficulties in Scotland in October 1529, he sent Margaret back into England to Norham Castle the household of her godfather, Cardinal Wolsey. When Wolsey died in 1530, Lady Margaret was invited to Beaulieu, where she resided in the household of Princess Mary. Because of her nearness to the English crown, Lady Margaret Douglas was brought up chiefly at the English court in close association with her first cousin, the future Queen Mary, who remained her lifelong friend. Henry VIII gave Margaret £6-13s-4d for Christmas at Greenwich Palace in 1530, 1531 and 1532.
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Margaret Erskine
Lady Margaret Erskine (died 5 May 1572) was a mistress of King James V of Scotland.
She was a daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine and Margaret Campbell.
James V had a number of mistresses in his time, but some accounts describe her as his favourite. She was the mother of the most important of his illegitimate children, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, who was Regent during the minority of James VI.
In 1527, Margaret married Sir Robert Douglas of Lochleven, who was killed at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Her son Robert Douglas was sent to England and Cambridge University in 1560 as a hostage for the Treaty of Berwick. She was the châtelaine of Lochleven Castle when Mary, Queen of Scots was kept there, with her eldest surviving son William Douglas, 6th Earl of Morton.
Although Margaret Erskine had married Robert Douglas there is evidence that James V may have considered arranging their divorce and marrying his mistress. It seems that James or one of his advisors sought the advice of the Pope in the matter in June 1536. Shortly before James V finalised his marriage contract with Madeleine of Valois in November 1536, Charles, Bishop of Macon and French ambassador at the Vatican, wrote discussing his audience with the Pope. The Bishop had told the Pope that James never intended to marry Margaret and the petition was an imposture. The Pope replied that he had postponed any grant, thinking that the proposal was made without the King's knowledge.
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Margaret of Provence
Margaret of Provence (Forcalquier, Spring 1221 – 21 December 1295, Paris) was Queen of France as the consort of King Louis IX of France.
She was the eldest daughter of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence and Beatrice of Savoy.
Her paternal grandparents were Alfonso II, Count of Provence, and Gersende II de Sabran, Countess of Forcalquier. Her maternal grandparents were Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva.
Her younger sisters were:
She was especially close to her sister Eleanor, to whom she was close in age, and with whom she sustained friendly relationships until they grew old. The marriages of the royal brothers from France and England to the four sisters from Provence improved the relationship between the two countries and this led up to the Treaty of Paris
On 27 May 1234 at the age of thirteen, Margaret became the queen consort of France and wife of Louis IX of France, by whom she had eleven children. She was crowned on the following day.
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Margaret of Valois
Margaret of France (French: Marguerite de France, Marguerite de Valois, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615) was Queen of France and of Navarre during the late sixteenth century. A royal princess of France by birth, she was the last of the House of Valois.
She was the daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici and the sister of Kings Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III and of Queen Elizabeth of Spain. She was queen twice for she had married King Henry III of Navarre who finally became King Henri IV of France.
Margaret, among other political manipulations, was subjected to an arranged marriage and being held prisoner (albeit at a castle) for many years. However, her life was anything but passive.
Aside from being twice a queen—first of Navarre (1572), then of France (1589), Margaret was famous for her beauty and sense of style (she was one of the most fashionable women of her time, influencing most of Europe's Royal Courts with her clothing). She was also a gifted poet and writer, notable for both her own scandalous behavior and for revealing that of others. Margaret took many lovers both during her marriage and after her annulment. The most well-known were Joseph Boniface de La Môle, Jacques de Harlay, Seigneur de Chanvallon and Louis de Bussy d'Amboise. When imprisoned by her brother Henry III for eighteen years, she took advantage of the time to write her memoirs, which included a succession of stories relating to the disputes of her brothers Charles IX and Henry III with her husband Henry IV. The memoirs were published posthumously in 1628 and scandalised the population.[citation needed]
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Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York (eldest to reach adulthood), and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503, she married James IV, King of Scots. James died in 1513, and their son became King James V. She married secondly Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Through her first and second marriages, respectively, Margaret was the grandmother of both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Mary's second husband Lord Darnley. Margaret's marriage to James IV foreshadowed the Union of the Crowns - their great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, the child of Mary and Darnley, became King of England and Ireland on the death of Margaret's fraternal niece, Elizabeth I of England.
Born on 28 November 1489, Margaret was baptised two days later on the 30th — St. Andrew's Day — in St. Margaret's Church, Westminster. She was named after Lady Margaret Beaufort, her grandmother.
Daughters were important political assets in a world where diplomacy and marriage were closely linked. Even before Margaret's sixth birthday, Henry VII thought about a marriage between Margaret and James IV as a way of ending the Scottish king's support for Perkin Warbeck, Yorkist pretender to the throne of England.
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Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette ( /məˈriː æntwəˈnɛt/ or /æntwɑːˈnɛt/; French pronunciation: [maʁi ɑ̃twanɛt]; baptised Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna (or Maria Antonia Josephina Johanna); 2 November 1755 – 16 October 1793) was an Archduchess of Austria and the Queen of France and of Navarre. She was the fifteenth and penultimate child of Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa and Holy Roman Emperor Francis I.
In April 1770, on the day of her marriage to Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France, she subsequently became Dauphine of France. Marie Antoinette assumed the title of Queen of France and of Navarre when her husband, Louis XVI of France, ascended the throne upon the death of Louis XV in May 1774. After seven years of marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Marie-Thérèse Charlotte, the first of four children.
Initially charmed by her personality and beauty, the French people generally came to dislike her, accusing "L'Autre-chienne" (a pun in French playing with the words "Autrichienne" meaning Austrian (woman) and "Autre-chienne" meaning Other bitch) of being profligate and promiscuous, and of harboring sympathies for France's enemies, particularly Austria, her country of origin.
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Marie Leszczyńska
Marie Leszczyńska (Polish pronunciation: [ˈmarja lɛʂˈtʂɨɲska]) (Trzebnica, 23 June 1703 – Versailles, 24 June 1768) was a queen consort of France. She was a daughter of King Stanisław Leszczyński of Poland (later Duke of Lorraine) and Catherine Opalińska. She married King Louis XV of France and was the grandmother of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII, and Charles X. In France, she was referred to as Marie Leczinska. She was the longest serving Queen consort of France.
Maria Karolina Zofia Felicja Leszczyńska h. Wieniawa was the second daughter of Stanisław Leszczyński and his wife Katarzyna Opalińska. Her older sister Anna Leszczyńska (1699–1717) died at the age of 18 of pneumonia.
Maria's early life was troubled by her father's political misfortune. Ironically, King Stanisław's hopeless political career was eventually the reason why his daughter Maria was chosen as the bride of King Louis XV of France. Devoid of political connections, his daughter was viewed by the French as being free from the burden of international alliances.[citation needed]
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Marie of Anjou
Marie of Anjou (14 October 1404 – 29 November 1463) was the Queen consort of King Charles VII of France from 1422 to 1461. Her mother, Yolande of Aragon, played a leading role in the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.
Marie was the eldest daughter of Louis II of Anjou, titular King of Naples, titular King of Sicily, and Yolande of Aragon, titular Queen of Aragon. Her paternal grandparents were Louis I of Anjou, King of Naples and Marie de Blois, Lady of Guise. Her maternal grandparents were John I of Aragon and Yolande de Bar. Marie had five surviving siblings, including Louis III of Anjou and René I of Anjou. One of her nieces was Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort of King Henry VI of England who was the de jure King of France from 1422 to 1429.
She married her second cousin King Charles VII in April 1422 at Bourges (they were both great-grandchildren of John II of France and his first wife Bonne of Bohemia), and became Queen consort of Charles, although Charles himself was not crowned King until 17 July 1429 at Reims, following the successful endeavors of Joan of Arc in expelling the English from most of France. Her husband's victory in the Hundred Years War owed a great deal to the support he received from Marie's family, notably from her mother Yolande of Aragon. Although Marie and Charles had twelve children, her husband's affection was primarily directed towards his mistress, Agnès Sorel.
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Marjorie Bruce
Marjorie Bruce or Marjorie de Brus (1296 – 2 March 1316) was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots by his first wife, Isabella of Mar, and the founder of the Stewart dynasty. Her marriage to Walter, High Steward of Scotland gave rise to the House of Stewart. Her son was the first Stewart monarch, King Robert II of Scotland. Her father remarried, after a certain period of time, Elizabeth de Burgh.
Her mother, Isabella, a nineteen-year-old noblewoman from the Clan Mar, died soon after giving birth to her. Her father was then the Earl of Carrick. Marjorie was named after her father's mother, Marjorie, Countess of Carrick.
According to legend, her parents had been very much in love, and Robert the Bruce did not remarry until Marjorie was six years old. In 1302, a courtier named Elizabeth de Burgh became her stepmother.
On 27 March 1306, her father was crowned King of Scots at Scone, Perthshire, and Marjorie, then nine years old, became a Princess of Scotland.
Three months after the coronation, in June, 1306, her father was defeated at the Battle of Methven. He sent his female relatives (his wife, two sisters and Marjorie) north with his supporter the Countess of Buchan, but by the end of June the band of Bruce women were captured and betrayed to the English by the Earl of Ross.
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Mary Beaton
Mary Beaton (1543–1598) was a Scottish noblewoman and an attendant of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Mary was born in 1543, the third of five children of Robert Beaton, 4th Laird of Criech and Joanna Renwall. Mary's mother was one of Marie de Guise's ladies-in-waiting. Her aunt, Janet Beaton was a mistress of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who would in 1567, become the third husband of Queen Mary.
In 1548, at the age of five, Mary Beaton was chosen by Marie de Guise to accompany her daughter Mary, Queen of Scots, to France. She, along with three other girls who also accompanied the Queen, became known as the "Four Marys."
Mary, described as having been pretty and plump, with fair hair and dark eyes, attracted the attentions of an older man, Thomas Randolph. At the time of the courtship, in 1564, Randolph was 45 and Mary was 21. Randolph was Queen Elizabeth's English Ambassador to the Scottish court, and wanted Mary Beaton to spy on her mistress for him, which she refused to do. Mary Beaton eventually married Alexander Ogilvy of Boyne in April 1566, having one son, James, born in 1568. Little else is known of her life.
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Mary Fleming
Mary Fleming was a Scottish noblewoman and childhood companion of Mary, Queen of Scots. She and three other ladies-in-waiting (Mary Livingston, Mary Beaton and Mary Seton) were collectively known as "The Four Marys". A granddaughter of James IV of Scotland, she married the queen's renowned secretary, Sir William Maitland of Lethington.
Mary Fleming was the youngest child of Malcolm Fleming, 3rd Lord Fleming and Janet Stewart. She was born in 1542, the year her father was taken prisoner by the English at the Battle of Solway Moss. Her mother was an illegitimate daughter of James IV of Scotland, born during his marriage too Margaret Tudor. Lady Fleming became a governess to the infant queen, also born in 1542, and the dowager queen, Mary of Guise, chose Lady Fleming's daughter Mary to be one of four companions to the young queen. Mary Fleming and Mary, Queen of Scots, were technically half-first-cousins.
In 1548, five-year-old Mary Fleming and her mother accompanied Mary, Queen of Scots, to the court of King Henry II of France, where the young queen was raised. Mary Fleming's father having died the previous year in the Battle of Pinkie, her mother had an affair with the French king, the product of which was a son born around 1551.
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Mary I of England
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558) was the Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. Her Protestant political opponents gave her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary".
She was the only surviving child born of the ill-fated marriage of Henry VIII and his first wife Catherine of Aragon. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded Henry in 1547. By 1553, Edward was mortally ill and because of religious differences between them, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession. On his death, their cousin Lady Jane Grey was at first proclaimed queen. Mary assembled a force in East Anglia, and successfully deposed Jane, who was ultimately beheaded. In 1554, Mary married Philip of Spain, and as a result became queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556.
As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, Mary is remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after the short-lived Protestant reign of her half-brother. During her five year reign, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions. Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed after her death in 1558 by her successor and younger half-sister, Elizabeth I.
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Mary II of England
Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was joint Sovereign of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband and first cousin, William III and II, from 1689 until her death. William and Mary, both Protestants, became king and queen regnant, respectively, following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. William became sole ruler upon her death in 1694. Popular histories usually refer to their joint reign as that of "William and Mary".
Mary wielded less power than William when he was in England, ceding most of her authority to him, though he heavily relied on her. She did, however, act alone when William was engaged in military campaigns abroad, proving herself to be a powerful, firm, and effective ruler.
Mary, born at St. James's Palace in London on 30 April 1662, was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York (the future James II & VII), and his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde. Mary's uncle was King Charles II, who ruled the three kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland; her maternal grandfather, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, served for a lengthy period as Charles's chief advisor. She was baptised into the Anglican faith in the Chapel Royal at St. James's, and was named after her ancestress, Mary, Queen of Scots. Her godparents included her father's cousin, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Although her mother bore eight children, all except Mary and her younger sister Anne died very young, and the King had no legitimate children. Consequently, for most of her childhood, Mary was second in line to the throne after her father.
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Mary Livingston
Mary Livingston (c. 1541–1579) was a Scottish noblewoman and childhood companion of Mary, Queen of Scots, one of the famous "Four Marys". As a child, she and three other girls of similar age and standing, chosen by the queen's mother, Mary of Guise, became Queen Mary's ladies-in-waiting. The other three "Marys" were Mary Fleming, Mary Seton and Mary Beaton. Her father, Alexander Livingston, 5th Lord Livingston, was Queen Mary's guardian.
In 1565, Mary Livingston married John Sempill of Bruntschiells. Their son was James Sempill.
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Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise (French: Marie de Guise) (22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560) was a queen consort of Scotland as the second spouse of King James V. She was the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, and served as regent of Scotland in her daughter's name from 1554 to 1560. A native of Lorraine, she was a member of the powerful House of Guise, which played a prominent role in 16th-century French politics.
Mary was born at Bar-le-Duc, Lorraine, the eldest daughter of Claude of Lorraine, Duke of Guise, head of the House of Guise, and his wife Antoinette de Bourbon, herself the daughter of Francis, Count of Vendome, and Marie de Luxembourg. Among her 11 siblings were Francis, Duke of Guise, Claude, Duke of Aumale, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, and Louis I, Cardinal of Guise. Mary was tall and her mother mentioned in a letter that she suffered from bad colds and had greasy hair.
On 4 August 1534, at the age of 18, she became Duchess of Longueville by marrying Louis II, Duke of Longueville (born 1510), at the Louvre. Their union turned out to be happy, but brief. On 30 October 1535, Mary gave birth to her first son, Francis, but on 9 June 1537, Louis died at Rouen and left her a widow at the age of 21. For the rest of her life, Mary kept the last letter from her bon mari et ami (her good husband and friend Louis), which mentioned his illness and explained his absence at Rouen. It can still be seen at the National Library of Scotland. On 4 August, Mary gave birth to their second son, who was named Louis after his deceased father. Louis died very young, but Francis wrote letters to his mother in Scotland; on 22 March 1545 he sent a piece of string to show how tall he was, and on 2 July 1546 he sent her his portrait.
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Mary Seton
Mary Seton (1549–1615) was a Scottish courtier and later a nun. Most likely she was a lay sister at Saint pierre les Dames at the time of her death. Like the queen, she no doubt used the name 'Marie', not 'Mary'. She was the daughter of George Seton, 6th Lord Seton, and Marie Pieris, a French-born lady-in-waiting to Marie de Guise, consort of King James V of Scotland. As a child, Mary Seton became a lady-in-waiting to the young Mary, Queen of Scots, along with three other girls of similar age and of a similar standing in Scots society. They were famously known as "The Four Marys": she and Mary Beaton, Mary Fleming and Mary Livingston. They were chosen by Marie de Guise, with the exception of Mary Fleming, for their Franco-Scottish parentage. The Four Marys accompanied Queen Mary to France where she wed the Dauphin. Mary Seton was the only one of the four not to marry, and continued in service with Mary, in Scotland and during her captivity in England.
When Queen Mary returned to Scotland, after her ceremonial entry at Edinburgh in September 1561, she went to Linlithgow Palace, while the four Marys, accompanied by the Queen's uncle, the Grand Prior of Malta, François de Lorraine, travelled west to Coldingham Priory and Dunbar. They stopped at the house of Mary Seton's brother George Seton, 7th Lord Seton, Seton Palace, for dinner. The Grand Prior then returned home through England making stategic plans of Berwick-upon-Tweed and Newcastle-on-Tyne. Mary Seton accompanied the captive queen back to Edinburgh after her defeat by the Confederate lords at the battle of Carberry Hill. Prior to the Queen's flight to England following the battle of Langside, Seton assisted her escape from the island fortress of Loch Leven by standing at a window dressed in the queen's clothes while Marie Stuart fled to the mainland in a small boat.
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Matilda of Frisia
Matilda of Frisia (died 1044) was the second wife and first Queen of Henry I, King of the Franks. She was the daughter of Liudulf, Margrave of Frisia and Gertrude. Her date of birth is unknown.
Matilda and Henry were married in 1043 after the death of his first wife, also named Matilda, daughter of the Emperor Conrad II. She died the following year during a Caesarean section. Henry married Anne of Kiev after her death.
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Nechtan Morbet
Nechtan son of Erip was a king of the Picts. The Pictish Chronicle king lists claim that he was the brother of Drest.
The king lists supply a number of epithets for Nechtan: Morbet and Celchamoth and the Latin Magnus (the Great). He is said to have reigned for twenty-four years. In a rare change from a bald statement of names and years, the king lists provide a tradition linking Nechtan to the foundation of Abernethy:
"So Nectonius the Great, Wirp's son, the king of all the provinces of the Picts, offered to Saint Brigid, to the day of judgement, Abernethy, with its territories ... Now the cause of the offering was this. Nectonius, living in a life of exile, when his brother Drest expelled him to Ireland, begged Saint Brigid to beseech God for him. And she prayed for him, and said: "If thou reach thy country, the Lord will have pity on thee. Thou shalt possess in peace the kingdom of the Picts."
A life of Saint Boite, after whom Monasterboice is named, claims that Boite raised Nechtan from the dead, and associated him with Kirkbuddo in Strathmore.
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Nechtan nepos Uerb
Nechtan grandson of Uerb, was king of the Picts from 597 to around 620. It has been suggested that this Nechtan is the same person as the Neithon who ruled the kingdom of Alt Clut.
According to the Pictish Chronicle, Nechtan reigned for 20 or 21 years. While the death of his predecessor Gartnait is given in 597 by the Annals of Tigernach, the death of Nechtan is not certainly recorded. He may be the Nechtan son of Canu whose death appears in the Annals of Ulster for 621, although this would be difficult to reconcile with the idea that he was Neithon son of Guipno son of Dumnagual Hen of Alt Clut.
It has been suggested that the Canu or Cano referred to in the Annals of Ulster is the Canu Garb named by Senchus fer n-Alban, making this Nechtan the grandson of Gartnait II, who has been suggested as a son of Áedán mac Gabráin of Dál Riata.
It is uncertain whether it is this Nechtan or Nechtan I who should be linked with the foundation of the monastery at Abernethy, but since this Nechtan reigned after the foundation of Iona by Columba, ties with Irish monastic houses are more plausible in his reign. The account of Abernethy's foundation in the Pictish Chronicle, in a version likely compiled by the monks of Abernethy, is as follows, with Nechtan I as the subject:
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Nicholas Hilliard
Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1547 – 7 January 1619) was an English goldsmith and limner best known for his portrait miniatures of members of the courts of Elizabeth I and James I of England. He mostly painted small oval miniatures, but also some larger cabinet miniatures, up to about ten inches tall, and at least two famous half-length panel portraits of Elizabeth. He enjoyed continuing success as an artist, and continuing financial troubles, for forty-five years. His paintings still exemplify the visual image of Elizabethan England, very different from that of most of Europe in the late sixteenth century. Technically he was very conservative by European standards, but his paintings are superbly executed and have a freshness and charm that has ensured his continuing reputation as "the central artistic figure of the Elizabethan age, the only English painter whose work reflects, in its delicate microcosm, the world of Shakespeare's earlier plays."
He was the son of Richard Hilliard (1519–1594) of Exeter, Devon, England, a staunchly Protestant goldsmith who was Sheriff of Exeter in 1560, and Laurence, daughter of John Wall, a London goldsmith. Hilliard may have been a close relative of Grace Hiller (Hilliar), first wife of Theophilus Eaton (1590–1657), the co-founder of New Haven Colony in America.
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Peerage of Scotland
The Peerage of Scotland (Scottish Gaelic: Moraireachd na h-Alba) is the division of the British Peerage for those peers created in the Kingdom of Scotland before 1707. With that year's Act of Union, the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England were combined into the Kingdom of Great Britain, and a new Peerage of Great Britain was introduced in which subsequent titles were granted.
After the Union, the old Scottish Peers elected 16 representative peers to sit in the House of Lords. The Peerage Act 1963 allowed all Scottish Peers to sit in the House of Lords, a right which was lost along with all other hereditary peers after the passage of the House of Lords Act 1999. Unlike most other peerage titles, many Scottish titles can pass through female lines, and in the case of daughters only, these pass to the eldest daughter rather than go into abeyance.[citation needed]
The ranks of the Scottish Peerage are Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount, Lord of Parliament (lord baron). Scottish Viscounts differ from those of the other Peerages (of England, Great Britain, Ireland and the United Kingdom) in using of in their title, as in Viscount of Oxfuird. Though this is the theoretical form, most Viscounts drop the "of". The Viscount of Arbuthnott and to a lesser extent the Viscount of Oxfuird still actively use of. Scottish Peers had the right to sit in the Parliament of Scotland.
wn.com/Peerage_of_Scotland -
Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was the King of Castile, Aragon, and Portugal. He was also king of Sicily and Naples as Philip I. During his marriage to Mary I, he was King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count.
Also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles I of Spain, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents. He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."
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Ralph Sadler
Sir Ralph Sadler, (also Sadleir, Sadlier) PC, Knight banneret (1507 – 30 March 1587) was an English statesman of the 16th century, and served as a Secretary of State for King Henry VIII.
Sadler was possibly born in Hackney, Middlesex, the elder son of Henri Sadler. The second son, John Sadler, was the possibly the grandfather of Hamnet Sadler, the older friend and mentor after whom William Shakespeare named his only son, Hamnet, and may also have influenced the name of the Shakespearian play Hamlet. Roger Ascham compared Sadler's appearance in terms of complexion, countenance and beard to Duke Maurice, although the Duke was taller. Sadler is also represented by his tomb effigy at Standon, and a portrait. Sir Ralph's father was originally from Warwickshire, but later settled in Hackney. He was a minor official in the service of the Marquess of Dorset and Sir Edward Belknap.
At a young age, Ralph Sadler was likely taken into the household of Thomas Cromwell. Ralph's name appears in the list of administrators named for Catherine of Aragon's will. Around 1536, he was made a gentleman of the King's privy chamber, became M.P. for Hindon, Wiltshire and was soon sent to Scotland to investigate complaints made by Margaret Tudor (the King's sister) against her third husband, Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, and to improve Anglo-Scottish relations. He succeeded in both respects. On 1 April 1537, Ralph met James V of Scotland, newly married to Madeleine of Valois, at Rouen.
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Retha Warnicke
Retha Marvine Warnicke (born 1939) is an American historian and Professor of History at Arizona State University. Warnicke graduated with a B.A. from Indiana University, magna cum laude, in 1961. She then moved on to Harvard University, where she earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in 1963 and 1969, respectively. During her junior year, she joined Phi Beta Kappa and in her senior year, she was granted the Listenfelt Scholarship, for outstanding Undergraduate History Major, following in 1961 with the Woodrow Wilson Fellowship.
From 1965 to 1966, Professor Warnicke was an instructor at Phoenix College. She went on to teach at Arizona State University (ASU) as a Lecturer from 1966 to 1967. She then left to pursue her Ph.D. before returning to ASU to continue as a Lecturer from 1969 to 1973. Warnicke rose through the ranks to Assistant Professor, then Associate Professor and finally Professor in 1973, 1976 and 1984, respectively. She was the Director of Graduate Studies at the History Department from 1987–1992, and she was Chair of the History Department from 1992-1998.
wn.com/Retha_Warnicke -
Robert the Bruce
Robert I (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), popularly known as Robert the Bruce (Medieval Gaelic: Roibert a Briuis; modern Scottish Gaelic: Raibeart Bruis; Norman French: Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys), was King of Scots from 25 March 1306, until his death in 1329.
His paternal ancestors were of Scoto-Norman heritage (originating in Brix, Manche, Normandy), and his maternal of Franco-Gaelic. He became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against the Kingdom of England. He claimed the Scottish throne as a fourth great-grandson of David I, and fought successfully during his reign to regain Scotland's place as an independent nation. Today in Scotland, Bruce is remembered as a national hero.
His body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while it is believed his heart was interred in Melrose Abbey. Bruce's lieutenant and friend Sir James Douglas agreed to take the late King's embalmed heart on crusade to the Holy Land, but he only reached Moorish Granada. According to tradition, Douglas was carrying the heart in a silver casket when he died at the head of the Scottish contingent at the Battle of Teba. He was killed in the battle fighting the moors, but the king's heart was recovered and brought back to Scotland.
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Rozala of Italy
Rozala of Italy (also known as Rozala of Provence, or Susannah of Italy; c. 937 – 1003) was the daughter of King Berengar II of Italy. By her first marriage, she was Countess of Flanders; by her second, she was Queen of France. She was a seventh generation descendant of Charlemagne.
Her first marriage was to Count Arnulf II of Flanders (d. 988). They had three children: Baldwin IV of Flanders (980–1035); Eudes of Cambrai; and Mathilda (d. 995). On her husband's death, she acted as regent for her young son.
In 988 or 989, despite being over fifty years old, she married Robert the Pious, the Rex Filius of France; he was not particularly enthusiastic about the marriage, which had been arranged by his father, King Hugh of France. She brought her husband Montreuil and Ponthieu as a dowry. Upon her marriage, she took the name of Susannah.
When her father-in-law died, however, Robert repudiated her, desiring to marry Bertha of Burgundy in her place. Rozala then retired to Flanders, where she died and was buried. Robert retained control of her dowry.
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Taran of the Picts
Taran son of Ainftech was a King of the Picts (692–96) according to the Pictish king-lists. His name is the same as that of the Gaulish thunder-god, Taranis.
His father is just a name, which occurs in various forms, e.g., Entifidich in the Poppleton manuscript,Enfidaig,Amfredech,Anfudeg, and as Amfodech in the French king-list embedded in the Scalacronica. The list in National Library of Scotland MS, Advocates' 34.7.3, seems to say that Taran was the brother of King Nechtan m. Der-Ilei, which could mean that Taran's mother was the Pictish princess Der-Ilei. However, the latter list is problematic and places the reign of King Bridei m. Der-Ilei, Nechtan's brother, after Nechtan; on the other hand, the list is one of those that is aware that Bridei was the son of Dargart, indicating access to material not available to some of the other lists.
Some of the king-lists say he reigned for fourteen years; however, the Poppleton and Lebor Bretnach lists, along with the Scalacronica list, give four years only, so the x may be a mistake. He was almost certainly succeeded by Bruide, the son of Dargart and Der-Ilei, although in what circumstances, it is hard to say.
wn.com/Taran_of_the_Picts -
Uurad
Uurad or Ferat son of Bargoit (died 842?) was king of the Picts, perhaps from 839 onwards.
No two versions of the king-lists known as the Pictish Chronicle give exactly the same version of his name. Ferat, or Uurad in Pictish, is the most common reading, but Feradach may be intended.
Thomas Owen Clancy's interpretation of the Drosten Stone would make Ferat one of only two Pictish monarchs, the other being Caustantín mac Fergusa, whose name is read on a Pictish stone.
One version of the origin tale of St Andrews states that it was written by one Thana son of Dudabrach, at Meigle, in the reign of "Pherath son of Bergeth".
His sons may have included Bridei, Ciniod, and Drest, who contested for power in Pictland with kin groups led by Bruide son of Fokel, and Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín).
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Wikipedia Persondata
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William Camden
William Camden (2 May 1551 – 9 November 1623) was an English antiquarian, historian, topographer, and officer of arms. He wrote the first chorographical survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I of England.
Camden was born in London. His father, Sampson Camden, was a member of The Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers. He attended Christ's Hospital and St Paul's School, and in 1566 entered Oxford (Magdalen College, Broadgates Hall, and finally Christ Church). At Christ Church, he became acquainted with Philip Sidney, who encouraged Camden's antiquarian interests. He returned to London in 1571 without a degree. In 1575, he became Usher of Westminster School, a position that gave him the freedom to travel and pursue his antiquarian researches during school vacations.
In 1577, with the encouragement of Abraham Ortelius, Camden began his great work Britannia, a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was "to restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britaine to its antiquity." The first edition was published in 1586. The work, which was written in Latin, was very popular, going into seven editions by 1607, each considerably enlarged from its predecessor. The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden, and engraved by William Kip and William Hole (who also engraved the fine title page). The first English language edition, again expanded, translated by Philemon Holland (probably in collaboration with Camden), appeared in 1610.
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William the Lion
William the Lion (Mediaeval Gaelic: Uilliam mac Eanric; Modern Gaelic: Uilleam mac Eanraig), sometimes styled William I, also known by the nickname Garbh, "the Rough", (c 1143 – 4 December 1214) reigned as King of the Scots from 1165 to 1214. His reign was the second longest in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707, (James VI's was the longest 1567–1625). He became King following his brother Malcolm IV's death on 9 December 1165 and was crowned on 24 December 1165.
In contrast to his deeply religious, frail brother, William was powerfully built, redheaded, and headstrong. He was an effective monarch whose reign was marred by his ill-fated attempts to regain control of Northumbria from the Normans.
Traditionally, William is credited with founding Arbroath Abbey, the site of the later Declaration of Arbroath.
He was not known as "The Lion" during his own lifetime, and the title did not relate to his tenacious character or his military prowess. It was attached to him because of his flag or standard, a red lion rampant (with a forked tail) on a yellow background. This (with the addition of a 'double tressure fleury counter-fleury' border) went on to become the Royal standard of Scotland, still used today but quartered with those of England and of Ireland. It became attached to him because the chronicler Fordun called him the "Lion of Justice".
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William Tytler
William Tytler (1711–1792), historical writer, was a lawyer in Edinburgh, and wrote An Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots, in which he combated the views of Robertson. He discovered the King's Quhair of James I., and published in 1783 The Poetical Remains of James I., King of Scotland, with a Life.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons; New York, E. P. Dutton.
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Áed mac Cináeda
Áed mac Cináeda (died 878) was a son of Cináed mac Ailpín ("Kenneth MacAlpin"). He became king of the Picts in 877 when he succeeded his brother Constantine I. He was nicknamed Áed of the White Flowers, the Wing-footed (Latin: alipes) or the white-foot (Latin: albipes).
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says of Áed: "Edus [Áed] held the same [i.e. the kingdom] for one year. The shortness of his reign has bequeathed nothing memorable to history. He was slain in the civitas of Nrurim." Nrurim is unidentified.
The Annals of Ulster say that in 878: "Áed mac Cináeda, king of the Picts, was killed by his associates." Tradition, reported by George Chalmers in his Caledonia (1807), and by the New Statistical Account (1834–1845), has it that the early-historic mound of the Cunninghillock by Inverurie is the burial place of Áed. This is based on reading Nrurim as Inruriu.
A longer account is interpolated in Andrew of Wyntoun's Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland. This says that Áed reigned one year and was killed by his successor Giric in Strathallan and other king lists have the same report.
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Óengus I
Óengus son of Fergus (Hypothetical Pictish form: Onuist map Urguist;Old Irish: Óengus mac Fergusso, Anglicisation: Angus mac Fergus), was king of the Picts from 732 until his death in 761. His reign can be reconstructed in some detail from a variety of sources.
Óengus became the chief king in Pictland following a period of civil war in the late 720s. During his reign, the neighbouring kingdom of Dál Riata was subjugated and the kingdom of Strathclyde was attacked with less success. The most powerful ruler in Scotland for over two decades, he was involved in wars in Ireland and England. Kings from Óengus's family dominated Pictland until 839 when a disastrous defeat at the hands of Vikings began a new period of instability, which ended with the coming to power of Cináed mac Ailpín.
Surviving Pictish sources for the period are few, limited to king lists, the original of which was prepared in the early 720s, and a number of accounts relating to the foundation of St Andrews, then called Cennrígmonaid. Beyond Pictland, the principal sources are the Irish annals, of which the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Tigernach are the most reliable. These include materials from an annal kept at the monastery of Iona in Scotland. Óengus and the Picts appear occasionally in Welsh sources, such as the Annales Cambriae, and more frequently in Northumbrian sources, of which the Continuation of Bede's chronicle and the Historia Regum Anglorum attributed to Symeon of Durham are the most important.
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Óengus II
Óengus mac Fergusa (variants Onuist, Hungus or Angus) was king of the Picts (or of Fortriu), in modern Scotland, from about 820 until 834. Tradition associates him with the cult of Saint Andrew and the Flag of Scotland.
Óengus succeeded his brother Caustantín to the throne. Previously thought to have been of Dál Riatan origin and descended from Fergus mac Echdach, their family is now assumed to have been that of the first king Óengus mac Fergusa, perhaps originating in Circinn (presumed to correspond with the modern Mearns), a Pictish family with ties to the Eóganachta of Munster in Ireland.
Óengus, along with his brother, son Eogán, and nephew Domnall, is included in the Duan Albanach, a praise poem from the reign of Máel Coluim (III) mac Donnchada listing Máel Coluim's predecessors as kings of Scots, of Alba and of Dál Riata from Fergus Mór and his brothers onwards. The inclusion of Pictish kings from Caustantín to Eogán in the Duan led to the supposition that Dál Riata was ruled by Pictish kings, or rather that Dál Riata kings ruled Pictland, leading to supposition that the origins of the Kingdom of Alba lay in a Gaelic conquest of Pictland. However, it is now suggested that their inclusion is due to their importance in the religious communities of Dunkeld and St Andrews, where they were seen as founders and early patrons. However, a modern reconstruction of the later lists of Dál Riata kings presumes that Óengus's nephew Domnall was king of Dál Riata during this time (approximately 811–835).
wn.com/Óengus_II
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Mary, Queen of Scots (1971)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 131:31
- Updated: 11 Jan 2013
A Biographical film about Mary Queen of Scotland and her perpetual rival Elizabeth I of England. This Film features the fictional meeting of the two queens. Starring Vanessa Redgrave as Mary Stuart and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I of England. Disclaimer: This Material is not owned by me. This is a property of Universal Pictures (1971). No Copyright Infringement intended.
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_1971
A Biographical film about Mary Queen of Scotland and her perpetual rival Elizabeth I of England. This Film features the fictional meeting of the two queens. Starring Vanessa Redgrave as Mary Stuart and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I of England. Disclaimer: This Material is not owned by me. This is a property of Universal Pictures (1971). No Copyright Infringement intended.
Mary, Queen of Scots ("Jenny from the Block" by Jennifer Lopez)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:36
- Updated: 08 Jan 2013
Jennifer Lopez was trying to show that she was just another girl from the 'hood when she recorded the original. That's probably what Mary, Queen of Scots would have wanted too. Featuring clips from the movie with Vanessa Redgrave and a blonde Timothy Dalton
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_Jenny_from_the_Block_by_Jennifer_Lopez
Jennifer Lopez was trying to show that she was just another girl from the 'hood when she recorded the original. That's probably what Mary, Queen of Scots would have wanted too. Featuring clips from the movie with Vanessa Redgrave and a blonde Timothy Dalton
- published: 26 Jan 2010
- views: 147213
- author: historyteachers
Gunpowder, Treason & Plot: Mary, Queen of Scots (1st of 2 videos)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:13
- Updated: 28 Dec 2012
This film is owned by the BBC. Contains nudity, violence and other great things. After watching my 2 videos about Mary, please continue to watch the second half of this miniseries about Mary's son. It is a youtube video entitled FassGTPlot.mp4 www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/Gunpowder,_Treason_Plot_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_1st_of_2_videos
This film is owned by the BBC. Contains nudity, violence and other great things. After watching my 2 videos about Mary, please continue to watch the second half of this miniseries about Mary's son. It is a youtube video entitled FassGTPlot.mp4 www.youtube.com
- published: 03 Aug 2012
- views: 3965
- author: thatheidipoppychick
Mary Queen of Scots: KS3 History
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:38
- Updated: 17 Dec 2012
The tragic life of Mary Queen of Scots for KS3 History.
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_KS3_History
The tragic life of Mary Queen of Scots for KS3 History.
- published: 27 Nov 2007
- views: 22841
- author: LABUXTON1975
Monty Python - Mary Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:45
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
It`s
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_Mary_Queen_of_Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots - Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 19 Dec 2012
1971 film Vanessa Redgrave as Mary, Queen of Scots Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_Trailer
1971 film Vanessa Redgrave as Mary, Queen of Scots Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I
- published: 18 Sep 2009
- views: 26607
- author: MaiU2b
The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (Edison, 1895)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:17
- Updated: 06 Dec 2012
It looks so real, but it is a staged beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots.
http://wn.com/The_Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_Edison,_1895
It looks so real, but it is a staged beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots.
- published: 03 Sep 2007
- views: 137340
- author: RonaldEmmis
Mary Queen of Scots... - Tony Cownie Interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Updated: 20 Sep 2011
An interview with Tony Cownie, director of the Lyceum's production of Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off. www.lyceum.org.uk MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS GOT HER HEAD CHOPPED OFF By Liz Lochhead Directed by Tony Cownie 16 September - 15 October 2011 A co-production with Dundee Rep Ensemble, Mary Queen of Scots... plays at Dundee Rep from 19 October - 5 November 2011 www.dundeerep.co.uk Find out more from the Lyceum Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_Tony_Cownie_Interview
An interview with Tony Cownie, director of the Lyceum's production of Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off. www.lyceum.org.uk MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS GOT HER HEAD CHOPPED OFF By Liz Lochhead Directed by Tony Cownie 16 September - 15 October 2011 A co-production with Dundee Rep Ensemble, Mary Queen of Scots... plays at Dundee Rep from 19 October - 5 November 2011 www.dundeerep.co.uk Find out more from the Lyceum Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 670
- author: lyceumtheatre
Vanessa Redgrave vs Glenda Jackson
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Updated: 30 Dec 2012
"Mary, Queen of Scots" by Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I. This 1971 film is already available on DVD (2007) in a 2DVD set (at a price of one...excellent deal) with another great film "Anne of the Thousand Days". These are both big-budget, lavish films packed with great (legendary) casts!
http://wn.com/Vanessa_Redgrave_vs_Glenda_Jackson
"Mary, Queen of Scots" by Vanessa Redgrave as Mary and Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth I. This 1971 film is already available on DVD (2007) in a 2DVD set (at a price of one...excellent deal) with another great film "Anne of the Thousand Days". These are both big-budget, lavish films packed with great (legendary) casts!
- published: 18 Sep 2009
- views: 34373
- author: MaiU2b
Life & Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Updated: 04 Dec 2012
Movie: "Mary of Scotland" (John Ford, 1936) Music: Grave Digger "The Ballad Of Mary Queen of Scots"
http://wn.com/Life_Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
Movie: "Mary of Scotland" (John Ford, 1936) Music: Grave Digger "The Ballad Of Mary Queen of Scots"
- published: 04 Oct 2009
- views: 11495
- author: WestHam712
Mary Queen of Scots... - Shauna Macdonald interview
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:24
- Updated: 10 May 2012
An interview with Shauna Macdonald, who plays Mary in the Lyceum's production of Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off. www.lyceum.org.uk MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS GOT HER HEAD CHOPPED OFF By Liz Lochhead Directed by Tony Cownie 16 September - 15 October 2011 A co-production with Dundee Rep Ensemble, Mary Queen of Scots... plays at Dundee Rep from 19 October - 5 November 2011 www.dundeerep.co.uk Find out more from the Lyceum Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_Shauna_Macdonald_interview
An interview with Shauna Macdonald, who plays Mary in the Lyceum's production of Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off. www.lyceum.org.uk MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS GOT HER HEAD CHOPPED OFF By Liz Lochhead Directed by Tony Cownie 16 September - 15 October 2011 A co-production with Dundee Rep Ensemble, Mary Queen of Scots... plays at Dundee Rep from 19 October - 5 November 2011 www.dundeerep.co.uk Find out more from the Lyceum Twitter: www.twitter.com Facebook: www.facebook.com
- published: 15 Sep 2011
- views: 2245
- author: lyceumtheatre
Elizabeth R (1971) Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:37
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
Execution scene taken from the BBC series 'Elizabeth R' (1971). Starring the brilliant Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth and Vivian Pickles as Mary, Queen of Scots. No copyright infringement intended.
http://wn.com/Elizabeth_R_1971_Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
Execution scene taken from the BBC series 'Elizabeth R' (1971). Starring the brilliant Glenda Jackson as Elizabeth and Vivian Pickles as Mary, Queen of Scots. No copyright infringement intended.
- published: 25 Nov 2008
- views: 63897
- author: janethequene
Monty Python- Penguin on the Television
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 2013
A very funny Python sketch. Enjoy!
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_Penguin_on_the_Television
The Execution of Mary Stuart (1895 film)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:18
- Updated: 10 Jan 2013
The Execution of Mary Stuart is a short film produced in 1895. The film depicts the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. The film was produced by Thomas Edison and may have been the first film in history to used trained actors, as well as one of the first to use editing for the purposes of special effects. The film shows an uncredited, blindfolded actress (playing Mary) being led to the execution block. The executioner raises his axe and an edit occurs during which the actress is replaced by a mannequin. The mannequin's head is chopped off and the executioner holds it in the air as the film ends.
http://wn.com/The_Execution_of_Mary_Stuart_1895_film
The Execution of Mary Stuart is a short film produced in 1895. The film depicts the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots. The film was produced by Thomas Edison and may have been the first film in history to used trained actors, as well as one of the first to use editing for the purposes of special effects. The film shows an uncredited, blindfolded actress (playing Mary) being led to the execution block. The executioner raises his axe and an edit occurs during which the actress is replaced by a mannequin. The mannequin's head is chopped off and the executioner holds it in the air as the film ends.
- published: 07 Apr 2008
- views: 82101
- author: benfl0gin
Mary, Queen of Scots - John Barry (Complete Score) - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:14
- Updated: 07 Oct 2012
I DO NOT OWN THIS MUSIC.
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_John_Barry_Complete_Score_Part_1
The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 05 Jan 2013
SUMMARY From Maguire & Baucus catalogue: Representing the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots. A realistic reproduction of an historic scene. OTHER TITLES Title in Maguire & Baucus catalogue: Execution CREATED/PUBLISHED United States : Edison Manufacturing Co., [1895] NOTES Copyright: no reg. Robert Thomae (Mary). Camera, William Heise. Filmed August 28, 1895, at the Edison Laboratory in West Orange, NJ Received: 5-13-1994; viewing print; preservation; AFI/Hendricks (Gordon) Collection. SUBJECTS Mary,--Queen of Scots,--1542-1587--Death and burial--Drama. Executions and executioners--Drama. Beheading--Drama. Historical reenactments. Trick. RELATED NAMES Clark, Alfred, d. 1950, production. Thomae, Robert, cast. Heise, William, camera. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Hendricks (Gordon) Collection (Library of Congress) DIGITAL ID edmp.4036 hdl.loc.gov
http://wn.com/The_Execution_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
SUMMARY From Maguire & Baucus catalogue: Representing the beheading of Mary, Queen of Scots. A realistic reproduction of an historic scene. OTHER TITLES Title in Maguire & Baucus catalogue: Execution CREATED/PUBLISHED United States : Edison Manufacturing Co., [1895] NOTES Copyright: no reg. Robert Thomae (Mary). Camera, William Heise. Filmed August 28, 1895, at the Edison Laboratory in West Orange, NJ Received: 5-13-1994; viewing print; preservation; AFI/Hendricks (Gordon) Collection. SUBJECTS Mary,--Queen of Scots,--1542-1587--Death and burial--Drama. Executions and executioners--Drama. Beheading--Drama. Historical reenactments. Trick. RELATED NAMES Clark, Alfred, d. 1950, production. Thomae, Robert, cast. Heise, William, camera. Thomas A. Edison, Inc. Hendricks (Gordon) Collection (Library of Congress) DIGITAL ID edmp.4036 hdl.loc.gov
- published: 26 Mar 2009
- views: 171914
- author: LibraryOfCongress
The ballad of Mary Queen of Scots - Grave Digger
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Updated: 06 Jan 2013
made this essencialy with landscapes from Scotland and pictures of Mary Stuart (1542-1587). The music is from the german band Grave Digger Lyrics: My fingers touch the solid stones Strong and cold, they keep me from home Imprisoned like a wingless dove Far away from the land I love Lonely days count lonley years I have cried a thousand tears All that I tried to gain Is lost the effort was invane At Carberry hill I lost my crown My husband fled my luck went down In England's hands I fell 18 years a living hell The Scotish crown belongs to me Yet I'm bound I can not flee With iron claws England holds tight All is lost no chance to fight Silence - Silence Everywhere Cold walls are my reward Lonelyness engulves my soul I've been true i gave my heart Stained tears i cried I long to be free again To walk in peace again Scotland cries her queen is lost Agony's her friend again
http://wn.com/The_ballad_of_Mary_Queen_of_Scots_Grave_Digger
made this essencialy with landscapes from Scotland and pictures of Mary Stuart (1542-1587). The music is from the german band Grave Digger Lyrics: My fingers touch the solid stones Strong and cold, they keep me from home Imprisoned like a wingless dove Far away from the land I love Lonely days count lonley years I have cried a thousand tears All that I tried to gain Is lost the effort was invane At Carberry hill I lost my crown My husband fled my luck went down In England's hands I fell 18 years a living hell The Scotish crown belongs to me Yet I'm bound I can not flee With iron claws England holds tight All is lost no chance to fight Silence - Silence Everywhere Cold walls are my reward Lonelyness engulves my soul I've been true i gave my heart Stained tears i cried I long to be free again To walk in peace again Scotland cries her queen is lost Agony's her friend again
- published: 21 Aug 2009
- views: 19191
- author: Miguel Salgado
Mary Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 23 Dec 2012
Queen Mary I, House of Stuart, was Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. She was queen consort of France for about a year being married to King Francis II. After his death she returned to Scotland where she was beset by religious divisions, feuding lords and hostility with England. Although a devout Catholic she supported religious freedom in Scotland but she was undone by the powerful Protestant lords and her poor taste in men. Finally forced to flee Scotland she was arrested by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I who saw Mary as a threat since Catholics considered her the rightful Queen of England. To remove the threat documents were forged implicating Mary in a plot against Elizabeth. After a great deal of anguish Queen Elizabeth had Queen Mary executed on February 8, 1587.
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots
Queen Mary I, House of Stuart, was Queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567. She was queen consort of France for about a year being married to King Francis II. After his death she returned to Scotland where she was beset by religious divisions, feuding lords and hostility with England. Although a devout Catholic she supported religious freedom in Scotland but she was undone by the powerful Protestant lords and her poor taste in men. Finally forced to flee Scotland she was arrested by her cousin Queen Elizabeth I who saw Mary as a threat since Catholics considered her the rightful Queen of England. To remove the threat documents were forged implicating Mary in a plot against Elizabeth. After a great deal of anguish Queen Elizabeth had Queen Mary executed on February 8, 1587.
- published: 08 Feb 2010
- views: 4566
- author: MadMonarchist
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:22
- Updated: 15 Dec 2012
Music: X-Ray Dog-Dethroned Clips: "Mary, Queen of Scots", "Elizabeth: The Golden Age", "Mary of Scotland", "Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot", "The Virgin Queen", "Elizabeth R", "Elizabeth I", and a documentary with David Starkey OK, so this isn't great. It's just something that I plodded off for fun, dedicated to one of my favorite historical figures. This is a sort of trailer for the life of Mary Stuart, the Queen of Scots. It begins with her journey to Scotland from France, and focuses on her marriages to Darnley and Bothwell, and her clash with Elizabeth I. Be forewarned that although I did try to use clips from all known portrayals of Mary Stuart, Vanessa Redgrave's performance is predominate because hers is my favorite depiction. Yes, I know that I put a clip of James I and VI before Rizzio's murder. I wanted to show the good parts of the Darnley marriage before the bad, so please pardon the chronological inaccuracy.
http://wn.com/Mary_Stuart,_Queen_of_Scots
Music: X-Ray Dog-Dethroned Clips: "Mary, Queen of Scots", "Elizabeth: The Golden Age", "Mary of Scotland", "Gunpowder, Treason, and Plot", "The Virgin Queen", "Elizabeth R", "Elizabeth I", and a documentary with David Starkey OK, so this isn't great. It's just something that I plodded off for fun, dedicated to one of my favorite historical figures. This is a sort of trailer for the life of Mary Stuart, the Queen of Scots. It begins with her journey to Scotland from France, and focuses on her marriages to Darnley and Bothwell, and her clash with Elizabeth I. Be forewarned that although I did try to use clips from all known portrayals of Mary Stuart, Vanessa Redgrave's performance is predominate because hers is my favorite depiction. Yes, I know that I put a clip of James I and VI before Rizzio's murder. I wanted to show the good parts of the Darnley marriage before the bad, so please pardon the chronological inaccuracy.
- published: 23 Aug 2009
- views: 18938
- author: gapeachjessica
Mary, Queen of Scots (Complete Score) - John Barry - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:04
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
I DO NOT OWN THIS MUSIC.
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots_Complete_Score_John_Barry_Part_1
Mary Queen of Scots - Dougie MacLean LIve at Perthshire Amber 2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Updated: 30 Nov 2012
Dougie MacLean LIve at Perthshire Amber 2011 singing Mary Queen of Scots Music and Lyrics by Dougie MacLean. Published by Limetree Arts and Music (PRS & MCPS UK I couldn't find this on youtube so here it is now.
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_Dougie_MacLean_LIve_at_Perthshire_Amber_2011
Dougie MacLean LIve at Perthshire Amber 2011 singing Mary Queen of Scots Music and Lyrics by Dougie MacLean. Published by Limetree Arts and Music (PRS & MCPS UK I couldn't find this on youtube so here it is now.
- published: 11 Mar 2012
- views: 446
- author: Trevor Appleton
08 Mary Queen of Scots
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:43
- Updated: 03 Jan 2013
Roger Rees as Lord John Marbury in The West Wing. Episode 212 "The drop-in". Genealogical intermezzo. FADE IN: INT. HALLWAY - NIGHT Donna and Lord John Marbury are walking. DONNA So you're actual royalty? MARBURY Yes. DONNA It's not just an honorary thing? MARBURY No, in fact there's little honor attached to it at all. DONNA Tell me about yourself. MARBURY Well, my mother was a descendant of the third of the nine children of Victoria. Victoria was the granddaughter of George the third, who was the great-grandson of George the first. George the first was the great-nephew of Charles the first, who was the son of James the first, and James' mother was Mary, Queen of Scots. DONNA And are you and Caprice an item? MARBURY Why, no. CHARLIE [walking up between them] Mr. Ambassador? MARBURY Is he back? CHARLIE He's back, but he's receiving credentials from Her Excellency Renee Ernesto of Argentina and asked for your patience. MARBURY Then my patience he shall have.
http://wn.com/08_Mary_Queen_of_Scots
Roger Rees as Lord John Marbury in The West Wing. Episode 212 "The drop-in". Genealogical intermezzo. FADE IN: INT. HALLWAY - NIGHT Donna and Lord John Marbury are walking. DONNA So you're actual royalty? MARBURY Yes. DONNA It's not just an honorary thing? MARBURY No, in fact there's little honor attached to it at all. DONNA Tell me about yourself. MARBURY Well, my mother was a descendant of the third of the nine children of Victoria. Victoria was the granddaughter of George the third, who was the great-grandson of George the first. George the first was the great-nephew of Charles the first, who was the son of James the first, and James' mother was Mary, Queen of Scots. DONNA And are you and Caprice an item? MARBURY Why, no. CHARLIE [walking up between them] Mr. Ambassador? MARBURY Is he back? CHARLIE He's back, but he's receiving credentials from Her Excellency Renee Ernesto of Argentina and asked for your patience. MARBURY Then my patience he shall have.
- published: 25 Jul 2009
- views: 26432
- author: emmatude
Mary Queen of Scots - The Dallas Opera
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:33
- Updated: 27 Jun 2011
Majella Cullagh makes her Dallas Opera debut as Mary in Donizetti's Mary Queen of Scots.
http://wn.com/Mary_Queen_of_Scots_The_Dallas_Opera
Majella Cullagh makes her Dallas Opera debut as Mary in Donizetti's Mary Queen of Scots.
- published: 13 Aug 2007
- views: 1328
- author: thedallasopera
photo: AP / Channi Anand
09 Jan 2013
JAMMU, India (Reuters) - India slammed arch-rival Pakistan on Wednesday over a fire fight in the disputed territory of Kashmir in which two of its soldiers were killed, and said the mutilation of one of the bodies was "inhuman" ... Antony waits to speak at a plenary session of the 11th International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) Asia Security Summit ... Pakistan contests that and demands implementation of a 1948 U.N....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Alexandre Meneghini
10 Jan 2013
Mexican has enacted a law that will ensure that the victims and relatives of crime are compensated with payments and social services from the state. The law, enacted by President Enrique Pena Nieto on Wednesday, comprises the creation of a fund to pay relatives up to $70,000 in compensation for an innocent victim killed in attacks by drug gangs ... “There are thousands of people who have suffered the ravages of violence....(size: 18.3Kb)
photo: AP / Jacques Brinon
10 Jan 2013
Three Kurdish women, including one of the founders of a militant group battling Turkish troops since 1984, were "executed" at a Kurdish center in Paris, the interior minister said on Thursday. Turkey's Anadolu news agency identified one of the victims as Sakine Cansiz, a founding member of the Kurdistan Workers Party, or PKK....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: White House / Pete Souza
10 Jan 2013
-Thomas Paine, "The Rights of Man". If alive today, Thomas Paine would recognize that the United States Government is not worthy of its citizens ... Government, like dress, is the badge of lost innocence, the palaces of kings are built upon the ruins of the bowers of paradise."(1) ... An elderly couple who on a cold wintry night, and in order to keep their heating costs down, huddles and shivers in front of a makeshift heater....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Arshad Butt
11 Jan 2013
QUETTA, Pakistan -- A series of bombings killed 115 people in Pakistan yesterday, including 81 who died in a sectarian attack on a billiard hall in the southwest city of Quetta, officials said. The blasts punctuated one of the deadliest days in recent years in Pakistan, where the government faces a bloody insurgency by militants in the northwest and Baluch militants in the southwest....(size: 7.7Kb)
noodls
11 Jan 2013
The Gleaner
11 Jan 2013
Many opera fans have not missed a single performance since the start of the Met Opera in HD 2012-13 season last October ... Mezzo-soprano Joyce DiDonato, one of the world's most exciting singers, takes on the virtuosic bel canto role of the doomed Mary, Queen of Scots. Director David McVicar turns to the second opera of Donizetti's Tudor trilogy, which explores regal characters at fateful moments of their lives....(size: 2.3Kb)
The Star
11 Jan 2013
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BBC News
11 Jan 2013
New York Daily News
11 Jan 2013
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The Times of India
11 Jan 2013
Billionaire brothers Malvinder and Shivinder Singh, promoters of India's largest hospital chain Fortis Healthcare, have appointed 3 investment banks -- Morgan Stanley, Standard Chartered Bank and Religare Capital Markets -- to help them pare stake in the company by selling shares to institutional investors known in industry parlance as Institutional Placement Program....(size: 3.2Kb)
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11 Jan 2013
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The Times of India
11 Jan 2013
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The Daily Mail
11 Jan 2013
Total Film
11 Jan 2013
Indiewire
11 Jan 2013
For other uses, see Mary, Queen of Scots (disambiguation).
| Mary Stuart | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Portrait of Mary after François Clouet, c. 1559 | |
|
|
|
| Reign | 14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567 |
| Coronation | 9 September 1543 |
| Predecessor | James V |
| Successor | James VI |
| Regent | James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran (1542–1554) Mary of Guise (1554–1560) |
|
|
|
| Tenure | 10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 |
| Spouse | Francis II of France m. 1558; dec. 1560 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley m. 1565; dec. 1567 James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell m. 1567; dec. 1578 |
| Issue | |
| James VI of Scotland and I of England | |
| House | House of Stuart |
| Father | James V of Scotland |
| Mother | Mary of Guise |
| Born | 8 December 1542[1] Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow |
| Died | 8 February 1587(1587-02-08) (aged 44)[2] Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire |
| Burial | Peterborough Cathedral; Westminster Abbey |
| Signature |  |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart[3] or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560.
Mary was the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland. She was 6 days old when her father died and she was crowned nine months later. In 1558, she married Francis, Dauphin of France. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary became queen consort of France until she was widowed on 5 December 1560. Mary then returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden.
James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, James. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in a number of castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After 18 years and 9 months in custody, Mary was tried and executed for her involvement in plots to assassinate Elizabeth.
Contents |
Childhood and early reign[link]
Mary was born on 8 December 1542 at Linlithgow Palace, Linlithgow, Scotland, to James V, King of Scots, and his French second wife, Mary of Guise. She was said to have been born prematurely and was the only legitimate child of James to survive him.[5] She was the great-niece of King Henry VIII of England, as her paternal grandmother, Margaret Tudor, was Henry VIII's sister. On 14 December, six days after her birth, she became Queen of Scotland when her father died, perhaps from the effects of a nervous collapse following the Battle of Solway Moss,[6] or from drinking contaminated water while on campaign.[7]
A popular legend, first recorded by John Knox, states that James, hearing on his deathbed that his wife had given birth to a daughter, ruefully exclaimed, "It came with a lass, it will pass with a lass!"[8] His House of Stewart had gained the throne of Scotland by the marriage of Marjorie Bruce, daughter of Robert the Bruce, to Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland. The Crown had come to his family through a woman, and would be lost from his family through a woman. This legendary statement came true much later—not through Mary, whose son by one of her Stewart cousins became king, but through his descendant Anne, Queen of Great Britain.[9]
Mary was baptised at the nearby Church of St Michael shortly after she was born.[10] Rumours spread that she was weak and frail,[11] but an English diplomat, Ralph Sadler, saw the infant at Linlithgow Palace in March 1543, unwrapped by her nurse, and wrote, "it is as goodly a child as I have seen of her age, and as like to live."[12]
As Mary was an infant when she inherited the throne, Scotland was ruled by regents until she became an adult. From the outset, there were two different claims to the Regency: one from the Protestant Earl of Arran, who was next in line to the throne, and the other from Catholic Cardinal Beaton. Beaton's claim was based on a version of the late king's will that his opponents dismissed as a forgery.[13] Arran, with the support of his friends and relations, became the regent until 1554 when Mary's mother managed to remove and succeed him.[14]
Treaty of Greenwich[link]
King Henry VIII of England took the opportunity of the regency to propose marriage between Mary and his own son, Prince Edward, hoping for a union of Scotland and England. On 1 July 1543, when Mary was six months old, the Treaty of Greenwich was signed, which promised that at the age of ten Mary would marry Edward and move to England where Henry could oversee her upbringing.[15] The treaty provided that the two countries would remain legally separate and that if the couple should fail to have children the temporary union would dissolve.[16] However, Cardinal Beaton rose to power again and began to push a pro-Catholic pro-French agenda, which angered Henry, who wanted to break the Scottish alliance with France.[17] Beaton wanted to move Mary away from the coast to the safety of Stirling Castle. Regent Arran resisted the move, but backed down when Beaton's armed supporters gathered at Linlithgow.[18] The Earl of Lennox escorted Mary and her mother to Stirling on 27 July 1543 with 3,500 armed men.[19] Mary was crowned in the castle chapel on 9 September 1543,[20] with "such solemnity as they do use in this country, which is not very costly" according to the report of Ralph Sadler and Henry Ray.[21]
Shortly before Mary's coronation, Scottish merchantmen headed for France were arrested by Henry, and their goods impounded. The arrests caused anger in Scotland, and Arran joined Beaton and became a Catholic.[22] The Treaty was rejected by the Parliament of Scotland in December.[23] The rejection of the marriage treaty and the renewal of the Auld Alliance between France and Scotland prompted Henry's "Rough Wooing" of Scotland, a military campaign designed to impose the marriage of Mary to his son. English forces mounted a series of raids on Scottish and French territory.[24] In May 1544, the English Earl of Hertford (later Duke of Somerset) raided Edinburgh, and the Scots took Mary to Dunkeld for safety.[25]
In May 1546, Beaton was murdered by Protestant lairds,[26] and on 10 September 1547, nine months after the death of Henry VIII, the Scots suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh. Mary's guardians, fearful for her safety, sent her to Inchmahome Priory for no more than three weeks, and turned to the French for help.[27]
The French king, Henry II, proposed to unite France and Scotland by marrying the young queen to his three-year-old son, the Dauphin Francis. On the promise of French military help, and a French dukedom for himself, Arran agreed to the marriage.[28] In February 1548, Mary was moved, again for her safety, to Dumbarton Castle.[29] The English left a trail of devastation behind once more, seizing the strategic town of Haddington. In June, the much awaited French help arrived at Leith to besiege and ultimately take Haddington. On 7 July 1548, a Scottish Parliament held at a nunnery near the town agreed to a French marriage treaty.[30]
Life in France[link]
With her marriage agreement in place, five-year-old Mary was sent to France to spend the next thirteen years at the French court. The French fleet sent by Henry II, commanded by Nicolas de Villegagnon, sailed with Mary from Dumbarton on 7 August 1548 and arrived a week or more later at Saint-Pol-de-Léon near Roscoff in Brittany.[31] She was accompanied by her own court including two illegitimate half-brothers, and the "four Marys", four girls her own age, all named Mary, who were the daughters of some of the noblest families in Scotland: Beaton, Seton, Fleming, and Livingston.[32] Janet, Lady Fleming, who was Mary Fleming's mother and James V's half-sister, was appointed governess.[33]
Vivacious, beautiful, and clever (according to contemporaneous accounts), Mary had a promising childhood.[34] While in the French court, she was a favourite with everyone, except Henry II's wife Catherine de' Medici.[35] Mary learned to play lute and virginals, was competent in prose, poetry, horsemanship, falconry, and needlework, and was taught French, Italian, Latin, Spanish, and Greek, in addition to speaking her native Scots.[36] Her future sister-in-law, Elisabeth of Valois, became a close friend of whom Mary "retained nostalgic memories in later life".[37] Her maternal grandmother, Antoinette de Bourbon, was another strong influence on her childhood,[38] and acted as one of her principal advisors.[39]
Portraits of Mary show that she had a small, oval-shaped head, a long, graceful neck, bright auburn hair, hazel-brown eyes, under heavy lowered eyelids and finely arched brows, smooth pale skin, a high forehead, and regular, firm features. She was considered a pretty child and later, as a woman, strikingly attractive.[40] At some point in her infancy or childhood, she caught smallpox, but it did not mark her features.[41]
Mary was eloquent, and especially tall by sixteenth-century standards (she attained an adult height of 5 feet 11 inches or 1.80 m);[42] while Henry II's son and heir, Francis, stuttered and was abnormally short. Henry commented that "from the very first day they met, my son and she got on as well together as if they had known each other for a long time".[43] On 4 April 1558, Mary signed a secret agreement bequeathing Scotland and her claim to England to the French crown if she died without issue.[44] Twenty days later, she married the Dauphin at Notre Dame de Paris, and Francis became king consort of Scotland.[45][46]
Claim to the English throne[link]
After the death of Henry VIII's elder daughter, Queen Mary I of England, in November 1558, she was succeeded by her only surviving sibling, Elizabeth I. Under the Third Succession Act, passed in 1543 by the Parliament of England, Elizabeth was the heir of Mary I of England, and Henry VIII's last will and testament had excluded the Stuarts from succeeding to the English throne. Yet, in the eyes of many Catholics, Elizabeth was illegitimate, and Mary Stuart, as the senior descendant of Henry VIII's elder sister, was the rightful queen of England.[47] Henry II of France proclaimed his eldest son and his daughter-in-law king and queen of England, and in France they quartered the royal arms of England with their own.[48] Her claim to the English throne was a perennial sticking point between her and Elizabeth I.[49]
When Henry II died on 10 July 1559 from injuries sustained in a joust, 15-year-old Francis became King of France, with Mary, aged 16, as his queen consort.[50] Two of Mary's uncles, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal of Lorraine, were now dominant in French politics,[51] enjoying an ascendancy called by some historians la tyrannie Guisienne.[52]
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Mary (age 16) and Francis II (age 15) shortly after Francis was crowned King of France in 1559
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Royal arms of Mary as Queen of Scots and Dauphine of France
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Royal arms of Mary as Queen of Scots and Queen consort of France
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Royal arms of Mary as Queen of Scots and Queen dowager of France
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Mary's arms as Queen of Scots and France with the arms of England added, used in France before the Treaty of Edinburgh, 1560
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In Scotland, the power of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation was rising at the expense of Mary's mother, who maintained effective control only through the use of French troops.[53] The Protestant Lords invited English troops into Scotland in an attempt to secure Protestantism, and a Huguenot rising in France, called the Tumult of Amboise, in March 1560 made it impossible for the French to send further support.[54] Instead, the Guise brothers sent ambassadors to negotiate a settlement.[55] On 11 June 1560, their sister Mary of Guise died, and so the question of the succession and future Franco-Scots relations was a pressing one. Under the terms of the Treaty of Edinburgh, signed by Mary's representatives on 6 July 1560, France and England undertook to withdraw troops from Scotland and France recognised Elizabeth's right to rule England. However, the 17-year-old Mary, still in France and grieving for her mother, refused to ratify the treaty.[56]
Return to Scotland[link]
King Francis II died on 5 December 1560, of a middle ear infection which led to an abscess in his brain. Mary was grief-stricken.[58] Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, became regent for the late king's ten-year-old brother Charles IX, who inherited the French throne.[59]
Mary returned to Scotland nine months after her husband's death, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561.[60] Mary had lived in France since the age of five, and had little direct experience of the dangerous and complex political situation in Scotland.[61] As a devout Catholic, she was regarded with suspicion by many of her subjects, as well as by Elizabeth, her father's cousin.[62] Scotland was torn between Catholic and Protestant factions, and Mary's illegitimate half-brother, the Earl of Moray, was a leader of the Protestant faction.[63] The Protestant reformer John Knox also preached against Mary, condemning her for hearing Mass, dancing, and dressing too elaborately.[64] She summoned him to her presence to remonstrate with him unsuccessfully, and later charged him with treason, but he was acquitted and released.[65]
To the disappointment of the Catholic party, however, Mary tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy,[66] and kept her half-brother Lord Moray as her chief advisor.[67] Her privy council of 16 men, appointed on 6 September 1561, retained those who already held the offices of state and was dominated by the Protestant leaders from the reformation crisis of 1559–1560: the Earls of Argyll, Glencairn, and Moray. Only four of the councillors were Catholic: the Earls of Atholl, Erroll, Montrose, and Huntly, who was Lord Chancellor.[68] Modern historian Jenny Wormald found this remarkable, suggesting that Mary's failure to appoint a council sympathetic to Catholic and French interests was an indication of her focus on the goal of the English throne over the internal problems of Scotland. Even the one significant later addition to the council, in December 1563, Lord Ruthven, was another Protestant whom Mary personally disliked.[69] In this, she was acknowledging her lack of effective military power in the face of the Protestant lords, while also following a policy which strengthened her links with England. She joined with Lord Moray in the destruction of Scotland's leading Catholic magnate, Lord Huntly, in 1562 after he led a rebellion in the Highlands against her.[70]
Mary sent William Maitland of Lethington as an ambassador to the English court to put the case for Mary as the heir presumptive to the English throne. Elizabeth refused to name a potential heir, fearing that to do so would invite conspiracy to displace her with the nominated successor.[71] However, Elizabeth assured Maitland that she knew no one with a better claim than Mary.[72] In late 1561 and early 1562, arrangements were made for the two queens to meet in England at York or Nottingham in August or September 1562, but Elizabeth sent Sir Henry Sidney to cancel in July because of the civil war in France.[73]
Mary turned her attention to finding a new husband from the royalty of Europe. However, when her uncle the Cardinal of Lorraine began negotiations with Archduke Charles of Austria without her consent, she angrily objected and the negotiations foundered.[74] Her own attempt to negotiate a marriage to Don Carlos, the mentally unstable heir apparent of King Philip II of Spain, was rebuffed by Philip.[75] Elizabeth attempted to neutralise Mary by suggesting that she marry English Protestant Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (Sir Henry Sidney's brother-in-law and the English queen's own favourite), whom Elizabeth trusted and thought she could control.[76] She sent ambassador Thomas Randolph to tell Mary that if she would marry an English nobleman "perchance such as she would hardly think we could agree unto",[77] Elizabeth would "proceed to the inquisition of her right and title to be our next cousin and heir".[78] This proposal came to nothing, not least because the intended bridegroom was unwilling.[79]
In contrast, a French poet at Mary's court, Pierre de Boscosel de Chastelard, was apparently besotted by Mary.[80] In early 1563, he was discovered during a security search hidden underneath her bed, apparently planning to surprise her when she was alone and declare his love for her. Mary was horrified and banished him from Scotland. He ignored the edict, and two days later, he forced his way into her chamber as she was about to disrobe. She reacted with fury and fear, and when Moray rushed into the room, in reaction to her cries for help, she shouted, "Thrust your dagger into the villain!", which Moray refused to do as Chastelard was already under restraint. Chastelard was tried for treason, and beheaded.[81] Maitland claimed that Chastelard's ardour was feigned, and that he was part of a Huguenot plot to discredit Mary by tarnishing her reputation.[82]
Marriage to Lord Darnley[link]
Mary had briefly met her English-born first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, in February 1561 when she was in mourning for Francis. Darnley's parents, the Earl and Countess of Lennox, who were Scottish aristocrats as well as English landowners, had sent him to France ostensibly to extend their condolences while hoping for a potential match between their son and Mary.[83] Both Mary and Darnley were grandchildren of Margaret Tudor, sister of Henry VIII of England. Darnley was also a member of the House of Stuart (or Stewart), as Mary was, but he was not a patrilineal descendant of Stewart kings, but rather of their immediate ancestors, the High Stewards of Scotland. Darnley shared a more recent Stewart lineage with the Hamilton family as a descendant of Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, a daughter of James II of Scotland. They next met on Saturday 17 February 1565 at Wemyss Castle in Scotland,[84] after which Mary fell in love with the "long lad" (as Queen Elizabeth called him—he was over six feet tall).[85] They married at Holyrood Palace on 29 July 1565, even though both were Catholic and a papal dispensation for the marriage of first cousins had not been obtained.[86][87]
English statesmen William Cecil and the Earl of Leicester had worked to obtain Darnley's licence to travel to Scotland from his home in England.[88] Although her advisors had thus brought the couple together, Elizabeth felt threatened by the marriage, because as descendants of her aunt, both Mary and Darnley were claimants to the English throne.[89] Their children would inherit an even stronger, combined claim to the English succession.[90] However, Mary's insistence on the marriage seems to have stemmed from passion rather than calculation. The English ambassador Nicholas Throckmorton stated "the saying is that surely she [Queen Mary] is bewitched",[91] adding that the marriage could only be averted "by violence".[92] The union infuriated Elizabeth, who felt the marriage should not have gone ahead without her permission, as Darnley was both her cousin and an English subject.[93]
Mary's marriage to a leading Catholic precipitated Mary's half-brother, the Earl of Moray, to join with other Protestant lords, including Lords Argyll and Glencairn, in open rebellion.[94] Mary set out from Edinburgh on 26 August 1565 to confront them, and on the 30th Moray entered Edinburgh, but left soon afterward having failed to take the castle. Mary returned to Edinburgh the following month to raise more troops.[95] In what became known as the Chaseabout Raid, Mary and her forces and Moray and the rebellious lords roamed around Scotland without ever engaging in direct combat. Mary's numbers were boosted by the release and restoration to favour of Lord Huntly's son, and the return of James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, from exile in France.[96] Unable to muster sufficient support, in October Moray left Scotland for asylum in England.[97] Mary broadened her privy council, bringing in both Catholics (Bishop of Ross John Lesley and provost of Edinburgh Simon Preston of Craigmillar) and Protestants (the new Lord Huntly, Bishop of Galloway Alexander Gordon, John Maxwell of Terregles and Sir James Balfour).[98]
Before long, Darnley grew arrogant. Not content with his position as king consort, he demanded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have made him a co-sovereign of Scotland with the right to keep the Scottish throne for himself if he outlived his wife.[99] Mary refused his request, and their marriage grew strained even though they conceived by October 1565. He was jealous of her friendship with her Catholic private secretary, David Rizzio, who was rumoured to be the father of her child.[100] By March 1566, Darnley had entered into a secret conspiracy with Protestant lords, including the nobles who had rebelled against Mary in the Chaseabout Raid.[101] On 9 March, a group of the conspirators, accompanied by Darnley, murdered Rizzio in front of the pregnant Mary at a dinner party in Holyrood Palace.[102] Over the next two days, a disillusioned Darnley switched sides, and Mary received Moray at Holyrood.[103] On the night of 11–12 March, Darnley and Mary escaped from the palace, and took temporary refuge in Dunbar Castle before returning to Edinburgh on 18 March.[104] The former rebels Lords Moray, Argyll and Glencairn were restored to the council.[105]
Murder of Darnley[link]
Mary's son by Darnley, James, was born on 19 June 1566 in Edinburgh Castle, but the murder of Rizzio had made the breakdown of Mary's marriage inevitable.[106] In October 1566, she was staying at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders when she made a journey on horseback of at least four hours each way to visit the Earl of Bothwell at Hermitage Castle where he lay ill from wounds sustained in a skirmish with border reivers.[107] The ride was later used as evidence by Mary's enemies that the two were lovers, though no suspicions were voiced at the time and Mary was accompanied by her councillors and guards.[108] Immediately after her return to Jedburgh, she suffered a serious illness that included frequent vomiting, loss of sight, loss of speech, convulsions and periods of unconsciousness. She was thought to be near death or dying. Her recovery from 25 October onwards was credited to the skill of her French physicians.[109] The cause of her illness is unknown; diagnoses include physical exhaustion and mental stress,[110] haemorrhage of a gastric ulcer,[111] and porphyria.[112]
At Craigmillar Castle, near Edinburgh, at the end of November 1566, Mary and leading nobles held a meeting to discuss the "problem of Darnley".[113] Divorce was discussed, but then a bond was probably sworn between the lords present to get rid of Darnley by other means:[114] "It was thought expedient and most profitable for the common wealth ... that such a young fool and proud tyrant should not reign or bear rule over them; ... that he should be put off by one way or another; and whosoever should take the deed in hand or do it, they should defend."[115] Darnley feared for his safety and after the baptism of his son at Stirling shortly before Christmas, he went to Glasgow to stay on his father's estates.[116] At the start of the journey, he was afflicted by a fever, possibly smallpox, syphilis, or the result of poison, and he remained ill for some weeks.[117]
In late January 1567, Mary prompted her husband to come back to Edinburgh. He recuperated from his illness in a house belonging to the brother of Sir James Balfour at the former abbey of Kirk o' Field, just within the city wall.[118] Mary visited him daily, so that it appeared a reconciliation was in progress.[119] On the night of 9–10 February 1567, Mary visited her husband in the early evening and then attended the wedding celebrations of a member of her household, Bastian Pagez.[120] In the early hours of the morning, an explosion devastated Kirk o' Field, and Darnley was found dead in the garden, apparently smothered.[121] There were no visible marks of strangulation or violence on the body.[122][123] Bothwell, Moray, Secretary Maitland, the Earl of Morton and Mary herself were among those who came under suspicion.[124] Elizabeth wrote to Mary of the rumours, "I should ill fulfil the office of a faithful cousin or an affectionate friend if I did not ... tell you what all the world is thinking. Men say that, instead of seizing the murderers, you are looking through your fingers while they escape; that you will not seek revenge on those who have done you so much pleasure, as though the deed would never have taken place had not the doers of it been assured of impunity. For myself, I beg you to believe that I would not harbour such a thought."[125]
By the end of February, Bothwell was generally believed to be guilty of Darnley's assassination.[126] Lennox, Darnley's father, demanded that Bothwell be tried before the Estates of Parliament, to which Mary agreed, but Lennox's request for a delay to gather evidence was denied. In the absence of Lennox, and with no evidence presented, Bothwell was acquitted after a seven-hour trial on 12 April.[127] A week later, Bothwell managed to get more than two dozen lords and bishops to sign the Ainslie Tavern Bond, in which they agreed to support his aim to marry the queen.[128]
Abdication and imprisonment in Scotland[link]
Between 21 and 23 April 1567, Mary visited her son at Stirling for the last time. On her way back to Edinburgh on 24 April, Mary was abducted, willingly or not, by Lord Bothwell and his men and taken to Dunbar Castle, where he apparently raped her.[129] On 6 May, Mary and Bothwell returned to Edinburgh and on 15 May, at either Holyrood Palace or Holyrood Abbey, they were married according to Protestant rites.[130] Bothwell and his first wife, Jean Gordon, who was the sister of Lord Huntly, had divorced twelve days previously.[131]
Originally Mary believed that many nobles supported her marriage, but things soon turned sour between the newly elevated Bothwell (created Duke of Orkney and consort of the Queen) and his old peers, and the marriage was deeply unpopular. Catholics considered the marriage unlawful, since they did not recognise Bothwell's divorce or the validity of the Protestant service. Both Protestants and Catholics were shocked that Mary should marry the man accused of murdering her husband.[132] The marriage was tempestuous, and Mary became despondent.[133] Twenty-six Scottish peers, known as the confederate lords, turned against Mary and Bothwell, raising an army against them. Mary and Bothwell confronted the lords at Carberry Hill on 15 June, but there was no battle as Mary's forces dwindled away through desertion during negotiations.[134] Bothwell was given safe passage from the field, and the lords took Mary to Edinburgh, where crowds of spectators denounced her as an adulteress and murderer.[135] The following night, she was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle, on an island in the middle of Loch Leven.[136] Between 20 July and 23 July, Mary miscarried twins.[137] On 24 July, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son James.[138] Moray was made regent,[139] while Bothwell was driven into exile. He was imprisoned in Denmark, became insane and died in 1578.[140]
Escape and imprisonment in England[link]
On 2 May 1568, Mary escaped from Loch Leven with the aid of George Douglas, brother of Sir William Douglas, the castle's owner.[141] She managed to raise an army of 6000 men, and met Moray's smaller forces at the Battle of Langside on 13 May.[142] She was defeated and fled south; after spending the night at Dundrennan Abbey, she crossed the Solway Firth into England by fishing boat on 16 May.[143] She landed at Workington in Cumberland in the north of England and stayed overnight at Workington Hall.[144] On 18 May, she was taken into protective custody at Carlisle Castle by local officials.[145]
Mary apparently expected Elizabeth to help her regain her throne.[146] Elizabeth was cautious, and ordered an inquiry into the conduct of the confederate lords and the question of whether Mary was guilty of the murder of Darnley.[147] Mary was moved by the English authorities to Bolton Castle in mid-July 1568, because it was further from the Scottish border but not too close to London.[148] A commission of inquiry, or conference as it was known, was held in York and later Westminster between October 1568 and January 1569.[149]
Casket Letters[link]
Main article: Casket Letters
Mary refused to acknowledge the power of any court to try her, since she was an anointed queen, and refused to attend the inquiry at York personally (she sent representatives) but Elizabeth forbade her attendance anyway.[150] As evidence against Mary, Moray presented the so-called Casket Letters[151]—eight unsigned letters purportedly from Mary to Bothwell, two marriage contracts and a love sonnet or sonnets said to have been found in a silver-gilt casket just less than one foot (30 cm) long, decorated with the monogram of King Francis II.[152] Mary denied writing them, argued that her handwriting was not difficult to imitate,[153] and insisted they were forgeries.[154] They are widely believed to be crucial as to whether Mary shares the guilt for Darnley's murder.[155] The chair of the commission of inquiry, the Duke of Norfolk, described them as horrible letters and diverse fond ballads, and sent copies to Elizabeth, saying that if they were genuine they might prove Mary's guilt.[156]
The authenticity of the Casket Letters has been the source of much controversy among historians. It is impossible now to prove either way. The originals, written in French, were probably destroyed in 1584 by King James.[157] The surviving copies, in French or translated into English, do not form a complete set. There are incomplete printed transcriptions in English, Scots, French and Latin from the 1570s.[158] Other documents scrutinised included Bothwell's divorce from Jean Gordon. Moray had sent a messenger in September to Dunbar to get a copy of the proceedings from the town's registers.[159]
Biographers of Mary, such as Antonia Fraser, Alison Weir and John Guy, have come to the conclusion that the documents were either complete forgeries,[160] or that incriminating passages were inserted into genuine letters,[161] or that the letters were written to Bothwell by some other person or by Mary to some other person.[162] Guy points out that the letters are disjointed, and that the French language and grammar of the sonnets is too poor for a woman with Mary's education.[163] However, certain phrases of the letters (including verses in the style of Ronsard) and certain characteristics of style would be compatible with known writings of Mary.[164]
The Casket Letters did not appear publicly until the Conference of 1568, although the Scottish privy council had seen them by December 1567.[165] Mary had been forced to abdicate and held captive for the best part of a year in Scotland. The letters were never made public to support her imprisonment and forced abdication. Historian Jenny Wormald believes this reluctance on the part of the Scots to produce the letters, and their destruction in 1584, whatever their content, is proof that they contained real evidence against Mary,[166] whereas Weir thinks it shows the lords required time to fabricate them.[167] At least some of Mary's contemporaries who saw the letters had no doubt that they were genuine. Among them was the Duke of Norfolk,[168] who secretly conspired to marry Mary in the course of the commission, although he denied it when Elizabeth alluded to his marriage plans, saying "he meant never to marry with a person, where he could not be sure of his pillow".[169]
The majority of the commissioners accepted the Casket Letters as genuine after a study of their contents and comparison of the penmanship with examples of Mary's handwriting.[170] Elizabeth, as she had wished, concluded the inquiry with a verdict that nothing was proven, either against the confederate lords or Mary.[171] For overriding political reasons, Elizabeth wished to neither convict nor acquit Mary of murder, and there was never any intention to proceed judicially; the conference was intended as a political exercise. In the end, Moray returned to Scotland as its regent and Mary remained in custody in England. Elizabeth had succeeded in maintaining a Protestant government in Scotland, without either condemning or releasing her fellow sovereign.[172] In Fraser's opinion, it was one of the strangest "trials" in legal history, ending with no finding of guilt against either party with one let home to Scotland while the other remained in custody.[173]
Plots[link]
On 26 January 1569, Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle,[174] and placed in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury and his formidable wife Bess of Hardwick.[175] Elizabeth considered Mary's designs on the English throne to be a serious threat and so confined Mary to Shrewsbury's properties, including Tutbury, Sheffield Castle, Wingfield Manor and Chatsworth House,[176] that were in the interior of England halfway between Scotland and London, and distant from the sea.[177] She was permitted her own domestic staff, which never numbered less than 16,[178] and needed 30 carts to transport her belongings from house to house.[179] Her chambers were decorated with fine tapestries and carpets, as well as her cloth of state on which she had the French phrase En ma fin est mon commencement ("In my end lies my beginning") embroidered.[180] Her bedlinen was changed daily,[181] and her own chefs prepared meals with a choice of 32 dishes served off silver plates.[182] She was occasionally allowed outside under strict supervision,[183] spent seven summers at the spa town of Buxton, and spent much of her time doing embroidery.[184] Her health declined, perhaps through porphyria or lack of exercise, and by the 1580s, she had severe rheumatism in her limbs, rendering her lame.[185]
In May 1569, Elizabeth attempted to mediate the restoration of Mary in return for guarantees of the Protestant religion, but a convention at Perth rejected the deal overwhelmingly.[186] Norfolk continued to scheme for a marriage with Mary, and Elizabeth imprisoned him in the Tower of London between October 1569 and August 1570.[187] Early in the following year, Moray was assassinated. Moray's death coincided with a rebellion in the North of England, led by Catholic earls, which persuaded Elizabeth that Mary was a threat. English troops intervened in the Scottish civil war, consolidating the power of the anti-Marian forces.[188] Elizabeth's principal secretaries William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, and Sir Francis Walsingham watched Mary carefully with the aid of spies placed in Mary's household.[189]
In 1571, Cecil and Walsingham uncovered the Ridolfi Plot, which was a plan to replace Elizabeth with Mary with the help of Spanish troops and the Duke of Norfolk. Norfolk was executed, and the English Parliament introduced a bill barring Mary from the throne, to which Elizabeth refused to give royal assent.[190] To discredit Mary, the Casket Letters were published in London.[191] Plots centered on Mary continued, and after the Throckmorton Plot, Walsingham introduced the Bond of Association and the Act for the Queen's Safety, which sanctioned the killing of anyone who plotted against Elizabeth and was aimed at preventing a putative successor from profiting from her murder.[192] In April 1585, Mary was placed in the stricter custody of Sir Amias Paulet,[193] and at Christmas she was moved to a moated manor house at Chartley.[194]
Death[link]
Trial[link]
On 11 August 1586, Mary was arrested after being implicated in the Babington Plot.[195] In a successful attempt to entrap her, Walsingham had deliberately arranged for Mary's letters to be smuggled out of Chartley. Mary was misled into thinking her letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsingham.[196] From these letters it was clear that Mary had sanctioned the attempted assassination of Elizabeth.[197] She was moved to Fotheringay Castle in a four-day journey ending on 25 September, and in October was put on trial for treason under the Act for the Queen's Safety before a court of 36 noblemen,[198] including Cecil, Shrewsbury, and Walsingham.[199][200] Mary denied the charges and was spirited in her defence.[201] She told her triers, "Look to your consciences and remember that the theatre of the whole world is wider than the kingdom of England".[202] She drew attention to the fact that she was denied the opportunity to review the evidence or her papers that had been removed from her, that she was denied access to legal counsel and that as a foreign anointed queen she had never been an English subject and thus could not be convicted of treason.[203]
Mary was convicted on 25 October and sentenced to death with only one commissioner, Lord Zouche, expressing any form of dissent.[204] Despite this, Elizabeth hesitated to order her execution, even in the face of pressure from the English Parliament to carry out the sentence. She was concerned that the killing of a queen set a discreditable precedent, and was fearful of the consequences, especially if, in retaliation, Mary's son James formed an alliance with the Catholic powers and invaded England.[205] Elizabeth asked Paulet, Mary's final custodian, if he would contrive a clandestine way to "shorten the life" of Mary, which he refused to do on the grounds that he would not make "a shipwreck of my conscience, or leave so great a blot on my poor posterity".[206] On 1 February 1587, Elizabeth signed the death warrant, and entrusted it to William Davison, a privy councillor.[207] On the 3rd,[208] ten members of the Privy Council of England, having been summoned by Cecil without Elizabeth's knowledge, decided to carry out the sentence at once.[209]
Execution[link]
File:Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, created 1613, artist unknown.JPG
The scene of the execution, created by an unknown Dutch artist in 1613
At Fotheringhay on the evening of 7 February 1587, Mary was told that she was to be executed the next morning.[210] She spent the last hours of her life in prayer, distributing her belongings to her household, and writing her will and a letter to the King of France.[211] The scaffold that was erected in the Great Hall was two feet high and draped in black. It was reached by two or three steps and furnished with the block, a cushion for her to kneel on and three stools, for her and the earls of Shrewsbury and Kent, who were there to witness the execution.[212] The executioners (one named Bull and his assistant) knelt before her and asked forgiveness. She replied, "I forgive you with all my heart, for now, I hope, you shall make an end of all my troubles."[213] Her servants, Jane Kennedy and Elizabeth Curle, and the executioners helped Mary to remove her outer garments, revealing a velvet petticoat, satin bodice and a pair of sleeves all in dark red, the liturgical colour of martyrdom in the Catholic Church.[214] As she disrobed she smiled and said that she "never had such grooms before ... nor ever put off her clothes before such a company".[215] She was blindfolded by Kennedy with a white veil embroidered in gold, and knelt down on the cushion in front of the block. She positioned her head on the block and stretched out her arms. Her last words were, In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum ("Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit").[216]
It took two strikes to kill Mary: the first blow missed her neck and struck the back of her head. The second blow severed the neck, except for a small bit of sinew that the executioner cut through by using the axe as a saw. Afterward, the executioner held her head aloft and declared, "God save the Queen." At that moment, the auburn tresses in his hand turned out to be a wig and the head fell to the ground, revealing that Mary had had very short, grey hair.[217] A small dog owned by the queen, a Skye terrier, is said to have been hiding among her skirts, unseen by the spectators. Following the beheading, it refused to be parted from its owner's body and was covered in her blood, until it was forcibly taken away and washed.[218] Items supposedly worn or carried by Mary at her execution are of doubtful provenance;[219] contemporary accounts state that all her clothing, the block, and everything touched by her blood was burned in the fireplace of the Great Hall to obstruct relic-hunters.[218]
Legacy[link]
.jpg)
When the news of the execution reached Elizabeth, she became indignant and asserted that Davison had disobeyed her instructions not to part with the warrant and that the Privy Council had acted without her authority.[220] Elizabeth's vacillation and deliberately vague instructions gave her plausible deniability, to attempt to avoid the direct stain of Mary's blood.[221] Davison was arrested, thrown into the Tower of London, and found guilty of misprision. He was released 19 months later after Cecil and Walsingham interceded on his behalf.[222]
Mary's request to be buried in France was refused by Elizabeth.[223] Her body was embalmed and left unburied in a secure lead coffin until her burial, in a Protestant service, at Peterborough Cathedral in late July 1587.[224] Her entrails, removed as part of the embalming process, were buried secretly within Fotheringay Castle.[225] Her body was exhumed in 1612 when her son, King James VI and I, ordered she be reinterred in Westminster Abbey, in a chapel opposite the tomb of Elizabeth I.[226] In 1867, her tomb was opened to try to ascertain where James I was buried; he was ultimately found with Henry VII, but many of her other Stuart descendants including Elizabeth of Bohemia, Prince Rupert of the Rhine and the children of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, were interred in her vault.[227]
Assessments of Mary in the sixteenth century divided between Protestant reformers such as George Buchanan and John Knox, who vilified her mercilessly, and Catholic apologists such as Adam Blackwood, who praised, defended and eulogised her.[228] After the accession of James I in England, historian William Camden wrote an officially sanctioned biography that drew from original documents. It condemned Buchanan's work as an invention,[229] and "emphasized Mary's evil fortunes rather than her evil character".[230] Differing interpretations persisted into the eighteenth century: William Robertson and David Hume argued that the Casket Letters were genuine and that Mary was guilty of adultery and murder, while William Tytler argued the reverse.[231] In the later half of the twentieth century, the work of Antonia Fraser was acclaimed as "more objective ... free from the excesses of adulation or attack" that had characterised older biographies,[232] and her contemporaries Gordon Donaldson and Ian B. Cowan also produced more balanced works.[233] Historian Jenny Wormald concluded that Mary was a tragic failure, who was unable to cope with the demands placed on her,[234] but hers was a rare dissenting view in a post-Fraser tradition that Mary was a pawn in the hands of scheming noblemen.[235] There is no concrete proof of her complicity in Darnley's murder or of a conspiracy with Bothwell, such accusations rest on assumptions,[236] and Buchanan's biography is today discredited as "almost complete fantasy".[237] Mary's courage at her execution helped establish her popular image as the heroic victim in a dramatic tragedy.[238]
Ancestry[link]
- Tudor descent[239]
- Stuart descent[239]
| James II of Scotland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| James III of Scotland | Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Elizabeth Hamilton m. Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox |
James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| James IV m. Margaret Tudor |
Claude, Duke of Guise m. Antoinette de Bourbon | John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox | James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran Regent (1542–1554) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Margaret Erskine | James V | Mary of Guise | Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox m. Margaret Douglas | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray | Mary, Queen of Scots | Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also[link]
- Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567
- Cultural depictions of Mary, Queen of Scots
Notes[link]
- ^ Bishop John Lesley said Mary was born on the 7th, but Mary and John Knox claimed the 8th, which was the feast day of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary (Fraser 1994, p. 13; Wormald 1988, p. 11).
- ^ While Catholic Europe switched to the New Style Gregorian calendar in the 1580s, England and Scotland retained the Old Style Julian calendar until 1752. In this article, dates before 1752 are Old Style, with the exception that years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March.
- ^ Also spelled as Stewart
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 14
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 13
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 11; Wormald 1988, p. 46
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 16
- ^ This version is taken from Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie's The History of Scotland from 21 February 1436 to March 1565. The phrase is also recorded as "It cam wi' a lass and it will gang wi' a lass", or "The devil go with it! It will end as it began: it came from a woman; and it will end with a woman" (Wormald 1988, p. 11).
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 12; Wormald 1988, p. 11
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 12; Guy 2004, p. 17
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 13; Guy 2004, p. 17
- ^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 23 March 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809, p. 88; Fraser 1994, p. 18; Guy 2004, p. 22; Wormald 1988, p. 43
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 15; John Knox claimed the king had signed a blank sheet of paper that Beaton had then filled in, while Arran claimed that Beaton had taken the dying king's hand in his own and traced out the signature (Wormald 1988, pp. 46–47). The disputed will is printed in Historical Manuscripts Commission (1887). The Manuscripts of the Duke of Hamilton, KT. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 205, 219–220.
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 17, 60; Guy 2004, pp. 20, 60; Wormald 1988, pp. 49–50
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 17–18; Weir 2008, p. 8; Wormald 1988, p. 55
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 18; Guy 2004, p. 25; Wormald 1988, p. 55
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 19; Weir 2008, p. 8
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 19–20
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 26
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 21; Guy 2004, p. 27; Weir 2008, p. 8
- ^ Sadler to Henry VIII, 11 September 1543, quoted in Clifford 1809, p. 289; Fraser 1994, p. 21
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 20–21
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 22; Guy 2004, p. 32; Wormald 1988, p. 58
- ^ Wormald 1988, pp. 58–59
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 23–24; Guy 2004, pp. 33–34
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 26; Guy 2004, p. 36; Wormald 1988, p. 59
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 29–30; Weir 2008, p. 10; Wormald 1988, p. 61
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 10–11
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 30; Weir 2008, p. 11; Wormald 1988, p. 61
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 40–41; Wormald 1988, p. 62
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 41–42; Jean de Saint Mauris to the Queen Dowager, 25 August 1548, quoted in Hume, Martin A. S.; Tyler, Royall (editors) (1912). Calendar of State Papers, Spain: Volume IX: 1547–1549. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 577.
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 31–32
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 31–32; Guy 2004, p. 43
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 36, 44–4, 50
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 12; Wormald 1988, p. 77; Catherine's dislike of Mary became apparent only after Henry II's death (Fraser 1994, pp. 102–103, 115–116, 119; Guy 2004, p. 46). Catherine's interests competed with those of the Guise family, and there may have been an element of jealousy or rivalry between the two queens (Donaldson 1974, pp. 50–51; Fraser 1994, pp. 102–103, 116, 119).
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 178–182; Guy 2004, pp. 71–80; Weir 2008, p. 13
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 43
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 37; Wormald 1988, p. 80
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 80
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 39–40, 43, 75–80; Weir 2008, p. 30
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 62; Guy 2004, p. 67
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 76
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 47–48
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 90–91; Weir 2008, p. 17; Wormald 1988, p. 21
- ^ Anonymous (1558) (in French). Discours du grand et magnifique triumphe faict au mariage du tresnoble & magnifique Prince Francois de Valois Roy Dauphin, filz aisné du tres-chrestien Roy de France Henry II du nom & de treshaulte & vertueuse Princesse madame Marie d'Estreuart Roine d'Escosse. Paris: Annet Briere. http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0021.
- ^ Teulet, Alexandre (1862) (in French). Relations politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Écosse au XVIe siècle. 1. Paris: Renouard. pp. 302–311. http://books.google.com/?id=UYVCAAAAcAAJ.
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 83; Weir 2008, p. 18
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 83; Guy 2004, pp. 95–96; Weir 2008, p. 18; Wormald 1988, p. 21
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 85; Weir 2008, p. 18
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 86–88; Guy 2004, p. 100; Weir 2008, p. 19; Wormald 1988, p. 93
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 88; Wormald 1988, pp. 80, 93
- ^ Thompson, James (1909). The Wars of Religion in France. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781417974351. http://books.google.com/?id=EJtwUL1Xmt0C.
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 96–97; Guy 2004, pp. 108–109; Weir 2008, p. 14; Wormald 1988, pp. 94–100
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 97; Wormald 1988, p. 100
- ^ Wormald 1988, pp. 100–101
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 97–101; Guy 2004, pp. 114–115; Weir 2008, p. 20; Wormald 1988, pp. 102–103
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 183
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 105–107; Weir 2008, p. 21
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 119–120; Weir 2008, pp. 21–22
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 137; Guy 2004, p. 134; Weir 2008, p. 25
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 22
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 24
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 126
- ^ Knox, John, History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland, 4th Book, various editions, e.g., Lennox, Cuthbert (editor) (1905). London: Andrew Melrose, pp. 225–337 [1]
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 155–156, 215–217; Guy 2004, pp. 140–143, 176–177, 186–187; Wormald 1988, pp. 125, 145–146
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 167; Wormald 1988, p. 125
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 145
- ^ The other members were Lord Justice Clerk John Bellenden of Auchinoul, Lord Clerk Register James MacGill of Nether Rankeillour, Secretary of State William Maitland of Lethington, Lord High Treasurer Robert Richardson, Lord High Admiral the Earl of Bothwell, the Earls of Arran and Morton, the Earl Marischal, and John, Lord Erskine (later Earl of Mar) (Weir 2008, p. 30).
- ^ Wormald 1988, pp. 114–116
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 192–203; Weir 2008, p. 42; Wormald 1988, pp. 123–124
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 162; Guy 2004, p. 157
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 162
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 168–169; Guy 2004, pp. 157–161
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 212; Guy 2004, pp. 175, 181; Wormald 1988, p. 134
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 114–117; Guy 2004, pp. 173–174; Wormald 1988, pp. 133–134
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 193
- ^ Chamberlin, Frederick (1939). Elizabeth and Leycester. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 137.
- ^ Rennie, James (published anonymously) (1826). Mary, Queen of Scots: Her Persecutions, Sufferings, and Trials from her Birth till her Death. Glasgow: W. R. McPhun. p. 114.
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 220; Guy 2004, p. 202; Weir 2008, p. 52; Wormald 1988, p. 147
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 178; Weir 2008, p. 44
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 45
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 206; Weir 2008, pp. 45–46
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 118; Weir 2008, p. 23
- ^ Bain 1900, p. 125; Guy 2004, p. 204; Weir 2008, p. 58
- ^ For the quote and his height see Fraser 1994, p. 221 and Weir 2008, pp. 49, 56; for falling in love see Fraser 1994, p. 224; Weir 2008, p. 63 and Wormald 1988, p. 149
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 230; Wormald 1988, p. 150
- ^ A dispensation, backdated to 25 May, was granted in Rome on 25 September (Weir 2008, p. 82).
- ^ Bain 1900, p. 124; Fraser 1994, p. 219; Weir 2008, p. 52
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 219; Weir 2008, p. 64
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 64, 91
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 101
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 100
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 64
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 78; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–153
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 79–82
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 229–230; Weir 2008, pp. 77, 79; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–152
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 234; Guy 2004, p. 231; Weir 2008, p. 83; Wormald 1988, pp. 151–154
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 156
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 239; Weir 2008, pp. 87–88
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 245–246; Weir 2008, pp. 88–97
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 247; Guy 2004, p. 245; Weir 2008, p. 95; Wormald 1988, p. 158
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 249–252; Guy 2004, pp. 248–249; Weir 2008, pp. 105–107
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 255–256; Guy 2004, pp. 253–258; Weir 2008, p. 113
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 256–258; Guy 2004, p. 259; Weir 2008, pp. 116–117, 121; Wormald 1988, p. 159
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 259; Guy 2004, p. 260; Wormald 1988, p. 160
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 259 ff; Wormald 1988, p. 160
- ^ Bingham 1995, pp. 158–159; Guy 2004, pp. 273–274; Fraser 1994, pp. 274–275; Weir 2008, pp. 157–160
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 274–275; Weir 2008, pp. 158–159
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 275–276; Guy 2004, p. 274; Weir 2008, pp. 161–163
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 276; Weir 2008, p. 161
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 275; Weir 2008, p. 161
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 161
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 160; Wormald 1988, p. 160
- ^ Bingham 1995, pp. 160–163; Fraser 1994, pp. 277–279; Weir 2008, pp. 176–178, 261; Wormald 1988, p. 161
- ^ Confession of James Ormiston, one of Bothwell's men, 13 December 1573, quoted (from Robert Pitcairn's Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland from AD 1488 to AD 1624) in Weir 2008, p. 177; Fraser 1994, p. 279
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 189
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 190–192
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 285–292; Guy 2004, pp. 292–294; Weir 2008, pp. 227–233
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 232–233
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 296–297; Guy 2004, pp. 297–299; Weir 2008, pp. 244–247
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 296; Wormald 1988, p. 161
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 252; Greig 2004
- ^ A post-mortem revealed internal injuries, thought to have been caused by the explosion. John Knox claimed the surgeons who examined the body were lying, and that Darnley had been strangled, but all the sources agree there were no marks on the body and there was no reason for the surgeons to lie as Darnley was murdered either way (Weir 2008, p. 255).
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 298–299
- ^ The original letter is in French, this translation is from Weir 2008, pp. 308–309. For other versions see Guy 2004, p. 312 and Lewis 1999, p. 86.
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 304; Weir 2008, pp. 312–313
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 311–312; Weir 2008, pp. 336–340
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 313; Weir 2008, pp. 343–345; Wormald 1988, p. 163
- ^ James Melville of Halhill, who was in the castle, wrote that Bothwell "had ravished her and lain with her against her will" (quoted in Fraser 1994, pp. 314–317). Other contemporaries dismissed the abduction as bogus (Donaldson 1974, p. 117; Fraser 1994, p. 317). See also Guy 2004, pp. 328–329; Weir 2008, pp. 351–355; and Wormald 1988, p. 163.
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 367, 374
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 319; Guy 2004, pp. 330–331; Weir 2008, pp. 366–367
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 382
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 322–323; Guy 2004, pp. 336–337
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 383–390; Wormald 1988, p. 165
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 391–393
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 335; Guy 2004, p. 351; Weir 2008, p. 398
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 411
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 364; Weir 2008, p. 413; Wormald 1988, p. 165
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 347; Guy 2004, p. 366; Weir 2008, p. 421; Wormald 1988, p. 166
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 422, 501; Wormald 1988, p. 171
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 357–359; Guy 2004, p. 367; Weir 2008, p. 432; Wormald 1988, p. 172
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 368; Weir 2008, p. 433
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 369; Weir 2008, pp. 433–434: Wormald 1988, p. 173
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 368–369
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 369; Weir 2008, p. 435
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 369; Guy 2004, p. 435; Weir 2008, p. 434; Wormald 1988, p. 174
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 430; Weir 2008, p. 445
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 444
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 385–390; Wormald 1988, p. 174
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 447; Mary later requested to attend the conference at Westminster, but Elizabeth refused permission and so Mary's commissioners withdrew from the inquiry (Weir 2008, pp. 461–463).
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 432; Weir 2008, p. 464; Wormald 1988, p. 175
- ^ For the list of documents see, for example, Guy 2004, p. 397 and Wormald 1988, p. 176; for the casket description see Robertson, Joseph (1863). Inventaires de la Royne d'Ecosse. Edinburgh: Bannatyne Club. p. lviii. and Guy 2004, p. 432.
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 407; Weir 2008, p. 221
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 435; Weir 2008, pp. 446–447
- ^ e.g. Guy 2004, p. 395; Weir 2008, pp. 453, 468
- ^ Norfolk, Sussex and Sadler to Elizabeth, 11 October 1568, quoted in Bain 1900, p. 527; Weir 2008, pp. 451–452
- ^ Bingham 1995, p. 193; Weir 2008, p. 465; Wormald 1988, p. 176
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 392; Weir 2008, pp. 466–467
- ^ McInnes 1970, p. 145
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 400, 416; Weir 2008, pp. 465–474
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 396–397; Guy 2004, pp. 400–404, 408–412, 416; Weir 2008, pp. 465–474
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 404, 410, 420–426; Fraser 1994, pp. 287, 396–401
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 399, 401–417
- ^ Thomson, George Malcolm (1967). The Crime of Mary Stuart. London: Hutchinson. pp. 148–153, 159–165. ISBN 0-09-081730-3.
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 352; Wormald 1988, pp. 171, 176
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 470; Wormald 1988, pp. 177–178
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 471
- ^ Williams 1964, pp. 137–139; Weir 2008, p. 453
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 459; Williams 1964, p. 141
- ^ Weir 2008, pp. 475–476
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 390; Weir 2008, p. 481
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 481
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 391
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 484
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 410–411; Guy 2004, p. 441; Wormald 1988, p. 184
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 442; Weir 2008, p. 484
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 440–441
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 438
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 439
- ^ It had been the motto of her mother (Guy 2004, pp. 443–444).
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 443
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 444–445
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 453–454
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 448–450, 518
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 443–446. 511; Guy 2004, pp. 447;458
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 179
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 415–424; Weir 2008, p. 487
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 496; Wormald 1988, p. 180
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 469; Guy 2004, p. 451
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 464–470; Weir 2008, pp. 492–494; Wormald 1988, p. 183
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 467; Weir 2008, p. 493; Wormald 1988, p. 184
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 473; Guy 2004, pp. 474–476; Weir 2008, p. 506
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 457; Weir 2008, p. 507
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 479
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 484–485; Fraser 1994, p. 493
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 482–483; Guy 2004, pp. 477–480; Weir 2008, p. 507
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 483–485; Weir 2008, p. 507; Wormald 1988, p. 185
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 508
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 509
- ^ Two of the commissioners were Catholics (Lewis 1999, p. 22).
- ^ Boyd 1915, pp. 59–65, 143–145, 309–314; Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 488–489, 492; Weir 2008, p. 508
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 488
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 506–512; Guy 2004, pp. 489–493
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 517
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 521–522; Weir 2008, p. 508
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 529
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 528
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 519
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 496
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 531; Guy 2004, p. 498; Weir 2008, p. 508
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 533–534; Guy 2004, p. 500
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 537; Guy 2004, p. 4
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, p. 118
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 538; Guy 2004, p. 7; Weir 2008, p. 209; Wormald 1988, p. 187
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 7; Lewis 1999, pp. 41, 119
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 7–8
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 539; Guy 2004, p. 8
- ^ a b Fraser 1994, p. 540; Guy 2004, p. 9
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 540
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 541
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 497
- ^ Hutchinson, Robert (2006). Elizabeth's Spy Master: Francis Walsingham and the secret war that saved England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 196–201. ISBN 0-297-84613-2.
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 532
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 542, 546–547; Weir 2008, p. 509
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 541; Guy 2004, p. 9
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 504; Weir 2008, p. 509
- ^ Fraser 1994, p. 554
- ^ Guy 2004, pp. 505–506; Wormald 1988, pp. 13–14, 192
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 505
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 14
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 15
- ^ Wormald 1988, p. 16
- ^ Wormald 1988, pp. 17, 192–193
- ^ Wormald 1988, pp. 188–189
- ^ Weir 2008, p. 4
- ^ Fraser 1994, pp. 269–270; Guy 2004, p. 313: Weir 2008, p. 510
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 391; see also Fraser 1994, p. 269
- ^ Guy 2004, p. 502; Weir 2008, pp. 3–4, 509
- ^ a b Weir 2008, pp. 598–601
References[link]
- Bain, Joseph (editor) (1900). Calendar State Papers, Scotland: Volume II. Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).
- Bingham, Caroline (1995). Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Constable. ISBN 0-09-472530-6.
- Boyd, William K. (editor) (1915). Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: Volume IX. Glasgow: General Register Office (Scotland).
- Clifford, Arthur (editor) (1809). The State Papers and Letters of Sir Ralph Sadler. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.
- Donaldson, Gordon (1974). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: English Universities Press. ISBN 0-340-12383-4.
- Fraser, Antonia (1994) [1969]. Mary Queen of Scots. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-17773-7.
- Greig, Elaine Finnie (2004). "Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/ref:odnb/26473. http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/26/101026473/. Retrieved 3 March 2012. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Guy, John (2004). "My Heart is my Own": The Life of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 1-84115-753-8.
- Lewis, Jayne Elizabeth (1999). The Trial of Mary Queen of Scots: A Brief History with Documents. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-21815-X.
- McInnes, Charles T. (editor) (1970). Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland Volume 12. Edinburgh: General Register Office (Scotland).
- Weir, Alison (2008) [2003]. Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-952707-7.
- Williams, Neville (1964). Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk. London: Barrie & Rockliff.
- Wormald, Jenny (1988). Mary, Queen of Scots. London: George Philip. ISBN 0-540-01131-2.
Further reading[link]
- Bath, Michael (2008). Emblems for a Queen: The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. London: Archetype Publications. ISBN 978-1-904982-36-4.
- Labanov, A. I. (Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky) (1844). Lettres et Memoires de Marie, Reine d'Ecosse. London: Charles Dolman.
- Marshall, Rosalind (2006). Queen Mary's Women: Female Relatives, Servants, Friends and Enemies of Mary, Queen of Scots. Edinburgh: John Donald. ISBN 978-0-85976-667-8.
- Swain, Margaret (1973). The Needlework of Mary Queen of Scots. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 978-0-442-29962-0.
- Warnicke, Retha M. (2006). Mary Queen of Scots. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-29182-8.
- Wilkinson, Alexander S. (2004). Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion, 1542–1600. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI:10.1057/9780230286153. ISBN 978-0-230-28615-3.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Mary, Queen of Scots |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mary, Queen of Scots |
Works related to Mary, Queen of Scots at Wikisource- Mary's biography at the official website of the British Monarchy
- Biography of Mary, with primary and secondary sources
- Texts of the Casket Letters derived from published transcriptions
- Portraits of Mary, Queen of Scots
- Furgol, Edward M. (1987). "The Scottish Itinerary of Mary Queen of Scots" (pdf). PSAS 117: 219–231. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_117/117_219_231.pdf.
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Mary, Queen of Scots
Born: 8 December 1542 Died: 8 February 1587 |
||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by James V |
Queen of Scots 14 December 1542 – 24 July 1567 |
Succeeded by James VI |
| French royalty | ||
| Preceded by Catherine de' Medici |
Queen consort of France 10 July 1559 – 5 December 1560 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Elisabeth of Austria |
|
|||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Mary, Queen of Scots |
| Alternative names | Marie Stuart |
| Short description | Scottish monarch |
| Date of birth | 8 December 1542 |
| Place of birth | Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian |
| Date of death | 8 February 1587 |
| Place of death | Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire |
http://wn.com/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Maria Stuarda
http://cs.wn.com/Marie Stuartovna
http://id.wn.com/Mary, Ratu Skotlandia
http://es.wn.com/María I de Escocia
http://ru.wn.com/Мария Стюарт
http://nl.wn.com/Maria I van Schotland
http://pl.wn.com/Maria I Stuart
http://fr.wn.com/Marie Ire d'Écosse
http://de.wn.com/Maria Stuart
http://pt.wn.com/Maria Stuart
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
The monarch of Scotland was the head of state of the Kingdom of Scotland. According to tradition, the first King of Scots was Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín), who founded the state in 843. The distinction between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of the Picts is rather the product of later medieval myth and confusion from a change in nomenclature, i.e. Rex Pictorum (King of the Picts) becomes ri Alban (King of Alba) under Donald II when annals switched from Latin to vernacular around the end of the 9th century, by which time the word Alba in Gaelic had come to refer to the Kingdom of the Picts rather than Britain (its older meaning).[1]
The Kingdom of the Picts just became known as Kingdom of Alba in Gaelic, which later became known in English as Scotland; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term rex Scottorum, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. The title of King of Scots fell out of use in 1707 when the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Thus Queen Anne became the last monarch of Scotland (and concurrently, the last monarch of England) and the first monarch of Great Britain. The two kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see Union of the Crowns), and Charles II was the last Scottish monarch to actually be crowned in Scotland, at Scone in 1651.
Contents
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Coronation Oath[link]
The Coronation Oath sworn by every King of Scots from James VI to Charles II and was approved by the Parliament of Scotland in 1567:
I, N.N., promise faithfully, in the presence of the eternal, my God, that I, enduring the whole Course of my Life, shall serve the same Eternal, my God, to the utmost of my Power, accordingly as he required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Jesus Christ, the preaching of his Holy Word, and due and right administration of his Sacraments, now received and practised within this Realm; and shall abolish and oppose all false Religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the People committed to my Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his foresaid Word, and according to the lovable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, in no way repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal, my God; and shall procure to my utmost to the Kirk of God and whole Christian people true and perfect Peace in all times coming; the Rights and Rents, with all just privileges of the Crown of Scotland, I shall preserve and keep inviolate, neither shall I transfer nor alienate the same; I shall forbid and repress in all Estates and all Degrees theft, Oppression and all kind of Wrong; in all Judgements, I shall command and procure that Justice and Equity be kept to all creatures without exception, as he be merciful to me and you that is the Lord and Father of all Mercies; and out of all my lands and empire I shall be careful to root out all Heresy and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God of the foresaid Crimes; and these Things above-written I faithfully affirm by my solemn Oath.
The Coronation Oath sworn by Mary II, William II and Anne was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689.[2] The oath was as follows:
WE William and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, faithfully promise and swear, by this our solemn Oath, in presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole Course of our Life we will serve the same Eternal God, to the uttermost of our Power, according as he has required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Christ Jesus, the preaching of his Holy Word, and the due and right Ministration of the Sacraments, now received and preached within the Realm of Scotland; and shall abolish and gainstand all false Religion contrary to the same, and shall rule the People committed to our Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his aforesaid Word, and according to the laudable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, no ways repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal God; and shall procure, to the utmost of our power, to the Kirk of God, and whole Christian People, true and perfect Peace in all time coming. That we shall preserve and keep inviolated the Rights and Rents, with all just Privileges of the Crown of Scotland, neither shall we transfer nor alienate the same; that we shall forbid and repress in all Estates and Degrees, Reif, Oppression and all kind of Wrong. And we shall command and procure, that Justice and Equity in all Judgments be kept to all Persons without exception, us the Lord and Father of all Mercies shall be merciful to us. And we shall be careful to root out all Heretics and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God, of the aforesaid Crimes, out of our Lands and Empire of Scotland. And we faithfully affirm the Things above-written by our solemn Oath.
List of monarchs of Scotland[link]
House of Alpin (848–1034)[link]
See also: List of Kings of the Picts
The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a pretender from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.
| Portrait | Traditional modern English regnal name (with modern Gaelic equivalent) |
Medieval Gaelic name | Dynastic Status | Reign | Title | Nickname |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Kenneth I (Coinneach mac Ailpein)[3] |
Cináed mac Ailpín Ciniod m. Ailpin |
son of Alpin king of Dal Riata | 843/848 - 13 February 858 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") |
An Ferbasach "The Conqueror"[4] |
| — | Donald I (Dòmhnall mac Ailpein) |
Domnall mac Ailpín | son of Alpin king of Dal Riata, and brother of Kenneth I | 858 – 13 April 862 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") |
|
 |
Constantine I (Còiseam mac Choinnich) |
Causantín mac Cináeda | Son of Kenneth I | 862–877 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") |
An Finn-Shoichleach, "The Wine-Bountiful"[5] |
| — | Áed (Aodh mac Choinnich) |
Áed mac Cináeda | Son of Kenneth I | 877–878 | Rex Pictorum ("King of the Picts") |
|
| — | Giric (Griogair mac Dhunghail) |
Giric mac Dúngail | Son of Donald I | 878–889 | Mac Rath, "Son of Fortune"[6] |
|
| Eochaid | Eochaid mac Run | † grandson of Kenneth I | *878–889? | |||
 |
Donald II (Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim) |
Domnall mac Causantín | Son of Constantine I | 889–900 | Rí Alban ("King of Scotland") Rì nan Albannaich ("King of Scots") |
Dásachtach, the "Madman" or "Psycho"[7] |
 |
Constantine II (Còiseam mac Aoidh) |
Causantín mac Áeda | Son of Áed | 900–943 | Rí Alban | An Midhaise, "the Middle Aged".[8] |
 |
Malcolm I (Maol Chaluim mac Dhòmhnaill) |
Máel Coluim mac Domnaill | Son of Donald II | 943–954 | Rí Alban | An Bodhbhdercc, "the Dangerous Red"[9] |
 |
Indulf[10] | Ildulb mac Causantín | Son of Constantine II | 954–962 | Rí Alban | An Ionsaighthigh, "the Aggressor"[11] |
| — | Dub (Dubh or Duff) (Dubh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) |
Dub mac Maíl Choluim | Son of Malcolm I | 962–967 | Rí Alban | Dén, "the Vehement"[12] |
| — | Cuilén (Cailean) |
Cuilén mac Ilduilb | Son of Indulf | 967–971 | Rí Alban | An Fionn, "the White"[13] |
| — | Amlaíb (Amhlaigh) |
Amlaíb mac Ilduilb | Son of Indulf | * 973x–977 | Rí Alban | |
 |
Kenneth II (Coinneach mac Mhaoil Chaluim) |
Cináed mac Maíl Choluim | Son of Malcolm I | 971 x 977–995 | Rí Alban | An Fionnghalach, "The Fratricide"[14] |
.jpg) |
Constantine III (Còiseam mac Chailein) |
Causantín mac Cuiléin | Son of Cuilén | 995–997 | Rí Alban | |
 |
Kenneth III (Coinneach mac Dhuibh) |
Cináed mac Duib | Son of Dub | 997 – 25 March 1005 | Rí Alban | An Donn, "the Chief"/ "the Brown".[15] |
 |
Malcolm II (Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich) |
Máel Coluim mac Cináeda | Grandson of Malcolm I | 1005–1034 | Rí Alban / Rex Scotiae | Forranach, "the Destroyer";[16] |
* Evidence for Eochaid's reign is unclear: he may never have actually been King. If he was, he was co-King with Giric. Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.
† Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I.
House of Dunkeld, 1034–1286[link]
 |
The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (August 2011) |
Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II (he was also the heir-general of Malcolm I, as his paternal grandfather, Duncan of Atholl was the third son of Malcolm I.[17] The House of Dunkeld was therefore a continuation of the House of Alpine). After an unsuccessful reign,[citation needed] Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, who had a long and relatively successful reign. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, and claimed the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm's death in battle, his brother Donald Ban claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm's sons from Scotland; a civil war in the family ensued, with Donald Ban and Malcolm's son Edmund opposed by Malcolm's English-backed sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother.
| Portrait | Modern English Regnal Name Medieval Title |
Modern Gaelic Name Medieval Gaelic Name Nickname |
Dynastic Status (Father's Family) |
Maternal Status (Mother's Family) |
Reign (Years) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Duncan I Rí Alban |
Donnchadh mac Crìonain Donnchad mac Crínáin An t-Ilgarach "The Diseased" or "The Sick" [18] |
Grandson of Malcolm II | Son of Bethóc, Eldest Daughter of Malcolm II (House of Alpin) |
1034–1040 (7) |
||
| 70px | Macbeth Rí Alban |
MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh Mac Bethad mac Findláich Rí Deircc "The Red King"[19] |
1)Son of Mormaer Findláech 2)Grandson of Malcolm II 3)Husband to Gruoch, granddaughter of Kenneth III |
?,Unknown Daughter or Granddaughter of Malcolm II (House of Alpin) |
1040–1057 (18) |
||
| — | Lulach Rí Alban |
Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain Lulach mac Gille Comgaín Tairbith "The Unfortunate"[19] - Fatuus, "the Foolish"[20] |
1)Son of Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray 2) Grandson of Kenneth III (House of Alpin) |
Son of Gruoch, Granddaughter of Kenneth III | 1057–1058 (>1) |
||
 |
Malcolm III Rí Alban Scottorum basileus |
Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ? Cenn Mór ("Canmore") "Great Chief"[21] |
Son of Duncan I | Son of Sybil/Suthen, sister of Siward "Earl of Northumbria" (House of Cnut the Great) |
1058–1093 (35) |
||
 |
Donald III (Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh) (Domnall mac Donnchada) |
Son of Duncan I | 1093–1097 (4) |
Rí Alban | Bán, "the Fair". |
||
 |
Duncan II (Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim) |
Son of Malcolm III | 1094 (1) |
Rí Alba n/ Rex Scottorum | |||
 |
Edgar (Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Étgar mac Maíl Choluim) |
Son of Malcolm III | 1097–1107 (10) |
Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum | Probus, "the Valiant"[22] |
||
_i.JPG) |
Alexander I (Alasdair mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim) |
Son of Malcolm III | 1107–1124 (17) |
Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum | "The Fierce"[23] | ||
 |
David I (Dàibhidh mac Mhaoil Chaluim) (Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) |
Son of Malcolm III | 1124–1153 (29) |
Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum | "The Saint"[24] | ||
 |
Malcolm IV (Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig) (Máel Coluim mac Eanric) |
Grandson of David I | 1153–1165 (12) |
Rí Alban/ Rex Scottorum | Virgo "The Maiden" - Cenn Mór, "Great Chief"[25] |
||
| 70px | William I "The Lion" (Uilleam mac Eanraig) (Uilliam mac Eanric) |
Grandson of David I | 1165–1214 (49) |
Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | "The Lion" - Garbh, "the Rough"[26] |
||
_i.JPG) |
Alexander II (Alasdair mac Uilleim) (Alaxandair mac Uilliam) |
Son of William I | 1214–1249 (35) |
Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum | |||
 |
Alexander III (Alasdair mac Alasdair) (Alaxandair mac Alaxandair) |
Son of Alexander II | 1249–1286 (37) |
Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum |
House of Sverre (1286–1290), disputed[link]
See also: House of Sverre
The last King of the House of Dunkeld was Alexander III. His wife had borne him two sons and a daughter; but by 1286 his sons were dead and his daughter, Margaret, had borne only a single daughter, also named Margaret, to her husband Eric II of Norway before herself dying. Alexander had himself remarried, but in early 1286 he died in an accident while riding home. His wife, Yolande of Dreux, was pregnant; but by November 1286 all hope of her bearing a living child had passed. Accordingly, in the Treaty of Salisbury, the Guardians of Scotland recognised Alexander's three year old granddaughter, Margaret of Norway, as Queen of Scots. Margaret remained in her father's Kingdom of Norway until Autumn 1290, when she was dispatched to Scotland. However, she died on the journey in Orkney, having never set foot on Scottish soil, and without being crowned at Scone. She is thus sometimes not considered Queen.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Margaret the Maid of Norway 1286–1290 |
 |
c. April 1283 Norway daughter of Eric II of Norway and Margaret of Scotland |
unmarried | September/October 1290 Orkney aged 7 |
granddaughter of Alexander III |
First Interregnum (1290–1292)[link]
Main article: Guardian of Scotland
House of Balliol (1292–1296)[link]
The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of William I went extinct; nor was there an obvious heir by primogeniture. Thirteen candidates presented themselves; the most prominent were John de Balliol, great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and Robert de Brus, Lord of Annandale, David of Huntingdon's grandson. The Scottish Magnates invited Edward I of England to arbitrate the claims; he did so, but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John de Balliol should become King; he proved weak and incapable, and in 1296 was forced to abdicate by Edward I, who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John de Balliol Toom Tabard ("Empty Cloak") (Iain Balliol) 1292–1296 |
 |
c. 1249 | Isabella de Warenne 9 February 1281 at least one child[27] |
great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) |
Second Interregnum (1296–1306)[link]
Main article: Guardian of Scotland
House of Bruce (1306–1371)[link]
For ten years, Scotland had no King of its own. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule; first William Wallace and then, after his execution, Robert the Bruce (the grandson of the 1292 competitor) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters killed a rival for the throne, John III Comyn, Lord of Badenoch on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in Dumfries. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule; at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1329 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's successor, his son David, was a child at his succession. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the Kingdom by Edward Balliol, son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned King of Scots (1332–1336) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in gaol in England; he was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robert I the Bruce (Roibert a Briuis) 1306–1329 |
 |
11 July 1274 Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire son of Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick[28] |
Isabella of Mar 1295 one daughter Elizabeth de Burgh Writtle, Essex, England 1302 four children |
7 June 1329 Manor of Cardross, Dunbartonshire aged 54 |
great-great-grandson of David of Huntingdon (brother of William I) (election) |
| David II (Dàibhidh Bruis) 1329–1371 |
 |
5 March 1324 Dunfermline Palace, Fife son of Robert I and Elizabeth de Burgh |
Joan of England Berwick-upon-Tweed 17 July 1328 no children Margaret Drummond Inchmurdach, Fife 20 February 1364 no children |
22 February 1371 Edinburgh Castle aged 46 |
son of Robert I (primogeniture) |
House of Stewart/Stuart[link]
See also: House of Stuart
Stewart (1371–1567)[link]
Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II; consequently, he was at his accession an old man, unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who had suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their own minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable; James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination; James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his own son; when James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's own wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, and by distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favoured Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism; she was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by a junior member of the Stewart family, became King.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robert II the Steward (Roibert II Stiùbhairt) 1371–1390 |
 |
2 March 1316 Paisley, Renfrewshire son of Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland and Marjorie Bruce |
Elizabeth Mure 1336 (uncertain canonicity) 1349 (with Papal dispensation) ten children Euphemia de Ross 2 May 1355 four children |
19 April 1390 Dundonald Castle, Ayrshire aged 74 |
grandson of Robert I (primogeniture) |
| Robert III (born John Stewart) the Lame King (Roibert III Stiùbhairt, An Righ Bhacaigh) 1390–1406 |
 |
c.1337 son of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure |
Anabella Drummond 1367 seven children |
4 April 1406 Rothesay Castle aged about 69 |
son of Robert II (primogeniture) |
| James I (Seumas I Stiùbhairt) 1406–1437 |
 |
late July 1394 Dunfermline Palace, Fife son of Robert III and Anabella Drummond |
Joan Beaufort Southwark Cathedral 2 February 1424 eight children |
21 February 1437 Blackfriars, Perth aged about 42 |
son of Robert III (primogeniture) |
| James II Fiery Face (Seumas II Stiùbhairt) 1437–1460 |
 |
16 October 1430 Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh son of James I and Joan Beaufort |
Mary of Guelders Holyrood Abbey 3 July 1449 seven children |
3 August 1460 Roxburgh Castle aged 29 |
son of James I (primogeniture) |
| James III (Seumas III Stiùbhairt) 1460–1488 |
 |
10 July 1451 Stirling Castle or St Andrews Castle son of James II and Mary of Guelders |
Margaret of Scotland Holyrood Abbey 13 July 1469 three children |
11 June 1488 Sauchie Burn aged 36 |
son of James II (primogeniture) |
| James IV (Seumas IV Stiùbhairt) 1488–1513 |
 |
17 March 1473 Stirling Castle son of James III and Margaret of Denmark |
Margaret Tudor Holyrood Abbey 8 August 1503 six children |
9 September 1513 Flodden Field, Northumberland, England aged 40 |
son of James III (primogeniture) |
| James V (Seumas V Stiùbhairt) 1513–1542 |
 |
15 April 1512 Linlithgow Palace, West Lothian son of James IV and Margaret Tudor |
Madeleine of Valois Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France 1 January 1537 no children Mary of Guise Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France 18 May 1538 three children |
14 December 1542 Falkland Palace, Fife aged 30 |
son of James IV (primogeniture) |
| Mary I (Mairi Stiùbhairt) 1542–1567 |
 |
8 December 1542 Linlithgow Palace daughter of James V and Mary of Guise |
François II, King of France 24 April 1558 no children Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh 9 July 1565 one child James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell Holyrood Palace 15 May 1567 no children |
8 February 1587 Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England aged 44 (executed) |
daughter of James V (cognatic primogeniture) |
Stuart (1567–1651)[link]
The Stewarts of Lennox were a junior branch of the Stewart family; they were not, however, direct male line descendants of Robert II, the first Stewart who became King of Scots, but rather that of his ancestor Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland. In the past, through the means of the Auld Alliance with France, they had adapted their surname to the French form, Stuart. Consequently, when the son of the Earl of Lennox, Henry, Lord Darnley, married the Queen of Scots, Mary I, their son, as the first King of the Lennox branch of the Stewart family, ruled as a Stuart.
James VI also became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603, when his cousin Elizabeth I died; thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England.
Charles I, James's son, found himself faced with Civil War; the resultant conflict lasted eight years, and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end; the Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England, and declared that Charles II, son and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651; however, the armies of Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| James VI (Seumas VI Stiùbhairt) 1567–1625 |
 |
19 June 1566 Edinburgh Castle son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I |
Anne of Denmark Old Bishop's Palace, Oslo, Norway 23 November 1589 seven children |
27 March 1625 Theobalds House, Hertfordshire, England aged 58 |
son of Mary I (primogeniture) |
| Charles I (Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt) 1625–1649 |
 |
19 November 1600 Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline son of James VI and Anne of Denmark |
Henrietta Maria of France St Augustine's Church, Canterbury, England 13 June 1625 nine children |
30 January 1649 Palace of Whitehall, London, England aged 48 (executed) |
son of James VI (primogeniture) |
| Charles II (Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 1649–1651 |
 |
29 May 1630 St James's Palace, London, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France |
Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth, England 14 May 1662 no children |
6 February 1685 Palace of Whitehall, London, England aged 54 |
son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)[link]
With the Restoration, the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more. But Scotland's rights were not respected: the Scottish Parliament was, during the reign of Charles II, dissolved, and his brother James was appointed Governor of Scotland. James himself became James VII in 1685; his Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic; they were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament, and ruled together as William II and Mary II.
An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the Darien Scheme, in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish state bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of Queen Anne, daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, and on her death her nearest heir was her halfbrother, James, in exile in France. The English favoured the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir; many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the Kingdom of Great Britain, ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and the Kingdom of Scotland was merged with England and came to an end. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as monarchs of Great Britain, and then of the United Kingdom.
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death | Dynastic status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles II (Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt) 1660–1685 |
|
29 May 1630 St James's Palace, London, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France |
Catherine of Braganza Portsmouth, England 14 May 1662 no children |
6 February 1685 Palace of Whitehall, London, England aged 54 |
son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
| James VII (Seumas VII Stiùbhairt) 1685–1688 |
 |
14 October 1633 St James's Palace, London, England son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France |
Anne Hyde The Strand, London, England 3 September 1660 eight children Mary of Modena Dover, England 21 November 1673 seven children< |
16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France aged 67 |
son of Charles I (primogeniture) |
| Mary II (Mairi II Stiùbhairt) 1689–1694 |
 |
30 April 1662 St James's Palace, England daughter of James VII (II of England) and Anne Hyde |
St James's Palace 4 November 1677 three children (none survived infancy) |
28 December 1694 Kensington Palace, England aged 32 |
grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by the Parliament) |
| William II (Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange") 1689–1702 |
100px | 4 November 1650 The Hague, Dutch Republic son of William II, Prince of Orange and Mary, Princess Royal |
8 March 1702 Kensington Palace aged 51 |
||
| Anne (Anna Stiùbhairt) 1702–1707 Queen of Great Britain and Ireland 1707–1714 |
 |
6 February 1665 St James's Palace daughter of James VII and Anne Hyde |
George of Denmark St James's Palace 28 July 1683 17 children |
1 August 1714 Kensington Palace aged 49 |
daughter of James VII (primogeniture; Bill of Rights 1689) |
For the British monarchs see List of British monarchs.
Jacobite claimants[link]
Main article: Jacobite succession
James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims, and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne; he failed, and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son, Charles, in 1745, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.
- James VIII (Seumas VIII), also known as The Old Pretender, son of James VII, was claimant from 1701 until his death in 1766.
- Charles III (Teàrlach III), also known as The Young Pretender and often called Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James VIII, was claimant from his father's death until his own death in 1788 without legitimate issue.
- Henry I (Eanraig I), brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII. Died unmarried in 1807.
After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the House of Savoy (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1840–1919), and finally to the House of Wittelsbach (since 1919). The current heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.
Other claimants[link]
- Idi Amin Dada consistently claimed, starting in 1976, to be the "uncrowned King of Scotland."
- Michel Roger Lafosse has since 1979 claimed to be Prince of Albany and heir to the Scottish throne.[citation needed]
Timeline of Scottish Monarchs[link]
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Acts of Union[link]
See also: List of British monarchs
The Acts of Union were twin Parliamentary Acts passed during 1706 and 1707 by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, putting into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union, agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland to form a united Kingdom of Great Britain.[29]
Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when James VI, King of Scots, inherited the English throne from his first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Although described as a Union of Crowns, prior to the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.
See also[link]
- List of Kings of the Picts
- Scottish monarchs' family tree
- List of Scottish consorts
- Monarchy of the United Kingdom
- List of British monarchs
- Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland
- Lists of monarchs in the British Isles
- List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death
- List of legendary kings of Scotland
- List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
Notes[link]
- ^ Broun, Scottish Independence. pp. 71–97.
- ^ Scottish Parliament Project.
- ^ Properly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 83.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 85.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 87.
- ^ Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 58.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 91; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 65.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 93.
- ^ His name is a Gaelicization of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as Iondolbh, found in the Duan Albanach; Ildulb is used because by some historians because it correctly represents the name Hildulfr in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p, 89.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 94.
- ^ Duan Albanach, 23 here; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 95.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 96.
- ^ Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish donn has similar meaning to Old Irish greimm, which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, Chronicles, p. 98; Hudson, Celtic Kings, p. 105.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, pp. 99–100.
- ^ http://www.royalblood.co.uk/D161/I161809.html
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 101.
- ^ a b Skene, Chronicles, p. 102.
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 603.
- ^ This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, David I, p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 141.
- ^ This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of Andrew of Wyntoun.
- ^ Later nickname. Latin Sanctus also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised.
- ^ See Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, David I, p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.
- ^ Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.
- ^ English Earls 1067-1122
- ^ Robert The Bruce. Publisher: Heinemann. ISBN 0-431-05883-0.
- ^ Welcome parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008
References[link]
- Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922)
- Broun, Dauvit (2007), Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III., Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2360-0
- Hudson, Benjamin T., Kings of Celtic Scotland, (Westport, 1994)
- Skene, W. F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and other Early Memorials of Scottish History, (Edinburgh, 1867)
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http://wn.com/List_of_Scottish_monarchs
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Sovrani di Scozia
http://cs.wn.com/Seznam skotských králů
http://es.wn.com/Anexo Monarcas de Escocia
http://nl.wn.com/Lijst van koningen van Schotland
http://pt.wn.com/Anexo Lista de reis da Escócia
http://pl.wn.com/Władcy Szkocji
http://fr.wn.com/Liste des monarques d'Écosse
http://de.wn.com/Liste der Herrscher Schottlands
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
Look up Scots in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Scots may refer to:
- The Scottish people, the inhabitants of Scotland
- Scots language (also known as "Lowland Scots" to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic)
- Scotch-Irish
- Scottish English
- Scots pine, a Scottish tree
- Short for Pound Scots
- For the Scots, an ethnic group of the late Iron age, the historical people of Dalriada, a Gaelic-speaking kingdom in northeastern Ireland and western Scotland, see Gaels and Scoti
- Scots' Church, Melbourne
- The Scots College (TSC or Scots), a private school in Sydney, Australia
- Scot's Lo-Cost, a warehouse type Grocery store owned by Weis markets
SCOTS may refer to:
- The abbreviated term for the Battalions of the Royal Regiment of Scotland
- Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech, a linguistic resource
- Southern Culture on the Skids, an American music group
See also[link]
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
http://wn.com/Scots
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Scots (homonymie)
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"J.Lo" redirects here. For other uses, see J.Lo (disambiguation).
This article is about the American actress. For the meteorologist, see Jennifer Lopez (meteorologist).
| Jennifer Lopez | |
|---|---|
 Lopez arriving at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards in August 2004 |
|
| Born | Jennifer Lynn Lopez (1969-07-24) July 24, 1969 (age 42) The Bronx, New York, U.S. |
| Occupation | Actress, businesswoman, dancer, recording artist |
| Years active | 1986–present |
| Spouse | Ojani Noa (1997–98) Cris Judd (2001–03) Marc Anthony (2004–present, divorce filed) |
| Partner | David Cruz (1984–94) |
| Children | 2 |
| Relatives | Lynda Lopez (sister) |
| Signature |  |
| Website | |
| www.jenniferlopez.com www.jenniferlopezonline.com |
|
Jennifer Lynn Lopez (born July 24, 1969) is an American actress, businesswoman, dancer and recording artist. Often referred to as J.Lo, she is reportedly the highest earning actress of Latin descent.[1][2] Born and raised in The Bronx, New York, she enrolled in singing and dancing classes as a child and grew up in a musically influenced household. She started her career as a fly girl on the television comedy program In Living Color and a back-up dancer for Janet Jackson. Lopez gained recognition in the action-thriller Money Train (1995). Her first leading role was in the biographical film Selena (1997), which was her breakthrough role, earning her an ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress and Golden Globe nomination. She earned her second ALMA Award for her performance in Out of Sight (1998), which made her the highest-paid Latin actress. She has since appeared in various films including The Cell (2000), The Wedding Planner (2001), Maid in Manhattan (2002), Shall We Dance? (2004), Monster-in-Law (2005), The Back-up Plan (2010) and What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012).
In 1998, Lopez began recording her debut album and released On the 6 (1999), which spawned the hit singles "If You Had My Love" and "Waiting for Tonight". Her second album J.Lo (2001) reached number one on the Billboard 200 the same week her film The Wedding Planner led the box office, becoming the first person to achieve a number one film and album in the same week. It spawned the number-one single "I'm Real" which spent five weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 and "Love Don't Cost a Thing". She released J to tha L–O! The Remixes (2002), which became the first number-one remix album in the United States. Her third and fourth studio albums, This Is Me... Then (2002) and Rebirth (2005) reached number two. In 2007 she released her first full Spanish album Como ama una Mujer. Returning to music in 2011, she released her seventh album Love?, which spawned her most successful single "On the Floor", one of the best-selling singles of all time.
By 2010, Lopez had amassed estimated sales of over 55 million records worldwide,[3] Billboard ranked her as the 27th Artist of the 2000s decade.[4] In 2010, Lopez became a member of the judging panel for the American reality television competition American Idol.[5] She was selected for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2012.[6] She led People en Español's list of "100 Most Influential Hispanics" in February 2007.[7] That year, Lopez made the Forbes magazine's list of "The 20 Richest Women In Entertainment," ranking ninth.[8] In 2012, Forbes placed her number one on their list of "100 Most Powerful and Influential Celebrities in the World".[9] She has appeared multiple times on The Hollywood Reporter's Annual Actress Salary List, and is the highest-paid Latin actress in Hollywood.[10]
Lopez also has a fashion line and various perfumes with her celebrity endorsement.[11] She has worked with L'Oreal since 1999.[12] A fashion icon, several of her dresses have received considerable media attention, most notably the Jungle green Versace dress which she wore at the 43rd Grammy Awards in 2000—voted the fifth most iconic red carpet dress of all time.[13][14] Lopez advocates for human rights and vaccinations, and is a supporter of Children's Hospital Los Angeles. In 2011 she was named the most "Beautiful Person" by People magazine in its annual issue.[15] As of 2012, her net worth is estimated to be $250 million—she has been named one of the wealthiest and most influential Hispanics in the United States.[16] Lopez's personal life has also garnered media attention, particularly her high profiled relationships.
Contents
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Life and career[link]
1969–94: Childhood and early work[link]
Jennifer Lynn Lopez was born on July 24, 1969[17] in the Castle Hill neighborhood of The Bronx, New York. The middle child of Puerto Rican parents Guadalupe Rodriguez and David Lopez,[18] she has an elder sister, Leslie, and a younger sister, Lynda (born June 14, 1971). David worked the night shift at the Guardian Insurance Company, before becoming a computer technician at the firm, while Guadalupe was a homemaker. When Jennifer was born, the Lopez family was living in a small apartment. A few years later, her parents had saved up enough money to be able to purchase a two-story house, which was considered a big deal for the relatively poor family.
By the age of five, Lopez began taking singing and dancing lessons. She toured New York with her school when she was seven years old.[19] Her parents stressed the importance of work ethic and being able to speak English. They encouraged their three daughters to put on performances at home, singing and dancing in front of each other and their friends so that they would stay "out of trouble".[19] Raised as a Roman Catholic;[20][21][22] Lopez spent her entire academic career in Catholic schools, finishing at the all-girls Preston High School.[23] In school, Lopez did gymnastics, ran track on a national level and was a member of the school's softball team.[24] She excelled athletically rather than academically, competing in national track championships.[19] In 1984, at age fifteen she began dating David Cruz, her first boyfriend.
While attending her final year of high school, Lopez learned about a film casting that was seeking several teenage girls for small roles. She auditioned and was cast in My Little Girl (1986), an low-budget film co-written and directed by Connie Kaiserman.[25] Lopez acted as Myra, a young woman at a center for troubled girls. After she finished filming her role in the film, Lopez knew that she wanted to become a famous movie star. To please her parents, though, she enrolled in Baruch College, only to drop out after one semester. She told her parents her dream of becoming a movie star, but they ensisted that it was a "really stupid" idea and that "no Latinos did that". The differences in opinions led Lopez to move out of their family home and into an apartment in Manhattan. During this period, Lopez performed in regional productions of the musicals: Jesus Christ, Superstar! and Oklahoma. From there, she was hired for the chorus in a Golden Musicals of Broadway, which toured Europe for a period of five months. She was unhappy with the role, as she was the only member of the chorus not to have a solo. She later got a job on the show Synchronicity in Japan, where she acted as a dancer, singer and a choreographer.[26]
Lopez gained her first regular high-profile job as a Fly Girl dancer on the television comedy program In Living Color in 1991. She applied for the job after one of the cast members was unavailable to continue with the show. Out of two thousand applicants, Lopez made it to the finals. She became the runner-up, but eventually received the role when the winner was unable to accept the job. She moved with Cruz to Los Angeles to film the series and remained a regular cast member until 1993 when she decided to pursue an acting career. After her departure from the show, Lopez became a backup dancer for Janet Jackson; also making an appearance in her 1993 video "That's the Way Love Goes".[27][28][29] Lopez received her first professional acting gig in the direct-to-video drama film Lost in the Wild (1993), co-starring alongside Lindsay Wagner and Robert Loggia.[30] In 1993 and 1994 Lopez starred as Melinda Lopez in the CBS television series Second Chances and its spin-off Hotel Malibu. Both shows ran for only a brief period, receiving negative reviews.[31][32][33][34]
[edit] 1995–98: Selena and first marriage
Lopez's received her first high-budget film role in Gregory Nava's 1995 drama My Family, playing the character of Young Maria in the 1920s.[35] After starring alongside Jimmy Smits and Edward James Olmos in My Family, which earned her a Independent Spirit Award nomination, Lopez starred in the action film Money Train, opposite Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson.[36][37][38] In 1996, she reportedly beat out Ashley Judd and Lauren Holly for the supporting role in Francis Ford Coppola's 1996 comedy Jack starring Robin Williams.[39] She then starred opposite Jack Nicholson in Bob Rafelson's well-received noir thriller Blood and Wine (1996).[23]
"That said, [Jennifer Lopez] takes what little she has in the way of a script and does a superb job playing [Selena Quintanilla Perez]. The movie rests squarely on her shoulders and she carries it well from start to finish. Her concert work is slick and stylish. It isn't her fault if there's too much of it in the final product. "
Lopez's first big break came in 1996, when she was chosen to play the title role in Selena, a biopic of the Tejano pop singer Selena.[23] Despite having previously worked with the film's director on My Family, Lopez was subjected to an intense auditioning process before she was cast in the film.[41] Lopez played Selena in her twenties, while Rebecca Lee Maza played Selena in her younger years.[42] During pre-production, Mexican-American activists were highly critical that Jennifer Lopez, a New York City native born to Puerto Rican parents, was selected to play Selena. They preferred an actress with Mexican roots. However, after seeing Lopez's portrayal of Selena, they revised their opinions and were more accepting of Nava's decision.[43] Lopez earned widespread outstanding reviews and praise from critics for her portrayal of Selena. Kenneth Turan from Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan while giving the film a mixed review, he wrote that Selena was not just a celebration of Selena's life, but the actress who played her.[44] Joe Baltake said that Lopez was "is sensational in the title role" and complimented her for pulling off lip-syncing to Selena's original tracks as her own, as she was not a trained singer at the time.[45] She garnered multiple awards and nominations, including a Golden Globe Award nomination for "Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy".[citation needed]
On February 22, 1997, Lopez married Cuban-born Ojani Noa, who she met while he worked as a waiter in a Miami restaurant; they were divorced by January 1998.[46] Later that year, Lopez appeared in two major films. She starred in the horror film Anaconda alongside Ice Cube and Jon Voight, playing the role of Terri Flores, a director who is shooting a documentary while traveling through the Amazon River.[47] Despite being a modest box office hit, the film was critically panned.[48] Lopez then starred as the leading actress in the neo-noir film U Turn, which is based on the book Stray Dogs, starring alongside Sean Penn and Billy Bob Thornton.[23] In 1998, she had one of her most acclaimed roles, starring opposite George Clooney in Out of Sight, Steven Soderbergh's adaptation of the Elmore Leonard novel.[23][49] Cast as a deputy federal marshal who falls for a charming criminal, Lopez won rave reviews for her performance and in the process she became the first Latina actress to earn over $1 million for a role.[50][51] That same year, she provided the voice for Azteca on the computer-animated film Antz.[52][53] Around this time, Lopez started dating rap mogul Sean Combs. Combs allegedly showered Lopez with diamonds and jewelry, the inspiration for her 2000 hit, "Love Don't Cost a Thing".[54]
[edit] 1999–2001: On the 6, J.Lo, The Wedding Planner and second marriage
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a 22-second sample of Lopez's debut single—"If You Had My Love"—which shot to number one in the United States, commencing Lopez's musical career
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By May 1999, publicity for Lopez's debut album had begun and the news spread fast.[55] Lopez's debut album On the 6, a reference to the 6 subway line she used to take growing up in Castle Hill,[23] was released on June 1, 1999, and reached the top ten of the Billboard 200. Her debut single, "If You Had My Love" was released on May 21, 1999, and reached the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of June 12, 1999.[56][57] The song stayed on the chart for a total of 25 weeks.[57] It was proceeded by the release of "Waiting for Tonight", which peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was a dance club hit.[58] Prior to the release of "Waiting For Tonight" as a single, a Spanish language Latin-flavored ballad with Marc Anthony "No Me Ames" was released and failed to chart on major charts.[55][56] On the 6 featured guest artists such as Big Pun and Fat Joe on the track "Feelin' So Good", which had moderate success on the Billboard Hot 100, however failed to reach the top 50. "Let's Get Loud", the final single, earned Lopez a Grammy Award nomination in the "Best Dance Recording" category of the 2001 Grammy Awards.[59] "Waiting for Tonight" was nominated for the same category the previous year.[60] "No Me Ames" received two nominations at the 2000 Latin Grammy Awards – "Best Pop Duo/Group with Vocal Performance" and "Best Music Video". In addition, Lopez was nominated for more awards then any other at the 1999 The Billboard Music Video Awards, scoring seven nominations in total, leading the likes of Christina Aguilera.[61]
On February 23, 2000, Lopez showed up to the 42nd Grammy Awards with Combs wearing a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress, which became known as the "Green Versace Jungle Dress" by Lopez. The dress, known for its low cut neck that extended before her navel and its open back, caused much controversy and garnered media attention. Images of Lopez in the green dress were downloaded from the Grammy website 642,917 times in just 24 hours after the event.[62] Lopez was surprised by the enormous media coverage, declaring in an interview: "It was a nice dress. I had no idea it was going to become such a big deal."[63] Versace later revealed that the dress was the turning point of her career, saying that the media now had confidence in her own work, after the death of Gianni Versace.[63] With the release and promotion of On The 6 over, Lopez had successfully converted herself from film star to pop star within 12 months.[64] Around this time, Lopez's fans started to dub her as "J.Lo". Lopez then starred opposite Vincent D'Onofrio, in the psychological thriller film The Cell, released on August 18, 2000.[65] She portrayed Catherine Deane, a child psychologist who uses virtual reality to enter into the minds of her patients to coax them out of their comas. The film was released in August 2000 and became a box-office success, opening at number one.[49][66]
By August 2000, Lopez had begun work on her sophomore album.[67][68] J.Lo was released on January 23, 2001, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, exceeding sales of 270,000 copies in its first week.[69][70] In addition, the album dethroned The Beatles from the top spot.[70] At the same time, her romantic comedy film, The Wedding Planner, which she starred in alongside Matthew McConaughey led box office receipts,[71][72] making Lopez the first female to have a film and an album at number one in the same week.[23][69][71] J.Lo was more urban oriented than On the 6. The lead single, "Love Don't Cost a Thing", was her first number-one single in the United Kingdom and took her into the top five on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[73] She followed it up with "Play" which gave her another top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number three in the UK.[74] The album's third single "I'm Real" reached number one on the Hot 100, as well as spending over a year on the chart, with a total of 62 weeks.[74] "I'm Real" was controversial for using a sample of the song "Firecraker"; which singer Mariah Carey had wanted to sample first. It was later shockingly announced that Carey's ex husband, Tommy Mottola had instructed record executive Irv Gotti to give Lopez the sample before Carey, and Lopez was unaware of this.[75] "Ain't It Funny" was released; however it did not receive proper commercial promotion in the United States therefore ineligible for charting on the Hot 100. To capitalize on this, Lopez asked The Inc. Records (then known as Murder Inc.) to remix both songs ("I'm Real" and "Ain't It Funny), which featured rap artists Ja Rule (on both) and Cadillac Tah (on the "Ain't It Funny" remix). "Ain't It Funny (murder remix)" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for several weeks, and led Radio Airplay and Pop Songs charts.[74] On July 24, 2001, She re-released J. Lo on her 32nd birthday with the remix of "I'm Real" as a bonus track. Also, "Si Ya Se Acabó" was released in Spain, due to the success "Que Ironia." In 2001, Lopez performed on tour on the Let's Get Loud "Live in Puerto Rico" Concert. J.Lo has sold 4 million copies in the United States alone. On September 27, 2004, a box set was released by Epic Records featuring On The 6 and J.Lo combined.[76]
Lopez next role was in a supernatural romance film, Angel Eyes which disappointed at the box office and garnered mixed reviews.[77] Lopez's boyfriend, former back-up dancer Cris Judd—who she met on the set of the video for "Love Don't Cost a Thing"—proposed to her at a barbecue[78] and they were married on September 29, 2001.[79] They traveled to Italy for their honeymoon, and later stayed at the home of designer and a longtime friend of Lopez's, Donatella Versace.[78]
[edit] 2002–03: J to tha L-O! The Remixes, This Is Me... Then and Bennifer
Following the success of the re-release of J.Lo, Lopez decided to devote an entire album to the remix effort, releasing J to tha L–O! The Remixes, on February 5, 2002. This album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming the first remix album in history to debut at the top on the chart, selling over 150,000 copies in its opening week.[80][81] Featured artists on J to tha L–O! The Remixes include P. Diddy, Fat Joe, and Nas, and the album included rare dance and hip hop remixes of past singles. It is the third all-time biggest-selling remix album in history, after Michael Jackson's Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, The Beatles' Love and Madonna's You Can Dance, having sold a total of 1.5 million copies as of October 2010.[82] In addition, it dethroned Alan Jackson's Drive from 3 consecutive weeks at the number-one spot on the chart.[83][84] J to tha L-O: The Remixes sold 624,000 copies within its first month, and stayed in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 for a month, too.[85] It remained the only album to debut at number one in the United States for nearly 10 years, until Justin Bieber's remix effort in 2011 debuted at the top spot with similar opening sales.[86] "I'm Gonna Be Alright" which was previously on her J.Lo album was released as a single; impacting the charts by July 2002 and reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100.[74][87] "I'm Gonna Be Alright" spent 23 weeks on the chart.[74] The track "Alive" written by Jennifer and Cris Judd was released as a single from the remix album.[88]
In May 2002, she starred in the thriller film Enough as Slim, a woman abused by her husband and on the run from him. The film garnered negative reviews;[89] however the fight scene at the finale of the movie was praised.[90] In addition, the film was considered a "kick-butt, female empowerment" movie.[91]
In June 2002, Lopez filed for divorce from her husband Cris Judd when she began publicly dating actor Ben Affleck.[92] Judd's father, Larry Judd blamed Affleck for the break up of his son's marriage. He told New York Daily News that Judd was the "best thing that happened to [Lopez]" and thought that "Mr. Affleck would honor a married women. [They'd] be happier if they just told the truth."[93] Lopez and Affleck announced their relationship at her thirty-second birthday.[94] They were engaged months later.[95][96] The media dubbed them "Bennifer" during their relationship, and became a prominent supercouple in the media.
Lopez released her third studio album, This Is Me... Then, on November 26, 2002. Unlike previous albums, it was more R&B oriented and much of its lyrical structure were about her relationship with her fiancé, Affleck.[97] The songs from the album, in particular the fifth track, "Dear Ben" detailed her romantic relationship with Affleck.[97] The album sold over 310,000 copies in its first week, Lopez's highest first-week sales to date, and reached two on the charts in the United States, and was on the charts for a total of forty weeks.[98] Prior to its release, the album's lead single "Jenny from the Block" was released. It reached 3 on the Hot 100, and was known for its controversial music video featuring Affleck. The song is about Lopez remaining modest and intoning her childhood roots vowing she wishes to remain simple despite her diamonds.[97] "All I Have", a duet with LL Cool J served as the third single from This Is Me... Then. It became Lopez's fifth song to top the Hot 100 charts.[74] "I'm Glad" and "Baby I Love U!" were released as the final singles from This Is Me... Then, both commercial disappointing, failing to match the success of her previous singles; however the music video for "I'm Glad" received four nominations at the MTV Video Music Awards the following year. The video recreated scenes from the 1983 film Flashdance, leading to a lawsuit over copyright infringement, which was later dismissed.[99][100] This Is Me... Then has sold over 2.5 million copies to date in the United States, her last album to reach over a million copies in sales in that country.[82]
After the release of This Is Me... Then, Lopez took time away from music to focus on films. After two consecutive critical and commercial failures in the films Enough and Angel Eyes, Lopez bounced back with the box office hit Maid in Manhattan, released on December 13, 2002. Her character, Marisa Ventura, is a struggling single mother who lives in the Bronx and makes her living cleaning rooms in a super-luxurious Manhattan hotel, and gets mistaken for a socialite by a princely politician, who she falls in love with.[101] Maid in Manhattan was a box-office hit, opening at number one. The New York Times compared the film's storyline to her 2002 song, "Jenny from the Block", commenting, "In her new single, 'Jenny From the Block', Jennifer Lopez declares that despite her enormous wealth and global fame, she has not lost touch with her roots."[102]
Lopez and Ben Affleck eventually succumbed to overexposure from the media, however, which caused public interest in their romance to result in less admiration and negatively affected their careers.[103][104] Gigli, a film which Lopez starred as a lesbian opposite Affleck, was released on August 1, 2003. The film was considered a box office failure, and is often considered one of the worst films ever made.[105][106] Once again she starred in another movie with Affleck, Jersey Girl, but only grossed $36 million at the box office and received poor reviews.
Lopez and Affleck canceled their wedding, which had been scheduled for September 14, 2003 on the Californian Coast, citing the media's interference with the event as the reason.[107][108][109] Months later their wedding was canceled once again, four days before the event. Lopez was seen without her ring,[110] and it was later confirmed that the 18-month romance ended on January 20, 2004, just three days after Affleck returned to Los Angeles from the Sundance Film Festival.[111]
[edit] 2004–05: Shall We Dance?, third marriage and Rebirth
In August 2003, (after the international flub of "Gigli") it was announced that Lopez was star in Shall We Dance?.[112] The move was released in 2004, in which Lopez starred as Paulina alongside Richard Gere and Susan Sarandon; it reached the third spot at the Box Office. Shall We Dance?, grossed $112,238,000, at the international box office. Domestically, Shall We Dance? grossed $57,890,460 and a total of $170,128,460 worldwide.[113] By this time, Lopez was well established as one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood and the highest-paid Latin actress in Hollywood history, though she's never had a film grossing over $100 million in the USA. She was on The Hollywood Reporter's list of the top ten actress salaries in 2002, 2003, and 2004.[10]
Two months after her break up with Affleck, Lopez was publicly seen dating Marc Anthony, they were married secretly on June 5, 2004 at her Beverly Hills Mansion and maintained a quiet relationship away from the media unlike her previous.[114][115] Two men attempted to ransom a private wedding video which was stolen from the couple for $1 million dollars, and they were arraigned in Manhattan Criminal Court on charges of conspiracy, attempted grand larceny and possession of stolen property.[116]
Lopez released her fourth studio album, Rebirth, on March 1, 2005.[117] The lead single was "Get Right",[117] reaching 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was a dance club hit.[118] The song reached number one in the United Kingdom. The video for "Get Right" has Lopez portraying many different characters in a nightclub and sporting several different looks and occupations.[119] Following the release of "Get Right", the album debuted (and peaked) at number two on the Billboard 200, selling 261,000 copies in its opening week.[120] It quickly fell off the charts, and produced one more single, "Hold You Down", which featured Fat Joe, reached number 64 on the Hot 100 while it peaked at number six in the UK and ascended to the top 20 in Australia.[74] The song "Cherry Pie" was intended to be released as a single, however due to low sales (despite a high start) of Rebirth these plants were scrapped. Rebirth was certified Platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA; selling over 700,000 copies so far in the United States,[82] and has enjoyed international success. In May 2005, the film Monster-in-Law was released. It was Jane Fonda's first movie in several years.[121] It featured Lopez as Charlie, an artist who is pitted against her fiance's conniving mother when she does not accept her as her son's girlfriend (or soon-to-be wife).[121][122][123] However, the $43-million film became a box-office smash debuting at number one, earning $83 million ($154.7 worldwide)[124] during its theatrical run in summer 2005. Lopez received $15 million for her role in Monster-in-Law, remaining one of her highest paychecks for a movie yet.[125] Later, she starred in a film entitled An Unfinished Life, which did not do well; only reaching 11 at the Box office.
[edit] 2006–08: Como Ama una Mujer, Brave and motherhood
In 2006, Lopez was featured in LL Cool J's single "Control Myself", which was released on February 1, 2006. It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the UK Singles Chart, Lopez's first collaborative Top 10 Hit in the U.S. since 2003. Also that year, she was in the movie Bodertown; The movie is based on a series of unsolved murders in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, a maquiladora border city across the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) from El Paso, Texas. Estimates of the murders conflict, yet, conservatively speaking over four hundred women, maybe many more, have been kidnapped, tortured and murdered since 1993 in and around Ciudad Juárez.[126] Lopez garnered a few awards and recognition for this part. The film was not a large success, though. Jennifer was one of the recipients of the Women in Film Crystal Award, after her appearance in Bordertown.[127]
It was reported that Lopez was to release a full Spanish language album.[128] Contactmusic.com said that Lopez would "prove critics wrong" and prove that she actually has a voice, through this new project.[128] Upon the eve of the album's release, Lopez explained that she had previously aimed to sing in Spanish, however her career took a different path.[129] Her first full Spanish album, Como Ama una Mujer was released on March 23, 2007. It debuted at 10 on the Billboard 200, making her one of few to reach the top ten with a Spanish album.[130] The album was a natural and large success within the Latin community, reaching number one on Billboard Top Latin Albums, where it remained for seven weeks.[130] Worldwide, it was a moderate success, reaching the top ten in several countries such as Italy and Germany.
"I thought that my career was going to be in Spanish music, honestly. My life took a different turn, which was great for me. But my heart was always kind of on the Spanish side."
— Jennifer Lopez, on her Spanish music career[129]
Como Ama una Mujer marks the highest debut sales in the United States for a Spanish album and the highest digital sales for a Spanish album.[131] The York Press, on the album, stated that "Lopez stunned many with her Spanish-language Como Ama una Mujer, which at last proved that she is a major musical force."[132] For promotion of Como Ama Una Mujer, Lopez traveled back to the Bronx, to meet fans and sign copies of her album in her old neighborhood.[133] Over 500 people attended.[133] In an interview, Lopez stated "It touches my heart to be able to bring this album back to my neighborhood, back to my home."[134] Como ama una Mujer produced a single, "Qué Hiciste" (Spanish for "What Did You Do") which peaked at 86 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Latin Songs and the Hot Dance Club Play.[74] She performed the song on American Idol, in the same week she was a mentor; she is the first person to perform a Latin song on the hit show.[131] On July 24, 2007 (Lopez's birthday) Billboard magazine reported that Lopez and husband Marc Anthony would "co-headline" a worldwide tour called "Juntos en Concierto" starting in New Jersey on September 29.[135] The tour launched September 28, 2007 at the Mark G. Etess Arena and ended on November 7, 2007 at the American Airlines Arena in Miami, Florida. On the finale date of their tour, Lopez and Anthony announced that they were expecting a child, her first and his fourth.[136][137] Later that same month, it was reported that Lopez was having difficulties with her pregnancy. These reports were deemed false by per rep, stating that "she is very healthy and continuing with her schedule as planned."[138] In August 2007, Lopez collaborated on the feature film, El Cantante, with Anthony. Lopez, who also co-produced the film, "does enough acting for the two of them in her role as Puchi, Héctor's wife" while creating a very interesting and edgy performance.[139] The film is in English, with creative use of subtitles for songs with Spanish lyrics.
In August 2007 Lopez began work on a new English studio album, titled Brave[140][141] For Brave, she collaborated with producers Midi Mafia, J. R. Rotem, Lynn and Wade and Ryan Tedder, with Rotem working on some tracks with writing partner Evan "Kidd" Bogart.[142] Released on October 9, 2007, it debuted at 12 on the Billboard 200; commercially, it is her least successful album to date.[143] It spawned two singles "Do It Well" and "Hold It, Don't Drop It", which both reached number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, but failed to make further impact.[74] It was her first album to fail to produce a top twenty song. Brave earned mostly mixed to negative reviews, Rashod D. Ollison from The Sun said that "Brave – was not to daring".[144] However, there were a few positive reviews. The York Press compared Brave to Britney Spears' album due for release around the same time.[132] Praising Lopez for not needing digital enhancement of her voice in "Brave" compared to Spears, they turned their favor to Brave instead of Blackout despite praising Spears' for delivering a "decent album".[132] Brave has sold over 160,000 copies (which sales are comparable to that of Lopez' previous first week sales of her first four albums).[82]
On February 5, 2008, Lopez confirmed that she was having twins.[145] On February 22, Lopez gave birth to a son Maximilian David Muñiz and a daughter Emme Maribel in Long Island, New York.[146][147] The twins were introduced in the March 11, 2008 issue of People magazine, for which the magazine paid a reported $6 million for—the photographs of the twins became the most expensive celebrity picture ever taken.[148] Following the birth of her twins, Lopez took a break from her career in 2008.
[edit] 2009–11: American Idol and Love?
While pregnant with twins Max and Emme, Lopez had been writing material for her seventh studio album Love?, with a planned release for the summer of 2010.[149] On what to expect of the album, she said "Once you get past the party on the album, and you listen to some of the words, you will see that I really talk about the power of love but also the devastation of it and everything in between."[150] A song titled "Fresh Out the Oven" featuring Miami rapper Pitbull surfaced online in October 2009 but her record label said that it was simply a buzz single.[151] It topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. The project's official lead single, "Louboutins", had its radio debut on November 23, 2009, following the song's premiere and performance at the 2009 American Music Awards. The song only managed to enter the Hot Dance Club Play chart six weeks after release and reaching number 1, however, it failed to enter any other chart, including the Billboard Hot 100. On January 27, 2010, it was announced that Lopez would guest-star on an episode of How I Met Your Mother as Anita Appleby, a no-nonsense author of self-help books that teach women how to mold men into "relationship machines" through the power of denial.[152] In February 2010 Lopez and her record label of ten years, Epic Records, parted ways.[153][154] Lopez's manager, Benny Medina, confirmed the news, saying "Jennifer had a wonderful relationship with the Sony Music Group, and they have shared many successes together, but the time was right to make a change that best serves the direction of her career as an actress and recording artist... She is grateful and appreciative to everyone at Sony for all that they accomplished together."[155] Lopez later released a statement to the media where she said that she had already completed her contractual obligations with Sony Music Entertainment and Epic Records and decided it was for the best to end the partnership on amicable terms. She added that she found a new "home" [record label] for the album 'Love?'.[156] Shortly after being spotted talking to Island Def Jam's chairman and CEO L.A. Reid,[157] it was confirmed on March 19, 2010 that Lopez signed with Island Def Jam, and was working on new material for Love? with RedZone Entertainment (Kuk Harrell, The-Dream and Tricky Stewart).[158][159] In April 2010, she appeared in the romantic comedy The Back-up Plan.[160] The film debuted at the top spot at the Box Office.[161][162] While the film didn't meet positive reviews, Lopez's performance as "Zoe" was praised and called a "winning performance".[163][164]
In June 2010, following the departure of Ellen DeGeneres from American Idol, it was reported that Lopez was in talks to join season ten's judging panel.[165][166][167] However, it was then reported that Lopez was out of the running due to "outrageous demands",[168][169] something which returning Idol producer, Nigel Lythgoe responded to by saying "[Jennifer] is in no way a diva, I've worked with her on quite a few occasions and I have never yet seen her be a diva." He did not confirm or deny reports of the contract negotiations between Lopez and the other Idol producers.[170] Both Lopez and husband, Marc Anthony, were being considered for a role on The X Factor for their appeal to 'Latin' and 'International' markets.[171] Lopez's involvement in The X Factor was ruled out when the media reported that she had accepted an offer to become a judge on season ten of Idol, despite being offered roles on both shows.[172] The announcement was made official on September 22, 2010. MTV said "the deal was mutually beneficial to all those involved" whilst CNN reported that Lopez was viewing it as a decision to revive her career while Idol producers believe Lopez and Steven Tyler's appointments will strengthen viewing figures.[173] The public agreed that Lopez was a more suitable judge replacement for Ellen, as she had experience within the music industry, which DeGeneres lacked.[174]
In January 2011, Lopez's new single "On the Floor" featuring Pitbull (their second collaboration) surfaced online[175] and it was later announced as the lead single from Love?, produced by RedOne, who predicted that it was going to be a "big hit".[176] "On The Floor" was a commercial success, debuting at nine on the Hot 100 and peaking at three, her highest-charting song in eight years.[177] It's accompanying music video premiered on an episode of American Idol on March 3, and has since become the highest viewed video by a female artist on YouTube, with over 510 million views.[178] The song sold 8.4 million copies, becoming the fourth best-selling digital single of the year.[179] Love? produced two more singles, the Taio Cruz produced "I'm Into You" featuring Lil Wayne, and "Papi", which became her 10th and 11th chart-toppers on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart.[180] Love? was finally released on May 3, 2011 and reached the fifth position on the Billboard 200.[181][182] It was a moderate success, and viewed as a humble comeback from Lopez, as many had considered her recording career over.[143]
On July 15, days before Lopez's forty-second birthday, following seven years of marriage to Marc Anthony, the couple's representative announced that they were separating[183][184] and Anthony later filed for divorce on April 9, 2012, citing irreconcilable differences.[185] In November, she was named "Women of the year" by Glamour Magazine.[186] Lopez was featured on will.i.am's single "T.H.E. (The Hardest Ever)". On December 13, 2011, Los Angeles Times named her the "World's greatest musical comeback act", a ranking from an accuracast, a digital search that analyzed over a billion Google searches since 2004.[187] Lopez ranked ahead of comebacks from artists such as Mariah Carey and Ricky Martin.[187] She was also named "Best Comeback" act by Billboard.com Reader's Poll, leading with 47% of votes for the title, beating out Kelly Clarkson (17%) and Evanescence (12%).[188]
[edit] 2012: ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen and Dance Again World Tour
Lopez returned as judge on the eleventh season of American Idol, reportedly earning $US20 million, compared to the $US12 million she earned last year.[189] Lopez worked with ex-husband Marc Anthony and director-choeographer Jamie King on the talent series ¡Q'Viva! The Chosen, created by Simon Fuller. It follows Lopez, Anthony and King as they travel across 21 countries in Latin America to find new talent.[190] It premiered on January 28, 2012 on Univision and was a ratings hit for the channel.[191][192]
In late 2011, it was confirmed that Lopez would be releasing a greatest hits album in 2012, with her vocal producer Kuk Harrell and The-Dream confirming their involvement in the project.[193][194][195] L.A. Reid, chairman and CEO for Epic Records, confirmed on his Twitter account that a greatest hits album is in production.[196] Later confirming an upcoming release herself, Lopez said the basis for her album was again "Love".[197] Island Def Jam Records' Senior Vice President of A&R, Chris Anokute stated in an interview that he is working with Lopez on a dance album.[198] In April 2012 Lopez released the lead single from her greatest hits album, "Dance Again" featuring American rapper Pitbull. It charted at 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, and also became her twelfth number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs.[199] Later that month, Lopez was featured on Wisin & Yandel's song "Follow the Leader" from their upcoming album.[200] Lopez is also working on two possible new songs, entitled "Clothes Off" and "Goin' In".[201][202] Three new songs will appear on Lopez's upcoming greatest hits album.[203] Lopez recorded "Goin' In" with Flo Rida for the film Step Up Revolution (2012). She debuted it at the finale American Idol with a performance medley that included "Follow the Leader", and the song made its premiere on Ryan Seacrest's radio show On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 24, 2012 and will be released as a single on June 19, 2012.[204]
During an interview with Extra TV Lopez confirmed that she had been working on a possible tour;[205] she had previously talked about the possibility of a tour after the release of Love? around June 2011, which never materialized, as it could have jeapordised her position as a judge on American Idol.[206] On June 23 and 27 Lopez will perform for her first headlining concert in Brazil for the Pop Music Festival in Sao Paulo.[207] Furthermore, reports have said that Lopez is set to tour Latin America, with plans of visiting Panama, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Chile.[208] Since this, sources have reported that Lopez is planning her first ever global world tour, which will have legs in United States, South America, Europe and Asia; and over 60 dates.[209][210] It was announced on April 30, 2012 that Lopez would be going on a co-headlining world tour with Enrique Iglesias.[211] The tour will earn Lopez an estimated $US13 million.[189] Before this begins, Lopez will begin her Dance Again World Tour which will carry out throughout her tour with Iglesias.
Lopez is involved in multiple films, the first time she has been in years. She starred as Holly — a woman who adopts a baby from abroad with her husband after difficulty conceiving — in What to Expect When You're Expecting.[212] The film was released to theaters on May 18, 2012.[213] Lopez voices Shira in the upcoming animated film, Ice Age: Continental Drift which is the fourth movie in the Ice Age series.[214] Another film which Lopez has shot her parts for, Parker will be released in 2013.[215][216] Director Taylor Hackford has stated that the movie development has gone well, praising Lopez in a comment stating "I'm not kidding, this woman can really act. The last several years she's been doing romantic comedies – that's a talent, but as a dramatic actress she's got fantastic chops."[217] On May 16, 2012, Forbes placed Lopez first on their "Celebrity 100 List", in turn naming her the most powerful celebrity in the world for their 2012 edition. She beat out Oprah Winfrey and Lady Gaga for the title, having earned $US52 million from May 2011–May 2012.[218] Dorothy Pomerantz from Forbes staff said that it was due to her role as judge on American Idol, endorsement deals, fragrances and her much publicized personal life in the past year.[219] This was a considerable jump on the list, considering the previous year she was number 50.[189]
Products and endorsements[link]
In 2003, Lopez was in a pepsi commercial featuring Beyoncé Knowles and David Beckham entitled "Samurai".[220] She endorses several L'Oréal products, and was named "L'Oréal Paris Global Brand Ambassador" In December 2010.[221][222][223] She has shot several adds for the endorsement deal.[223] Lopez's recent L'Oreal EverSleek campaign made its debut during the Golden Globes ad break, kicking it off in a big way.[224] Products that Lopez has endorsed for L'Oreal recently include El Vive Triple Resist, True Match, Color Riche, GlamShine, and Voluminous Lashes commercials, the EverSleek commercial and print ads, and the Infallible Lip Color and ElVive Triple Resist print ads. In 2011, Lopez endorsed and promoted a variety of products. In addition to L'Oréal, lopez endorses Gillette women's products, such as the "Get Your Goddess Showing" project.[225] She was named the first ever "Gillette-Venus Global Ambassador" In 2011, too.[226][227] She recorded a cover of "Venus" by Shocking Blue for her Gillette-Venus advertisement.[228] Lopez is a spokesperson for Harmon Kardon home surround sound system.[229][230] Lopez is the face of TOUS Jewelry.[231][232] Lopez is a spokesperson for Lux shampoo in Japan, appearing in the product's television commercials. As of late 2011, she promotes FIAT cats in the United States.[233] Her advertisements for the brand have garnered negative reviews, and in January 2012 a United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) group told Lopez to end her endorsement for problems with the FIAT brand which "freely does business with a regime that is developing an illegal nuclear weapons program."[234]
Fashion lines[link]
Lopez launched a lifestyle brand in 2001. Called J.Lo by Jennifer Lopez, the line included different types of clothing for young women, including jeans, T-shirts, coats, belts, purses, and lingerie, a jewelry line,[235] and an accessory line that includes hats, gloves, and scarves.[236] Lopez participated in the Louis Vuitton Winter 2003 campaign. In February 2005, Lopez unveiled her fashion line entitled "Sweetface" at New York Fashion Week.[237] She worked on the line with Andy Hilfiger.[238] The launch at New York Fashion Week received mixed reviews, mainly positive, Metanoya Webb, from InStyle Magazine reviewed: "It's a step up from her teen-age, pop line. It's definitely more mature, and it's more of a replica of what Jennifer does. It was a reflection of her, and I liked that."[237] Some also noted that the launch of "Sweetface" focused more on the show and arrangement rather than the clothes, themselves.[239] Lopez has a lingerie line with Victoria Beckham.[240]
Lopez's frequent use of animal fur in her clothing lines has brought the scorn of people concerned with animal rights.[241] At the Los Angeles premiere of Monster-in-Law, more than 100 protesters from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) held a demonstration to highlight their concerns.[242] Director of marketing, Charlie Ross said "Jennifer Lopez is a great lover of fur. She is always photographed wearing fur and it was a material she loves and wanted to use. Sweetface is a luxury label and Jennifer wanted her furs. She told me her favourite piece in the collection is a fabulous bleached silver fox coat with strips of the fox stitched onto a chiffon back."[243]
In late 2007, Lopez retired JLO by Jennifer Lopez and launched a new juniors' line called JustSweet.[244] In June 2009, it was announced that "Sweetface" was put on hiatus,[245] and later announced that it was closed down.[246] In 2011, Lopez and her ex-husband, Marc Anthony launched a joint fashion line at Kohls; Anthony would work on the menswear and Lopez on the female clothing line. The lines were described as "high-quality contemporary."[238] Lopez labelled her personal line as "affordable and completely her style." The line was released in October 2011.[247][248] Anthony's line, too was released around the same time.[249] They both worked with Tommy Hilfiger for the fashion lines.[238] Anthony, at the grand opening of the line at a Jersey department store, said that they collaborated on the work, and noted how hard Lopez had worked on her line, he said he was "very proud of her."[250]
Fragrances[link]
Lopez is credited for bringing back celebrity perfume endorsements, which was "dead" since the late 1980s.[197] She ventured in the perfume industry with her debut Glow by J.Lo, which can be purchased anywhere including every-day shopping outlets like Macy's and pharmacy chains.[251] Lopez said that she wanted Glow to be "Sexy and sensual."[252] Glow by J.Lo has a scent of orange, grapefruit, jasmine, orris, Irises, vanilla and musk.[253] Still by Jennifer Lopez was released as the third major fragrance in October 2003;[254] it is described as "the scent of a woman," and "A scent that captures the way a woman feels when she has discovered herself. Real and true. Serene and sensual."[255] Glow by J.Lo and Still were very successful in the fragrance market.[256]
In 2005, Lopez launched three new fragrances: Miami Glow, Love at First Glow and Live.[257] In 2006 she released Glow After Dark. In 2008, she released Deseo, Deseo Forever, Deseo for Men (her first male fragrance) and Live Platinum.[257] Sunkissed Glow and My Glow were released in 2009, My Glow was inspired by the birth of her children.[257] TLC, a division of Discovery Communications Inc, had signed Lopez to an unscripted reality series about the launching of her new fragrance,[258] but the series never materialized. Her next fragrance was Blue Glow.[257] Her 15th fragrance Love & Glamour was released in October 2010.[259] Her 16th fragrance is L.A. Glow, inspired by L.A. Nightlife.[260] She launched her 17th fragrance Love & Light on HSN In July 2011, where it sold 51,000 bottles in six hours, her most successful fragrance launch to date.[261][262] Her 18th fragrance, Glowing has been announced.[197][263] Apart from Fragrances, Lopez has endorsed several other products.
Philanthropy[link]
Lopez is an avid supporter of Children's Hospital Los Angeles and was presented with the Children's Humanitarian Award at the hospital's inaugural Noche de Niños gala in September 2004. Lopez continues to attend the annual red carpet event and is a regular visitor to the hospital. The singer participated in the Nautica Malibu Triathlon benefiting the hospital in 2008.
On February 14, 2007, Lopez received the Artists for Amnesty International award "in recognition of her work as producer and star of Bordertown, a film exposing the ongoing murders of hundreds of women in the border city of Juárez, Mexico". Nobel Peace Prize winner José Ramos-Horta presented the award to Lopez at the Berlin International Film Festival. She also received special recognition and thanks from Norma Andrade, co-founder of Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa A.C. ("May Our Daughters Return Home, Civil Association"), an organization consisting of mothers and families of the murdered women of Juárez. Lopez has also been involved in promoting vaccination for whooping cough.[264] Lopez is working with Sounds of Pertussis and March of Dimes to promote awareness about the disease and encourage vaccination of adults to prevent spread of disease to infants.[265]
Lopez has been featured in two charity singles. In 2001, along with several other popular artists, Lopez was featured on an album featuring verses of the song "What's Going On" under the name "Artists Against AIDS Worldwide", to benefit AIDS foundations in Africa.[266][267] Other notable artists featured are Britney Spears, Ja Rule, Nas, Christina Aguilera, Gwen Stefani, Nelly Furtado, Fred Durst of Limp Bizkit, Destiny's Child, Wyclef Jean, Backstreet Boys among numerous others. Produced before the September 11 attacks, after the attacks the proceeds were given to American Red Cross, too.[266][267] The same month, Lopez was featured on the song "El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye)" along with 60 other Latin artists, in memory of the September 11 attacks to help raise money for families and charities involved or affected.[268]
Lopez owns a foundation with her sister, Lynda Lopez, entitled The Maribel Foundation.[269] The foundation was publicly launched In June 2010.[269] The foundation's purpose is to bring wellbeing to mothers and children from under-privileged communities, in particular people who cannot afford medical services; and give people information about critical child and health care topics.[270] The Maribel Foundation worked with Telemedicine clinics abroad and near to increase healthcare for serious cases.[271] "Telemedicine" is a delivery system that uses technology (telecommunications) to conduct medical diagnoses, consultations, treatments, transfers of data, education of physicians, and dissemination of public health alerts and/or emergency updates.[271]
Lopez had previously announced the foundation in 2008 at the Woman's Conference.[272] The foundation's slogan is "Where children are concerned, there is no time to lose."[273] Lopez has stated that inspiration came to her to build The Maribel Foundation after she discovered a bump on her daughter's head days after her birth; Emme turned out to be fine however Lopez felt that there are mothers out there and children, who don't have adequate access to medical information and she felt that she had to help in some way.[274] For her foundation, Lopez recording a song, "One Step At a Time", dedicated to her twins. It was included on an album for the foundation, Every Mother Counts a CD which was released exclusively to Starbucks.[275][276] The album was devoted fully to mothers. Lopez was one of the recipients of Love Our Children USA's "Mothers Who Make A Difference" awards in 2009.[277] On October 25, 2011, The Maribel Foundation received a $500,000 dollar donation pledge from Samsung and Best Buy.[278][279] An advertisement featuring Lopez promoting Samsung products for The Maribel Foundation has aired.[280]
Artistry[link]
Musical style and themes[link]
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A twenty-seven second sample of "Baby I Love U!" in which Lopez sings about being a hopeless romantic. Ben Affleck was considered as the inspiration for the song.[281]
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Lopez grew up with a heavy influence and love of music from her mother, who played records and sang constantly.[24] During her early days in the music industry, she was viewed as a teen pop culture icon; despite being in her late-twenties, it was for the reasoning of her brand and music appealing to a younger generation.[282] Lopez's music and the genre which it has been perceived as, has ranged from pop and Latin pop,[283] to Dance, Funk and R&B.[284] She has stated that the basis for her music is always the subject of Love, "I've been singing about Love since my first album. Its a really complex topic, and now that im at a really good place in my life, in a really good relationship [...] i can look at it in a different way."[285] In her debut single, "If You Had My Love" Lopez confronts her lover with questions and ground rules before they can begin commit to a relationship.[281] The lead single from her sophomore album J.Lo (2001) "Love Don't Cost a Thing" is the tale of a materialistic relationship—critics have questioned the song, believing that it's inspiration came from her high-profiled relationship with rapper Sean Combs. Lopez's third studio album, is more adult-oriented R&B and was much of its lyrical themes speak of her love for her then-fiance Ben Affleck. During the production of the album, Lopez stated "I wrote a lot of songs inspired, in a way, by what I was going through at the time that this album was being made, and he [Affleck] was definitely a big part of that."[286] Songs from the album such as "Baby I Love U! and "Dear Ben" gush about her being a hopeless romantic.[281] "I, Love" from Rebirth (2005) is a mid-tempo song, in which Lopez wants to convince her lover that she truly cares for him, suggesting that their romance is real despite his ignorant behavior. The title track from her full-Spanish language album Como Ama una Mujer (2007) lyrically speaks about listening to the heart's desire and first instinct regardless of the relationship's outcome.[281] In her seventh studio album, entitled Love?, Lopez covers topics such as her past loves in her songs, "One Love" and "(What Is) Love?" which she goes into details through lyrics about her remaining an optimistic about love.[287] In "(What Is) Love?" Lopez sings about struggling in the search for true love, talking about how she's had blind dates, dated church boys and musicians but is tired of it all.[281]
Lopez has a classic soubrette vocal type; her voice has been called limited.[288][289] Many critics have said that Lopez has never had a strong voice, but observe that she is the complete package performer with a thin voice.[290] Lopez has always had an insecurity about the strength of her voice from the start, “The voice was always there, I was just so insecure about it in the beginning," she said in an interview.[291] She has also said that "I’m very proud of who I am as a vocalist from where I started."[291] Tom Sinclair from Entertainment Weekly noted that she has always had her "way" with hooks, and works with a variety of producers.[292] Lopez has received critiscm for her voice not being strong enough over the course of her music career. Adam Markovitz from Entertainment Weekly has said that "despite the star power she emits on screen, her vocals have always been less than stellar" and that she "often sounds limited and nasal, with a flatness that can feel downright Rebecca Black-esque at its worst."[293] Wheresoever, others have said differently; fellow American Idol judge Randy Jackson said that "She doesn't have the biggest voice in the world, but she can sing. It's the (complete) package [...]"[294] Jackson also said "While we're sitting there judging she's always singing these songs and I go, 'You really do sing!'"[295] Daniel Chang from The Spectator said "Lopez will achieve more success as an actress than she will as a singer. Which is to say, Lopez can sing, but there are better introductions to Latin and R&B music out there."[296]
In late 2007, The York Press wrote "So far into her career, Lopez is at last making great records. Her voice now has greater depth and is infused with Latin passion, which frankly was missing on her earlier records. Her material is also far stronger," around the releases of Como Ama Una Mujer and Brave.[132] The York Press also complimented Lopez for not needing as much "digital enhancement" on her voice compared to Britney Spears.[132] They also said that "Lopez stunned many with [...] Como Ama una Mujer, which at last proved that she is a major musical force."[132] A writer from The Sun said "'On the 6' makes it clear she can sing. [Jennifer] Lopez has no trouble handling the material presented to her [...] No doubt about it, as a singer, Lopez has a lot of talent and stylistic range. Instead, she ends up doing impressions, singing as other, more distinctive, performers might have. So when producer Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs fabricates a lush, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis-type groove, she responds by offering her best Janet Jackson imitation." He went on to say: "It isn't as if Lopez is merely a chameleon, without a sound to call her own. Her breathily romantic duet with Marc Anthony, the Spanish-language love song "No Me Ames," reveals depths and resonance unheard in other tracks. Likewise, there's a sassy confidence beneath the romantic dismissal of "It's Not That Serious" that suggests Lopez may yet attain the awesome power of diva-hood."[297] Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly commented on Lopez's vocals saying, "There's no way to know if Jennifer Lopez's voice is mechanically altered or not, but on the recorded evidence of her sophomore album, J.Lo, her singing seems to be in key".[298] In a review of her seventh studio album, Love?, Alex Macpherson from BBC Music complimented Lopez, "(She) possesses both a lightness of touch and the effortless confidence of one of nature's own divas, which means that whenever she hits the floor to essay up-tempo swagger tracks she convinces without being as overbearing. Love? seeks to showcase her vulnerability and depth of feeling."[299]
Influences[link]
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Barbra Streisand (left), Madonna (middle) and Janet Jackson (right) are three of Lopez's biggest influences
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From a musical perspective, Lopez has viewed Madonna as a big influence.[300] In an interview with NY Rock, when asked who was her first biggest musical influence, Lopez stated "I think Madonna. For my era growing up, [she] was the quintessential performer, and a push-the-envelope type of person. I don't think that I'm a push-the-envelope type of person. But I think Madonna was so visionary. And in her shows, she was so expressive. So that was very inspiring for me as a young girl. I remember seeing a lot of her shows."[301] According to Fouz-Hernández, female pop performers like Lopez were like "Madonna's daughters in the very direct sense that they grew up listening to and admiring Madonna, and decided they wanted to be like her."[302] Other musical influences for Lopez include Selena,[303] Janet Jackson,[304] Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, Toni Braxton, Gloria Estefan, Deborah Gibson, Paula Abdul, Spice Girls and Salt-N-Pepa.[305] Lopez has credited Barbra Streisand as her idol, saying that she felt that she "graduated" from music when she sang Streisand's music.[306] Pop music critic Gene Stout commented that Janet Jackson in particular has influenced a younger generation of performers including Lopez.[307] Lopez has also stated that newer artists have also more "inspired" her rather than influenced her as an artist, such as Lady GaGa. Lopez told MTV News that "I'm always motivated by other artists and inspired by them. They inspire me because when i see other people doing great things, it makes me want to do great things too. I never am one to look at other people and try to do what they do. I always feel like a true artist does what they do and it is very very individual to who they are. I love her [Gaga] sense of lyric and melody, I feel like she’s very interesting. It’s just not something you’re gonna hear everyday. I really love the records she worked on and was glad to be able to take those and make them my own and actually have that collaboration with her. I feel very lucky to have done that."[308] After motherhood, Lopez also credited her twins as a huge influence in the direction of her music, "You can't help but put not only your kids into it, but to put anything you are going through in your music. That's the only thing you can really sing or write is stuff that you know. The more music you make and the more that you get into it and the more you write, the more you realize that's all you can write."[287] Lopez has credited former husband Marc Anthony for giving her confidence to sing, stating in a 2012 interview with Vogue Magazine "He always told me what a beautiful voice I have [sic] He was like, ‘It’s in there; you just gotta let it out. It’s a confidence thing with you.’ Then all of a sudden one day I was like, ‘I’m good at this!’"[309]
Music videos and choreography[link]
File:Jennifer Lopez - Papi (Music Video).jpg
Lopez surrounded by men in her music video for "Papi" during a dance break
Lopez is well known for her upbeat pop songs and Latin-pop influenced dancing abilities. She is professionally trained dancer[310]—initially beginning her career as a dancer ("fly girl") on In Living Color from 1991 to 1993, before venturing into acting and later a recording career.[311] She began to learn and master different dance techniques from self-paid dance classes, and became a back-up dancer for Janet Jackson.[311] When she was a child, she specialized in ballet, jazz and flamenco dancing.[312] She has worked with well known choreographers Dave Scott, Cris Judd (her former husband), Brian Friedman, Wade Robson, Tyce Diorio, Travis Payne, Jeri Slaughter, Laurie Ann Gibson, Mia Michaels and Tina Landon.[313] Top 10.com ranked Lopez 5th on their "Top 10 All Time Best Dancers in the World" list, placing her ahead of Gene Kelly, Janet Jackson and M.C. Hammer, describing her as both a glamour queen and a terrific dancer.[314] In her 2004 film Shall We Dance in which she starred opposite Richard Gere, Lopez and Gere danced many genres, including Salsa dance and Ballroom dance.[312][315] In the film, her dance technique received praise.[316]
Lopez's music videos are well known for having dance breaks, including her music videos for "If You Had My Love" (1999) and "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (2000)—she brought back dance breaks in her later music videos for "I'm Into You" and "Papi" (2011).[317] Her debut music video, for "If You Had My Love" directed by Paul Hunter, is notable for its theme of voyeurism; Lopez sings and dances while others watch her from various other locations through different types of screens. The video also includes her "signature" dance break.[318] Her third single Waiting For Tonight's music video is set at a party counting down to The New Year (in this case, being 1999, a "millennium party"), the song's success on the charts was due to the video's anticipated theme towards the year 2000.[319] Lopez's music video for "I'm Glad" (from her third studio album This Is Me...Then) was described as one of he more "complicated" videos which recreated scenes from a 1983 film Flashdance.[320] In the music video for "Get Right" (2005) directed by Francis Lawrence, Lopez sports several different characters including a bartender, stripper, nerdy girl and a superstar among several others all at a nightclub.[321] The video for her comeback single, "On the Floor" (2011) was praised for its sex appeal which was compared to her music video for "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (2002).[322] Matthew Perpetua from Rolling Stone said it was "classic Lopez tweaked for 2011" with upgraded dance-pop style, and a high fashion wardrobe as eccentric as that of Rihanna and Lady Gaga.[323] The music video for "On The Floor" allowed Lopez to enter social media charts[324] and Entertainment Weekly's Tanner Stransky said that the clip brought back the old Lopez that everyone knew and loved, and also added that it was "Sexy and sultry".[325] Her follow up video, "I'm Into You" was praised, Kyle Anderson from Entertainment Weekly applauded her natural beauty and said "that time-out at the three-quarters mark is as sharp as any diva dance break you’ll see."[326] In her music video for "Papi", Lopez consumes a chocolate chip cookie which will allow her "love" to come back, given to her by her apartment mail attendant; she takes too large a bite, resulting in the magic of the cookie to become effective—groups of men chase her around town until her true love finds her.[327] The video received positive feedback, a writer from Huffington Post wrote "Ms. Lopez has still got it —'Jenny from the Block' breaks into a signature group dance number and kills it!"[328] After the release of the video for her single "Dance Again" which featured Lopez's real-life boyfriend, Casper Smart, John Mitchell from MTV News looked back on Lopez's previous videos, saying that she had a "history" of flaunting her men in videos.[329]
Lopez has been nominated for a total of 18 MTV Video Music Awards, winning two throughout her career. She was ranked at number twenty-one on VH1's "50 Greatest Women of the Video Era" list.[330] Throughout her music videos, she has worked with several directors and choreographers, including working with Paul Hunter, Francis Lawrence and Dave Meyers several times.[331][321][332] She is considered a sex symbol through her music videos.[333] Jennifer Lopez considers Janet Jackson a big influence on her dancing and music videos. She has lauded Jackson's videography, stating her music videos "had such an impact on me as a fan but also as an artist."[334] Lopez has named Jackson's music video for "The Pleasure Principle" as her favorite dancing music video of all time.[335]
Legacy[link]
Lopez has been described has having "epitomized the definition of America's sweetheart," having crept into millions of homes with her music, movies, accessories and clothing lines.[312] Her manager, Benny Medina, who Lopez said is her "creative soulmate"[336] has described Lopez as "the best all-rounded entertainer of our generation."[337] Patricia J. Duncan wrote of Lopez in her 1999 Unauthorized biography, calling her a "force to be reckoned with." Ray Martin from 60 Minutes said "She's a rarity," calling one of the "few Hollywood stars you can actually admire [...] when you meet her she's just as gorgeous, just as likeable, as she is on screen." Martin also said that Lopez is "up there with Madonna," having starred in movies alongside leading men like George Clooney, Robert Redford and Jack Nicholson adding that she is a merchandising marvel, too.[338]
Lopez is well-known for being the first Latina actress or singer to be so commercially successful in the limelight; growing up she looked up to puerto-rican born Rita Moreno, as she stated that there were "Zero Latinos on TV, so Rita Moreno was the only one I identified to."[24] Nobel prize recipient, Jose Ramos Horta called Lopez a remarkable women and true inspiration after seing her work on the film, Bordertown.[339] Cindy Pearlman from The Record said that Lopez is responsible for welcoming a "Latina presence to a film industry" as for most of its history it had been a whites-only preserve.[340] In his book, Icons of American Popular Culture, Robert C. Cotrell described Jennifer Lopez as being a Latina Oprah Winfrey, writing that Lopez was the embodiment of the American dream, by "Boasting far more authentic rags-to-riches tale". Cotrell also called her a "multidimensional artist who had turned into a financial powerhouse." He continued on to say the impact she had on both Hollywood and the Spanish world, "In a largely singular fashion, Lopez had demonstrated that a Latina could remain on the Hollywood "A" list, to be a top recording artist, and operate as a major player in the corporate world, with her prefumes alone pulling over $500 million annually."[339] The head of Interscope Records who appears on American Idol, Jimmy Iovine said Lopez has "got that power. She is a force. She brings the whole package—there is very little missing in Jennifer Lopez."[336]
Lopez has had much praise over the course of her career, with several citing her as an inspiration for their own careers. Fellow Latin music artist Kat DeLuna, who is relatively new, said "Jennifer helped pave the way for Latinas like myself. I love her."[341] Actress Kerry Washington also cites Lopez as the actual reason for her career, during an interview with Essence in 2012, she said "I grew up blocks away from Jennifer Lopez. She and I went to the same Boys & Girls Club. She was like the dancer who made it big and moved to Hollywood. I don't know if I would've taken a risk in my career if it weren't for you (Jennifer)."[342] Popstar Britney Spears says Lopez has become a major "beauty" icon and Idol for herself; Spears said "Jennifer Lopez is my idol – she's so beautiful and even though she's gotten older, she hasn't aged at all. She looks more amazing than ever and I really admire and respect that."[343] Kelly Osbourne said that she admires Lopez, stating that "Jennifer Lopez was voted The Most Beautiful Woman in the World by People magazine. I couldn't agree more. I've met her and she's stunning."[344][345]
Co-star and singer Cheryl Cole has stated that she wants to have a body like Jennifer Lopez.[346] In fact, Lopez's body has had such an impact on the world (in particularly women) that in a 2011 survey by "Nutrisystem Diet Index", it was proved that most American women would have Lopez's "lean legs and bubble butt".[347][348] Reality Television star Kim Kardashian has named Lopez a style icon,[349] Kardashian branded Lopez's personal fashion sense/style as "fun and flirty and sexy, just feminine. I love her!", and said she is a major style inspiration for her.[349] Raquel Castro, her co-star from Jersey Girl (Now 17 years old and was a contestant on American singing show The Voice), had stated she had a strong bond with her on-screen mother from the film, and that Lopez had been her main role model for her career from the start;[350] "Jennifer Lopez has been my role model from the start. I wore out my VCR tape of the movie Selena, probably watching it a million times; when I found out I had been chosen to play her daughter in a feature-film, OMG I was screaming like crazy."[350] Australian R&B singer Jessica Mauboy has said stated that she is a big fan of Lopez.[351] Singer-songwriter Michael Doughty said that Lopez was a key inspiration for reviving his music career as a solo artist after leaving his band, Soul Coughing "One of the key moments was seeing a Jennifer Lopez video (around 1999) [...] She's a year older than me and she's in this video and she's in the Bronx and going out clubbing and going to the beauty salon. I'd thought, well I'm 29, my life's over, I'm elderly. And I looked at her and thought, she's 30, how is she walking? [...] the revelation came watching a Jennifer Lopez video."[352] Nicki Minaj has stated "I love J-Lo. I love what she's done for pop culture I have nothing but respect for her."[353] Actress Anna Kendrick who was her co-star in the film What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012), has described her as "the most beautiful creature on the planet" and said that "The way she looks in person is mind-blowing."[354]
Lopez also is well known for her fashion sense and style. Us Weekly named Lopez as Style Icon of the 2000–2010 decade.[355] Lopez's most memorable Fashion moment in her career was the Green Versace "Jungle Dress" that she wore at the 42nd Grammy Awards In 2000.[356] A poll by Debenhams, published in the Daily Telegraph, voted it the fifth most iconic dress of all time.[14] It has been cited along with the Elizabeth Hurley's black Versace dress as being the top dresses that made Versace a household name and the turning point in designer Donatella Versace's career after the death of her brother Gianni Versace. The dress is currently on display at the Grammy Museum in Los Angeles. For her Fashion sense, Lopez has earned several awards including a VH1 Award and Vogue Fashion Award in 1999 for "Most Fashionable Female Artist", achieving multiple other awards since for outstanding achievements and recognition. Lopez was complimented in an article for Elle, in which the author wrote – "She wears little visible makeup, and with her hair in a bun, huge hoop earrings, and a long halterdress on, she's squarely in casual-mother mode, a style Diane von Furstenberg describes as "exotic and earthy."[357] Lopez cites Urban, Edgy Bronx style as a contribution to her continuing fashion style.[358] Lopez says she is a fan of "Glamour" and "Old Hollywood Movie Stars" as a fashion sense.[359] Aside from her fashion sense in clothes, Lopez has changed her personal appearance multiple times, scoring several different hairstyles over the years.[360] Lopez's two-piece (eventually stripped down to a body-suit) "train dress highlighting her curves and flawless skin"[361] at the 2011 American Music Awards was both welcomed and praised but was received mixed and negatively, too.[362][363] Despite popularity and favoritism with her outfits, Lopez has also received negativity; the dress she wore in 2011 to the BAFTA Gala gave her the title of "Worst Dressed" of the evening along with others, most likely due to her open-abs section.[364] Apart from her image as a public fashion icon, Lopez has constantly displayed disappointment in a continuing rumor that states she is a demanding "diva",[365][366][367] however at the same time is considered a talented "diva" too.[368] Several others such as her 'American Idol co-worker Nigel Lythgoe has stated these rumors are wrong. The popularity of her personal life in the media has been a focus too, Jacqueline Springer reported in 2001, "'bling bling' to the fullest, she is high fashion's sole voluptuous mannequin and to the tabloids, well, she's more return value that an annual Travelcard."[369]
Lopez is the wealthiest Hispanic in Hollywood, and is described as the most influential Hispanic performer in the United States.[339] As of 2010, Lopez has sold an estimated 55 million records worldwide, making her one of the best selling musical artists of all time.[370] In addition to this, Billboard ranked her as the 27th Artist of the 2000–2010 decade.[4] VH1 ranked her 16 on their list of "100 Greatest Women In Music" In 2012.[371] In November 1998, Lopez was named "Sexiest Woman of the Year" by Details magazine.[372] Lopez appeared on FHM's 100 sexiest women list multiple times, notably being listed as No. 1 in 2000 and 2001, No. 4 in 2002, No. 6 in 2003, No. 7 in 2004. She is the first woman to top the list for two consecutive years.[373] In People en Español's list of "100 Most Influential Hispanics" addition in February 2007, Lopez was listed first; the Top 100 also included the likes of Shakira and Enrique Iglesias.[7] On The Hollywood Reporter's Annual Actress Salary List, Lopez has appeared in 2004, 2003 and 2002.[10] She is the only Latina actress to accomplish this, or even appear within the top ten of this list.[10] Her role in the 1998 film Out of Sight earned her a paycheck of over $1 million, making her the world's highest-paid Latin actress.[50] In 2001, Lopez became the first female to have a film and album both be number one at the same time in the United States.[23][69][71] In 2011, she was named "World's Most Beautiful Woman" by People's Choice magazine.[374]
Lopez comeback to music in 2011 with her single "On the Floor" in addition to her multiple endorsement deals, clothing line and appointment as judge on American Idol is considered the best comeback of the year,[375][376] and is regarded as one of the best comebacks of all time.[187] Her music video for "On The Floor" was viewed 454 million times in the space of 2011, to become the most-viewed video of the year,[377] the most-watched video by a female artist, and the second most viewed video of all time, behind teen-idol Justin Bieber's "Baby".[378][379] In 2012, Forbes placed her number on on the most powerful celebrity list with earnings of $US52 million in the past year.[336]
Filmography[link]
Main articles: Jennifer Lopez filmography and Jennifer Lopez videography
- Leading roles
- 1997: Selena, Selena Quintanilla-Perez
- 1997: Anaconda, Terri Flores
- 2000: The Cell, Catherine Deane
- 2001: The Wedding Planner, Mary Fiore
- 2001: Angel Eyes, Sharon Pogue
- 2002: Enough, Slim Hiller
- 2002: Maid in Manhattan, Marisa Ventura
- 2005: Monster-in-Law, Charlie
- 2006: Bordertown, Lauren Adrian
- 2010: The Back-up Plan, Zoe
- 2012: What to Expect When You're Expecting, Holly
Discography[link]
Main articles: Jennifer Lopez discography and List of songs recorded by Jennifer Lopez
- Studio albums
- 1999: On the 6
- 2001: J.Lo
- 2002: This Is Me... Then
- 2005: Rebirth
- 2007: Como ama una Mujer
- 2007: Brave
- 2011: Love?
- Compilation albums
Tours[link]
- Concert tours
- Juntos en Concierto (2007)
- Dance Again World Tour (2012)
- Enrique Iglesias and Jennifer Lopez in Concert (2012)
- Concerts
- Let's Get Loud (2001)
- Live in Portugal (2007)
- Live in Athens (2008)
- Live at the Mohegan Sun (2011)
- Q'Viva! The Chosen Live (2012)
See also[link]
- Personal life of Jennifer Lopez
- List of Puerto Ricans
- List of artists who reached number one on the Hot 100 (U.S.)
- List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. dance chart
- List of best-selling music artists
- List of best selling music artists in U.S.
Notes[link]
- ^ Woog, Adam (2008-02). Jennifer Lopez. Chelsea House Publications. p. 9. ISBN 0-7910-9724-2. http://books.google.com/?id=Px8Q8w8SNVsC&pg=PA9&dq=jennifer+lopez+the+wedding+planner+jlo+number+one#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-30.
- ^ Additional references:
- "Obsessions: Jennifer Lopez is back in a big, big way – CNN". Articles.cnn.com. April 14, 2011. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-14/entertainment/jennifer.lopez.career_1_music-video-jennifer-lopez-bennifer?_s=PM:SHOWBIZ. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- Silverman, Stephen M. (October 31, 2001). "J.Lo Enters Movie Salary Stratosphere – Jennifer Lopez". People.com. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,622883,00.html. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- December 2, 2011 (December 2, 2011). "J.Lo and Casper Smart Travel to Morocco | Extra". Extratv.warnerbros.com. http://extratv.warnerbros.com/2011/12/jlo_and_casper_smart_travel_to_morocco.php#7_money_maker. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ "'American Idol' Adds Jennifer Lopez, Steven Tyler As Judges". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1648433/american-idol-adds-jennifer-lopez-steven-tyler-judges.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
- ^ a b Best of the 2000s – Artists of the decade. Billboard. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez, Steven Tyler Announced As New Idol Judges". People. September 22, 2010. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20428050,00.html. Retrieved 2010-09-23.
- ^ David Riedel (June 24, 2011). "Jennifer Aniston, Vin Diesel among Hollywood Walk of Fame class of 2012". CBS (cbsnews.com). http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20074043-10391698.html. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
- ^ a b "J.Lo tops list of most influential Hispanics". Reuters. January 4, 2007. http://www.reuters.com/article/peopleNews/idUSN0417833620070105. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
- ^ Lea Goldman and Kiri Blakeley (January 18, 2007). "In Pictures: The Richest 20 Women In Entertainment". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/17/richest-women-entertainment-tech-media-cz_lg_richwomen07_0118womenstars_slide_10.html. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ "RapFix – Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna Land Atop Forbes Celebrity 100 List". Rapfix.mtv.com. 2012-05-16. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2012/05/16/jennifer-lopez-rihanna-land-atop-forbes-celebrity-100-list/. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ a b c d Nicole Kidman Tops The Hollywood Reporter's Annual Actress Salary List. (November 30, 2006). ItsaSurvey.com. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
- ^ "Stylevolution! Jennifer Lopez: From the Block to the Boulevard". UrbLife.com. March 4, 2011. http://www.urblife.com/the-look/stylevolution-jennifer-lopez.
- ^ Hampp, Andrew (December 13, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez Goes Commercial, Again". Billboard. New York. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/jennifer-lopez-goes-commercial-again-1005664752.story. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ Haig, Matt (October 2006). Brand Royalty: How the World's Top 100 Brands Thrive & Survive. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7494-4826-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=f4AJ0AU58a4C&pg=PA158. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ a b Urmee Khan (October 9, 2008), "Liz Hurley 'safety pin' dress voted the greatest dress", The Daily Telegraph (London), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/3167702/Liz-Hurley-safety-pin-dress-voted-the-greatest-dress.html, retrieved 2011-05-01.
- ^ "People's Most Beautiful 2011". People. April 13, 2011. http://www.people.com/people/package/gallery/0,,20360857_20481337_20936764,00.html.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez Net Worth". Celebrity Net Worth. 1969-07-24. http://www.celebritynetworth.com/richest-celebrities/singers/jennifer-lopez/. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ "Duty Captain's Report". Court TV. January 17, 2001. Archived from the original on 2008-02-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20080209202541/http://www.courttv.com/trials/puffy/docs/duty-caps_3.html. Retrieved 2006-10-29.
- ^ "Mamás y Mamacitas - Música". Terra. http://www.terra.com/musica/fotos/mamas_y_mamacitas/64457. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ a b c "The Triple Threat: Jennifer Lopez is Born". Evancarmichael.com. http://www.evancarmichael.com/Famous-Entrepreneurs/619/The-Triple-Threat-Jennifer-Lopez-is-Born.html. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
- ^ Walls, Jeannette (June 2, 2007). "J. Lo defends TomKat and Scientology". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16441601/. Retrieved 2010-05-23. :(Commentary; "I, myself, am Catholic," Lopez told Southern Florida's NBC 6.")
- ^ Shakinovsky, Tania. "J-Lo's Catholic wedding plans crushed by church rules". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-157734/J-Los-Catholic-wedding-plans-crushed-church-rules.html.
- ^ George Rush, Joanna Molloy, Celeste Katz (June 6, 2004). "J.Lo weds hubby No.3 Marries Marc Anthony at her swank L.A. digs". Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/06/06/2004-06-06_j_lo_weds_hubby__3___marries.html. Retrieved 2010-09-13. "Both are of Puerto Rican descent and share the Catholic faith." [dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stated on Inside the Actors Studio, 2004
- ^ a b c Parish, James-Robert (November 30, 2005). Jennifer Lopez: Actor and Singer. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8160-5832-7. http://books.google.com/?id=lh1Y2OK-VdsC&pg=PA129&dq=J-Lo:+The+Secret+Behind+Jennifer+Lopez's+Clib+to+the+Top#v=onepage&q=J-Lo%3A%20The%20Secret%20Behind%20Jennifer%20Lopez's%20Clib%20to%20the%20Top&f=false.
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- ^ Morales, Ed (May 30, 1999). "COVER STORY; It's Not La Vida Loca to Her; Some say Jennifer Lopez is risking a lot by making the leap to music. But she and her backers are supremely confident she can ride the new Latin wave.". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Kelly, Sally (April 15, 2011). "Obsessions: Jennifer Lopez is back in a big, big way". (paltegraph.com). http://www.paltelegraph.com/entertainment/music/8939-obsessions-jennifer-lopez-is-back-in-a-big-big-way.html. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
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- ^ Dominguez, Robert (November 17, 1995). "Fly Girl Boards 'Money Train'". New York: (articles.nydailynews.com). http://articles.nydailynews.com/1995-11-17/entertainment/17974213_1_money-train-latina-rican. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
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- ^ Cobb, Chris (March 21, 1997). "Selena: One for the fans: But if you don't know the story, don't bother with the movie". The Spectator. Hamilton, Ont.. p. 12.
- ^ Associated Press (June 14, 1996). "Lopez gets Selena role". Dallas News.
- ^ "Portraying Selena". Lakeland Ledger. Associated Press. June 20, 1996. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1JJNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qfwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6673,5410310&dq=jennifer+lopez+plays+selena&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Guzman, Isabel Molina and Angharad N. Valdivia. "Brain, Brow, and Booty: Latina Iconicity in U.S. Popular Culture", Routledge: Volume 7, Number 2 / April–June 2004.
- ^ Turan, Kenneth. Los Angeles Times, "In the Authorized Selena, She's Seen in the Best Light", Calendar Section, March 21, 1997. Accessed 2008-01-09.
- ^ Baltake, Joe (September 26, 2007). "JENNIFER LOPEZ IMBUES "SELENA' WITH STAR QUALITY". The Sacramento Bee. p. 13.
- ^ "J-Lo's Ex Will Fight To Tell All". CBS News. December 2, 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/02/entertainment/main2223446.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-15.
- ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (April 18, 1997). "Anaconda:Movie Review". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,287550,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-23.
- ^ "Anaconda (1997): Reviews". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/anaconda. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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- ^ Kehr, Dave (June 26, 1998). "Clooney & Lopez Are Lovable At First 'Sight' George Plays A Bank Robber Who Steals Jennifer's Heart". New York: (articles.nydailynews.com). http://articles.nydailynews.com/1998-06-26/entertainment/18059236_1_karen-sisco-movie-star-packs. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ "Woody Allen adds angst to 'Antz'". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. October 4, 1998.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez Turns Down The Heat For Antz". The Post and Courier: p. 72. October 4, 1998. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DphIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LwoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4761,1990756&dq=jennifer+lopez+antz&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ TV Program E! Hollywood True Story – Jennifer Lopez
- ^ a b "Lopez first CD to be released June 1". The Tuscaloosa News. May 25, 1999. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3z0dAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6783,5590180&dq=jennifer+lopez+play+released&hl=en. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ a b "Jennifer Lopez Eyes New Film Roles". MTV (mtv.com). June 18, 1999. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431407/jennifer-lopez-eyes-new-film-roles.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ a b "If You Had My Love – Larry Gold (Billboard.com)". Billboard (billboard.com). http://www.billboard.com/#/song/jennifer-lopez/if-you-had-my-love/1832658. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
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- ^ Lee, Michelle (February 11, 2003). Fashion victim: our love-hate relationship with dressing, shopping, and the cost of style. Broadway Books. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-7679-1048-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=E3eBAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ a b Chambers, Rachel (February 23, 2001). "J.Lo Helps Put Donatella—and Herself—on the Fashion Map in That Green Dress". On This Day in Fashion. http://onthisdayinfashion.com/?p=11475. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
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- ^ Pearlman, Cindy (August 17, 2000). "Living la vida Lopez isn't easy". The Record.
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- ^ "Jennifer Lopez In Friday Kahlo Biopic?". VH1 (vh1.com). August 16, 2000. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1436819/20000816/index.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ a b c "Jennifer Lopez Tops With Moviegoers, Music Buyers". VH1 (vh1.com). January 2001. http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1438902/20010131/index.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ a b Billboard. "Lopez Bows At No. 1; O-Town, Dream Debut High5". Billboard (billboard.com). http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=474548&zxtmsessid=4459230781#/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=474548&zxtmsessid=4459230781.
- ^ a b c Josh Tyrangiel (August 13, 2005). "Jennifer Lopez". Time. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. http://web.archive.org/web/20090301064251/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1093638,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (January 31, 2001). "Lopez Bows At No. 1; O-Town, Dream Debut High5". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc). http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=474548&zxtmsessid=4459230781. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
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- ^ Danbey, Andrew (February 13, 2002). "J.Lo Unseats Jackson Remix album gives Lopez her second straight Number One". Rolling Stone (rollingstone.com). http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/j-lo-unseats-jackson-20020213. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ Theokas, Christopher (February 14, 2002). "J. Lo's remix disc premieres high on charts". USA TODAY. McLean, Va.. p. 11. "J to tha L-O ends three weeks at the top by Alan Jackson's Drive, which drops to second place."
- ^ Basham, David (March 22, 2002). "Got Charts? B2K Vs. Lil' Bow Wow, Destiny's Child Vs. J. Lo". MTV (mtv.com). http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453035/got-charts-b2k-dc3-j-lo.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
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- ^ Ben and Jen Split
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- ^ "Jennifer Lopez's butt, Vin Diesel's arms favoured by US women, men". Al Bawaba (Middle East) Ltd. (thefreelibrary.com). http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Jennifer+Lopez's+butt,+Vin+Diesel's+arms+favoured+by+US+women,+men.-a0257359190. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez's butt, Vin Diesel's arms favoured by US women, men". Yahoo (in.news.yahoo.com). May 26, 2011. http://in.news.yahoo.com/jennifer-lopezs-butt-vin-diesels-arms-favoured-us-101512607.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ a b Coughlan, Maggie (February 15, 2011). "Kim Kardashian Considers Jennifer Lopez a Style Icon". PopEater. http://www.popeater.com/2011/02/15/kim-kardashian-qvc-fashion-week/. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ a b "Raquel Castro Biography". (raquelcastro.com). http://raquelcastro.com/Bio.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Tsekouras, Anna (November 18, 2010). "Interview: Jessica Mauboy". Marie Claire. Yahoo!7. http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/features/society-celeb/article/-/8345358/interview-jessica-mauboy/. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ Letkemman, Jessica (December 7, 2011). "Mike Doughty Opens 'Book of Drugs,' Says J.Lo & Music Thieves Saved His Life". Billboard. New York. http://www.billboard.com/#/news/mike-doughty-opens-book-of-drugs-says-j-1005628152.story. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
- ^ 3 DAYS (March 25, 2012). "Nicki Minaj-Jennifer Lopez Feud Sparked on 'American Idol' Stage". Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/idol-worship/american-idol-nicki-minaj-jennifer-lopez-306043. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
- ^ http://www.digitalspy.com.au/showbiz/news/a383565/anna-kendrick-i-could-stare-at-jennifer-lopez-all-day.html
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez: Us' Style Icon of the Decade". Us Weekly Magazine. http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-style/pictures/jlo-through-the-years-2010204/7767. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Barrera, Magdalena (2002). "Hottentot 2000: Jennifer Lopez and Her Butt". In Phillips, Kim M.; Reay, Barry. Sexualities in history: a reader. Routledge. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-415-92935-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=Cz3bPMw_7h4C&pg=PA407. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
- ^ "JLO Fashion – Jennifer Lopez Fashion Designer". elle.com. http://www.elle.com/Pop-Culture/Cover-Shoots/Dream-Catcher/JLO-Fashion-Jennifer-Lopez-Favorite-Fashion-Designer.
- ^ Gabriela, Hilda. "Jennifer Lopez's Fashion Collection Brings Affordable Glamour and Style". http://quinceanera.com. http://quinceanera.com/celebrities/jennifer-lopezs-fashion-collection-brings-affordable-glamour-and-style/. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez's Life Inspires Fashion". Kohls Official YouTube Channel. August 9, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mHL8zlgt38w. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Johnphy (August 29, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez: 12 Years' Beautiful Transmutation". Fashionthestyle.com. http://www.fashionthestyle.com/a/people_parties/Celebs_Street_Style/2011/0829/302.html. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Gratereaux, Alexandra (November 21, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez Steals the Spotlight at the American Music Awards". Fox News Latino. http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/entertainment/2011/11/21/american-music-awards-jennifer-lopez-shimmers-wins-latin-artist-year/. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez's Fashion Blunder at American Music Awards". The Daily Beast. November 21, 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/11/21/jennifer-lopez-s-fashion-blunder-at-american-music-awards.html. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ "Jennifer Lopez AMA 2011: The Performance, the Dress and the After-Party Lap Dance". ibtimes.com. November 21, 2011. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/253519/20111121/jennifer-lopez-ama-2011-performance-dress-lap.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Chaney, Jen (July 10, 2011). "From Duchess Catherine to Jennifer Lopez, the best and worst dressed at the BAFTA gala". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/celebritology/post/from-duchess-catherine-to-jennifer-lopez-the-best-and-worst-dressed-at-the-bafta-gala/2011/07/10/gIQAyhwa7H_blog.html. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Gastaldo, Evann (August 19, 2010). "What It Takes to Be J.Lo's Assistant". (newser.com). http://www.newser.com/story/98474/what-it-takes-to-be-jlos-assistant.html. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Hilton, Perez. "J.Lo Keepin' That Diva Rep Alive!". Perez Hilton. (perezhilton.com). http://perezhilton.com/2011-08-22-sources-say-jennifer-lopez-doesnt-speak-to-coworkers-directly-on-set-what-to-expect-what-your-expecting. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ Blemish, Staff (August 19, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez Still a Diva". (theblemish.com). http://theblemish.com/2011/08/jennifer-lopez-still-a-diva/. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "Inside the September 2011 Issue". Vanity Fair. (vanityfair.com). July 7, 2011. http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/toc/contents-201109. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
- ^ "NME Album Reviews – Jennifer Lopez : J.Lo". http://www.nme.com/reviews/jennifer-lopez/3876.
- ^ "On The Floor Video Premiere on American Idol". Jennifer Lopez Official Site. February 23, 2011. http://www.jenniferlopezonline.com/news_d.aspx?&pg=2&in=7/. Retrieved 2011-08-03. [dead link]
- ^ Graham, Mark (February 13, 2012). "VH1's 100 Greatest Women In Music [COMPLETE LIST"]. VH1. http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2012-02-13/vh1s-100-greatest-women-in-music-complete-list/. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ Halza, George Halza (November 16, 1998). "Jennifer Lopez named sexiest woman of the year" (Newspaper). Reading Eagle: p. 5.
- ^ "FHM – Jennifer Lopez". Fhm.com. http://www.fhm.com/girls/covergirls/jennifer-lopez. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
- ^ Jordan, Julie (April 13, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez: Being Beautiful Is 'Part of My Job'". (people.com). http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20360857_20481259,00.html. Retrieved 2012-01-29.
- ^ "Best of 2011: Jennifer Lopez's Sizzling Comeback". (omg.yahoo.com). December 24, 2011. http://omg.yahoo.com/news/best-2011-jennifer-lopezs-sizzling-comeback-215952021.html. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ^ "Best of 2011: Jennifer Lopez's Sizzling Comeback". Us Magazine. (usmagazine.com). December 24, 2011. http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/best-of-2011-jennifer-lopezs-sizzling-comeback-20112412. Retrieved 2012-02-05.
- ^ Goerge, Kat (December 21, 2011). "Rebecca Black's "Friday" And Jennifer Lopez And Pitbull's "On The Floor" Rule YouTube In 2011". VH1. http://www.vh1.com/music/tuner/2011-12-21/rebecca-blacks-friday-and-jennifer-lopez-and-pitbulls-on-the-floor-rule-youtube-in-2011/. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ Bhatt, Neha. "Jennifer Lopez is the Queen of Youtube!". desihits.com. http://www.desihits.com/news/view/jennifer-lopez-is-the-queen-of-youtube-20111116. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
- ^ Hilton, Perez. "Jennifer Lopez Queen Of YouTube!". Perez Hilton. http://perezhilton.com/2011-11-14-jennifer-lopez-on-the-floor-most-watched-youtube-video-by-female-artist. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
References[link]
- Gallick, Sarah (2003). National Enquirer. ed. J.Lo: The Secret Behind Jennifer Lopez's Rise to the Top. From the Files of the National Enquirer Series. Ami Books. ISBN 1-932270-07-8.
- C. Cottrell, Robert (2010). Icons of American Popular Culture: From P.T. Barnum to Jennifer Lopez. New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-7656-2298-3.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jennifer Lopez |
 |
Book: Jennifer Lopez |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Official website
- Official website for Jennifer Lopez fragrances
- Jennifer Lopez at AllRovi
- Jennifer Lopez at the Internet Movie Database
- Jennifer Lopez at Allmusic
- Jennifer Lopez on Facebook
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Lopez, Jennifer |
| Alternative names | J-Lo;Lopez, Jennifer Lynn |
| Short description | Actress, singer, designer |
| Date of birth | July 24, 1969 |
| Place of birth | The Bronx, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Monty Python | |
|---|---|
|
275px Front row: Terry Jones, John Cleese, Michael Palin |
|
| Medium | Television, film, theatre, audio recordings, books |
| Nationality | British[1] |
| Years active | 1969–1983 |
| Genres | Satire, surreal humour, dark comedy |
| Influences | The Goons, Spike Milligan, Peter Cook |
| Influenced | Douglas Adams, Eddie Izzard, George Carlin, Vic and Bob, Steve Pemberton, Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Matt Groening |
| Notable works and roles | Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–1974) And Now for Something Completely Different (1971) Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974) Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) |
| Members | Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin |
| Website | PythOnline |
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons)[2][3] was a British surreal comedy group who created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to The Beatles' influence on music.[4][5]
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content.[6][7] A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons' creative control allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of Saturday Night Live through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. "Pythonesque" has entered the English lexicon as a result.
In a 2005 UK poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.[8]
Contents |
[edit] Before Flying Circus
Palin and Jones met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue. Cleese and Chapman met at Cambridge. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Cleese and Chapman. Cleese met Gilliam in New York while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue Cambridge Circus (originally entitled A Clump of Plinths). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future Goodies (Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden), and Jonathan Lynn (co-writer of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister). During Idle's presidency of the Club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at Pembroke College include sketches and performances by Idle and Cleese. They are kept in the archives of the Pembroke Players, along with tapes of Idle's performances in some of the college drama society's theatrical productions.
Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before Monty Python's Flying Circus. The Frost Report is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:
- I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again (radio) (1964–1973) [Cleese: cast member & writer] – [Idle and Chapman: writers]
- The Frost Report (1966–1967) [Cleese: cast member and writer] – [Idle: writer of Frost's monologues] – [Chapman, Palin and Jones: writers]
- At Last the 1948 Show (1967) [Chapman and Cleese: writers and cast members] – [Idle: writer]
- Twice a Fortnight (1967) [Palin and Jones: cast members and writers]
- Do Not Adjust Your Set (1967–1969) [Idle, Jones, and Palin: cast members & writers] – [Gilliam: animation]
— Bonzo Dog Band: musical interludes] - We Have Ways of Making You Laugh (1968) [Idle: cast member & writer] – [Gilliam: animation]
- How to Irritate People (1968) [Cleese and Chapman: cast members & writers] – [Palin: cast member]
- The Complete and Utter History of Britain (1969) [Palin and Jones: cast members & writers]
- Doctor in the House (1969) [Cleese & Chapman: writers]
Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including Marty Feldman, Jonathan Lynn, David Jason and David Frost, as well as members of other future comedy teams, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker (the Two Ronnies), and Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (the Goodies).
Following the success of Do Not Adjust Your Set, originally intended to be a children's programme, with adults, ITV offered Palin, Jones, Idle and Gilliam their own series together. At the same time Cleese and Chapman were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on The Frost Report and At Last The 1948 Show. Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapman's supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle—who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese's desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.[9]
[edit] Monty Python's Flying Circus
Main article: Monty Python's Flying Circus
Development of the series[link]
The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore on Beyond the Fringe, and had worked on Frost, which was similar in style. They enjoyed Cook and Moore's sketch show Not Only... But Also. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in"—they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series Q5 (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.
After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for Do Not Adjust Your Set called Beware of the Elephants, which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam's efforts, entitled Christmas Cards, and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the Flying Circus series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).
Writing started at 9 am and finished at 5 pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a 'writer', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had carte blanche to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.
While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team's humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members (Jones and Palin) was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman's many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle's characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In Anagrams). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham's and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry's, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric's".[10] Gilliam's animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).
Several names for the show were considered before Monty Python's Flying Circus was settled upon. Some were Owl Stretching Time, Toad Elevating Moment, A Bucket, a Horse and a Spoon, Vaseline Review and Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot. Flying Circus stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered Monty Python's Flying Circus to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). "Gwen Dibley's Flying Circus" was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. "Baron Von Took's Flying Circus" was considered as an affectionate tribute to Barry Took, the man who had brought them together. Arthur Megapode's Flying Circus was suggested, then discarded.
There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary Live At Aspen during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (Eric Idle's idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, a legendary British general of World War II; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".[11]
Style of the show[link]
Flying Circus popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the cold open, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements.[12] An example of this is the "It's" man: Palin, outfitted in Robinson Crusoe garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It's...", only to be then cut off by the title sequence and theme music. On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the closing credits halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar globe logo used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles. Because of their dislike of finishing with punchlines, they experimented with ending the sketches by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the fourth wall), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman's "Colonel" character, who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly." Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by Terry Gilliam) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken,[13] before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when John Cleese, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different."
The Python theme music is The Liberty Bell, a march by John Philip Sousa, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the public domain.[12]
The use of Gilliam's surreal, collage stop motion animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from Victorian illustrations and engravings. The giant foot which crushes the show's title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of Cupid, cut from a reproduction of the Renaissance masterpiece Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time by Bronzino. This foot, and Gilliam's style in general, are visual trademarks of the series.
The Pythons used the British tradition of cross-dressing comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in falsetto. Generally speaking, female roles were played by a woman (usually Carol Cleveland) only when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). In some episodes and later in Monty Python's Life of Brian they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).
Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Spam", "Nudge Nudge", "The Spanish Inquisition", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Cheese Shop" and "The Ministry of Silly Walks" are just a few examples.
Introduction to North America[link]
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) added Monty Python’s Flying Circus to its national September 1970 fall lineup.[14] They aired the 13 episodes of Series 1, which had first run on the BBC the previous fall (October 1969 to January 1970), as well as the first 6 episodes of Series 2 only a few weeks after they first appeared on the BBC (September to November 1970).[14] The CBC dropped the show when it returned to regular programming after the Christmas 1970 break, choosing to not place the remaining 7 episodes of series 2 on the January 1971 CBC schedule.[14] Within a week the CBC received hundreds of calls complaining of the cancellation, and more than 100 people staged a demonstration at the CBC’s Montreal studios.[14]
Time-Life Films had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in the United States, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in America. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python episodes from the European PAL standard to the American NTSC standard.
Sketches from Monty Python’s Flying Circus were introduced to American audiences in August 1972, with the release of the Python movie And Now for Something Completely Different, featuring sketches from series 1 and 2 of the television show. This 1972 release met limited box office success.
In the summer of 1974 Ron Devillier, the program director for non-profit PBS television station KERA in Dallas, Texas, started airing episodes of Monty Python’s Flying Circus. Ratings shot through the roof, providing an encouraging sign to the other 100 PBS stations that had signed up to begin airing the show in October 1974—exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy. The popularity on PBS resulted in the 1974 re-release of the 1972 "...Completely Different" movie, with much greater box office success.
The ability to show Monty Python’s Flying Circus under the American NTSC standard had been made possible by the commercial actions of American television producer Greg Garrison. Garrison produced the NBC series The Dean Martin Comedy World, which ran during the summer of 1974. The concept was to show clips from comedy shows produced in other countries, including tape of the Python sketches "Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker". Payment for use of these two sketches was enough to allow Time-Life Films to convert the entire Python library to NTSC standard, allowing for the sale to the PBS network stations who then brought the entire show to US audiences.
With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as Are You Being Served? gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.[15]
[edit] End of Flying Circus
Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the Flying Circus at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts.[9] He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an Air Canada flight on the way to Toronto, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said 'I want out.' Why? I don't know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He's a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He's so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."[16]
The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name Monty Python's Flying Circus appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Despite his official departure from the group, Cleese supposedly made a (non-speaking) cameo appearance in the fourth series, but never appeared in the credits as a performer. Several episodes credit him as a co-writer since some sketches were recycled from scenes cut from the Holy Grail script. While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after six.
[edit] Life after the Flying Circus
Filmography[link]
[edit] And Now for Something Completely Different (1971)
Main article: And Now for Something Completely Different
The Pythons' first feature film (directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series). It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the Flying Circus, reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not To Be Seen" and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by Playboy's UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK (this still being in the era before home video would make it much more accessible to view the material again). The group did not consider the film a success.
[edit] Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)
Main article: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. Monty Python and the Holy Grail was based on Arthurian Legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. Holy Grail was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only £229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Led Zeppelin—and UK music industry entrepreneur Tony Stratton-Smith (founder and owner of the Charisma Records label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).
The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous Black Knight scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.[17]
[edit] Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Main article: Monty Python's Life of Brian
Following the success of Holy Grail, reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle flippantly replied "Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory", which became the group's stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way Holy Grail had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.
The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'")
Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style. Holy Grail's production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. He had a cameo role as the 'owner of the Mount.'
Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked Holy Grail in sixth place, with Life of Brian at the top.[18]
[edit] Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Main article: Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl
Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for The Meaning of Life, this was a concert film (directed by Terry Hughes) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of Flying Circus) and live performances of several songs from the troupe's then-current Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album.
[edit] Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Main article: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life
Python's final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of Flying Circus. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, The Meaning of Life is embellished with some of Python's most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of black humour, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a liver from a living patient without anaesthetic and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."
Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch—The Crimson Permanent Assurance. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation Parrot Sketch Not Included, where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This would be the last time Chapman appeared on-screen with the Pythons.
[edit] Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows
Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major fund-raisers for Amnesty—known collectively as the Secret Policeman's Ball shows—which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues.[19] Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are U2, Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend and Sting.[19] The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the US where one of the spin-off films was a major success.
Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle's lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes) all appeared together in the first Secret Policeman's Ball benefit—the 1976 A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)—where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as Monty Python. (Peter Cook deputised for the errant Idle in one major sketch The Courtroom.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing Secret Policeman's Ball benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python's pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)
Going solo[link]
Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably A Fish Called Wanda (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in Time Bandits (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed Jabberwocky (1977), and also directed and co-wrote Brazil (1985) and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988), which featured Palin and Idle respectively. Yellowbeard (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Cleese and Palin alongside many of their English contemporaries, including Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Marty Feldman.
Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series Ripping Yarns (1976–79), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones' film Erik the Viking, also has Cleese playing a small part.
In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of Kenneth Grahame's novel The Wind in the Willows. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad's lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.
In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including Cheers, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Q's assistant in the James Bond movies, and Will & Grace), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials.[20] His BBC sitcom Fawlty Towers (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife Connie Booth), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the Flying Circus on the BFI TV 100's list, topping the whole poll.
Idle enjoyed critical success with Rutland Weekend Television in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody The Rutles (responsible for the cult mockumentary All You Need Is Cash), and as an actor in Nuns on the Run (1990) with Robbie Coltrane. Idle has had success with Python songs: "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by Simon Mayo on BBC Radio 1, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical Spamalot has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London's West End and also Las Vegas.[21] This was followed by Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), which repurposes The Life of Brian as an oratorio. For the work's 2007 premiere at the Luminato festival in Toronto (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.
Post-Python reunions[link]
Since The Meaning of Life, their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours.[21] The final reunion of all six members occurred during the Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances—albeit not formal reunions.
In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of The Wind in the Willows, which was later renamed Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.
In 1998 during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman's ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years.[22] The occasion was in the form of an interview called Monty Python Live At Aspen, (hosted by Robert Klein, with an appearance by Eddie Izzard) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.
On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first Flying Circus television broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, though omitting a few things, on the DVD The Life of Python. Though Idle's involvement in the special is limited, the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.
In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "The Lumberjack Song" and "Sit on My Face" for George Harrison's memorial concert. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland, with a special appearance from Tom Hanks.
In an interview to publicise the DVD release of The Meaning of Life, Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I'm not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings.[23] A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members “together” in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.
Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by George Harrison in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I'm concerned, there won't be a Beatles reunion as long as John Lennon remains dead." Idle's version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we're talking to his agent about terms."[24]
2003's The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons, compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to Holy Grail that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group's permanent fission. Cleese's feeling was that The Meaning of Life had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight man-like central roles in the original Grail and Brian films had been considered to be essential performance anchorage). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main 'knight' guises from Holy Grail, mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also hit the buffers at Cleese's refusal, this time with the backing of other members.
March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle's musical Spamalot, based on Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It opened in Chicago and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 Tony Awards and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Mike Nichols and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Sara Ramirez, who played the Lady of the Lake, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.
Owing in part to the success of Spamalot, PBS announced on 13 July 2005, that it would begin to re-air the entire run of Monty Python's Flying Circus and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called Monty Python's Personal Best.[25] Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman's programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.
Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage together singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" with the rest of the performers for the climax of Prince Charles 60th Birthday Show.
In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a six part documentary entitled Monty Python: Almost the Truth (The Lawyer's Cut) was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.
Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) at the Royal Albert Hall. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009.[26] An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the Team received a Special Award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.[27]
In June 2011, it was announced that Monty Python have begun production on their first film project since the Meaning of Life in 1983. Their next film, A Liar's Autobiography, is an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48. A Liar’s Autobiography was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the toils of surreal comedy.
Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing . . . it’s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."
The film will use Chapman's own voice - from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer - and entertainment channel EPIX announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.
John Cleese has recorded new dialogue which will be matched with Chapman’s voice and Michael Palin will voice Chapman’s mother and father. Terry Gilliam plays various roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle has not become involved, though Timlett said the filmmakers are “working on” him.[28]
Python members[link]
Graham Chapman was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in Holy Grail, as King Arthur, and Life of Brian, as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman's memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written.
John Cleese is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, Graham Chapman, in Cambridge.
Terry Gilliam, an American, was the only member of the troupe of non-British origin.[29] He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's Help! magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the USA to England, he animated features for Do Not Adjust Your Set and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: Monty Python's Flying Circus. He co-directed Monty Python and the Holy Grail and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "The Crimson Permanent Assurance", the short film that appears before The Meaning of Life).
When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and Eric Idle. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first five seasons. Idle's initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film Splitting Heirs (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998's An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (in which he starred), which was awarded five Razzies, including 'Worst Picture of the Year'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical Spamalot, based on the Holy Grail movie. He also wrote Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy), an oratorio derived from the Life of Brian.
Terry Jones has been described by other members of the team as the “heart” of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group's unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as fossil fuels, or Rupert Bear, or mercenaries in the Middle Ages or Modern China... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members—in particular Cleese—with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian's mother Mandy in Life of Brian, "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.[30][31]
Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series Ripping Yarns together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After Flying Circus, he hosted Saturday Night Live four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979, published in 2007.
Associate Pythons[link]
Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the 7th Python, in a style reminiscent of George Martin (or other associates of The Beatles) being dubbed "the Fifth Beatle." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland. Both were present and presented as Associate Pythons at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994.
File:CarolCleveland.jpg
Carol Cleveland as the stereotypical "blonde bombshell" in the Marriage Guidance Counsellor sketch.
Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides Douglas Adams to be credited with writing material for the Flying Circus. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the Concert for George. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python," it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat Bonzo Dog Band. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles' compositions for All You Need is Cash (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album The Rutles: Archaeology and Idle's straight-to-DVD The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch, each undertaken without the other's participation. According to an interview with Idle in the Chicago Tribune in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.
Carol Cleveland was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director John Howard Davies for just the first five episodes of the Flying Circus, she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.
Other contributors[link]
Cleese's first wife Connie Booth appeared in, amongst others "The Lumberjack Song" and as the "witch" in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in Fawlty Towers.
Douglas Adams was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of the Footlights Revue (a 1974 BBC2 television show featuring some of Adams' early work) was performed live in London's West End. In Cleese's absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "Patient Abuse". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode The Light Entertainment War, Adams shows up in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of Mr. Neutron, Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including Out of the Trees. He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of Flying Circus, the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled The Life of Python (1999) that was part of the Python Night and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as Live at Aspen).
Cultural influence[link]
By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish".[32] A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre Monty Python's Flying Circus was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence"[33] Matt Groening, creator and co-developer of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in seasons five and six.[34]
Space[link]
In 2010 the commercial space company SpaceX, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.
World records[link]
On St George's Day, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world's largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.[35]
'Pythonesque'[link]
Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term 'pythonesque', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries.[36] Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the Oxford English Dictionary shows the extent to which we failed".[37]
The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of South Park, whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).[38]
Good Eats creator Alton Brown cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode.[39] Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.
Things named after Monty Python[link]
Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the lexicon in other ways.
- The Python programming language by Guido van Rossum is named after the troupe, and Monty Python references are often found in sample code created for that language. Additionally, a 2001 April Fool's Day joke by van Rossum and Larry Wall involving the merger of Python with Perl was dubbed "Parrot" after the Dead Parrot Sketch. The name "Parrot" was later used for a project to develop a virtual machine for running bytecode for interpreted languages such as Perl and Python. Also, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory wrote some spacecraft navigation software in Python, which they dubbed "Monty". There is also a python refactoring tool called bicyclerepair ( [1] ), named after Bicycle Repair Man sketch.
- In 1985, a fossil of a previously unknown species of gigantic prehistoric snake from the Miocene was discovered in Riversleigh, Queensland, Australia. The Australian palaeontologist who discovered the fossil snake was a Monty Python fan, and he gave the snake the taxonomic name of Montypythonoides riversleighensis in honour of the Monty Python team.[40] (Transliterated from Greek Μοντυπυθωνοειδής back to English, Montypythonoides means "like Monty Python".)
- In 2006, Ben & Jerry's, known for their "celebrity flavours", introduced to the lineup "Vermonty Python", a coffee liqueur ice cream with a chocolate cookie crumb swirl and fudge cows. The name "Minty Python" had been suggested before in 1996 in a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor.[41][42]
- In 1999, Black Sheep Brewery released an ale named "Monty Python's Holy
Grail Ale."[43] - The band Toad the Wet Sprocket drew its name from the Eric Idle monologue "Rock Notes" on Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album from 1980.
- The band Boxhamsters, which is the German translation of Brook-Hamster, the winner of the Upper Class Twit of the Year.[44]
- A philosophy lecture series entitled Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Reflected in the Work of Monty Python.[45][46]
- The term "spam" in reference to bulk, unsolicited email is derived from the programme's 1970 "Spam" sketch.[47]
- In the book The Reptile Room by "Lemony Snicket", the character Uncle Monty was named after Monty Python, in a joke referring to his obsession with snakes.
- Seven asteroids are named after Monty Python: 9617 Grahamchapman, 9618 Johncleese, 9619 Terrygilliam, 9620 Ericidle, 9621 Michaelpalin, 9622 Terryjones, and 13681 Monty Python .
- The endangered Bemaraha woolly lemur (Avahi cleesei) is named after John Cleese.
- Dead Parrot Society is the title of a comedy CD released in 1993 featuring sketches from Monty Python's Flying Circus as well as Graham Chapman, Peter Cook, John Cleese, Dudley Moore, and The Portsmouth Sinfonia The title is also a play on the 1989 film Dead Poets Society.
Media[link]
Main article: Monty Python mediagraphy
Television[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1969–74)
- The show that started the Python phenomenon. See also List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- Two 45-minute specials made by WDR for West German television. The first was recorded in German, while the second was in English with German dubbing.
- Monty Python's Personal Best (2006)
- Six one-hour specials, each episode presenting the best of one member's work.
Films[link]
There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:
- A collection of sketches from the first and second TV series of Monty Python's Flying Circus purposely re-enacted and shot for film.
- King Arthur and his knights embark on a low-budget search for the Holy Grail, encountering humorous obstacles along the way. Some of these turned into standalone sketches.
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Brian is born on the first Christmas, in the stable next to Jesus'. He spends his life being mistaken for a messiah.
- A videotape recording directed by Ian MacNaughton of a live performance of sketches. Originally intended for a TV/video special. Transferred to 35mm and given a limited theatrical release in the US.
- An examination of the meaning of life in a series of sketches from conception to death and beyond.
- This film features interviews with all the surviving Python members, along with archive representation for the late Graham Chapman.
- This is an animated film which is based on the memoir of the late Monty Python member, Graham Chapman.
Albums[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1970)
- Another Monty Python Record (1971)
- Monty Python's Previous Record (1972)
- The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief (1973)
- Monty Python Live at Drury Lane (1974)
- The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
- Monty Python Live at City Center (1976)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection (1977)
- Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
- Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album (1980)
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
- The Final Rip Off (1988)
- Monty Python Sings (1989)
- The Monty Python Instant Record Collection, Volume 2 (1991)
- The Ultimate Monty Python Rip Off (1994)
- The Instant Monty Python CD Collection (1994)
- Spamalot (Broadway version of Monty Python and the Holy Grail with Tim Curry as King Arthur) (2005)
- The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album (unreleased)
Theatre[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980 (Live at the Hollywood Bowl was released in 1982, but was performed in 1980) the Pythons made three sketch-based stage shows, comprising mainly material from the original television series.
- Monty Python's Spamalot – Written by Idle directed by Mike Nichols, with music and lyrics by John Du Prez and Idle, and starring Hank Azaria, Tim Curry, and David Hyde Pierce, Spamalot is a musical adaptation of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail. It ran in Chicago from 21 December 2004 to 23 January 2005, and began performances on Broadway on 17 March 2005. It won three Tonys.
- Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy) – The Toronto Symphony Orchestra commissioned Idle and John Du Prez to write the music and lyrics of an oratorio based on Monty Python's Life of Brian. Entitled Not the Messiah, it had its world premiere as part of Luminato, a "festival of arts and creativity" taking place 1–10 June 2007 in Toronto. Not the Messiah was conducted by Peter Oundjian, Music Director of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, who is Idle’s cousin. It was performed by a narrator, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, with guest soloists and choir. According to Idle, "It will be funnier than Handel, though not as good".
Books[link]
- Monty Python's Big Red Book (1971) ISBN 0-413-29520-6.
- The Brand New Monty Python Bok (1973) ISBN 0-7493-1170-3.
- Monty Python and The Holy Grail (book) – Mønti Pythøn ik den Hølie Gräilen (Bøk) (1977) ISBN 0-413-38520-5.
- MONTYPYTHONSCRAPBOOK/ The Life of Brian (1979) ISBN 0-413-46550-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 1 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62540-0.
- Monty Python's Flying Circus – Just The Words Volume 2 (1989) ISBN 0-413-62550-8.
- The Complete Monty Python's Flying Circus Volumes 1 & 2
- The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book (1994) ISBN 0-413-69000-8
- Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979
- The Pythons: Autobiography by the Pythons
- The Life of Brian/Jesus (2011) ISBN 978-1-84876-628-0.
Games[link]
- Monty Python's Flying Circus (1990) a computer game released by Virgin Games for 8-bit systems such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum[48]
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time (1994) released by 7th Level for PC / DOS
- Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail (1996), official game released by 7th Level. It used footage and imagery from the film, as well as audio clips (some new) and featured an animated version of a scene never filmed entitled "King Brian The Wild".
- Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1997), also released by 7th Level. According to the jewel case description, it's based on the film by the same name, but it's really something completely similar yet entirely different.
- Python-opoly (2007), a Monty Python-themed property game released by Toy Vault Inc.[49]
- Monty Python Fluxx (2008), a card game released by Looney Labs[50]
- Blazing Dragons
See also[link]
- Beyond the Fringe
- List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes
- List of recurring characters in Monty Python's Flying Circus
- Monty Python's Complete Waste of Time
- Python (Monty) Pictures
- Spamalot
- The Goodies
- The Goon Show
References[link]
- ^ Gilliam was born American and obtained British citizenship in 1968. In protest at George W. Bush, he renounced his American citizenship in January 2006 and is now only a British citizen. (in German) Kopflos am Potsdamer Platz, DE: Tagesspiegel, 10 February 2006, http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/;art772,2004101, retrieved 15 September 2007
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p. 250.
- ^ The Pythons by 'The Pythons', ISBN 0-7528-5293-0.
- ^ Todd Leopold (11 December 2003). "How Monty Python changed the world". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/12/10/monty.python/index.html. Retrieved 30 March 2007. "Python has been called "the Beatles of comedy,""
- ^ Mark Lewisohn. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/m/montypythonsflyi_1299002137.shtml. Retrieved 31 March 2007. "In essence, the Monty Python team are the comedy equivalent of the Beatles."
- ^ 'Holy' Monty Python History Lesson. Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ 'Monty Python' Reunion Planned for New Movie. Christian Post. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ "Cook voted 'comedians' comedian'". BBC News. 2 January 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/4141019.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons—Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, Michael Palin, John Chapman, David Sherlock, Bob McCabe—Thomas Dunne Books; Orion, 2003
- ^ Wilmut (1980), p.211
- ^ "BBC – Comedy – Monty Python". http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/montypython/index.shtml.
- ^ a b Museum of Broadcast Communications. "Monty Python's Flying Circus". http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/M/htmlM/montypython/montypython.htm.
- ^ Monty Python's Flying Circus Just The Words Volume 1, p33. Methuen, 1990
- ^ a b c d Jamie Bradburn, with reference to Toronto Star article of 1971-02-02 (2011-09-20). "Vintage Toronto Ads: Jack of Hearts’ Flying Circus". St. Joseph Media. http://torontoist.com/2011/09/vintage-toronto-ads-jack-of-hearts-flying-circus/. Retrieved 2012-03-21.
- ^ David Stewart; David C. Stewart (May 1999). The PBS companion: a history of public television. TV Books. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-57500-050-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=U3S4AAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Richard Ouzounian, "Python still has legs", Toronto Star, 16 July 2006
- ^ Interview with John Cleese on Q-The Podcast with host John Ghomeshi, on 16 July 2009
- ^ "50 Greatest Comedy Films". channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/film/newsfeatures/microsites/G/greatest-comedyfilms/index.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ a b Secret Policeman's Ball recruits New York's finest to Amnesty celebration. The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2012
- ^ IMDB; as of January 2005; includes pre-release items.
- ^ a b Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (1 April 2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC&pg=PA68. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Alleen Pace Nilsen; Don Lee Fred Nilsen (2000). Encyclopedia of 20th-century American humor. Oryx Press. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-57356-218-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=0ufWAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Monty Python reunion 'unlikely', BBC News, 9 September 2003
- ^ Graham Chapman; John Cleese; Terry Gilliam; Eric Idle (15 November 2005). The Pythons Autobiography by the Pythons. Macmillan. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-312-31145-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=3Q-XD02f4oQC&pg=PT328. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ Exclusive new Monty Python specials slated to premiere in 2006, PBS, 13 July 2005
- ^ mollyblack wrote: (11 July 2009). "retrieved 6 July 2009". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/monty-python-stars-to-stage-reunion-1733638.html. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Pythons receive BAFTA Special Award". Bafta.org. 18 October 2009. http://www.bafta.org/access-all-areas/videos/monty-python-special-award,877,BA.html. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
- ^ "Monty Python back for 3D animated film". The Daily Telegraph (London). 28 June 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/8602765/Monty-Python-back-for-3D-animated-film.html.
- ^ David Morgan (6 October 2006). "Terry Gilliam Sounds Off, Director Of 'Brazil' Says Current Events Parallel His Cult Movie". CBSNews. http://www.showbuzz.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/10/06/movies/main2071659.shtml. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Philip French, Mark Kermode, Jason Solomons, Akin Ojumu, and Killian Fox (22 July 2007). "The last laugh: your favourite 50". The Observer (UK). http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,2131880,00.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Sarah Womack (19 February 2002). "Life of Brian wins the vote for film's best laughter line". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1385293/Life-of-Brian-wins-the-vote-for-film's-best-laughter-line.html. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Perry, George (1999). The Life of Python. London: Pavilion Books. p. 6. ISBN 1-85793-441-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- ^ Hardcastle, G.L., & Reisch, G.A. (2006). "”What’s All This Then?” The Introduction". In Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch. Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Vol. 19 in Popular Culture and Philosophy series. Chicago: Open Court. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=wPQelKFNA5MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=monty+python#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus Foot couch gag - Simpsons Wiki". Simpsons.wikia.com. 2011-12-24. http://simpsons.wikia.com/wiki/Monty_Python's_Flying_Circus_Foot_couch_gag. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ BBC-Spamalot cast sets coconut record.
- ^ "Monty Pythonesque." Webster's New Millennium Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.7). Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. 23 November 2007. Pythonesque
- ^ Monty Python: Live at Aspen, 1998
- ^ "Monty Python meets South Park". BBC News. 4 October 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/464765.stm. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
- ^ Marc Berman (27 September 2009). "Mr. TV: Food for Thought". Mediaweek. http://www.mediaweek.com/mw/content_display/community/programming-insider/column/e3icbd5f8a8048766fc980ec4910fe71b25. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
- ^ Monty Python – a Brief History, BBC, 29 January 2002
- ^ "STAN FREBERG HERE – British Ice Cream Flavors:". http://leemichaelwithers.tripod.com/sfh7_16_96.htm. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream has just finished a contest to select the quintessential British ice cream flavor. ... They wanted a kind of "pun" flavor along the lines of their successful American flavor, "Cherry Garcia"--hmm, my favorite. Anyhow, the winner was "Cool Brittania." ... But some of the 7500 losers might have been better. How about this, for British flavors: "Minty Python"? "Jack the Ripple"? Or how about "The Rolling Scones"?"
- ^ "American Scoops Up Prize For Name Of Brit Ben & Jerry's – Orlando Sentinel". Wall Street Journal. 4 July 1996. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1996-07-04/business/9607030986_1_ben-jerry-ice-cream-flavor. Retrieved 1 October 2010. "If Britain were an ice cream, what flavor would it be? Jack the Ripple? Charles and Diana Split? Those names were floated in a contest run by Ben & Jerry's Homemade Inc. to create the quintessential British ice cream flavor, along the lines of its world-famous American flavor, Cherry Garcia."
- ^ "Monty Python's Holy Grail". Blacksheepbrewery.com. http://www.blacksheepbrewery.com/Beers/BottledBeers/HolyGrail.aspx. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ "Boxhamsters". www.boxhamsters.net. http://www.boxhamsters.net. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ Eric Barnes. "Gary L. Hardcastle: Themes in Contemporary Analytic Philosophy as Relfected in the Work of Monty Python". Mtholyoke.edu. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ebarnes/python/python.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
- ^ Gary L. Hardcastle & George A Reisch, ed. (2006). Monty Python and Philosophy: Nudge Nudge, Think Think!. Chicago: Open Court. ISBN 978-0-8126-9593-9. Also ISBN 0-8126-9593-3
- ^ "RFC 2635 – DON\x27T SPEW A Set of Guidelines for Mass Unsolicited Mailings and Postings (spam*):". http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2635. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
- ^ "Monty Python's Flying Circus on World of Spectrum". Worldofspectrum.org. http://www.worldofspectrum.org/infoseekid.cgi?id=0003260. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Toy Vault web site for Python-opoly, retrieved November 20, 2008". Toyvault.com. http://www.toyvault.com/pythonopoly/index.htm. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- ^ "Web site for Monty Python Fluxx". Fluxxgames.com. http://fluxxgames.com/. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
Further reading[link]
- Graham Chapman; Jim Yoakum (1997). Graham Crackers: Fuzzy Memories, Silly Bits, and Outright Lies. Career Press. ISBN 978-1-56414-334-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=8xGcAAAACAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Marcia Landy (2005). Monty Python's flying circus. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3103-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J1CxIuG-_NkC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Darl Larsen (2003). Monty Python, Shakespeare, and English Renaissance drama. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1504-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=qVa1Hfh11V0C. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- David Morgan (1999). Monty Python speaks!. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-168-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=aTYcAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Alan Parker; Mick O'Shea (2006). And Now For Something Completely Digital: The Complete Illustrated Guide to Monty Python CDs and DVDs. The Disinformation Company. ISBN 978-1-932857-31-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=G49bRxbeH1kC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- George Perry (2007). The Life of Python. Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-86205-762-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=J_Zg-9u4yLAC. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- Roger Wilmut (1980). From fringe to flying circus: celebrating a unique generation of comedy, 1960–1980. Eyre Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-46950-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=PzxaAAAAMAAJ. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- The Secret Policeman's Balls, 3-DVD set (2009)
- "The Secret Policeman's Balls DVD Release". Music For Human Rights. 27 January 2009. http://www.musicforhumanrights.org/news/secret-policemans-balls-dvd-release. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
- Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity
- "Monty Python: 40 Years of Insanity". Life.com. 5 October 2009. http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/34232/monty-python-40-years-of-insanity. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches (40th Anniversary)
- "The Life of Python – 20 Greatest Monty Python Sketches". Gnews.com. 5 October 2009. http://gnews.com/entertainment/The-Life-of-Python-20-Greatest-Monty-Python-Sketches-110424014489.html. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Monty Python |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Monty Python |
- Pythonline.com – Monty Python's sort-of official site, actively maintained by Eric Idle
- Monty Python – Official YouTube page
- Monty Python Videos – Monty Python's best videos and movies
- 2012 interview with Carol Cleveland, covering Flying Circus and Holy Grail
- Python at ifilm.com
- Pythonisms: Python quotes as figures of speech
- Release of the 3-DVD Secret Policeman's Balls
- 40 Years of Monty Python – photo essay by TIME magazine
- Monty Python Reunion event, New York, 15 October 2009
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Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was queen regnant of Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567 and queen consort of France from 10 July 1559 to 5 December 1560.
Mary was the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland. She was 6 days old when her father died and she was crowned nine months later. In 1558, she married Francis, Dauphin of France. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559, and Mary became queen consort of France until she was widowed on 5 December 1560. Mary then returned to Scotland, arriving in Leith on 19 August 1561. Four years later, she married her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, but their union was unhappy. In February 1567, his residence was destroyed by an explosion, and Darnley was found murdered in the garden.
James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, was generally believed to have orchestrated Darnley's death, but he was acquitted of the charge in April 1567, and the following month he married Mary. Following an uprising against the couple, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle. On 24 July 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son, James. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin once removed, Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own and was considered the legitimate sovereign of England by many English Catholics, including participants in a rebellion known as the Rising of the North. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in a number of castles and manor houses in the interior of England. After 18 years and 9 months in custody, Mary was tried and executed for her involvement in plots to assassinate Elizabeth.
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