Prince Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788) commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or The Young Pretender was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This claim was as the eldest son of James Francis Edward Stuart, himself the son of King James VII and II. Charles is perhaps best known as the instigator of the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745, in which he led an insurrection to restore an absolute monarchy^{[citation needed]} in the United Kingdom, which ended in defeat at the Battle of Culloden that effectively ended the Jacobite cause. Charles's flight from Scotland after the uprising has rendered him a romantic figure of heroic failure in later representations.^[2] In 1759 he was involved in a French plan to invade the British Isles which was abandoned following British naval victories.^[3]

Early life[link]

Prince Charles was born in Rome, Italy, on 31 December 1720, where his father had been given a residence by Pope Clement XI. He spent almost all his childhood in Rome and Bologna. He was the son of the Old Pretender, Prince James, son of exiled Stuart King, James II & VII and his wife Maria Clementina Sobieska and great-grandson of John III Sobieski, most famous for the victory over the Turks in the 1683 Battle of Vienna.

His childhood in Rome was one of privilege, being brought up Catholic in a loving but argumentative family. Being the last legitimate heirs of the House of Stuart, his family lived with a sense of pride and staunchly believed in the Divine Right of Kings. The talk of regaining the thrones of England and Scotland for the Stuarts was a constant topic of conversation in the household, principally reflected in his father's often morose and combative moods.^[4]

His grandfather, James II of England and VII of Scotland, had ruled the country from 1685 to 1689, at which time he was deposed when Parliament invited the Dutch Protestant, William of Orange and his wife the Princess Mary (King James' eldest daughter) to replace him, in the Revolution of 1688. James II had aimed to bring England back into the Catholic fold and, in the process, had irritated and alarmed the powerful statesmen of the day. Since the exile of James II, the 'Jacobite Cause' had striven to return the Stuarts to the thrones of England and Scotland, in 1707 united as Great Britain. Prince Charles Edward was to play a major part in the pursuit of this ultimate goal.

The young Prince was trained in the military arts from an early age. In 1734, he observed the French and Spanish siege of Gaeta, his first exposure to the art of war. His father managed to obtain the renewed support of the French government in 1744; and Charles Edward travelled to France with the sole purpose of commanding a French army, which he would lead in an invasion of England. The invasion never materialised, because the invasion fleet was scattered by a storm. By the time the fleet had regrouped, the British fleet had realised the diversion that had deceived them and had retaken their position in the Channel.^[5] Undeterred, Charles Edward was determined to carry on in his quest for the restoration of the Stuarts.

The 'Forty-Five'[link]

In December 1743, Charles's father named him Prince Regent, giving him authority to act in his name. Eighteen months later, he led a rising to restore his father to his thrones. Charles raised funds to fit out two ships: the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Doutelle (le Du Teillay) a small frigate of 16 guns, which successfully landed him and seven companions at Eriskay on 23 July 1745. Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland.

"Bonnie Prince Charlie" by John Pettie, (1898)

The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain, and the Highland clans indeed provided him with a warm welcome. Charles raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh. The city, under the control of the Lord Provost Archibald Stewart, quickly surrendered. On 21 September 1745, he defeated the only government army in Scotland at the Battle of Prestonpans. The government army was led by General John Cope, and their disastrous defence against the Jacobites is immortalised in the song 'Johnnie Cope'. By November, Charles was marching south at the head of approximately 6,000 men. Having taken Carlisle, Charles's army progressed as far as Swarkestone Bridge in Derbyshire. Here, despite the objections of the Prince, the decision was made by his council to return to Scotland, largely because of rumours of a large government force being amassed. The Jacobites marched north once more, winning several more battles. The reports of a government army turned out to have been false, but Charles's retreat gave the English time to muster an actual army. The Jacobites were pursued by King George II's son, the Duke of Cumberland, who caught up with them at the Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746.

Battle of Culloden between the Jacobites and the 'Redcoats'

Ignoring the advice of his best commander, Lord George Murray, Charles chose to fight on flat, open, marshy ground where his forces would be exposed to superior government firepower. Charles commanded his army from a position behind his lines, where he could not see what was happening. Hoping Cumberland's army would attack first, he had his men stand exposed to Hanoverian artillery. Seeing the error in this, he quickly ordered an attack, but the messenger was killed before the order could be delivered. The Jacobite attack, charging into the teeth of musket fire and grapeshot fired from the cannons, was uncoordinated and met with little success.

The Jacobites broke through the bayonets of the redcoats in one place, but they were shot down by a second line of soldiers, and the survivors fled. Cumberland's troops committed numerous atrocities as they hunted for the defeated Jacobite soldiers, earning him the title "the Butcher" from the Highlanders. Murray managed to lead a group of Jacobites to Ruthven, intending to continue the fight. However Charles, believing himself betrayed, had decided to abandon the Jacobite cause. James, the Chevalier de Johnstone, acted as Murray's Aide de Camp during the campaign and, for a brief spell, the Young Pretender's. He gives a first-hand account of these events in his "Memoir of the Rebellion 1745–1746".

Charles's subsequent flight has become the stuff of legend and is commemorated in the popular folk song "The Skye Boat Song" (lyrics 1884, tune traditional) and also the old Irish song Mo Ghile Mear by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill. Hiding in the moors of Scotland, he travelled about, always barely ahead of the government forces. Though many Highlanders saw Charles, and indeed aided him, none of them betrayed him for the £30,000 reward^[6] offered. Assisted by such loyal supporters as Colonel Con O'Neill, a Clanaboy O'Neill Prince of the O'Neill_dynasty ^[7] and Lady Flora MacDonald, who helped him escape pursuers on the Isle of Skye by taking him in a small boat disguised as her Irish maid, "Betty Burke,"^[8][9] he evaded capture and left the country aboard the French frigate L'Heureux, arriving back in France in September. The cause of the Stuarts now lost, the remainder of his life was — with a brief exception — spent in exile.

Exile[link]

Charles Edward Stuart as an old man

The Prince's estranged wife, Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern

Clementina Walkinshaw, Charles' mistress from 1752 until 1760, and mother of his daughter Charlotte Stuart

Marie-Victoire, Princess de Rohan—'Charles's secret granddaughter', the elder daughter of Charlotte Stuart

Charlotte Stuart, Charles' daughter by Clementina Walkinshaw. Portrait by Hugh Douglas Hamilton, Scottish National Portrait Gallery

Bonnie Prince Charlie Statue in Derby commemorating the prince's visit in December 1745.

While back in France, Charles had numerous affairs; the one with his first cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, wife of Jules, Prince of Guéméné, resulted in a short-lived son Charles (1748–1749). In 1748 Charles was expelled from France under the terms of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which brought the war between Britain and France to an end.^[10]

Charles lived for several years in exile with his Scottish mistress, Clementina Walkinshaw, whom he met, and may have begun a relationship with, during the 1745 rebellion. In 1753, the couple had a daughter, Charlotte. Charles's inability to cope with the collapse of the cause led to his problem with drink, and mother and daughter left Charles with James's connivance. Charlotte went on to have three illegitimate children with Ferdinand, an ecclesiastical member of the Rohan family. Their only son was Charles Edward Stuart, Count Roehenstart. Charlotte was suspected by many of Charles's supporters of being a spy planted by the Hanoverian government of Great Britain.^[11]

After his defeat, Charles indicated to the remaining supporters of the Jacobite cause in England that, accepting the impossibility of his recovering the English and Scots crowns while he remained a Roman Catholic, he was willing to commit himself to reigning as a Protestant^{[citation needed]}. Accordingly, he visited London incognito in 1750 and conformed to the Protestant faith by receiving Anglican communion, likely at one of the remaining non-juring chapels. Bishop Robert Gordon, a staunch Jacobite whose house in Theobald's Row was one of Charles's safe-houses for the visit is the most likely to have performed the communion, and a chapel in Gray's Inn was suggested as the venue as early as 1788 [Gentleman's Magazine, 1788]. This refuted David Hume's suggestion that it was a church in the Strand.^[12] Unusually, the news of this conversion was not advertised widely, and Charles had seemingly returned to the Roman Catholic faith by the time of his marriage.

In 1759, at the height of the Seven Years War, Charles was summoned to a meeting in Paris with the French foreign minister, the Duc De Choiseul.^[13] Charles failed to make a good impression, being argumentative and idealistic in his expectations. Choiseul was planning a full-scale invasion of England, involving upwards of 100,000 men^[14]—to which he hoped to add a number of Jacobites led by Charles. However, he was so little impressed with Charles, he dismissed the prospect of Jacobite assistance.^[15] The French invasion, which was Charles's last realistic chance to recover the British throne for the Stuart dynasty, was ultimately thwarted by naval defeats at Quiberon Bay and Lagos.

In 1766, Charles's father died. Pope Clement XIII had recognised James as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland as "James III and VIII" but did not give Charles the same recognition.

In 1772, Charles married Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern. They lived first in Rome but, in 1774, moved to Florence where Charles began to use the title "Count of Albany" as an alias. This title is frequently used for him in European publications; his wife Louise is almost always called "Countess of Albany".

In 1780, Louise left Charles. She claimed that Charles had physically abused her; this claim was generally believed by contemporaries even though Louise was already involved in an adulterous relationship with the Italian poet, Count Vittorio Alfieri.^{[citation needed]}

The claims by two 19th century charlatans—Charles and John Allen alias John Sobieski Stuart and Charles Edward Stuart—that their father, Thomas Allen, was a legitimate son of Charles and Louise are without foundation.^{[citation needed]}

In 1783, Charles signed an act of legitimation for his illegitimate daughter Charlotte, born in 1753 to Clementina Walkinshaw (later known as Countess von Alberstrof). Charles also gave Charlotte the title "Duchess of Albany" in the peerage of Scotland and the style "Her Royal Highness", but these honours did not give Charlotte any right of succession to the throne. Charlotte lived with her father in Florence and Rome for the next five years.^{[citation needed]}

Charles died in Rome on 31 January 1788. He was first buried in the Cathedral of Frascati, where his brother Henry Benedict Stuart was bishop. At Henry's death in 1807, Charles's remains were moved to the crypt of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican where they were laid to rest next to those of his brother and his father. His mother is also buried in Saint Peter's Basilica.

When the body of Charles Stuart was transferred to Saint Peter's Basilica, his "praecordia" were left in Frascati Cathedral: a small urn encloses the heart of Charles, placed beneath the floor below the funerary monument.

Arms[link]

During his pretence as Prince of Wales, Charles claimed a coat of arms consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of three points.^[16]

Ancestry[link]

In popular culture[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

• Two biographical films have been made about Charles. In 1923, a British silent film, Bonnie Prince Charlie, featured Ivor Novello in the title role. In 1948, another eponymous film was made with David Niven playing the role.

• Peter Watkins' 1964 Culloden, with Olivier Espitalier-Noel as the Prince, presents the battle through the eyes of a documentary crew as though they were actually present. The film utilises a number of other dramatic devices to create a tense realistic interpretation of the event. Similarly, the 1994 film Chasing the Deer depicts the 1745 Jacobite rebellion from the point of view of the commoners caught in the struggle. The Prince, played by Dominique Carrara, makes a brief appearance in the movie and is never actually seen by any of the commoners fighting for his cause.

• A 1970 drama-documentary about the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome, Upon this Rock, featured Dirk Bogarde as the older Prince.

• Scottish author Sir Walter Scott featured Charles and the 1745 Jacobite uprising in his popular 1814 novel Waverley.

• American author Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series depicts the Bonnie Prince in the first three of her seven novels, Outlander, Dragonfly in Amber and Voyager.

• D.K. Broster's Jacobite Trilogy, beginning with The Flight of the Heron (1920), also depicts the uprising.

• The Maiden, Volume 8 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles, covers this period of history, seen through the eyes of the fictional Morland family.

• The television series Highlander features two episodes with the series' main protagonist, Duncan MacLeod, aiding the Bonnie Prince's campaigns. "Take Back The Night" depicts the Prince's escape into exile, and "Through a Glass Darkly" depicts him in the aftermath of the failed campaigns, a broken, often drunken man.

• The German metal band Grave Digger released Tunes of War in 1997, a concept album about the history of Scotland. On the album Bonnie Prince Charles is mentioned by name in the song "Rebellion (The Clans Are Marching)".

• Scottish vocal duo, The Corries popularised the folk song, "The Skye Boat Song", which told of The Bonnie Prince's escape from the Scottish Highlands after the Battle of Culloden.

• Lillian de la Torre wrote two stories in her Samuel Johnson series featuring meetings between Johnson and "The Young Pretender." In "Prince Charlie's Ruby," written in the 1940s and set in 1773, she has the two meeting in the Hebrides and Johnson helping the prince find a lost gem, with Johnson thrilled about meeting the prince and Flora MacDonald. But with "Coronation Story," written in the 1970s, she also has Johnson and the prince meeting in 1761 when Charles Stuart secretly attends the coronation of George III, violating her own continuity.

See also[link]

• Charles Edward Stuart's Flight
• Monument to the Royal Stuarts
• "Óró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile" (Irish supporters' song)
• Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Tale of Fontenoy and Culloden
• Prince Charlie's Targe
• Touch pieces
• Palazzo di San Clemente

References[link]

Notes

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)

Bibliography

• Chidsey, Donald Barr. Bonnie Prince Charlie. London: Williams & Norgate, 1928.
• Daiches, David. Charles Edward Stuart: The Life and Times of Bonnie Prince Charlie. London: Thames & Hudson, 1973.
• Douglas, Hugh. Charles Edward Stuart. London: Hale, 1975.
• Kybett, Susan M. Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Biography of Charles Edward Stuart. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1988.
• McLynn, Frank. 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. London: Pimlico, 2005
• McLynn, Frank. Charles Edward Stuart: A Tragedy in Many Acts. London: Routledge, 1988.
• McLynn, Frank. The Jacobites. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.

External links[link]

• McFerran, Noel S. Charles III
• Charles Edward Stuart, 1720–1788
• Ascanius; or, the Young Adventurer
• Prince Charles Edward Stuart National Galleries of Scotland
• Oró Sé do Bheatha 'Bhaile video A song for the second Jacobite rising

The Rt Rev Edward Craig Stuart, DD (1827 – 1911^[1]) was the 2nd Anglican Bishop of Waiapu^[2] whose Episcopate spanned a 16 year period^[3] during the second half of the 19th century^[4].
He was born in Edinburgh, educated at Trinity College, Dublin ^[5] and ordained in 1850^[6]. With his great friend Thomas Valpy French^[7] he worked in India^[8]as a CMS Missionary for 21 years, firstly at Agra and latterly (until his elevation to the Episcopate) at Jalalpur. His last calling was in Persia^[9]. He died on 15 March 1911^[10].

Notes[link]

1. ^ thePeerage.com
2. ^ "Lofley, Edward". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/2L16. Retrieved 29 June 2011. 
3. ^ NZetc
4. ^ “Who was Who” 1897-1990 London, A & C Black, 1991 ISBN 0-7136-3457-X
5. ^ University Of Dublin. B.A. Degree Examination The Times Saturday, Nov 11, 1848; pg. 7; Issue 20018; col G
6. ^ "The Clergy List, Clerical Guide and Ecclesiastical Directory" London, Hamilton & Co 1889
7. ^ Project Canterbury
8. ^ History of the Church Missionary Society (1873 - 1882)
9. ^ The Times, Wednesday, Sep 12, 1894; pg. 7; Issue 34367; col G The Committee of the Church Missionary Society”
10. ^ The Times, Monday, Mar 20, 1911; pg. 11; Issue 39537; col C Obituary Bishop E. C. Stuart

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Ewan MacColl (25 January 1915 – 22 October 1989) was a British folk singer, songwriter, socialist, actor, poet, playwright, and record producer. He was married to theatre director Joan Littlewood, and later to American folksinger Peggy Seeger. He collaborated with Littlewood in the theatre and with Seeger in folk music. He was the father of the late singer/songwriter Kirsty MacColl. Ewan sang Sacred Harp with Calum MacColl and Mike Seeger.

Early life and early career[link]

MacColl was born as James Henry Miller in Broughton, Salford, Lancashire to Scottish parents, William Miller and Betsy Miller née Hendry. Both of his parents were socialists and William Miller was an iron-moulder and militant trade unionist who had moved to Salford with his wife to look for work after being blacklisted in almost every foundry in Scotland.^[1] They lived amongst a group of émigré Scots and Jimmy, their only surviving child of four, was brought up in an atmosphere of fierce political debate interspersed with the large repertoire of songs and stories his parents had brought from Scotland.^[1] He left school in 1930 during the Great Depression and, joining the ranks of the unemployed, began a life-long programme of self education whilst keeping warm in the Manchester Public Library.^[1]

During this period he found intermittent work in a number of jobs and also made money as a street singer.^[1] He joined the Young Communist League and the socialist amateur theatre troupe, the Clarion Players. He began his career as a writer helping produce, and contributing humorous verse and skits to some of the Communist Party's factory papers. He was an activist in the unemployed workers campaigns and the mass trespasses of the early 1930s. One of his best-known songs, "The Manchester Rambler", was written after the pivotal mass trespass of Kinder Scout. He was responsible for publicity in the planning of the trespass.^{[citation needed]}

In 1932 the British counterintelligence service, MI5, began a file on MacColl, after the local police told them that the singer was "a communist with very extreme views" who needed "special attention".^[2] For a time the Special Branch kept a watch on the Manchester home that he shared with his wife Joan Littlewood. MI5 caused some of MacColl's songs to be rejected by the BBC, and prevented the employment of Littlewood as a BBC children's programme presenter.

Acting career[link]

In 1931, with other unemployed members of the Clarion Players he formed an agit-prop theatre group, the "Red Megaphones." During 1934 they changed the name to Theatre of Action and not long after were introduced to a young actress recently moved up from London. This was Joan Littlewood who became Miller's wife and work partner.

In 1936, after a failed attempt to relocate to London, the couple returned to Manchester, and formed Theatre Union. In 1940 a performance of The Last Edition – a 'living newspaper' – was halted by the police and Miller and Littlewood were bound over for two years for 'breach of the peace'. The necessities of wartime brought an end to Theatre Union.

MacColl enlisted in the British Army during July 1940, but deserted in December. Why he did so, and why he was not prosecuted after the war, remain a mystery.^[2]

In 1946 members of Theatre Union and others formed Theatre Workshop and spent the next few years touring, mostly in the north of England. Jimmie Miller had by then changed his name to Ewan MacColl (influenced by the Lallans movement in Scotland).^[1] In Theatre Union roles had been shared, but now, in Theatre Workshop, they were more formalised. Littlewood was the sole producer and MacColl the dramaturge, art director, and resident dramatist.

The techniques that had been developed in Theatre Union now were refined, producing the distinctive form of theatre that was the hallmark of Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop, as the troupe was later known. They were an impoverished travelling troupe, but were making a name for themselves.

Music[link]

During this period MacColl's enthusiasm for folk music grew. Inspired by the example of Alan Lomax, who had arrived in Britain and Ireland in 1950, and had done extensive fieldwork there, MacColl also began to collect and perform traditional ballads. His long involvement with Topic Records started in 1950 with his release of a single, "The Asphalter's Song", on that label. When, in 1953 Theatre Workshop decided relocate to Stratford, London, MacColl, who had opposed that move, left the company and changed the focus of his career from acting and playwriting to singing and composing folk and topical songs.

Over the years MacColl recorded and produced upwards of a hundred albums, many with English folk song collector and singer A.L. Lloyd. The pair released an ambitious series of eight LP albums of more or less the complete Child Ballads. MacColl also produced a number of LPs with Irish singer songwriter Dominic Behan, brother of the playwright, Brendan Behan.

In 1956, MacColl caused a scandal when he fell in love with twenty-one-year-old Peggy Seeger, who had come to England to transcribe the music for Alan Lomax's anthology, Folk Songs of North America (published in 1961). At the time MacColl, who was twenty years older than Peggy, was still married to his second wife, the dancer Jean Newlove (b. 1923), the mother of two of his children, Hamish (b. 1950) and Kirsty (1959–2000).

Many of MacColl's best-known songs were written for the theatre. For example, he wrote "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" very quickly at the request of Peggy Seeger, who needed it for use in a play she was appearing in. He taught it to her by long-distance telephone, while she was on tour in the United States (from which MacColl had been barred because of his Communist past). This song became a #1 hit in 1972 when covered by Roberta Flack and won MacColl a Grammy Award for Song of the Year, while Flack received a Grammy Award for Record of the Year.^[3]

In 1959, MacColl began releasing LP albums on Folkways Records, including several collaborative albums with Peggy Seeger.

MacColl's song, "Dirty Old Town", inspired by his home town of Salford, in Lancashire was written to bridge an awkward scene change in his play, "Landscape with Chimneys" (1949). It went on to become a folk-revival staple and was covered by The Spinners (1964), Donovan (1964), Roger Whittaker (1968), The Dubliners (1968), Rod Stewart (1969), the Pogues (1985), The Mountain Goats (2002), Simple Minds (2003), Ted Leo and the Pharmacists (2003), and Frank Black (2006).

MacColl was one of the main composers of English protest songs during the folk revival of the 50s and 60s. In the early fifties he penned "The Ballad of Ho Chi Minh" (well-known even today in Vietnam) and (less presentably) "The Ballad of Stalin" for the British Communist Party.

<poem> Joe Stalin was a mighty man and a mighty man was he He led the Soviet people on the road to victory. </poem>

MacColl soon became ashamed of this and it was never reissued. It was not copyrighted until 1992, after his death, when Peggy Seeger included it, rather apologetically, in her Essential Ewan MacColl Songbook.^[4]

MacColl sang and composed numerous protest and topical songs for the nuclear disarmament movement, for example "Against the Atom Bomb".^[5] He also wrote "The Ballad of Tim Evans" (also known as "Go Down You Murderer") a song protesting against capital punishment, based on a famous murder case in which an innocent man, Timothy Evans, was condemned and executed, before the real culprit was discovered.

Radio[link]

MacColl had been a radio actor since 1933. By the late thirties he was scripting as well. In 1957 producer Charles Parker asked MacColl to collaborate in the creation of a feature programme about the heroic death of train driver John Axon. Normal procedure would have been to use the recorded field interviews only as source for writing the script. MacColl produced a script that incorporated the actual voices and so created a new form that they called the radio ballad.

Between 1957 and 1964, eight of these were broadcast by the BBC, all created by the team of MacColl and Parker together with Peggy Seeger who handled musical direction. MacColl wrote the scripts and the songs, as well as, with the others, collecting the field recordings which were the heart of the productions.

Songwriting[link]

Seeger and MacColl recorded several albums of searing political commentary songs. MacColl himself wrote over 300 songs, some of which have been recorded by artists (in addition to those mentioned above) such as Planxty, The Dubliners, Dick Gaughan, The Clancy Brothers, Elvis Presley, Weddings Parties Anything, and Johnny Cash. In 2001, The Essential Ewan MacColl Songbook was published, which includes the words and music to 200 of his songs. Dick Gaughan, Dave Burland and Tony Capstick collaborated in The Songs of Ewan MacColl (1978; 1985).

There is a plaque dedicated to MacColl in Russell Square in London. The inscription includes: "Presented by his communist friends 25.1.1990 ... Folk Laureate – Singer – Dramatist – Marxist ... in recognition of strength and singleness of purpose of this fighter for Peace and Socialism". In 1991 he was awarded a posthumous honorary degree by the University of Salford.

His daughter from his second marriage, Kirsty MacColl, followed him into a musical career, albeit in a different genre. Kirsty MacColl died in a boating accident in Mexico in 2000. His grandson, Jamie MacColl, has also developed a musical career of his own with the band Bombay Bicycle Club.^[6]

Later years[link]

After many years of poor health (years in which MacColl nonetheless wrote, recorded and performed frequently) he died in October, 1989: the lifetime archive of his work with Peggy Seeger and others was passed on to Ruskin College at Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography[link]

• Samuel, Raphael; MacColl, Ewan; and Cosgrove, Stuart (1985) Theatres of the Left, 1880–1935: Workers' Theatre Movements in Britain and America. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-7100-0901-1
• Goorney, Howard and MacColl, Ewan (eds.) (1986) Agit-Prop to Theatre Workshop, Political Playscripts, 1930–1950. Manchester: Manchester University Press ISBN 0-7190-2211-8
• MacColl, Ewan (1990) Journeyman: an Autobiography; introduction by Peggy Seeger. London: Sidgwick & Jackson ISBN 0-283-06036-0
• Littlewood, Joan (1994) Joan's Book: Joan Littlewood's Peculiar History As She Tells It. London: Methuen ISBN 0-413-77318-3"Joan's Book reissued". http://copac.ac.uk/wzgw?id=090415d0d5302b304eff4899aaa0ea2bcd79b9&rsn=24&esn=F&f=u&rn=8. Retrieved 2009-04-23. 
• MacColl, Ewan (1998) The Essential Ewan MacColl Songbook: sixty years of songmaking; ed. Peggy Seeger. New York: Oak Publications
• Pegg, Carole A. (1999) British Traditional and Folk Musics, in: British Journal of Ethnomusicology, vol. 7, pp. 193–98
• O'Brien, Karen (2004) Kirsty MacColl, The One and Only: the definitive biography . London: Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-00070-4
• Harker, Ben (2007) Class Act: the Cultural and Political Life of Ewan MacColl. London: Pluto Press ISBN 978-0-7453-2165-3 (chapters: 1. Lower Broughton—2. Red Haze—3. Welcome, Comrade—4. Browned Off—5. A Richer, Fuller Life—6. Towards a People's Culture—7. Croydon, Soho, Moscow, Paris—8. Bard of Beckenham—9. Let a Hundred Flowers Blossom—10. Sanctuary—11. Endgame)

Discography[link]

Solo albums

• Scots Street Songs (1956)
• Shuttle and Cage (1957)
• Barrack Room Ballads (1958)
• Still I Love Him (1958)
• Bad Lads and Hard Cases (1959)
• Songs of Robert Burns (1959)
• Haul on the Bowlin'(1961)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Child Ballads) (1961)
• Broadside Ballads, vols 1 and 2 (1962)
• Off to Sea Once More (1963)
• Four Pence a Day (1963)
• British Industrial Folk songs (1963)
• Steam Whistle Ballads (1964)
• Bundook Ballads (1967)
• The Wanton Muse (1968)
• Paper Stage 1 (1969)
• Paper Stage 2 (1969)
• Solo Flight (1972)
• Hot Blast (1978)
• Daddy, What did You Do in The Strike? (1985)

Collaboration – A.L. Lloyd and Ewan MacColl, accompanied by Steve Benbow

• Gamblers and Sporting Blades (E.P.) (1962)

Collaborations – Ewan MacColl and A.L. Lloyd

• Bold Sportsmen All: Gamblers & Sporting Blades (1962)
• A Sailor's Garland (1966)
• Blow Boys Blow (1967)

Collaboration – A.L. Lloyd, Ewan MacColl, Louis Killen, Ian Campbell, Cyril Tawney, Sam Larner and Harry H. Corbett

• Blow the Man Down (EP) (1956)

Collaboration – A.L. Lloyd and Ewan MacColl

• A Hundred Years Ago (EP) (1956)
• The Coast of Peru (EP) (1956)
• The Singing Sailor (1956)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Vol 1 (1956)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Vol 2 (1956)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Vol 3 (1956)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Vol 4 (1956)
• The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (The Child Ballads) Vol 5 (1956)
• English and Scottish Folk Ballads (1964)

Collaboration – Bob and Ron Copper, Ewan MacColl, Isla Cameron, Seamus Ennis and Peter Kennedy

• As I Roved Out (1953–4)

Ewan MacColl and Peggy Seeger

• Popular Scottish Songs (1960)
• Classic Scots Ballads (1961)
• Chorus From The Gallows (1961)
• Jacobite Songs – The Two Rebellions 1715 and 1745 (1962)
• The Amorous Muse (1966)
• The Manchester Angel (1966)
• The Angry Muse (1968)
• Saturday Night at The Bull and Mouth (1977)
• Cold Snap (1977)
• Kilroy Was Here
• Freeborn Man
• Items of News (1986)
• Scottish Drinking and Pipe Songs (*)
• Naming of Names (1990)
• The Jacobite Rebellions (1962)
• The Long Harvest 1 (1966)
• The Long Harvest 2 (1967)
• The Long Harvest 3 (1968)
• The Long Harvest 4 (1969)
• The Long Harvest 5 (1970)
• The Long Harvest 6 (1971)
• The Long Harvest 7 (1972)
• The Long Harvest 8 (1973)
• The Long Harvest 9 (1974)
• The Long Harvest 10 (1975)
• Blood and Roses (1979)
• Blood and Roses 2 (1981)
• Blood and Roses 3 (1982)
• Blood and Roses 4 (1982)
• Blood and Roses 5 (1983)

(* Not actually sung by MacColl and Seeger: this is an anthology of songs and tunes recorded by them)

Ewan MacColl/The Radio Ballads (1958–1964)(*)

• Ballad of John Axon (1958)
• Song of a Road (1959)
• Singing The Fishing (1960)
• The Big Hewer (1961)
• The Body Blow (1962)
• On The Edge (1963)
• The Fight Game (1964)
• The Travelling People (1964)

(* Mixture of documentary, drama and song: broadcast on BBC radio)

Singles

• "Van Dieman's Land" / "Lord Randall"
• "Sir Patrick Spens" / "Eppie Morrie"
• "Parliamentary Polka" / "Song of Choice"
• "Housewife's Alphabet" / "My Son"
• "The Shoals of Herring"

Quotation[link]

This section is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.

My function is not to reassure people. I want to make them uncomfortable. To send them out of the place arguing and talking.^[7]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Ewan MacColl 1915–1989 A Political Journey (From the Working Class Movement Library site)
• 'Radical' Ewan MacColl was tracked by MI5 for decades, The Independent, March 5, 2006
• Folk singer was spied on by MI5, The Sunday Times, March 5, 2006
• Why MI5 monitored singer Ewan MacColl, BBC News Online, March 5, 2006
• Ewan MacColl/Peggy Seeger discography
• Ewan MacColl – Journeyman an Autoiography Peggy Seeger's website page about Ewan MacColl's autobiography, Journeyman.