Greek scroll supported by Indian Yaksha, Amaravati, 3rd century CE, Tokyo National Museum.

Yaksha (Sanskrit: यक्ष yakṣa, Pali: यक्ख yakkha,^[1] Tamil: யக்கர், Kannada: ಯಕ್ಷ, Yākka, Thai: ยักษ์ yaksa, Chinese: 夜叉 yèchā or 藥叉 yàochā, Korean: 야차/夜叉 yacha, Japanese: 夜叉 yasha, Burmese: ဘီလူး [bìlú], Tibetan: གནོད་སྦྱིན་ gnod sbyin) is the name of a broad class of nature-spirits, usually benevolent, who are caretakers of the natural treasures hidden in the earth and tree roots.^[2] They appear in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist mythology.^[2] The feminine form of the word is yakṣī (यक्षी)^[3] or Yakshini (yakṣiṇī (यक्षिणी),^[4] Pāli: yakkhī (यक्खी) or yakkhiṇī (यक्खिणी)).^{[citation needed]}

MathuraYakṣa, 1st-2nd century CE

In Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist mythology, the yakṣa has a dual personality. On the one hand, a yakṣa may be an inoffensive nature-fairy, associated with woods and mountains; but there is also a darker version of the yakṣa, which is a kind of ghost (bhuta) that haunts the wilderness and waylays and devours travelers, similar to the rakṣasas.

In Kālidāsa's poem Meghadūta, for instance, the yakṣa narrator is a romantic figure, pining with love for his missing beloved. By contrast, in the didactic Hindu dialogue of the Yakṣapraśnāḥ "Questions of the Yakṣa", it is a tutelary spirit of a lake that challenges Yudhiṣṭhira. The yakṣas may have originally been the tutelary gods of forests and villages, and were later viewed as the steward deities of the earth and the wealth buried beneath.

In Indian art, male yakṣas are portrayed either as fearsome warriors or as portly, stout and dwarf-like. Female yakṣas, known as yakṣiṇīs, are portrayed as beautiful young women with happy round faces and full breasts and hips.

[edit] Yakṣas in Buddhism

In Buddhist mythology, the yakṣa are the attendants of Vaiśravaṇa, the Guardian of the Northern Quarter, a beneficent god who protects the righteous. The term also refers to the Twelve Heavenly Generals who guard Bhaiṣajyaguru, the Medicine Buddha.

According to the Mahavamsa, Prince Vijaya encountered the royalty of the Yakkhas. King Maha Kalasena, Queen Gonda on the celebration of the marriage of their daughter Princess Polamitta in the Yakkha capital of Lankapura and conquered them. Lankapura may have been in Arithra or Vijithapura. The Yakkhas served as loyal subjects with the Vijiyan dynasty and the Yakkha cheiftan sat on equal height to the Sri Lankan leaders on festival days.

Yaksha and Yakshini in Jainism[link]

Jains mainly worship idols of Arihants and Tirthankaras, who have conquered the inner passions and attained God-consciousness status. Some Jains also believe that Yaksha and Yakshini look after the well-being of Tirthankaras. Usually, they are found in pair around the idols of Jinas as male (yaksha) and female (yakshini) guardian deities. Yaksha is generally on the right-hand side of the Jina idol and Yakshini on the left-hand side. In earlier periods, they were regarded mainly as devotees of Jina, and have supernatural powers. They are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like the worldly souls, but have supernatural powers. Over time, people started worshiping these deities as well.^[5]

Som sections of Jains looked at yaksas and yaksanis for the immediate returns, and gave them the places in their temples. Some Yaksa were and are known for bestowing fertility and wealth upon their devotes. Therefore, they had become very popular and their idols had been placed in Jain temples and Jains worship them. Jains offer them different things in favor of boons for children, wealth or freedom from fears, illness or disease.^{[citation needed]}

Jainism provides very clear foundations and guidelines, and it is up to every individual jains to decide which idols to worship and which ones that should just be acknowledged. Sthanakvasi and Terapanthi Jains of the Svetambara and Taranpanthi Jains of the Digambaras do not believe in idol worshiping.^{[citation needed]}

Prominent Yakshas and Yakshanis[link]

Padmavati Devi[link]

Padmavati Devi is the dedicated deity of Parshva, the 23rd Tirthankara. Parshva is always represented with the hood of a snake shading his head. The Yaksha Dharanendra and the Yakshi Padmavati are often shown flanking him. Her color is golden and her vehicle is the snake with a cock's head. She has four arms and her two right hands hold a lotus and a Japa mala. The two left hands hold a fruit and a rein.^{[citation needed]}

Chakreshware Devi[link]

Chakreshware Devi is the dedicated attendant deity of lord Rishabha. She is also called by another name, Apratichakra. The color of this goddess is golden. Her vehicle is the eagle. She has eight arms. In her four right hands she holds the blessing mudra, arrow, rope, and wheel. In her four left hands she holds the rein, the bow (the protective weapon of Indra), and the wheel.^{[citation needed]}

Ambika Devi[link]

Ambika Devi is the dedicated deity of Neminath, the 22nd Tirthankara. She is also called Ambai Amba and Amra Kushmandini. Her color is golden and the lion is her vehicle. She has four arms. In her two right hands she carries a mango and in the other a branch of a mango tree. In her one left hand she carries a rein and in the other she has her two sons.^{[citation needed]}

Saraswathi Devi[link]

Sarasvati, the goddess of knowledge, is considered to be the source of all learning. This divine energy is the source of spiritual light, remover of all ignorance, and promoter of all knowledge. She is respected and adored by all faiths, worldly persons, and saints. She has four arms, one holding a book, the other a Japa mala (a kind of rosary), and two hands holding a stringed musical instrument called a Veena. Her seat is a lotus and the peacock is her vehicle, representing equanimity in prosperity. In some places^[which?] it is mentioned that the swan is her vehicle.^{[citation needed]}

Lakshmi Devi[link]

The goddess Lakshmi represents wealth. People worship her as the goddess of wealth, power, money, etcetera. Just like Sarasvati, She is respected and adored by all faiths, and popular amongst worldly persons. In the upper two hands, she is holding a lotus with an elephant, in the lower-right hand a Japa mala (a kind of rosary) and in the lower left hand a pot.^{[citation needed]}

See also[link]

• Didarganj Yakshi
• Kubera

Notes[link]

References[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yaksha

• Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dhallapiccola
• Encyclopædia Britannica: Yaksha, EBC: Yaksha

v t e Hindu deities and texts Gods Deva Ganesha Brahma Vishnu Shiva Rama Krishna Murugan Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Adi parashakti Devi Saraswati Lakshmi Sati Parvati Durga Shakti Kali Sita Radha Mahavidya Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita more Hinduism Hindu mythology

Sudha Raghunathan
Sudha Ragunathan in Perth, Australia (2012)
Born	April 30
Occupation	Carnatic Singer
Spouse	Raghunathan (1982-present)
Children	Kaushik Malavika
Parents	Venkatraman Choodamani

Sudha Raghunathan (Tamil:சுதா ரகுநாதன்) is a Carnatic music singer from South India. She was awarded a Padma Shri for excellence in singing. She was born in Bangalore and went to Good Shepherd Convent. She did higher education at Bangalore, Karnataka and obtained a Masters Degree in Economics.She started singing at nine years of age. Later, she received her training from her mother Choodamani, and continued the training under B. V. Lakshmanan. She has received the Artistes for advanced training in Carnatic music. In 1977, through the success of her first performance, she got a scholarship to study music under Padma Bhushan, Sangita Kalanidhi Dr. M.L Vasantha Kumari. Dr MLV encouraged her to pursue music as a career. She is married to Ragunathan and they have two children.

Awards[link]

• Bharat Jyothi (Tamil:பாரத் ஜோதி) from Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, New York (1988)
• Kalai mamani (Tamil:கலைமாமணி')' award from the state government of Tamilnadu, India (1993)
• Sangeetha Choodamani (Tamil:சங்கீத சூடாமணி) from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai (1997)
• Padma Sri award in the field of Carnatic vocal music (2004)
• Sangeetha Kala Saarathi (Tamil:சங்கீத கலா சாரதி) from Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha, Chennai, from His Holiness Shri Jayendra Saraswathi of Kanchi Mutt
• Sangeeta Saraswathi (Tamil:சங்கீத சரஸ்வதி) from The Mahasannidanam of Sringeri
• Gana kuyil (Tamil:கானக்குயில்) from Valmiki Manram, Chennai
• Isai Peroli (Tamil:இசைப் பேரொளி) and VST Award from Karthik Fine Arts, Chennai
• Good knowledge in procedure from Sahara Fine Arts, Chennai
• Sangita Kokila from Tamil Sangam Navi Mumbai

External links[link]

• Sudha Ragunathan's Homepage

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Hariprasad Chaurasia
Hariprasad Chaurasia at Bhubaneswar, Orissa
Background information
Born	(1938-07-01) 1 July 1938 (age 73)
Origin	Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Genres	Hindustani classical music
Occupations	Composer, flute player
Instruments	bansuri
Website	hariprasadchaurasia.com

Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia (born 1 July 1938) is an Indian classical instrumentalist.^[1] He is a player of the bansuri, the Indian bamboo flute.

Early life[link]

Hariprasad Chaurasia was born in Allahabad in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.^[2] His father was a wrestler. His mother died when he was 6. He had to learn music without his father's knowledge, for his father wanted him to become a wrestler. He did go to the Akhada and train with his father for some time, although he also started learning music, and practising at his friend's house. He often credits his wrestling training for giving him the immense stamina and lung power that are the hallmarks of his flute playing, stating that,

Career[link]

Hariprasad Chaurasia started learning vocal music from his neighbor, Pandit Rajaram at the age of 15. Later, he switched to playing the flute under the tutelage of Pandit Bholanath Prasanna of Varanasi for eight years. He joined the All India Radio, Cuttack, Orissa in 1957 and worked as a composer and performer^[3][4][5] Much later, while working for All India Radio he received guidance from the reclusive Annapurna Devi, daughter of Baba Allaudin Khan.

He is considered a rare combination of innovator and traditionalist. He has expanded the expressive possibilities of the bansuri through his masterful blowing technique.

Apart from classical music, he has made a mark as a music director for Indian films along with Pt. Shivkumar Sharma, forming a group called Shiv-Hari. He has also collaborated with various world musicians in experimental cross-cultural performances, including the fusion group Shakti.

He serves as the Artistic Director of the World Music Department at the Rotterdam Music Conservatory in the Netherlands.

He has collaborated with several western musicians, including John McLaughlin and Jan Garbarek, and has also composed music for a number of Indian films. He has performed throughout the world, winning acclaim from varied audiences and fellow musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and Jean-Pierre Rampal.

Personal life[link]

Chaurasia is married to Anuradha, a classical vocalist from Orissa.^[6] They have a son Rajiv.^[7] From his first wife Kamla Chaurasia he has two sons Ajay and Vinay Chaurasia.

Awards[link]

• Sangeet Natak Academy - 1984
• Konark Samman - 1992^[4]
• Padma Bhushan - 1992
• Yash Bharati Sanman - 1994
• Padma Vibhushan - 2000
• Hafiz Ali Khan Award - 2000
• Dinanath Mangeshkar Award - 2000
• Pune Pandit Award - 2008, by The Art & Music Foundation, Pune, India
• National Eminence award, NADA VIDYA BHARTI by Visakha Music and Dance Academy, Vizag - 2009

Honours[link]

• Honoured by Dutch Royal family at Amsterdam,and was conferred with the title Officer in the Order of Orange-Nassau (“officier in de Orde van Oranje-Nassau”) and was honoured by Princess Maxima herself.^[8]
• Ministry of Culture of the Republic of France.^[9] He has been appointed as Knight in the Order of Arts and Letter (“Ordres des Arts et Lettres”) in appreciation of the significant contribution he has made to spread culture in France and the rest of the World - 2009
• Honorary Doctorate by the North Orissa University for his unparalleled role and contribution to the world of Indian Classical Music - 2009

Books[link]

• Official biography "Woodwinds of Change" by Surjit Singh - 2008
• 'Hariprasad Chaurasia and the Art of Improvisation', by Henri Tournier^[10]

Discography[link]

These are major albums released by Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia, categorized by release dates.²

Chaurasia in 2011

Chaurasia in 2007

With Ustad Zakir Hussain (2012)

1967

• Call of the Valley with Shivkumar Sharma and Brij Bhushan Kabra

1978

• Krishnadhwani 60

1981

• Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute

1984

• Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute (different set of ragas,same album name)

1987

• Morning to Midnight Ragas - Morning Ragas

1988

• Call of the Valley

1989

• Venu
• Live in Ahmedabad '89

1990

• Immortal Series

1991

• Megh Malhar

1992

• Night Ragas
• Live in Amsterdam '92
• Morning to Midnight Ragas - Afternoon Ragas
• All time Favorites
• Live from Sawai Gandharva Music Festival - Video (VHS)
• Raga-s DU Nord Et Du Sud
• Immortal Series - Flute Fantasia

1993

• Indian Classical Masters
• Daylight Ragas
• Flute - Hariprasad Chaurasia

1994

• Thumri - The Music of Love
• In A Mellow Mood
• Possession
• Immortal Series - Devine Drupad
• Classic Greats1 - Ideas on Flute

1995

• In Live Concert
• Cascades of Hindustani Music
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Sunrise Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Morning Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Midday Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Afternoon Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Evening Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Sunset Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Midnight Melody
• Maharishi Gandharva Veda - Late Night Melody
• Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute
• Malhar-Chandrika
• Music 157 - Live in London
• Music - Flute
• Great Jugalbandis
• Music from the world of OSHO - Above & Beyond
• Prem Yog
• Written on the Wind
• Romantic Themes
• Saptarishi - Live at Siri Fort
• The Mystical Flute of Hari Prasad Chaurasia
• Maestro's Choice
• Basant Bahar
• Chaurasia's Choice

1996

• Hari Prasad Chaurasia & his Divine Flute
• Flute Recital
• Valley Recalls - In search of Peace, Love and Harmony
• Krishna's Flute - Master of the Bansuri
• Classical Encounters - A live Experience with Pt. Hari Prasad Chaurasia
• Fabulous Flute
• Pundit Hari Prasad Chaurasia
• In Concert - Vancouver, B.C
• Hariprasad Chaurasia - Flute
• The Bamboo Flautist of His Generation
• Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia - Nada in Jerusalem

1997

• Classical Encounters - A Live Experience with Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia
• Great Jugalbandis
• The Golden Collection (Classical)
• Immortal Essence
• Golden Raga Collection
• Bustan Abraham - Fanar (Guest appearance alongside Zakir Hussain)

1998

• Samarpan-VCD Special 60th Birthday Edition
• The Charms Companion
• Morning to Midnight - Morning to Dusk
• Music for Reiki

1999

• Jugalbandi
• Rasdhaara
• Live Inside Khajuraho
• Live in New Delhi - '89
• Golden Raga Collection
• Musical Titans of India - Jugalbandhi Video (VHS)
• Pure Joy - Positive Energy Music

2000

• Music without Boundaries
• Maaya - Far East
• Hriday - Cuba
• Caravan Spain
• Live Concert at Savai Gandharva Music Festival
• Gurukul - The Guru shishya Parampara

2001

• Adi-Ananth
• Love Divine - Parables of Passion
• Power & Grace - Live at the Saptak Festival 2001
• Discovery of Indian Classical Music
• Flute Duet

2003

• Flute Deity Hariprasad Chaurasia
• The Greatest Hits of Hariprasad Chaurasia
• Salvation - Instrumental Bhajans

Albums (release year unknown)[link]

• La Flute De Pundit Hariprasad Chaurasia
• Hariprasad Chaurasia - The Most Celebrated Flautist of India
• Sound of Silence
• Charm of the Bamboo flute
• Kalpana - Imagination
• A Kaleidoscope of various ragas
• Krishna Utsav
• Kali - Classical Instrumental
• Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia - the Living Legend of Flute
• Moon Light Moods - Flute Recital
• Pt. Hariprasad Chaurasia - The Living Legend of Flute
• Indian Music
• HariDhwani
• Fusion India - Passage of India Series
• Being Still
• Dhammapada - Sacred teaching of Buddha
• The Charms Companion
• Eternity
• Nothing but wind (1988) - Composed by Ilaiyaraaja

With Zakir Hussain

• Making Music (ECM, 1986)

Music for Bollywood films[link]

Along with Pandit Shivkumar Sharma he composed music for

• Chandni
• Darr
• Lamhe
• Silsila
• Faasle
• Vijay
• Sahibaan

Music for Telugu films[link]

The music for the movie Sirivennela is composed by K. V. Mahadevan which revolves around the role of Pandit Hari Prasad, a blind flautist played by Sarvadaman Banerjee and flute renditions by Hariprasad Chaurasia.^[11]

Music for English films[link]

Some of his music is used in Mithaq Kazimi's 16 Days in Afghanistan.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hariprasad Chaurasia

• Official website
• Interview with Choodie Shivaram
• Hariprasad Chaurasia by Mohan Nadkarni
• Interview with The Scholars' Avenue, IIT Kharagpur

Aditi Mangaldas
Aditi Mangaldas performing in Warsaw, 2007
Born	1960 Gujarat
Occupation	dancer, choreographer

Aditi Mangaldas (born 1960) is a renowned Kathak danseuse and choreographer, who works with the traditional repertoire of Kathak, infusing it with a modern sensibility. A former student of both Kumudini Lakhia and Birju Maharaj, she remained one of the principal dancers in latter's troupe for several years, before starting her own dance institution in Delhi, the Drishtikon Dance Foundation, where she is the artistic director and principal dancer.^[1][2][3]

Early life and training[link]

Born in 1960, Aditi Mangaldas was brought up in Ahmedabad, where she also did her Bachelor of Science from St. Xavier’s College.^[4]

She started training in Kathak dance under Kumudini Lakhia at Kadamb Centre for Dance in Ahmedabad at a young age. Later at the advise of her aunt Pupul Jayakar, she moved to Delhi to explore dance avenues in the city. Here she became a student of Birju Maharaj at Kathak Kendra, Delhi. After completing her dance training, she travelled to many part of the world as a part of Birju Maharaj's troupe.^[5][6][7]

Career[link]

Aditi Mangaldas ensemble.

She has given Kathak performances in major dance festivals in India and has been featured in the Festivals of India in UK, US, and the Soviet unions.

Besides directing solo items, Aditi Mangaldas has also choreographed a number of group ensembles that have been an arresting blend of traditional and contemporary styles. Over the past years she has produced several choreographic works including Cheekh, Swagat Vistar, The Sound of the universe, Vrindakriti to name a few. She has also conducted several workshops and presented papers at dance seminars.^[8]

In 2005, the Aditi Mangaldas Dance Company with a troupe of six dancers and three musicians made its US debut at the Asia Society with "Footprints on Water." ^[9]

Quotes on Aditi Mangaldas[link]

• "As I remember, Aditi was never satisfied with just the technique or the kinetics of dance. She wanted to explore - the space around her, the energy as a driving force, the innumerable patterns forming kaleidoscopic extensions, the colours, moods and just about everything. Her concerns were of larger images outside her own little frail being."

Kumudini Lakhia, Aditi's guru, an eminent kathak guru and choreographer

• Mangaldas is a creature of the stage...She easily holds the stage with a powerful feminine presence.

Leigh Witchel, Sept. 30th, 2005. New York, Danceviewtime ^[10]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Aditi Mangaldas website
• Rooted, yet modern (Interview) The Hindu

Shivkumar Sharma
Sharma performing in Pune, Maharashtra 17 July 2009
Background information
Born	(1938-01-13) January 13, 1938 (age 74) Jammu Jammu & Kashmir
Origin	Dogra from Jammu, India
Genres	Hindustani Classical Music
Instruments	Santoor
Years active	1955–present
Associated acts	Rahul Sharma
Website	www.santoor.com

Shivkumar Sharma (born January 13, 1938, Jammu, India^[1]) is an Indian Santoor player.^[2][3] The Santoor is a folk instrument^[1][4] from Kashmir^[5] and Jammu.^[6] Sharma is often referred to by the title Pandit.^[3]

Early life[link]

Born in Jammu to the singer^[7][8] Uma Dutt Sharma.^[9] His mother tongue is Dogri. In a 1999 interview to rediff.com, Shivkumar said that his father started teaching him vocals and tabla when he was just five.^[8] He goes on to say that Uma Dutt Sharma did "extensive research" on Santoor, and decided that Shivkumar should be the first Musician to play Indian Classical Music on Santoor. So he started learning Santoor at the age of thirteen,^[8] and made Uma Dutt Sharma's dream come true.^[1] He gave his first public performance in Bombay in 1955.

Career[link]

Sharma in 1988

Shivkumar Sharma is the master instrumentalist of the Santoor, after some years as a vocalist. He is credited with making the Santoor a popular Classical Instrument.^[4][10] In a 1999 interview to rediff.com, Shivkumar said that it was his father who decided that he should play the Santoor and that he never thought he would be choosing it when he started learning music.^[8] He composed the music of Shantaram's Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje^[11] in 1956. He recorded his first solo album in 1960.^[1]

In 1967, he teamed up with flautist Hariprasad Chaurasia and Brij Bhushan Kabra to produce a concept album, Call of the Valley (1967) which turned out to be one of the greatest hits in Indian Classical Music.^[1][10] He has composed music for many Hindi films in collaboration with Hariprasad Chaurasia^[12] starting with Silsila^[11] (1980). They came to be known as the 'Shiv-Hari' music duo.^[11] Some of the movies they composed music for that were big musical hits are Faasle (1985), Chandni (1989), Lamhe (1991) and Darr (1993).

Personal life[link]

Sharma married Manorama^[9][13] and has three sons.^[8] His son, Rahul,^[14][15] is also a Santoor Player^[16][17] and they have performed together since 1996.^[8] In a 1999 interview to rediff.com, Shivkumar stated that he chose Rahul as his shishya because he thought he had the "gift of God".^[8]

Awards[link]

Shivkumar is the recipient of national and international awards, including an honorary citizenship of the city of Baltimore, USA, in 1985,^[18] the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1986,^[19] the Padma Shri in 1991, and the Padma Vibhushan in 2001.^[20]

Awards (classical and film)[link]

• Platinum Disc for Call of the Valley
• Platinum Disc for music of film Silsila
• Gold Disc for music of film Faasle
• Platinum Disc for music of film Chandni
• Special Award for outstanding music and sale of film Lamhe
• Special Award for outstanding music and sale of film Darr

Discography[link]

• Call of the Valley, with Brij Bhushan Kabra and Hariprasad Chaurasia (1967)
• The Glory Of Strings - Santoor (1991), T-Series
• Raga Bhopali vol I (1993)
• Raga Kedari vol II (1993)
• Hundred Strings of Santoor (1994)
• Hypnotic Santoor (1994)
• The Pioneer of Santoor (1994)
• Raag Bilaskhani Todi (1994)
• World Network Series, Vol. 1: India- Raga Purya Kalyan, with Zakir Hussain (1995)
• Santoor (Raag Rageshri) (1998)
• Sampradaya (1999)
• Rasdhara (1999)
• Vibrant Music for Reiki (2003)
• Sympatico (Charukeshi - Santoor)(2004)
• The Inner Path (Kirvani - Santoor) (2004)
• Essential Evening Chants (2007)
• A Morning Raga Gurjari Todi (2010)

References[link]