This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011)

Helianthus annuus Sunflower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Angiospermae
Phylum:	Magnoliophyta
Subdivision:	Eudicots
Class:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Helianthoideae
Tribe:	Heliantheae
Genus:	Helianthus
Species:	H. annuus
Binomial name
Helianthus annuus L.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual plant native to the Americas. It possesses a large inflorescence (flowering head). The sunflower is named after its huge, fiery blooms, whose shape and image is often used to depict the sun. The sunflower has a rough, hairy stem, broad, coarsely toothed, rough leaves and circular heads of flowers. The heads consist of many individual flowers which mature into seeds, often in the hundreds, on a receptacle base. From the Americas, sunflower seeds were brought to Europe in the 16th century, where, along with sunflower oil, they became a widespread cooking ingredient. Leaves of the sunflower can be used as cattle feed, while the stems contain a fibre which may be used in paper production.

Description[link]

Head displaying florets in spirals of 34 and 55 around the outside

What is usually called the "flower" on a mature sunflower is actually a "flower head" (also known as a "composite flower") of numerous florets, (small flowers) crowded together. The outer petal-bearing florets are the sterile ray florets and can be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets, which mature into seeds.

The flower petals within the sunflower's cluster are usually in a a spiral pattern. Generally, each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the golden angle, 137.5°, producing a pattern of interconnecting spirals, where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive Fibonacci numbers. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; on a very large sunflower there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other.^[1][2][3] This pattern produces the most efficient packing of seeds within the flower head.^[4][5][6]

Sunflowers most commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5 m (5–12 ft). Scientific literature^[who?] reports that a 12 m (40 ft), traditional, single-head, sunflower plant was grown in Padua in 1567. The same seed lot grew almost 8 m (26 ft) at other times and places, including Madrid.^{[citation needed]} During the 20th century, heights of over 8 m have been achieved in both the Netherlands and Ontario, Canada.^{[citation needed]}

Heliotropism[link]

Whole seed (right) and kernel with hull removed (left)

A common misconception is that sunflowers track the sun.^[7] In fact, mature flowerheads typically face east and do not move. The leaves and buds of young sunflowers do exhibit heliotropism (sun turning). Their orientation changes from east to west during the course of a day.^[8] The movements become a circadian response and when plants are rotated 180 degrees, the old response pattern is still followed for a few days, with leaf orientation changing from west to east instead.^[9] The leaf and flowerhead bud phototropism occurs while the leaf petioles and stems are still actively growing, but once mature, the movements stop. These movements involve the petioles bending or twisting during the day then unbending or untwisting at night.^[10]

History[link]

Sunflower field, Fargo, North Dakota

The evidence thus far is that the sunflower was first domesticated in Mesoamerica, present day Mexico, by at least 2600 BC.^[11] It may have been domesticated a second time in the middle Mississippi Valley, or been introduced there from Mexico at an early date, as maize was. The earliest known examples of a fully domesticated sunflower north of Mexico have been found in Tennessee, and date to around 2300 BC^{[citation needed]}. Many indigenous American peoples used the sunflower as the symbol of their solar deity, including the Aztecs and the Otomi of Mexico and the Incas in South America. Francisco Pizarro was the first European to encounter the sunflower in Tahuantinsuyo, Peru. Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Spain early in the 16th century. Some researchers argue that the Spaniards tried to suppress cultivation of the sunflower because of its association with solar religion and warfare.^[12]

During the 18th century, the use of sunflower oil became very popular in Europe, particularly with members of the Russian Orthodox Church, because sunflower oil was one of the few oils that was not prohibited during Lent, according to some fasting traditions.

Cultivation and uses[link]

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009)

Left frame

Right frame

Parallel view

Cross-eye view

Raw sunflower seeds, intended for planting.

Worldwide sunflower output

To grow best, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, moist, well-drained soil with heavy mulch. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45 cm (1.5 ft) apart and 2.5 cm (1 in) deep. Sunflower "whole seed" (fruit) are sold as a snack food, raw or after roasting in ovens, with or without salt and/or seasonings added. Sunflowers can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, sunflower butter. In Germany, it is mixed with rye flour to make Sonnenblumenkernbrot (literally: sunflower whole seed bread), which is quite popular in German-speaking Europe. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads. American Indians had multiple uses for sunflowers in the past, such as in bread, medical ointments, dyes and body paints.^{[citation needed]}

Sunflower oil, extracted from the seeds, is used for cooking, as a carrier oil and to produce margarine and biodiesel, as it is cheaper than olive oil. A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some 'high oleic' types contain a higher level of monounsaturated fats in their oil than even olive oil.

Detail of disk florets

The cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as a livestock feed. Some recently developed cultivars have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to gardeners growing the flowers as ornamental plants, but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some plant diseases. Sunflowers also produce latex, and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing hypoallergenic rubber.

Traditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a "fourth sister" to the better known three sisters combination of corn, beans, and squash.^[13] Annual species are often planted for their allelopathic properties.^{[citation needed]}

However, for commercial farmers growing commodity crops, the sunflower, like any other unwanted plant, is often considered a weed. Especially in the midwestern US, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can have a negative impact on yields.

Sunflowers can be used in phytoremediation to extract toxic ingredients from soil, such as lead, arsenic and uranium. They were used to remove cesium-137 and strontium-90 from a nearby pond after the Chernobyl disaster,^[14] and a similar campaign was mounted in response to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.^[15][16]

Sunflower genome[link]

The sunflower, Helianthus annuus, genome is diploid with a base chromosome number of 17 and an estimated genome size of 2871–3189 Mbp.^[17][18] Some sources claim its true size is around 3.5 billion base pairs (slightly larger than the human genome).^[19]

Mathematical model of floret arrangement[link]

Illustration of Vogel's model for n=1 ... 500

A model for the pattern of florets in the head of a sunflower was proposed by H. Vogel in 1979.^[20] This is expressed in polar coordinates

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): r = c \sqrt{n},

Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \theta = n \times 137.5^{\circ},

where θ is the angle, r is the radius or distance from the center, and n is the index number of the floret and c is a constant scaling factor. It is a form of Fermat's spiral. The angle 137.5° is related to the golden ratio (55/144 of a circular angle, where 55 and 144 are Fibonacci numbers) and gives a close packing of florets. This model has been used to produce computer graphics representations of sunflowers.^[21]

In culture[link]

• The sunflower is the state flower of the US state of Kansas, and one of the city flowers of Kitakyūshū, Japan.
• The sunflower is often used as a symbol of green ideology, much as the red rose is a symbol of socialism or social democracy. The sunflower is also the symbol of the Vegan Society.
• During the late 19th century, the flower was used as the symbol of the Aesthetic Movement.
• Subject of Van Gogh's most famous still life, Sunflowers
• The sunflower is the national flower of Ukraine.
• The sunflower was chosen as the symbol of the Spiritualist Church for many reasons, but mostly because it turns toward the sun as "Spiritualism turns toward the light of truth". Modern Spiritualists often have art or jewelry with sunflower designs.^[22]
• Starting from February 2010, Kuban Airlines of Russia painted part of its fleet in a new livery featuring enormous sunflowers.^[23]

Varieties[link]

The 'Teddy Bear' variety

The following are varieties of sunflowers (in alphabetical order):

Other species[link]

There are many species in the sunflower genus Helianthus, and many species in other genera that may be called sunflowers.

• The Maximillian sunflower (Helianthus maximilianii) is one of 38 species of perennial sunflower native to North America. The Land Institute and other breeding programs are currently exploring the potential for these as a perennial seed crop.
• The sunchoke [1] (Jerusalem artichoke or Helianthus tuberosus) is related to the sunflower, another example of perennial sunflower.
• The Mexican sunflower is Tithonia rotundifolia. It is only very distantly related to North American sunflowers.
• False sunflower refers to plants of the genus Heliopsis.

Gallery[link]

• 

  Bumble bee sampling nectar

• 

  Sunflower seedlings, three days after germination

• 

  Sunflower in Spain

• 

  Fruiting head

• 

  Heads sold as snacks in China

• 

  Sunflower cultivated in Nepal

• 

  Sunflower stereoscopic crossview.

See also[link]

Look up sheller in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Carnitine
• List of sunflower diseases
• International Sunflower Guerrilla Gardening Day

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Pope, Kevin; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer Irvy R.; "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica,"Science, 18 May 2001:Vol. 292. no. 5520, pp. 1370–1373.
• Shosteck, Robt. 1974. Flowers and Plants. An International Lexicon with Biographical Notes. Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co. 329 pp.
• Wood, Marcia. (June 2002.). "Sunflower Rubber? Agricultural Research.". USDA. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jun02/rubber0602.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-31. 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Sunflowers

Media related to Sunflower at Wikimedia Commons

• National Sunflower Association
• USDA-ERS Briefing Room - Sunflowerseed Summary of sunflower production, trade, and consumption and links to relevant USDA reports.
• Sunflower cultivation
• Home garden cultural information on growing sunflowers

v t e Bioenergy Biofuels Algae fuel Bagasse Babassu oil Biobutanol Biodiesel Biogas Biogasoline Cellulosic ethanol Corn stover Ethanol fuel Methanol fuel Stover Straw Vegetable oil Energy from foodstock Barley Cassava Grape Hemp Maize Oat Potato Rapeseed Rice Sorghum bicolor Soybean Sugarcane Sugar beet Sunflower Wheat Yam Non-food energy crops Arundo Big bluestem Camelina Chinese tallow Duckweed Jatropha curcas Millettia pinnata Miscanthus giganteus Switchgrass Wood fuel Technology Bioconversion Biomass heating systems Biorefinery Fischer-Tropsch process Industrial biotechnology Pellet mill Pellet stove Thermal depolymerization Concepts Cellulosic ethanol commercialization Energy content of biofuel Energy crop Energy forestry EROEI Food vs. fuel Sustainable biofuel

Enrico Nicola "Henry" Mancini (April 16, 1924 – June 14, 1994)^[1] was an American composer, conductor and arranger, best remembered for his film and television scores. He won a record number of Grammy Awards (20), plus a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award posthumously in 1995. His best-known works include the jazz-idiom theme to The Pink Panther film series ("The Pink Panther Theme"), the Peter Gunn Theme from the television series, and back-to-back Academy Awards for the songs "Moon River" from the Blake Edwards film Breakfast at Tiffany's and "Days of Wine and Roses" from Edwards' film Days of Wine and Roses. He also composed the score of famous films such as Charade, The Great Race, Wait Until Dark or Silver Streak.

Early life[link]

Mancini was born in the Little Italy neighborhood of Cleveland, and grew up near Pittsburgh, in the steel town of West Aliquippa, Pennsylvania. His parents emigrated from the Abruzzo region of Italy. Mancini's father, Quinto, (born March 13, 1893, Scanno, Italy) was a steelworker, who made his only child begin piccolo lessons at the age of eight.^[2] When Mancini was 12 years old, he began piano lessons. Quinto and Henry played flute together in the Aliquippa Italian immigrant band, "Sons of Italy". After graduating from Aliquippa High School in 1942, Mancini attended the renowned Juilliard School of Music in New York. In 1943, after roughly one year at Juilliard, his studies were interrupted when he was drafted into the United States Army. In 1945, he participated in the liberation of a concentration camp in southern Germany.

Career[link]

Newly discharged, Mancini entered the music industry. Entering 1946, he became a pianist and arranger for the newly re-formed Glenn Miller Orchestra, led by 'Everyman' Tex Beneke. After World War II, Mancini broadened his skills in composition, counterpoint, harmony and orchestration during studies opening with the composers Ernst Krenek and Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco.^[3]

In 1952, Mancini joined the Universal Pictures music department. During the next six years, he contributed music to over 100 movies, most notably The Creature from the Black Lagoon, It Came from Outer Space, Tarantula, This Island Earth, The Glenn Miller Story (for which he received his first Academy Award nomination), The Benny Goodman Story and Orson Welles' Touch of Evil. During this time, he also wrote some popular songs. His first hit was a single by Guy Lombardo and His Royal Canadians titled I Won't Let You Out of My Heart.

Mancini left Universal-International to work as an independent composer/arranger in 1958. Soon after, he scored the television series Peter Gunn^[2] for writer/producer Blake Edwards. This was the genesis of a relationship in which Edwards and Mancini collaborated on 30 films over 35 years. Along with Alex North, Elmer Bernstein, Leith Stevens and Johnny Mandel, Henry Mancini was a pioneer of the inclusion of jazz elements in the late romantic orchestral film and TV scoring prevalent at the time.

Mancini's scores for Blake Edwards included Breakfast at Tiffany's (with the standard "Moon River")^[2] and Days of Wine and Roses (with the title song, "Days of Wine and Roses"), as well as Experiment in Terror, The Pink Panther (and all of its sequels), The Great Race, The Party, and Victor Victoria. Another director with whom Mancini had a longstanding partnership was Stanley Donen (Charade, Arabesque, Two for the Road). Mancini also composed for Howard Hawks (Man's Favorite Sport?, Hatari! – which included the well-known "Baby Elephant Walk"), Martin Ritt (The Molly Maguires), Vittorio de Sica (Sunflower), Norman Jewison (Gaily, Gaily), Paul Newman (Sometimes a Great Notion, The Glass Menagerie), Stanley Kramer (Oklahoma Crude), George Roy Hill (The Great Waldo Pepper), Arthur Hiller (Silver Streak),^[4] Ted Kotcheff (Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?), and others. Mancini's score for the Alfred Hitchcock film Frenzy (1972) in in Bachian organ andante, for organ and an orchestra of strings was rejected and replaced by Ron Goodwin's work.

Mancini scored many TV movies, including The Thorn Birds and The Shadow Box. He wrote many television themes, including Mr. Lucky (starring John Vivyan and Ross Martin), NBC Mystery Movie,^[5] What's Happening!!,^[6] Tic Tac Dough (1990 version)^{[citation needed]} and Once Is Not Enough. In the 1984–85 television season, four series featured original Mancini themes: Newhart, Hotel, Remington Steele, and Ripley's Believe It or Not. Mancini also composed the "Viewer Mail" theme for Late Night with David Letterman.^[5] Mancini composed the theme for NBC Nightly News used beginning in 1975, and a different theme by him, titled Salute to the President was used by NBC News for its election coverage (including primaries and conventions) from 1976 to 1992. Salute to the President was only published in a school-band arrangement, although Mancini performed it frequently with symphony orchestras on his concert tours.

Songs with music by Mancini were staples of the easy-listening genre from the 60s to the 80s. Some of the artists who have recorded Mancini songs include Andy Williams, Paul Anka, Pat Boone, Anita Bryant, Jack Jones, Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Connie Francis, Eydie Gorme, Steve Lawrence, Trini Lopez, George Maharis, Johnny Mathis, Jerry Vale, Ray Conniff, The Lennon Sisters, The Lettermen, Herb Alpert, Eddie Cano, Frank Chacksfield, Warren Covington, Percy Faith, Ferrante & Teicher, Horst Jankowski, Andre Kostelanetz, Peter Nero, Liberace, Mantovani, Tony Bennett, Julie London, Wayne Newton, Arthur Fiedler and the Boston Pops Orchestra, Peggy Lee, Al Martino, Jim Nabors, and Matt Monro. Lawrence Welk held Mancini in very high regard, and frequently featured Mancini's music on The Lawrence Welk Show (Mancini made at least one guest appearance on the show).

Mancini recorded over 90 albums, in styles ranging from big band to light classical to pop. Eight of these albums were certified gold by The Recording Industry Association of America. He had a 20 year contract with RCA Records, resulting in 60 commercial record albums that made him a household name artists of easy-listening music. Mancini's earliest recordings in the 1950s and early 1960s were of the jazz idiom; with the success of Peter Gunn, Mr. Lucky, and Breakfast at Tiffany's, Mancini shifted to primarily recording his own music in record albums and film soundtracks. (Relatively little of his music was written for recordings compared to the amount that was written for film and television.) Beginning with his 1969 hit A Time for Us (Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet) and its accompanying album A Warm Shade of Ivory, Mancini began to function more as a piano soloist and easy-listening artist primarily recording music written by other people. In this period, for two of his best-selling albums he was joined by trumpet virtuoso and Tonight Show bandleader Doc Severinsen.

Among Mancini's orchestral scores are (Lifeforce, The Great Mouse Detective, Sunflower, Tom and Jerry: The Movie, Molly Maguires, The Hawaiians), and darker themes (Experiment in Terror, The White Dawn, Wait Until Dark, The Night Visitor).

Mancini was also a concert performer, conducting over fifty engagements per year, resulting in over 600 symphony performances during his lifetime. He conducted nearly all of the leading symphonies of the world, including the London Symphony Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic, the Boston Pops, the Los Angeles Philharmonic and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. One of his favorites was the Minnesota Orchestra, where he debuted the Thorn Birds Suite in June 1983. He appeared in 1966, 1980 and 1984 in command performances for the British Royal Family. He also toured several times with Johnny Mathis and also with Andy Williams, who had each sung many of Mancini's songs; Mathis and Mancini collaborated on the 1986 album The Hollywood Musicals.

Cameos[link]

Mancini occasionally acted in cameo and voice roles.

Shortly before his death in 1994, he made a one-off cameo appearance in the first season of the sitcom series Frasier, as a call-in patient to Dr. Frasier Crane's radio show. Mancini voiced the character Al, who speaks with a melancholy drawl and hates the sound of his own voice, in the episode "Guess Who's Coming to Breakfast?"^[7] Moments after Mancini's cameo ends, Frasier's radio broadcast plays "Moon River" to underscore a particularly heartfelt apology.

Mancini also had an uncredited performance as a pianist in the 1967 movie Gunn, the movie version of the series Peter Gunn, the score of which was originally composed by Mancini himself.

In the 1966 Pink Panther cartoon Pink, Plunk, Plink, the panther commandeered an orchestra and proceeded to conduct Mancini's theme for the series. At the end, the shot switched to rare live action, and Mancini was seen alone applauding in the audience.

Death and legacy[link]

Mancini died of pancreatic cancer in Los Angeles on June 14, 1994. He was working at the time on the Broadway stage version of Victor/Victoria, which he never saw on stage. Mancini was survived by his wife of 43 years, singer Virginia "Ginny" O'Connor, with whom he had three children. They had met while both were members of the Tex Beneke orchestra, just after World War II. In 1948, Ginny was one of the founders of the Society of Singers, a non-profit organization which benefits the health and welfare of professional singers worldwide. Additionally the Society awards scholarships to students pursuing an education in the vocal arts. One of Mancini's twin daughters, Monica Mancini, is a professional singer; her sister Felice runs The Mr. Holland's Opus Foundation (MHOF). His son Christopher is a music publisher and promoter in Los Angeles.

In 1996, the Henry Mancini Institute, an academy for young music professionals, was founded by Jack Elliott in Mancini's honor, and was later under the direction of composer-conductor Patrick Williams. By the mid 2000s, however, the institute could not sustain itself and closed its doors on December 30, 2006.^{[citation needed]} However, the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Foundation "Henry Mancini Music Scholarship" has been awarded annually since 2001. While still alive, Henry created a scholarship at UCLA and the bulk of his library and works are archived in the music library at UCLA.

In 2005, the Henry Mancini Arts Academy was opened as a division of the Lincoln Park Performing Arts Center. The Center is located in Midland, Pennsylvania, minutes away from Mancini's hometown of Aliquippa. The Henry Mancini Arts Academy is an evening-and-weekend performing arts program for children from pre-K to grade 12, with some classes also available for adults. The program includes dance, voice, musical theater, and instrumental lessons.

The American Film Institute ranked Mancini's songs Moon River in the No. 4 and Days of wine and roses in No. 39 on their list of the greatest songs and his score forThe Pink Panther No. 20 on their list of the greatest film scores. His scores for the following films were also nominated for the list:

• Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961)
• Charade (1963)
• Hatari! (1962)
• Touch of Evil (1958)
• Wait Until Dark (1967)

Awards[link]

Mancini was nominated for an unprecedented 72 Grammys, winning 20.^[8] Additionally he was nominated for 18 Academy Awards, winning four.^[9] He also won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for two Emmys.

Mancini won a total of four Oscars for his music in the course of his career. He was first nominated for an Academy Award in 1955 for his original score of The Glenn Miller Story, on which he collaborated with Joseph Gershenson. He lost out to Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin's Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. In 1962, he was nominated in the Best Music, Original Song category for "Bachelor in Paradise" from the film of the same name, in collaboration with lyricist Mack David. That song did not win. However, Mancini did receive two Oscars that year: one in the same category, for the song "Moon River" (shared with lyricist Johnny Mercer), and one for "Best Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture" for Breakfast at Tiffany's. The following year, he and Mercer took another Best Original Song award for "Days of Wine and Roses",^[2] another eponymous theme song. His next eleven nominations went for naught, but he finally garnered one last statuette working with lyricist Leslie Bricusse on the score for Victor Victoria, which won the Academy Award for "Best Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score". All three of the films for which he won were directed by Blake Edwards. His score for Victor/Victoria was adapted for the 1995 Broadway musical of the same name.

On April 13, 2004, the United States Postal Service honored Mancini with a 37 cent commemorative stamp. The stamp shows Mancini conducting with a list of some of his most famous movies and TV show themes in the background and was painted by artist Victor Stabin.^[10] The stamp is Scott catalog number 3839.

Discography[link]

Hit singles[link]

Albums[link]

• The Versatile Henry Mancini, Liberty LRP 3121
• The Mancini Touch, RCA Victor LSP 2101
• The Blues & the Beat, RCA Victor LSP-2147
• Mr. Lucky Goes Latin, RCA Victor LSP-2360
• Our Man in Hollywood, RCA Victor LSP-2604
• Uniquely Mancini, RCA Victor LSP-2692
• The Best of Mancini, RCA Victor LSP-2693
• Mancini Plays Mancini, RCA Camden CAS-2158
• Everybody's Favorite, RCA Camden CXS-9034
• Concert Sound of Henry Mancini, RCA Victor LSP-2897
• Dear Heart and Other Songs, RCA Victor LSP-2990
• Theme Scene, RCA Victor LSP-3052
• Debut Conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra, RCA Victor LSP-3106
• The Best of Vol. 3, RCA Victor LSP-3347
• The Latin Sound of Henry Mancini, RCA Victor LSP-3356
• A Merry Mancini Christmas, RCA Victor LSP-3612
• Pure Gold, RCA Victor LSP-3667
• Mancini Country, RCA Victor LSP-3668
• Mancini '67, RCA Victor LSP-3694
• Music of Hawaii, RCA Victor LSP-3713
• Brass on Ivory, RCA Victor LSP-3756
• A Warm Shade of Ivory, RCA Victor LSP-3757
• Big Latin Band, RCA Victor LSP-4049
• Six Hours Past Sunset, RCA Victor LSP-4239
• Theme music from Z & Other Film Music, RCA Victor LSP-4350
• Big Screen-Little Screen, RCA Victor LSP-4630
• This Is Henry Mancini, RCA Victor VPS6029
• Music from the TV Series "The Mancini Generation", RCA Victor LSP-4689
• The Academy Award Songs, RCA Victor LSP-6013
• Brass, Ivory & Strings (with Doc Severinsen), RCA APL1-0098
• The Theme Scene, RCA AQLI-3052
• Country Gentleman, RCA APD1-0270 (Quadraphonic)
• Hangin' Out, RCA CPL1-0672
• Symphonic Soul, RCA APD1-1025 (Quadraphonic)
• Mancini's Angels, RCA CPL1-2290
• (with Johnny Mathis), The Hollywood Musicals, Columbia FC 40372
• The Pink Panther Meets Speedy Gonzales, Koch Schwann CD
• The Legendary Henry Mancini, BMG Australia 3 CD set

Soundtracks[link]

Many of Mancini's "soundtracks" are actually "Music from ...", which allowed him to arrange the music to be more accessible and to release records without the expense of paying studio orchestra fees._{<citation needed>}

• The Music from Peter Gunn, RCA Victor LSP-1956
• More Music from Peter Gunn, RCA Victor LSP-2040
• Music from Mr. Lucky, RCA Victor LSP-2198
• Bachelor in Paradise, Film Score Monthly FSMCD vol. 7 Nr. 18
• High Time, RCA Victor LSP-2314
• Breakfast at Tiffany's: Music from the Motion Picture, RCA Victor LSP-2362
• A Change of Seasons
• Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation, Intrada special collection vol. 11
• Experiment in Terror, RCA Victor LSP-2442
• Hatari!, RCA Victor LSP-2559
• Charade, RCA Victor LSP-2755
• The Pink Panther, RCA Victor LSP 2795
• The Great Race, RCA Victor LSP-3402
• Arabesque, RCA Victor LSP-3623
• What Did You Do in the War, Daddy?, RCA Victor LSP-3648
• Two for the Road, RCA Victor LSP-3802
• Gunn, RCA Victor LSP-3840
• The Party, RCA Victor LSP-3997
• Me, Natalie, Columbia OS 3350
• Darling Lili, RCA LSPX-1000
• Visions of Eight, RCA Victor ABL1-0231
• The Great Waldo Pepper, MCA 2085
• Gaily, Gaily, UAS 5202
• The Glass Menagerie, MCA MCAD 6222
• The Great Mouse Detective, Varèse Sarabande VSD 5359
• The Hawaiians, UAS 5210
• Lifeforce, BSXCD 8844
• The Molly Maguires, Bay Cities BCD 3029
• Nightwing
• Oklahoma Crude, RCA APL1 0271
• The Pink Panther Strikes Again, UA-LA 694
• Revenge of the Pink Panther, EMI 791113-2
• Santa Claus: The Movie, EMI SJ 17177
• Silver Streak, Intrada special collection vol. 5
• Sometimes a Great Notion, Decca DL 79185
• Son of the Pink Panther, Milan 21-16461-2
• Sunflower, SLC SLCS 7035
• The Thief Who Came to Dinner, WB BS 2700
• The Thorn Birds, Varèse Sarabande 30206 65642 8
• Tom and Jerry – The Movie, MCA MCD 10721
• Touch of Evil, Movie Sound MSCD 401
• Victor Victoria, GNP Crescendo GNPD 8038
• W.C. Fields and Me, MCA 2092
• Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?, Epic SE 35692
• Without a Clue

Filmography[link]

(not completed)

• The Glenn Miller Story - 1953
• Abbott and Costello Go to Mars - 1953
• Law and Order (1953 film) - 1953
• City Beneath the Sea (1953 film) - 1953
• Destry (film) - 1954
• The Private War of Major Benson - 1955
• Tarantula (film) - 1955
• This Island Earth - 1955
• Mister Cory - 1957
• Touch of Evil - 1958
• High Time (film) - 1960
• Bachelor in Paradise - 1961
• The Great Impostor - 1961
• Breakfast at Tiffany's - 1961
• Days of Wine and Roses - 1962
• Hatari! - 1962
• Mr. Hobbs Takes A Vacation - 1962
• Experiment in Terror - 1962
• The Pink Panther - 1963
• Charade Universal Studios - 1963
• A Shot in the Dark - 1964
• A Shot in the Dark - 1964
• Man's Favorite Sport? - 1964
• The Great Race - 1965
• Moment to Moment - 1965
• Arabesque - 1966
• What Did you Do in the War, Daddy? - 1966
• Two for the Road (1967 film) 1967
• Wait Until Dark (film) - 1967
• The Party - 1968
• Gaily, Gaily - 1969
• Sometimes a Great Notion - 1970
• The Hawaiians - 1970
• The Molly Maguires - 1970
• Frenzy (Rejected Score) - 1972
• the thief who came to dinner - 1973
• The White Dawn- 1974
• The Return of the Pink Panther - 1975
• The Great Waldo Pepper - 1975
• Silver Streak (film) - 1976
• W.C. Fields and Me - 1976
• The Pink Panther Strikes Again - 1976
• Revenge of the Pink Panther - 1978
• 10 (film) - 1979
• Mommie Dearest- 1981
• Victor Victoria - 1982
• Trail of the Pink Panther - 1982
• Curse of the Pink Panther - 1983
• The Great Mouse Detective – Walt Disney Pictures 1986
• That's Life! - 1986
• Blind Date (1987 film) - 1987
• Without a Clue - 1988
• Physical Evidence - 1989
• Ghost Dad – Universal Studios 1990
• Fear - 1990
• Switch - 1991
• Tom and Jerry: The Movie – Turner Pictures - 1992
• Son of the Pink Panther - 1993

Bibliography[link]

• Mancini, Henry: Sounds And Scores: a practical guide to professional orchestration (Book on orchestration of popular music, 1962)
• Mancini, Henry: Did they mention the music? (Autobiography, with Gene Lees, 1989)
• Thomas, Tony: Music For The Movies (1973)
• Thomas, Tony: Film Score (1979)
• Larson, Randall: 'Henry Mancini: On Scoring Lifeforce and Santa Claus' (interview)(in: CinemaScore, No. 15, 1987)
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'An interview with Henry Mancini' (in: Soundtrack, vol. 7, No. 26, 1988)
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'Henry Mancini' (in: Soundtrack, vol. 13, No. 50, 1994)
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'Henry Mancini remembered' (in: Soundtrack, vol. 13, No. 51)
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'Whistling Away The Dark' In: Film Score Monthly, # 45, p. 7
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'Henry Mancini 1924–1994' In: Film Score Monthly, # 46/47, p. 5
• Büdinger, Matthias: 'Feeling Fancy Free' (in: Film Score Monthly, vol. 10, No. 2)
• Brown, Royal S.: Overtones and undertones – reading film music (1994)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Henry Mancini at the Internet Movie Database
• Henry Mancini at the Internet Broadway Database
• Henry Mancini at Allmusic
• Henry Mancini, Space Age Pop
• A Henry Mancini discography
• Joe Reisman scores, 1945–1986 Music Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.
• Henry Mancini, Soundtrackinfo
• A Mancini anthology
• Memories of Henry Mancini
• The story behind the making of the music from Peter Gunn, including interviews with the musicians and sound engineers
• Henry Mancini interview recorded 5.9.1968 on the Pop Chronicles

Ai Weiwei Ai Weiwei Born (1957-08-28) 28 August 1957 (age 54) Beijing, China Spouse Lu Qing Nationality Chinese Works Sunflower Seeds Ai Weiwei Chinese 艾未未 Transcriptions Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Ài Wèiwèi - Wade–Giles Ai4 Wei4wei4 - IPA [âɪwêɪwêɪ] Cantonese (Yue) - Yale Romanization ngaai6 mei6 mei6

Ai Weiwei (born 18 May 1957) is a Chinese contemporary artist, active in sculpture, installation, architecture, curating, photography, film, and social, political and cultural criticism.^[1][2] Ai collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron as the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics.^[3] As a political activist, he has been highly and openly critical of the Chinese Government's stance on democracy and human rights. He has investigated government corruption and cover-ups, in particular the Sichuan schools corruption scandal following the collapse of so-called "tofu-skin schools" in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.^[4] In 2011, following his arrest at Beijing airport on 3 April, he was held for over two months without any official charges being filed; officials alluded to their allegations of "economic crimes" (tax evasion). In October 2011 ArtReview magazine named Ai number one in their annual Power 100 list. The decision was criticised by the Chinese authorities. Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Liu Weimin responded, "China has many artists who have sufficient ability. We feel that a selection that is based purely on a political bias and perspective has violated the objectives of the magazine".^[5]

Life and work[link]

Ai Weiwei's father was Chinese poet Ai Qing,^[6] who was denounced during the Anti-Rightist Movement and in 1958 sent to a labour camp in Xinjiang with his wife, Gao Ying.^[7] Ai Weiwei was one year old at the time and lived in Shihezi for 16 years. In 1975 the family returned to Beijing.^[8] Ai Weiwei is married to artist Lu Qing.^[7]

In 1978, Ai enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy and attended school with Chinese directors Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou.^[9] In 1978, he was one of the founders of the early avant garde art group the "Stars", together with Ma Desheng, Wang Keping, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Zhong Acheng and Qu Leilei. The group disbanded in 1983,^[10] yet Ai participated in regular Stars group shows, The Stars: Ten Years, 1989 (Hanart Gallery, Hong-Hong and Taipei), and a retrospective exhibition in Beijing in 2007:Origin Point (Today Art Museum, Beijing).

From 1981 to 1993, he lived in the United States, mostly in New York, creating conceptual art by altering readymade objects.^[10] He studied at Parsons School of Design^[11] and at the Art Students League of New York.^[12] At the same time, Ai became fascinated by blackjack card games and frequented Atlantic City casinos. He is still regarded in gambling circles as a top tier professional blackjack player according to an article published on blackjackchamp.com.^[13][14][15]

In 1993, Ai returned to China after his father became ill.^[16] He helped establish the experimental artists' Beijing East Village and published a series of three books about this new generation of artists: Black Cover Book (1994), White Cover Book (1995), and Gray Cover Book (1997).^[17]

Ai Weiwei's contribution to the Documenta 12 in Kassel 2007

Ai Weiwei is its Artistic Director of China Art Archives & Warehouse (CAAW), which he co-founded in 1997. This contemporary art archive and experimental gallery in Beijing concentrated on experimental art from the People's Republic of China, initiates and facilitates exhibitions and other forms of introductions inside and outside China.^[18] The building which houses it was designed by Ai in 2000.^[19]

In 1998, Ai moved to Caochangdi, in the northeast of Beijing, and built a studio house – his first architectural project. Due to his interest in architecture, he founded the architecture studio FAKE Design, in 2003.^[20] In 2000, he co-curated the art exhibition Fuck Off with curator Feng Boyi in Shanghai, China.^[21]

In 2006, Ai and HHF Architects designed a private residence in upstate New York for collectors Christopher Tsai and André Stockamp.^[22] According to the New York Times, the Tsai Residence is divided into four modules and the details are "extraordinarily refined".^[22][23] In 2009, the Chicago Athenaeum Museum of Architecture and Design selected the home for its International Architecture Awards, one of the world's most prestigious global awards for new architecture, landscape architecture, interiors and urban planning.^[24] In 2010, Wallpaper magazine nominated the Tsai Residence for its Wallpaper Design Awards category: Best New Private House.^[25] A detached guesthouse to the Tsai Residence, also designed by Ai and HHF Architects, was completed after the main house and, according to New York Magazine, looks like a "floating boomerang of rusty Cor-Ten steel."^[26]

Ai Weiwei's Fountain of Light (2007) is a 7m high tower of steel and crystals, reinterpreting Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to the Third International.^[27]

On 15 March 2010, Ai took part in Digital Activism in China, a discussion hosted by The Paley Media Center in New York with Jack Dorsey (founder of Twitter) and Richard MacManus.^[28]

Exhibitions and installations[link]

Ai's artwork has been exhibited in Australia, Europe, North and South America. Solo exhibitions include Stiftung DKM, Duisburg (2010); Museum of Contemporary Craft, Portland (2010); Arcadia University Gallery, Glenside (2010); Mori Art Museum, Tokyo (2009); Haus der Kunst, Munich (2009); Three Shadows Photography Art Center, Beijing (2009); Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, Cambelltown Arts Center, Sydney (2008); Groninger Museum, Groningen (2008).^[29]

Ai’s work was included in the 48th Venice Biennale in Italy (1999), 1st Guangzhou Triennale in China (2002), 1st Montpellier Biennial of Chinese Contemporary Art in France (2005), The 2nd Guangzhou Triennial (2005), Busan Biennial in Korea (2006), The 5th Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art in Australia (2006), Documenta 12 in Germany (2007), Liverpool Biennial International 08 in the United Kingdom (2008), 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale and the 29th Sao Paulo Biennial in Brazil (2010).

Sunflower Seeds, 2010

Fairytale is the title of Ai's contribution for Documenta 12 in 2007. For this project Ai brought 1001 people from all over China to the city of Kassel in Germany. They were chosen through an open invitation he posted on his blog.^[30] Ai even designed clothes, luggage and a temporary home in an old textile factory. He let them wander around the city during the exhibition time of three months. The participants were divided into five groups that each stayed in Kassel for eight days. According to Philip Tinari the primary design object here is not the clothing or suitcases but the participants' experiences, even their spirits.^[20] During the exhibition his monumental outdoor sculpture titled Template, made of wooden doors and windows from destroyed Ming and Qing Dynasty houses (1368–1911), collapsed after a storm.^[31] In 2008 he curated the architecture project Ordos 100 in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. He invited 100 architects from all over the world (29 countries) to participate in this project.^[32]

Ai curated the exhibition The State of Things, together with Belgian artist Luc Tuymans. It was shown at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels from 18 October 2009 to 10 January 2010 and at the National Art Museum in Beijing from 1–30 May 2010.^[33] From October 2009 to January 2010 Ai exhibited So Sorry at Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany. This solo exhibition showed Ai’s largest retrospective to date.^[34] The title refers to the thousands of apologies expressed recently by governments, industries, and financial corporations worldwide in an effort to make up for tragedies and wrongdoings – though often withhout shouldering the consequences or the desire to acknowledge let alone repair. Saying sorry – or not saying it – is in the headlines everywhere and thus also in China.^[35] For this show Ai created the installation Remembering on Haus der Kunst's façade. It was made out of 9000 children's backpacks. They spell out the sentence 'She lived happily for seven years in this world' in Chinese characters. This is a quote from a mother whose child died in the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. Ai said: "The idea to use backpacks came from my visit to Sichuan after the earthquake in May 2008. During the earthquake many schools collapsed. Thousands of young students lost their lives, and you could see bags and study material everywhere. Then you realize individual life, media, and the lives of the students are serving very different purposes. The lives of the students disappeared within the state propaganda, and very soon everybody will forget everything."^[36]

Template (2007) after collapse

On 25 July 2009, Ai opened his solo show According to What? at Tokyo's Mori Art Museum, Japan. This exhibition presented 26 works, most made over the past decade.^[37]

In December 2009, Ai had a small exhibition at the Comme des Garcons store in Hong Kong.^[38]

In February 2010, Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn, the first exhibition by Ai to travel outside New York City in the United States, opened at Arcadia University Art Gallery. The exhibition traveled to the Museum of Contemporary Craft in 2010, and the Knoxville Museum of Art and the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, in 2011.^[39] Included in the exhibition were iconic works by Ai including a Chinese figure in a Johnnie Walker liquor bottle (Untitled, 1993) and a Coca-Cola vase (Coca-Cola vase, 1997) from the collection of Christopher Tsai and André Stockamp.^[40][41]

From March to September 2010, Ai exhibited Barely Something, an exhibition curated by Roger M. Buergel, the director of Documenta12, at the Museum DKM in Duisburg, Germany.^{[citation needed]} Galerie Urs Meile of Lucerne, Switzerland, and Beijing showed Ai in this period, among other European and Asian locations.^[42]

In October 2010, Sunflower Seeds was installed at the Tate Modern Turbine Hall, London. The work consists of one hundred million porcelain "seeds," each individually hand-painted in the town of Jingdezhen by 1,600 Chinese artisans, and scattered over a large area of the exhibition hall.^[43] The artist was keen for visitors to walk across and roll in the work to experience and contemplate the essence of his comment on mass consumption, Chinese industry, famine and collective work. However, on 16 October, Tate Modern stopped people from walking on the exhibit due to health liability concerns over the porcelain dust.^[44] In February 2011, a 220-pound (100 kg) pile from Sunflower Seeds sold for $559,394 (well above its high estimate of $195,000) at Sotheby's in London.^[45]

Despite the artist's absence, Circle of Animals/Zodiac Heads opened on 4 May 2011, at the Pulitzer Fountain outside the Plaza Hotel in New York City.^[46] The heads were also on display at Somerset House in London from 12 May – 26 June 2011.^[47] The heads copy 18th century heads in the gardens of the Old Summer Palace, or Yuanmingyuan, near Beijing. They were ransacked by British and French troops during the Second Opium War of 1860, some of them resurfacing in 2000. A Guggenheim curator read Ai's words, "Without freedom of speech there is no modern world, just a barbaric one."^[46]

Ai's work is included in numerous public collections, among others the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego.^[48] On 20 April 2011, Ai was appointed Visiting Professor of the Berlin University of the Arts.^[49]

For the first time outside of China, his photographs of his time in New York City from 1983 to 1993 were featured in a 2011 exhibition presented by Asia Society. The earliest photographs were from 1983, while he was living in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn. In 1985, he moved to Manhattan’s Lower East Side, where he lived in two different apartments until he returned to China in 1993 to be with his ailing father. The exhibition included images of the poets Allen Ginsberg, Gu Cheng, and Bei Dao.^[50] The exhibition, showcasing 227 photos, opened on 29 June and lasted until 14 August 2011;^[51] The show moved from NY to Martin Gropius Bau in Berlin.^[52] Another exhibition in 2011-12, Ai Weiwei: Dropping the Urn at the Victoria and Albert Museum, featured a selection of ceramic works including Coca Cola Vase and a pile of sunflower seeds. In his ceramic works Ai engages with issues such as the loss of historic material culture due to rapid modernization as well as broader themes including perceptions of value, mass production, globalization and the concepts of 'real' and 'fake'. ^[40]