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Thursday, 30 August 2012
- gold \gold\ (g[=o]ld), Golde \Golde\, Goolde \Goolde\ (g[=oo]ld), n. (Bot.) An old English name of some yellow flower, -- the marigold (Calendula), according to Dr. Prior, but in Chaucer perhaps the turnsole. [1913 Webster]
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gold \gold\ (g[=o]ld), n. [AS. gold; akin to D. goud, OS. & G. gold, Icel. gull, Sw. & Dan. guld, Goth. gul[thorn], Russ. & OSlav. zlato; prob. akin to E. yellow. [root]49, 234. See Yellow, and cf. Gild, v. t.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Chem.) A metallic element of atomic number 79, constituting the most precious metal used as a common commercial medium of exchange. It has a characteristic yellow color, is one of the heaviest substances known (specific gravity 19.32), is soft, and very malleable and ductile. It is quite unalterable by heat (melting point 1064.4[deg] C), moisture, and most corrosive agents, and therefore well suited for its use in coin and jewelry. Symbol Au (Aurum). Atomic weight 196.97. [1913 Webster]
Note: Native gold contains usually eight to ten per cent of silver, but often much more. As the amount of silver increases, the color becomes whiter and the specific gravity lower. gold is very widely disseminated, as in the sands of many rivers, but in very small quantity. It usually occurs in quartz veins (gold quartz), in slate and metamorphic rocks, or in sand and alluvial soil, resulting from the disintegration of such rocks. It also occurs associated with other metallic substances, as in auriferous pyrites, and is combined with tellurium in the minerals petzite, calaverite, sylvanite, etc. Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use, and is hardened by alloying with silver and copper, the latter giving a characteristic reddish tinge. [See Carat.] gold also finds use in gold foil, in the pigment purple of Cassius, and in the chloride, which is used as a toning agent in photography. [1913 Webster]
2. Money; riches; wealth. [1913 Webster]
For me, the gold of France did not seduce. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
3. A yellow color, like that of the metal; as, a flower tipped with gold. [1913 Webster]
4. Figuratively, something precious or pure; as, hearts of gold. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
Age of gold. See Golden age, under Golden.
Dutch gold, Fool's gold, gold dust, etc. See under Dutch, Dust, etc.
gold amalgam, a mineral, found in Columbia and California, composed of gold and mercury.
gold beater, one whose occupation is to beat gold into gold leaf.
gold beater's skin, the prepared outside membrane of the large intestine of the ox, used for separating the leaves of metal during the process of gold-beating.
gold beetle (Zool.), any small gold-colored beetle of the family Chrysomelid[ae]; -- called also golden beetle.
gold blocking, printing with gold leaf, as upon a book cover, by means of an engraved block. --Knight.
gold cloth. See Cloth of gold, under Cloth.
gold Coast, a part of the coast of Guinea, in West Africa.
gold cradle. (Mining) See Cradle, n., 7.
gold diggings, the places, or region, where gold is found by digging in sand and gravel from which it is separated by washing.
gold end, a fragment of broken gold or jewelry.
gold-end man. (a) A buyer of old gold or jewelry. (b) A goldsmith's apprentice. (c) An itinerant jeweler. "I know him not: he looks like a gold-end man." --B. Jonson.
gold fever, a popular mania for gold hunting.
gold field, a region in which are deposits of gold.
gold finder. (a) One who finds gold. (b) One who empties privies. [Obs. & Low] --Swift.
gold flower, a composite plant with dry and persistent yellow radiating involucral scales, the Helichrysum St[oe]chas of Southern Europe. There are many South African species of the same genus.
gold foil, thin sheets of gold, as used by dentists and others. See gold leaf.
gold knobs or gold knoppes (Bot.), buttercups.
gold lace, a kind of lace, made of gold thread.
gold latten, a thin plate of gold or gilded metal.
gold leaf, gold beaten into a film of extreme thinness, and used for gilding, etc. It is much thinner than gold foil.
gold lode (Mining), a gold vein.
gold mine, a place where gold is obtained by mining operations, as distinguished from diggings, where it is extracted by washing. Cf. gold diggings (above).
gold nugget, a lump of gold as found in gold mining or digging; -- called also a pepito.
gold paint. See gold shell.
gold pheasant, or Golden pheasant. (Zool.) See under Pheasant.
gold plate, a general name for vessels, dishes, cups, spoons, etc., made of gold.
Mosaic gold. See under Mosaic. [1913 Webster] -
Watch \Watch\ (w[o^]ch), n. [OE. wacche, AS. w[ae]cce, fr. wacian to wake; akin to D. wacht, waak, G. wacht, wache. [root]134. See Wake, v. i. ] [1913 Webster] 1. The act of watching; forbearance of sleep; vigil; wakeful, vigilant, or constantly observant attention; close observation; guard; preservative or preventive vigilance; formerly, a watching or guarding by night. [1913 Webster]
Shepherds keeping watch by night. --Milton. [1913 Webster]
All the long night their mournful watch they keep. --Addison. [1913 Webster]
Note: Watch was formerly distinguished from ward, the former signifying a watching or guarding by night, and the latter a watching, guarding, or protecting by day Hence, they were not unfrequently used together, especially in the phrase to keep watch and ward, to denote continuous and uninterrupted vigilance or protection, or both watching and guarding. This distinction is now rarely recognized, watch being used to signify a watching or guarding both by night and by day, and ward, which is now rarely used, having simply the meaning of guard, or protection, without reference to time. [1913 Webster]
Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. --Spenser. [1913 Webster]
Ward, guard, or custodia, is chiefly applied to the daytime, in order to apprehend rioters, and robbers on the highway . . . Watch, is properly applicable to the night only, . . . and it begins when ward ends, and ends when that begins. --Blackstone. [1913 Webster]
2. One who watches, or those who watch; a watchman, or a body of watchmen; a sentry; a guard. [1913 Webster]
Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch; go your way, make it as sure as ye can. --Matt. xxvii. 65. [1913 Webster]
3. The post or office of a watchman; also, the place where a watchman is posted, or where a guard is kept. [1913 Webster]
He upbraids Iago, that he made him Brave me upon the watch. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
4. The period of the night during which a person does duty as a sentinel, or guard; the time from the placing of a sentinel till his relief; hence, a division of the night. [1913 Webster]
I did stand my watch upon the hill. --Shak. [1913 Webster]
Might we but hear . . . Or whistle from the lodge, or village cock Count the night watches to his feathery dames. --Milton. [1913 Webster]
5. A small timepiece, or chronometer, to be carried about the person, the machinery of which is moved by a spring. [1913 Webster]
Note: Watches are often distinguished by the kind of escapement used, as an anchor watch, a lever watch, a chronometer watch, etc. (see the Note under Escapement, n., 3); also, by the kind of case, as a gold or silver watch, an open-faced watch, a hunting watch, or hunter, etc. [1913 Webster]
6. (Naut.) (a) An allotted portion of time, usually four hour for standing watch, or being on deck ready for duty. Cf. Dogwatch. (b) That part, usually one half, of the officers and crew, who together attend to the working of a vessel for an allotted time, usually four hours. The watches are designated as the port watch, and the starboard watch. [1913 Webster]
Anchor watch (Naut.), a detail of one or more men who keep watch on deck when a vessel is at anchor.
To be on the watch, to be looking steadily for some event.
Watch and ward (Law), the charge or care of certain officers to keep a watch by night and a guard by day in towns, cities, and other districts, for the preservation of the public peace. --Wharton. --Burrill.
Watch and watch (Naut.), the regular alternation in being on watch and off watch of the two watches into which a ship's crew is commonly divided.
Watch barrel, the brass box in a watch, containing the mainspring.
Watch bell (Naut.), a bell struck when the half-hour glass is run out, or at the end of each half hour. --Craig.
Watch bill (Naut.), a list of the officers and crew of a ship as divided into watches, with their stations. --Totten.
Watch case, the case, or outside covering, of a watch; also, a case for holding a watch, or in which it is kept.
Watch chain. Same as watch guard, below.
Watch clock, a watchman's clock; see under Watchman.
Watch fire, a fire lighted at night, as a signal, or for the use of a watch or guard.
Watch glass. (a) A concavo-convex glass for covering the face, or dial, of a watch; -- also called watch crystal. (b) (Naut.) A half-hour glass used to measure the time of a watch on deck.
Watch guard, a chain or cord by which a watch is attached to the person.
Watch gun (Naut.), a gun sometimes fired on shipboard at 8 p. m., when the night watch begins.
Watch light, a low-burning lamp used by watchers at night; formerly, a candle having a rush wick.
Watch night, The last night of the year; -- so called by the Methodists, Moravians, and others, who observe it by holding religious meetings lasting until after midnight.
Watch paper, an old-fashioned ornament for the inside of a watch case, made of paper cut in some fanciful design, as a vase with flowers, etc.
Watch tackle (Naut.), a small, handy purchase, consisting of a tailed double block, and a single block with a hook. [1913 Webster] -
Aluminium \Al`u*min"i*um\ ([a^]l`[-u]*m[i^]n"[i^]*[u^]m), n. [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) same as aluminum, chiefly British in usage. [1913 Webster]
Aluminium bronze or gold, a pale gold-colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc. [1913 Webster] - gold adj 1: made from or covered with gold; "gold coins"; "the gold dome of the Capitol"; "the golden calf"; "gilded icons" [syn: gold, golden, gilded] 2: having the deep slightly brownish color of gold; "long aureate (or golden) hair"; "a gold carpet" [syn: aureate, gilded, gilt, gold, golden] n 1: coins made of gold 2: a deep yellow color; "an amber light illuminated the room"; "he admired the gold of her hair" [syn: amber, gold] 3: a soft yellow malleable ductile (trivalent and univalent) metallic element; occurs mainly as nuggets in rocks and alluvial deposits; does not react with most chemicals but is attacked by chlorine and aqua regia [syn: gold, Au, atomic number 79] 4: great wealth; "Whilst that for which all virtue now is sold, and almost every vice--almighty gold"--Ben Jonson 5: something likened to the metal in brightness or preciousness or superiority etc.; "the child was as good as gold"; "she has a heart of gold"
- gold Symbol: Au Atomic number: 79 Atomic weight: 196.96655 Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.
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gold. A metal used in making money, or coin. It is pure when the metal is unmixed with any other. Standard gold, is gold mixed with some other metal, called alloy. Vide Money.
Gold
![The Black Keys - Gold On The Ceiling [Official Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120830232207im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/6yCIDkFI7ew/0.jpg "© 2012 WMG directed by Reid Long This is the official video for \"Gold On The Ceiling\" from El Camino. To download El Camino now click here - smarturl.it Directed by Reid Long")
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- Abraham
- Academy Awards
- Acid mine drainage
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- Actinide
- Actinium
- Afrikaner
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- Alaska
- Alchemy
- Alkali metal
- Alkaline earth metal
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- Aristotelian ethics
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- Beta decay
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- Bibcode
- Bindi (decoration)
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- Body piercing
- Boer
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- Book of Exodus
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- Boron
- Boston University
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- Bulgaria
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- Difluorine complex
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- Ductility
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- E number
- EA-6B Prowler
- Earring
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- Egyptian hieroglyph
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- File (tool)
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- Finger ring
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- Food additive
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- Gold (color)
- Gold bar
- Gold CD
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- Gold(I) bromide
- Gold(I) chloride
- Gold(I) sulfide
- Gold(I,III) chloride
- Gold(III) bromide
- Gold(III) chloride
- Gold(III) fluoride
- Gold(III) hydroxide
- Gold(III) oxide
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- Golden age
- Golden Calf
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- Golden Globe Awards
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- Strabo
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- Sun
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- Switch
- Switzerland
- Sylvanite
- Taiwan Province
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- Tanzanite
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- Technetium
- Tellurium
- Template Jewellery
- Tensile strength
- Terbium
- Tetrabromoauric acid
- Tetraxenonogold(II)
- Thailand
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- Thioether
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- Thomas More
- Thorium
- Thulium
- Tiara
- Tie clip
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- Tiger's eye
- Tin
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- Tonne
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- United Arab Emirates
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- Victoria, Australia
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- Visible spectrum
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- Watch
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- Wedding anniversary
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- Wikipedia Link rot
- Wire bonding
- Wire sculpture
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- World Gold Council
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- Xenon
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- Young's modulus
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Alaska
Alaska () is the largest state of the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait. Approximately half of Alaska's 698,473 residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. As of 2009, Alaska remains the least densely populated state of the U.S.
http://wn.com/Alaska -
Apulia
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Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic (, ), is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
http://wn.com/Argentina -
Atacama Desert
The Atacama Desert is a virtually rainless plateau in South America, covering a strip of land on the Pacific coast of South America, west of the Andes mountains. The Atacama desert is, according to NASA, National Geographic and many other publications, the driest desert in the world, due to the rain shadow on the leeward side of the Chilean Coast Range, as well as a coastal inversion layer created by the cold offshore Humboldt Current. The Atacama occupies in northern Chile, composed mostly of salt basins (salares), sand, and felsic lava flows towards the Andes.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church, but describes itself as nonsectarian. With more than 4,000 faculty members and more than 31,000 students, Boston University is one of the largest private universities in the United States and one of Boston's largest employers.
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Bretton Woods system
The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states in the mid 20th century. The Bretton Woods system was the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. It originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1922 the British Empire held sway over about 458 million people, one-quarter of the world's population at the time, and covered more than 13 million square miles (34 million km2), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous territories.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria ( , Balgariya, ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (, Republika Balgariya, ), is a country in Southern Europe. Bulgaria borders five other countries: Romania to the north (mostly along the Danube), Serbia and the Republic of Macedonia to the west, and Greece and Turkey to the south. The Black Sea defines the extent of the country to the east.
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Cairo
Cairo (; , literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the capital of Egypt, the largest city in Africa and the Arab World, and one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a center of the region's political and cultural life. Even before Cairo was established in the 10th century, the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids in adjacent Giza.
http://wn.com/Cairo -
California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
http://wn.com/California -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
http://wn.com/Canada -
Chile
http://wn.com/Chile -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
http://wn.com/Colombia -
Dahlonega, Georgia
Dahlonega is a city in Lumpkin County, Georgia, United States, and is its county seat. As of the 2000 census, it had a total population of 3,638.
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Ecuador
http://wn.com/Ecuador -
Egypt
http://wn.com/Egypt -
England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
http://wn.com/England -
Gauteng
Gauteng ( or ; ) is one of the nine provinces of South Africa. It was formed from part of the old Transvaal Province after South Africa's first all-race elections on 27 April 1994. It was initially named Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (or PWV) and was renamed 'Gauteng' in December 1994.
http://wn.com/Gauteng -
Gdańsk
http://wn.com/Gdańsk -
Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
http://wn.com/Indonesia -
Japan
http://wn.com/Japan -
Johannesburg
Johannesburg (, ) also known as Jozi, '''Jo'burg or eGoli''', is the largest city in South Africa. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa.. The city is one of the 40 largest metropolitan areas in the world, and is also the world's largest city not situated on a river, lake, or coastline.
http://wn.com/Johannesburg -
Larco Museum
http://wn.com/Larco_Museum -
Las Medulas
http://wn.com/Las_Medulas -
Lena River
http://wn.com/Lena_River -
León (province)
http://wn.com/León_(province) -
London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
http://wn.com/London -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Mecca
Mecca (), also spelled Makkah (occasionally 'Bakkah') (; Makkah and in full: transliterated Makkah Al Mukarramah ) is a city in Saudi Arabia, and the holiest meeting site in Islam, closely followed by Medina.
http://wn.com/Mecca -
Nebra disk
http://wn.com/Nebra_disk -
Nevada
Nevada is a state located in the western and southwestern region of the United States. Nevada is also part of the Mountain States. The capital is Carson City and the largest city is Las Vegas. The state's nickname is Silver State, due to the large number of silver deposits that were discovered and mined there. "Sagebrush State" and "Battle Born State" are its alternative nicknames. In 1864, Nevada became the 36th state to enter the union, and the phrase "Battle Born" on the state flag reflects the state's entry on the Union side during the American Civil War. Its first nonnative settlement was called Mormon Station.
http://wn.com/Nevada -
New Jerusalem
In religion, New Jerusalem, also known as The Tabernacle of God, Holy City, City of God, Celestial City and Heavenly Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation, as well as Jerusalem Above, Zion and shining city on a hill in other books of the bible, is a city that is or will be the dwelling place of the Saints, interpreted as a physical reconstruction, spiritual restoration, or divine recreation of the city of Jerusalem. It is also interpreted by many Christian groups as referring to the Church.
http://wn.com/New_Jerusalem -
New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
http://wn.com/New_York -
New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/New_Zealand -
Opal
http://wn.com/Opal -
Pascua Lama
Pascua-Lama is an open pit mining project of gold, silver, copper and other minerals. Pascua Lama is located in the Andes mountains, south of Atacama, straddling the border between Chile and Argentina at an altitude of over 4,500 metres. Toronto-based Barrick Gold, the world's largest gold mining company, is developing the project. Due to its proximity to glaciers, Pascua-Lama has caused controversy and public protest in Chile, including demonstrations and petitions presented to the Chilean government. However, Chile and Argentina have both approved the project, following controversial yet thorough environmental reviews in both countries.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
http://wn.com/Poland -
Reed Gold Mine
The Reed Gold Mine is located in Midland, Cabarrus County, North Carolina, and is the site of the first documented gold find in the United States. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark because of its importance and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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Republic of China
The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state in East Asia located off the east coast of mainland China. Subject to an ongoing dispute with the People's Republic of China (PRC) that has left it with limited formal diplomatic relations, the government of the Republic of China currently governs the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor islands. Neighbouring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south.
http://wn.com/Republic_of_China -
Roşia Montană
http://wn.com/Roşia_Montană -
Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
http://wn.com/Russia -
Sakha Republic
The Sakha (Yakutia) Republic (, Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya); , Sakha Respublikata) is a federal subject of Russia (a republic). The population of Yakutia mainly consists of ethnic Yakuts and Russians.
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Saudi Arabia
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
http://wn.com/South_Africa -
South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Switzerland
Switzerland (, , , ), officially the Swiss Confederation (Confoederatio Helvetica in Latin, hence its ISO country codes CH and CHE), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
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Taiwan Province
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Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
http://wn.com/Thailand -
Toi gold mine
http://wn.com/Toi_gold_mine -
Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
http://wn.com/Turkey -
United Arab Emirates
http://wn.com/United_Arab_Emirates -
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Varna Necropolis
The Varna Necropolis () (also Varna Cemetery) is a burial site in the western industrial zone of Varna (approximately half a kilometre from Lake Varna and 4 km from the city centre), Bulgaria, internationally considered one of the key archaeological sites in world prehistory.
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Victoria, Australia
http://wn.com/Victoria_Australia -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
http://wn.com/Vietnam
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Abraham
Abraham(originally known as Abram) (, , ', ', ) is the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, and the Midianites and kindred peoples, according to the book of Genesis.
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Afrikaner
Afrikaners (including distinct Boer subgroup) are an Afrikaans-speaking ethnic group in Southern Africa. They are mainly of Dutch descent augmented with French and German ancestry, and their native tongue is Afrikaans, a Germanic language which derives from Dutch.
http://wn.com/Afrikaner -
Aristotle
http://wn.com/Aristotle -
Austria
Austria or (), officially the Republic of Austria (German: ), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.3 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below , and its highest point is . The majority of the population speaks German, which is also the country's official language. Other local official languages are Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
http://wn.com/Austria -
Boer
Boer (, , or ; ) is the Dutch word for farmer, which came to denote the descendants of the Dutch-speaking settlers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 18th century, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to settle in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (which are together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. Their primary motivations for leaving the Cape were to escape British rule and extract themselves from the constant border wars between the British imperial government and the native tribes on the eastern frontier.
http://wn.com/Boer -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
Diodorus Siculus
Diodorus Siculus (Greek: ), was a Greek historian who lived in the 1st century BC. According to Diodorus' own work, he was born at Agyrium in Sicily (now called Agira). With one exception, antiquity affords no further information about Diodorus' life and doings beyond what is to be found in his own work, Bibliotheca historica. Only Jerome, in his Chronicon under the year of Abraham 1968 (49 BC), writes, "Diodorus of Sicily, a writer of Greek history, became illustrious". His English translator, Charles Henry Oldfather, remarks on the "striking coincidence" that one of only two known Greek inscriptions from Agyrium (I.G. XIV, 588) is the tombstone of one "Diodorus, the son of Apollonius".
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Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples are people, communities, and nations who claim a historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with Western culture. These societies therefore consider themselves distinct from societies of the majority culture/s that have contested their cultural sovereignty and self-determination.
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Lydia
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http://wn.com/Lydia -
Macau
Macau (), also spelled Macao () is, along with Hong Kong one of China's two special administrative regions. It lies on the western side of the Pearl River Delta, bordering Guangdong province to the north and facing the South China Sea to the east and south.
http://wn.com/Macau -
Pliny the Elder
http://wn.com/Pliny_the_Elder -
Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (, Afrikaans:Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog), was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. The Second Boer War was fought between the British Empire and the Dutch-speaking Boer inhabitants of the two independent Boer republics: the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with the annexation of the region under the British Empire, ultimately forming the Union of South Africa as part of the Commonwealth. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
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Strabo
http://wn.com/Strabo -
The Times
The Times is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when it was known as The Daily Universal Register.
http://wn.com/The_Times -
Thomas More
Sir Thomas More (; February 7, 1478July 6, 1535), also Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important counsellor to Henry VIII of England and for three years toward the end of his life he was Lord Chancellor. He is also recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and in the Anglican Communion. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.
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Tushratta
Tushratta was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten -- approximately the late 14th century BC. He was the son of Shuttarna II. His sister Gilukhipa and his daughter Tadukhipa was married to the Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep III; Tadukhipa later married Akhenaten who took over his father's royal harem.
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Tutankhamun
http://wn.com/Tutankhamun -
Virgin Mary
http://wn.com/Virgin_Mary -
World War I
World War I was a military conflict centered on Europe that began in the summer of 1914. The fighting ended in late 1918. This conflict involved all of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (centred around the Triple Entente) and the Central Powers. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, due largely to great technological advances in firepower without corresponding ones in mobility. It was the second deadliest conflict in history.
http://wn.com/World_War_I
Golde, Will Filmography
Gold, S. Filmography
Gold Filmography
- Sir Mix-A-Lot
- Sugarcubes
- Stevie Nicks
- Prince
- Lamb
- Linda Eder
- John Stewart
- Jefferson Starship
- Genius
- Genius/GZA
- Guttermouth
- Ten Masked Men
- Beverley Knight
- Ton Steine Scherben
- Spandau Ballet
- The Walkabouts
- Method Man
- Crystal Lewis
- Mando Diao
- Trick Of Light
karaoke
Gold around his neck (8 ball rollin)
Gold around his neck (24-7)
Gold around his neck (8 ball rollin)
Gold around his neck (14k heaven)
Clockin' lots of dollars cruisin in his benz
Clockin' lots of dollars got no place to go
Clockin' lots of dollars rollin with your posse
Clockin' lots of dollars we all got gold
Listen up brothers its the rhyme I can't repeat
I'm sportin more gold than a rock n roll freak
Mix is my name bustin rhymes is my game
Don't direspect me cause I kill then I take your chain
Life is pretty tough yet goes kinda rough
stealin and your dealin but you just can't get enough
Now your crying cause my rope is 20mm fat
Your stealin gold emblems down at fredrick cadillac
Walking round san fran rippin up the set
Homeboys on the corner ask us where we rock next
I'm not in town to smoke joe if you broke you kid
We're back in san fransisco and we're looking for the gold
Saw the rock man and we tail his benz
He drove pile street to where the charlie cars end
He sipped his soda pop, came to a complete stop
Looked over to the left it was a...gold shop
Yo baby check out this big gold nugget ring
Walked into the shop and I had to stare
This freak was in the corner with the long blond hair
I knocked her out the way cause she was standin in my vision
I saw this gold rope and my haragi started fishin
Walked up to the counter and we hit the bell
We all had money for the big gold sale
From back behind the counter came the big gold mines
I slamed kinda funny ?????????
Put your money down that's nothing to me
Got the real rockman buying me jewelry
So they acting like a 20 in americanly
The AMG kick on my 516 mercedes
So I reached into my pocket and I pulled thick bank
I would of bought the store but my bank just sank
I know I got points cause my gold shines bright
Gonna sport it to the solar system saturday night
My haragi's up next for the big gold deal
Flipped them presidents and cold got ill
Smile on his face with a grand in his hand
Bought a turkish gold rope with the 30 inch span
Kid sensation was the next at bat
Bought a big nugget watch face up a cadillac
He saw this gold rope and said how much for that jikoby
told him 700 dollars everbody said owwwwww
So gary kid came over as the kid count bank
Gave him 14 50's and his face stayed blank
I grabbed the sack of gold and g-honey told em bye
We'd like to stay and kick it but we can't we gotta fly
Break
We left the gold shop kinda broke but happy
Promoter put us up in an '86 caddy
Cross the golden gate and headed for the napa valley
No liter in the car because we threw it in the alley
Everybody's trippin off of mix a lot's crew
Pose fresh dipped all feelings are blue
Caddy pushin 80 like a big black rocket
We're looking for a pose with no money in their pockets
We made a right turn theres the pose on the left
Before we get baby just remember we're def
My haragi took the bank roll Larry took the car
Kid Sensation had a plan thinking he was a superstar
Step aside kid I control this jam
You are my partner and here's my scam
I'll take the homeboys you take the skeezer
The boys got gold but they ain't got filas
Larry made a move with the black briefcase
5000 dollars worth a fila in your face
They ain't got money but they had a lot of dope
I said I don't want drugs just give me your rope
To sell a suitcase of filas boy it ain't no thing
Just give me that gold that includes all rings
My haragi snatched the gold out the homegirls nose
Man we would of took her bra if the sucka was gold
Björk
Gold, finger itches
Gold, in the hand
Gold, you have to have
Gold, all for yourself
Björk
Gold, full train of it
Gold, rob the train
Gold, murder in the train
Gold, get some gold
Björk
Gold is the sweat of the sun
Give me some gold!
Gold, it glitters
Gold, is soft and thin
Einar
I'm searching for gold
I need gold just to see
Never seen it before
Indication of gold
Do I see gold?
Bloody fingers!
Dig! Crawl! Dig!
Björk
Gold is the sweat of the sun
Give me some gold!
Einar
I continue to dig into the earth,
Torn fingers, bloody fingers..
Björk
There is a sun in the sky
Nothing has changed
And gold, begotten of the sun..
Give me gold!
I need it now, oh gold!
Einar
I'm still searching for gold
I need gold
Björk
And I have to have a chunk of.. gold
Einar
No indication of gold
Björk
Just a little piece of gold for me!
Einar
In the core of the earth
Björk
Oh, gold!
Einar
I see the glow, this is the gold
Björk
Gold, gold! Oh gold!
Einar
I need gold!
Björk & Einar
Oh, gold !
When the lights go down
In the California town
People are in for the evening
I jump into my car
And I throw in my guitar
My heart beatin' time with the breathing
Driving over Kanan
Singing to my soul
'Cause people out there turn the music into gold
My buddy Jim Bash
He is working pumping gas
And he makes two fifty for an hour
He's got rhythm in his hands
As he's tapping in the cans
Sings rock and roll in the shower
California girls are the prettiest in the world
Each one a song in the making
Singin' rhymes with me, I can hear the melody
Story is there for the taking.
There's a mountain and it's mighty high
U cannot see the top, unless U fly
There's a molehill, of proven ground
There ain't nowhere 2 go if U hang around
1-Everybody wants 2 sell what's already been sold
Everybody wants 2 tell what's already been told
What's the use of money
If U ain't gonna break the mold
Even at the center of the fire, there is cold
And all that glitters ain't gold
And all that glitters ain't gold
There's an ocean, of despair
There R people livin' there
They're unhappy, each and every day
Hell is not fashion, so whatcha tryin' 2 say?
(repeat 1)
There's a lady, 99-years-old
If she led a good life, heaven takes her soul
That's a theory and if U don't want 2 know
Step aside and make a way 4 those who want 2 go...
Stay with me forever and a day if I could be near you
For a lifetime I'd never want for anything
Hearing your voice is like icicles down my spine
And touching your warm skin
Starts electric storms
Through my mind.
You put a strength in me
I knew something was missing
Just take me everywhere you go
This girl's in heaven
Feeling this way about someone like you
Couldn't be clearer, or dearer, or so overdue
So sure so pure
So much what I was looking for
Here are you filling up my life
My life
You put a strength in me
I knew something was missing
Just take me everywhere you go
This girl's in heaven
Life is light in everything about you
When you're as one, everything I touch is gold
Couldn't be in a better place to be
Than just around you
No, no, no, no, no, no
You put a strength in me
I knew something was missing
Just take me everywhere you go
You put a strength in me
I knew something was missing
Just take me everywhere you go
This girl's in heaven
I wonder if when all is done
Anyone heard my voice
But from the start we have no choice
Our journeys just begin
I'll never know if I was right
Did I fight hard enough?
When the battles grew too rough
Should I have given in?
But here I stand and swear to you
I did the best that I could do...
I know my voice was just a whisper
But someone may have heard
There were nights the moon above me stirred,
And let me grab a hold
My hands have touched the gold
My hearts been driven by extremes
Blind with dreams, tight with fear
But still God knows that I was hear
And I was so alive
And now I lay the past to rest
For in the end I did my best
You have to live the life you're given
And never close your eyes
You hold on, and stare into the sky,
And burn against the cold
For any moment, you might find the gold!
And there was joy
Through it all
And I am standing tall
I know my voice was just a whisper
But someone must have heard
There were nights the moon above me stirred,
And let my light take hold
I'd rode across that sky
And once I touched the gold
Here in my own two hands
I once had the gold
When the lights go down in the California town,
People are in for the evening.
I jump into my car and I throw in my guitar,
My heart beatin' time with my breathin'.
Drivin' over Kanan, singin' to my soul,
There's people out there turnin' music into gold.
Well my buddy Jim Bass he's a-workin' pumpin gas,
And he makes two fifty for an hour.
He's got rythm in his hands as he's tappin' on the cans,
Sings rock and roll in the shower.
Drivin' over Kanan, singin' to my soul,
There's people out there turnin' music into gold.
Ah the California girls are the greatest in the world,
Each one's a song in the making.
Singin' rock to me I can hear the melody,
The story is there for the takin'.
Drivin' over Kanan, singin' to my soul,
There's people out there turnin' music into gold.
Drivin' over Kanan, singin' to my soul,
There's people out there turnin' music into gold.
When the lights go down in the California town,
People are in for the evening.
I jump into my car and I throw in my guitar,
My heart beatin' time with my breathin'.
Drivin' over Kanan, singin' to my soul,
There's people out there turnin' music into gold.
Gold
Why are you shaking and breaking apart
Why are you hustling and bustling your heart
And why are you hurting with seat on your brow
Why to you persist to resist peace right now
Everything you touch will turn to gold
And every path you take is paved with gold
All the rivers wide will flow like gold
Everything you touch will turn to gold
There's nothing like cheating, defeating yourself
Concealing your thoughts like a book on a shelf
Just wanting for someone to come and take you down
To open you up so you know that you've been found
Everything you touch will turn to gold
And every path you take is paved with gold
All the rivers wide will flow like gold
Everything you touch will turn to gold
There's nothing like losing your way from the road
Bone tired and weary in the dreary fog and cold
And just as a phantom seems to frighten you to death
When white wings surround you as you take your last breath
Everything you touch will turn to gold
And every path you take is paved with gold
All the rivers wide will flow like gold
Everything you touch will turn to gold
Intro: Method Man
Aiyyo Shorty, yo that's my word
Oh, y'all smellin y'all piss now y'all think y'all gold
Yo anybody get caught playin
Over here, I'm returnin em that's my word that they be blasted
Anything from two-twenty to one-forty, that's mine
Y'all need to step the fuck off
Y'all niggaz ain't crazy for real
Chorus: Genius
Yo, the fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
Verse One: Genius
I'm deep down in the back streets - in the heart of Medina
About to set off something more deep than a misdemeanor
Under the subway, waiting for the train to make noise
So I can blast a nigga and his boys - for what?
He pushed up on the block and made the dope sales drop
Like the crashin of Dow Jones stock
I had to connect to cross seals, to catch more mil's
Than ho-bitches got birth control pills
I'm in the park, settin up a deal over blunt fire
Bum niggaz sleepin on the bench, they had em wired
Peeped my convo, the address of my condo
And how I changed a nigga name to John Doe
And while we set up camp, we got Vamp
Put the stake through his heart, I ripped his fucking fangs apart
Snake got smoked on the set like Brandon Lee
Blown out the frame, like Pan Am flight 103
He got swung on, his lungs was torn, the
kingpin just castled with his rook and lost a pawn
A regular on the block, and played look-out
For playing predator with a glock, he should have took out
Chorus:
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clip that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU.. yo
Fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
Verse Two: Genius
It's mandatory that
I supply all my troops with mega firearms
Big apes, and spread em out like crops on a farm
to get CREAM, sometimes they repaint the scene
Like the last episode on gates and other niggaz
plant bombs til the smoke from the blast becomes thick
and flows through all they knew, he's gun sick
His glock clicks, like high-heeled shoes on parquay floors
Mad sick, stand on hills and invade wars
Filthy foul, shoveling dirt, he's out to hurt
For instance, chop off hands, attack worth
His idols would lock down airports and extort
some import, catchin ten percent of what the fiends snort
Up in the ski resorts, up in hills
They move keys and had skis making drops on snowmobiles
The plan was to expand, catch seven figures, release triggers
And live large and bigger than my nigga
Who promised his moms a mansion with mad rooms
She died, and he still put a hundred grand in her tomb
Open wounds, he hid behind closed doors
And still organized his crime and drug wars
Chorus:
Fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clips that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
The peers that come is tight enough
There is no niggaz that's fuckin up
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold, to YOU
Intro: Method Man
Aiyyo Shorty, yo that's my word
Oh, y'all smellin y'all piss now y'all think y'all gold
Yo anybody get caught playin
Over here, I'm returnin em that's my word that they be blasted
Anything from two-twenty to one-forty, that's mine
Y'all need to step the fuck off
Y'all niggaz ain't crazy for real
Chorus: Genius
Yo, the fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
Verse One: Genius
I'm deep down in the back streets - in the heart of Medina
About to set off something more deep than a misdemeanor
Under the subway, waiting for the train to make noise
So I can blast a nigga and his boys - for what?
He pushed up on the block and made the dope sales drop
Like the crashin of Dow Jones stock
I had to connect to cross seals, to catch more mil's
Than ho-bitches got birth control pills
I'm in the park, settin up a deal over blunt fire
Bum niggaz sleepin on the bench, they had em wired
Peeped my convo, the address of my condo
And how I changed a nigga name to John Doe
And while we set up camp, we got Vamp
Put the stake through his heart, I ripped his fucking fangs apart
Snake got smoked on the set like Brandon Lee
Blown out the frame, like Pan Am flight 103
He got swung on, his lungs was torn, the
kingpin just castled with his rook and lost a pawn
A regular on the block, and played look-out
For playing predator with a glock, he should have took out
Chorus:
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clip that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU.. yo
Fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
Verse Two: Genius
It's mandatory that
I supply all my troops with mega firearms
Big apes, and spread em out like crops on a farm
to get CREAM, sometimes they repaint the scene
Like the last episode on gates and other niggaz
plant bombs til the smoke from the blast becomes thick
and flows through all they knew, he's gun sick
His glock clicks, like high-heeled shoes on parquay floors
Mad sick, stand on hills and invade wars
Filthy foul, shoveling dirt, he's out to hurt
For instance, chop off hands, attack worth
His idols would lock down airports and extort
some import, catchin ten percent of what the fiends snort
Up in the ski resorts, up in hills
They move keys and had skis making drops on snowmobiles
The plan was to expand, catch seven figures, release triggers
And live large and bigger than my nigga
Who promised his moms a mansion with mad rooms
She died, and he still put a hundred grand in her tomb
Open wounds, he hid behind closed doors
And still organized his crime and drug wars
Chorus:
Fiends ain't comin fast enough
There is no cut that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clips that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
The peers that come is tight enough
There is no niggaz that's fuckin up
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold, to YOU
I think I've been infected with the flu
Once again bordems got me feeling blue
Sometimes in this live you've got to cut the crap
Sit down for my rights cuz I don't care
to do what everybody else would do. I'm fine right here
I voted once but I didn't win, ill never vote again
People say I should give a damn
People say I should respect this land
But I say no way I wont compromise
Either way my life remains the same
Its great, come join me at the lake its freshly stocked
No work just play leeching of the state all day
clears my mind
They say this is the land of the free
To me that means I have the liberty to sit down for
my rights cuz I don't care
To do what everybody else would do I'm fine right here
I voted once but I didn't win Ill never vote again
god bless America the home of the whopper
god bless America billions billions served
every week from Moscow
to Madagascar, Ronald McDonalds smile warms
the hearts of all people regardless of race,
color, creed, sex and social status
By opening 3 new McDonalds restaurants as ambas-
sador of my country, America. Ronald personally
invites you to join him on his quest to end world
Thank you for coming home.
I'm sorry that the chairs are all worn.
I left them here I could have sworn.
These are my salad days slowly being eaten away.
Just another play for today.
Oh but I'm proud of you but I'm proud of you.
Nothing left to make me feel small.
Luck has left me standing so tall, all.
Gold (gold)
Always believe in your soul.
You've got the power to know
you're indestructible.
Always believe in cause you are
gold (gold.)
Glad that you're bound to return
there's something I could have learned.
You're indestructible, always believe in.
After the rush has gone I hope you find a little more time.
Remember we were partners in crime.
Its only two years ago the man with the suit and the pace.
You knew that he was there on the case.
Now hes in love with you hes in love with you.
My love is like a high prison wall
and you could leave me standing so tall, all
Gold (gold)
Always believe in your soul.
You've got the power to know
you're indestructible.
Always believe in cause you are
gold (gold.)
Glad that you're bound to return
there's something I could have learned.
You're indestructible, always believe in.
My love is like a high prison wall
and you could leave me standing so tall, all
Gold (gold)
Always believe in your soul.
You've got the power to know
you're indestructible.
Always believe in cause you are
gold (gold.)
Glad that you're bound to return
there's something I could have learned.
You're indestructible, always believe in.
Some people never recognise it
Though it's right before their eyes
And shines in all its glory
They never ever see
They choose something that looks just like it
And it may glitter all the time
But gold it will never be
I guess you never held on to quality
Or you woulda recognised by now
Something so special so true
When it's standing right in front of you
I'm gold babe
Catch me in the slipstream
Passing by the fools who just don't know
Pure gold babe
You're looking at the real thing
If you knew my worth you wouldn't let go [x2]
Oh no!
Gold lies in rivers undiscovered
Hidden from the sight of those
Who don't know what to look for
(They ain't never gonna find it)
Sometimes the value is uncovered
Other times it's cast aside
By those who are just unsure
I guess you never held on to quality
Or you would of recognised by now
Something so special so true
When she's standing right in front of you
[Chorus]
All the things you failed to see
Separated you from me
I decide who wins my time
And who comes inside yeah
Cause what is true and what is real
Finds a way of being revealed
I don't have to even try
Cause I'm certified¡-pure¡-
[Chorus (x2)]
Und auf dem Lotterbett meiner Luxusyacht
liegst du wach und zitterst die ganze Nacht.
Da ist keine Seele, die noch zu dir hält.
Und ich hab Legionen in der ganzen Welt.
Der Wisch, den du unterschrieben hast,
erinnerst du dich nicht mehr?
Liegt er nicht in einem Safe
in Casamia am Mittelmeer?
Refrain:
Mein Name ist Gold,
mein Name ist Geld,
mein Name ist Ruhm und Macht.
Und jeden Morgen bevor du aufstehst
hab ich dich umgebracht.
Du scheinst zu leben,
du scheinst zu scheinen,
aber du leuchtest nicht.
Du bist am Ende,
auch wenn die ganze Welt
heute noch von dir spricht.
In meinem schwarzen Bentley rast du die Küsten entlang
und sehnst dich nach Rettung vor dem Untergang.
Niemand kommt und hält deine blutige Hand.
Ich hab meine Armeen in jedem Land,
ich kauf dir Sex und Headlines,
bring mir Dichter und Denker,
kauf Intelligence Agencies.
Bring mir Richter und Henker.
Refrain…
Du bist immer noch derselbe nach soviel tausend Jahren,
vielleicht solltest du endlich nach Hause fahren.
Pack deine Koffer, nimm all das Gift,
nimm die Millionen, ab in den Lift
(abwärts).
Mein Herz ist aus Marmor,
eiskalt und glatt.
Ich geb dir, was du brauchst,
aber du wirst nicht satt.
Refrain…
Thank you for coming home
I'm sorry that the chairs are all worn
I left them here I could have sworn
these are my salad days
slowly being eaten away
just another play for today
oh but I'm proud of you,but I'm proud of you
there's nothing left to make me feel small
luck has left me standing so tall
gold
always believe in your soul
you've got the power to know
you're indestructable
always believe in,because you are
gold
glad that you're bound to return
there's something I could have learned
you're indestructable,always believe in
after the rush has gone
I hope you find a little more time
remember we were partners in crime
it's only two years ago
the man with the suit and the pace
you know that he was there on the case
now he's in love with you,he's in love with you
and my love is like a prison wall
but you could leave me standing so tall
gold
always believe in your soul
you've got the power to know
you're indestructable
always believe in,because you are
gold
glad that you're bound to return
there's something I could have learned
see my silly watch
every second lost, hmm
lost in a strange arcade
got drunk on girls night out
If they're the good years, I don't know
what you call the hard years
If they're the good times, I don't know
what you call the hard times
just let me know
if you can see the gold
just let me know
if can you see the gold?
lay these knuckles bare
strip the varnish back
did we ever use to kiss?
did I ever get you off? If they're the good years, I don't know
what you call the hard years
If they're the good times, I don't know
what you call the hard times
I don't see the gold in this
I don't see the gold
the good years, I don't know
can't hang it on a wanderin' star
can't hide it in a wanderin' heart
can't blind it with a wanderin' eye
the good years, I don't know
ah no
[Intro: Method Man]
Aiyyo Shorty, yo that's my word
Oh, y'all smellin y'all piss now y'all think y'all gold
Yo anybody get caught playin
Over here, I'm returnin em that's my word that they be blasted
Anything from two-twenty to one-fourty, that's mine
Y'all niggaz step the fuck off
Y'all niggaz ain't crazy for real
[Chorus: Genius]
Yo, the fiends ain't coming fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
[Verse One: Genius]
I'm deep down in the back streets - in the heart of Medina
About to set off something more deep than a misdemeanor
Under the subway, waiting for the train to make noise
So I can blast a nigga and his boys - for what
He pushed up on the block and made the dope sales drop
Like the crashin of Dow Jones stock
I had to connect to cross seals, to catch more mil's
Than ho-bitches got birth control pills
I'm in the park, settin up a deal over blunt fire
Bum niggaz sleepin on the bench, they had em wired
Peeped my convo, the address of my condo
And how I changed a nigga name to John Doe
And while we set up camp, we got Vamp
Put the stake through his heart, I ripped his fucking fangs apart
Snake got smoked on the set like Brandon Lee
Blown out the frame, like Pan Am flight 103
He got swung on, his lungs was torn, the
kingpin just castled with his rook and lost a pawn
A regular on the block, and played look-out
For playing predator with a glock, he should have took out
[Chorus:]
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clip that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
The fiends ain't coming fast enough
There is no cut that's pure enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload,
Product must be sold to YOU
[Verse Two: Genius]
It's mandatory that
I supply all my troops with mega firearms
Big apes, and spread em out like crops on a farm
to get CREAM, sometimes they repaint the scene
Like the last episode on gates and other niggaz
plant bombs til the smoke from the blast becomes thick
and flows through all they knew, he's gun sick
His glock clicks, like high-heeled shoes on parquay floors
Mad sick, stand on hills and invade wars
Filthy foul, shoveling dirt, he's out to hurt
For instance, chop off hands, attack worth
His idols would lock down airports and next extort
some import, catchin ten percent of what the fiends snort
Up in the ski resorts, up in hills
They move keys and had skis making drops on snowmobiles
The plan was to expand, catch seven figures, release triggers
And live large and bigger than my nigga
Who promised his moms a mansion with mad rooms
She died, and he still put a hundred grand in her tomb
Open wounds, he hid behind closed doors
And still organized crime and drug wars
[Chorus:]
The fiends ain't coming fast enough
There is no cut that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
No neighborhood is rough enough
There is no clips that's full enough
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold to YOU
The peers that come is tight enough
There is no niggaz that's fucking up
I can't fold, I need gold, I re-up and reload
Product must be sold... to YOU
Verse 1- Buckshot
Who you all been waiting for? Buckshot
Who can rock a nigga's knot? Buckshot
Get you high like chocolate? Buckshot
When it comes to this, I never stop
Drip drop, hip hop
'Cuz you know I'm on top of my job
Makin' it hard, handeling my business on the boulevard
La, there's so many people trying to be equal
Shorty all embarassed 'cuz he drive a Regal
It's a thugged out bucket
As long as you make money when you hustle, fuck it
It's the next man thought to bring you down
If you ain't benefiting, then you better slip in
a couple words that'll set 'em straight
'uz carrying the weak niggas on your shoulder is only dead weight
So, pick your head up when you get up
And if you're feeling what I'm saying
let me see you throw your fist sup
Chorus-Buckshot
Throw your hands in the air like this (3x)
Put your hands in the sky like this
Throw your hands in the air like this (4x)
Verse 2-Buckshot
The bomb was set to be lose
In a couple of minutes, don't be alarmed
It's a hands on experience, throw your hands up
Let us, the bettors, niggas put your grands up
What you about to see is reality, baby
Check the stats, and see if you can hang with me
Black Moon, 92, was set to blow
Smif 'n Wessun '93 and '94
Fab 5, '95, and nigga we strive
To keep it tight and keep this Duckdown shit alive
Ain't no surprise, my niggas put the real in ize.
You better open up your motherfuckin eyes
Chorus-Buckshot(1x)
Verse 3- Buckshot
After this, I smoke a fat Bob Marley
Into Bob Marley, slow down hardly
Thumping is a thug's world
I recognize 'cuz I'm living in the bug world
I got a letter from my girl in D.C.
She put me on the scoop about bitches around me
All of a sudden, I peeped the ones fronting
It be in the front line of mind
But in the end, there's always time
I'm just the type to stay original
Fuck biting off the next man, it's pitiful
P.O.S.: power over suckers
In this rap game, my nickname be dirty chuckers
Mr. Buckshot, rock the triathalon of rap
Squeezing like a python to break your back
Check the facts for the illy verse
About reality, you want another one?
I need your hands first
Twilight in my Eye, then I can see for seven million miles
Twilight in my eye tonight
Dreams become clear, the fog gets thicker every time I inhale
Stars look the same to me
Oh my God I went Gold when I saw your smiling face
I went Gold when I went through this troubling maze
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
Oh my God I went Gold when the ocean swallowed me
I went Gold and I felt that I was free
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
It's a way to the heaven, don't try to feel too much
Just let the morning dry your eye
Just say, lalalalalalalalalalaalalalalalalala....
Let it all in, don't feel afraid of dying just give in
Let it all in tonight
Oh my God I went Gold when I saw your smiling face
I went Gold when I went through this troubling maze
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
Oh my God I went Gold when the ocean swallowed me
I went Gold and I felt that I was free
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
It's a way to the heaven, don't try to feel too much
Just let the morning dry your eye
And I say,
Lalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalalala
Oh my God I went Gold when I saw your smiling face
I went Gold when I went through this troubling maze
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
Oh my God I went Gold when the ocean swallowed me
I went Gold and I felt that I was free
I went Gold and my people behind me all did the same
Guess this world is still full of beauty
guess it's still full of charm
like the garden of eden
it's an animal's farm
cos i can't reach what they define
can't hold back what i think
can't stand in line
take a look at this gorl now
ain't she pretty and neat
smiles as bright as the sunlight
guess her life is a treat?
she wants to be what she can't be
this is what she don't know
but she lives as she's been
told, your heart is made of gold,
it's shining and it's cold,
and look:
she's got a soul
i was dreaming,
searching for something
something that i once knew
your aesthetic perfection
the creation of woe
you don't deserve ehat you desire
up from the cradle you preach
a mindless lie
take a look at this lady
she is fat as a whale
so she can't move her body
and she can't get away
from what they do and what they say
the mockery and the hurt
a joke figure - so she's
told, your heart is made of gold,
it's shining and it's cold,
and look:
she's got a soul
does your body get older
is your mind in decay
do the winters get colder
all your friends gone away
and what you thought is history
and what you once defindes
your misery
take a look at this man now
he is weired and he's lame
tries to count all his memories
this is all that remains
they should contain a little love
my friend, if you die
they are everything you hold
your heart is made of gold,
it's shining and it's cold
say, do you own a soul?
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- Calicoba
- Demande-moi
- Plus loin
- Tropicana
- Du vent, du bluff, des mots
- Capitaine abandonné
- Josy-Ann
- Îles d'Aran
- Diamant Dort
- Rock ou pas
- Fils des Highlands
- Rio de janvier
- All Right
- Livin' High
- Can't Get Enough
- 40 Days Blues
- Piece of Your Action
- Filet of Soul
- You Can't Judge a Book
- Good Old Wagon
- Frisco Kid
- Good Things Coming
- Conquistadores
- Home Cookin' Woman
- Summer Dresses
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Du vent, du bluff, des mots
- Josy-Ann
- Lady Baby Doll
- Calicoba
- Ville de lumière
- Capitaine abandonné
- Des matins bleus
- Fils des Highlands
- Rio de janvier
- Rock ou pas
- Diamant dort
- À l'est d'Eden
- Spleen
- Au-delà du rideau
- Iles d'Aran
- Free Your Mind
- Battle Cry
- Everyday
- Interview (skit)
- Shake the Spot
- Let's Go Baby
- In a Race Against Time
- Sunrise (skit)
- Make the Sunrise
- Daily Prayers
- Phone Sex (skit)
- Change Your Mind
- Military Minds
- Murder Makes a House Call
- Hollywood (skit)
- Come Inside (radio mix)
- Come Inside (Street mix)
- Attack Formation
- In the Land of the Lost
- Raw Raps (skit)
- Raw Raps
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Au-delà du rideau
- Lady Baby Doll
- Plus près des étoiles
- Seul dans l'univers
- Ville de lumière
- Des matins bleus
- Melinda viens
- Diamant dort
- Josy-Ann
- Du vent, du bluff, des mots
- Plus près des étoiles
- Capitaine abandonné
- Ville de lumière
- Calicoba
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Rio de Janvier
- Pour toi la musique
- Îles d'Aran
- Au-delà du rideau
- À l'est d'éden
- Mélinda, viens
- Diamant dort
- Fils des Highlands
- Josy-Ann
- Rock ou pas
- Du vent, du bluff, des mots
- Fils des Highlands
- Rock ou pas
- Au-delà du rideau
- Rio de janvier
- Calicoba
- Diamant dort
- Melinda, viens
- Spleen
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Ville de lumière
- Capitaine abandonné
- Plus près des étoiles
- À l'est d'Eden
- Des matins bleus
- Intro
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Tropicana
- Plus près des étoiles
- Lady Baby Doll
- Capitaine abandonné
- Je m'ennuie de tout
- Le Train de mes souvenirs
- L'Aziza
- Plus loin
- T'es pas fou
- Ville de lumière
- Capitaine abandonné
- Le Train de mes souvenirs
- Ville de lumière
- Josy-Ann
- Plus près des étoiles
- Lady Baby Doll
- J'm'ennuie de tout
- Tropicana
- Plus près des étoiles
- T'es pas fou
- Sans façon
- Jean's et strass
- Le Train de mes souvenirs
- Tropicana
- J'm'ennuies de tout
- Plus loin
- Crise d'amour cardiaque
- Seul dans l'univers
- Laissez-nous chanter
- Du vent, du bluff, des mots
- Au-delà du rideau
- Demain sans doute
- Ville de lumière
- Calicoba
- Fils des Highlands
- Capitaine abandonné
- T'es pas fou
- Rio de Janvier
- Tropicana
- Melinda, viens
- Le Train de mes souvenirs
- Diamant dort
- Plus près des étoiles
- Josy-Ann
- Îles d'Aran
- Pour toi la musique
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Spandau Ballet - Gold
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 12 Nov 2010
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Music video by Spandau Ballet performing Gold. (P) 1983 The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Chrysalis Records Ltd
http://wn.com/Spandau_Ballet_Gold
The Black Keys - Gold On The Ceiling [Official Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 08 Feb 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
© 2012 WMG directed by Reid Long This is the official video for "Gold On The Ceiling" from El Camino. To download El Camino now click here - smarturl.it Directed by Reid Long
http://wn.com/The_Black_Keys_Gold_On_The_Ceiling_Official_Video_
IMPORTANT MESSAGE: GOLD BREAKS OUT — FED PLANS QE III
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:47
- Published: 23 Aug 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Peter Schiff reacts to the breakout rally of gold and silver in the wake of Federal Reserve meeting notes suggesting more money-printing on the way. How To Take Immediate Action: Call 1-888-GOLD-160 (1-888-465-3160) to talk to a Euro Pacific Precious Metals Specialist right now. Go to www.europacmetals.com and a Specialist will call you back at your convenience. For more information about our company, visit www.europacmetals.com.
http://wn.com/IMPORTANT_MESSAGE_GOLD_BREAKS_OUT_—_FED_PLANS_QE_III
Knives BANNED From School! + Gold MG36 MOAB
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:18
- Published: 24 Aug 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
*NEW* 100K UPDATE: There is only 3 days left for the race to 100K. I am currently 3900 subscribers away from hitting this goal. I have noticed some of you making videos helping me reach this goal. If you are on of those people please link me to the video and I will be sure to give it a LIKE! For others that are tweeting it out and telling people around YouTube also tweet me and I will personally thank you on Twitter. #TEAMGGG #GGGARMY BOOSTERS GAMERTAGS: Senior Syrup FamouslyNaked
http://wn.com/Knives_BANNED_From_School!_+_Gold_MG36_MOAB
Paul Harris about gold mining in Colombia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:44
- Published: 23 Aug 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Subscribe to our newsletter at www.goldmoney.com Paul Harris, publisher of the Colombia Gold Letter, talks to GoldMoney's Dominic Frisby about the state of the mining sector in Colombia. Though Colombia has been a gold producer for centuries, its mining technology has fallen behind the times due to the country's internal problems. It was only in 2002, when new president Álvaro Uribe Vélez assured democratic security, that a gold rush broke out leading to the discovery of 75-80 million ounces over the last 15 years. Discussing the conflicts between mining companies and environmental protection groups, Harris explains that some modern mining techniques are still poorly understood by people in the communities and local and national government. Therefore the mining companies need to better educate about their projects in order to combat fears from the public. Dominic points out that for many Latin American countries, natural resources make up a large part of exports, which is why mining plays a big socio-economic role. These resources can be very advantageous for the countries' economic development. They agree that the Colombian exploration sector has bottomed out and is ready to move higher again. In his report, Harris examines about 50-60 companies. He points out that Colombia is blessed with a great geographical location and recommends visiting the gold museum in Bogota, which displays an impressive selection of the remaining Inca gold. This podcast was recorded on 22 <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Paul_Harris_about_gold_mining_in_Colombia
Usain Bolt's Gold in the 2012 Olympics 100 Meter Sprint - All the Medalists
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Published: 08 Aug 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
One Race, Every Medalist Ever. Usain Bolt's 9.63 set an Olympic record in the 100. So how far ahead of every Olympic medalist is he? The New York Times examines modern Olympic results in the context of 116 years of the Games. Check out the full 2012 Olympics experience here: www.nytimes.com
http://wn.com/Usain_Bolt's_Gold_in_the_2012_Olympics_100_Meter_Sprint_All_the_Medalists
Gold
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Published: 25 Apr 2012
- Updated: 02 May 2012
trend0.blogspot.com Gold is of one the commodities that will go up higher quite soon. Find the reasons why and what are levels of support for the security.
http://wn.com/Gold
Honey Cocaine - TO Gold (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Published: 05 Aug 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Honey Cocaine - TO Gold (Official Video) Honey Cocaine - TO Gold Honey Cocaine - TO Gold Honey Cocaine - TO Gold Honey Cocaine - TO Gold
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_TO_Gold_Official_Video
01 - Gold - Britt Nicole 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 26 Mar 2012
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
Britt Nicole's New Album, get it NOW on ITUNES itunes.apple.com ℗ 2012 Sparrow Records. All rights reserved.
http://wn.com/01_Gold_Britt_Nicole_2012
The Aikiu ♡ Pieces Of Gold
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Published: 25 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Directed by. Panteros, Myd & Boston Bun Shot by Ro THE AIKIU - PIECES OF GOLD EP itunes.apple.com
http://wn.com/The_Aikiu_♡_Pieces_Of_Gold
Keiser Report: Gold vs Paper (E306)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:45
- Published: 26 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
In this episode, Max Keiser and co-host, Stacy Herbert, discuss the world looking for people looking for economic salvation in gold, the Eurozone and emerging markets and ask "what kind of stupid people put precious money into messy banks?" In the second half of the show Max talks to former market maker and newsletter writer, Rick Ackerman, about inflation, deflation, the euro and the student loan market. Follow Max Keiser on Twitter: twitter.com Watch all Keiser Report shows here: www.youtube.com (E1-E200) www.youtube.com (E201-current) Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/Keiser_Report_Gold_vs_Paper_E306
Owl City - Gold (HD Lyrics Video, No Time/Pitch Editing)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:58
- Published: 16 May 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Lyric video for Owl City's new single "Gold" from the Shooting Star EP. Not sped up. Full HD audio. Lyrics also below. iTunes: smarturl.it Amazon: smarturl.it Lyrics: Stand on up and take a bow There's something there and it's showing There's no need to look around You're the best we got going Shout out to the dreams you'll chase Shout out to the hearts you'll break Nothing's gonna stop you now I guess you better be going You'll never be far Even in the air Inside of my heart You're here Go on It's gotta be time You're starting to shine 'Cause what you got is Gold I know, you're gold Oh, I know, I know I don't need the stars in the night I found my treasure All I need is you by my side So shine forever Gold, I know, you're gold Oh, I know, you're gold It won't take you long to get When you feel like you're soaring So write it all and don't forget You gotta tell us your story Shout out to the friends back home Shout out to the hearts you've known You gave 'em nothing but the best, yeah And you can tell them your story You'll never be far Even in the air Inside of my heart You're here Go on It's gotta be time You're starting to shine 'Cause what you got is Gold I know, you're gold Oh, I know, I know I don't need the stars in the night I found my treasure All I need is you by my side So shine forever Gold, I know, you're gold Oh, I know, you're gold 'Cause what you got is Gold I know, you're gold Oh, I know, I know I don't need the stars in the night I found my treasure All <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Owl_City_Gold_HD_Lyrics_Video,_No_Time_Pitch_Editing
Boxing Men's Light Fly (49kg) Gold Medal Finals Bout - CHN v THA Full Replay - London 2012 Olympics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:27
- Published: 11 Aug 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Boxing Men's Light Fly (49kg) Gold Medal Finals Bout - CHN v THA Full Replay from the ExCeL - South Arena 2 at the London 2012 Olympic Games. - 11 August 2012 Shiming Zou (CHN) v Kaeo Pongprayoon (THA) Boxing made its Olympic debut at the 1904 Games in St Louis, since then boxing has been staged at each edition of the Games, except in 1912 in Stockholm, owing to Swedish law, which forbade the practice. The rules have evolved since the 1980s: 1984 in Los Angeles: protective helmet obligatory; 1992 in Barcelona: set-up of an electronic scoring system to strengthen the objectivity of refereeing; 2007: standardised point scoring. Women's boxing will make its debut at the 2012 London Games in London. Find more about Boxing at www.olympic.org/boxing
http://wn.com/Boxing_Men's_Light_Fly_49kg_Gold_Medal_Finals_Bout_CHN_v_THA_Full_Replay_London_2012_Olympics
The Wanted - Gold Forever
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Published: 19 Apr 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
UK: New single Chasing the Sun is OUT NOW click here bit.ly Buy Battleground, the new album from The Wanted, on iTunes here: bit.ly Amazon: amzn.to & Play.com: bit.ly USA: Buy The Wanted EP on iTunes here: smarturl.it Amazon: smarturl.it Follow The Wanted: www.facebook.com www.twitter.com Music video by The Wanted performing Gold Forever. (C) 2011 Global Talent Records Limited exclusively licensed to Geffen (UK) a division of Polydor (UK) Ltd
http://wn.com/The_Wanted_Gold_Forever
Max Keiser: Soros gets gold advice from Keiser Report
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:23
- Published: 06 Jun 2012
- Updated: 26 Aug 2012
The Eurozone debt crisis is getting dangerously close to the monetary union's powerhouse - Germany. Moody's has cut the ratings of several German banks, including the country's second biggest lender. Austria is also affected. Max Keiser, RT's financial guru and host of The Keiser Report smells a rat in all this. He says, the crisis is the chance for some to make a fast buck. Subscribe to RT! www.youtube.com Watch RT LIVE on our website rt.com Like us on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter twitter.com Follow us on Google+ plus.google.com RT (Russia Today) is a global news network broadcasting from Moscow and Washington studios. RT is the first news channel to break the 500 million YouTube views benchmark.
http://wn.com/Max_Keiser_Soros_gets_gold_advice_from_Keiser_Report
Brick by Brick: Running: Usain Bolt wins gold in 100m final
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 06 Aug 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Brick by Brick: Running: Usain Bolt wins gold in 100m final. Usain Bolt seals his status as the world's fastest man by winning the 100m gold in the most keenly-anticipated event of the tournament. Bolt, 25, crossed the line in 9.63 seconds. Seven out of eight competitors finished in under 10sec, with Bolt's Jamaican team-mate Yohan Blake taking silver and American Justin Gatlin winning bronze
http://wn.com/Brick_by_Brick_Running_Usain_Bolt_wins_gold_in_100m_final
GATA's Bill Murphy exposes how the Gold Cartel is Bombing the Market for Precious Metals
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 28:05
- Published: 30 Apr 2012
- Updated: 22 Aug 2012
Follow us @ twitter.com twitter.com Welcome to Capital Account. In one of his writings, a leading English art critic of the Victorian era, John Ruskin, told the story of a man who boarded a ship carrying his entire wealth in a large bag of gold coins. When a storm hit a few days into the voyage and the decision was made to abandon ship, the man strapped the bag around his waist, jumped overboard, and sank straight to the bottom of the sea. The man's body was found with the wreck of the ship many years later. Reflecting on this, Ruskin asked "Now, as he was sinking, had he the gold? Or had the gold him?" We tell you this story to impress upon you the enduring value that gold has held in the minds of people through the centuries. It has represented not only a store of value, but a means to an end...any end, including one that concludes at thebottom of the sea. For muchof Western history, gold has been synonymous with money. It was not so long ago that the United States and Europe fixed their currencies to gold, and despite the free floating currency regime that we have had since the end of Bretton Woods in the early 1970s, one could argue that we are still on a defacto gold standard. After all, gold has been rising steadily, and at times rather frenetically, since 2001, when it was trading at below 300 dollars per ounce, to levels nearing 2000 dollars in the past year. There are those, like Nouriel Roubini, who have been calling it a bubble since at least 2009. One of the <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/GATA's_Bill_Murphy_exposes_how_the_Gold_Cartel_is_Bombing_the_Market_for_Precious_Metals
Kanye West - Gold Digger ft. Jamie Foxx
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Published: 16 Jun 2009
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Music video by Kanye West performing Gold Digger. (C) 2005 Roc-A-Fella Records, LLC
http://wn.com/Kanye_West_Gold_Digger_ft_Jamie_Foxx
Capitaine abandonné - Gold
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:56
- Published: 04 Oct 2009
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
★ Fast Gold Farming: 100 Mil. Per Day - Diablo 3 Billionaire Guide ★
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:24
- Published: 30 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
Get the guide here! - tinyurl.com Daniel Chan is Diablo 3's first gold billionaire. He knows all of the best tips and tricks to maximize your earning potential with ease. All of his methods are painstakingly catalogued in his gold making guide above. Daniel Chan's guide can teach you all of the greatest and easiest ways to make gold within the Diablo iii universe. He knows all of the best areas to repeatedly run for the greatest gains in gold and rare and legendary items. His hot spots average about 600000 gold gained per run. He also knows how to legally manipulate the auction house through the same buy low, sell high methodology used by stock brokers. With Daniel Chan's secret techniques I have personally been able to make over 100 million gold in just one day. Using the great techniques in this guide you can literally do whatever you want in Diablo 3. I have decided to turn my gold gains into a real life money-making opportunity. I use Daniel Chan's tips and tricks to amass gold and items, both through runs and legal manipulation of the auction house, to amass high quality items that I then sell on the real money auction house. If this isn't something you're interested in you can simply use the guide to have enough gold to get whatever your characters need and never worry about not being properly equipped for Diablo 3's challenges ever again. Whichever way you want to use it, one thing remains obvious: Daniel Chan's gold making guide will change the way you play Diablo <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/★_Fast_Gold_Farming_100_Mil_Per_Day_Diablo_3_Billionaire_Guide_★
Britt Nicole - "Gold" (Official Lyric Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Published: 30 Mar 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
Britt Nicole's new album: britt.cta.gs www.brittnicole.com SPARROW RECORDS (P) (C) 2012 Sparrow Records. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is a violation of applicable laws. Manufactured by EMI Christian Music Group
http://wn.com/Britt_Nicole_Gold_Official_Lyric_Video
John Stewart - "Gold"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Published: 19 Jan 2008
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
John Stewart
http://wn.com/John_Stewart_Gold
Diablo III Farmer makes 60 Million Gold an Hour and Tells All!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 35:11
- Published: 07 Jun 2012
- Updated: 27 Aug 2012
This video is sponsored by the game sales at www.markeedragon.com We do not however support the use of bots, hacks or other game interfering methods that violate the terms of service of games. We agreed to do this live interview because after talking with this farmer it is clear to see that this method he is going to explain is very harmful to the game. I have evaluated it and come to the conclusion that it is not something the general public can do to exploit the game. It requires large resources. We are asking questions to gain information that will better help Blizzard understand how this is being done and we ask the farmer how it can be stopped. The farmer interviewed does have his identity obscured as he has concerns about reprisals. Like MarkeeDragon.com on FaceBook www.facebook.com Like MarkeeDragon.com on FaceBook: www.facebook.com Find me on Facebook: www.facebook.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/Diablo_III_Farmer_makes_60_Million_Gold_an_Hour_and_Tells_All!
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AP / Matt Slocum
WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
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WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
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AP / Victor R. Caivano
AP / Victor R. Caivano
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Photo: AP / Manu Fernandez
Real Madrid Beats Barcelona In Supercup Second Leg: Cristiano Ronaldo Scores Incredible Goal (VIDEO)
Huffington Post30 Aug 2012
Real Madrid's Cristiano Ronaldo from Portugal celebrates his goal during a Spanish Supercup second leg soccer match against FC Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabeu stadium in Madrid, Spain, Wednesday,...
Photo: UN / Evan Schneider
30 Aug 2012
A UNITED NATIONS report will confirm this week that Iran is expanding its nuclear program in defiance of the international community, bolstering calls for tougher sanctions amid the threat of an...
Photo: AP / Muzaffar Salman
30 Aug 2012
BEIRUT — He flashed a smile and seemed at ease. He vowed victory even though it wouldn't happen any time soon. Syrian President Bashar Assad looked confident in a televised interview aired...
Photo: AP / Jay Reeves
29 Aug 2012
NEW ORLEANS (AP) - Finally a hurricane, the unwieldy and wobbly Isaac bore down on New Orleans Tuesday, almost seven years to the day that Hurricane Katrina transformed this city and became a symbol...
Photo: UN / Victoria Hazou
30 Aug 2012
Lake Pontchartrain flooding Aug. 28, 2012 (CNN) — Louisiana and Mississippi officials conducted search-and-rescue missions Wednesday for residents stranded by Tropical Storm Isaac, which flooded...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
27 Aug 2012
Download free ET iPad add for easier viewing of latest and financial News ! SILIGURI/DHULABARI(NEPAL): Himalayan country Nepal is witnessing high demand of Gold despite sky rocketing price of the...
Photo: WN / Sayali Santosh Kadam
27 Aug 2012
Download free ET iPad add for easier viewing of latest and financial News ! NEW DELHI: When Sanjay Sharma, a professor, decided to purchase a diamond ring for his wife, he preferred to buy one in...
New York Daily News
Gabby Douglas may be America’s Olympic golden-girl now, but long before she made gymnastic history, the 16-year-old was told by a staffer at her small-town gym that she should think about getting a nose job. The comment came years before she won two Olympic golds, but this — and other comments about...(size: 2.1Kb)
Canada Newswire
VANCOUVER, Aug. 30, 2012 /CNW/ - Alpha Gold Corp. (TSXV: ALQ) (the "Company") is pleased to announce that shareholders overwhelming approved all motions presented at the Annual General and Special Meeting held August 28th, with most items receiving over 90% support from votes cast. The voting...(size: 2.7Kb)
Gold ends lower as easing hopes fade
30 Aug 2012
Scoop
Friday, 31 August 2012, 9:46 am Press Release: Paralympics NZ 31 Aug 2012 Pascoe’s plan works a treat in the Pool If Sophie Pascoe was wanting to let her actions do the talking at the London 2012 Paralympic Games then the Christchurch kid opened her campaign with an almighty roar, wiping just...(size: 3.7Kb)
Lung-disease-afflicted miners file class action certification applications against gold producers
30 Aug 2012
Mining Weekly
South African gold producers AngloGold Ashanti, Gold Fields and Harmony Gold could face a lawsuit from former mineworkers who suffer from occupational lung diseases. Nongovernmental organisation Jubilee South Africa, with Cape Town-based law firm Abrahams Kiewitz Attorneys, filed three class action...(size: 4.9Kb)
Jacqueline Freney wins gold
30 Aug 2012
Sydney Morning Herald
Rising star Jacqueline Freney won her first Paralympic gold, after three bronze medals in Beijing, when she won the 100...(size: 0.8Kb)
Detour Gold to Announce Updated Mine Production Plan for the Detour Lake Gold Project in Ontario
30 Aug 2012
Stockhouse
Detour Gold to...(size: 0.1Kb)
PR Newswire
, Aug. 30, 2012 /CNW/ - On behalf of the Government of , I would like to extend my most heartfelt congratulations to Benoît Huot on winning first medal and first gold medal at the 2012 Paralympic Summer Games today....(size: 1.7Kb)
Huffington Post
Wisconsin Cheese Mart sells this 12 year old cheddar cheese for $75....(size: 4.8Kb)
Canada Newswire
Rosie MacLennan coming to Banff National Park September 8, 2012 BANFF, AB, Aug. 30, 2012 /CNW/ - What's the best way to keep challenging yourself and showcase your world-class athleticism after you win a gold medal at the Olympics? Well, if you're Rosie MacLennan, Canada's sole gold-medalist to...(size: 3.7Kb)
"Element 79" redirects here. For the short story and anthology by Fred Hoyle, see Element 79 (anthology).
This article is about the metal. For the color, see Gold (color). For other uses, see Gold (disambiguation).
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| Appearance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
metallic yellow |
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| General properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Name, symbol, number | gold, Au, 79 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pronunciation | /ˈɡoʊld/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Element category | transition metal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 11, 6, d | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight | 196.966569(4) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 (Image) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 19.30 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 17.31 g·cm−3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1337.33 K, 1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3129 K, 2856 °C, 5173 °F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 12.55 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 324 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar heat capacity | 25.418 J·mol−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (amphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 2.54 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies | 1st: 890.1 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1980 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 144 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 136±6 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 166 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellanea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | Lattice face centered cubic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic[1] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 22.14 nΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 318 W·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 14.2 µm·m−1·K−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (r.t.) 2030 m·s−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tensile strength | 120 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 79 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 27 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 180 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 2.5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 216 MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 25 HB MPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-57-5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most stable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Main article: Isotopes of gold | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| · r | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gold (
/ˈɡoʊld/) is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from Latin: aurum "gold") and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements solid under standard conditions. The metal therefore occurs often in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains in rocks, in veins and in alluvial deposits. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, usually with tellurium.
Gold resists attacks by individual acids, but it can be dissolved by the aqua regia (nitro-hydrochloric acid), so named because it dissolves gold. Gold also dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which have been used in mining. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property that has long been used to confirm the presence of gold in items, giving rise to the term the acid test.
Gold has been a valuable and highly sought-after precious metal for coinage, jewelry, and other arts since long before the beginning of recorded history. Gold standards have been the most common basis for monetary policies throughout human history[citation needed], being widely supplanted by fiat currency starting in the 1930's. The last gold certificate and gold coin currencies were issued in the U.S. in 1932. In Europe, most countries left the gold standard with the start of World War I in 1914 and, with huge war debts, failed to return to gold as a medium of exchange.
Gold has also been frequently linked to a wide variety of symbolisms and ideologies. A total of 165,000 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, as of 2009.[2] This is roughly equivalent to 5.3 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 8500 m3, or a cube 20.4 m on a side. The world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.[3]
Besides its widespread monetary and symbolic functions, gold has many practical uses in dentistry, electronics, and other fields. Its high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, and conductivity of electricity led to many uses of gold, including electric wiring, colored-glass production and even gold leaf eating.
Contents |
Characteristics[link]
Gold is the most malleable and ductile of all metals; a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, or an ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become transparent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.[4] Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in visors of heat-resistant suits, and in sun-visors for spacesuits.[5]
Gold readily creates alloys with many other metals. These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors (see below).[6] Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity and reflects infrared radiation strongly. Chemically, it is unaffected by air, moisture and most corrosive reagents, and is therefore well suited for use in coins and jewelry and as a protective coating on other, more reactive, metals. However, it is not chemically inert.
Common oxidation states of gold include +1 (gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (gold(III) or auric compounds). Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated out as gold metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent. The added metal is oxidized and dissolves allowing the gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate.
High quality pure metallic gold is tasteless and scentless, in keeping with its resistance to corrosion (it is metal ions which confer taste to metals).[7]
In addition, gold is very dense, a cubic meter weighing 19,300 kg. By comparison, the density of lead is 11,340 kg/m3, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22,610 kg/m3.
Color[link]
Whereas most other pure metals are gray or silvery white, gold is yellow. This color is determined by the density of loosely bound (valence) electrons; those electrons oscillate as a collective "plasma" medium described in terms of a quasiparticle called plasmon. The frequency of these oscillations lies in the ultraviolet range for most metals, but it falls into the visible range for gold due to subtle relativistic effects that affect the orbitals around gold atoms.[8][9] Similar effects impart a golden hue to metallic caesium (see relativistic quantum chemistry).
Common colored gold alloys such as rose gold can be created by the addition of various amounts of copper and silver, as indicated in the triangular diagram to the left. Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white gold alloys. Less commonly, addition of manganese, aluminium, iron, indium and other elements can produce more unusual colors of gold for various applications.[6]
Isotopes[link]
Main article: Isotopes of gold
Gold has only one stable isotope, 197Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope. Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205. The most stable of these is 195Au with a half-life of 186.1 days. The least stable is 171Au, which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 µs. Most of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay. The exceptions are 195Au, which decays by electron capture, and 196Au, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β- decay path (7%).[10] All of gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β- decay.[11]
At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200. Within that range, only 178Au, 180Au, 181Au, 182Au, and 188Au do not have isomers. Gold's most stable isomer is 198m2Au with a half-life of 2.27 days. Gold's least stable isomer is 177 m2Au with a half-life of only 7 ns. 184 m1Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay. No other isomer or isotope of gold has three decay paths.[11]
Use and applications[link]
Monetary exchange[link]
Gold has been widely used throughout the world as a vehicle for monetary exchange, either by issuance and recognition of gold coins or other bare metal quantities, or through gold-convertible paper instruments by establishing gold standards in which the total value of issued money is represented in a store of gold reserves.
However, production has not grown in relation to the world's economies. Today, gold mining output is declining.[12] With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold were no longer sustained.
At the beginning of World War I the warring nations moved to a fractional gold standard, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort. After World War II gold was replaced by a system of convertible currency following the Bretton Woods system. Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, being replaced by fiat currency in their stead. Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary Fund in 1999.[13]
Pure gold is too soft for day-to-day monetary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper, silver or other base metals. The gold content of alloys is measured in carats (k). Pure gold is designated as 24k. English gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold, for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contained the slightly lower amount of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt).
Investment[link]
Main article: Gold as an investment
Many holders of gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions. However, some economists do not believe gold serves as a hedge against inflation or currency depreciation.[14]
The ISO 4217 currency code of gold is XAU.
Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine gold at 24k, although the American Gold Eagle, the British gold sovereign, and the South African Krugerrand continue to be minted in 22k metal in historical tradition. The special issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%.
Several other 99.99% pure gold coins are available. In 2006, the United States Mint began production of the American Buffalo gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%. The Australian Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989. Other popular modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese Gold Panda.
Jewelry[link]
Main article: Jewellery
Because of the softness of pure (24k) gold, it is usually alloyed with base metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties. Alloys with lower caratage, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, or other base metals or silver or palladium in the alloy. Copper is the most commonly used base metal, yielding a redder color.[15]
Eighteen-carat gold containing 25% copper is found in antique and Russian jewelry and has a distinct, though not dominant, copper cast, creating rose gold. Fourteen-carat gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges. Blue gold can be made by alloying with iron and purple gold can be made by alloying with aluminium, although rarely done except in specialized jewelry. Blue gold is more brittle and therefore more difficult to work with when making jewelry.[15]
Fourteen and eighteen carat gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold. White gold alloys can be made with palladium or nickel. White 18-carat gold containing 17.3% nickel, 5.5% zinc and 2.2% copper is silvery in appearance. Nickel is toxic, however, and its release from nickel white gold is controlled by legislation in Europe.[15]
Alternative white gold alloys are available based on palladium, silver and other white metals,[15] but the palladium alloys are more expensive than those using nickel. High-carat white gold alloys are far more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver. The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.
Medicine[link]
In medieval times, gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy. Even some modern esotericists and forms of alternative medicine assign metallic gold a healing power.[16] Some gold salts do have anti-inflammatory properties and are used as pharmaceuticals in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions. Gold based injections have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis and tuberculosis.[17] However, only salts and radioisotopes of gold are of pharmacological value, as elemental (metallic) gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body.
Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges. The gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns. The use of gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others.
Colloidal gold preparations (suspensions of gold nanoparticles) in water are intensely red-colored, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions. Colloidal gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science. The technique of immunogold labeling exploits the ability of the gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces. Colloidal gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells.[18] In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunogold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen.[19]
Gold, or alloys of gold and palladium, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope. The coating, which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma, has a triple role in this application. Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen. This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image. Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.[20]
The isotope gold-198, (half-life 2.7 days) is used in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases.[21][22]
Food and drink[link]
- Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175.[23]
- Gold leaf, flake or dust is used on and in some gourmet foods, notably sweets and drinks as decorative ingredient.[24] Gold flake was used by the nobility in Medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks, in the form of leaf, flakes or dust, either to demonstrate the host's wealth or in the belief that something that valuable and rare must be beneficial for one's health.
- Danziger Goldwasser (German: Gold water of Danzig) or Goldwasser (English: Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal liqueur[25] produced in what is today Gdańsk, Poland, and Schwabach, Germany, and contains flakes of gold leaf. There are also some expensive (~$1000) cocktails which contain flakes of gold leaf.[26] However, since metallic gold is inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, it provides no nutrition, and it leaves the body unaltered.[27]
Industry[link]
- Gold solder is used for joining the components of gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing. If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, gold solder must match the carat weight of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured in most industry-standard carat weights to color match yellow and white gold. Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard. By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints.
- Gold can be made into thread and used in embroidery.
- Gold produces a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass.
- In photography, gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability. Used on sepia-toned prints, gold toners produce red tones. Kodak published formulas for several types of gold toners, which use gold as the chloride.[28]
- As gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light as well as radio waves, it is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal protection suits and astronauts' helmets and in electronic warfare planes like the EA-6B Prowler.
- Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high-end CDs.
- Automobiles may use gold for heat shielding. McLaren uses gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model.[29]
- Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears transparent. It is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it. The heat produced by the resistance of the gold is enough to deter ice from forming.[30]
Electronics[link]
The concentration of free electrons in gold metal is 5.90×1022 cm−3. Gold is highly conductive to electricity, and has been used for electrical wiring in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but gold has the advantage of corrosion resistance). For example, gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project's atomic experiments, but large high current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project.
Though gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin layer coating electrical connectors of all kinds, thereby ensuring good connection. For example, gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables. The benefit of using gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications is highly debated. Gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy. However, the use of gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common.[31]
Besides sliding electrical contacts, gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity.[32] Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts. Fine gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.
Commercial chemistry[link]
Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, to form the salt gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic gold from ores in the cyanide process. Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of gold onto base metals and electroforming.
Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions. Gold chloride and gold oxide are used to make highly valued cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical gold nanoparticles (see also nanoparticle).[33]
History[link]
Gold artifacts found at the Nahal Kana cave cemetery dated during the 1980's, showed these to be from within the Chalcolithic, and considered the earliest find from the Levant (Gopher et al. 1990). [34] Gold artifacts in the Balkans also appear from the 4th millennium BC, such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna in Bulgaria, thought by one source (La Niece 2009) to be the earliest "well-dated" find of gold artifacts. [35] Gold artifacts such as the golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age.
Egyptian hieroglyphs from as early as 2600 BC describe gold, which king Tushratta of the Mitanni claimed was "more plentiful than dirt" in Egypt.[36] Egypt and especially Nubia had the resources to make them major gold-producing areas for much of history. The earliest known map is known as the Turin Papyrus Map and shows the plan of a gold mine in Nubia together with indications of the local geology. The primitive working methods are described by both Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, and included fire-setting. Large mines were also present across the Red Sea in what is now Saudi Arabia.
The legend of the golden fleece may refer to the use of fleeces to trap gold dust from placer deposits in the ancient world. Gold is mentioned frequently in the Old Testament, starting with Genesis 2:11 (at Havilah) and is included with the gifts of the magi in the first chapters of Matthew New Testament. The Book of Revelation 21:21 describes the city of New Jerusalem as having streets "made of pure gold, clear as crystal". The south-east corner of the Black Sea was famed for its gold. Exploitation is said to date from the time of Midas, and this gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC.[37] From the 6th or 5th century BC, the Chu (state) circulated the Ying Yuan, one kind of square gold coin.
In Roman metallurgy, new methods for extracting gold on a large scale were developed by introducing hydraulic mining methods, especially in Hispania from 25 BC onwards and in Dacia from 106 AD onwards. One of their largest mines was at Las Medulas in León (Spain), where seven long aqueducts enabled them to sluice most of a large alluvial deposit. The mines at Roşia Montană in Transylvania were also very large, and until very recently, still mined by opencast methods. They also exploited smaller deposits in Britain, such as placer and hard-rock deposits at Dolaucothi. The various methods they used are well described by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia written towards the end of the first century AD.
The Mali Empire in Africa was famed throughout the old world for its large amounts of gold. Mansa Musa, ruler of the empire (1312–1337) became famous throughout the old world for his great hajj to Mecca in 1324. When he passed through Cairo in July 1324, he was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels. He gave away so much gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade.[38] A contemporary Arab historian remarked:
Gold was at a high price in Egypt until they came in that year. The mithqal did not go below 25 dirhams and was generally above, but from that time its value fell and it cheapened in price and has remained cheap till now. The mithqal does not exceed 22 dirhams or less. This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there [...]
The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Central America, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. The Aztecs regarded gold as literally the product of the gods, calling it "god excrement" (teocuitlatl in Nahuatl).[40] However, for the indigenous peoples of North America, gold was considered useless, and they saw much greater value in other minerals, which were directly related to their utility, such as obsidian, flint, and slate.[41]
Although the price of some platinum group metals can be much higher, gold has long been considered the most desirable of precious metals, and its value has been used as the standard for many currencies (known as the gold standard) in history. Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties. Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia. On that imaginary island, gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware and lavatory-seats. When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.
There is an age-old tradition of biting gold to test its authenticity. Although this is certainly not a professional way of examining gold, the bite test was not to check if the coin was gold (90% gold coins are fairly strong) but to see if the coin was gold plated LEAD (Specific Gravity of 14 g/cc with gold 19.3) A Lead coin would be very soft and thus teeth marks would result. Fake gold coins were a common problem before 1932 so weighing a coin and also sliding a coin through a "counterfeit detector" slot was common (making a lead coin thicker would add weight thus why slide it through a measured slot). Most establishments (especially USA Western saloons) would never accept a gold (or silver) coin of high value before weighing such an item.
Gold in antiquity was relatively easy to obtain geologically; however, 75% of all gold ever produced has been extracted since 1910.[42] It has been estimated that all gold ever refined would form a single cube 20 m (66 ft) on a side (equivalent to 8,000 m3).[42]
One main goal of the alchemists was to produce gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone. Although they never succeeded in this attempt, the alchemists promoted an interest in what can be done with substances, and this laid a foundation for today's chemistry. Their symbol for gold was the circle with a point at its center (☉), which was also the astrological symbol and the ancient Chinese character for the Sun. For modern creation of artificial gold by neutron capture, see gold synthesis.
During the 19th century, gold rushes occurred whenever large gold deposits were discovered. The first documented discovery of gold in the United States was at the Reed Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803.[43] The first major gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega.[44] Further gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, the Black Hills, Otago in New Zealand, Australia, Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Klondike in Canada.
Because of its historically high value, much of the gold mined throughout history is still in circulation in one form or another.
Occurrence[link]
Gold's atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher atomic number elements which occur naturally. Like all elements with atomic numbers larger than iron, gold is thought to have been formed from a supernova nucleosynthesis process. Their explosions scattered metal-containing dusts (including heavy elements like gold) into the region of space in which they later condensed into our solar system and the Earth.[45] Because the Earth was molten when it was just formed, almost all of the gold present on Earth sank into the core. Most of the gold that is present today in the Earth's crust and mantle was delivered to Earth by asteroid impacts during the late heavy bombardment.[46]
On Earth, gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward.[35] It most often occurs as a native metal, typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a gold silver alloy). Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%. Electrum is elemental gold with more than 20% silver. Electrum's color runs from golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content. The more silver, the lower the specific gravity.
Native gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as "Fool's Gold", which is a pyrite.[47] These are called lode deposits. The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets[35] that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits. Such free gold is always richer at the surface of gold-bearing veins[clarification needed] owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering, and washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.
Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite, and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb2). Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride (Cu3Au), novodneprite (AuPb3) and weishanite ((Au, Ag)3Hg2).
Recent research suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming gold deposits, transporting and precipitating gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.[48]
The world's oceans contain gold. Measured concentrations of gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 fmol/L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km3). In general, Au concentrations for Atlantic and Pacific samples are the same (~50 fmol/L) but less certain. Mediterranean deep waters contain higher concentrations of Au (100–150 fmol/L) attributed to wind-blown dust and/or rivers. At 10 parts per quadrillion the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tons of gold.[49] These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.
A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover gold from sea water, but so far they have all been either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception. Prescott Jernegan ran a gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s. A British fraudster ran the same scam in England in the early 1900s.[50] Fritz Haber (the German inventor of the Haber process) did research on the extraction of gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following World War I.[51] Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of gold in seawater a commercially successful extraction seemed possible. After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb it became clear that the extraction would not be possible and he stopped the project.[52] No commercially viable mechanism for performing gold extraction from sea water has yet been identified. Gold synthesis is not economically viable and is unlikely to become so in the foreseeable future.
Gallery of specimens of crystalline native gold[link]
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Native gold nuggets
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"Rope gold" from Lena River, Sakha Republic, Russia. Size: 2.5×1.2×0.7 cm.
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Crystalline gold from Mina Zapata, Santa Elena de Uairen, Venezuela. Size: 3.7×1.1×0.4 cm.
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Gold leaf from Harvard Mine, Jamestown, California, USA. Size 9.3×3.2× >0.1 cm.
Production[link]
Main articles: Gold prospecting, Gold mining, Gold extraction, and List of countries by gold production
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Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits. Ore grades as little as 0.5 mg/kg (0.5 parts per million, ppm) can be economical. Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 mg/kg (1–5 ppm); ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 mg/kg (3 ppm). Because ore grades of 30 mg/kg (30 ppm) are usually needed before gold is visible to the naked eye, in most gold mines the gold is invisible.
Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source for a large proportion of the world's gold supply, with about 50% of all gold ever produced having come from South Africa. Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, producing about 1,480 tonnes. 2008 production was 2,260 tonnes. In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa has not been the largest.[53]
The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest gold deposits the world has ever seen. Gold fields located within the basin in the Free State and Gauteng provinces are extensive in strike and dip requiring some of the world's deepest mines, with the Savuka and TauTona mines being currently the world's deepest gold mine at 3,777 m. The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the gold wealth in South Africa.
Other major producers are the United States, Australia, Russia and Peru. Mines in South Dakota and Nevada supply two-thirds of gold used in the United States. In South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert, at the border between Chile and Argentina. Today about one-quarter of the world gold output is estimated to originate from artisanal or small scale mining.[54]
After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations.[55][56] Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of gold in aqua regia.[57]
At the end of 2009, it was estimated that all the gold ever mined totaled 165,000 tonnes.[2] This can be represented by a cube with an edge length of about 20.28 meters. At $1,600 per ounce, 165,000 tons of gold would have a value of $8.8 trillion.
The average gold mining and extraction costs were about US$317/oz in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.[58]
Most of the gold used in manufactured goods, jewelry, and works of art is eventually recovered and recycled. Some gold used in spacecraft and electronic equipment cannot be profitably recovered, but it is generally used in these applications in the form of extremely thin layers or extremely fine wires so that the total quantity used (and lost) is small compared to the total amount of gold produced and stockpiled. Thus there is little true consumption of new gold in the economic sense; the stock of gold remains essentially constant (at least in the modern world) while ownership shifts from one party to another.[59] One estimate is that 85% of all the gold ever mined is still available in the world's easily recoverable stocks, with 15% having been lost, or used in non-recyclable industrial uses.[60]
Consumption[link]
The consumption of gold produced in the world is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.
India is the world's largest single consumer of gold, as Indians buy about 25% of the world's gold,[61] purchasing approximately 800 tonnes of gold every year, mostly for jewelry. India is also the largest importer of gold; in 2008, India imported around 400 tonnes of gold.[62] Indian households hold 18,000 tonnes of gold which represents 11% of the global stock and worth more than $950 billion.[63]
| Country | 2010 | 2009 | % Change |
|---|---|---|---|
 India |
745.70 | 442.37 | +69 |
| Greater China | 428.00 | 376.96 | +14 |
 United States |
128.61 | 150.28 | -14 |
 Turkey |
74.07 | 75.16 | -1 |
 Saudi Arabia |
72.95 | 77.75 | -6 |
 Russia |
67.50 | 60.12 | +12 |
 United Arab Emirates |
63.37 | 67.60 | -6 |
 Egypt |
53.43 | 56.68 | -6 |
 Indonesia |
32.75 | 41.00 | -20 |
 United Kingdom |
27.35 | 31.75 | -14 |
| Other Gulf Countries | 21.97 | 24.10 | -10 |
 Japan |
18.50 | 21.85 | -15 |
 South Korea |
15.87 | 18.83 | -16 |
 Vietnam |
14.36 | 15.08 | -5 |
 Thailand |
6.28 | 7.33 | -14 |
| Total | 1805.60 | 1508.70 | +20 |
| Other Countries | 254.0 | 251.6 | +1 |
| World Total | 2059.6 | 1760.3 | +17 |
Pollution[link]
Gold production is associated with contribution to hazardous pollution.[65] The ore generally containing less than one ppm gold metal, is ground and mixed with sodium cyanide or mercury to react with gold in the ore for gold separation. Cyanide is highly poisonous chemical, which can kill living creatures when exposed in minute quantities. Many cyanide spills[66] from gold mines have taken place worldwide both in developed and poor countries which killed the marine life in long stretch of affected rivers. Environmentalists consider these pollution disasters as major environmental disasters.[67][68] When mercury is used in gold production, minute quantity of mercury compounds enter in to water bodies causing heavy metal contamination of water. Mercury enters in to human food chain in the form of methyl mercury through fish, etc. Mercury poisoning in humans causes incurable severe retardation of brain functions.
Thirty tonnes of used ore is dumped as waste for producing one finger ring of gold.[69] Gold ore dumps are the source of many heavy elements such as cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, selenium and mercury. Water is unsuitable for human consumption if these heavy metals are found in more than one ppm concentration. When sulfide bearing minerals in these ore dumps are exposed to air and water, the sulfide transforms in to sulfuric acid which in turn dissolves the heavy metals facilitating their passage in to surface water and ground water. This process is called acid mine drainage. The gold ore dumps are considered as long term man made hazardous waste next only to nuclear waste dumps.[69] Billions of dollars need to be spent to mitigate the heavy metals pollution from worldwide gold ore dumps which are increasing every year.
Gold extraction is also highly energy intensive industry (25 kW·h of electricity per one gram of gold production) to extract ore from deep mines and to grind the large quantity of ore for further chemical extraction.[70]
Chemistry[link]
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Although gold is a noble metal, it forms many diverse compounds. The oxidation state of gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry. Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and tertiary phosphines. Au(I) compounds are typically linear. A good example is Au(CN)2−, which is the soluble form of gold encountered in mining. Curiously, aurous complexes of water are rare. The binary gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au. Most drugs based on gold are Au(I) derivatives.[71]
Au(III) (auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by gold(III) chloride, Au2Cl6. The gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character.
Aqua regia, a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid, dissolves gold. Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction. However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl4− ions, or chloroauric acid, thereby enabling further oxidation.
Some free halogens react with gold.[72] Gold also reacts in alkaline solutions of potassium cyanide. With mercury, it forms an amalgam.
Less common oxidation states[link]
Less common oxidation states of gold include −1, +2, and +5.
The −1 oxidation state occurs in compounds containing the Au− anion, called aurides. Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif.[73] Other aurides include those of Rb+, K+, and tetramethylammonium (CH3)4N+.[74] Gold has the highest Pauling electronegativity of any metal, with a value of 2.54, making the auride anion relatively stable.
Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2. The evaporation of a solution of Au(OH)3 in concentrated H2SO4 produces red crystals of gold(II) sulfate, Au2(SO4)2. Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain Au4+
2 cations.[75][76] A noteworthy, legitimate gold(II) complex is the tetraxenonogold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, found in [AuXe4](Sb2F11)2.[77]
Gold pentafluoride, along with its derivative anion, AuF−
6, and its difluorine complex, gold heptafluoride, is the sole example of gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state.[78]
Some gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding. The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond.
Mixed valence compounds[link]
Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous.[74] In such cases, gold has a fractional oxidation state. A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C6H5)3)}62+. Gold chalcogenides, such as gold sulfide, feature equal amounts of Au(I) and Au(III).
Toxicity[link]
Pure metallic (elemental) gold is non-toxic and non-irritating when ingested[79] and is sometimes used as a food decoration in the form of gold leaf. Metallic gold is also a component of the alcoholic drinks Goldschläger, Gold Strike, and Goldwasser. Metallic gold is approved as a food additive in the EU (E175 in the Codex Alimentarius). Although gold ion is toxic, the acceptance of metallic gold as a food additive is due to its relative chemical inertness, and resistance to being corroded or transformed into soluble salts (gold compounds) by any known chemical process which would be encountered in the human body.
Soluble compounds (gold salts) such as gold chloride are toxic to the liver and kidneys. Common cyanide salts of gold such as potassium gold cyanide, used in gold electroplating, are toxic by virtue of both their cyanide and gold content. There are rare cases of lethal gold poisoning from potassium gold cyanide.[80][81] Gold toxicity can be ameliorated with chelation therapy with an agent such as Dimercaprol.
Gold metal was voted Allergen of the Year in 2001 by the American Contact Dermatitis Society. Gold contact allergies affect mostly women.[82] Despite this, gold is a relatively non-potent contact allergen, in comparison with metals like nickel.[83]
Price[link]
Like other precious metals, gold is measured by troy weight and by grams. When it is alloyed with other metals the term carat or karat is used to indicate the purity of gold present, with 24 carats being pure gold and lower ratings proportionally less. The purity of a gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995 being very pure.
The price of gold is determined through trading in the gold and derivatives markets, but a procedure known as the Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry. The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open.
Historically gold coinage was widely used as currency; when paper money was introduced, it typically was a receipt redeemable for gold coin or bullion. In a monetary system known as the gold standard, a certain weight of gold was given the name of a unit of currency. For a long period, the United States government set the value of the US dollar so that one troy ounce was equal to $20.67 ($664.56/kg), but in 1934 the dollar was devalued to $35.00 per troy ounce ($1125.27/kg). By 1961, it was becoming hard to maintain this price, and a pool of US and European banks agreed to manipulate the market to prevent further currency devaluation against increased gold demand.
On March 17, 1968, economic circumstances caused the collapse of the gold pool, and a two-tiered pricing scheme was established whereby gold was still used to settle international accounts at the old $35.00 per troy ounce ($1.13/g) but the price of gold on the private market was allowed to fluctuate; this two-tiered pricing system was abandoned in 1975 when the price of gold was left to find its free-market level. Central banks still hold historical gold reserves as a store of value although the level has generally been declining. The largest gold depository in the world is that of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank in New York, which holds about 3%[84] of the gold ever mined, as does the similarly laden U.S. Bullion Depository at Fort Knox. In 2005 the World Gold Council estimated total global gold supply to be 3,859 tonnes and demand to be 3,754 tonnes, giving a surplus of 105 tonnes.[85]
Since 1968 the price of gold has ranged widely, from a high of $850/oz ($27,300/kg) on January 21, 1980, to a low of $252.90/oz ($8,131/kg) on June 21, 1999 (London Gold Fixing).[86] The period from 1999 to 2001 marked the "Brown Bottom" after a 20-year bear market.[87] Prices increased rapidly from 1991, but the 1980 high was not exceeded until January 3, 2008 when a new maximum of $865.35 per troy ounce was set.[88] Another record price was set on March 17, 2008 at $1023.50/oz ($32,900/kg).[88]
In late 2009, gold markets experienced renewed momentum upwards due to increased demand and a weakening US dollar. On December 2, 2009, Gold passed the important barrier of US$1200 per ounce to close at $1215.[89] Gold further rallied hitting new highs in May 2010 after the European Union debt crisis prompted further purchase of gold as a safe asset.[90][91] On March 1, 2011, gold hit a new all-time high of $1432.57, based on investor concerns regarding ongoing unrest in North Africa as well as in the Middle East.[92]
Since April 2001 the gold price has more than quintupled in value against the US dollar, hitting a new all-time high of $1,913.50 on August 23, 2011,[93] prompting speculation that this long secular bear market has ended and a bull market has returned.[94]
Symbolism[link]
Gold has been highly valued in many societies throughout the ages. In keeping with this it has often had a strongly positive symbolic meaning closely connected to the values held in the highest esteem in the society in question. Gold may symbolize power, strength, wealth, warmth, happiness, love, hope, optimism, intelligence, justice, balance, perfection, summer, harvest and the sun.
Great human achievements are frequently rewarded with gold, in the form of gold medals, golden trophies and other decorations. Winners of athletic events and other graded competitions are usually awarded a gold medal (e.g., the Olympic Games). Many awards such as the Nobel Prize are made from gold as well. Other award statues and prizes are depicted in gold or are gold plated (such as the Academy Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, the Emmy Awards, the Palme d'Or, and the British Academy Film Awards).
Aristotle in his ethics used gold symbolism when referring to what is now commonly known as the golden mean. Similarly, gold is associated with perfect or divine principles, such as in the case of the golden ratio and the golden rule.
Gold is further associated with the wisdom of aging and fruition. The fiftieth wedding anniversary is golden. Our precious latter years are sometimes considered "golden years". The height of a civilization is referred to as a "golden age".
In Christianity gold has sometimes been associated with the extremities of utmost evil and the greatest sanctity. In the Book of Exodus, the Golden Calf is a symbol of idolatry. In the Book of Genesis, Abraham was said to be rich in gold and silver, and Moses was instructed to cover the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant with pure gold. In Christian art the halos of Christ, Mary and the Christian saints are golden.
Medieval kings were inaugurated under the signs of sacred oil and a golden crown, the latter symbolizing the eternal shining light of heaven and thus a Christian king's divinely inspired authority.
Those who had something of gold, were in possession of something of great value on earth and a substance to
even help souls to paradise—according to Christopher Columbus[95]
Wedding rings have long been made of gold. It is long lasting and unaffected by the passage of time and may aid in the ring symbolism of eternal vows before God and/or the sun and moon and the perfection the marriage signifies. In Orthodox Christianity, the wedded couple is adorned with a golden crown during the ceremony, an amalgamation of symbolic rites.
In popular culture gold holds many connotations but is most generally connected to terms such as good or great, such as in the phrases: "has a heart of gold", "that's golden!", "golden moment", "then you're golden!" and "golden boy". Gold also still holds its place as a symbol of wealth and through that, in many societies, success.
State emblem[link]
In 1965, the California Legislature designated gold "the State Mineral and mineralogical emblem".[96]
In 1968, the Alaska Legislature named gold "the official state mineral".[97]
See also[link]
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- ^ "Indian households hold over $950 billion of gold: Macquarie". 2011-12-04. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/commodities/indian-households-hold-over-950-billion-of-gold-macquarie/articleshow/10978409.cms.
- ^ "Gold jewellery consumption by country". FOREXYARD. 2009-02-28. http://www.forexyard.com/en/news/Gold-jewellery-consumption-by-country-2011-02-28T130619Z-FACTBOX.
- ^ Summit declaration, Peoples' Gold summit, San Juan Ridge, California in June 1999. Scribd.com (2012-02-22). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
- ^ Cyanide spills from gold mine compared to Chernobyls nuclear disaster. Deseretnews.com (2000-02-14). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
- ^ Death of a river. BBC News (2000-02-15). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
- ^ Cyanide spill second only to Chernobyl. Abc.net.au. 11 February 2000. Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
- ^ a b Behind gold’s glitter, torn lands and pointed questions, New York Times, October 24, 2005. (PDF). Retrieved on 2012-05-04.
- ^ Norgate, Terry; Haque, Nawshad (2012). "Using life cycle assessment to evaluate some environmental impacts of gold". Journal of Cleaner Production 29-30: 53. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.01.042.
- ^ Shaw III, C. F. (1999). "Gold-Based Medicinal Agents". Chemical Reviews 99 (9): 2589–2600. DOI:10.1021/cr980431o. PMID 11749494.
- ^ Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). Inorganic Chemistry (101 ed.). Academic Press. p. 1286. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Jansen, Martin (2005). "Effects of relativistic motion of electrons on the chemistry of gold and platinum". Solid State Sciences 7 (12): 1464–1474. Bibcode 2005SSSci...7.1464J. DOI:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.06.015.
- ^ a b Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Wickleder, Mathias S. (2001). "AuSO4: A True Gold(II) Sulfate with an Au4+2 Ion". Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry 627 (9): 2112–2114. DOI:10.1002/1521-3749(200109)627:9<2112::AID-ZAAC2112>3.0.CO;2-2.
- ^ Wickleder, Mathias S. (2007). Francesco A. Devillanova. ed. Handbook of chalcogen chemistry: new perspectives in sulfur, selenium and tellurium. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 359–361. ISBN 0-85404-366-7. http://books.google.com/?id=IvGnUAaSqOsC&pg=PA359.
- ^ Seidel, S.; Seppelt, K. (2000). "Xenon as a Complex Ligand: The Tetra Xenono Gold(II) Cation in AuXe42+(Sb2F11−)2". Science 290 (5489): 117–118. Bibcode 2000Sci...290..117S. DOI:10.1126/science.290.5489.117. PMID 11021792.
- ^ Riedel, S.; Kaupp, M. (2006). "Revising the Highest Oxidation States of the 5d Elements: The Case of Iridium(+VII)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (22): 3708–3711. DOI:10.1002/anie.200600274. PMID 16639770.
- ^ Dierks, S (May 2005). "Gold MSDS". Electronic Space Products International. http://www.espi-metals.com/msds's/gold.htm.
- ^ Wright, I. H.; Vesey, C. J. (1986). "Acute poisoning with gold cyanide". Anaesthesia 41 (79): 936–939. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12920.x. PMID 3022615.
- ^ Wu, Ming-Ling; Tsai, Wei-Jen; Ger, Jiin; Deng, Jou-Fang; Tsay, Shyh-Haw; Yang, Mo-Hsiung. (2001). "Cholestatic Hepatitis Caused by Acute Gold Potassium Cyanide Poisoning". Clinical toxicology 39 (7): 739–743. DOI:10.1081/CLT-100108516. PMID 11778673.
- ^ MacNeil, Jane Salodof Henna tattoo ingredient is Allergen of the Year.(Clinical Rounds). 3 January 2006.
- ^ Brunk, Doug (2008-02-15). "Ubiquitous nickel wins skin contact allergy award for 2008". http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-176478357.html.
- ^ Hitzer, Eckhard; Perwass, Christian (2006-11-22). "The hidden beauty of gold". http://sinai.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp/gcj/publications/gold/gold.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ "World Gold Council > value > research & statistics > statistics > supply and demand statistics". http://www.gold.org/value/stats/statistics/gold_demand/index.html. Retrieved 2006-07-22.
- ^ Kitco.com, Gold – London PM Fix 1975 – present (GIF), Retrieved 2006-07-22.
- ^ "Goldfinger Brown's £2 billion blunder in the bullion market". The Times (London), 15 April 2007.
- ^ a b "LBMA statistics". Lbma.org.uk. 2008-12-31. http://www.lbma.org.uk/2008dailygold.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ "Gold hits yet another record high". BBC News. 2009-12-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8390779.stm. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
- ^ "PRECIOUS METALS: Comex Gold Hits All-Time High". The Wall Street Journal. 2012-05-11. http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100511-717954.html. Retrieved 2010-08-04. [dead link]
- ^ Gibson, Kate; Chang, Sue (2010-05-11). "Gold futures hit closing record as investors fret rescue deal". MarketWatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/gold-prices-resume-rise-as-eu-plan-pondered-2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ "Gold hits record, oil jumps with Libya unrest". Reuters. 2011-03-01. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/01/markets-global-idUSN0115419520110301. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- ^ "Gold Extends Biggest Decline in 18 Months After CME Raises Futures Margins". www.bloomberg.com. 2011-08-23. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-25/cash-gold-may-advance-after-dropping-most-in-18-months-as-shares-rebound.html. Retrieved 2011-08-30.
- ^ "Gold starts 2006 well, but this is not a 25-year high!|Financial Planning". Ameinfo.com. http://www.ameinfo.com/75511.html. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Bernstein, Peter L. (2004). The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-471-43659-1. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dIYmHiYhDu8C&printsec=frontcover.
- ^ California Government Code selection 420–429.8 (see § 425.1)
- ^ Alaska Statutes (see §44.09.110)
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Gold |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gold |
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Look up gold in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Getting Gold 1898 book, www.lateralscience.co.uk
- Technical Document on Extraction and Mining of Gold, www.epa.gov
- Picture in the Element collection from Heinrich Pniok, www.pniok.de
- Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Gold www.rsc.org
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| Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||||||||||
| Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Uut | Fl | Uup | Lv | Uus | Uuo | |||||||||||
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 Bolt at Berlin World Championships 2009 |
|
| Personal information | |
|---|---|
| Nickname(s) | Lightning Bolt |
| Nationality | Jamaican |
| Born | (1986-08-21) 21 August 1986 (age 25)[1] Trelawny, Jamaica[2] |
| Residence | Kingston, Jamaica |
| Height | 1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)[3] |
| Weight | 92 kg (200 lb)[3] |
| Sport | |
| Sport | Track and field |
| Event(s) | Sprints |
| Club | Racers Track Club |
| Achievements and titles | |
| Personal best(s) |
100 m: 9.58 WR (Berlin 2009)[4] |
|
Medal record
|
|
.svg){kind=small}
The Honourable Usain St. Leo Bolt, OJ, C.D. ( /ˈjuːseɪn/;[8] born 21 August 1986), is a Jamaican sprinter and a five-time World and three-time Olympic gold medalist. He is the world record and Olympic record holder in the 100 metres, the 200 metres and (along with his teammates) the 4×100 metres relay. He is the reigning Olympic champion in these three events, and is one of only seven athletes (along with Valerie Adams, Veronica Campbell-Brown, Jacques Freitag, Yelena Isinbayeva, Jana Pittman, Dani Samuels) to win world championships at the youth, junior, and senior level of an athletic event.
Bolt won a 200 m gold medal at the 2002 World Junior Championships, making him the competition's youngest-ever gold medalist at the time (since surpassed by Jacko Gill). In 2004, at the CARIFTA Games, he became the first junior sprinter to run the 200 m in less than 20 seconds with a time of 19.93 s,[9] breaking the previous world junior record held by Roy Martin by two-tenths of a second. He turned professional in 2004, and although he competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics, he missed most of the next two seasons due to injuries. In 2007, he broke Don Quarrie's 200 m Jamaican record with a run of 19.75 s.
His 2008 season began with his first world record performance—a 100 m world record of 9.72 s—and culminated in world and Olympic records in both the 100 m and 200 m events at the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. He ran 9.69 s for the 100 m and 19.30 s in the 200 m, and also set a 4×100 m relay record of 37.10 s with the Jamaican team. This made him the first man to win three sprinting events at a single Olympics since Carl Lewis in 1984, and the first man to set world records in all three at a single Olympics. The following year he further lowered his own 100 m and 200 m world records to 9.58 s and 19.19 s respectively at the 2009 World Championships.[10] This made him the first man to hold both the 100 and 200 m world and Olympic titles at the same time.
His 2009 record breaking margin over 100 m is the highest since the start of digital time measurements.[11] His achievements in sprinting have earned him the media nickname "Lightning Bolt",[12] and awards including the IAAF World Athlete of the Year, Track & Field Athlete of the Year, and Laureus Sportsman of the Year.
Contents |
Early years[link]
Bolt was born on 21 August 1986 in Sherwood Content,[13] a small town in Trelawny, Jamaica, and grew up with his parents, Wellesley and Jennifer Bolt, his brother Sadeeki,[14] and his sister Sherine.[2][15] His parents ran the local grocery store in the rural area, and Bolt spent his time playing cricket and football in the street with his brother,[16] later saying, "When I was young, I didn’t really think about anything other than sports".[17]
As a child, he attended Waldensia Primary and All-age School, and it was here that he first began to show his sprinting potential, running in the annual national primary-schools' meeting for his parish.[12] By the age of twelve, Bolt had become the school's fastest runner over the 100 metres distance.[18]
Upon his entry to William Knibb Memorial High School, Bolt continued to focus on other sports, but his cricket coach noticed Bolt's speed on the pitch and urged him to try track and field events.[19] Pablo McNeil, a former Olympic sprint athlete,[20] and Dwayne Barrett coached Bolt, encouraging him to focus his energy on improving his athletic abilities. The school had a history of success in athletics with past students, including sprinter Michael Green.[12] Bolt won his first annual high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver medal in the 200 metres with a time of 22.04 seconds.[12] McNeil soon became his primary coach, and the two enjoyed a positive partnership, although McNeil was occasionally frustrated by Bolt's lack of dedication to his training and his predisposition to practical jokes.[20]
Early competitions[link]
Performing for Jamaica in his first Caribbean regional event, Bolt clocked a personal best of 48.28 s in the 400 metres in the 2001 CARIFTA Games, winning a silver medal. The 200 m also yielded a silver as Bolt finished in 21.81 s.[21]
He made his first appearance on the world stage at the 2001 IAAF World Youth Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. Running in the 200 m event, he failed to qualify for the finals, but he still set a new personal best of 21.73 s.[22] Bolt still did not take athletics or himself too seriously, however, and he took his mischievousness to new heights by hiding in the back of a van when he was supposed to be preparing for the 200 m finals at the CARIFTA Trials. He was detained by the police for his practical joke, and there was an outcry from the local community, which blamed coach McNeil for the incident.[20] However, the controversy subsided, and both McNeil and Bolt went to the CARIFTA Games, where Bolt set championship records in the 200 m and 400 m with times of 21.12 s and 47.33 s, respectively.[21] He continued to set records with 20.61 s and 47.12 s finishes at the Central American and Caribbean Junior Championships.[23]
Former Prime Minister P. J. Patterson recognised Bolt's talent and arranged for him to move to Kingston, along with Jermaine Gonzales, so he could train with the Jamaica Amateur Athletic Association (JAAA) at the University of Technology, Jamaica.[20]
Rise to prominence[link]
The 2002 World Junior Championships before a home crowd in Kingston, Jamaica, gave Bolt a chance to prove his credentials on the world stage. By the age of 15, he had grown to 1.96 metres (6 ft 5 in) tall, and he physically stood out amongst his peers.[12] He won the 200 m, in a time of 20.61 s,[24] 0.03 seconds slower than his personal best of 20.58 s set in the 1st round.[25] Bolt's 200 m win made him the youngest world-junior gold medalist ever.[26] The expectation from the home crowd had made him so nervous that he had put his shoes on the wrong feet. However, it turned out to be a revelatory experience for Bolt as he vowed never again to let himself be affected by pre-race nerves.[27] As a member of the Jamaican sprint relay team, he also took two silver medals and set national junior records in the 4×100 metres and 4×400 metres relay, running times of 39.15 s and 3:04.06 minutes respectively.[28][29]
The flow of medals continued as he won four gold medals at the 2003 CARIFTA Games, and was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the games.[30][31][32] He won another gold at the 2003 World Youth Championships. He set a new championship record in the 200 m with a time of 20.40 s, despite a 1.1 m/s head wind.[33] Michael Johnson, the 200 m world-record holder, took note of Bolt's potential but worried that the young sprinter might be over-pressured, stating, "It's all about what he does three, four, five years down the line".[34] Bolt had also impressed the athletics hierarchy, and he received the IAAF Rising Star Award for 2002.[35]
Bolt turned his main focus to the 200 m and equalled Roy Martin's world junior record of 20.13 s at the Pan-American Junior Championships.[12][36] This performance attracted interest from the press, and his times in the 200 m and 400 m led to him being touted as a possible successor to Johnson. Indeed, at sixteen years old, Bolt had reached times that Johnson did not register until he was twenty, and Bolt's 200 m time was superior to Maurice Greene's season's best that year.[34]
In his final Jamaican High School Championships in 2003, he broke both the 200 m and 400 m records with times of 20.25 s and 45.30 s, respectively. Bolt's runs were a significant improvement upon the previous records, beating the 200 m best by more than half a second and the 400 m record by almost a second.[12]
Bolt was growing more popular in his homeland. Howard Hamilton, who was given the task of Public Defender by the government, urged the JAAA to nurture him and prevent burnout, calling Bolt "the most phenomenal sprinter ever produced by this island".[34] His popularity and the attractions of the capital city were beginning to be a burden to the young sprinter. Bolt was increasingly unfocused on his athletic career and preferred to eat fast food, play basketball, and party in Kingston's club scene. In the absence of a disciplined lifestyle, he became ever-more reliant on his natural ability to beat his competitors on the track.[37]
As the reigning 200 m champion at both the World Youth and World Junior championships, Bolt hoped to take a clean sweep of the world 200 m championships in the Senior World Championships in Paris.[12] Bolt beat all comers at the 200 m in the World Championship trials, but he was pragmatic about his chances and noted that, even if he did not make the final, he would consider setting a personal best a success.[34][38] However, he suffered a bout of conjunctivitis before the event, and it ruined his training schedule.[12] Realising he would not be in peak condition, the JAAA refused to let him participate in the finals on the grounds that he was too young and inexperienced. Bolt was dismayed at missing out on the opportunity, but focused on getting himself in shape to gain a place on the Jamaican Olympic team instead.[38] Even though he missed the World Championships, Bolt was awarded the IAAF Rising Star Award for the 2003 season on the strength of his junior record-equalling run.[35]
Professional athletics career[link]
Early Professional Career (2004 – 2007)[link]
Under the guidance of new coach Fitz Coleman, Bolt turned professional in 2004, beginning with the CARIFTA Games in Bermuda.[12] He became the first junior sprinter to run the 200 m in under twenty seconds, taking the world junior record outright with a time of 19.93 s.[12][26] For the second time in the role, he was awarded the Austin Sealy Trophy for the most outstanding athlete of the 2004 CARIFTA Games.[39][30][31] A hamstring injury in May ruined Bolt's chances of competing in the 2004 World Junior Championships, but he was still chosen for the Jamaican Olympic squad.[40] Bolt headed to the 2004 Athens Olympics with confidence and a new record on his side. However, he was hampered by a leg injury and was eliminated in the first round of the 200 metres with a disappointing time of 21.05 s.[1][41] American colleges offered Bolt track scholarships on the strength of his performances, but the teenager from Trelawny refused them all, stating that he was content to stay in his homeland of Jamaica.[15] Bolt instead chose the surroundings of the University of Technology, Jamaica, as his professional training ground, staying with the university's primitive track and weight room that had served him well in his amateur years.[42]
The year 2005 signalled a fresh start for Bolt in the form of a new coach, Glen Mills, and a new attitude to athletics. Mills recognised Bolt's potential and aimed to cease the sprinter's unprofessional approach to the sport.[41] Bolt began training with Mills in preparation for the upcoming athletics season, partnering with more-seasoned sprinters such as Kim Collins and Dwain Chambers.[43] The year began well, and in July he knocked more than a third of a second off the 200 m CAC Championship record with a run of 20.03 s,[44] then registered his 200 m season's best at London's Crystal Palace, running in 19.99 s.[1] Misfortune awaited Bolt at the next major event, the 2005 World Championships in Helsinki. Bolt felt that both his work ethic and athleticism had much improved since the 2004 Olympics, and he saw the World Championships as a way to live up to expectations, stating, "I really want to make up for what happened in Athens. Hopefully, everything will fall into place".[45] Bolt qualified with runs under 21 s, but he suffered an injury in the final, finishing in last place with a time of 26.27 s.[41][46] Injuries were preventing him from completing a full professional athletics season, and the eighteen-year-old Bolt still had not proven his mettle in the major world-athletics competitions.[47] Bolt was involved in a car accident in November, and although he suffered only minor facial lacerations, his training schedule was further upset.[48][49] His manager, Norman Peart, made Bolt's training less intensive, and he had fully recuperated the following week.[48] Bolt had continued to improve his performances, and he reached the world top-5 rankings in 2005 and 2006.[12] Peart and Mills stated their intentions to push Bolt to do longer sprinting distances with the aim of making the 400 m event his primary event by 2007 or 2008. Bolt was less enthusiastic, and demanded that he feel comfortable in his sprinting.[48][50] He suffered another hamstring injury in March 2006, forcing him to withdraw from the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, and he did not return to track events until May.[51] After his recovery, Bolt was given new training exercises to improve flexibility, and the plans to move him up to the 400 m event were put on hold.[47]
Upon his return to competition, the 200 m remained his primary event, and he beat Justin Gatlin's meet record in Ostrava, Czech Republic. Bolt had aspired to run under twenty seconds to claim a season's best but, despite the fact that bad weather had impaired his run, he was happy to end the meeting with just the victory.[52] However, a sub-20-second finish was soon his, as he set a new personal best of 19.88 s at the 2006 Athletissima Grand Prix in Lausanne, Switzerland, finishing behind Xavier Carter and Tyson Gay to earn a bronze medal.[53] Bolt had focused his athletics aims, stating that 2006 was a year to gain experience. Also, he was more keen on competing over longer distances, setting his sights on running regularly in both 200 m and 400 m events within the next two years.[52] Bolt claimed his first major world medal two months later at the IAAF World Athletics Final in Stuttgart, Germany. He passed the finishing post with a time of 20.10 s, gaining a bronze medal in the process.[1] The IAAF World Cup in Athens, Greece, yielded Bolt's first senior international silver medal.[1] Wallace Spearmon from the United States won gold with a championship record time of 19.87 s, beating Bolt's respectable time of 19.96 s.[54] Further 200 m honours on both the regional and international stages awaited Bolt in 2007. The young Jamaican yearned to run in the 100 metres, but coach Mills diverted his attention, stating that he could run the shorter distance if he broke the 200 m national record.[41] In the Jamaican Championships, he ran 19.75 s in the 200 m, breaking the 36-year-old Jamaican record held by Don Quarrie by 0.11 s.[12][15]
Mills complied with Bolt's demand to run in the 100 m, and he was entered to run the event at the 23rd Vardinoyiannia meeting in Rethymno, Crete. In his debut tournament run, he set a personal best of 10.03 s, winning the gold medal and feeding his enthusiasm for the event.[15][55]
He built on this achievement at the 2007 World Championships in Osaka, Japan, winning a silver medal.[1] Bolt recorded 19.91 s with a headwind of 0.8 m/s but this paled in comparison with Tyson Gay's time of 19.76 s, which set a new championship record.[56]
The Jamaican national record fell when Bolt partnered with Asafa Powell, Marvin Anderson, and Nesta Carter in the 4×100 metres relay. However, their finish in 37.89 s was not enough to beat the Americans' time of 37.78 s.[57] Bolt did not win any gold medals at the major tournaments in 2007, but Mills felt that Bolt's technique was much improved, pinpointing improvements in Bolt's balance at the turns over 200 m and an increase in his stride frequency, giving him more driving power on the track.[41]
World-record breaker[link]
The silver medals from the 2007 Osaka World Championships boosted Bolt's desire to run, and he took a more serious, more mature stance towards his career.[19] Bolt continued to develop in the 100 m, and he entered to run in the event at the Jamaica Invitational in Kingston. On 3 May 2008, Bolt ran a time of 9.76 s, aided by a tail wind of 1.8 m/s, considerably improving upon his previous personal best of 10.03 s.[58] This was the second-fastest legal performance in the history of the event; second only to compatriot Asafa Powell's 9.74 s record set the previous year in Rieti, Italy.[59] Rival Tyson Gay lauded the performance, praising Bolt's form and technique especially.[60] Michael Johnson, who was observing the race, said that he was shocked at how quickly he had improved over the 100 m distance.[61] The Jamaican surprised even himself with the time, but coach Glen Mills remained confident that there was more to come.[60]
Mills' prediction came true before the end of the month when Bolt established a new 100 m world record on 31 May 2008. Pushed on by a tail wind of 1.7 m/s, Bolt ran 9.72 s at the Reebok Grand Prix held in the Icahn Stadium in New York City, breaking Powell's record.[62] The record time was even more remarkable in light of the fact that it was only his fifth senior run over the distance.[63] Gay again finished second and commended Bolt's physical superiority, stating, "It looked like his knees were going past my face".[15] Commentators noted that Bolt appeared to have gained a psychological advantage over fellow Olympic contender Gay.[41]
In June 2008, Bolt responded to claims that he was a lazy athlete, saying that the comments were unjustified, and he trained hard to achieve his potential. However, he surmised that such comments stemmed from his lack of enthusiasm for the 400 metres event, and chose to not make the effort to train for distance running.[64] Turning his efforts to the 200 m, Bolt proved that he could excel in multiple events—first setting the world-leading time in Ostrava, then breaking the national record for the second time with a 19.67 s finish in Athens, Greece.[65][66] Although Mills still preferred that Bolt focus on the longer distances, the acceptance of Bolt's demand to run in the 100 m worked for both sprinter and trainer. Bolt was more focused in practice, and a training schedule to boost his top speed and his stamina, in preparation for the Olympics, had improved both his 100 m and 200 m times.[15][67][68] His confidence was building, and he was sure that he would perform well in the upcoming Olympics.[65]
2008 Summer Olympics[link]
Bolt announced that he would double-up with the 100 metres and 200 metres events at the Beijing Summer Olympics, and the new 100 m world-record holder was the favourite to win both.[69][70] Michael Johnson, the 200 m and 400 m record holder, personally backed the sprinter, saying that he did not believe that a lack of experience would work against him.[71] Bolt qualified for the 100 m final with times of 9.92 s and 9.85 s in the quarter-finals and semifinals, respectively.[72][73][74]
In the Olympic 100 m final, Bolt broke new ground, winning in 9.69 s (unofficially 9.683 s) with a reaction time of 0.165 s.[75] This was an improvement upon his own world record, and he was well ahead of second-place finisher Richard Thompson, who finished in 9.89 s.[76] Not only was the record set without a favourable wind (+0.0 m/s), but he also visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished and his shoelace was untied.[77][78][79] Bolt's coach reported that, based upon the speed of Bolt's opening 60 m, he could have finished with a time of 9.52 s.[80] After scientific analysis of Bolt's run by the Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo, Hans Eriksen and his colleagues also predicted a sub 9.60 s time. Considering factors such as Bolt's position, acceleration and velocity in comparison with second-place-finisher Thompson, the team estimated that Bolt could have finished in 9.55±0.04 s had he not slowed to celebrate before the finishing line.[81][82]
Bolt stated that setting a record was not a priority for him, and that his goal was just to win the gold medal, Jamaica's first of the 2008 Games.[83] Olympic medalist Kriss Akabusi construed Bolt's chest slapping before the finish line as showboating, noting that the actions cost Bolt an even faster record time.[84] IOC president Jacques Rogge also condemned the Jamaican's actions as disrespectful.[85][86] Bolt denied that this was the purpose of his celebration by saying, "I wasn't bragging. When I saw I wasn't covered, I was just happy".[87] Lamine Diack, president of the IAAF, supported Bolt and said that his celebration was appropriate given the circumstances of his victory. Jamaican government minister Edmund Bartlett also defended Bolt's actions, stating, "We have to see it in the glory of their moment and give it to them. We have to allow the personality of youth to express itself".[88]
Bolt then focused on attaining a gold medal in the 200 m event, aiming to emulate Carl Lewis' double win in the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics.[89] Michael Johnson felt that Bolt would easily win gold but believed that his own world record of 19.32 s set at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta would remain intact at the Olympics.[90] Bolt eased through the first and second rounds of the 200 m, jogging towards the end of his run both times.[91] He won his semifinal and progressed to the final as the favourite to win.[92] Retired Jamaican sprinter Don Quarrie praised Bolt, saying he was confident that Johnson's record could be beaten.[35] The following day, at the final, he won Jamaica's fourth gold of the Games, setting a new world and Olympic record of 19.30 s.[93] Johnson's record fell despite the fact that Bolt was impeded by a 0.9 m/s headwind. The feat made him the first sprinter since Quarrie to hold both 100 m and 200 m world records simultaneously and the first since the introduction of electronic timing.[93][94] Furthermore, Bolt became the first sprinter to break both records at the same Olympics.[95] Unlike in the 100 m final, Bolt sprinted hard all the way to the finishing line in the 200 m race, even dipping his chest to improve his time.[96] Following the race, "Happy Birthday" was played over the stadium's sound system as his 22nd birthday would begin at midnight.[96]
Two days later, Bolt ran as the third leg in the Jamaican 4x100 metres relay team, increasing his gold medal total to three.[97] Along with teammates Nesta Carter, Michael Frater, and Asafa Powell, Bolt broke another world and Olympic record, their 37.10 s finish breaking the previous record by three tenths of a second.[98] Powell, who anchored the team to the finishing line, lamented the loss of his 100 m record to Bolt but showed no animosity towards his Jamaican rival, stating that he was delighted to help him set his third world record.[99] Following his victories, Bolt donated US$50,000 to the children of the Sichuan province of China to help those harmed by the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[100]
Bolt's record-setting runs caused commentators not only to praise his achievements but also to speculate about his potential to become one of the most successful sprinters ever.[17][101] Critics hailed his Olympic success as a new beginning for a sport that had long suffered through high-profile drug scandals.[63][102][dead link] The previous six years had seen the BALCO scandal, Tim Montgomery and Justin Gatlin stripped of their 100 m world records, and Marion Jones returning three Olympic gold medals.[103] All three sprinters were disqualified from athletics after drugs tests detected banned substances in their systems.[104][105] Bolt's record-breaking performances caused suspicion among some commentators, including Victor Conte, and the lack of an independent Caribbean anti-doping federation raised more concerns.[106][107] The accusations of drug use were vehemently rejected by Glen Mills (Bolt's coach) and Herb Elliott (the Jamaican athletics team doctor). Elliott, a member of the IAAF anti-doping commission, urged those concerned about the issue to "come down and see our programme, come down and see our testing, we have nothing to hide".[108] Mills had been equally ardent that Bolt was a clean athlete, declaring to the Jamaica Gleaner: "We will test any time, any day, any part of the body...[he] doesn't even like to take vitamins".[109] Bolt stated that he had been tested four times prior to the Olympics, and all had tested negative for banned substances. He also welcomed anti-doping authorities to test him to prove that he was clean, stating, "We work hard and we perform well and we know we're clean".[110]
| “ | I was slowing down long before the finish and wasn't tired at all. I could have gone back to the start and done it all over again. | ” |
|
—Usain Bolt's thoughts on his 100m sprint at the 2008 Olympics, published in his autobiography Usain Bolt 9.58[111] |
||
After the Olympics[link]
The end of the 2008 athletics season saw Bolt compete in the ÅF Golden League, beginning in Weltklasse Zürich. Despite having the slowest start among his competitors in the 100 m race, he still crossed the finishing line in 9.83 s.[112] Even though the time was slower than both his newly set world record and Asafa Powell's track record, it was still among the top-fifteen 100 m finishes by any sprinter to that date.[77] Bolt admitted that he was not running at full strength, suffering from a cold, but he had concentrated on both winning the race and finishing the season in good health.[112] At the Super Grand Prix final in Lausanne, Bolt ran his second-fastest 200 m with a time of 19.63 s, equalling Xavier Carter's track record.[113] However, it was the 100 m final, featuring Asafa Powell, that drew the most interest. Powell had moved closer to Bolt's world record after setting a new personal best of 9.72 s, reaffirming his status as Bolt's main contender.[114] Bolt's final event of the season came three days later at the Golden League final in Brussels. This was the first 100 m race featuring both Bolt and Powell since the final in the Olympics. Both Jamaicans broke the track record, but Bolt came out on top with a time of 9.77 s, beating Powell by 0.06 s. Victory, however, did not come as smoothly as it had in Beijing. Bolt made the slowest start of the nine competitors and had to recover ground in cold conditions and against a 0.9 m/s headwind.[115] Yet the results confirmed Jamaican dominance in the 100 m, with nine of the ten-fastest legal times in history being recorded by either Bolt or Powell.[77] On his return to Jamaica, Bolt was honoured in a homecoming celebration and received an Order of Distinction in recognition of his achievements at the Olympics.[116]
He was selected as the IAAF Male Athlete of the year and won a Special Olympic Award for his performances.[117] However, Bolt turned his attention to future events, suggesting that he could aim to break the 400 metres world record in 2010 as no major championships were scheduled that year.[118]
2009 Berlin World Championships[link]
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Bolt started the season competing over 400 metres in order to improve his speed, winning two races and registering 45.54 s in Kingston,[119] and windy conditions gave him his first sub-10 second finish of the season in the 100 m in March.[120] In late April Bolt suffered minor leg injuries in a car crash. However, he quickly recovered following minor surgery and (after cancelling a track meet in Jamaica) he stated that he was fit to compete in the 150 metres street race at the Manchester Great City Games.[121] Bolt won the race in 14.35 s, the fastest time ever recorded for 150 m.[122] Despite not being at full fitness, he took the 100 and 200 m titles at the Jamaican national championships, with runs of 9.86 s and 20.25 s respectively.[123][124] This meant he had qualified for both events at the 2009 World Championships. Rival Tyson Gay suggested that Bolt's 100 m record was within his grasp, but Bolt dismissed the claim and instead noted that he was more interested in Asafa Powell's return from injury.[125] Bolt defied unfavourable conditions at the Athletissima meet in July, running 19.59 seconds into a 0.9 m/s headwind and rain, to record the fourth fastest time ever over 200 m,[126] one hundredth off Gay's best time.[127]
At the 2009 World Championships in August, Bolt eased through the 100 m heats, clocking the fastest ever pre-final performance of 9.89 seconds.[128] The final was the first time Bolt and Gay had met in the season, and Bolt improved his world record with a time of 9.58 s to win his first World Championship gold medal. Gay finished with a time of 9.71 s, 0.02 s off Bolt's 9.69 s world-record run in Beijing.[129] Taking over a tenth of a second off the previous best mark, this was the largest ever margin of improvement in the 100 m world record since the beginning of electronic timing.[130]
Although Gay withdrew from the second race of the competition, the Jamaican once again produced world record-breaking form in the 200 metres final. He broke his own record by 0.11 seconds, finishing with a time of 19.19 seconds.[131] He won the 200 m race by the biggest margin in World Championships history, even though the race had three other athletes running under 19.90 seconds, the greatest number ever in the event.[132][133] Bolt's pace impressed even the more experienced of his competitors; third-placed Wallace Spearmon complimented his speed,[134] and former Olympic champion Shawn Crawford said "Just coming out there...I felt like I was in a video game, that guy was moving – fast".[135] Bolt pointed out that an important factor in his performance at the World Championships was his improved start to the races: his reaction times in the 100 m (0.146)[136] and 200 m (0.133)[137] were significantly faster than those he had produced in his world record runs at the Beijing Olympics.[138][139] However, he, together with other members of Jamaican 4x100 m relay team, fell short of their own world record of 37.10 s set at 2008 Summer Olympics by timing 37.31 s, which is, however, a championship record and the second fastest time in history at that date.[140]
On the last day of the Berlin Championships, the governing Mayor of Berlin, Klaus Wowereit, presented Bolt with a 12-foot high section of the Berlin Wall in a small ceremony, saying Bolt had shown that "one can tear down walls that had been considered as insurmountable." The nearly three-ton segment will be delivered to Bolt's training camp in Jamaica.[141]
Several days after Bolt broke the world records in 100 and 200 metres events, Mike Powell, the world record holder in long jump (8.95 metres set in 1991) argued that Bolt could become the first man to jump over 9 metres, the long jump event being "a perfect fit for his speed and height".[142] At the end of the season he was selected as the IAAF World Athlete of the Year for the second year running.[143]
2010: Diamond League and broken streak[link]
Early on in the 2010 outdoor season, Bolt ran 19.56 seconds in the 200 m in Kingston, Jamaica for the fourth-fastest run of all-time, although he stated that he had no record breaking ambitions for the forthcoming season.[144] He took to the international circuit May with wins in East Asia at the Colorful Daegu Pre-Championships Meeting and then a comfortable win in his 2010 IAAF Diamond League debut at the Shanghai Golden Grand Prix.[145][146] Bolt made an attempt to break Michael Johnson's best time over the rarely competed 300 metres event at the Golden Spike meeting in Ostrava. He failed to match Johnson's ten-year-old record of 30.85 and suffered a setback in that his 30.97-second run in wet weather had left him with an Achilles tendon problem.[147][148]
On his return from injury a month later, he asserted himself with a 100 m win at the Athletissima meeting in Lausanne (9.82 seconds) and a victory over Asafa Powell at Meeting Areva in Paris (9.84 seconds).[149][150] Despite this run of form, he suffered only the second loss of his career in a 100 m final at the DN Galan. Tyson Gay soundly defeated him with a run of 9.84 to Bolt's 9.97 seconds, and the Jamaican reflected that he had slacked off in training early in the season while Gay had been better prepared and in a better condition.[151] This marked Bolt's first loss to Gay over 100 m, which coincidentally occurred in the same stadium where Powell had beaten Bolt for the first time two years earlier.[152]
2011 Daegu World Championships[link]
Considered the overwhelming favourite to win in the 100 metres at the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, Bolt was eliminated from the final for a false start.[153] Usain Bolt's countryman, Yohan Blake won in a season best of 9.92 seconds. In the 200m, Bolt cruised through to the final which he won in a time of 19.40s,[154] the fastest time in history never to be a World Record. Bolt also won gold in 4x100 metres relay with team Jamaica setting a world record time of 37.04.
Personal life[link]
Bolt expresses a love for dancing and his character is frequently described as laid-back and relaxed.[19][156][dead link][157] Bolt's Jamaican track and field idols include Herb McKenley and former Jamaican 100 m 200 m world record holder, Don Quarrie. Michael Johnson, the former 200 m world and Olympic record holder, is also held in high esteem by Bolt.[19] The first sport to interest him was cricket and he said if he was not a sprinter he would be a fast bowler instead.[19] As a child he was a supporter of the Pakistani cricket team and admired the bowling of Waqar Younis.[158] He is also a fan of Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar, West Indian opener Chris Gayle[159] and Australian opener Matthew Hayden.[160] During a charity cricket match Bolt clean-bowled Chris Gayle. Gayle was complimentary of Bolt's pace and swing.[161] Bolt also struck a six off Chris Gayle's bowling. Another bowler complimentary of Bolt's pace was former West Indies fast-bowling great Curtly Ambrose.[162]
Bolt has also expressed his love for football and is a fan of Manchester United as well as Real Madrid.[163] Bolt has also declared he is a fan of Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy.[164] Following a race in Manchester, he met the team at their training ground and offered Portuguese national Cristiano Ronaldo some sprinting advice.[165] Bolt was a special guest of Manchester United at the 2011 UEFA Champions League final in London, where he stated he'd like to play for them after he retires.[166]
In 2010, he also revealed his fondness of music, when he played a reggae DJ set to a crowd in Paris.[167]
Sponsorships and advertising work[link]
After winning the 200 m title in the 2002 World Junior Championships in Kingston, Jamaica, Bolt signed a sponsorship deal with Puma.[168] To promote Bolt's chase for Olympic glory in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, Puma released a series of videos including Bolt's then-world-record-setting run in Icahn Stadium and his Olympic preparations.[169] After his world record breaking run in New York City, which was preceded by a lightning storm,[170] the press frequently made puns on the Jamaican's name, nicknaming him "Lightning Bolt" and the "Bolt from the blue".[171][172][173][dead link] During the Beijing 2008 100 m final, Bolt wore golden Puma Complete Theseus spikes that had "Beijing 100 m Gold" emblazoned across them.[174] His athletics agent is PACE Sports Management.[175]
In January 2012, Usain Bolt impersonated Richard Branson in a Ad Campaign for Virgin Media.[176] The multi-million pound campaign was directed by Seth Gordon and features Virgin founder Branson to promote its superfast broadband service. In March 2012, he starred in an ad for Visa and the London 2012 olympics.[177]
Book Deal[link]
In 2010, Bolt signed a lucrative publishing deal with HarperCollins for an autobiography, which was negotiated by Chris Nathaniel of NVA Management.[178] This is scheduled for release in 2012. During a press conference in Paris on 15 July 2010, Bolt declined any comment on what would be contained within the book saying, "you can't really give away anything in your book ... should be exciting, it's my life, and I'm a cool and exciting guy".[163]
Recognition[link]
As a result of Bolt's successes in athletics, he was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for 2009 and 2010.[179][180]
- IAAF World Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009
- Track & Field Athlete of the Year: 2008, 2009
- Laureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2009, 2010
- BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year: 2008, 2009
Statistics[link]
As of 28 August 2010 (2010 -08-28)[update]
Personal bests[link]
| Event | Time (seconds) | Venue | Date | Records | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 metres | 9.58 | Berlin, Germany | 16 August 2009 |   |
Also shares the second fastest time of 9.69 with Tyson Gay. Bolt's 9.69 set the Olympic record in 2008. |
| 150 metres | 14.35 | Manchester, United Kingdom | 17 May 2009 | World best[5] | He ran the last 100 m in 8.70, the fastest ever recorded time over a 100 m distance. This would equal an average speed of 41.38 km/h. |
| 200 metres | 19.19 | Berlin, Germany | 20 August 2009 | |
Also holds the Olympic Record with 19.30, at the time (2008) a new world record. |
| 300 metres | 30.97 | Ostrava, Czech Republic | 27 May 2010 | This is the second fastest time, behind Michael Johnson's 30.85. | |
| 400 metres | 45.28[12] | Kingston, Jamaica | 5 May 2007 | ||
| 4 × 100 metres relay | 37.04 | Daegu, South Korea | 4 September 2011 | |
Shared with Yohan Blake, Michael Frater and Nesta Carter. |
Records[link]
Bolt's personal best of 9.58 seconds in the 100 metres is the fastest ever legal time.[77] Bolt also holds the second fastest time of 9.69 seconds (more precisely 9.683),[75] the current Olympic record.[77] Tyson Gay recorded a time of 9.68 s at the 2008 US Olympic Trials, but was aided with a tail wind of 4.1 m/s, exceeding the legal limit of 2.0 m/s set by the IAAF and nullifying its inclusion as a world record.[182] Obadele Thompson's run of 9.69 s in 1996 is also not recognised as it was aided by a 5.0 m/s tail wind.[77]
Bolt's personal best of 19.19 s in the 200 metres is the world record. This was recorded at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin against a headwind of −0.3 m/s. He has also broken the Olympic record with a time of 19.30 s (more precisely 19.296 s)[183]
The Jamaican relay team including Bolt, set the 4x100 metres world and Olympic records at the 2008 Olympics with a time of 37.10 seconds. This is the only run in the IAAF top ten performances which was not set by an American team.[184]
Bolt also holds the 200 metres world teenage best results for the age categories 15 (20.58 s), 16 (20.13 s, world youth record), 17 (19.93 s) and 18 (19.93 s, world junior record).[75] He also holds the 150 metres world best set in 2009, during which he ran the last 100 metres in 8.70 seconds, the quickest timed 100 metres ever.[75]
Average speed[link]
From his record time of 9.58 s for the 100 m sprint Usain Bolt's average ground speed equates to: 37.58 km/h or 23.35 mph. However, once his reaction time of 0.15 s is subtracted, his time is closer to 9.43 s, making his average speed closer to 38.18 km/h or 23.72 mph.[185]
Honours[link]
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | World Junior Championships | Kingston, Jamaica | 1st | 200 m | 20.61 |
| 2nd | 4×100 m relay | 39.15 NJR | |||
| 2nd | 4×400 m relay | 3:04.06 NJR | |||
| 2003 | World Youth Championships | Sherbrooke, Canada | 1st | 200 m | 20.40 |
| 2003 | Pan American Junior Championships | Bridgetown, Barbados | 1st | 200 m | 20.13 WYB |
| 2nd | 4×100 m relay | 39.40 | |||
| 2004 | CARIFTA Games | Hamilton, Bermuda | 1st | 200 m | 19.93 WJR |
| 2005 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Nassau, Bahamas | 1st | 200 m | 20.03 |
| 2006 | World Athletics Final | Stuttgart, Germany | 3rd | 200 m | 20.10 |
| 2006 | IAAF World Cup | Athens, Greece | 2nd | 200 m | 19.96 |
| 2007 | World Championships | Osaka, Japan | 2nd | 200 metres | 19.91 |
| 2008 | Reebok Grand Prix | New York City, United States | 1st | 100 m | 9.72 WR |
| 2008 | Olympic Games | Beijing, China | 1st | 100 metres | 9.69 WR OR |
| 1st | 200 metres | 19.30 WR OR | |||
| 1st | 4×100 metres relay | 37.10 WR OR | |||
| 2009 | World Championships | Berlin, Germany | 1st | 100 metres | 9.58 WR |
| 1st | 200 metres | 19.19 WR | |||
| 1st | 4×100 metres relay | 37.31 CR | |||
| 2011 | World Championships | Daegu, South Korea | |||
| 1st | 200 metres | 19.40 WL | |||
| 1st | 4×100 metres relay | 37.04 WR |
See also[link]
References[link]
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- ^ Usain Bolt beats Gay and sets new Record – from Universal Sports on YouTube
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- ^ New World Best over 150m for Usain Bolt from Universal Sports on YouTube
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- ^ "Lightning Bolt makes giant leap". Evening Herald. 18 August 2008. http://www.herald.ie/sport/other-sports/lightning-bolt-makes-giant-leap-1458032.html. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ Sinai, Allon (17 August 2008). "Allon Sinai's Olympic Diary: A Bolt from the blue strikes the Nest". The Jerusalem Post. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1218710379961&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
- ^ Weiner, Jay (16 August 2008). "Usain Bolt blazes to top of 100 metre lore". Sporting News. http://www.sportingnews.com/yourturn/viewtopic.php?t=446511. Retrieved 2008-08-18. [dead link]
- ^ Athlete Profile Usain Bolt. PACE Sports Management. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
- ^ "Usain Bolt mimics Richard Branson in Virgin Media superfast broadband ad". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2012/jan/13/usain-bolt-richard-branson-virgin-media. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
- ^ Levy, Leighton (20 March 2012). "Bolt Stars In Visa Ad". The Gleaner. http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120320/sports/sports2.html. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
- ^ Sale, Charles (19 February 2010). "Globetrotter David Dein is on board with the England 2018 World Cup bid at last". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-1252083/Charles-Sale-Globetrotter-David-Dein-board-England-2018-World-Cup-bid-last.html.
- ^ "Fastest man on Earth Usain Bolt wins Laureus World Sportsman of the Year Award". http://www.laureus.com/press_releases?article_id=1652. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ "2010 Laureus World Sports Awards Winners are Announced". http://www.laureus.com/press_releases?article_id=1975. Retrieved 2010-03-10.
- ^ a b "Athletes – Bolt Usain Biography". Iaaf.org. http://www.iaaf.org/athletes/biographies/country=JAM/athcode=184599/index.html. Retrieved 2012-02-18.
- ^ Hersh, Philip (30 June 2008). "Though wind nullifies a world record, Gay's 9.68-second 100 is the fastest in history". The Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/sports/printedition/la-sp-track30-2008jun30,0,1476474.story. Retrieved 2008-08-18. [dead link]
- ^ "200 Metres All Time". IAAF. 21 August 2008. http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/age=N/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=200/detail.htmx. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
- ^ "4x100 Metres Relay All Time". IAAF. 22 August 2008. http://www.iaaf.org/statistics/toplists/inout=O/age=N/season=0/sex=M/all=y/legal=A/disc=4x1/detail.htmx. Retrieved 2008-08-22.
- ^ http://berlin.iaaf.org/images/photofinish/3658/m_100_f_1.jpg
External links[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Usain Bolt sets new world record in 100m sprint |
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Wikinews has related news: Usain Bolt to run 150 metre race in Manchester |
Media related to Usain Bolt at Wikimedia Commons- IAAF profile for Usain Bolt
- Official website
- Usain Bolt on Twitter
- Usain Bolt timeline via The Daily Telegraph
- Lightning Strikes Twice – slideshow by The First Post
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| Persondata | |
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| Name | Bolt, Usain |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Jamaican athlete |
| Date of birth | 21 August 1986 |
| Place of birth | Trelawny, Jamaica |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Usain_Bolt
Related pages:
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http://it.wn.com/Usain Bolt
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2011) |
| Owl City | |
|---|---|
 Adam Young performing in 2009 |
|
| Background information | |
| Origin | Owatonna, Minnesota, United States |
| Genres | Electronica, synthpop |
| Years active | 2007–present |
| Labels | Universal Republic |
| Associated acts | Sky Sailing, Lights, Breanne Düren |
| Website | owlcitymusic.com |
| Members | |
| Adam Young | |
Owl City is an American electronica musical project by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Adam Young formed in 2007 in Owatonna, Minnesota. Young created the project while experimenting with music in his parents' basement. Owl City developed a following on the social networking site Myspace, like many musicians who achieved success in the late 2000s, before signing with Universal Republic in 2008.
After two independent releases, Owl City gained mainstream popularity with the 2009 major label debut album Ocean Eyes, which spawned the quadruple-platinum[1] hit single "Fireflies". The album was certified Platinum in the United States in April 2010.[1]
In 2011, Owl City released its third studio album, All Things Bright and Beautiful.
Contents |
History[link]
Early years (2007–2009)[link]
Suffering from insomnia while working loading Coca-Cola trucks in his hometown Owatonna, Minnesota, Young turned to composing music.[2][3][4] He began uploading songs recorded in his parents' basement to Myspace.[4][5] He started to receive favorable attention for his music and then helped cultivate this nascent fanbase by being an open and accessible web presence, responding to any messages he received and constantly posting blogs.[6] His manager Steve Burksy later highlighted the significance of Young's engaging online manner in building his following saying: "People feel like they know him, like they've got a direct connection to him because of how he approaches his connection with them online."[6] Through a deal with the digital aggregator CD Baby, he then started making the songs available for sale through iTunes.[6] In 2007, Owl City released an EP titled Of June, followed by the 2008 release of the album Maybe I'm Dreaming. Of June reached No. 15 on the Billboard Electronic Albums chart, and Maybe I'm Dreaming peaked on the same chart at No. 13.[7]
The viral phenomenon that was building through Myspace caught the attention of Universal Republic presidents Avery and Monte Lipman who approached Young with a view to signing the artist.[6] Republic recommended Young partner up with 27-year-old manager Steve Bursky of Foundations Artist Management and the two began working together in late 2008. When later asked by HitQuarters why the label chose him for a major label act given his relative inexperience, Burksy said:
"I think they saw Owl City as representing the future of our business. This idea of a kid in a tiny town in rural U.S. being able to make songs in his basement that sound like Top 40 radio could never have happened ten years ago. By hiring a young management company who understands the business circa 2011 over a seasoned industry vet, who might not understand the online spaces well, showed a lot of understanding of where this kid was going to end up having success."[6]
Owl City's label deal with Universal Republic was finally confirmed in February 2009.[8] According to Bursky there was initially some disagreement about the direction Owl City should follow, telling HitQuarters: "They were ready to send him into the studio with big producers and polish him up to try to become this thing that he wasn't. But we put our foot down and said, 'Look, the reason you signed this kid is because it’s working. Whatever it is about him - his music, his interaction with his fans, his brilliance in the online space - these things are connecting with people, and as soon as you change that you lose what’s special about this artist.' To their credit, they really listened and they got it."[6]
[edit] Ocean Eyes (2009–2010)
Ocean Eyes, Owl City's third full-length album and major label debut, was released on iTunes on July 14, 2009, with the physical release following on July 28, 2009. The album debuted at No. 27 on the Billboard 200. Owl City has released three official singles from this album: "Umbrella Beach", "Vanilla Twilight" and "Fireflies".[9] "Fireflies" topped the US and Canadian charts. Ocean Eyes reached the top ten on the US album charts, topped the US electronic charts, and also reached Amazon MP3's top 10 most downloaded album list. By April 2010, it was certified Platinum in the United States. On January 24, 2010, Owl City reached the No. 1 spot in the UK Top 40 Singles chart with "Fireflies". The song "Tidal Wave" also received significant airplay on Christian music radio stations.[citation needed] On January 2, 2011, it was revealed "Fireflies" was the 20th most downloaded song of all time in the UK.[10]
Young is joined by Breanne Düren on several tracks; the most notable example of which is "The Saltwater Room". Owl City's live band consists of Breanne Düren (background vocals/keyboards), Casey Brown (drums), Laura Musten (violin), Hannah Schroeder (cello), and Daniel Jorgensen (vibes).[11]
Relient K vocalist Matt Thiessen has toured and collaborated with Owl City on several tracks, including "Fireflies", where Matt can be heard providing the backup vocals. Young also produced Relient K's song "Terminals".
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Sample of the song "Umbrella Beach" from Owl City's third album Ocean Eyes.
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"Fireflies" was released as a free download on the game Tap Tap Revenge 3 by Tapulous. Prior to the July 14, 2009 internet release of Ocean Eyes, and the "Fireflies" single, Steve Hoover was hired as a director for a music video for "Fireflies". The video was to have had an exclusive premiere on MySpace,[12] but had been leaked onto YouTube and Dailymotion hours earlier. "Fireflies" became a big sleeper hit, topping the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States for the week ending November 7, 2009.[13]
Owl City is featured on Soundtrack 90210 with a song titled "Sunburn", which was released on October 13, 2009.[14] Owl City has toured with The Scene Aesthetic, Lights, John Mayer, Maroon 5 and Brooke Waggoner. He was also guest featured in the soundtrack to Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland with a song entitled "The Technicolor Phase" that had already been featured in his debut album.[15]
In 2010, Young revealed a new musical project known as Sky Sailing, which moved away from his usual electronica genre of music and introduced acoustic guitar and piano accompaniments into his work. The unrefined tracks were recorded in the summer of 2007 before he began making music as Owl City.[16] His first album under this new project is entitled An Airplane Carried Me to Bed, and was released July 13, 2010 via iTunes.[17]
In May 2010, Adam Young collaborated with high-profile British electronic composer, producer, musician, and songwriter Nick Bracegirdle. Under his Chicane alias, Bracegirdle released the single "Middledistancerunner" on August 1, 2010 featuring Adam Young on vocals. This is the first single from the fourth Chicane album Giants. He also worked with famed Dutch producer Armin van Buuren, appearing on a track called 'Youtopia' from the van Buuren album Mirage on September 10, 2010.
On September 21, 2010 "To the Sky" was officially released via iTunes on the soundtrack for Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'hoole.
On October 25, 2010, Young released a cover version of the praise and worship song "In Christ Alone" as a streaming MP3 on his website.[18][19]
On November 13, 2010, a new album called Flight was released on iTunes for one of his other musical projects, Windsor Airlift.[20]
On November 23, 2010, a new Christmas single called "Peppermint Winter" was released. A preview had been released the previous week on Facebook.
[edit] All Things Bright and Beautiful (2010–2011)
Production on Young's third studio album began around mid-2010, with Young being announced as the executive producer of the album.[21][22]
On October 18, 2010 Young wrote an entry on his blog regarding his third studio album, saying that the album was nearing completion.[23]
In February 2011, the title of the album was announced to be All Things Bright and Beautiful and that the album would be released on May 17. However, on April 6, Young released a statement on his website, along with lengthy previews of four of his songs (Dreams Don't Turn to Dust, Alligator Sky Featuring Shawn Chrystopher, Galaxies, and Deer in the Headlights), that the release date for All Things Bright and Beautiful would be pushed back to June 14.[24]
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Sample of the song "Alligator Sky" from Owl City's fourth album All Things Bright and Beautiful, featuring Californian rapper Shawn Chrystopher.
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On March 22, "Alligator Sky" was released as the lead single from the album on iTunes.
In late March and early April, tickets went on sale for The All Things Bright and Beautiful World Tour,[25][26][27] and All Things Bright and Beautiful became available for preorder.[28]
On April 19, "Galaxies" was released as the second single from the album.
On May 6, the music video for "Alligator Sky" was released. Young discussed the concept in a making-of video posted on Owl City's VEVO account, "The concept is basically about these two guys who are leaving Earth. Rather than it being this very dark post-apocalyptic vibe, it's very optimistic, and so it's like people are excited to leave earth."[29]
On May 23, "Deer in the Headlights", the third single from the album, was released on iTunes.
On June 14, All Things Bright and Beautiful was released on iTunes. Although only a few days prior on May 20, almost all of the album leaked onto the internet.[30]
On June 30, the music video for "Deer in the Headlights" was released. It features Young driving through the night in the DMC DeLorean featured in the Back to the Future trilogy and Canadian musician Lights makes a cameo appearance in the video.
On July 19, "Lonely Lullaby" was released as a single on iTunes, which was previously available only to Owl City Galaxy members.
Young was interviewed in the August issue of Cliché Magazine. He also appeared on the cover of the magazine and the issue also featured some of Young's very own artwork.
On July 21, at The Club Nokia concert in Los Angeles, Young announced that the concert was being filming for a Live DVD. The Live DVD was eventually released on iTunes in November 2011.[31]
[edit] The Midsummer Station (2011–present)
In Young's final tour dates of 2011, he performed a new song entitled "I Hope You Think of Me".[32]
On January 2, 2012, Young wrote an entry on his blog regarding his fourth studio album. Young said that he would be collaborating with more producers and songwriters, saying that his new record "Marks a flying leap in this direction". Young expects the album to be released around late Summer to Fall 2012.[33] In an interview with Billboard, Young revealed that the new album is around 80-85% complete, and that Dr. Luke, JR Rotem, Norwegian production team Stargate, Brian Kennedy and Emily Wright are involved with the production of the album. He was also unsure whether or not "I Hope You Think of Me" would make the final tracklisting.[31]
On March 5, 2012, Young, along with Jewel and Jay Sean, released a song in promotion of the Child Hunger Ends Here campaign by ConAgra Foods entitled "Here's Hope".[34][35]
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Sample of the song "Shooting Star" from Owl City's fifth album The Midsummer Station, showcasing his new musical 'style' on his most recent album.
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On April 17 2012, "Dementia", a song by Young which was intended to be included on his upcoming album leaked onto the internet. The song features additional vocals by Mark Hoppus of Blink-182.[36]
On May 3, 2012, Young announced via Twitter that a new EP entitled "Shooting Star" was to be released on May 15. The EP features four songs off his upcoming album. Young stated that he released the EP because he wanted to give his fans a clear taste of what his upcoming album would sound like.[37]
On May 24, 2012, Young revealed on Twitter that his fourth studio album would be titled The Midsummer Station.[38]
Musical styles and influences[link]
Owl City's music is described as indietronica and synthpop and is often described as belonging under the "electronic music" label.[39] Young has stated that he is inspired by disco and European electronic music, as well as instrumental genres such as drone, ambient, and post-rock. He cites his biggest influences as Johnathon Ford of Unwed Sailor and Thomas Newman. Young also incorporates a large amount of his Christian faith into his music, since he is a vocal Christian.[40][41][42] Young's faith is evident on the new album, "All Things Bright and Beautiful", especially in "Galaxies". Explaining why the faith-filled song was added to the mix, he said, "I feel like if I were ever to hide the fact that that’s what’s so important to me, it would be a crime, that I should probably be put in jail for that." [43]
Owl City also has been compared to The Postal Service, often critically, for his combination of fuzzy synths, ironic lyrics and use of female guest singers.[44] Pitchfork.com goes far enough to say that "The surprise No. 1 single in the country, Owl City's 'Fireflies,' jacks the Postal Service in such a bald-faced, obvious manner that getting into specifics feels redundant at best and tacky at worst."[45] In response to the suggestion that his work is derivative, Adam Young suggested in a 2009 interview with The New York Times that Ocean Eyes is perhaps the "next chapter" after American band The Postal Service: "The Postal Service released a record in 2003, and that was it. There was really nothing to compare it to until some one else came along and wrote the next chapter. Maybe that's this record. Maybe that's this band." [46]
Band members[link]
- Current members
- Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone[47]
- Current touring members
While Young writes, composes, records, and produces all of Owl City's music, during live performances he is accompanied by a group of supporting musicians:[47][11]
- Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals
- Daniel Jorgensen – guitar, vibraphone
- Laura Musten – violin
- Hannah Schroeder – cello
- Casey Brown – drums
Concert tours[link]
Main article: Owl City concert tours
Discography[link]
Main article: Owl City discography
- Extended Plays
- Of June (2007)
- Shooting Star (2012)
- Studio albums
- Maybe I'm Dreaming (2008)
- Ocean Eyes (2009)
- All Things Bright and Beautiful (2011)
- The Midsummer Station (2012)
References[link]
- ^ a b "Multi-Platinum International Sensation Owl City Pens Theme Song to Zack Snyder's Animation Debut Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole". Jesus freak Hideout. Stunt Company. August 24, 2010. http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2010/08/24.Multi-Platinum%20International%20Sensation%20Owl%20City%20Pens%20Theme%20Song%20to%20Zack%20Snyders%20Animation%20Debut%20Legend%20of%20the%20Guardians%20The%20Owls%20of%20Ga%20Hoole.asp. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ Riemenschneider, Chris (February 17, 2009). "Whooo's Owl City?". Star Tribune (Minneapolis). http://www.startribune.com/entertainment/music/39522412.html?elr=KArks:DCiU1PciUoaEYY_4PcUU. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (November 20, 2009). "Adam Young, aka Owl City, Finds Pop Success". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/arts/music/21owl.html?_r=1. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
- ^ a b Frenette, Brad (July 28, 2009). "Band of the Day: Owl City". The National Post. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mkpXTB2d. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Owl City — Biography". Allmusic. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mkq9PKF7. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f "Interview with Steve Burksy". HitQuarters. July 11, 2011. http://www.hitquarters.com/index.php3?page=intrview/opar/intrview_SB.html. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Owl City > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1050183. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ "Owl City Signs To Universal Republic". www.crazedhits.com. Feb 7, 2009. http://www.crazedhits.com/owl-city-signs-to-universal-republic/. Retrieved July 24, 2011.
- ^ "Free Download Owl City's new track: "Hot Air Balloon"". http://universalrepublic.com/community/artist/news_entry.aspx?mid=339657&mjid=6854&cmnt=1.
- ^ "TOP 100 DOWNLOADS OF ALL TIME". http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/downloads. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/downloads.
- ^ a b "Owl City - Owl City Road Stories - VEVO - YouTube" (video). VEVO. June 28, 2010. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PiSavsKvnLA. End Credits contain citations needed
- ^ "Info On MySpace premier of Fireflies Music Video off of an Owl City Fan Website". http://owlcity.org/2009/07/fireflies-music-video-to-premiere-tomorrow/.
- ^ Pietroluongo, Sylvio (October 29, 2009). "Owl City's "Fireflies" Lands at No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-s-fireflies-lands-at-no-1-on-hot-1004031758.story. Retrieved October 29, 2009.
- ^ "Sunburn". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/B002RDA9NG. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
- ^ "Almost Alice: Various Artists: Music". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/o/ASIN/B00342VGSG. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ Lipshutz, Jason (July 2, 2010). "Owl City's Adam Young Releases A New Old Project". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-s-adam-young-releases-a-new-old-1004102073.story. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Sky Sailing". MySpace. May 13, 2010. http://www.myspace.com/skysailing. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
- ^ "Owl City Blog". Owl City. http://www.owlcityblog.com/. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "My Hope Is Found". Owl City Blog. Owl City. October 25, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/10/25/my-hope-is-found/. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
- ^ "Windsor Airlift - Flight". iTunes. http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/flight/id404360833.
- ^ "A Letter from Adam Young « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. June 29, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/06/29/a-letter-from-adam-young/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Ear Candy « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. July 26, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/07/26/ear-candy/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "An Essential Studio Update « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. October 18, 2010. http://owlcityblog.com/2010/10/18/an-essential-studio-update/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Posted by Admin (April 7, 2011). "Owl City Pushes Back New Album". Christian Rock Rocks. http://www.christianrockrocks.com/2011/04/owl-city-pushes-back-new-album.html. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. March 22, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/17. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. April 1, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/42. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. May 2, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/202. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "OWL CITY Official Site - News". Owlcitymusic.com. March 22, 2011. http://www.owlcitymusic.com/news/view/20. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Hensel, Amanda. "Owl City's 'Alligator Sky' Video With Shawn Chrystopher Is Out Of This World." Pop Crush. May 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011. <http://popcrush.com/owl-city-alligator-sky-video/>.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ a b Graff, Gary (February 28, 2012). "Owl City '80, 85 Percent' Done with New Album". Billboard.com (Detroit). http://www.billboard.com/news/owl-city-80-85-percent-done-with-new-album-1006309752.story#/news/owl-city-80-85-percent-done-with-new-album-1006309752.story.
- ^ "I Hope You Think of Me- *NEW* Owl City Song". YouTube. November 12, 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYUSPaL_IRM. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Men With Pointy Teeth « Owl City Blog". Owlcityblog.com. January 2, 2012. http://owlcityblog.com/2012/01/02/men-with-pointy-teeth/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Cerra, Allison. "ConAgra Foods taps recording artists for annual Child Hunger Ends Here campaign". Drug Store News. http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/conagra-foods-taps-recording-artists-annual-child-hunger-ends-here-campaign. Retrieved March 5, 2012.
- ^ ConAgra Foods (March 5, 2012). "ConAgra Foods Teams Up With Jewel, Owl City and Jay Sean to Kick-off Child Hunger Ends Here Campaign With Original Song, 'Here's Hope'". The Sacramento Bee. http://www.sacbee.com/2012/03/05/4312044/conagra-foods-teams-up-with-jewel.html.
- ^ "First Listen: Owl City combines with Mark Hoppus for new track 'Dementia'". HITFX. http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/immaculate-noise/posts/listen-owl-city-combines-with-mark-hoppus-for-new-track-dementia. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
- ^ "Adam announces via. Twitter a new EP". http://twitter.com/#!/owlcity/status/198193443623813120. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
- ^ "Twitter / owlcity: The legitimate, confirmed". Twitter.com. May 24, 12. http://twitter.com/owlcity/status/205803159736696832. Retrieved May 25, 2012.
- ^ Leahey, Andrew. "Owl City > Overview". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1050183. Retrieved November 5, 2009. "He eventually combined those diversions into a blend of electronica and emo-pop, ..."
- ^ "Interview Of Adam Young Master Mind Behind Owl City". azTeen Magazine. 2010-03-00. http://www.azteenmagazine.com/band-reviews.php?article=714. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
- ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (June 1, 2008). "Hot New Band: Owl City". Spin. http://www.spin.com/articles/hot-new-band-owl-city. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
- ^ Moring, Mark. "Owls, Fireflies, and Jesus". Christianity Today. http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/music/interviews/2010/adamyoung-april10.html. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
- ^ Owl City Reveals "All Things Bright and Beautiful, CBN.com.
- ^ Westhoff, Ben (October 28, 2009). "Owl City: The Latest In A Long Line Of Rip-Offs". Dallas Observer. http://www.dallasobserver.com/2009-10-29/music/owl-city-the-latest-in-a-long-line-of-rip-offs/. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Cohen, Ian (November 5, 2009). "Track Reviews: Owl City - "Fireflies"". Pitchfork Media. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/11613-fireflies/. Retrieved November 26, 2009.
- ^ Sisario, Ben (November 21, 2009). "From Mom's Basement to the Top of the Chart". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/21/arts/music/21owl.html?_r=1. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ a b Owl City: Live from Los Angeles (Movie). Los Angeles: Eagle Rock. 2011. http://itunes.apple.com/us/movie/owl-city-live-from-los-angeles/id479115367. Verification is in the closing credits to the film.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Owl City |
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http://wn.com/Owl_City
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Owl City
http://es.wn.com/Owl City
http://ru.wn.com/Owl City
http://fr.wn.com/Owl City
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| Kanye West | |
|---|---|
.jpg) West at the SWU Music & Arts Festival, 2011 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Kanye Omari West |
| Born | (1977-06-08) June 8, 1977 (age 35) Atlanta, Georgia, United States |
| Origin | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Genres | Hip hop |
| Occupations | rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer, music video director, film director, fashion designer |
| Instruments | Vocals, keyboards, sampler, percussion, synthesizer |
| Years active | 1996–present |
| Labels | GOOD Music, Roc-A-Fella, Def Jam |
| Associated acts | Go Getters, Child Rebel Soldier, Jay-Z, The Throne, Common, John Legend, Kid Cudi, Rihanna, Jeff Bhasker, Pusha T, Mos Def, Mr Hudson, Talib Kweli, Big Sean, A-Trak, Pharrell, Lupe Fiasco, RZA |
| Website | kanyewest.com |
Kanye Omari West ( /ˈkɑːnjeɪ/; born June 8, 1977)[1] is an American musician, film director and fashion designer. West first rose to fame as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, where he eventually achieved recognition for his work on Jay-Z's album The Blueprint, as well as hit singles for musical artists including Alicia Keys, Ludacris, and Janet Jackson. His style of production originally used pitched-up vocal samples from soul songs incorporated with his own drums and instruments. However, subsequent productions saw him broadening his musical palette and expressing influences encompassing '70s R&B, baroque pop, trip hop, arena rock, folk, alternative, electronica, synthpop, and classical music.[2]
West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004, his second album Late Registration in 2005, his third album Graduation in 2007, his fourth album 808s & Heartbreak in 2008, and his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in 2010. West released a collaborative album, Watch the Throne with Jay-Z in 2011, which is the duo's first collaborative album. His five solo albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim.[3] As of 2012, West has won a total of eighteen Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time.[4] All albums have been very commercially successful, with My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy becoming his fourth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release.[5] West has had 5 songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of July 2011, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000 and "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000[6][7] placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade.[8][9] He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.[10]
West also runs his own record label GOOD Music, home to artists such as John Legend, Common and Kid Cudi.[11] West's mascot and trademark is "Dropout Bear," a teddy bear which has appeared on the covers of three of his five solo albums as well as various single covers and in his music videos.[12] About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their "Top 50 Hip-Hop Producers" list.[13] On May 16, 2008, Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year's No. 1 "Hottest MC in the Game."[14] On December 17, 2010, Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV.[15] Billboard ranked Kanye West No. 3 on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade.[16] West has also been included in the Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes' annual lists.[17]
Kanye will release the full-length album entitled Cruel Summer with GOOD Music signed artists sometime in 2012.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Kanye West was born in Atlanta, Georgia,[18] where he lived with his parents. When he was three years old, his parents divorced, and he and his mother moved to Chicago, Illinois.[19] His father was Ray West, a former Black Panther who was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, and is now a Christian counselor.[19] West's mother, Dr. Donda West, was a Professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as West's manager. He was raised in a middle-class background, attending Polaris High School[20] in suburban Oak Lawn, Illinois after living in Chicago.[21] When asked about his grades in high school, West replied, "I got A's and B's. And I'm not even frontin'".[22]
West attended art classes at the American Academy of Art in Chicago, and also enrolled at Chicago State University, but dropped out to focus on his music career.[23] While attending school, West produced for local artists. He later gained fame by producing hit singles for major hip hop/R&B artists, including Jay-Z, Talib Kweli, Cam'ron, Paul Wall, Common, Mobb Deep, Jermaine Dupri, Scarface, The Game, Alicia Keys, Janet Jackson, John Legend among others. He also "ghost-produced" for his mentor Deric Angelettie, according to his song "Last Call" and the credits of Nas' "Poppa Was a Playa".[23]
Music career[link]
1996–2003: Career beginnings[link]
Kanye West's first career productions came on Chicago rapper Grav's 1996 debut album Down to Earth. West produced eight tracks on the album. While the album did not attract much attention and would be the only album released by Grav, West would soon be producing for higher profile artists. In 1998–1999 he produced for well-known artists such as Jermaine Dupri, Foxy Brown, Goodie Mob, and the group Harlem World.
West got his big break in the year 2000, when he began to produce for artists on Roc-a-Fella Records. He produced the well-received Jay-Z song "This Can't Be Life" off of the album The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West would later state that to create the beat for "This Can't Be Life", he sped up the drum beat from Dr. Dre's song "Xxplosive".[24]
After producing for Jay-Z earlier, West’s sound was featured heavily on Jay-Z's critically acclaimed album The Blueprint, released September 11, 2001.[25] His work was featured on the lead single "Izzo (H.O.V.A.)", "Heart of the City (Ain't No Love)" and a diss track against Nas and Mobb Deep named "Takeover"; West has worked with Mobb Deep and Nas since the track's release.[25]
After meeting great commercial success and critical acclaim for his productions on The Blueprint, West became a sought after producer in the hip-hop industry, even before he became known as a rapper and solo artist. In the years 2002–2003 he would produce for artists such as Nas, Scarface, Talib Kweli, Mos Def, T.I., Ludacris, DMX, and Monica. He also continued producing for Roc-a-Fella Records artists and contribued four tracks to Jay-Z's follow up album to The Blueprint, The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse.
After great successes as a producer, West now looked to pursue a career as a rapper and solo artist, but struggled to get a record deal. Chris Anokute, then A&R at Def Jam, said that when West regularly dropped by the office to pick up his producer checks he would play demos of solo material to Anokute in his cubicle and bemoan the fact that no one was taking him seriously as a rapper.[26] Jay-Z admitted that Roc-A-Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper, claiming that he saw him as a producer first and foremost.[27] Multiple record companies felt he was not as marketable as rappers who portray the "street image" prominent in hip hop culture.[24] Beginning his career as a rapper, Kanye West recorded the third verse on the song "The Bounce" off of Jay-Z's The Blueprint²: The Gift & the Curse, an album he produced for, from the same label he was signed to as a rapper.
[edit] 2004–05: The College Dropout and Late Registration
On October 23, 2002, West was involved in a near fatal car crash while driving home from the recording studio.[28] The crash provided inspiration for West's first single, "Through the Wire".[29] West's faith is apparent in many of his songs, such as "Jesus Walks", which became a staple at his benefit performances, such as the Live 8 concert. These songs were featured on West's debut album, The College Dropout, which was released on Roc-A-Fella Records in February 2004, and went on to receive critical acclaim. The album also defined the style for which West would become known, including wordplay and sampling.[29] The album was eventually certified triple platinum. Guest appearances included Jay-Z, Ludacris, GLC, Consequence, Talib Kweli, Mos Def, Common, and Syleena Johnson. The album also featured the singles, "All Falls Down" and "The New Workout Plan", as well as Twista's number one single, "Slow Jamz".[30] During 2003 West also co-produced songs for British singer Javine Hylton, even appearing in the music video to Real Things playing the love interest of Javine.
West was involved in a financial dispute over Royce Da 5'9"'s song "Heartbeat", produced by West and released on Build & Destroy: The Lost Sessions. West maintains that Royce never paid for the beat, but recorded to it and released it; hearing him on the beat, the original customers decided not to buy it from West. After the disagreement, West vowed to never work with Royce again.[31] Other Kanye West-produced hit singles during the period The College Dropout was released included "I Changed My Mind" by Keyshia Cole, "Overnight Celebrity" by Twista and "Talk About Our Love" by Brandy.[29]
Taking a more eclectic route, West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion to construct his second album, Late Registration, which was released on August 30, 2005.[32] Like its predecessor, the sophomore effort garnered universal acclaim from music critics.[33] Late Registration topped countless critic polls and was revered as the best album of the year by numerous publications, including USA Today, Spin, and Time.[34][35] Rolling Stone awarded the album the highest position on their end of the year record list and hailed it as a "sweepingly generous, absurdly virtuosic hip-hop classic."[36] The record earned the number one spot on the Village Voice's Pazz & Jop critics' poll of 2005 for the second consecutive year.[37] Late Registration was also a commercial success, selling over 860,000 copies in its first week alone and topping the Billboard 200.[38] Grossing over 2.3 million units sold in the United States alone by year's end, Late Registration was considered by industry observers as the sole majorly successful album release of the fall of 2005, a season that was plagued by steadily declining CD sales.[39] The second album earned eight Grammy Award nominations including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for the song "Gold Digger".[40] The album is certified triple platinum.[41]
On August 22, 2005, the MTV special All Eyes On Kanye West aired, in which West spoke out against homophobia in hip-hop. He claimed that hip-hop has always been about "speaking your mind and about breaking down barriers, but everyone in hip-hop discriminates against gay people."[42] He then reflected on a personal experience. He said that he had a "turning point" when he realized one of his cousins was gay. He said regarding this experience: "This is my cousin. I love him and I've been discriminating against gays." He drew comparison between African Americans' struggle for civil rights and today's gay rights movement. The following year, in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, West further expounded his experiences with and views on the relationship between the black and gay communities.[43]
In September 2005, West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006:[44] "Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished, I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring." In that year, West produced the hit singles "Go" by Common and "Dreams" by The Game.[45]
[edit] 2007–09: Graduation and 808s & Heartbreak
In 2007, it was announced that West would be starring in a series directed by Larry Charles. He has been working on the pilot episode for the past two years with Larry Charles and Rick Rubin. He also had this to say on January 14: "I wouldn't do something as cliché as a reality show. At least give me the credit for being more creative than that. It's a situational half-hour comedy. It's fictional, and loosely based on my life.[46] " West also collaborated with Japanese hip-hop group Teriyaki Boyz to produce the single "I Still Love H.E.R.", a reference to Common's 1994 single "I Used to Love H.E.R.". Further to this, during a radio appearance in early 2007, West, like many of his peers, recorded an impromptu freestyle to the popular song "Throw Some D's." The song that to all other rappers was about automobile rims, was used by West to comically refer to D-cup breasts. Because of the unexpected success of the song, West went on to make a video for the freestyle, in which he is seen playing his 'Old Ass Cousin'.[47]
West was also featured in a new song called "Classic (Better Than I've Ever Been)". It was believed to be a single for, Graduation, because he is featured on the track, but Nike quickly explained that it was for the Nike Air Force 1's anniversary. It was meant only to be an exclusive track for the company.[48]
On March 25, 2007, he and his father Ray West supported World Water Day by having a "Walk for Water" rally.[49] After a two-year break, West has returned to being a fashion columnist in lifestyle magazine Complex.[50] On July 7, 2007, West performed with The Police and John Mayer at the American leg of Live Earth.[51] West hosted the August 17 edition of British comedy- variety show The Friday Night Project.[52]
In July 2007, West changed the release date of Graduation, his third album, from September 18, 2007, to the same release date as 50 Cent's album Curtis, September 11, 2007.[53] 50 Cent later claimed that if Graduation were to sell more records than Curtis, he would stop releasing solo albums. However, 50 Cent would later dispel his comments.[54] The album has been certified double platinum. Guest appearances included T-Pain, Mos Def, and Lil Wayne.[55]
| “ | When I heard that thing about the debate, I thought that was the stupidest thing. When my albums drops and 50's album drops, you're gonna get a lot of good music at the same time.[56] | ” |
On August 26, 2007, West appeared as himself on the HBO television show Entourage which he used as a platform to premier his new single "Good Life" during the end credits. On September 9, 2007, West performed at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, losing in every category he was nominated for; he gave an angry speech immediately afterward. (see "Controversies" section)
Following the MTV stint, West was nominated in eight Grammy Award categories for the 50th annual Grammy Awards.[57] He won four of them,[58] including Best Rap Album for Graduation and Best Rap Solo Performance for "Stronger" from Graduation. During the four-hour televised Grammy Awards ceremony, West also performed two songs: "Stronger" (with Daft Punk) and "Hey Mama" (in honor of his recently deceased mother).[59]
File:Kanye West Chicago Tour 2008.jpg
West performing at the United Center in Chicago
West kicked off the Glow in the Dark Tour in Seattle at the Key Arena on April 16. The tour was originally scheduled to end in June in Cincinnati but was extended into August. Over the course of the tour West was joined by a varying group of opening acts, including Lupe Fiasco, Rihanna, N.E.R.D., DJ Craze, and Gnarls Barkley. On June 15, West was scheduled to perform a late night set at the Bonnaroo Music Festival. His performance started almost two hours late and ran for half of its alloted time, angering many fans in the audience. West later wrote an outraged entry on his blog, blaming the festival organizers as well as Pearl Jam's preceding set, which ran longer than expected.
On September 7, West debuted a new song "Love Lockdown" at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. "Love Lockdown" features no rapping and only singing using an auto-tune device. This song appears on West's fourth studio album, 808s & Heartbreak. The new album was expected to be released on December 16, but West announced on his blog on September 24, 2008, that he had finished the album and would be releasing it sometime in November, earlier than previously scheduled. In early October, West made a surprise appearance at a T.I. concert in Los Angeles, where he stated that 808s & Heartbreak was scheduled to be released on November 25, though it was actually released on the 24th, and that the second single is "Heartless". The album was another number one album for West, even though the first week numbers fell well short of Graduation with 450,145 sold.[60]
West performed at the American Music Awards ceremony on November 23.[61] That same night he won two AMA awards, including Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album for Graduation and Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Male Artist. West performed at the Democratic National Convention in Denver in August 2008, along with Wyclef Jean and N.E.R.D. in support of Barack Obama. On January 20, 2009, Kanye West performed at the Youth Inaugural Ball hosted by MTV for Obama's inauguration.
On February 17, 2009, West was named one of Top 10 Most Stylish Men in America by GQ.[62] The next day, February 18, 2009, West won International Male Solo Artist at The Brit Awards 2009. West was not in attendance but accepted his award with a video speech, saying "Barack is the 'Best Interracial Male' but I'm proud to be the Best International Male in the world.[63]
In April 2009, Kanye West recorded a song called "Hurricane" with 30 Seconds to Mars to appear on their album This Is War, but was not released due to legal issues with both record companies. The song was eventually released on the deluxe version of This Is War, titled "Hurricane 2.0".[64][65][66]
[edit] 2010–present: My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and Watch the Throne
In May 2010, West made an animated television guest appearance on Fox's animated television series The Cleveland Show (a spin-off of Family Guy) as the voice behind "Kenny West", a rival of Cleveland Brown's son.[67] In his first episode he performed in a rap battle with Cleveland's son. The producers stated working with West was a very good experience and a reason they chose him was because they knew he was a fan of Family Guy.[68] Kenny West re-appeared in the season 2 premiere of The Cleveland Show.
West spent the first half of 2010 in Honolulu, Hawaii, working on his new album with the working title "Good Ass Job", later named My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy, released on November 22, 2010.[69] West has cited Maya Angelou, Gil Scott-Heron and Nina Simone as his musical inspirations for this album. Outside production is said to come from RZA, Q-Tip, Pete Rock, and DJ Premier.[70][71] West also had Justin Vernon flown into his studio on Oahu after seemingly expressing interest in sampling one of Bon Iver's songs; Vernon proceeded to feature on a number of new tracks, including "Lost In The World," which features Vernon's vocal line from Woods.[72]
On May 28, the Dwele-assisted first single from the album, entitled "Power", leaked to the Internet. On June 30, the track was officially released via iTunes. The upcoming music video was quoted as being "apocalyptic, in a very personal way" by the director Marco Brambilla.[73]
On September 12, 2010, West performed a new song, "Runaway" featuring Pusha T, at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards.[74] Shortly after the performance, Kanye revealed he was working on a 35 minute short film based around the song. The movie is said to be influenced by film noir and concerns a fallen phoenix whom Kanye falls in love with.[75] On October 15, 2010, Kanye West was ranked 3rd in BET's "Top Ten Rappers of the 21st Century" list.[76]
Watch the Throne, a collaborative studio album by West and Jay-Z,[77] was released by Def Jam Recordings on August 8, 2011.[78] It has been under production since August 2010 as part of West's GOOD Friday initiative of releasing new songs every Friday between August 20 and Christmas 2010.[79] West said through a recent interview with MTV that the album is "going to be very dark and sexy, like couture hip hop."[79][80][81] He appeared at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, performing the track "Lost in the World" from My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy.[82] On January 6, 2011, Kanye announced via Twitter that the first official single from Watch the Throne would be a song called "H•A•M" produced by Lex Luger. The song was released on January 11, 2011.[83]
On April 17, 2011, West closed the Coachella Festival with a headlining set that received glowing praise from fans and critics alike.[84][85] On July 20, a track titled "Otis" from the album was released in the iTunes Store. It samples "Try a Little Tenderness" by Otis Redding.[86] On October 19, 2011, via his Twitter, West announced plans for a Spring 2012 GOOD Music album release.[87] On April 6, 2012, "Mercy", the lead single from the GOOD Music compilation album, Cruel Summer, was released.[88] The song, produced by newly signed in-house producer Lifted, features West along with Big Sean, Pusha T and southern rapper 2 Chainz.[89]
Other ventures[link]
Business ventures[link]
In August 2008, West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park. The second followed in January 2009, while a third location is yet to be revealed, although the process is being finalized. His company, KW Foods LLC, bought the rights to the chain in Chicago.[90] Additionally, West planned to launch his fashion career, and applied for internships with major European fashion houses.[91] He was due to release his own clothing line called Past Tell in 2009. He also collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe, Air Yeezys.
On January 22, 2009, during Paris Fashion Week, West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton. The line was released in summer 2009.
On October 1, 2011, Kanye West premiered his women's fashion label, DW Kanye West[92] at Paris Fashion Week. He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten, Olivier Theyskens, Jeremy Scott, Azzedine Alaïa, and the Olsen twins, who were also in attendance during his show. His debut fashion show received mixed-to-negative reviews,[93][94] ranging from reserved observations by Style.com[95] to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal,[96] the New York Times,[97] the International Herald Tribune, Elleuk.com, The Daily Telegraph, Harper's Bazaar and many others.[98][99][100]
Philanthropy[link]
West started the "Kanye West Foundation" in Chicago in 2003. On August 24, 2007, West hosted the inaugural benefit concert to launch the foundation's partnership with Strong American Schools. It is focused on helping Latino and African American children stay in school and continue education through grade school, high school, and college. The foundation also helps children pursue music in school. West has contributed over $500,000 to his foundation. The foundation has also been called the "Donda West Foundation".
Kanye West has appeared and participated in many fundraisers, benefit concerts, and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home.[101]
Musical style and influences[link]
At the start of his career, Kanye West's production style often used pitched-up vocal samples, usually from soul songs, with his own drums and instruments.[25] His first major release featuring his trademark vocal sampling style was "This Can't Be Life", a track from Jay-Z’s The Dynasty: Roc La Familia. West said he sped up the drum beat of Dr. Dre's "Xxplosive" to use as a replacement for his drums on "This Can't Be Life".[24]
West has said that Wu-Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style,[21][102] and has said on numerous occasions that Wu-Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard were some of his all-time favorites, "Wu-Tang? Me and my friends talk about this all the time... We think Wu-Tang had one of the biggest impacts as far as a movement. From slang to style of dress, skits, the samples. Similar to the [production] style I use, RZA has been doing that."[103] RZA himself has spoken quite positively of the comparisons, stating in an interview for Rolling Stone, "All good. I got super respect for Kanye. He came up to me about a year or two ago. He gave me mad praising and blessings... For people to say Wu-Tang inspire Kanye, Kanye is one of the biggest artists in the world. That goes back to what we say: 'Wu-Tang is forever.' Kanye is going to inspire people to be like him."[104] After hearing his work on The Blueprint, RZA claimed that a torch-passing had occurred between him and West, saying, "The shoes gotta be filled. If you ain't gonna do it, somebody else is gonna do it. That's how I feel about rap today."[104]
While his use of sampling has lessened over time, West's production continues to feature distinctive and intricate string arrangements. This characteristic arose from him listening to the English trip hop group Portishead, whose 1998 live album Roseland NYC Live, with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra inspired him to incorporate string sections into his hip hop production.[2] Though he was unable to afford live instruments beyond violin riffs provided by Israeli violinist Miri Ben-Ari around the time of his debut album, its subsequent commercial success allowed him to hire his very own eleven-piece string orchestra. For a time, West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section.[2]
West has stated on several occasions that outside of work, he favors listening to rock music over hip-hop. He cites Franz Ferdinand, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and The Killers as some of his favorite musical groups. Additionally, on Graduation, West drew inspiration from arena rock bands such as U2, The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin for melody and chord progression.[105] Both a fan and supporter of indie culture, West uses his official website to promote obscure indie rock bands, posting up music videos and mp3s on a daily basis.[106] This musical affinity is mutual, as West has collaborated with indie artists such as Santigold, Peter Bjorn and John, and Lykke Li while his songs have gone on to be covered countless times by myriad rock bands.[107]
Personal life[link]
Relationships[link]
Kanye West and designer Alexis Phifer ended their 18-month engagement in 2008. The couple had been dating on and off since 2002, with West eventually proposing in August 2006. According to a friend, the couple's relationship had become increasingly strained, burdened by the sheer amount of time and attention West was dedicating to his current concert tour. "It's always sad when things like this end, and we remain friends," Phifer told People.[108]
West was also in a high profile on/off relationship with Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010. He is now reportedly dating reality star Kim Kardashian.[109]
Mother's death[link]
On November 10, 2007, West's mother, Donda West, died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction.[110] TMZ reported that Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian refused to do the surgery because Donda West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack.[110] Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue.[110] Donda never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor, Jan Adams.[110] She was 58 years old (1949–2007).
Adams sent condolences to Donda West's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure because of confidentiality.[111] He had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board.[112][113][114] Adams appeared on Larry King Live on November 20, 2007 but left before speaking. Two days later, he appeared again, with his attorney, stating he was there to "defend himself." He said that the recently released autopsy results "spoke for themselves".[115] The final coroner's report January 10, 2008 concluded that Donda West died of "coronary artery disease and multiple post-operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty."[116]
The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20, 2007.[117] West held his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22. He dedicated a performance of "Hey Mama", as well as a cover of Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'", to his mother, and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour.[118]
At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand, West spoke about his mother's death for the first time. "It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that," he told reporters.[119]
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger passed the "Donda West Law," a legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery.[120]
Legal issues[link]
In December 2006, Robert "Evel" Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West's video for "Touch the Sky." Knievel took issue with a "sexually charged video" in which West takes on the persona of "Evel Kanyevel" and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon. The suit filed in federal court claims infringement on his trademarked name and likeness. Knievel also claims the "vulgar and offensive" images depicted in the video damage his reputation. The suit seeks damages and to stop distribution of the video.[121] West's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment. Just days before his death in November 2007, Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West, saying, "I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman."[122]
On September 11, 2008, West and his road manager/bodyguard Don "Don C." Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers' cameras.[123][124] West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $20,000 bail bond. On September 26, 2008 the Los Angeles County District Attorney's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident. Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney's office, which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18, 2009.[125] West's and Crowley's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14, 2009.[126]
West was arrested again on November 14, 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle Upon Tyne. He was later released "with no further action", according to a police spokesperson.[127]
Controversies[link]
General media[link]
West has had several controversies throughout his career. On September 2, 2005, during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC, A Concert for Hurricane Relief, West was a featured speaker. When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers, he deviated from the prepared script. Myers spoke next and continued to read the script. Once it was West's turn to speak again, he said "George Bush doesn't care about black people." At this point, telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker, who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds. Still, West's comment reached much of the United States.[128][129] Bush stated in an interview that the comment was "one of the most disgusting moments” of his presidency.[130]
In January 2006, West again sparked controversy when he appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in the image of Jesus wearing a crown of thorns.[131]
In November, 2010, in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today Show, West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush. "I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration, I didn't have the grounds to call him a racist," he told Lauer. "I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don't always choose the right words." The following day, Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper's remorse. "I'm not a hater," Bush said. "I don't hate Kanye West. I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt. Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races."
Reactions were mixed, but some felt that West had no need to apologize. "It was not the particulars of your words that mattered, it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long," noted Def Jam co-founder Russell Simmons.[132] Dr. Boyce Watkins said that West was, "now part of the establishment, where waffling on your principles is fully expected. Bush deserved no apology, for you don’t apologize to a criminal after repudiating him for an egregious crime.[133] " Bush himself was receptive to the apology, saying, "I appreciate that. It wasn't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina, I cited him as an example, I cited others as an example as well. You know, I appreciate that."[134]
Award shows[link]
In 2004, West had his first of a number of incidents involving music award events. At the American Music Awards of 2004, West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson. He later commented, "I felt like I was definitely robbed [...] I was the best new artist this year."[135] After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released, West said he would "really have a problem" if he did not win the Album of the Year, saying, "I don't care what I do, I don't care how much I stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it. I don't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff."[136] On November 2, 2006, when his "Touch the Sky" failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards, West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for "We Are Your Friends" and argued that he should have won the award instead.[137][138] Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst. On November 7, 2006, West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane.[139] He later spoofed the incident in the season premiere of Saturday Night Live.
On September 9, 2007, West suggested that his race had to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards (VMAs) in favor of Britney Spears; he claimed, "Maybe my skin’s not right."[140] West was performing at the event; that night, he lost all 5 awards that he was nominated for, including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year. After the show, he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row, stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again. He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song "Stronger" that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it. He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings.[141]
On September 13, 2009, during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for "You Belong with Me", West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé's video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", nominated for the same award, was "one of the best videos of all time". He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions.[142][143][144] When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)", she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech.[142] West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst,[143][145][146][147][148] and by President Barack Obama, who called West a "jackass".[149][150][151][152][153] In addition, West's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs, forums and "tweets" with the "Let you finish" photo-jokes.[154] Subsequently, West posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog; one on the night of the incident and the other the same day he appeared on The Jay Leno Show, on September 14, 2009, where he apologized again.[146][155] After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst, partly to discuss the matter, West called her to apologize personally. Swift said she accepted his apology.[156][157][158] In September 2010, West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including "Beyonce didn't need that. MTV didn't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn't want or need that" and concluding with "I'm sorry Taylor." West also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song, he would perform it himself.[159] However, on November 8, 2010, in an interview with a Minnesota radio station, West seemed to recant a bit of his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as "selfless" and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created.[160][161]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Kanye West discography and Kanye West production discography
Solo Albums
- The College Dropout (2004)
- Late Registration (2005)
- Graduation (2007)
- 808s & Heartbreak (2008)
- My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (2010)
Collaborations
- Watch the Throne (2011) – with Jay-Z
- Cruel Summer (2012) – with GOOD Music artists[87]
Filmography[link]
- We Were Once a Fairytale (2009)
- Runaway (2010)
- Cruel Summer (2012)
Awards and nominations[link]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Kanye West
References[link]
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- ^ "Black History — Biographies — Kanye West". Thomson Gale. http://www.gale.com/free_resources/bhm/bio/west_k.htm. Retrieved August 7, 2006.
- ^ "Kanye, Run-DMC, Outkast, Justin Sound Off On Our Top 10 Hip-Hop Groups". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1553911/20070305/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ a b Dukes, Rahman; Reid, Shaheem (January 19, 2009). "The Clipse Hint At Kanye West Collabo: Mixtape Monday". Rolling Stone. RealNetworks, Inc. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1602920/20090116/story.jhtml. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ Crosley, Hillary (September 15, 2007). "Graduation". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071014192400/http://billboard.com/bbcom/content_display/reviews/albums/e3ibe8ec7c980d6765c46225c438690a813. Retrieved September 15, 2007.
- ^ West, Kanye (July 1, 2009). "Dirty Projectors "Stillness is the Move"". Kanye West Blog. Kanye West/Mascotte Holdings, LLC. http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=235958_-1__0_~-1_-1_05_2008_0_0&em3298=&em3282=&em3281=&em3161=. Retrieved July 1, 2009.
- ^ West, Kanye (August 15, 2009). "The Fray – "Heartless"". Kanye West Blog. Kanye West/Mascotte Holdings, LLC. http://www.kanyeuniversecity.com/blog/?em3106=238431_-1__0_~0_-1_8_2009_0_0&em3298=&em3282=&em3281=&em3161=. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
- ^ "Kanye West's Ex-Fiancee Alexis Phifer Talks About Breakup". MTV News. April 21, 2008. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1585980/20080421/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ Garcia, Jennifer (April 5, 2012). "Kim Kardashian, Kanye West Dating". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20584651,00.html. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
- ^ a b c d "Fire Dept. Called to Donda West's Home". TMZ.com. http://www.tmz.com/2007/11/12/911-responded-in-donda-west-case/. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Donda West's Doctor Expresses 'Condolences'". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20159928,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Donda West's surgeon faced malpractice suits, records show". CNN. November 13, 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/11/13/west.surgeon/index.html#cnnSTCText. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Focus of Kanye West Mom's Death Shifts to Doctor". People. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20159824,00.html?xid=rss-fullcontentcnn. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "CELEBTV.COM DOCUMENT: WEST DOC’S MEDICAL LICENSE QUESTIONED". Celeb TV. http://www.celebtv.com/Headlines.aspx?NewsGuid=8b002218-ccc7-4d27-9c7d-8009628c79a4. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Amy Winehouse's Alleged Crack Video Under Investigation; Plus Pink, Paris Hilton, 'American Idol' & More, In For The Record". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1580109/20080123/winehouse_amy.jhtml. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Donda West, Kanye's Mother, Died Of Heart Attack: Coroner's Report". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1579429/20080110/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Kanye West's tearful goodbye at mother's funeral". The New Zealand Herald. November 22, 2007. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/story.cfm?c_id=1501135&objectid=10477686. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "VIDEO: Kanye West Dedicates Journey's "Don't Stop Believing" to His Mom". Us Weekly. Archived from the original on April 27, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080427090443/http://www.usmagazine.com/kanye_west_at_second_show_since_mothers_death_he_had_a_powerful_energy_inside_him. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ HipHopDX.com – Kanye West Speaks Candidly About Mother, Religion, Rap. HipHopDX.com. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
- ^ "Kanye West: Mom Honored With New Plastic Surgery Law". The Plastic Surgery Channel. http://www.theplasticsurgerychannel.com/kanye-west-mom-honored-with-new-plastic-surgery-law/. Retrieved October 14, 2009.
- ^ "Evel Knievel Sues Kanye West". The Smoking Gun. http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/1212061evel1.html. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ "Evel Knievel, Kanye West settle lawsuit". USA Today (Gannett Co. Inc). November 27, 2007. http://www.usatoday.com/life/music/news/2007-11-27-kanye-knievel_N.htm. Retrieved November 27, 2007.
- ^ "Kanye West arrested after skirmish at airport". CNN. September 11, 2008. http://www.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/09/11/kanye.west.arrested/index.html. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
- ^ "Kanye West, Bodyguard Arrested At LAX". Access Hollywood. September 11, 2008. http://www.accesshollywood.com/arrests/kanye-west-bodyguard-arrested-at-los-angeles-international-airport_article_11207. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
- ^ "West escapes charge over scuffle". BBC News. September 27, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7639307.stm. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (April 14, 2009). "Kanye West's Arraignment In Paparazzi Case Delayed". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1609170/20090414/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
- ^ "Kanye West Arrested After Alleged Tussle With Photographer, Then Cleared". November 14, 2008. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1599323/20081114/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ Byrne, Bridget (October 4, 2005). "NBC KO's Kanye's Bush Bashing". E! News. E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/news/article/index.jsp?uuid=44415a2b-7481-45f8-91a3-630b0b5510de&entry=index. Retrieved January 12, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ Moraes, Lisa de (September 3, 2005). "Kanye West's Torrent of Criticism, Live on NBC". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/03/AR2005090300165.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ Itzkoff, Dave, "UPDATED: Kanye West Criticizes ‘Today’ Show for ‘Brutal’ Interview", The New York Times Arts Beat blog, November 10, 2010, 2:25 pm. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
- ^ "Kanye West poses as Jesus on cover of 'Rolling Stone'". Gleaner. January 26, 2006. http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20060126/ent/ent3.html. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
- ^ Simmons, Russell (November 12, 2010). "Dear Kanye West...". Huffington Post (USA). http://www.huffingtonpost.com/russell-simmons/dear-kanye-west_b_782932.html. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ Boyce Watkins (November 12, 2010). "No, Kanye Should Not Have Apologized to Bush". boycewatkins.net. http://drboycespeaks.blogspot.com/2010/11/no-kanye-should-not-have-apologized-to.html. Retrieved February 9, 2011.
- ^ "George W. Bush Cares About Kanye West's Apology". E! Online. E! Entertainment Television, Inc. November 11, 2011. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b210484_george_w_bush_cares_about_kanye_wests.html. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- ^ "Kanye West's Bad Behavior: A Short History". People. September 14, 2009. http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20302940_20304330,00.html. Retrieved June 6, 2011.
- ^ "Kanye Has His Sights on Best Album". San Francisco Chronicle. December 9, 2005. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/sfgate/detail?blogid=7&entry_id=2120. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
- ^ "Kanye West Unleashes Tirade After Losing at MTV Europe Music Awards". Fox News. November 3, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,227304,00.html. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "EMAs Shocker: Kanye Stage Invasion!". MTV. Archived from the original on June 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070603120826/http://www.mtv.co.uk/channel/mtvuk/news/02112006/emas_shocker_kanye_stage_invasion. Retrieved June 7, 2007.
- ^ Olsen, Jan M. (November 3, 2006). "Kanye West Upset at MTV Video Award Loss". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Nov03/0,4670,MTVAwardsKanye,00.html. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Kanye West Jealous Of Britney Opening The VMAs". Britney Spy. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080424051758/http://www.britneyspy.com/2007/09/09/kanye-west-jealous-of-britney-opening-the-vmas/. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Kanye West Loses It Again, Says He'll 'Never Return To MTV': Report". MTV News. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1569313/20070910/west_kanye.jhtml. Retrieved April 24, 2008.
- ^ a b "Kanye West Storms the VMAs Stage During Taylor Swift's Speech". Rolling Stone. September 13, 2009. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/kanye-west-storms-the-vmas-stage-during-taylor-swifts-speech-20090913?rand=84857. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ a b Respers, Lisa (September 14, 2009). "Anger over West's disruption at MTV awards". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/09/14/kanye.west.reaction/index.html. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ Vozick, Simon (September 13, 2009). "Kanye West interrupts Taylor Swift's VMAs moment: What was he thinking? by Simon Vozick-Levinson". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2009/09/13/kanye-west-taylor-swift/. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
- ^ "2009 MTV Video Music Awards – Best Female Video". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2009/best-female-video/. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ a b Martens, Todd; Villarreal, Yvonne (September 15, 2009). "Kanye West expresses Swift regret on blog and 'The Jay Leno Show'". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/music/la-et-kanye-fallout15-2009sep15,0,4346169.story. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Adam Lambert, Donald Trump, Joe Jackson Slam Kanye West's VMA Stunt". MTV. September 13, 2009. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621475/.../swift__taylor.jhtml. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
- ^ Shaheem Reid and Rahman Dukes (September 15, 2009). "50 Cent Slams Kanye West For VMA Outburst". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621544/20090915/50_cent.jhtml. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Obama calls Kanye West a jackass". BBC News. September 16, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8258330.stm. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Gavin, Patrick (September 15, 2009). "Obama calls Kanye 'jackass'". The Politico. http://www.politico.com/click/stories/0909/did_obama_call_kanye_a_jackass.html. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Audio: President Obama Calls Kanye West a 'Jackass'". People. September 15, 2009. http://www.people.com/package/article/0,,20302940_20304704,00.html. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Calls Kanye West a 'Jackass'". Fox News. September 15, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/09/15/obama-calls-kanye-west-jackass/. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ "Obama Calls Kanye a 'Jackass' – The Audio". TMZ. September 15, 2009. http://www.tmz.com/2009/09/15/obama-calls-kanye-a-jackass/. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ Anderson, Kyle (September 16, 2009). "Kanye West's VMA Interruption Gives Birth To Internet Photo Meme". MTV. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/09/16/kanye-wests-vma-interruption-photos/. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ^ Booth, Jenny (September 14, 2009). "Kanye West spoils the show at MTV awards". The Times (London). http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6833664.ece. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (September 15, 2009). "Taylor Swift Tells 'The View' Kanye West Hasn't Contacted Her. The country star discusses her reaction to the VMA incident.". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621550/2009915/swift__taylor.jhtml. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Taylor Swift visits 'The View,' accepts Kanye apology". New York Post. May 15, 2009. http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/tvblogs/taylor_swift_visits_the_view_accepts_iW7OOuj6BQpLe1oX8TVFNM. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
- ^ "Kanye calls Taylor Swift after ‘View’ appearance". The Associated Press/MSNBC. September 15, 2009. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32861800/ns/entertainment-music/. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Devon Thomas (September 7, 2010). "Kanye West Writes Song In Honor of Taylor Swift". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-31749_162-20015747-10391698.html. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
- ^ "VIDEO: Kanye West Backtracks On Taylor Swift Apology". http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2010/11/video-kanye-west-backtracks-taylor-swift-apology.
- ^ "Kanye West Backtracks On Taylor Swift Apology". http://dimewars.com/Blog/ViewBlogArticle.aspx?vn=Kanye+West+Backtracks+On+Taylor+Swift+Apology&BlogID=487b238f-9fac-4228-b9ba-7c29bdfe8528.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kanye West |
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Kanye West |
- Official website
- Kanye West at Allmusic
- Kanye West at Beatbuggy
- Kanye West at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | West, Kanye Omari |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Rapper, record producer |
| Date of birth | June 8, 1977 |
| Place of birth | Atlanta, Georgia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Kanye_West
Related pages:
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Not to be confused with Jamie Fox.
| Jamie Foxx | |
|---|---|
 Foxx promoting Stealth in July 2005 |
|
| Birth name | Eric Marlon Bishop |
| Born | (1967-12-13) December 13, 1967 (age 44) Terrell, Texas, United States |
| Medium | Stand up, Film, Television, Radio, Music |
| Nationality | American |
| Years active | 1989–present |
| Genres |
Musical comedy, Political satire, Observational comedy, Character comedy, Black comedy (as actor) R&B, hip hop, soul, pop(as singer and rapper) |
| Subject(s) | Race relations, Racism, African-American culture, Celebrities, Human sexuality, American politics, Current events, Self-deprecation |
| Influences | Redd Foxx[1] |
| Notable works and roles | Law Abiding Citizen Jamie King on The Jamie Foxx Show Ray Charles in Ray Nico in Rio |
| Website | Official site |
Eric Marlon Bishop (born December 13, 1967), professionally known as Jamie Foxx, is an American actor, singer-songwriter, rapper, stand-up comedian, and talk radio host who began playing the piano when he was five years old. As an actor, his work in the film Ray earned him the Academy Award and BAFTA Award for Best Actor as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a musical/comedy. He is also a Grammy Award winning musician, producing three albums which have charted highly on the Billboard 200: Unpredictable, which topped the chart, Best Night of My Life and Intuition.
Born in Terrell, Texas, Foxx was raised by his mother's adoptive parents. He performed in high school and was awarded with a scholarship to United States International University. In his twenties, Foxx began performing stand-up at comedy clubs, and eventually joined the cast of In Living Color in 1991; this exposure helped him land film roles and star in his own sitcom, The Jamie Foxx Show. He released his debut album, Peep This, in 1994, but he did not gain significant musical success until 2004 when he was featured in Twista's song "Slow Jamz". Also in 2004, Foxx played critically acclaimed roles in the films Collateral and Ray. He released his second album, Unpredictable, in 2005, which was helped by his collaboration on Kanye West's number-one single "Gold Digger". His third album Intuition was released in 2008 and was anchored by the single "Blame It". Foxx released his fourth studio album, Best Night of My Life, in 2010.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
Foxx was born as Eric Marlon Bishop on December 13, 1967, in Terrell, Texas.[2] He is the son of Louise Annette Talley Dixon and Shaheed Abdulah. Foxx was abandoned seven months after birth, and was subsequently adopted and raised in Terrell by his mother's adoptive parents. Terrell was a racially segregated community at the time.[3] Foxx had a strict Baptist upbringing[4][5] and began piano lessons at the age of five by his grandmother's orders. As a teenager, he was a part-time pianist and choir leader in Terrell's New Hope Baptist Church.[3]
Foxx attended Terrell High School, where he received top grades, played basketball and football as quarterback, and had an ambition to play for the Dallas Cowboys. He was the first player in the school's history to pass for more than 1,000 yards.[3][6] He also sang in a band called Leather and Lace.[3] After completing high school, Foxx received a scholarship to United States International University, where he studied classical music and composition.[3][7] He has often acknowledged his grandmother's influence in his life as one of the greatest reasons for his success.[4][8]
[edit] 1989-94: Stand-up career, acting debut, Peep This and legal issue
After accepting a girlfriend's dare, Foxx told jokes and at a comedy club's open mic night in 1989. When he found that comediennes were often called first to perform, he changed his name to Jamie Foxx, feeling that it was an ambiguous enough name to disallow any biases.[1][3] He chose his surname as a tribute to comedian Redd Foxx.[1] In addition his recurrent In Living Color character LaWanda shared names with Redd's friend and co-worker, LaWanda Page.
Foxx joined the cast of In Living Color in 1991 and subsequently played a recurring role in the comedy-drama sitcom Roc.[9] From 1996 to 2001, Foxx starred in his own sitcom The Jamie Foxx Show, and made his film debut in the 1992 comedy Toys. His first dramatic role came in Oliver Stone's 1999 film Any Given Sunday, where he portrayed a hard-partying American football player.[4] He was cast in the role in part because of his background as a football player.[4] Following Any Given Sunday, Foxx was featured as taxi driver Max Durocher in the film Collateral alongside Tom Cruise, for which he received outstanding reviews and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[4] In 1994, Foxx released an album (on the Fox record label) entitled Peep This.
In April 2003, Foxx was involved in an incident with two police officers who were attempting to escort him and his sister out of Harrah's casino in New Orleans. Employees claimed they had failed to show identification upon entry. Originally charged with trespassing, disturbing the peace, battery on police officers and resisting arrest, Foxx pleaded no contest to disturbing the peace in exchange for the other charges being dropped, and was sentenced to a six month suspended jail term with two years probation and a $1,500 fine.[10][11]
In 2003, Foxx made a cameo in Benzino's music video for "Would You", which features LisaRaye McCoy and Mario Winans.
[edit] 2004-06: Ray, Collateral, and Unpredictable
His music career shifted into a higher gear when, in 2004, he was featured on rapper Twista's song, "Slow Jamz", which also featured Kanye West. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, as well as #3 on the UK Singles chart. Foxx's second collaboration with Kanye West, "Gold Digger," in which he sang the "I Got a Woman" Ray Charles-influenced hook, went straight to #1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and remained there for 10 weeks. In 2005, Foxx was featured on the single "Georgia" by Atlanta rappers Ludacris and Field Mob. The song sampled Ray Charles' hit "Georgia on My Mind." He also had a beginning verse on Kanye's "Gold Digger."
His standout performance, however, was his portrayal of Ray Charles in the biopic Ray (2004), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor[4] and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Foxx is the second male in history to receive two acting Oscar nominations in the same year for two different movies, Collateral and Ray. The only other male actor to achieve this was Al Pacino. In 2005, Foxx was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.[12]
Foxx released his second studio album, Unpredictable, in December 2005. It debuted at #2, selling 598,000 copies in its first week.[13] The following week, the album rose to #1, selling an additional 200,000 copies.[14] To date, the album has sold 1.98 million copies in the United States, and was certified double Platinum by the RIAA.[15][16] The album also charted on the UK Albums Chart, where it peaked at #9.[17] Foxx became the fourth artist to have won an Academy Award® for an acting role and to have achieved a #1 album in the U.S. (The other three to accomplish this feat were Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, and Barbra Streisand.) Foxx's first single from the album, the title track "Unpredictable" (featuring Ludacris), samples "Wildflower" by New Birth. The song peaked in the Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 singles and also made the UK Top 20 singles chart. The second U.S. single from the album was "DJ Play a Love Song," which reunited Foxx with Twista. In the UK, however, the second single was "Extravaganza," which saw Foxx once again collaborate with Kanye West. He was not, however, featured in the song's music video.
At the 2006 Black Entertainment Television (BET) Awards, Foxx won Best Duet/Collaboration with Kanye West for "Gold Digger" and tied with Mary J. Blige's "Be Without You" for Video of the Year. On December 8, 2006, Foxx received four Grammy Award® nominations, which included Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for Love Changes featuring Mary J. Blige, Best R&B Album for Unpredictable, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for Georgia by Ludacris & Field Mob featuring Jamie Foxx, and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for Unpredictable featuring Ludacris.
[edit] 2006-2009: Dreamgirls, The Soloist, Intuition and Miley Cyrus incident
Following these successes, Foxx appeared in Jarhead, Miami Vice, and Dreamgirls, which were box-office hits, and lifted his profile even higher as a bankable star in Hollywood. 2007 brought him the lead role in the film The Kingdom opposite Chris Cooper, Jason Bateman, Jennifer Garner and Ashraf Barhom. In September 2007, Foxx was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He said, upon receiving the honor, "[it was] one of the most amazing days of my life."[18]
On January 22, 2007, Foxx was on Sirius Satellite Radio, announcing his new channel The Foxxhole. The channel features talk-radio programs, stand-up comedy albums, and music primarily by African-American performers, and features much of Foxx's own material as well. The Jamie Foxx Show, Foxx's own talk-radio variety program, airs Friday evenings on The Foxxhole, and features Johnny Mack, Speedy, The Poetess, Lewis Dix, and T.D.P., as his co-hosts. Guests include popular musicians, actors, and fellow comedians. He recorded a song with country superstars Rascal Flatts entitled "She Goes All the Way" for their album, Still Feels Good. Foxx also performed background vocals for artist/songwriter Tank. He and The-Dream are featured on Plies' "Please Excuse My Hands." He also appeared on the remix of Ne-Yo's "Miss Independent" entitled "She Got Her Own." The track also features Fabolous. Foxx then collaborated with rapper The Game on the track "Around The World." In April 2009, Foxx played the lead role in the dramatic film The Soloist. A few months later in October 2009, He played a starring role along side Gerard Butler in the thriller Law Abiding Citizen. In April 2011, Foxx voiced Nico, a canary in the movie Rio.
Foxx released his third album titled Intuition in 2008, featuring such artists as Kanye West, T.I., Ne-Yo, and T-Pain. The album's first single, "Just Like Me" featuring T.I., was promoted by a video directed by Brett Ratner and featuring an appearance by Taraji P. Henson. The second single "Blame It" featured T-Pain and became a top 5 single on the Billboard Hot 100 and a number-one single on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The "Blame It" music video, directed by Hype Williams, features cameo appearances by Forest Whitaker, Samuel L. Jackson, Ron Howard, Quincy Jones, and Jake Gyllenhaal, among others. Foxx was also featured on T.I.'s single "Live in the Sky" from the album King. On April 6, 2009 Foxx performed the George Strait song "You Look So Good in Love" at the George Strait Artist of the Decade All-Star Concert. Foxx has been a fan of country music for many years. Jamie Foxx hosted the 2009 BET Awards ceremony on June 28, 2009, which featured several tributes to pop star Michael Jackson, who had died three days prior to the show. Aside from performing "Blame It" with T-Pain and "She Got Her Own" with Ne-Yo and Fabolous, Foxx opened the show with a rendition of Jackson's "Beat It" dance routine and closed the show with a cover of The Jackson 5's "I'll Be There" with Ne-Yo. Foxx stated during the ceremony, "We want to celebrate this black man. He belongs to us and we shared him with everybody else."
On the April 17, 2009 episode of The Jamie Foxx Show on Foxxhole Radio, Foxx and his co-hosts made several sexually suggestive and disparaging jokes regarding teenaged singer Miley Cyrus, in response to a caller's comment on a recent altercation between Cyrus and rock band Radiohead.[19] Foxx issued a public apology on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno several days later in response to growing public outcry as well as televised criticism by Cyrus's father, country singer Billy Ray Cyrus.[20]
[edit] 2010-present: Django Unchained and Best Night of My Life
In 2011, Foxx was officially cast in the title role of, Django Unchained. It will be written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, and he will star alongside his Ray co-star Kerry Washington, Christoph Waltz, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Samuel L. Jackson. As a producer, Foxx played a role in In the Flow with Affion Crockett on Fox in summer 2011.[21]
Foxx released his fourth album, Best Night of My Life, on December 21, 2010.[22] The first single is "Winner", featuring Justin Timberlake and T.I..[23] The second single is "Living Better Now" featuring rapper Rick Ross and the third single is "Fall For Your Type" featuring rapper Drake.[22] On October 7, RCA Music Group announced it was disbanding J Records along with Arista Records and Jive Records. With the shutdown, Foxx (and all other artists previously signed to these three labels) will release his future material on the RCA Records brand.[24][25] In 2011, Jamie Foxx was featured in the rapper Pitbull's album 'Planet Pitt' in the song "Where Do We go".
Personal life[link]
![[icon]](http://web.archive.org./web/20120830232207/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} |
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Foxx has a daughter, Corinne Bishop, who was born in 1994.[3] Former Jamie Foxx Show co-star Garcelle Beauvais made a public announcement stating that Foxx has a second child.[26] Foxx was spotted with the baby in Miami for New Year's Eve 2010, and it was revealed to be a girl.[27]
Foxx performed a public service announcement for Do Something to promote food drives in local communities.[28]
Jamie Foxx began playing the piano when he was five years old.
Discography[link]
Main article: Jamie Foxx discography
- Peep This (1994)
- Unpredictable (2005)
- Intuition (2008)
- Best Night of My Life (2010)
Hosted Mixtapes
Tours[link]
- The Unpredictable Tour (2006)
- The Blame It Tour (2009)
Filmography[link]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Toys | Baker | |
| 1996 | The Truth About Cats & Dogs | Ed | |
| The Great White Hype | Hassan El Ruk'n | ||
| 1997 | Booty Call | Bunz | |
| 1998 | The Players Club | Blue | |
| 1999 | Held Up | Michael | |
| Any Given Sunday | Willie Beamen | Nominated — BET Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Male Performance |
|
| 2000 | Bait | Alvin Sanders | |
| 2001 | Date from Heaven | ||
| Ali | Drew Bundini Brown | BET Award for Best Supporting Actor NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture |
|
| 2003 | Shade | Larry Jennings | |
| 2004 | Breakin' All the Rules | Quincy Watson | Nominated — BET Award for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy |
| Collateral | Max | BET Award for Best Supporting Actor Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated — Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated — BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor Nominated — Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role |
|
| Ray | Ray Charles | Academy Award for Best Actor BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role BET Award for Best Actor Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture National Board of Review Award for Best Actor National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Seattle Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Best Male Performance Nominated — Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
|
| Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story | Tookie | BET Award for Best Actor – Network/Cable Television NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Nominated — Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Nominated — Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Male Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie |
|
| 2005 | Stealth | Lt. Henry Purcell | |
| Jarhead | Staff Sgt. Sykes | Nominated — Black Movie Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor | |
| 2006 | Miami Vice | Ricardo Tubbs | |
| Dreamgirls | Curtis Taylor, Jr. | Nominated — BET Award for Best Actor Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated — Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture |
|
| 2007 | The Kingdom | Ronald Fleury | |
| 2009 | The Soloist | Nathaniel Ayers | Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Actor |
| Law Abiding Citizen | Nick Rice | Nominated — BET Award for Best Actor Nominated — Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture |
|
| 2010 | Valentine's Day | Kelvin Moore | |
| Due Date | Darryl | ||
| I'm Still Here | Himself | ||
| 2011 | Rio | Nico | Voice |
| Horrible Bosses | Dean "Motherfucker" Jones | ||
| (2012) | Django Unchained | Django | Filming |
| Kane & Lynch | James Seth Lynch | Filming |
Awards and nominations[link]
Television Awards
- Image Awards
- 1998, Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series: The Jamie Foxx Show
- 1999, Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series: The Jamie Foxx Show (nominated)
- 2000, Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series: The Jamie Foxx Show (nominated)
- 2001, Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series: The Jamie Foxx Show (nominated)
Music awards
- American Music Awards
- 2009, Favorite R&B/Soul Male Artist (nominated)
- 2006, Favorite R&B/Soul Male Artist (winner)
- 2006, Favorite R&B/Soul Album: Unpredictable (nominated)
- BET Awards
- 2006, Best Male R&B Artist (nominated)
- 2006, Best Collaboration ("Unpredictable") with Ludacris (nominated)
- 2009, Best Collaboration ("Blame It") with T-Pain (Winner)
- 2009, Video of the Year: ("Blame It") (nominated)
- 2009, Best Male R&B Artist (nominated)
- Grammy Awards
- 2010, Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group ("Blame It") with T-Pain (winner)
- 2010, Best Contemporary R&B Album (Intuition) (nominated)
- 2010, Best R&B Song ("Blame It") (nominated)
- 2007, Best Rap/Sung Collaboration ("Unpredictable") with Ludacris (nominated)
- 2007, Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group ("Georgia") with Ludacris & Field Mob (nominated)
- 2007, Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group ("Love Changes") with Mary J. Blige (nominated)
- 2007, Best R&B Album (Unpredictable) (nominated)
- 2006, Best Rap/Sung Collaboration ("Slow Jamz") with Twista & Kanye West (nominated)
- 2006, Best Male R&B Vocal Performance ("Creepin") (nominated)
- Image Awards
- 2009, Outstanding Male Artist (winner)
- 2006, Outstanding Male Artist (winner)
- MOBO Awards
- 2006, Best R&B Act (nominated)
- MTV Video Music Awards
- 2006, Best Hip-Hop Video: "Gold Digger" with Kanye West (nominated)
- 2006, Best Ringtone: "Gold Digger" with Kanye West (nominated)
- 2006, Best R&B Video: "Unpredictable" featuring Ludacris (nominated)
- 2004, MTV2 Award: "Slow Jamz" with Twista & Kanye West (nominated)
- Soul Train Awards
- 2009, Record of the Year: "Blame It" (winner)
- 2009, Album of the Year: Intuition (nominated)
- 2007, Best R&B/Soul Album, Male: Unpredictable (winner)
- 2006, Best Music Video: "Gold Digger" with Kanye West (winner)
- 2006, Best R&B/Soul Dance Cut: "Gold Digger" with Kanye West (nominated)
- Vibe Awards
- 2005, Best Collabo: "Gold Digger" with Kanye West (nominated)
- 2004, Best Collabo: "Slow Jamz" with Twista & Kanye West (nominated)
Movie/TV Awards
- Academy Awards
- 2004, Nominated Best Supporting Actor – Collateral
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- BAFTA Awards
- 2005, Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role – Collateral
- BET Awards
- 2006, Nominated Best Actor
- 2005, Won Best Actor
- Black Movie Awards
- 2006, Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role – Jarhead
- Black Reel Awards
- 2007, Nominated – Best Actor – Dreamgirls
- 2005, Won Best Actor, Drama – Ray
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- 2004, Won Best Supporting Actor – Collateral
- 2004, Nominated – Best Actor, Musical or Comedy – Breakin' All the Rules
- 2002, Won Theatrical – Best Supporting Actor – Ali
- 2000, Nominated – Best Supporting Actor – Any Given Sunday
- Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
- 2000, Nominated – Favorite Supporting Actor – Drama – Any Given Sunday
- Boston Society of Film Critics Awards
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
- 2005, Won Critics Choice Award Best Actor – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Critics Choice Award Best Supporting Actor – Collateral
- Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
- 2004, Won FFCC Award Best Actor – Ray
- Golden Globes
- 2005, Won Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- 2004, Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture – Collateral
- Hollywood Film Festival
- 2004, Won Hollywood Breakthrough Award Breakthrough Actor
- Image Awards
- 2007, Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture – Dreamgirls
- 2005, Won Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture – Ray
- 2004, Won Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- 2004, Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Collateral
- 2002, Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – Ali
- 2001, Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- 2000, Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- 1999, Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- 1998, Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- Independent Spirit Awards
- 2005, Nominated Best Male Lead – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards
- 2005, Won Best Actor – Ray (2004/I)
- Kids' Choice Awards
- 2001, Nominated Favorite Television Actor – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- 2000, Nominated Favorite Television Actor – "The Jamie Foxx Show"
- Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
- 2005, Won Sierra Award Best Actor – Ray
- London Critics Circle Film Awards
- 2005, Won ALFS Award Actor of the Year – Ray
- MTV Movie Awards
- 2005, Nominated Best Male Performance – Ray
- 2000, Nominated Breakthrough Male Performance – Any Given Sunday
- MovieGuide Awards
- 2005, Won Grace Award Most Inspiring Television Acting – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- National Board of Review
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- National Society of Film Critics Awards
- 2005, Won Best Actor – Ray
- Online Film Critics Society Awards
- 2005, Nominated Best Actor – Ray
- 2004, Won Best Supporting Actor – Collateral
- People's Choice Awards
- 2008, Nominated Favorite Leading Man
- 2006, Nominated Favorite Leading Man
- Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
- 2004, Won Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role – Ray
- Prism Awards
- 2005, Won Performance in a Feature Film – Ray
- Satellite Awards
- 2005, Won Golden Satellite Award Best Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- 2004, Won Best Actor in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Golden Satellite Award Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Drama – Collateral
- Screen Actors Guild Awards
- 2007, Nominated Actor Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture – Dreamgirls
- 2005, Won Actor Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Actor Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture – Ray
- 2004, Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role – Collateral
- 2004, Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries – Redemption: The Stan Tookie Williams Story (TV)
- Seattle Film Critics Awards
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- TV Land Awards
- 2007, Nominated Little Screen/Big Screen Star
- 2006, Nominated Little Screen/Big Screen Star
- Teen Choice Awards
- 2007, Nominated Choice Movie: Liplock – Dreamgirls
- 2005, Nominated Choice Movie Actor: Drama – Ray
- Vancouver Film Critics Circle
- 2005, Won Best Actor – Ray
- Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards
- 2004, Won Best Actor – Ray
- 2004, Won Best Supporting Actor – Collateral
- Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Award
- 2005, co-recipient, Crystal Award[29]
See also[link]
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Jamie Foxx: King of the castle". The Independent (London: Independent News & Media). 2007-10-02. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/jamie-foxx-king-of-the-castle-394166.html. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ Kellman, Andy. "Jamie Foxx – Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p44725. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rader, Dotson (2005-11-20). "Jamie Foxx". The Times (London: News Corporation): pp. 1–3. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article591526.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ a b c d e f Inside the Actors Studio. Jamie Foxx, Season 11, Episode 1104. November 28, 2004.
- ^ "Marking the First Anniversary of TV One, Triple Golden Globe Nominee Jamie Foxx is Catherine Hughes' Special Guest oN "TV One on One" January 17". 2005-01-11. http://www.exodusnews.com/entertainment/Entertain109.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ Cohen, Sandy (2007-09-30). "Youth spent in church tickled Foxx's funny bone". FindArticles (CBS Corporation): pp. 1, 2. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20070930/ai_n21023973. Retrieved 2009-02-24.
- ^ Morris, Janice (2004-08-05). "5 Reasons You Gotta Know ... Jamie Foxx". People. Time. http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,675861,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-04.
- ^ Jones, Steve (2005-12-20). "Jamie Foxx: New king of all media?". USA Today (Gannett Company). http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-12-20-foxx_x.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Jamie Foxx Biography". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/person/21681/personmain.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "CNN.com – Police: Actor Jamie Foxx in casino brawl – Apr. 26, 2003!". 2003-04-26. http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/TV/04/26/foxx/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ "Casino Fight Gets Jamie Foxx Probation – Jamie Foxx : People.com". http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,627613,00.html.
- ^ "Academy Invites 112 to Membership.". Oscars.org. June 24, 2005. http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2005/05.06.24.html.
- ^ Hasty, Katie (2005-12-28). "Blige's 'Breakthrough' Bows At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001771325. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
- ^ Hasty, Katie (2006-01-04). "Foxx Overtakes Blige On Album Chart". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1001804431. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
- ^ Cohen, Jonathan (2008-11-06). "Jamie Foxx Taps Into 'Intuition'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003888071. Retrieved 2009-02-23. [dead link]
- ^ "RIAA – Gold & Platinum". RIAA. http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=jamie%20foxx&format=ALBUM&startYear=1958&endYear=2009&sort=Artist&perPage=25. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Jamie Foxx – Unpredictable – Music Charts". αCharts. http://acharts.us/album/14257. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
- ^ "Jamie Foxx gets Walk of Fame star." BBC News. September 15, 2007.
- ^ "Jamie Foxx Slams Miley Cyrus: "Make a Sex Tape...Do Some Heroin"". E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b118545_jamie_foxx_slams_miley_cyrus_make_sex.html. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- ^ "Jamie Foxx Apologizes to Miley Tonight". E! Online. http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b118751_jamie_foxx_apologizes_miley_tonight.html. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
- ^ Thielman, Sam (April 26, 2011). "Fox unveils Jamie Foxx laffer details". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035888?refCatId=14.
- ^ a b http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/18/jamie-foxx-renames-album-sets-release-date/
- ^ "Winner". Songfacts.com. http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=19255. Retrieved 2010-04-19.
- ^ http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/record-labels/rca-s-new-executive-team-named-under-ceo-1005324782.story
- ^ http://www.fmqb.com/article.asp?id=2268707
- ^ "Jamie Foxx Actress Reveals Secret Baby". bvnewswire.com. http://www.bvnewswire.com/2009/08/12/jamie-foxx-actress-reveals-secret-baby/. "We saw each other Easter Sunday at a friend's house and he came with his lovely daughter and he told me that he had a new baby," the actress dished to Wendy Williams during a live telecast of her eponymous daily show. "I said, 'Wow, Jamie do I know the baby mamma?' and he Jamie Foxx Showgoes, ' No.' Then I go (jokingly,) 'Do you know the baby mama?'."
- ^ http://theybf.com/2010/12/29/first-pics-of-jamie-foxxs-new-baby-girl
- ^ "Jamie Foxx Promotes Feed the Need". Do Something. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MM3AFpo0vQ&feature=channel_page.html. Retrieved 2008-11-17.
- ^ Keck, William (2005-06-12). "No raised eyebrows at Lucy Awards". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-06-12-lucy-awards_x.htm.
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jamie Foxx |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Foxx, Jamie |
| Alternative names | Bishop, Eric Marlon |
| Short description | Actor, singer, comedian |
| Date of birth | December 13, 1967 |
| Place of birth | Terrell, Texas |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Jamie_Foxx
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http://ru.wn.com/Джейми Фокс
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Foxx
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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