A hallmark is an official mark or series of marks struck on items made of precious metals — platinum, gold, silver and in some nations, palladium. In a more general sense, the term ''hallmark'' can also be used to refer to any distinguishing characteristic or trait.

General overview

Historically, hallmarks were applied by a trusted party: the 'guardians of the craft' or nowadays by an assay office. Hallmarks are a guarantee of certain purity or fineness of the metal as determined by formal metal (assay) testing.

Quick gold hallmark guide

.999 = 24 karat = 99.9%

.916 = 22 karat = 91.6%

.750 = 18 karat = 75%

.585 = 14 karat = 58.5%

.417 = 10 karat = 41.7%

.375 = 9 karat = 37.5%

.333 = 8 karat = 33.3%

24 karat gold is as close as you can get to pure gold; due to chemical impurities, there is no such thing as "100% pure gold".

Distinguishment

Hallmarks are often confused with "trademarks" or "maker's mark". Hallmarks are not the mark of a manufacturer to distinguish his products from other manufacturers’ products, which is the function of trademarks or makers' marks. To be a true hallmark, it must be the guarantee of an independent body or authority that the contents are as marked. Thus, a stamp of '925' by itself is not, strictly speaking, a hallmark, but is rather an unattested fineness mark.

Prerequisites to hallmarking

Notwithstanding the hallmarking systems themselves, many nations require, as a prerequisite to official hallmarking, that the maker or sponsor itself mark upon the item a responsibility mark and a claim of fineness. Responsibility marks are also required in the U.S. if metal fineness is claimed despite the fact that there is no official hallmarking scheme in that country. Nevertheless, in nations with an official hallmarking scheme, the hallmark is only applied after the item has been assayed to determine that its purity conforms not only to the standards set down by the law but also with the maker’s claims as to metallurgical content.

Systems

In some nations, such as the UK, the hallmark is made up of several elements including: a mark denoting the type of metal, the maker/sponsor's mark and the year of the marking. In England, the year of making commences on May 19, the Feast Day of Saint Dunstan, patron saint of gold- and silversmiths. In other nations, such as Poland, the hallmark is a single mark indicating metal and fineness, augmented by a responsibility mark (known as a sponsor's mark in the UK). Among a group of nations which are signatories to an international convention known as the Vienna Convention, additional, optional, yet official marks may also be struck by the assay office. These have the effect of easing import obligations among and between the member states. Signatory countries have a single representative hallmark which would be struck next to the Convention mark which represents the metal and fineness.

History of hallmarking

Ancient Byzantine hallmarks

The control or inspection of precious metals was an ancient concept of examination and marking, by means of inspection stamps (punch marks). The use of hallmarks, at first, on silver has a long history dating back to the 4th century AD and represents the oldest known form of consumer protection. A series or system of five marks has been found on Byzantine silver dating from this period though their interpretation is still not completely resolved.

Hallmarking in the Late Middle Ages

However, from the Late Middle Ages, hallmarking was administered by local governments through authorized assayers. These assayers examined precious metal goods, under the auspices of the state, before the good could be offered for public sale. By the age of the Craft Guilds, the authorized examiner’s mark was the “master’s mark” which consisted frequently of his initials and/or the coat of arms of the goldsmith or silversmith. At one time, there was no distinction among silversmiths and goldsmiths who were all referred to as "orfèvres", the French word for goldsmith. The Master Craftsman was responsible for the quality of the work that left his ''atelier'' or workshop, regardless of who made the item. Hence the responsibility mark is still known today in French as ''le poinçon de maître'' literally "the maker's punch." In this period, fineness was more or less standardized in the major European nations (writ: France and England) at 20 karats for gold and 12 to 13 lots (75% to 81%) for silver, but the standards could only be partly enforced owing to the lack of precise analytical tools and techniques.

France

Hallmarking is Europe's earliest form of consumer protection. Modern hallmarking in Europe appears first in France, with the Goldsmiths Statute of 1260 promulgated under Etienne Boileau, Provost of Paris, for King Louis IX. A standard for silver was thus, established. In 1275, King Philip III prescribed by royal decree, the mark for use on silver works, along with specific punches for each community's smiths. In 1313, his successor, Philippe IV "the Fair" expanded the use of hallmarks to gold works.

England

In 1300 King Edward I of England enacted a statute requiring that all silver articles must meet the sterling silver standard (92.5% pure silver) and must be assayed in this regard by 'guardians of the craft' who would then mark the item with a leopard's head. In 1327 King Edward III of England granted a charter to the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths (more commonly known as the Goldsmiths' Company), marking the beginning of the Company's formal existence. This entity was headquartered in London at Goldsmiths' Hall from whence the English term "hallmark" is derived. (In the UK the use of the term "hallmark" was first recorded in this sense in 1721 and in the more general sense as a "mark of quality" in 1864.)

Switzerland

In 1424, the French Archbishop Jean de Brogny, after having consulted with a council of eight Masters Goldsmiths from Geneva, enacted a regulation on the purity and hallmarking of silver objects following the French standards for application in Geneva. Although gold was certainly used for articles, the regulation was silent on gold standards and its hallmarking. (Today in Switzerland, only precious metal watch cases must be hallmarked. Perhaps this attests to the significance of watches to the Swiss economy. The hallmarking of other items including silverware and jewelry is optional.)

Augmentations in France and England

In 1355, individual maker marks were introduced in France, which concept was later mirrored in England in 1363, adding accountability to the two systems.

In 1427, the date letter system was established in France, allowing the accurate dating of any hallmarked piece.

In 1478, the Assay Office was established in Goldsmiths' Hall. At this time, the date letter system was introduced in England.

In 1697, a higher standard of silver, known as the Britannia standard (95.8% silver) was made compulsory in Great Britain to protect the new coinage which was being melted down by silversmiths for the silver. The Sterling standard was restored in 1720.

Modern hallmarks

In the modern world, in an attempt at standardizing the legislation on the inspection of precious metals and to facilitate international trade, in 1973 a core group of European nations signed the ''Vienna Convention on the Control of the Fineness and the Hallmarking of Precious Metal Objects''. Those articles, which are assayed and found to be in conformity by the qualifying office of a signatory country, receive a mark, known as the Common Control Mark (CCM), attesting to the material's fineness. The multi-tiered motif of the CCM is the balance scales, superimposed, for gold, on two intersecting circles; for platinum, a diamond shape and for silver a mark in the shape of the Latin letter "M".

This mark is recognized in all the other contracting states, including: Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine (see links below). Other nations monitor the activities of the Convention and may apply for membership.

Complete international hallmarking has been plagued by difficulties, because even amongst countries which have implemented hallmarking, standards and enforcement vary considerably, making it difficult for one country to accept another's hallmarking as equivalent to its own. Many nations monitor the Vienna system and procedures are in place to allow additional nations to join the Vienna Convention. Similarly, with the consent all the current member states, the terms of the convention may be amended.

The most significant item currently up for debate is the recognition of palladium as a precious metal. Some member nations recognize palladium as a precious metal while others do not. (See list of nations below).

Polish - Poland

Hallmarks for gold, palladium,platinum and silver from Poland. Official Polish hallmarks between 1963–1986

French - France

Official French Hallmarks used between 1798 and 1972 for gold and silver. Not official French mark head of horse for jewellery and watches from 18k gold

UK

The Hallmarking Act 1973 made Britain a member of the Vienna Convention as well as introducing marking for platinum, a recognised metal under the Convention. All four remaining assay offices finally adopted the same date letter sequences. The latest changes in 1999 were made to the UK hallmarking system to bring the system closer into line with the European Union (EU). Note: that under this latest enactment, the date letter is no longer a compulsory part of the hallmark.

As it now stands, the compulsory part of the UK hallmark consists of the sponsor or maker's mark, the assay office mark, and the standard of fineness (in this case silver, 925 parts in 1000). These are shown in the top of the two example hallmarks. The bottom example shows the extra marks that can also be struck, the lion passant, indicating Sterling silver, the date mark (lowercase a for '2000'), and in this example, the 'Millennium mark', which was only available for the years 1999 and 2000. The bottom example bears the Yorkshire rose mark for the Sheffield Assay Office.

The Hallmarking Act was amended in July 2009 to include palladium from January 2010

Switzerland

Although hallmarking in the Swiss territories dates back to Geneva in the 15th century there was no uniform system of hallmarking in Switzerland until 1881. Before that time, hallmarking was undertaken at the local level by the Swiss cantons. With the introduction of the Swiss system of hallmarking in 1881, there was uniformity throughout the nation. Distinctive symbol: Biel / Bienne B Basel * Chiasso T Geneva G La Chaux-de-Fonds C Le Noirmont J Zurich Z These symbols will appear in place of the "X" on the ear of the St. Bernard dog. Under the current law, on all gold, silver, platinum or palladium watches cases made in Switzerland or imported into Switzerland, (Fr.) there shall be affixed, near the Maker's Responsibility Mark and his indication of purity, the official Hallmark, the head of a Saint-Bernard dog (illustrated below). Only precious metal watch cases must be hallmarked. Swiss hallmarking for other articles such as jewelry and cutlery is optional.

In addition to the Swiss hallmark, all precious metal goods may be stamped with the Common Control Mark of the Vienna Convention.

Netherlands

The Dutch, who are members of the International hallmarking Convention, have been striking hallmarks since at least 1814. Like many other nations, the Dutch require the registration and use of Responsibility Marks, however, perhaps somewhat unique, the Dutch publish a book entitled "Netherlands' Responsibility Marks since 1797" (in three volumes and in the English language) illustrating all the responsibility marks registered there since that time. This is significant since producers that exported precious metal good to the Netherlands would have been required to register their marks.

The Dutch government markets their assay services/office as the "Jewellery Gateway in and to Europe." The Netherlands' hallmarks are also recognized in other E.U. countries and thus can be sold in Austria, France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom without further testing. The Netherlands' hallmarks are also recognized in Belgium, Denmark, Finland and Sweden, which have voluntary hallmarking systems.

One of the 2 Dutch assay offices is located in Gouda between the Amsterdam and Rotterdam Airports. The other one is located in Joure, called Edelmetaal Waarborg Nederland b.v.The Dutch recognize platinum, gold, silver and palladium as precious metals.

Marking techniques

Punching

Traditionally, the hallmarks are 'struck' using steel punches. Punches are made in different sizes, suitable for tiny pieces of jewelry to large silver platters. Punches are made in straight shank or ring shank, the former for normal punching with a hammer, and the latter used with a press to mark rings. The problem with traditional punching is that the process of punching displaces metal, causing some distortion of the article being marked. This means that re-finishing of the article is required after hallmarking. For this reason, and that off-cuts from sprues are often used for assay, many articles are sent unfinished to the assay office for assay and hallmarking.

Laser marking

A new method of marking using lasers is now available, which is especially valuable for delicate items and hollowware, which would be damaged or distorted by the punching process. Laser marking also means that finished articles do not need to be re-finished. Laser marking works by using high power lasers to evaporate material from the metal surface. Two methods exist, 2D and 3D laser marking. 2D laser marking burns the outline of the hallmarks into the object, while 3D laser marking better simulates the marks made by punching.

Methods of assay

Precious metal items of art or jewelry are frequently hallmarked (depending upon the requirements of the laws of either the place of manufacture or the place of import). Where required to be hallmarked, semi-finished precious metal items of art or jewelry pass through the official testing channels where they are analyzed or assayed for precious metal content. While different nations permit a variety of legally acceptable finenesses, the assayer is actually testing to determine that the fineness of the product conforms with the statement or claim of fineness that the maker has claimed (usually by stamping a number such as 750 for 18k gold) on the item. In the past the assay was conducted by using the touchstone method but currently (most often) it is done using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF). XRF is used because this method is more exacting than the touchstone test. The most exact method of assay is known as fire assay or cupellation. This method is better suited for the assay of bullion and gold stocks rather than works or art or jewelry because it is a completely destructive method.

Touchstone

The age-old touchstone method is particularly suited to the testing of very valuable pieces, for which sampling by destructive means, such as scraping, cutting or drilling is unacceptable. A rubbing of the item is made on a special stone, treated with acids and the resulting color compared to references. Differences in precious metal content as small as 10 to 20 parts per thousand can often be established with confidence by the test. It is not indicated for use with white gold, for example, since the color variation among white gold alloys is almost imperceptible.

X-ray fluorescence

The modern X-ray fluorescence is also a non-destructive technique that is suitable for normal assaying requirements. It typically has an accuracy of 2-5 parts per thousand and is well-suited to the relatively flat and large surfaces. It is a quick technique taking about three minutes, and the results can be automatically printed out by the computer. It also measures the content of the other alloying metals present. It is not indicated, however, for articles with chemical surface treatment or electroplating.

Fire assay

The most elaborate, but totally destructive, assay method is the fire assay, or cupellation. As applied to gold bearing metallics, as in hallmark assaying, it is also known as cupellation and can have an accuracy of 1 part in 10,000. In this process the article is melted, the alloys separated and constituents weighed. Since this method is totally destructive, when this method is employed for the assay of jewelry, it is done under the guise of random or selective sampling. For example if a single manufacturer deposits a lot of rings or watch cases, while most are assayed using the non-destructive methods a few pieces from the lot are randomly selected for fire assay.

Other methods

There are methods of assay noted above which are more properly suited for finished goods while other methods are suitable for use on raw materials before artistic workmanship has begun. Raw precious metals (bullion or metal stock) are assayed by the following methods: silver is assayed by titration, gold is assayed by cupellation and platinum is assayed by ICP OES spectrometry.

See also

Silver hallmarks

Assay office

References

Footnotes

External links

Online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks, Hallmarks & Maker's Marks

Gold hallmark identification wizard

List of basic hallmarks from various countries

Hallmarks on the internet

More complete list of UK hallmarks past and present

Hallmark Convention

Category:Jewellery making Category:Precious metals Category:Silver Category:Gold Category:Platinum Category:Palladium

de:Repunze es:Contraste (joyería) fr:Poinçon (métal précieux) hi:हालमार्क lv:Raudze lt:Prabos ženklas nl:Merk (munt) pl:Probiernictwo ru:Проба благородных металлов sv:Kontrollstämpel

name	Allisyn Ashley Arm
birth date	April 25, 1996
birth place	Glendale, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, Comedienne
years active	1998–present
website	AllisynAshleyArm.com }}

Allisyn Ashley Arm (born April 25, 1996) is an American teen actress and sketch comedienne. Arm is most known for her main role as Zora Lancaster on ''Sonny with a Chance'' and in Disney Channel's sketch comedy series ''So Random!''

Early life

Allisyn Ashley Arm was born on April 25, 1996 in Glendale, California. After seeing a number of plays in the Los Angeles area, her parents saw her act when she was half a year old and decided to put her into an acting school in Arizona.

Career

The first acting job Arm booked was for a Bounty commercial that never aired. Despite the fact that her first attempt at commercial acting was done in vain, Allisyn eventually starred in many televised advertisements that did air; and in May 2002, she was cast in her very first television appearance on the medical drama series: ''Strong Medicine''. She would go on to make appearances in episodes of ''Friends'', ''10-8'', ''Miracles'', and ''Judging Amy''. Arm also had roles on films such as ''Man of the House'' and ''King of California'' with ''Twilight''’s Ashley Greene. In 2009, Allisyn starred as Zora in the Disney Channel's original comedic teen sitcom, created by Steve Marmel; ''Sonny with a Chance'', continuing the role when the show was revamped into the sketch comedy series ''So Random!'', beginning in 2011. She also appeared in Amber Lily's new music video "Overloadin'" with her ''So Random!'' co star Audrey Whitby in 2011.

Influences

In an interview with People; Allisyn Ashley Arm said, "I watch a lot of SNL skits online. I love Chris Farley and Jim Carrey. I always think, 'What would Jim Carrey do in this scene?' He's a lot of my inspiration for my character (Zora)."

Personal Life

Allisyn Ashley Arm is a vegan.

Filmography

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1998	''''	Montressor's Daughter
2001	''Strong Medicine''	Wendy Withers	Episode: "Outcomes"
2003		Amelia Wye	Episode: "Little Miss Lost"
2003	''Friends''	Leslie Buffay	Episode: "The One Where Ross Is Fine"
2003	''Judging Amy''	Molly Maddox	Episode: "Ex Parte of Five"
2003	''10-8: Officers on Duty''	Little Wailing Girl	Episode: "Late for School"
2004		Collin's Daughter
2005		Charlotte Tulaire
2005		Ella	Episode: "Still Holding"
2005	''Inconceivable''	Lexie	Episode: "To Surrogate, with Love"
2006	''Dive Olly Dive!''	Beth	6 episodes
2006	''Vanished''	Violet	Episode: "Warm Springs"
2007	''Back to You''	Kid #1	Episode: "Gracie's Bully"
2007	''King of California''	Miranda (age 9)
2007	''Greetings from Earth''	Little girl
2007	''Mr. Woodcock''	Scout Girl
2008	''Disney Channel's Totally New Year''	Player	Disney Channel-Event
2008	''Meet Dave''	Nerdy Girl
2009	''Disney Channel's Totally New Year 2009''	Herself
2009–2010	''Sonny With a Chance''	Zora Lancaster	Main role, Disney Channel Original Series, 26 of 46 episodes
2011–present	''So Random!''	Zora Lancaster

References

External links

Allisyn Ashley Arm on Twitter

Allisyn Ashley Arm on Youtube

Category:1996 births Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:People from Glendale, California

bg:Алисън Ашли Арм cs:Allisyn Ashley Arm de:Allisyn Ashley Arm es:Allisyn Ashley Arm fr:Allisyn Ashley Arm it:Allisyn Ashley Arm nl:Allisyn Ashley Arm pl:Allisyn Ashley Arm pt:Allisyn Ashley Arm ro:Allisyn Ashley Arm sk:Allisyn Ashley Armová sl:Allisyn Ashley Arm sv:Allisyn Ashley Arm tr:Allisyn Ashley Arm

name	Mike Keneally
landscape	Yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Michael Joseph Keneally
birth date	December 20, 1961
Birth place	Long Island, New York United States
instrument	Vocals, guitar, keyboards
genre	Hard rock, progressive rock, art rock, melodic death metal
occupation	Musician, songwriter
years active	1985–present
label	Barking Pumpkin, Rykodisc, Immune, Exowax Recordings
associated acts	Frank Zappa, Dweezil, James LaBrie, Steve Vai, Wadada Leo Smith, Ulver, Henry Kaiser, Prairie Prince, Andy West, Chris Opperman, Dethklok
website
notable instruments	}}

Michael Joseph Keneally (born December 20, 1961) is an American guitarist, keyboardist, vocalist and composer. Allmusic says: "With his wide-ranging talents and ability to be creative in almost any musical situation, Keneally is the leading progressive rock genius of the post-Zappa era."

Born on Long Island, New York, he moved to San Diego, California, at an early age and has been a fixture on the local music scene there since 1985 when he formed the local cult band, Drop Control. Although a well established musician in his own right, Keneally is probably most well known as former Frank Zappa "stunt guitarist" and a Zappa 1988 tour band member on both guitar and keyboards. His ascendency to that position is legendary in certain musician circles, based on Keneally's command of Zappa's vast and difficult-to-play repertoire.

Keneally's stint in the Zappa touring band was short-lived with the early cancellation of the 1988 tour and Zappa's death in 1993. Keneally moved on from the elder Zappa's band to work with the eldest Zappa son, Dweezil on his solo albums and work released as the band, Z.

Keneally has also released 11 albums of solo material since 1992 and has guested or acted as sideman on a wide variety of projects, most notably as part of Steve Vai's touring bands. He has played guitar and keyboards with Yo Miles!, Wadada Leo Smith, Norwegian legends Ulver and Henry Kaiser's Miles Davis tribute band as well as recording the 1995 album The Mistakes with Henry Kaiser, Prairie Prince, and Andy West (formerly of Dixie Dregs). He has also produced albums for several bands, including Chris Opperman's debut album, Oppy Music, Vol. I: Purple, Crayon.

In 1998 Vai requested that Keneally arrange and perform an album of Vai's music on acoustic piano. Recorded in 1999, the album was finally released in 2004 as "Vai: Piano Reductions Vol. 1". According to liner notes, Vai selected the songs, produced the album, and mixed it, releasing it on his own ''Light Without Heat'' label. As of 2008 Keneally has arranged from multi-tracked guitar parts to single-track piano the 12 songs selected by Steve and begun work on a second volume of Vai "Piano Reductions".

On May 1, 2007, Keneally's Exowax label re-released his debut album "hat." and "Boil That Dust Speck" as deluxe, remastered double disc versions. Exowax has obtained Keneally's entire back catalog from Immune Records. Planned releases included "Half Alive In Hollywood" and "Sluggo!" as well as The Mike Keneally and Beer For Dolphins 1996 VHS release "Soap Scum Remover," which will be remixed and remastered for a DVD release, and The Mistakes, his 1995 side project with Henry Kaiser on guitar and Synclavier, bassist Andy West and drummer Prairie Prince), along with a live Mistakes recording that has been held on the side until Keneally was able to re-acquire the rights to the original album.

On November 28, 2006, Keneally announced that he was hired as National Music Director for The Paul Green School of Rock Music.

He has also toured with Dethklok as a guitarist and back up vocalist.

On July 20, 2008, at El Cajon, Calif., Mike played a concert as part of "the most exciting power trio in years," Keneally • Minnemann • Beller (KMB), consisting of Mike, drummer Marco Minnemann and long-time collaborating bassist Bryan Beller. The band undertook a full tour in 2009.

In August 2009, Keneally released a video for a new solo track, "Hallmark," from ''Scambot 1,'' the first part of a planned three-album series.

In June 2010, Keneally entered Skywalker Sound as part of the studio band for Joe Satriani's new solo project, along with regular Satriani drummer Jeff Campitelli and bassist Allen Whitman (of San Francisco's surf/psychedelic group The Mermen). This same lineup is scheduled to tour in October and November 2010 in support of the album, however Keneally was replaced by English keyboardist Jem Godfrey for 2 dates on the UK leg of the tour.

Current Mike Keneally Band line-up

Mike Keneally - guitar, keys, lead vocals

Bryan Beller - bass, backing vocals

Rick Musallam - guitar, bouzouki, backing vocals

Griff Peters - guitars

Joe Travers (or Nick D'Virgilio or Marco Minnemann, as availability dictates) - drums

Discography

Solo

''hat.'' - 1992

''Boil That Dust Speck'' - 1994

''The Tar Tapes Vol. 1'' - 1997

''The Tar Tapes Vol. 2'' - 1998

''Nonkertompf'' - 1999

''Nonkertalk'' - 1999

''Wooden Smoke'' - 2002

''Wooden Smoke Asleep'' - 2002

''Vai Piano Reductions, Vol. 1'' - 2004

''Wine and Pickles'' - 2008

''The Scambot Holiday Special'' (download) - 2008

''Scambot 1'' - 2009

''Songs and Stories Inspired By Scambot 1'' - 2009

With the Metropole Orkest

''The Universe Will Provide'' - 2004

''Parallel Universe'' - 2004

With Beer for Dolphins

''Half Alive in Hollywood'' - 1997

''Sluggo!'' - 1998

''Dancing'' - 2000

''Dancing With Myself ... and Others'' - 2000

With The Mike Keneally Band

''Dog'' - 2004

''Pup'' - 2004

''Guitar Therapy Live'' - 2006

''bakin' @ the potato!'' (CD/DVD) - 2011

With The Mistakes

''The Mistakes'' - 1995

With Marco Minnemann

''Evidence of Humanity'' - 2010

''Elements of a Manatee'' (download) - 2010

Videos and DVDs

''Soap Scum Remover'' VHS - 1996

''Dog'' Special Edition DVD - 2004

''Guitar Therapy Live'' Special Edition DVD - 2006

''hat.'' Special Edition DVD - 2007

''Boil That Dust Speck'' Special Edition DVD - 2007

Compilations featuring Mike Keneally

!Year	!Album	!Track
1997	Giant Tracks: A Tribute to Gentle Giant	''No God's a Man''
2002	156 Strings: Nineteen Totally Original Acoustic Guitarists	''Thou Shalt Not Kill''
2003	A Fair Forgery of Pink Floyd	''Astronomy Domine''
2006	After the Storm: A Benefit Album for the Survivors of Hurricane Katrina	''Time Table''

Frank Zappa recordings with Mike Keneally

''Broadway The Hard Way'' - 1988

''The Best Band You Never Heard In Your Life'' - 1991

''Make A Jazz Noise Here'' - 1991

''You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 4'' - 1991

''You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, Vol. 6'' - 1992

''Trance-Fusion'' - 2006

Recordings with other artists

!Year	!Artist	!Album
1986		"Yayo" (Accretions flexi-disc)
1987		"Let's Make Rhythm!"
1990	Dweezil Zappa
1991	Buddy Blue	"Guttersnipes and Zealots"
1991	Solomon Burke	"Homeland"
1991	Mark DeCerbo	"Baby's Not In The Mood"
1991	Screamin' Jay Hawkins	"Black Music For White People"
1991		"Rock Studies For Drum Set"
1991	Andy Prieboy	"Montezuma Was A Man Of Faith" (EP)
1991	Andy Prieboy	"Blood and Concrete" (Original Soundtrack)
1991		"Blue Not Blues"
1991	Zappa's Universe	"Zappa's Universe"
1993	Marc Bonilla	"American Matador"
1993	Screamin' Jay Hawkins	"Stone Crazy"
1993	Negativland	"Negativconcertland" (Bootleg CD)
1993		"Shampoohorn"
1994	Screamin' Jay Hawkins	"Somethin' Funny Goin' On"
1994	Jip	"Glee"
1994	Marcelo Radulovich	"Marcelo Radulovich"
1994		"Extra Soul"
1994	Robert Vaughn and the Dead River Angels	"Robert Vaughn and the Dead River Angels"
1995	Kevin Gilbert	"Supper's Ready" (Magna Carta Genesis tribute album compilation)
1995	Matthew Lien	"Bleeding Wolves"
1995	Stanley Snail	"Tales From Yesterday" (Magna Carta Yes tribute album compilation)
1995	Ultra 7	"Trummerflora" (Accretions compilation)
1995	Z	"Music For Pets"
1996		"Last Call"
1997	Mark Craney & Friends	"Something With a Pulse"
1997	Faux Pas	"This One's For the Children"
1997	The Ed Palermo Big Band	"The Ed Palermo Big Band Plays the Music of Frank Zappa"
1997	Steve Vai	"G3 - Live in Concert"
1997	Steve Vai	"Merry Axemas - A Guitar Christmas"
1998	Chris Opperman	"Oppy Music, Vol. 1: Purple, Crayon."
1998	Ultra 7	"Trummerflora 2" (Accretions compilation)
1998	Steve Vai	"Flexable Leftovers"
1999	Mullmuzzler	"Keep It To Yourself"
1999	Mullmuzzler	"Six Pack: Multi-Artist Radio Sampler"
1999	Marcelo Radulovich	"2 Brains"
1999	Neil Sadler	"theory of forms"
1999	Kevin Gilbert, Stanley Snail	"Tribute to the Titans" (A Sampler of Great Performances from Magna Carta's Tribute Series)
1999	Steve Vai	"The Ultra Zone"
2000	Screamin' Jay Hawkins	"Best of the Bizarre Sessions: 1990-1994"
2000	Screamin' Jay Hawkins	"New Coat of Paint: Songs of Tom Waits"
2000	Nigey Lennon & John Tabacco	"Reinventing the Wheel"
2000	The Loud Family	"Attractive Nuisance"
2000	Chris Opperman	"Klavierstücke"
2000	The Persuasions	"Frankly A Cappella - The Persuasions Sing Zappa"
2000	Steve Vai	"The 7th Song"
2000	Dweezil Zappa	"Automatic"
2001	James LaBrie	"Mullmuzzler 2"
2001	NDV (Nick D'Virgilio)	"Karma"
2001	Trummerflora Collective	"No Stars Please"
2001	Steve Vai	"Alive In An Ultra World"
2001	Lyle Workman	"Tabula Rasa"
2002	Napoleon Murphy Brock	"Balls"
2002	Steve Vai	"Elusive Light and Sound, Vol. 1"
2002	Andy West and Rama	"Rama 1"
2003	Bryan Beller
2003	Willie Oteri	"Spiral Out"
2003	Steve Vai	"Mystery Tracks - Archives, Vol. 3"
2003	Steve Vai	"The Infinite Steve Vai: An Anthology"
2004	Ossi Duri	"X"
2004	Chris Opperman	"Concepts of Non-Linear Time"
2004	Henry Kaiser & Wadada Leo Smith	"Yo Miles! Sky Garden"
2004	Chain	"chain.exe"
2005	Anthony Curtis	"Book of the Key"
2005	Henry Kaiser & Wadada Leo Smith	"Yo Miles! Upriver"
2005	Chris Opperman	"Beyond the Foggy Highway" (Live 2002 - 2004)
2005	Mike Portnoy	"Prime Cuts"
2005	Ulver	Blood Inside
2005	Andy West and Rama	"Drum Nation, Vol. 2"
2007	Various Artists	"Healing Force: The Songs of Albert Ayler"
2007	Anthony Setola	"Interstellar Appeal"
2008	Bryan Beller	"Thanks In Advance"
2010	Joe Satriani	"Black Swans and Wormhole Wizards"
2011	Todd Grubbs	"Return of the Worm"
2011	Bryan Beller	"Wednesday Night Live"

References

External links

Mike Keneally official website

Radio Keneally

The Mike Keneally tour chronology

Mike Keneally interview with iTalkGuitar

Mike Keneally on MySpace -- Mike Keneally blog, audio samples, fan interaction

Mike Keneally profile -- Vyuz.com

Mike Keneally radio interview on Rundgren Radio

Keneally Minnemann Beller

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:American rock guitarists Category:Ambrosia (band) members Category:Metalocalypse

de:Mike Keneally fr:Mike Keneally it:Mike Keneally hu:Mike Keneally pl:Mike Keneally

Beverly Lewis is a Christian fiction novelist and children's author of over 70 books.

She was born Beverly Marie Jones, and is a former schoolteacher and musician. She started playing the piano at age 5, and began writing short stories and poetry when she was 9 years old.

Much of her writing focuses on the Anabaptist heritage and the Old Order Amish. Her maternal grandmother, Ada Ranck Buchwalter, was born into an Old Order Mennonite Church, which interested Mrs. Lewis in her own "plain heritage." Her father was a pastor in Lancaster, Pennsylvania (the heart of the Pennsylvania Dutch community), where she was born and grew up. She was raised and continues to be part of the Assemblies of God community.

She went to Evangel University, and received the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2003. She is also a member of the National League of American Pen Women.

Beverly is married to David Lewis, and has 3 grown children and 3 grandchildren. They live in Colorado.

Awards

Beverly Lewis is an award winning author and a New York Times bestselling novelist. She's also been on the best sellers list for USA Today and the CBA. These are some of the recent awards she has won:

''The Brethren'': won the Christy Award in 2007 for Contemporary Series.

''The Crossing'': won the ECPA Gold Book Awards in 2007.

''The Postcard'': won the ECPA Gold Book Awards in 2006.

''The Covenant'': won the ECPA Gold Book Awards in 2006.

''The Preacher's Daughter'': won the Library Journal's Best Genre Fiction in 2005.

''The Confession'': won the ECPA Gold Book Awards in 2005.

''The Reckoning'': won the ECPA Gold Book Awards in 2005.

''The Prodigal'': Crossings Book of the Year in 2004.

''The Betrayal'': Inspirational Readers Choice - first place for Long Historical in 2004.

List of works by Beverly Lewis

The full collection of listed books have been published by Bethany House publishers.

The Heritage of Lancaster County series

Series reprinted in 2002.

# ''The Shunning'', 1997 # ''The Confession'', 1997 # ''The Reckoning'', 1998

The Amish Country Crossroads Series

Series reprinted in 2007.

# ''The Postcard'', 1999 # ''The Crossroad'', 1999 # ''Sanctuary'', June 2001( with David Lewis)

Abram's Daughters series

# ''The Covenant'', September 2002 # ''The Betrayal'', September 2003 # ''The Sacrifice'', May 2004 # ''The Prodigal'', October 2004 # ''The Revelation'', June 2005

Annie's People series

# ''The Preacher's daughter'', November 2005 # ''The Englisher'', May 2006 # ''The Brethren'', October 2006

The Courtship of Nellie Fisher series

# ''The Parting'', 2007 # ''The Forbidden'', May 2008 # ''The Longing'', October 2008

Seasons of Grace series

# ''The Secret'', April 2009 # ''The Missing'', September 2009 # ''The Telling'', April 6, 2010

The Rose Trilogy

# ''The Thorn'', September 2010 # ''The Judgment'', April 2011 # ''The Mercy'', September 2011

Other works

''The Sunroom'', May 1998

''The Redemption of Sarah Cain'', July 2000

''October Song'', October 2001

''The Beverly Lewis Amish Heritage Cookbook'', 2004

Youth Fiction

The Cul-de-Sac Kids series

# ''The Double Dabble Surprise'', March 1995 # ''The Chicken Pox Panic'', March 1995 # ''The Crazy Christmas Angel Mystery'', March 1995 # ''No Grown-ups Allowed'', August 1995 # ''Frog Power'', August 1995 # ''The Mystery of Case D. Luc'', August 1995 # ''The Stinky Sneakers Mystery'', May 1996 # ''Pickle Pizza'',May 1996 # ''Mailbox Mania'', May 1996 # ''The Mudhole Mystery'', March 1997 # ''Fiddlesticks'', March 1997 # ''The Crabby Cat Caper'', March 1997 # ''Tarantula Toes'', August 1997 # ''Green Gravy'', August 1997 # ''Backyard Bandit Mystery'', August 1997 # ''Tree House Trouble'', February 1998 # ''The Creepy Sleep-Over'', February 1998 # ''The Great TV Turn-Off'', February 1998 # ''Piggy Party'', February 1999 # ''The Granny Game'', February 1999 # ''Mystery Mutt'', February 2000 # ''Big Bad Beans'', February 2000 # ''The Upside-Down Day'', January 2001 # ''The Midnight Mystery'', January 2001

Girls Only (GO!) series

These books were republished by Bethany House into 2 volumes (books 1-4, books 5-8) in 2008.

# ''Dreams on Ice'', August 1998 # ''Only the Best'', September 1998 # ''A Perfect Match'', May 1999 # ''Reach for the Stars'', September 1999 # ''Follow the Dream'', July 2000 # ''Better Than Best'', October 2000 # ''Photo Perfect'', May 2001 # ''Star Status'', May 2002

Holly's Heart series

These books are going to be republished by Bethany House into 3 volumes (books 1-5, books 6-10, books 11-14) in September 2008.

# ''Best Friend, Worst Enemy'', November 2001 # ''Secret Summer Dreams'', November 2001 # ''Sealed With a Kiss'', January 2002 # ''The Trouble With Weddings'', January 2002 # ''California Crazy'', July 2002 # ''Second-Best Friend'', July 2002 # ''Good-Bye, Dressel Hills'', November 2002 # ''Straight-A Teacher'', November 2002 # ''No Guys Pact'', January 2003 # ''Little White Lies'', January 2003 # ''Freshman Frenzy'', May 2003 # ''Mystery Letters'', May 2003 # ''Eight is Enough'', November 2003 # ''It's a Girl Thing'', November 2003

Summerhill Secrets series

These books were republished by Bethany House into 2 volumes (books 1-5, books 6-10) in 2007.

# ''Whispers Down the Lane'', May 1995 # ''Secret in the Willows'', May 1995 # ''Catch a Falling Star'', November 1995 # ''Night of the Fireflies'', November 1995 # ''A Cry in the Dark'', June 1996 # ''House of Secrets'', November 1996 # ''Echoes in the Wind'', June 1997 # ''Hide Behind the Moon'', April 1998 # ''Windows on the Hill'', March 1999 # ''Shadows Beyond the Gate'', April 2000

Other Picture Books

''Cows in the House'', October 1998

''Just Like Mama'', October 2002

''Annika's Secret Wish with CD'', October 2004

''What is Heaven Like?'', October 2006

''In Jesse's Shoes'', Fall 2007

''What is God Like?'', September 2008

Movies based on books by Beverly Lewis

Saving Sarah Cain is based on the 2000 standalone novel, The Redemption of Sarah Cain. The movie was first shown on Lifetime in 2007. The DVD was released on January 15, 2008.

The Shunning, based on the first novel in Lewis' Heritage of Lancaster County series, was announced as a movie in 2011. It premiered on the Hallmark channel on April 16, 2011 in the U.S.

External links

beverlylewis.com, personal site

Bethany House: Beverly Lewis

FaithfulReader.com: interview

Fantastic Fiction: Beverly Lewis

References

Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American children's writers Category:Christian writers Category:American novelists Category:Evangel University alumni

de:Beverly Lewis

name	The Christmas Song (Merry Christmas to You)
type	Christmas song
artist	The King Cole Trio
b-side	"In the Cool of Evening" (Capitol 311)"Laguna Mood" (Capitol 15201)"(All I Want for Christmas Is) My Two Front Teeth" (Capitol F90036; Capitol F2955)"The Little Boy that Santa Claus Forgot" (Capitol 3561)
published	1944
released
recorded
format	10-inch, 7-inch
genre	Christmas, Jazz, Pop
length	(1946 recording) (1953 recording)
label	Capitol 311 (1946)Capitol 15201 (1948)Capitol F90036 (1953)Capitol F2955 (1954)Capitol 3561 (1956)
writer	Mel Tormé,Bob Wells
misc	}}

"The Christmas Song" (commonly subtitled "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" or, as it was originally subtitled, "Merry Christmas to You") is a classic Christmas song written in 1944 by musician, composer, and vocalist Mel Tormé (aka The Velvet Fog), and Bob Wells. According to Tormé, the song was written during a blistering hot summer. In an effort to "stay cool by thinking cool", the most-performed (according to BMI) Christmas song was born.

"I saw a spiral pad on his piano with four lines written in pencil", Tormé recalled. "They started, "Chestnuts roasting..., Jack Frost nipping..., Yuletide carols..., Folks dressed up like Eskimos.' Bob (Wells, co-writer) didn't think he was writing a song lyric. He said he thought if he could immerse himself in winter he could cool off. Forty minutes later that song was written. I wrote all the music and some of the lyrics."

The Nat King Cole Trio first recorded the song early in 1946. At Cole's behestand over the objections of his label, Capitol Recordsa second recording was made the same year utilizing a small string section, this version becoming a massive hit on both the pop and R&B; charts. Cole again recorded the song in 1953, using the same arrangement with a full orchestra arranged and conducted by Nelson Riddle, and once more in 1961, in a stereophonic version with orchestra conducted by Ralph Carmichael. Nat King Cole's 1961 version is generally regarded as definitive, and in 2004 was the most loved seasonal song with women aged 30–49, while Cole's original 1946 recording was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1974. Mel Tormé recorded the song himself in 1954, and again in 1961, 1966 and 1992.

The Nat King Cole recordings

First recording: Recorded at WMCA Radio Studios, New York City, June 14, 1946. Label credit: The King Cole Trio (Nat King Cole, vocal-pianist; Oscar Moore, guitarist; Johnny Miller, bassist). Not issued until 1989, when it was (accidentally) included on the various-artists compilation ''Billboard Greatest Christmas Hits (1935–1954)'' Rhino R1 70637(LP) / R2 70637(CD).

Second recording: Recorded at WMCA Radio Studios, New York City, August 19, 1946. First record issue. Label credit: The King Cole Trio with String Choir (Nat King Cole, vocal-pianist, Oscar Moore, guitarist; Johnny Miller, bassist; Charlie Grean, conductor of 4 string players, a harpist and a drummer) Lacquer disc master #981. Issued November 1946 as Capitol 311 (78rpm). This is featured on a CD called ''The Holiday Album'', which has 1940s Christmas songs recorded by Cole and Bing Crosby. In 2005 Capitol restored and re-released it for the 25 bit re-mastered Cole album "The Christmas Song", which also contains tracks from his 1960 and 1963 holiday albums.

Third recording: Recorded at Capitol Studios, Hollywood, August 24, 1953. This was the song,s first magnetic tape recording. Label credit: The King Cole Trio with String Choir (Actual artists: Nat King Cole, vocal; Nelson Riddle, orchestra conductor) Master #11726, take 11. Issued November 1953 as the "new" Capitol 90036(78rpm) / F90036(45rpm) (Capitol first issued 90036 in 1950 with the second recording). Correct label credit issued on October 18, 1954 as Capitol 2955(78rpm) / F2955(45rpm). Label credit: Nat "King" Cole with Orchestra Conducted by Nelson Riddle. This recording is available on the 1990 CD ''Cole, Christmas and Kids,'' as well as the various-artists compilation ''Casey Kasem Presents All Time Christmas Favorites''. It was also included, along with both 1946 recordings, on the 1991 Mosaic Records box set ''The Complete Capitol Recordings of the Nat King Cole Trio''.

Fourth recording: Recorded at Capitol Studios, New York City, March 30, 1961. This rendition, the first recorded in stereo, is widely played on radio stations during the Christmas season, and is probably the most famous version of this song. Label credit: Nat King Cole (Nat King Cole, vocal; Charles Grean and Pete Rugolo, orchestration; Ralph Carmichael, orchestra conductor). The instrumental arrangement is nearly identical with the 1953 version, but the vocals are much deeper and more focused. Originally done for ''The Nat King Cole Story'' (a 1961 LP devoted to stereo re-recordings of Cole's earlier hits), this recording was later appended to a reissue of Cole's 1960 holiday album ''The Magic of Christmas''. Retitled ''The Christmas Song'', the album was issued in 1963 as Capitol W-1967(mono) / SW-1967(stereo) and today is in print on compact disc. This recording of "The Christmas Song" is also available on numerous compilation albums. Some are Capitol pop standards Christmas compilations while others are broader-based. It's available on WCBS-FM's ''Ultimate Christmas Album Volume 3'', for example.

There were several covers of Nat Cole's original record in the 1940s. The first of these was said to be by Dick Haymes on the Decca label, but his was released firstnot recorded first. The first cover of "The Christmas Song" was performed by pop tenor and bandleader Eddy Howard on Majestic. Howard was a big Cole fan, and also covered Nat's versions of "I Want to Thank Your Folks" and "I Love You for Sentimental Reasons", among others.

Selective list of notable recordings

"The Christmas Song" has been covered by numerous artists from a wide variety of genres, including:

Aaliyah

Trace Adkins

Christina Aguilera (#18 in US, #22 in Canada)

Clay Aiken

Herb Alpert

Thomas Anders

India.Arie and Stevie Wonder (winner of the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2003)

Aska

Babyface

Tony Bennett

Polly Bergen (who sang the song on the December 14, 1957 airing of her NBC variety show, ''The Polly Bergen Show'')

Justin Bieber and Usher (#58 in US, #59 in Canada)

Michael Bolton

Toni Braxton

Garth Brooks

James Brown

Les Brown and his Orchestra (with Doris Day on lead vocal)

Michael Bublé (his version, bearing close similarities to Celine Dion's recording of the song, reached #6 on the ''Billboard'' Adult Contemporary chart in December 2003.)

Kenny Burrell

The Canadian Brass (from their 1985 Christmas album ''A Canadian Brass Christmas'')

The Carpenters (from their 1978 Christmas album ''Christmas Portrait'')

Celtic Woman

Charice

Chicago

Christmas Who? (a SpongeBob Christmas special. SpongeBob and Patrick in a Christmas song sing as a lyric "...chestnuts roasting and burns in the third degree" before the ending of their song.)

Charlotte Church

Rosemary Clooney

Natalie Cole

Bing Crosby

Danny Davis and the Nashville Brass (1970)

Sammy Davis, Jr.

Doris Day (from her 1964 Christmas album ''The Doris Day Christmas Album'')

Gavin DeGraw

Celine Dion

Vanessa Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Olivia Olson on the album ''Phineas and Ferb Holiday Favorites'')

Bob Dylan

Gloria Estefan

Connie Francis

Aretha Franklin

Judy Garland, who sang the song in a duet with its composer, Mel Torme, on a Christmas-themed episode of her television show in December 1963.

Amy Grant (from her 1983 Christmas album ''A Christmas Album'')

Josh Groban (from his 2007 holiday album, ''Noël'')

Robert Goulet

Hampton String Quartet

Eddie Higgins

Hootie and the Blowfish

Whitney Houston

Ramon "RJ" Jacinto (from his 1988 Christmas album ''Pasko Na Naman'')

The Jackson 5

Alan Jackson (from his 2007 Christmas album ''Let It Be Christmas'')

Joni James (from her 1956 ''Merry Christmas from Joni''). Joni's version alters the lyric: "I'm offering this simple phrase, for kids from one to ninety-two" to "... kids from one to ninety-one".

Al Jarreau

Joe

Wynonna Judd

Peggy Lee

Damien Leith (from a special limited Christmas edition of his 2007 album ''Where We Land'')

The Lettermen

Lovedrug

Aimee Mann (from her 2006 album ''One More Drifter in the Snow'')

Johnny Mathis

Martina McBride

Reba McEntire

Brian McKnight

*NSYNC

Ricky Nelson (on the episode of TV's ''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet'' titled "A Busy Christmas")

Aaron Neville

New Kids on the Block

Des O'Connor (from a Tesco Christmas advert)

Alexander O'Neal

Olivia Olson (from a 2010 Christmas album ''Phineas and Ferb: Holiday Favourites'')

The Partridge Family (from their 1971 Christmas album ''A Partridge Family Christmas Card'')

Les Paul

CeCe Peniston (from the 1996 Christmas album ''Merry Arizona II: Desert Stars Shine at Christmas'')

LeAnn Rimes (on her first holiday album ''What a Wonderful World'')

Raven-Symoné

Smokey Robinson and The Miracles (from their 1963 Christmas album ''Christmas with The Miracles)

Linda Ronstadt (from her 2000 Christmas album ''A Merry Little Christmas'')

SWV

Diane Schuur (nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Female in 1990)

Neil Sedaka (from his 2008 first-ever holiday album, ''The Miracle of Christmas'')

Jessica Simpson

Frank Sinatra (including two recordings: a virtual duet with Nat King Cole, and an actual duet with Bing Crosby)

Tom Smith (of the Editors) and Agnes Obel (on the 2011 Smith and Burrows album, ''Funny Looking Angels'')

George Strait

Donna Summer

Demi Lovato

The Supremes (remained unreleased until their 1965 Christmas album, ''Merry Christmas'', was re-released in 1999 with additional tracks)

Kim Taeyeon (of the South Korean pop group Girls' Generation)

Take 6

James Taylor

Team Rocket (voiced by Rachael Lillis, Eric Stewart and Maddie Blaustein on the album ''Pokémon Christmas Bash'')

The Temptations

Mel Tormérecorded by the writer four times (1954, 1961, 1966 and finally in 1992 as part of his album "Christmas Songs")

Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons

Luther Vandross

Andy Williams

Stevie Wonder (from his 1967 Christmas album ''Someday at Christmas'')

Dwight Yoakam

Ascap entry for song showing numerous other covers

Parodies

The title of ''The Simpsons'' episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is a parody of the song.

Bob Rivers parodied the song with his 2000 album, and the title track from said album, "Chipmunks Roasting On an Open Fire".

Stan Freberg's "Green Chri$tma$" includes several snippets of holiday songs. One segment begins with a sincere-sounding "Chestnuts roasting..." and quickly segués into a mock 1950s radio or TV ad, for a brand of chestnuts, being described as if they were toothpaste or cigarettes.

Twisted Sister parodied the song in his 2006 album ''A Twisted Christmas''.

Footnotes

External links

Mark Evanier on Tormé and "The Christmas Song"

Category:Christmas songs Category:1946 songs Category:1961 singles Category:1999 singles Category:2009 singles Category:Nat King Cole songs Category:Amy Grant songs Category:Christina Aguilera songs Category:Toby Keith songs Category:Martina McBride songs Category:Joe Nichols songs Category:George Strait songs Category:Kenny Loggins songs Category:Trisha Yearwood songs Category:Vocal duets Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Category:Barbra Streisand songs Category:Bob Dylan songs Category:Sheryl Crow songs Category:CeCe Peniston songs Category:The Partridge Family songs

es:The Christmas Song fr:The Christmas Song id:The Christmas Song it:The Christmas Song no:The Christmas Song pl:The Christmas Song pt:The Christmas Song simple:The Christmas Song sv:The Christmas Song tr:The Christmas Song vi:The Christmas Song