iTunes Store

301px iTunes Store 9.0.2 under Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
Opened	April 28, 2003 (as iTunes Music Store)
Pricing model	À la carte, tiered; limited time rentals available for some movies
Platforms	Mac OS X, Windows, Apple TV, and iOS.
Format	Unprotected AAC (.m4a) @ 256 kbit/s (music), protected AAC (.m4p) @ 32 and 64 kbit/s (audiobooks), unprotected MPEG-4 Video (.m4v) (music videos), protected MPEG-4 Video (.m4v) (other video)
Restrictions	(Protected) Music — streaming to five computers every 24 hours, unlimited CDs (seven with an unchanged playlist), unlimited iPods and iPhones.
Catalogue	More than 28 million songs worldwide, 1,000,000+ podcasts (USA), 40,000+ music videos (USA), 3,000+ TV shows (USA), 20,000+ audiobooks (USA), 2,500+ movies (USA), 300,000+ App Store Apps
Preview	90 seconds (Music, TV, & Video) / 90 seconds (Audiobooks) / 30+ seconds (Movies)
Streaming	Previews and Podcasts only
Protocol	iTunes Music Store Protocol (itms://)
Availability	See article  Argentina  Australia  Austria  Belgium  Bolivia  Brazil  Bulgaria  Canada  Chile  Colombia  Costa Rica  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Germany  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Spain  Estonia  Finland  France  United Kingdom  Greece  Guatemala  Honduras  Hungary  Ireland  Italy  Japan  Latvia  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Mexico  Malta  Netherlands  Nicaragua  Norway  New Zealand  Panama  Peru  Poland  Portugal  Paraguay  Romania  Slovenia  El Salvador  Switzerland  Slovakia  Sweden  United States  Venezuela
Features	Allowance, "Just For You", Celebrity Playlists, gift certificates and gift cards, iMix, billboard charts, advanced search
Customer support	Web only; See article
Website	itunes.com

The iTunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. Opening as the iTunes Music Store on April 28, 2003, it has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008,^[1] and the most popular music vendor in the world since February 24, 2010.^[2] It now offers over 28 million songs, videos and apps. The iTunes Store's revenues in the first quarter of 2011 alone totalled nearly US$1.4 billion;^[3] by October 4, 2011, the store had sold 16 billion songs.^[4]

While most downloaded files initially included restrictions on their use, enforced by FairPlay, Apple's implementation of digital rights management, iTunes later initiated a shift into selling DRM-free music in most countries, marketed as iTunes Plus. On January 6, 2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of the entire music catalog in the U.S.^[5] Full iTunes Plus availability was achieved on April 7, 2009 in the U.S., coinciding with the introduction of a three-tiered pricing model;^[6] however, television episodes, many books, and films are still FairPlay-protected. As of May 2012, the iTunes Store serves over 315 million mobile devices, including iPods, iPhones and iPads.^[7]

Features and restrictions[link]

Pricing model[link]

Since the introduction of the iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price with no subscription fee (in contrast to most existing online music stores at the time of introduction, which charged a monthly fee for access to their catalog). Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Songs with DRM are encoded at 128 kbit/s. As of the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple has announced that all music in iTunes will be available without DRM, and encoded at the higher-quality rate of 256 kbit/s. Previously, this model, known as "iTunes Plus", had been available only for music from EMI and some independent labels. Previews, ninety seconds in length, are available free, prior to buying a song. iTunes had the option between fully loading previews before playing, or simply streaming the preview; the former feature was removed with the release of iTunes 8.^[8]

Feature length movies and television episodes are available for purchase. Movies tend to be priced below a DVD of the same film while television episodes are approximately double the cost of a song.

Finally, some games are available for some models of iPods for various prices, but none as expensive as a feature length film. In addition, the iTunes Store now offers Apps, which are applications used for various purposes (games, maps, movie showtimes, etc.) that are compatible with the iPod Touch and iPhone, although some Apps are specifically for the iPhone only. Some Apps cost money (called "Paid Apps") and some are free (called "Free Apps"). Developers can decide which price they want for apps. When someone downloads an App, 70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer(s), and 30 percent goes to Apple.^[9]

At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apple's CEO at the time, announced iTunes movie rentals.^[10] Movies are available for rent in the iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD.^[11] They are only viewable for 24 hours after users begin viewing them. This feature is not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.

Weekly promotions[link]

There is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users. Free downloads are available on Tuesdays, and remain free until the following Tuesday.^[12] Some artists choose to have select songs available for no charge. This is not available at all iTunes Stores. Some iTunes television programs have begun the same technique to encourage brand loyalty; although those stay longer. In fact, the iTunes Store used to have a link to "Free TV" on its home page and the TV Shows section's home page which links to a complete listing of free TV shows, however it has disappeared (the page has remained online). Apple still offers free TV episodes; some channels, such as ABC and NBC, have their own pages of "Free Season Premieres".

There are usually three types of free songs on the United States iTunes Store: the regular featured free song, the Discovery Download (featuring songs from different genres), and the Canción de la Semana (Latino free single of the week). Most recently, iTunes has been weekly offering free music videos.

iTunes Store for iOS[link]

The iTunes Store allows users to purchase and download items directly to portable Apple devices, such as the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch.^[13] Originally, mobile users had to be connected to a Wi-Fi network in order to enter the store, hence its original name: the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store. However, at Macworld 2009, Apple issued a software update which automatically allowed 3G and EDGE users to access the store's full functionality for files smaller than 10 MB.^[14] The iOS 3.0 update added the ability to download movies, TV shows, audiobooks, iTunes U, and ringtones on mobile devices, in addition to the previously available songs and podcasts. On 18 February 2010, Apple increased the 10 MB 3G download limit to 20 MB.

Customer support[link]

Apple provides customer support for the iTunes Store over the phone through AppleCare; Timothy Noah of Slate has also found a customer service line.^[15] Most customer service inquiries are handled online, via the Report a Problem link in the iTunes application.^[16]

Catalog content[link]

Music[link]

The store began after Apple signed deals with the five major record labels at the time, EMI, Universal, Warner, Sony Music Entertainment, and BMG (the last two would later merge to form Sony BMG - which was later turned back into Sony Music Entertainment, with BMG becoming defunct as of October 8, 2008). Music from more than 2,000 independent labels were added later, the first from The Orchard on June 24, 2003.

The store has more than 20,000,000 songs,^[17] including exclusive tracks from numerous artists. Not all artists are available on iTunes, including some popular ones such as AC/DC or Tool.^[18]

New songs are added to the iTunes catalog every day, while the iTunes Store is updated each Tuesday. Apple also releases a 'Single of the Week' in both English and sometimes Spanish and usually a 'Discovery Download' on Tuesdays, which are available for free for one week.^[19]

Downloaded songs come with song information (name, artist, album) already filled out, though iTunes provides a free service by Gracenote to do this for songs not purchased from the store, although they must be imported with iTunes. Songs that have an entry in the iTunes Store also come with album artwork (Artwork is embedded in the metadata). As of the release of iTunes 7, the artwork can be obtained for songs not purchased from the store for free if the user has an iTunes Store account. Purchased songs do not come with lyrics already typed in to the application's window for them; nor does iTunes provide a service for acquiring the missing lyrics. However, several third-party applications exist to locate and automatically add lyrics to the user's music.

"Album Only" songs[link]

Some songs are available from the store by "Album Only", meaning the song can only be acquired through the purchase of the entire album, whereas most songs can be downloaded separately from the album they belong to. Most songs above 10 minutes in length are automatically album-only songs. Soundtracks also often have many Album Only tracks.

Movie soundtracks normally include songs owned by many different labels, making licensing more complex. For example, Forrest Gump: The Soundtrack includes songs from Peacock Records, Argo Records & Capitol Records, among many others. Greatest Hits by Red Hot Chili Peppers has only one song, "Higher Ground", that is not available for download on a per song basis, whilst Circus (Britney Spears' 2008 album) has two songs that are only available for album download only which are Rock Me In and Phonography.

"Work Only" songs[link]

Some tracks are listed as "Work Only", which means they can only be obtained by purchasing the entire piece of work (within the album); the tracks cannot be bought as singles. One explanation given for this model is that the artist wants users to appreciate "the work" as a whole, instead of in fragments.^{[citation needed]}

Sub-divisions[link]

When entering the U.S. music store, there are multiple sub-divided stores that one can go into. These stores are either found under 'More In Music,' 'Genres,' 'Pre-Orders,' 'Celebrity Playlists' and 'Free Downloads.' Within 'More In Music,' one can enter various stores such as Starbucks Entertainment and iTunes Essentials. Groupings of music based upon the artist of the music (Artist Essentials), the genre or history of the music (Genres and History), or any other similarities (My Groove) are on iTunes Essentials.

Each grouping of music is essentially a pre-made playlist. The songs in the playlist are all listed in order of their importance, starting with the artist's most well-known song. These playlists usually contain either 45 or 75 songs equally distributed in three sections: The Basics (the biggest, best, and most important songs), Next Steps (usually composed of popular songs just beyond the hits) and Deep Cuts (under-appreciated songs). Occasionally, specific Artist Essentials do not have a Deep Cuts section. This usually depends on how many releases the artist has completed over the years.

Within 'Genres,' one can enter music stores that only have one genre. These genres include alternative, blues, children's music, Christian & gospel, classical, comedy (this includes comedy rock and stand-up comedy), country, dance, electronic, hip-hop/rap, jazz, Latino, pop, R&B/soul, reggae, rock, singer–songwriter, soundtrack, vocal, and world. There are a total of 20 genres in the U.S. music store. 'Pre-Orders' lists albums that one can pre-order before the album is released. 'Celebrity Playlists' contains lists of songs chosen and described by celebrities. 'Free Downloads' are songs that subscribed iTunes Store users can obtain for free.

On November 1, 2006, Apple created a category for Latino and Hispanic content, "iTunes Latino". Telemundo and Mun2 made some of their popular programs available for purchase, becoming the first Hispanic television content in the store. It offers music, music videos, audiobooks, podcasts and television shows in Spanish in a single concentrated area. The brief descriptions given to the content is in Spanish as well as several sub-categories. Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77, released an exclusive album called Un Encuentro to coincide with the launch of "iTunes Latino". It features 11 songs, all from previous albums, but all sung in Spanish.

Song censorship[link]

There is a policy of censoring profanity in song titles on iTunes.^[20] This has resulted in a Scunthorpe glitch, by which inoffensive titles are censored due to a coincidental string of letters.^[21]

If the song has an explicit label, it will be marked "explicit" next to the song title. If a song is marked "explicit" it is unavailable for purchase if "restrict explicit content" is checked under the parental controls preference. Often there will be a "clean" mark next to the title of some songs, meaning the lyrics have been censored, and is available to purchase on all accounts. Generally if a song is marked "clean" there is an explicit version available as well.

Podcasts[link]

This section requires expansion.

The iTunes Store has over 150,000 podcasts available to subscribe. Once a podcast has been subscribed to, iTunes will automatically download new episodes to that person's iTunes library. They are available for free and are of various ratings. Devices with iOS 4.2 onwards allows the download of podcasts automatically in your device.

Audiobooks[link]

The iTunes Store also includes over 20,000 hours of audiobooks,^[22] encoded at 32 kbit/s (22.050-24.000 kHz, mono) and 64 kbit/s (22.050 kHz, stereo). Ninety-second previews are offered for every book. These books are provided by Audible.com. This is the same format available if the user signs up directly with Audible.com and chose the "iPod" format.

The main difference is that it is unnecessary to sign up for a subscription to get audiobooks as is the case with Audible. A small discount is provided through buying audiobooks through the iTunes Store, but on a selective basis by Apple in comparison to an "always on member discount" if one has an Audible subscription. The "Audiobooks" category also includes radio shows and all other audio-only programs, except podcasts.

Video[link]

In October 2005, Apple announced the latest iPod would be capable of playing video files, which would be sold online through the iTunes Store in the U.S.^[23] These videos included 2,000 music videos and episodes of popular television programs. Apple made a deal with Disney to be the first supplier of TV shows. The first shows available included episodes of Lost and Desperate Housewives with each episode becoming available the day after it originally aired on broadcast TV. Several short animated films by Pixar are available.

The selling of videos on iTunes sparked considerable debate as to whether there was a paying audience for programming available for free on TV. As MP3 Newswire pointed out, users are not so much paying for the TV programs themselves. Instead they are really paying for a service that offers the convenience of someone else digitizing free broadcast episodes for them for their portable device, each episode in commercial-free form, and a convenient place to select and download individual shows. Through an updated version of QuickTime Pro, users can create their own videos for the iPod, including digitized versions of programs recorded on their VCR if they wish to take the time and effort to save the cost.

With the launch of iTunes 8, many TV shows, such as The Office and Heroes, have begun offering their programing in High Definition (HD). Until March 7, 2012, the HD content available on iTunes was in 720p (1280 x 720). After this date, 1080p content (1920 x 1080) was offered alongside 720p.

In addition to the launch of high definition TV shows, iTunes 8 allowed for the rental of movies through the iTunes Store. The playing of movie rentals must begin within 30 days of purchase and must be completed within 24 hours of having been started.^[24]

In March 2009, Apple announced that iTunes customers can purchase and rent selected movie titles in HD from their computers. Previously, HD movie rentals were only available for purchase and playback on the Apple TV. HD movies available for purchase are priced at $19.99, introduced with titles such as Quantum of Solace and Twilight.^[25]

iTunes U[link]

On May 30, 2007, iTunes U was announced at Cupertino, California. The service was created to manage, distribute, and control access to educational audio and video content and PDF files for students within a college or university as well as the broader Internet; it has since been updated to include grade schools Kindergarten to 12th grade^[26]. The member institutions are given their own iTunes U site that makes use of Apple's iTunes Store infrastructure. The online service is without cost to those uploading or downloading material. Content includes course lectures, language lessons, lab demonstrations, sports highlights and campus tours provided by qualifying two- and four-year accredited, degree-granting, public or private colleges, universities, elementary, middle, and high schools in the United States, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom.^[27][28]

An advantage iTunes U has over traditional podcasting tools is that access to content can be restricted because of the use of the iTunes infrastructure end-to-end. Authentication is handled by the member college or university, who prompts a visitor for information (like an account and password specific to that institution) and then passes a certain token on to the iTunes U web site. That token contains (indicates) the access level for that visitor.^[29] An example might be a class podcast that can only be accessed by students enrolled in the class.

There is material from a myriad of places, including colleges and universities, on iTunes U. There are over 350,000 files available to download. Individual universities can be visited through the Universities & Colleges section, and other institutions can be visited through the "Beyond Campus" section.^[30]

The functions of iTunes U are much like those of Podcasts in that users can either download individual streams or subscribe to a stream so that iTunes will automatically download it.^[30]

Since making changes to individual iTunes U sites may be difficult to users not well-versed in XML tools (i.e. XQuery), Richard Wolf at the University of Illinois at Chicago has created the Woolamaloo application and Woolamaloo Automator Actions for OS X to aid users in the setup and editing of sites. Woolamaloo makes it easy for non-programmers to use the iTunes U web services. By using the Automator workflow tool in OS X, the Woolamaloo Automator Actions can not only be configured but can then be combined with other actions to help with any routine iTunes U administrative tasks. After receiving multiple requests, Mr. Wolf subsequently released Woolamaloo for Windows.^[31]

iPod games[link]

On September 12, 2006, the iTunes Store began to offer additional games for purchase with the launch of iTunes 7, compatible with the iPod Classic or iPod Nano with video playback. Launch titles included: Bejeweled, Cubis, Mini Golf, Mahjong, Pac-Man, Tetris, Texas Hold 'Em, Vortex, and Zuma. Though they are downloaded through iTunes, the games cannot be played within the application itself; they can only be played on an iPod Classic or iPod Nano.

App Store[link]

With the launch of iPhone 3G and the 2.0 iOS firmware for iPod Touch and iPhone owners, the App Store allows people to download applications through the iTunes desktop software or the App Store on their iPhones. As of October 4, 2011, there are over 500,000 third-party applications available.^[32] The applications can only be run on iPhones, iPod Touch or iPads. Each application is also protected with iTunes FairPlay DRM. Developers of these applications receive 70 percent of the income and free applications are distributed without charge to the developer.^[33]

iBookstore[link]

As with the launch of the App Store on both the iOS as a standalone application and in iTunes as a section of the iTunes store, the iBookstore has been launched on both platforms in a similar fashion, with the desktop software being used to store and sync iBooks purchases exclusively with iDevices. The iPhone OS software update on 21 June 2010 allowed iPhone and iPod touch customers in the US to buy iBooks, with other countries coming on stream soon after.

Reception[link]

Sales of iTunes songs

Since its launch, the iTunes Store has crossed many milestones. In the first 18 hours, the store sold about 275,000 tracks and more than 1,000,000 in its first 5 days. When released for Windows in October 2003, iTunes was downloaded more than 1,000,000 times in the first 3 days, selling more than 1,000,000 songs in that period. On December 15, 2003 Apple announced that it had crossed 25 million songs sold.

In January 2004 at the Macworld Conference & Expo in San Francisco, Steve Jobs announced (Sellers, 2004) that an unnamed person had purchased US$29,500 worth of music. On March 15, 2004, Apple announced that iTunes Music Store customers had purchased and downloaded 50 million songs from the iTunes Music Store. A song sold on iTunes gives the artist 9 cents in profit. They also reported that customers were purchasing 2.5 million songs a week which translates to a projected annual run rate of 130 million songs a year. The 50 millionth song was "The Path of Thorns" by Sarah McLachlan.^[34]

On April 28, 2004, the iTunes Music Store marked its first anniversary with 70 million songs sold, clear dominance in the paid online music market and a slight profit.^[35] The store also offers hundreds of movie trailers and music videos, in an attempt to boost soundtrack sales. In the conference, Steve Jobs reiterated that a subscription service is still not in the interest of customers and reported that only 5 million of the 100 million songs offered in the Pepsi giveaway campaign were redeemed, which he blamed on technical problems in Pepsi distribution. According to an Apple Press Release released on August 10, 2004, the iTunes Music Store is the first store to have a catalog of more than one million songs.^[36] Also, the iTunes Music Store at that point maintained an over 70 percent market share of legal music downloads.

The emerging monopoly of the store has been criticised by Mike Lang of Miramax for "effectively strangling the industry". He says that because the music industry has allowed too few content providers, it is now suffering. Lang views the issue as being more of a threat than music piracy.^[37]

Milestones[link]

This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2011)

Music[link]

• 100 million songs sold: Summer, 2004

(Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas, bought the 100 millionth song, and the twenty-year-old was given a call from Steve Jobs congratulating him.)^[38]

• 125 million songs sold: September 1, 2004^[39]
• 150 million songs sold: October 14, 2004^[40]
• 200 million songs sold: December 16, 2004

(Ryan Alekman of Belchertown, Massachusetts, bought the 200 millionth song, which was one of the tracks on U2's digital box set The Complete U2.)^[41]

• 250 million songs sold: January 24, 2005^[42]
• 300 million songs sold: March 2, 2005^[43]
• 400 million songs sold: May 10, 2005^[44]

On July 5, 2005, Apple announced a promotion counting down to half a billion songs sold.^[45]

• 500 million songs sold: July 18, 2005

(Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, bought the 500 millionth song, "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.)^[46]

• 850 million songs sold: January 10, 2006^[47]
• 1 billion songs sold: February 23, 2006

(Alex Ostrovsky of West Bloomfield, Michigan, bought the billionth song, "Speed of Sound" by Coldplay.^[48] He later got a call from Steve Jobs with the news that the sixteen-year-old was getting ten iPods, an iMac, a $10,000 music gift certificate, and a scholarship established in his name at the Juilliard School.)^[38]

• 1.5 billion songs sold: September 12, 2006^[49]
• 2 billion songs sold: January 10, 2007^[49]
• 2.5 billion songs sold: April 9, 2007^[50]
• 3 billion songs sold: July 31, 2007^[51]
• 4 billion songs sold: January 15, 2008
• 5 billion songs sold: June 19, 2008^[52]
• 6 billion songs sold: January 6, 2009^[53]
• 8 billion songs sold: July 21, 2009
• 8.6 billion songs sold: September 9, 2009
• 10 billion songs sold: February 24, 2010^[54]

(Louie Sulcer of Woodstock, Georgia, downloaded "Guess Things Happen That Way" by Johnny Cash. At 71 years old, he was the oldest milestone winner. He received a call from Steve Jobs and a $10,000 iTunes gift card.)^[55]

• 15 billion songs sold: June 6, 2011^[56]

Video[link]

• 1 million videos sold: October 31, 2005^[57]
• 3+ million videos sold: December 6, 2005^[58]
• 8 million videos sold: January 10, 2006^[47]
• 15 million videos sold: February 23, 2006^[48]
• 45 million videos sold: September 12, 2006^[49]
• 50 million television episodes sold: January 10, 2007^[49]
• 1.3 million feature-length films sold: January 10, 2007^[49]
• 2 million feature-length films sold: July 31, 2007^[59]
• 200 million television episodes sold: October 16, 2008^[60]
• 1+ million HD episodes sold: October 16, 2008^[60]

Applications[link]

• 10 million apps downloaded: July 14, 2008^[61]
• 100 million apps downloaded: September 9, 2008^[62]
• 200 million apps downloaded: October 22, 2008^[63]
• 300 million apps downloaded: December 5, 2008^[64]
• 500 million apps downloaded: January 16, 2009^[65]
• 800 million apps downloaded: March 17, 2009^[66]
• 1 billion apps downloaded: April 23, 2009^[67]
• 1.5 billion apps downloaded: July 14, 2009^[68]
• 1.8 billion apps downloaded: September 9, 2009
• 2 billion apps downloaded: September 28, 2009
• 3 billion apps downloaded: January 5, 2010
• 7 billion apps downloaded: October 20, 2010
• 10 billion apps downloaded: January 22, 2011^[69]
• 15 billion apps downloaded: July 7, 2011^[70]
• 25 billion apps downloaded: March 5, 2012^[7]

Market share[link]

• Steve Jobs announced in his "It's Showtime" keynote that Apple had 88% of the legal U.S. music download market on September 12, 2006.^[49]
• Apple announced that the iTunes Store had sold more than two million movies, making it the world's most popular online movie store on April 11, 2007.^[59]
• On February 26, 2008, the iTunes Store surpassed Best Buy to become the second-biggest music seller in the USA behind Wal-Mart; the iTunes Store became number one on April 3, 2008.^[1]

Internationalization[link]

Originally only Mac OS X users who had credit cards with a U.S. billing address could buy songs with the service, but Steve Jobs, the CEO of Apple, announced plans to support both Windows and non-American users. The Windows version of iTunes and support for the Windows platform from the iTunes Music Store were announced on October 16, 2003, with immediate availability. Beginning in 2004, the service has become available in a number of countries other than the United States:

country	product type									affiliate network	price/song
	Music	Music Videos	Podcasts	TV shows	Movies	Apps	Books	iTunes Match	iTunes U
United States	April 28, 2003	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	LinkShare[71]	0.69 - 1.29 USD
United Kingdom	June 15, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	June 4, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.59 - 0.99 GBP (0.91 - 1.53 USD)[73]
France	June 15, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	April 30, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Germany	June 15, 2004	Yes	Yes	April 2, 2008[74]	April 16, 2009[75]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Austria	October 26, 2004	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Belgium	October 26, 2004	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Finland	October 26, 2004	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Greece	October 26, 2004	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Italy	October 26, 2004	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Luxembourg	October 26, 2004	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Netherlands	October 26, 2004	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Portugal	October 26, 2004	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Spain	October 26, 2004	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Canada	December 3, 2004	Yes	Yes	Yes	June 4, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	LinkShare[77]	0.69 - 1.29 CAD (0.67 - 1.25 USD)[73]
Ireland	January 6, 2005	Yes	Yes	N/A	April 30, 2009	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Sweden	May 10, 2005	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	9 - 12 SEK (1.25 - 1.67 USD)[73]
Norway	May 10, 2005	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	8 - 10 NOK (1.32 - 1.66 USD)[73]
Switzerland	May 10, 2005	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	1.60 - 2.20 CHF (1.53 - 2.11 USD)[73]
Denmark	May 10, 2005	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	TradeDoubler[72]	8 - 10 DKK (1.52 - 1.90 USD)[73]
Japan	August 4, 2005[78]	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	LinkShare Japan[71]	150 - 250 JPY (1.81 - 3.02 USD)[73]
Australia	October 25, 2005	October 25, 2005	Yes	June 24, 2008[79]	August 14, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	dgm[71]	1.19 - 2.19 AUD (1.28 - 2.35 USD)[73]
New Zealand	December 6, 2005[80]	Yes	Yes	N/A	August 14, 2008	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	dgm[71]	1.79 - 2.39 NZD (1.29 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Mexico	August 4, 2009[81]	Yes	Yes	N/A	November 9, 2010[82]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	LinkShare[83]	9 - 15 MXN (0.71 - 1.19 USD)[73]
Bulgaria	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Cyprus	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Czech Republic	September 29, 2011[84]	Yes	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Estonia	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Hungary	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Latvia	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Lithuania	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Malta	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Poland	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Romania	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Slovenia	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Slovakia	September 29, 2011[84]	N/A	Yes	N/A	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[76]	0.69 - 1.29 EUR (0.92 - 1.72 USD)[73]
Argentina	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Brazil	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	TradeDoubler[83]	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Bolivia	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Chile	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Colombia	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Costa Rica	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Dominican Republic	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Ecuador	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
El Salvador	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Guatemala	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Honduras	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Nicaragua	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Panama	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Paraguay	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Peru	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
Venezuela	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	N/A	December 13, 2011[85]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	N/A	0.69 - 1.29 USD
country	Music	Music Videos	Podcasts	TV shows	Movies	Apps	Books	iTunes Match	iTunes U	affiliate network	price/song
	product type

To buy files through the store, a user must install the proprietary digital media player iTunes to access the store. This software is available only for certain versions of the Macintosh or Windows operating systems.

iTunes Store availability. Green: full functionality (music, apps, videos, etc.) Red: available, but with limitations (only apps, iTunes U, etc.)

• According to an Apple Press Release, the European iTunes Music Stores sold a combined total of 800,000 songs in one week, with 450,000 of those songs sold in the UK.^[86]

• The Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Greek stores have been localized.

• On 3 December 2004 the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission because it prevents consumers in one EU country from buying music from stores in other EU countries, in violation of EU free-trade legislation; the immediate cause of the referral was because the €0.99 price charged in the Eurozone equates to UK£0.68 in sterling, rather than the UK£0.79 actually charged there.

• iTunes Music Store in Japan had 1 million songs available at start.^[78] In the next four days the store had sold one million songs – the pace faster than that of the U.S. store.^[87] In addition to a long delay, Apple failed to have one set price for singles. Pundits^[who?] speculated that this may have indicated the introduction of new price structure to the rest of the stores in future, in favor of record labels^[who?] who would like to see higher prices for new songs. This extension to other countries was announced in January 2009.

• The release of video-capable iPods also saw the store launch in Australia with music videos and short films by Pixar. iTunes Gift Cards (as they are now known) are now also available in many more stores such as JB Hi-Fi, David Jones, and the Woolworths chain of stores. Access was inadvertently given to some people in New Zealand, too.^[88] Failed negotiations with the Sony BMG label meant that none of that label's artists were available at the time of launch; they were later added on January 17, 2006.

• New Zealand users had briefly been able to buy from the Australian store when it first opened until that loophole was closed.

• On November 1, 2006, the store started offering a range of Latino content including television shows and music for its Hispanic American, Mexican and Puerto Rican clients.^[89]

• The Spanish used on the Mexican store has been modified to Mexican Spanish.^[90][91]

• As of the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo, Apple had given no new information of the (possible; future) inclusion and expansion of music videos, TV-shows and movies in other European countries. The stores of the UK, Germany and France currently remain the only European Stores with local and/or localized selections of TV-shows, movies and music videos.

Payment options[link]

A user must also pay with an iTunes gift card or a credit card with a billing address in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, or the United States. Apple also offers other payment methods (like Paypal), which differ from country to country. Residents in other countries can only buy a gift card from a merchant or download free podcasts and previews.

Available file formats / History thereof[link]

Originally, songs were encoded using FairPlay-encrypted 128 kbit/s AAC streams in an mp4 wrapper, using the .m4p extension.

While licenses to the AAC compression and the mp4 file format are readily available, Apple generally has not licensed its proprietary FairPlay encryption scheme to other mobile device manufacturers, so only devices from Apple are able to play the FairPlay-encrypted songs sold at the iTunes Store. The only exceptions were three mobile phones sold by Motorola in the years 2005–6: the Motorola ROKR E1, the Motorola RAZR V3i, and the Motorola SLVR L7.

Currently the digital booklets included with some albums are in PDF. With the present iPod software, these files are not readable on iPods without third party software. However, with the release of their latest firmware update for the iPhone and iPod Touch, these can be converted to books and viewed in the iBooks application.

From May 29, 2007 tracks on the EMI label were made available in a DRM-less format called iTunes Plus. These files are unprotected and are encoded in the AAC format at 256 kbit/s, twice the bitrate of standard tracks bought through the service. They are labelled as "purchased AAC audio file" (.m4a) rather than "protected AAC audio file" (.m4p) in iTunes and the context menu obtained by right-clicking the song includes an option to convert to MP3.

In January 2009, Apple announced that all music would be available in the iTunes Plus format, bringing an end to the sale of music with DRM on iTunes. In April, the sale of protected music ended in the western versions of the store, making all music in the iTunes Store "iTunes Plus". iTunes store users may choose to "upgrade" any of their downloaded iTunes music to iTunes Plus if they wish, but most songs require payment to do so. FairPlay DRM-protected music is still available in the Japanese iTunes store.

In September 2009, Apple introduced the iTunes LP format (known pre-launch by the code name "Cocktail")^[92][93] which features visual, interactive content alongside album tracks and lyrics.

Digital rights management[link]

A white fifth-generation iPod with earphones. The only portable devices licensed to play protected music from the iTunes Store are iPods, the iPhone, the iPod Touch, the iPad and selected Motorola mobile phones, such as the ROKR.

Apple's FairPlay digital rights management (DRM) is integrated into iTunes, which manages songs purchased in the m4p file format from iTunes Store before January 2009. iTunes relies on FairPlay to implement three main restrictions:

• Users can make a maximum of seven CD copies of any particular playlist containing songs in the m4p file format purchased from the iTunes Store.
• Users can access their purchased songs in the m4p file format on a maximum of five computers.
• Songs in the m4p file format can only be played on a computer with iTunes or an iPod; other MP3 devices do not support FairPlay encoded tracks.

There are no restrictions on number of iPods to which a purchased song can be transferred nor the number of times any individual song can be burned to CD.

When Apple initially introduced FairPlay, songs purchased through iTunes had limits of three simultaneous machines and ten CD copies of a playlist. The adjustment to the current limits was implemented with the introduction of iTunes 4.5 in April 2004, presumably as the result of re-negotiations Apple had with major labels.

Apple's DRM technology is breakable. Various programs have been written to remove the FairPlay wrapper and allow the AAC files to be used without technological restriction. More simply, a user can convert protected files to an unprotected format format by using iTunes to burn them to an audio CD and ripping the CD back to iTunes. If the CD is ripped back to iTunes in a lossy format, some audio quality will be lost in this transcoding. An alternative way of transcoding the files is to record the "Wave Out Mix" using an audio recording program (such as Audacity or Audio Hijack Pro) while playing the song on iTunes — and then encoding it to a format of the user's choice.

Competitors accused Apple of using iPod, the iTunes Store, and "FairPlay" to establish a vertical monopoly and a lock-in for iPod users to use the iTunes Store exclusively (and vice versa). This "lock" had two aspects:

• Apple has maintained tight control of its FairPlay encryption. Other online music stores cannot sell music files encoded with FairPlay, and competing devices from companies such as Creative Labs and iriver cannot play such files. This means that consumers who want to listen to songs downloaded from the iTunes Store must either have an Apple device (iPod, iPhone, iPad) or convert the files to an open format.
• The iPod does not play files encoded in Microsoft's WMA format or RealNetwork's Helix-protected format, which are used by other online music stores. iPod owners who want to play music from other such stores must circumvent the files' DRM.

In July 2004, RealNetworks debuted an application named Harmony, which converted files purchased from RealNetworks' RealRhapsody service into a FairPlay-compatible format that an iPod could play. In response, Apple accused RealNetworks of "adopting the tactics and ethics of a hacker to break into the iPod."^[94] and released a firmware upgrade that rendered iPods incapable of playing such files. On January 3, 2005, an iTunes Music Store customer sued Apple, alleging the company broke US antitrust laws by freezing out competitors.^[95]

In 2006, a controversy erupted about a French draft law aimed at reinforcing the protection of works of art against "piracy", or illegal copying; some clauses of the law could possibly be used to request Apple to provide information about its FairPlay system to manufacturers of competing players. Apple and associated lobbying groups protested the draft law, going as far as to suggest that it condoned "state-sponsored piracy." Some^[who?] U.S. commentators claimed that the law was a protectionistic measure against the iPod.

Movement against DRM[link]

On February 6, 2007, Steve Jobs called on the Big Four record labels to allow their music to be sold DRM-free.^[96] This approach was advocated by the Open Music Model as being revenue maximizing. On April 2, 2007, Apple and the record label EMI announced that the iTunes Store would begin offering, as an additional purchasing option, tracks from EMI's catalog encoded as 256 kbit/s AAC without FairPlay or any other DRM.

On May 29, 2007, Apple released version 7.2 of its iTunes software, allowing users to purchase DRM-free music and music videos from participating labels. These new files, available through the iTunes Store, have been called iTunes Plus music by Apple. iTunes Plus content was offered at a higher price than the DRM-protected versions of the same content.

In October 2007, iTunes Plus became automatic instead of optional for all iTunes Plus licensed content. In addition, the price of iTunes Plus reverted to the lower DRM price.

Almost immediately after the launch of iTunes Plus, reports surfaced that the DRM-free tracks sold by the iTunes Store contained identifying information about the customer, embedding the purchasing account's full name and e-mail address as metadata in the file. This information has always been in iTunes downloads both with and without FairPlay DRM.^{[citation needed]}. Privacy groups expressed concerns that this data could be misused if possessions carrying the files were stolen, and potentially wrongly incriminate a user for copyright infringement.^[97]

On January 6, 2009 at the Macworld Expo, Apple announced a significant overhaul of the iTunes Plus catalog with Universal Music Group, Sony BMG, Warner Music Group and EMI offering all their music in iTunes Plus immediately. As of the announcement, 8 million songs were available in Apple's DRM-free format. As of April 2009, all songs became available in the iTunes Plus format, except from the Japanese iTunes Store; the Japanese store would not undergo full conversion until February 22, 2012.^[98]

Promotions[link]

On Super Bowl Sunday, February 1, 2004, Apple launched a promotion with Pepsi in which they gave away 100 million songs, through tokens on selected soft drink bottle caps. Unfortunately for Apple, Pepsi failed to properly distribute the bottles to major metropolitan areas until only weeks before the promotion ended, despite a one-month extension of the deadline by Apple. The promotion was repeated beginning January 31, 2005, with 200 million songs available, and an iPod Mini given away every hour.

On July 1, 2004, Apple announced that, starting with the sale of the 95 millionth song, an iPod would be given away to the buyer of each 100 thousandth song, for a total of 50 iPods. The buyer of the 100 millionth song would receive a PowerBook, iPod, and US$10,000 gift certificate to the iTunes Music Store.

Ten days later, on July 11, Apple announced that 100 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 100 millionth song was titled "Somersault (Dangermouse Remix)" by Zero 7, purchased by Kevin Britten of Hays, Kansas. He then received a phone call from Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who offered his congratulations, as well as a 40 GB 3rd Generation iPod laser-engraved with a message of thanks.

Inspired by Pepsi's marketing success with iTunes giveaways, Coca-Cola partnered with 7-Eleven to give away a free iTunes song with every 32 US fl oz (950 ml). Slurpee frozen beverage until July 31, 2005. Songs could be redeemed until August 31, 2005 by entering a code printed on the Slurpee cup into the iTunes Music Store application. Coca-Cola did this in spite of having its own music store, myCokeMusic.com, that competed with the iTunes Music Store in Europe. myCokeMusic.com ceased business on July 31, 2006.^[99]

On July 5, 2005, Apple announced that they were counting down to half a billion songs. The buyer of every 100 thousandth song up to 500 million would receive an iPod Mini and a 50-song gift card. The grand prize for the person who downloads the 500 millionth song was 10 iPods of their choice, a 10,000-song gift card, 10 50-song gift cards or 4 tickets to the Coldplay world tour. Twelve days later, on July 17, Apple announced that 500 million songs had been sold through the iTunes Music Store. The 500 millionth song, purchased by Amy Greer of Lafayette, Indiana, was "Mississippi Girl" by Faith Hill.

On July 28, 2005, Apple and The Gap announced a promotion to award iTunes music downloads to Gap customers who tried on a pair of Gap jeans.^[100] From August 8 to August 31, 2005, each customer who tried on any pair of Gap jeans could receive a free download for a song of their choice from the iTunes Music Store.