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1975
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Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (, ; ), is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city. The exclave province of Cabinda has a border with the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
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Armageddon
Armageddon ( Harmagedōn, , Har Megiddo, Arabic أرمجدون, Late Latin: ) is the site of an epic battle associated with the end time prophecies of the Abrahamic religions.
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Australia
{{Infobox country
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Balibo
Balibo is a town in East Timor situated approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from the Indonesian border. It is located in the subdistrict of Balibo, Bobonaro District.
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Ban Me Thuot
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh (; , '), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ ') is a country in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. Together with the Indian state of West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. The name Bangladesh means "Country of Bengal" in the official Bengali language.
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Banqiao Dam
The Banqiao Reservoir Dam ({{zh|s=|t=|p=) is a dam on the River Ru in Zhumadian Prefecture, China. It famously failed in 1975, causing more casualties than any other dam failure in history, and was subsequently rebuilt.
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Brazil
Brazil (; , ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (, ), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.
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California
California (pronounced ) is the most populous state in the United States and the third-largest by land area, after Alaska and Texas. California is also the most populous sub-national entity in North America. It's on the U.S. West Coast, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west and by the states of Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, Baja California, Mexico, to the south. Its 5 largest cities are Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, and Long Beach, with Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Jose each having at least 1 million residents. Like many populous states, California's capital, Sacramento is smaller than the state's largest city, Los Angeles. The state is home to the nation's 2nd- and 6th-largest census statistical areas and 8 of the nation's 50 most populous cities. California has a varied climate and geography and a multi-cultural population.
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Cambodia
The "Kingdom of Cambodia" "Royaume du Cambodge" (official name), also known as Cambodia, derived from Sanskrit Kambujadesa ()), is a country in Southeast Asia that borders Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the northeast, Vietnam to the east, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. The geography of Cambodia is dominated by rivers and a lake namely: The Mekong River (Upper and Lower) (Khmer: ទន្លេមេគង្គ Tonlé Mékong Pronounced: Tonlé Mékung = Mother Water River), Sab River Tonlé Sap (Khmer: ទន្លេសាប Pronounced: Tonlé Sab = Fresh Water River), Bassac River Tonlé Bassac (Khmer: ទន្លេបាសាក់ Pronounced: Tonlé Bassuck = ?)
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Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Cape Verde
The Republic of Cape Verde (; , ; ) is an island country, spanning an archipelago of 15 islands located in the central Atlantic Ocean, 570 kilometres off the coast of Western Africa. The islands, covering a combined area of slightly over , are of volcanic origin and while three of them (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) are fairly flat, sandy and dry, the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation. Due to the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the overall landscape is not particularly green, as the country's name suggests (verde is Portuguese for "green"). The name of the country stems instead from the nearby Cap Vert, on the Senegalese coast.
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Cincinnati
Cincinnati () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Hamilton County. The municipality is located north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border. The population within city limits was estimated to be 333,200 in 2009, making it the state's third-largest city. According to a 2008 Census Bureau estimate, the Cincinnati metropolitan area had a population of 2,155,137 making it the largest MSA in Ohio (surpassing Cleveland, which ranks 26th), and the 24th most populous in the United States. Residents of Cincinnati are called Cincinnatians.
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Ciudad Perdida
Ciudad Perdida (Spanish for "Lost City") is the archaeological site of an ancient city in Sierra Nevada, Colombia. It is believed to have been founded about 800 A.D., some 650 years earlier than Machu Picchu. This location is also known as Buritaca and the Native Americans call it Teyuna.
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Cologne Opera
The Cologne Opera (German: Oper der Stadt Köln or Oper Köln) refers both to the main opera house in Cologne, Germany and to its resident opera company.
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Colombia
Colombia (), officially the Republic of Colombia (, ), is a constitutional republic in northwestern South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the northwest by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia also shares maritime borders with Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. With a population of over 45 million people, Colombia has the 29th largest population in the world and the second largest in South America, after Brazil. Colombia has the fourth largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico, the United States, and Spain.
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Comoros
this is an island with to people on it
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Corse-du-Sud
Corse-du-Sud () () is a French département. It is composed of the southern part of the island of Corsica.
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Corsica
Corsica (, ; ; ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia.
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Council of Europe
The Council of Europe () is one of the oldest international organisations working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democratic development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation. It has 47 member states with some 800 million citizens. It is distinct from the European Union (EU) which has common policies, binding laws and only twenty-seven members. The two do however share certain symbols such as their flag.
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Cruden Bay
Cruden Bay is a small village in Scotland, on the north coast of the Bay of Cruden in Aberdeenshire, 26 miles North of Aberdeen.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (; , Kýpros, ; ), – officially the Republic of Cyprus (, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, ; ) – is a Eurasian island country in the Eastern Mediterranean, south of Turkey and west of Syria and Lebanon. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of its most popular tourist destinations. An advanced, high-income economy with a very high Human Development Index, the Republic of Cyprus was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement until it joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
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Detroit, Michigan
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Dili
Dili, spelled Díli in Portuguese, is the capital and largest city of East Timor. It lies on the northern coast of Timor island, the easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. Dili is the chief port and commercial centre for East Timor, and has approximately 150,000 inhabitants. There is also an airport in Comoro, Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport, renamed after independence leader Nicolau Lobato, which is used for commercial and military flights.
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East Timor
East Timor, officially named Timor-Leste, (Tetum: Timór-Leste; officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) is a state in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the nearby islands of Atauro and Jaco, and Oecusse, an exclave on the northwestern side of the island, within Indonesian West Timor. The small country of 15,410 km² (5,400 sq mi) is located about 640 km (400 mi) northwest of Darwin, Australia.
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England
England () is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
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FBI
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Francoist Spain
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Georgetown, Guyana
Georgetown, estimated population 239,227 (2002 Guyana census), is the capital and largest city of Guyana, located in the Demerara-Mahaica region. It is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast at the mouth of the Demerara River and it was nicknamed 'Garden City of the Caribbean.' Georgetown is located at . The city serves primarily as a retail and administrative centre. It also serves as a financial services centre.
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Grangemouth
Grangemouth () is a town and former burgh in the council area of Falkirk, Scotland, and formerly in the County of Stirling. It is on the Firth of Forth, 3 miles east of Falkirk. It is twinned with La Porte, Indiana and with Creteil, Paris, France as part of Falkirk District. Grangemouth is currently known for its large petrochemical plant (which includes the oil refinery owned by Ineos), one of the largest in Europe.
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Grassington
Grassington is a town and civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England.
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Great Britain
Great Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
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Greece
Greece (; , Elláda, ; , Hellás, ), also known as Hellas and officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Ellīnikī́ Dīmokratía, ), is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world at in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at .
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Haicheng, Liaoning
Haicheng () is a county-level city of Anshan City, Liaoning Province, in the People's Republic of China. It is located about 200 kilometers from Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning Province.
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Hanoi
Hanoi (Vietnamese: Hà Nội) , estimated population nearly 6.5 million (2009), is the capital and second-largest city of Vietnam. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế during the Nguyễn Dynasty as the capital of Vietnam, but Hanoi served as the capital of French Indochina from 1902 to 1954. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam.
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Haute-Corse
Haute-Corse () () is a French department. It constitutes the northern part of the island of Corsica.
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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh (Hindi: हिमाचल प्रदेश ) is a state in Northern India. It is spread over 21,495 sq mi (55,673 km²), and is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. The literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh is Region of snowy mountains.
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India
India (), officially the Republic of India ( ; see also official names of India), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west; Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the east. In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman Sea. India has a coastline of .
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Indonesia
Indonesia ( or ), officially the Republic of Indonesia (), is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia comprises 17,508 islands. With a population of around 238 million people, it is the world's fourth most populous country, and has the world's largest population of Muslims. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and Malaysia. Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Indonesia is a founding member of ASEAN and a member of the G-20 major economies.
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Iran
Iran ( ), officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Central Eurasia and Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was also known to the western world as Persia. Both Persia and Iran are used interchangeably in cultural contexts; however, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Italy
Italy (; ), officially the Italian Republic (), is a country located in south-central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia — the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea — and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, whilst Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.4 million inhabitants, it is the sixth most populous country in Europe, and the twenty-third most populous in the world.
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Kea Channel
The Kea Channel, is a passage of water in the Aegean Sea, lying between the islands of Makronisi and Kea, just off Cape Sounion on the mainland of Greece. It is the location of the wreck of HMHS Britannic, which was sunk on November 21, 1916.
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Kelantan
Kelantan is a state of Malaysia. The capital and royal seat is Kota Bharu. The Arabic honorific of the state is Darul Naim, ("The Blissful Abode").
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Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
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Lebanon
Lebanon ( or ; ; ), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: ; French: ), is a country on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, and Israel to the south. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland has dictated its rich history, and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.
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Leroy Anderson
Leroy Anderson (June 29, 1908 – May 18, 1975) was an American composer of short, light concert pieces, many of which were introduced by the Boston Pops Orchestra under the direction of Arthur Fiedler. John Williams described him as "one of the great American masters of light orchestral music."
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Lice, Turkey
Lice (pronounced ) is a district of Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. It is located 90 km (60 miles) from the capital, Diyarbakır.
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Lilongwe
Lilongwe, estimated population 902,388 as of 2009, is the capital and largest city of Malawi. It lies in the country's central region, on the Lilongwe River, near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia, and on the main north-south highway of Malawi, the M1.
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Lomé
Lomé, with an estimated population of 737,751, is the capital and largest city of Togo. Located on the Gulf of Guinea, Lomé is the country's administrative and industrial center and its chief port. The city exports coffee, cocoa, copra, and palm kernels. It also has an oil refinery.
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London
London () is the capital of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who called it Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
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Lyme, Connecticut
Lyme is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 2,016 at the 2000 census. Lyme and its neighboring town Old Lyme are the namesake for Lyme disease.
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Madagascar
Madagascar, or Republic of Madagascar (older name Malagasy Republic, French: ), is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world.
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Madrid
Madrid (Spanish , English ) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million (as of December 2009); the entire population of the metropolitan area (urban area and suburbs) is calculated to be nearly 6 million. It is the third-most populous municipality in the European Union after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-most populous in the European Union after Paris and London. The city spans a total of 698 km² (234 sq mi).
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Malawi
The Republic of Malawi (; Chichewa ) is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size is over with an estimated population of more than 13,900,000. Its capital is Lilongwe, the second largest city is Blantyre and the third large city is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area.
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Malaysia
Malaysia (pronounced or ) is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia. It consists of thirteen states and three federal territories and has a total landmass of . The country is separated by the South China Sea into two regions, Peninsular Malaysia and Malaysian Borneo (also known as West and East Malaysia respectively). Malaysia shares land borders with Thailand, Indonesia, and Brunei and has maritime boundaries with Singapore, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government. The population as of 2009 stood at over 28 million.
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Mayaguez incident
The 'Mayaguez incident' involving the Khmer Rouge government in Cambodia on May 12–15, 1975, marked the last official battle of the United States (U.S.) involvement in the Vietnam War. The names of the Americans killed are the last names on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, as well as those of three Marines who were left behind on the island of Koh Tang after the battle and who were subsequently executed by the Khmer Rouge while in captivity. The merchant ship's crew, whose seizure at sea had prompted the U.S. attack, had been released in good health, unknown to the U.S. Marines or the U.S. command of the operation, before the Marines attacked. It was the only known engagement between U.S. ground forces and the Khmer Rouge.
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Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees. Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the office suite market with Microsoft Office.
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Moorgate tube crash
The Moorgate tube crash was a railway disaster on the London Underground, which occurred on 28 February 1975 at 08.46 am.
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Morocco
Morocco (, al-Maġrib; Berber: Amerruk / Murakuc; French: Maroc), officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية, al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya), is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of nearly 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², including the disputed Western Sahara which is mainly under Moroccan administration. Morocco has a coast on the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south.
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Mozambique
Mozambique, officially the Republic of Mozambique ( or República de Moçambique, ), is a country in southeastern Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west and Swaziland and South Africa to the southwest.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an Executive Branch agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's civilian space program and aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's self-described mission statement is to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research."
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Netherlands
{{Infobox country
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New Zealand
{{Infobox Country
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Niterói
Niterói () is a municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast region of Brazil. This city was founded on November 22, 1573 by the Tupi Amerindian chief Araribóia (who later was converted to Roman Catholicism and given the Christian name of Martim Afonso, after the Portuguese explorer Martim Afonso de Sousa). It makes Niteroi the only Brazilian city to have been founded by a non-Christian, non-assimilated Brazilian Amerindian.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
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North Vietnam
North Vietnam, also called the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (), was a communist state that ruled the northern half of Vietnam from 1954 until 1976 following the Geneva Conference and laid claim to all of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954 during the First Indochina War, during which they controlled pockets of territory throughout the country.
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North Yorkshire
North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan or shire county located in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, and a ceremonial county primarily in that region but partly in North East England. Created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 it covers an area of , making it the largest ceremonial county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and all of the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshire's boundaries, and around 40% of the county is covered by National Parks.
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Operation Babylift
Operation Babylift was the name given to the mass evacuation of children from South Vietnam to the United States and other countries (including Australia, France, and Canada) at the end of the Vietnam War (see also the Fall of Saigon), from April 3–26, 1975. By the final American flight out of South Vietnam, over 3,300 infants and children had been evacuated, although the actual number has been variously reported. Along with Operation New Life, over 110,000 refugees were evacuated from South Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. Thousands of children were airlifted from Vietnam and adopted by families around the world.
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Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshū, the designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the heart of Greater Osaka Area. Located at the mouth of the Yodo River on Osaka Bay,
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Ottawa
Ottawa ( or ) is the capital of Canada, a municipality and the second largest city within the province of Ontario. Located in the Ottawa Valley, in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario, the city lies on the Ottawa River, a major waterway forming the local boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.
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Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea ( , also or ; Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini) (PNG), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, is a country in Oceania, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua). It is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in a region defined since the early 19th century as Melanesia. The capital is Port Moresby.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Phnom Penh
Phnom Penh (, another Romanization: Phnum Pénh. literally: "Mountain Full" or more loosely "Full Mountain") is the capital and largest city of Cambodia. Located on the banks of the Mekong River, Phnom Penh has been the national capital since the French colonized Cambodia, and has grown to become the nation's center of economic activities. Phnom Penh has grown to become the industrial, commercial, cultural, tourist and historical center of Cambodia.
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Piccadilly
Piccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the city of Westminster. The street is part of the A4 road, London's second most important western artery. St. James's lies to the south of the eastern section of the street, while the western section is built up only on the northern side and overlooks Green Park. The area to the north is Mayfair.
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Portugal
Portugal (, ), officially the Portuguese Republic (; ), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are also part of Portugal.
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Portuguese Timor
Portuguese Timor was the name of East Timor when it was under Portuguese control. During this period, Portugal shared the island of Timor with the Netherlands East Indies, and later with Indonesia.
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Purchase, New York
Purchase, New York is a hamlet of the town of Harrison, in Westchester County. Its ZIP code is 10577. Its name is thought to be the result of land bought by the British from Native Americans living in the area. The land was put on a map as "Purchase". The name was never changed.
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Rijeka
Rijeka (Italian and Hungarian Fiume, other Croatian dialects: Reka or Rika, , or Pflaum (both historical)) is the principal seaport of Croatia, located on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea. It has 144,043 (2001) inhabitants . The majority of its citizens, 80.39% (2001 census), are Croats. The Croatian and the Italian version of the city's name mean river in each of the two languages.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ("River of January", ; ), commonly referred to simply as Rio, is the capital city of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city of Brazil and the third largest metropolitan area and agglomeration in South America, 6th largest in the Americas and 26th in the world.
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Saigon
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San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 12th most populous city in the United States, with a 2009 estimated population of 815,358. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of 17,323 people/mi² (6,688.4 people/km²). It is the most densely-settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States. San Francisco is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of more than 7.4 million.
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Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (), commonly known as Saudi Arabia, occasionally spelled '''Sa'udi Arabia''', is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. It is bordered by Jordan and Iraq on the north and northeast, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates on the east, Oman on the southeast, and Yemen on the south. The Persian Gulf lies to the northeast and the Red Sea to its west. It has an estimated population of 28 million, and its size is approximately . The kingdom is sometimes called "The Land of the Two Holy Mosques" in reference to Mecca and Medina, the two holiest places in Islam. The two mosques are Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Masjid Al-Nabawi (in Medina). The current kingdom was founded by Abdul-Aziz bin Saud, whose efforts began in 1902 when he captured the Al-Saud’s ancestral home of Riyadh, and culminated in 1932 with the proclamation and recognition of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, though its national origins go back as far as 1744 with the establishment of the First Saudi State. Saudi Arabia's government takes the form of an Islamic absolute monarchy. Human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have repeatedly expressed concern about the state of human rights in Saudi Arabia.
http://wn.com/Saudi_Arabia -
Senegal
Senegal (), officially the Republic of Senegal (République du Sénégal, ), is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. It owes its name to the river that borders it to the East and North and that originates from the Fouta Djallon in Guinea. Senegal is externally bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Mauritania to the north, Mali to the east, and Guinea and Guinea-Bissau to the south; internally it almost completely surrounds The Gambia, namely on the north, east and south, exempting Gambia's short Atlantic Ocean coastline. Senegal covers a land area of almost 197,000 km², and has an estimated population of about 14 million.The climate is tropical with two seasons: the dry season and the rainy season.
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Shropshire
Shropshire ( or ; alternatively Salop; abbreviated, in print only, Shrops) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. It borders Wales to the west. Shropshire is one of England's most rural and sparsely populated counties with a population density of 91/km2 (337/sq mi). The shire county and its districts were replaced by a unitary authority on 1 April 2009. The borough of Telford and Wrekin, included in Shropshire for ceremonial purposes, has been a unitary authority since 1998.
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Sikkim
Sikkim (Lepcha: ; Limbu: , one of the fortified place; Standard Tibetan: , bras ljongs; Denzong; Demojongs; Nepali: , i.e. the Goodly Region, or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim of the English and Indians…) is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas. It is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa. This thumb-shaped state borders Nepal in the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China to the north and the east and Bhutan in the southeast. The Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south. Despite its small area of , Sikkim is geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas. The climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine. Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on the border of Sikkim with Nepal. Sikkim is a popular tourist destination owing to its culture, scenic beauty and biodiversity.
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South Australia
South Australia is a state of Australia in the southern central part of the country. It covers some of the most arid parts of the continent; with a total land area of , it is the fourth largest of Australia's six states and two territories.
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
http://wn.com/South_Dakota -
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK, , ) and sometimes referred to simply as Korea, is a state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. Its capital is Seoul. South Korea lies in a temperate climate region with a predominantly mountainous terrain. Its territory covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of .
http://wn.com/South_Korea -
Spain
Spain ( ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
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Staffordshire
Staffordshire (, or ; abbreviated Staffs) is a landlocked county in the West Midlands region of England. Part of the National Forest lies within its borders. It adjoins the ceremonial counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire, and Shropshire.
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State Department
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Stockholm
Stockholm () is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the Riksdag (parliament), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace outside of Stockholm and uses the Royal Palace of Stockholm as his workplace and official residence. As of 2009, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden with a population of 829,417 in the municipality (2009), 1.25 million in the urban area (2005), and 2 million in the 6650 km² large metropolitan area (2009).
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Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, north of the half-way point.
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Suriname
'Suriname or Surinam' ( or , ; Sarnami: शर्नम् Sarnam, Sranan Tongo: Sranangron or Sranankondre), officially the Republic of Suriname, is a country in northern South America. Its geographical size is just under , and it has an estimated population of approximately 470,000, most of whom live on the country's north coast, where the capital Paramaribo is located.
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Sydney
Sydney () is the largest and most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. With an approximate population of 4.5 million in the Sydney metropolitan area the city is the largest in Oceania. Inhabitants of Sydney are called Sydneysiders, comprising a cosmopolitan and international population of people from numerous places around the world.
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Tarfaya
Tarfaya (طرفاية) is a city (5615 (2004)) on the southwestern coast of Morocco. It is a port town, which shares its name with the general lower region of Morocco (the Tarfaya Strip).
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Togo
The Togolese Republic, often known as Togo, is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately 6.7 million. Togo is a tropical, sub-Saharan nation, highly dependent on agriculture, with a climate that provides good growing seasons. While the official language is French, there are many other languages spoken in Togo, particularly those of the Gbe family. The largest religious group in Togo are those with indigenous beliefs, but there are significant Christian and Muslim minorities. Togo is a member of the United Nations, African Union, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, La Francophonie and Economic Community of West African States.
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Turkey
Turkey (), known officially as the Republic of Turkey (), is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between Eastern Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a country and sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island nation, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border with another sovereign state, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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USSR
http://wn.com/USSR -
Venice
Venice ( , Venetian: Venesia) is a city in northern Italy known both for tourism and for industry, and is the capital of the region Veneto, with a population of about 272,000 (census estimate 1 January 2004). Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area (population 1,600,000).
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Victoria (Australia)
Victoria is the second most populous state in Australia. Geographically the smallest mainland state, Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north, South Australia to the west, and Tasmania to the south, across Bass Strait. Victoria is the most densely populated state, and has a highly centralised population, with almost 75% of Victorians living in Melbourne, the state capital and largest city. Approximately 30,000 Indigenous Australians are estimated to have lived in the area, before European settlement in Victoria began in the 1830s. The discovery of gold in 1851 at Ballarat and Warrandyte transformed it into a leading industrial and commercial centre.
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Vienna
Vienna (; ; ) is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by population in the European Union. Vienna is host to many major international organizations such as the United Nations and OPEC.
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Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia () is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" because it is the birthplace of eight U.S. presidents. The geography and climate of the state are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The state population is nearly eight million.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Washington, DC
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West Germany
West Germany () is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG () in the period between its creation in May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. This period, during which Germany and Berlin were divided, ended when communist East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the eleven states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The enlarged Federal Republic of Germany with sixteen states (known simply as "Germany") is thus the continuation of the pre-1990 Federal Republic of Germany, and not its successor.
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Western Sahara
Western Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الغربية, Berber: Taneẓṛuft Tutrimt, ) is a disputed territory in North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its surface area amounts to . It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population of the territory is estimated at just over 500,000, over half of whom live in El Aaiun, the largest city in Western Sahara.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. President since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
http://wn.com/White_House -
World Trade Center
The World Trade Center (WTC) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan in New York City that were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The site is currently being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers and a memorial to the casualties of the attacks.
http://wn.com/World_Trade_Center -
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: Jugoslavija; Macedonian, Serbian Cyrillic: Југославија) is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the western part of Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century.
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Zomba, Malawi
Zomba is a city in southern Malawi, in the Shire Highlands. It is the administrative capital of Zomba District.
http://wn.com/Zomba_Malawi
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Barbra Streisand - The Way We Were (1975)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:53
- Published: 27 Sep 2006
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
"Funny Girl to Funny Lady" Tv special, 1975: "The Way We Were". One of Barbra's best live performances ever.
http://wn.com/Barbra_Streisand__The_Way_We_Were_1975
Arnold Schwarzenegger Mr. Olympia 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Published: 30 Dec 2006
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
Arnold, the best bodybuilder ever. From the movie Pumping Iron.
http://wn.com/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_Mr_Olympia_1975
The Who - Behind Blue Eyes 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Published: 02 Mar 2008
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
The Who - Behind Blue Eyes @ The Summit, Houston, TX, USA, 20 November 1975 More Who-videos at: www.dailymotion.com
http://wn.com/The_Who__Behind_Blue_Eyes_1975
Fall of Saigon 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:06
- Published: 07 Mar 2009
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
Saigon falls to the North Vietnamese in 1975
http://wn.com/Fall_of_Saigon_1975
Pussycat - Mississippi 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:25
- Published: 16 Dec 2007
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
Pussycat - Mississippi 1975 Where you can hear a country song from far and someone plays the honky-tonk guitar Where all the lights will go out one by one the people join the sun and the wind takes it away Where the Mississippi rolls down to the sea and lovers found the place they'd like to be how many times before the song was ending love and understanding everywhere around Mississippi, I'll remember you whenever I should go away I'll be longing for the day that I will be in Greenville again Mississippi, you'll be on my mind everytime I hear this song Mississippi roll along until the end of time Now the country song for ever lost its soul when the guitar player turned to rock & roll and everytime when summernights are falling I always will be calling dreams of yesterday Mississippi, I'll remember you whenever I should go away I'll be longing for the day that I will be in Greenville again Mississippi, you'll be on my mind everytime I hear this song Mississippi roll along until the end of time Everytime I hear this song Mississippi roll along until the end of time.
http://wn.com/Pussycat__Mississippi_1975
Jaws Trailer 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Published: 26 Feb 2007
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
Martin Brody is the new police chief of Amity, an island resort town somewhere in New England aka (Massachusetts). He has a wife named Ellen, and two sons named Michael and Sean. On a Summer morning, Brody is called to the beach, where the mangled body of Summer vacationer Chrissie Watkins has washed ashore. The medical examiner tells Brody that it could have been a shark that killed Watkins. Mayor Larry Vaughn, who is desperate to not lose the money that will be brought in by 4th of July tourists, wants Brody to say Watkins's death was caused by a motorboat propeller instead of a shark, because the thought of a shark in Amity's waters would drive tourists away from Amity. It looks like Vaughn is a mayor who puts money ahead of people's lives. Shark expert Matt Hooper believes Watkins was killed by a shark. Hooper is proven right a few days later, when Alex Kintner is killed by the shark that killed Watkins. Looking for the quickest solution, Vaughn tells all of the local fishermen to let him know if they see the shark. A shark hunter named Quint offers to find the shark and kill it but for a price $10000, but Vaughn thinks Quint's price of $10000 is too high. When a tiger shark is killed and hauled in by a couple of boaters, Vaughn hastily says that the shark crisis is over, but Hooper says the shark that's been killing people a huge great white shark is still in Amity's waters, but Vaughn leaves the beaches opened because all he cares about is the 4th of July tourist <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Jaws_Trailer_1975
Incognito 1975 Live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:34
- Published: 25 Aug 2010
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
Incognito performing the song 1975 live from their album Transatlantic RPM in August 2010
http://wn.com/Incognito_1975_Live
Chaos at the end of the 1975 British Grand Prix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Published: 06 Sep 2006
- Updated: 09 Jan 2012
Heavy rain falls at the end of the race and cars go off everywhere. Red flag comes out and Fittipaldi is the winner.
http://wn.com/Chaos_at_the_end_of_the_1975_British_Grand_Prix
Led Zeppelin - That's The Way (1975)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:20
- Published: 09 Feb 2009
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
Led Zeppelin - That's The Way (1975) Download link rapidshare.com
http://wn.com/Led_Zeppelin__That's_The_Way_1975
Minnie Riperton 明妮1975 loving you
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:48
- Published: 07 Jan 2008
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
1975 loving you loving you minnie riperton the best of minnie riperton Loving you is easy cause you're beautiful Making Love with you is all I wanna do Riperton Minnie Loving you is more than just a dream come true Everything that I do is out of loving you No one else can make me feel the colors that you bring Stay with me while we grow old And we will live each day in Spring-time Loving you has made my life so beautiful And every day of my life is filled with loving you Loving you I see your soul come shining through And everytime that we oooh I'm more in love with you
http://wn.com/Minnie_Riperton_明妮1975_loving_you
Melanie - Ruby Tuesday 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Published: 29 Jun 2008
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
Melanie - Ruby Tuesday 1975 Original by The Rolling Stones (1966) She would never say where she came from Yesterday don't matter because it's gone While the sun is bright Or in the darkest night No one knows, she comes and then she goes Goodbye Ruby Tuesday Who is gonna hang a name on you? When you change with every new day Still I'm gonna miss you "Oh there's no time to lose", I heard her say He's gotta catch your dreams before they run away Dying all the time Lose your dreams and you might lose your mind Is life unkind? Goodbye Ruby Tuesday Who is gonna hang a name on you? When you change with every new day Still I'm gonna miss you Goodbye Ruby Tuesday Who is gonna hang a name on you? When you change with every new day Still I'm gonna
http://wn.com/Melanie__Ruby_Tuesday_1975
1975 Notre Dame vs. Georgia Tech - The Rudy Play
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Published: 27 Aug 2006
- Updated: 31 Jan 2012
Notre Dame scores a late touchdown vs. Georgia Tech, enabling senior walk-on Dan Ruettiger to play in ND's final home game of 1975. Though uncredited by radio announcer Don Criqui, Ruettiger sacks the quarterback on the final play of the game, achieving a lifelong dream of playing football for Notre Dame. Special thanks to KH for marrying the game film to the original radio broadcast.
http://wn.com/1975_Notre_Dame_vs_Georgia_Tech__The_Rudy_Play
Monty Python on Public TV in 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:57
- Published: 02 Mar 2006
- Updated: 26 Jan 2012
KERA-TV in Dallas was the first PBS station to broadcast Monty Python's Flying Circus, and it was the Pythons' first stop in the US after the premier of Monty Python and the Holy Grail in Los Angeles in 1975. This interview footage first aired live on KERA that year, and hasn't been seen by the public since. It was discovered on an old reel that had been saved by an engineer, and as you can see, it cuts off after about 14 minutes... the engineer taped over the rest. It's a look at the group being candidly questioned by fans at the peak of their fame and creative powers. Provided by The Sound of Young America, a public radio show about things that are awesome. On the web at www.maximumfun.org ; clip is downloadable at http
http://wn.com/Monty_Python_on_Public_TV_in_1975
Bee Gees Nights on Broadway 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:40
- Published: 20 Aug 2007
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
Bee Gees Nights on Broadway 1975
http://wn.com/Bee_Gees_Nights_on_Broadway_1975
Please Mr Postman- The Carpenters (1975)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Published: 10 Mar 2007
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
The Carpenters official music video for "Please Mr Postman" WITH MICKEY MOUSE AND THE WHOLE DISNEY GANG!! YAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAY! fun little factoid: Karen Carpenter used to collect Disney memorabilia I have a Carpenters Group on Yahoo! CHECK IT OUT..or not but heres the launch.groups.yahoo.com
http://wn.com/Please_Mr_Postman_The_Carpenters_1975
![UFO [ DOCTOR,DOCTOR ] [I] LIVE,1975.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/NWJoj-sWYvU/0.jpg "UFO [ DOCTOR,DOCTOR ] [I] LIVE,1975.")
UFO [ DOCTOR,DOCTOR ] [I] LIVE,1975.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Published: 15 Nov 2007
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
UFO Performing live from 1975.[1] Michael Schenker(Guitar) Phil Mogg(Vocals) Pete Way(Bass) Andy Parker(Drums)
http://wn.com/UFO_ _DOCTOR,DOCTOR_ _ I _LIVE,1975
Joan Baez, Diamonds and Rust - Live, 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:05
- Published: 02 Sep 2006
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
now you're telling me you're not nostalgic then give me another word for it you who are so good with words and at keeping things vague because I need some of that vagueness now it's all come back too clearly yes I loved you dearly and if you're offering me diamonds and rust I've already paid
http://wn.com/Joan_Baez,_Diamonds_and_Rust__Live,_1975
herbie hancock cameleon live 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:16
- Published: 08 Oct 2006
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
check for more: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/herbie_hancock_cameleon_live_1975
The Saddest Day: 30 April 1975 (The Fall of Saigon)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 02 Dec 2007
- Updated: 02 Feb 2012
The title says it all. The title of the first song is "Sorrow About to Fall" by Electric Light Orchestra. The title of the second song at the 4:00 mark is "Con Thuong Rau Dang" by Pham Duc Thanh. You can buy albums of Mr. Pham's music at Amazon.com or at his website at: www.phamducthanh.com
http://wn.com/The_Saddest_Day_30_April_1975_The_Fall_of_Saigon
Shambala (1975) - Three Dog Night
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Published: 31 Jan 2009
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
on Soundstage in 1975
http://wn.com/Shambala_1975__Three_Dog_Night
KISS, Deuce 1975
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Published: 06 Nov 2005
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
KISS performs duece on a tv show in 1975.
http://wn.com/KISS,_Deuce_1975
SKATEBOARDING 1975-77
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Published: 07 Feb 2010
- Updated: 01 Feb 2012
From a rare home video called ARE WE HAVING FUN YET. Footage from films like FREEWHEELIN' and other '70's films with some clips you've never seen.
http://wn.com/SKATEBOARDING_1975-77
Bruce Springsteen - Jungleland (Main Point 1975-02-05)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:00
- Published: 09 Nov 2008
- Updated: 22 Jan 2012
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performing an early version of Jungleland before the release of Born To Run.
http://wn.com/Bruce_Springsteen__Jungleland_Main_Point_1975-02-05
Creative Commons / David Hume Kennerly![Buczka Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998))](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/6b/2f/407766b7c6ea424414946d1e4fb0_small.jpg "Buczka Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998))")
Creative Commons / Mohylek![Okrzei Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998)).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn2.wn.com/pd/a9/0b/9149dcc827311eb69888edffaf3a_small.jpg "Okrzei Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998)).")
Creative Commons / Mohylek![Poniec Town Hall [ˈpɔɲet ͡s] (German: Punitz) is a town situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Leszno Voivodeship (1975-1998), in Poland.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/e2/8a/9393317cb31f039d4b0d49c589a3_small.jpg "Poniec Town Hall [ˈpɔɲet ͡s] (German: Punitz) is a town situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Leszno Voivodeship (1975-1998), in Poland.")
Creative Commons / Jan Jerszyński![Knothe's Villa (Kościuszko Sq.), Tomaszów Mazowiecki [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt ͡ski] is a town in central Poland with 67,159 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), it was previously part of Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/24/6c/26a7baf4b60e936347301832aa7d_small.jpg "Knothe's Villa (Kościuszko Sq.), Tomaszów Mazowiecki [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt ͡ski] is a town in central Poland with 67,159 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), it was previously part of Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
Creative Commons / Ktw![Market place (rynek) Żory [ˈʐɔrɨ] is a town and city county in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland with 62,625 inhabitants (2006). Previously it was in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/45/a2/36c460762baa0046d4383a6734c7_small.jpg "Market place (rynek) Żory [ˈʐɔrɨ] is a town and city county in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland with 62,625 inhabitants (2006). Previously it was in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
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Creative Commons / André Koehne![Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518im_/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/a6/00/55bf45204daf37b5b57a65a87867_small.jpg "Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
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![Buczka Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998))](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/6b/2f/407766b7c6ea424414946d1e4fb0_medium.jpg "Buczka Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998))")
![Okrzei Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998)).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn6.wn.com/pd/a9/0b/9149dcc827311eb69888edffaf3a_medium.jpg "Okrzei Street Żary [ˈʐarɨ] (German: Sorau, Lower Sorbian: Žarow) is a town in western Poland with about 39,900 inhabitants (2006), situated in the Lubusz Voivodeship (since 1999, previously in Zielona Góra Voivodeship (1975–1998)).")
![Poniec Town Hall [ˈpɔɲet ͡s] (German: Punitz) is a town situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Leszno Voivodeship (1975-1998), in Poland.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn9.wn.com/pd/e2/8a/9393317cb31f039d4b0d49c589a3_medium.jpg "Poniec Town Hall [ˈpɔɲet ͡s] (German: Punitz) is a town situated in the southern part of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (since 1999), formerly in Leszno Voivodeship (1975-1998), in Poland.")
![Knothe's Villa (Kościuszko Sq.), Tomaszów Mazowiecki [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt ͡ski] is a town in central Poland with 67,159 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), it was previously part of Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/24/6c/26a7baf4b60e936347301832aa7d_medium.jpg "Knothe's Villa (Kościuszko Sq.), Tomaszów Mazowiecki [tɔˈmaʂuf mazɔˈvjɛt ͡ski] is a town in central Poland with 67,159 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999), it was previously part of Piotrków Trybunalski Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
![Market place (rynek) Żory [ˈʐɔrɨ] is a town and city county in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland with 62,625 inhabitants (2006). Previously it was in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/45/a2/36c460762baa0046d4383a6734c7_medium.jpg "Market place (rynek) Żory [ˈʐɔrɨ] is a town and city county in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland with 62,625 inhabitants (2006). Previously it was in Katowice Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
![Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).](http://web.archive.org./web/20120408052518/http://cdn3.wn.com/pd/a6/00/55bf45204daf37b5b57a65a87867_medium.jpg "Saint Francis Xavier Church and Jesuit College. Krasnystaw [krasˈnɨstaf] is a town in eastern Poland with 19,615 inhabitants (2004). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship (since 1999), previously in Chelm Voivodeship (1975–1998).")
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
07 Apr 2012
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__NOTOC__
Year 1975 (MCMLXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. It was also declared the ''International Women's Year'' by the United Nations and the European Architectural Heritage Year by the Council of Europe.
January
* Altair 8800 is released, sparking the microcomputer revolution.
* Volkswagen introduces the Golf, its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as the Volkswagen Rabbit.
January 1
* Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up.
* Work is abandoned on the British end of the Channel Tunnel.
* Malawi changes its capital city from Zomba to Lilongwe.
January 2
* The United States Patent and Trademark Office is renamed U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
* The Federal Rules of Evidence are approved by the United States Congress.
* Bangladesh freedom fighter Shiraj Shikder was killed by country's president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
January 5 – The Tasman Bridge in Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier ''Lake Illawarra'', killing twelve people.
January 6
* ''Wheel of Fortune'' premieres on NBC.
* ''AM America'' makes its television debut on ABC.
January 7 – OPEC agrees to raise crude oil prices by 10%.
January 8
* Ella Grasso becomes Governor of Connecticut, the first female U.S. governor who did not succeed her husband.
* U.S. President Gerald Ford appoints Vice President Nelson Rockefeller to head a special commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the CIA.
January 10 – Japanese soldier Teruo Nakamura surrenders on the Indonesian island of Morota.
January 12 – Super Bowl IX: The Pittsburgh Steelers defeat the Minnesota Vikings 16–6 at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana.
January 14 – Heiress Lesley Whittle, 17, is kidnapped from her home in Shropshire, England by Donald Neilson.
January 15
* International Women's Year is launched in Britain by Princess Alexandra and Barbara Castle.
* Portugal grants independence to Angola.
January 18 – Atomic Energy Commission divided between ERDA and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
January 19
* Earthquake strikes Himachal Pradesh, India
* The United States Energy Research and Development Administration is founded, in response to the 1973 oil crisis.
January 20
* In Hanoi, North Vietnam, the Politburo approves the final military offensive against South Vietnam.
* Michael Ovitz founds the Creative Artists Agency.
January 24 – Jazz pianist Keith Jarrett plays the solo improvisation 'The Köln Concert' at the Cologne Opera, which, recorded live, becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.
January 27
* Immaculata University defeats the University of Maryland 85-63 in the first nationally televised women's basketball game in the United States.
January 29 – The Weather Underground bombs the U.S. State Department main office in Washington, D.C..
February 1 – The Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is launched in the Philippines.
February 4 – The Haicheng earthquake, the first successfully predicted earthquake, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.
February 9 – The ''Soyuz 17'' crew (Georgi Grechko, Aleksei Gubarev) returns to Earth after 1 month aboard the ''Salyut 4'' space station.
February 11
* Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the UK Conservative Party.
* Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, President of Madagascar, is assassinated.
February 13
* A "Turkish Federated State of North Cyprus" is declared as an unsuccessful first step to international recognition of a Turkish Cypriot separatist state in Cyprus.
* Fire breaks out in the World Trade Center.
February 21 – Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.
February 23 – In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.
February 26 – A fleeing Provisional Irish Republican Army member shoots and kills off-duty London police officer Stephen Tibble, 22, as he gives chase.
February 27 – The Movement 2 June kidnaps West German politician Peter Lorenz. He is released on March 4 after most of the kidnappers' demands are met.
February 28
* A major tube train crash at Moorgate station, London kills 43 people.
* In Lomé, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lomé Convention.
March 1 – Aston Villa wins the Football League Cup at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1–0 in the final.
March 4
* Charlie Chaplin is knighted by Elizabeth II.
* A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.
March 6
* Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.
* A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of the Springer Press. The 6 March Group (connected to the Red Army Faction) demands amnesty for the Baader-Meinhof Group.
March 7 – The body of teenage heiress Lesley Whittle, kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the "Black Panther", is discovered in Staffordshire, England.
March 8 – The United Nations proclaims International Women's Day.
March 9 – Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.
March 10
* Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Me Thuot, South Vietnam, on their way to capturing Saigon.
* ''The Rocky Horror Show'' opens on Broadway in New York City with 4 performances.
March 10 – ''Shinkansen'' opens between Osaka and Fukuoka.
March 11 – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt.
March 13 – Vietnam War: South Vietnam President Nguyen van Thieu orders the Central Highlands evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the ''Convoy of Tears'').
March 15 – In Brazil, the Estado da Guanabara (State of Guanabara) merges with the state of Rio de Janeiro, under the name of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city of Niterói to the city of Rio de Janeiro.
March 22 – ''Ding-a-dong'' by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20th Eurovision Song Contest 1975 for the Netherlands.
March 25 – King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by his nephew; the killer is beheaded on June 18. (King Khalid succeeds Faisal.)
March 28 – A fire in the maternity wing at Kucic Hospital in Rijeka, former Yugoslavia, kills 25 people.
March 31
Süleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (39th government, a four party coalition, so called First National Front ())
*In his final game on the sideline, John Wooden coaches UCLA to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the Bruins defeat Kentucky 92-85 in the title game at San Diego, California.
April 3 – Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title.
April 4
* Vietnam War: The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.
* Bill Gates founds Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
April 9
* Asia's first professional basketball league, the Philippine Basketball Association, plays its first game at the Araneta Coliseum.
* Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in People's Revolutionary Party Incident, are hanged.
April 13
* Bus massacre: The Kataeb militia kills 27 Palestinians during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, Lebanon, triggering the Lebanese civil war.
* A coup d'état in Chad led by the military overthrows and kills President François Tombalbaye.
April 17 – Following several weeks successful fighting, the Communist Khmer Rouge guerilla forces capture Phnom Penh, prompting a forcible mass evacuation of the city.
April 24 – Six Red Army Faction terrorists take over the West German embassy in Stockholm, take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members; shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police. (See West German embassy siege)
April 25 – Vietnam War: As North Vietnamese Army forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.
April 30 – Vietnam War: The Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War ends as Communist forces take Saigon, resulting in mass evacuations of Americans and South Vietnamese. As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally.
May 5 – The Busch Gardens Williamsburg Theme Park opens in Virginia.
May 12 – Mayaguez incident: Khmer Rouge forces in Cambodia seize the United States merchant ship SS ''Mayaguez'' in international waters.
May 15 – Mayaguez incident: The American merchant ship Mayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.
May 16
* Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum.
* Junko Tabei becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
May 25 – Indianapolis 500: Bobby Unser wins for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435 mile (696 km) race.
May 27 – The Dibble's Bridge coach crash near Grassington, North Yorkshire, England results in 32 deaths (the highest ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).
May 28 – Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.
June 5
* The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
* The United Kingdom votes yes in a referendum to stay in the European Community.
June 6 – Georgetown Agreement formally creating the ACP Group signed.
June 9 – The Order of Australia is awarded for the first time.
June 10 – In Washington, DC, the Rockefeller Commission issues its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.
June 19 – Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan is found guilty in absentia of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.
June 25
* Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections.
* Mozambique gains independence from Portugal.
June 26 – Two FBI agents and 1 AIM member die in a shootout, at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.
July 1 – The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post).
July 4 – Sydney newspaper publisher Juanita Nielsen disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.
July 5 – Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule.
July 6
* The Comoros declare their independence from France.
* Ruffian, an American champion thoroughbred racehorse breaks down in a match race against Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure. She had to be euthanized the following day.
July 9 – The National Assembly of Senegal passes a law that will pave way for a multi-party system (albeit highly restricted).
July 12 – São Tomé and Príncipe declare independence from Portugal.
July 17 – Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.
July 31 – In Detroit, Michigan, Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.
August 1 – The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.
August 3 – The Louisiana Superdome opens in New Orleans.
August 5 – U.S. President Ford posthumously pardons Robert E. Lee, restoring full rights of citizenship.
August 8
* The Banqiao Dam, in China's Henan Province, fails after a freak typhoon; over 200,000 people perish.
* Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, is kidnapped in Purchase, New York.
August 11
* British Leyland Motor Corporation comes under British government control.
* Governor Mário Lemos Pires of Portuguese East Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a UDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin.
August 15
* The Birmingham Six are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment in Great Britain.
* Founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh is killed during a coup led by Major Syed Faruque Rahman.
August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the ''Viking 1'' planetary probe toward Mars.
August 24 – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment.
September–October – In New Zealand, Māori leader Whina Cooper leads a march of 5,000 people in support of Maori claims to their land.
September 5
* In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme, a follower of jailed cult leader Charles Manson, attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent.
The London Hilton hotel is bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army; 2 people are killed and 63 injured.
September 6 – A Richter Scale 6.7 magnitude earthquake kills at least 2,085 in Diyarbakir and Lice, Turkey.
September 9 – Riverfront Coliseum opens in Cincinnati.
September 14
* Elizabeth Seton is canonized, becoming the first American Roman Catholic saint.
* Rembrandt's painting "The Night Watch" is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
September 15 – The French department of Corse, comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.
September 16 – Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.
September 18 – Fugitive Patricia Hearst is captured in San Francisco.
September 19 – General Vasco Goncalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal.
September 20 – The term of Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, ends.
September 21 – Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra, Sultan of Kelantan, becomes the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
September 22 – U.S. President Gerald Ford survives a second assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco.
September 27
* Francoist Spain executes five ETA and FRAP members, the last executions in Spain to date.
* The Norwood Football Club beats the Glenelg Football Club in the SANFL Australian Rules Football Grand Final.
September 28 – The Spaghetti House siege takes place in London.
September 30 – The Hughes Helicopters (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing IDS) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.
October 1 – ''Thrilla in Manila'': Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.
October 2 – A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in Beloeil, Quebec.
October 9 – A bomb explosion outside the Green Park tube station near Piccadilly in London kills 1 and injures 20.
October 11 – NBC airs the first episode of ''Saturday Night Live'' (George Carlin is the first host; Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests).
October 16 – Five Australian-based journalists are killed at Balibo by Indonesian forces, during their incursion into Portuguese Timor.
October 21 – 1975 World Series: The Cincinnati Reds are defeated by the Boston Red Sox in Game Six off Carlton Fisk's 12th-inning home run to cap off what many consider to be the best World Series game ever played.
October 22 – The Reds defeat the Red Sox four games to three in a broadcast that breaks records for a televised sporting event.
October 27 – Robert Poulin kills 1 and wounds 5 at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Canada before shooting himself.
October 30
* Peter Sutcliffe (the "Yorkshire Ripper") commits his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.
* Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting Head of State after dictator Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern.
November 3
* An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States' largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to "maintain the appearance of continued corporate growth."
* The first petroleum pipeline opens from Cruden Bay to Grangemouth, Scotland.
* The long-running television game show ''The Price is Right'' expands from 30 minutes to its current hour-long format on CBS.
November 6 – The Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.
November 10
* United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), the United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world.
The -long freighter ''SS Edmund Fitzgerald'' sinks during a storm from the entrance to Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew on board (an event immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot).
* Lev Leshchenko revives "Den Pobedy", one of the most popular World War II songs in the USSR.
November 11
* Angola becomes independent from Portugal; civil war soon erupts.
* Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr dismisses the government of Gough Whitlam and commissions Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister.
* The first annual Vogalonga rowing "race" is held in Venice, Italy.
November 14 – Spain abandons Western Sahara.
November 15 – "Group of 6" (G-6) industrailized nations formed.
November 16 – Beginning of the Third Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.
November 20
* Former California Governor Ronald Reagan enters the race for the Republican presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford.
* Spanish dictator Francisco Franco dies in Madrid, effectively marking the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy.
November 22 – Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of dictator Francisco Franco.
November 25
* Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
* The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in the United Kingdom.
November 26 – The 1975 cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show came out in America.
November 27 – Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records, is shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for offering reward money to informers.
November 28 – Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor.
November 29
* The name "Micro-soft" (for microcomputer software) is used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time (Microsoft becomes a registered trademark on November 26, 1976).
* While disabled, the submarine tender ''USS Proteus (AS-19)'' discharges radioactive coolant water into Apra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose.
December 2 – The communist Pathet Lao takes power in Laos.
December 3 – The wreck of the ''HMHS Britannic'' is found in the Kea Channel by Jacques Cousteau.
December 8 – New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion each year through to 1978 – 6.9 billion total.
December 7 – Indonesia invades East Timor.
December 21 – Six people, including Carlos (the Jackal), kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna.
December 25 – Iron Maiden is formed by Steve Harris.
December 29 – A bomb explosion at LaGuardia Airport kills 11.
The government of Colombia announces the finding of Ciudad Perdida.
The Spanish army quits Spanish (Western) Sahara, the last remnant of Spain's Empire. The Sahrawi Republic (RASD) is created. Morocco invades ex-Spanish Western Sahara.
The term fractal is first used.
Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment.
South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.
Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses, based on the group's chronology, believe that Armageddon will happen in 1975 and a few of them sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will exist when Jesus sets up God's Kingdom on earth.
Peter Gabriel departs Genesis, and is replaced on lead vocals by drummer Phil Collins.
In addition, but unrelated, the first Monster Truck Bigfoot was created by Bob Chandler
January 1 – Eiichiro Oda, Japanese manga artist
January 3 – Thomas Bangalter, French DJ (Daft Punk)
January 5
* Bradley Cooper, American actor
* Mike Grier, American hockey player
January 6 – Ricardo Santos, Brazilian beach volleyball player
January 8 – Chris Simmons, British actor
January 10 – Jake Delhomme, American football player
January 11 – Rory Fitzpatrick, American hockey player
January 13 – Shazia Mirza, British comedian
January 15 – Mary Pierce, French tennis player
January 16 – Anthony Taberna, Filipino broadcast journalist and radio commentator
January 17
* Tony Brown, New Zealand rugby union footballer
* Freddy Rodriguez, Puerto Rican actor
January 20
* David Eckstein, American baseball player
* Mark Allan Robinson, Canadian recall leader
January 22 – Balthazar Getty, American actor
January 23 – Tito Ortiz, American mixed martial arts fighter
January 25
* Tim Montgomery, American athlete
* Mia Kirshner, Canadian actress
* John Wade, American football player
January 28 – David Zingler, American writer
January 29
* Sara Gilbert, American actress
* Sharif Atkins, American television actor
January 30 – Yumi Yoshimura, Japanese singer (Puffy Amiyumi)
January 31
* Jackie O, Australian radio DJ and TV presenter
* Preity Zinta, Indian Actress
February 1 – Big Boi, American rapper
February 2
* Todd Bertuzzi, Canadian hockey player
* Ieroklis Stoltidis, Greek footballer
February 4 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian actress and singer
February 6 – Tomoko Kawase, Japanese singer
February 9 – Vladimir Guerrero, Dominican baseball player
February 10 – Hiroki Kuroda, Japanese baseball pitcher
February 11 – Jacque Vaughn, American basketball player
February 14 – Malik Zidi, French actor
February 17
* Harisu, South Korean singer, model and actress
* Todd Harvey, Canadian National Hockey League player
* Vaclav Prospal, Czech National Hockey League player
February 18
* Keith Gillespie, Northern Irish footballer
* Gary Neville, English footballer
* Sarah Brown, American actress
February 20 – Brian Littrell, American pop singer (Backstreet Boys)
February 22 – Drew Barrymore, American actress
March 1 – Maya Kulenovic, Canadian painter
March 4
* Kim Jung-Eun, South Korean actress
* Myrna Veenstra, Dutch field hockey player
March 5
* Jolene Blalock, American actress
* Niki Taylor, American model
March 9
* Lisa Miskovsky, Swedish musician
* Roy Makaay, Dutch footballer
March 11
* Eric the Midget, American TV personality
* Buvaisar Saitiev, Chechen wrestler, Olympic gold-medalist
March 14 – Rico Yan, Philippine movie/TV actor (d. 2002)
March 15
* Eva Longoria, American actress
* Veselin Topalov, Bulgarian chess player
March 17 – Andrew Martin, Canadian professional wrestler (d. 2009)
March 18 – Brian Griese, American football player
March 19
* Matthew Richardson, Australian rules footballer
* Vivian Hsu, Taiwanese singer, actress and model
* Le Jingyi, Chinese swimmer
March 25 – Ladislav Benysek, Czech ice hockey player
March 27 – Stacy Ferguson (Fergie), American pop/R&B; singer/rapper of the Black Eyed Peas and actress
March 29 – Jan Bos, Dutch speed skater
March 30 – Bahar Soomekh, American actress
April 2 – Adam Rodriguez, American actor
April 3
* Koji Uehara, Japanese baseball pitcher
* Yoshinobu Takahashi, Japanese professional baseball player
April 4
* Scott Rolen, American baseball player
* Delphine Arnault, French billionaire businesswoman
April 6 – Zach Braff, American actor
April 7
* Ronde Barber, American football player
* Tiki Barber, American football player
April 9 – Robbie Fowler, British footballer
April 10 – Matthew Phillips, Italian rugby union footballer
April 13 – Bruce Dyer, English footballer
April 14
* Amy Dumas, American professional wrestler
* Stefano Miceli, Italian conductor and pianist
* Anderson Silva, Brazilian UFC Middleweight Champion
April 15 – Paul Dana, American race car driver (d. 2006)
April 17 – Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player
April 22
* Greg Moore, Canadian race car driver (d. 1999)
* Carlos Sastre, Spanish road bicycle racer
April 23 – Olga Kern, Russian pianist
April 25 – Chris Lilley, Australian actor, comedian, and writer
April 27 – Kazuyoshi Funaki, Japanese ski jumper
April 30 – Mike Chat, American actor
May 1 – Marc-Vivien Foé, Cameroonian footballer (d. 2003)
May 2
* David Beckham, English footballer
* Ahmed Hassan, Egyptian footballer
May 3
* Christina Hendricks, American actress
* Kimora Lee Simmons, American fashion designer
May 4 – Laci Peterson, American murder victim (d. 2002)
May 7 – Jason Tunks, Canadian Olympic discus thrower
May 8
* Jussi Markkanen, Finnish hockey player
* Enrique Iglesias, American singer
May 10 – Hélio Castroneves, Brazilian race car driver
May 12 – Jonah Lomu, New Zealand rugby player
May 13 – Itatí Cantoral, Mexican actress
May 15
* Peter Iwers, Swedish rock bassist (In Flames)
* Ray Lewis, American football player
May 16 – Tony Kakko, Finnish singer
May 17 – Sasha Alexander, American actress
May 18
* John Higgins, Scottish snooker player
* Jack Johnson, American singer-songwriter
May 19
* London Fletcher, American football player
* Zhang Ning, Chinese badminton player
May 20 – Tahmoh Penikett, Canadian actor
May 22 – Janne Niinimaa, Finnish hockey player
May 23 – Molly Wood, executive editor at CNET.com
May 25 – Lauryn Hill, American singer
May 27
* Jamie Oliver, British chef and television personality
* Andre 3000, American rapper, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and actor
May 28 – Charmaine Sheh, Hong Kong actress
May 31 – Toni Nieminen, Finnish ski jumper
June 4
* Angelina Jolie, American actress
* Russell Brand, English comedian
June 7 – Allen Iverson, American basketball player
June 8 – Shilpa Shetty, Bollywood actress
June 9 – Andrew Symonds, Australian cricketer
June 10 – Darren Eadie, English footballer
June 11 – Choi Ji-woo, South Korean actress and model
June 12 – Răzvan Ţupa, Romanian poet
June 14 – Chris Onstad, American cartoonist
June 17 – Chloe Jones, American pornstar (d. 2005)
June 18
* Martin St. Louis, Canadian hockey player
* Michael Sutton, American actor
June 19 – Ed Coode, British rower
June 23 – KT Tunstall, Scottish singer-songwriter
June 24 – Christie Rampone, American footballer
June 25 – Vladimir Kramnik, Russian chess player
June 27 – Tobey Maguire, American actor
June 28
* Jon Nödtveidt, Swedish singer (d. 2006)
* Ning Baizura, Malaysian singer
June 30
* Ralf Schumacher, German racing car driver
* Angela Tong, Hong Kong actress
July 5
* Hernán Crespo, Argentinian footballer
* Ai Sugiyama, Japanese tennis player
July 6 – Curtis Jackson, American rapper (50 Cent)
July 9
* Jack White, American rock and blues musician
* Shelton Benjamin, American professional wrestler
July 10 – Alain Nasreddine, Canadian ice hockey player
July 14 – Flore Zoé, Dutch photographer
July 15 – Jill Halfpenny, British actress
July 17 – Konnie Huq, English television presenter
July 18 – Torii Hunter, American baseball player
July 19 – Patricia Ja Lee, American model/actress
July 20 – Ray Allen, American basketball player
July 21 – Fredrik Johansson, Swedish rock guitarist
July 22 – Kenshin Kawakami, Japanese baseball pitcher
July 24 – Torrie Wilson, American professional wrestler and model
July 25
* Evgeni Nabokov, Russian hockey goaltender
* Håvard Ellefsen, Norwegian rock (metal) musician (Mortiis)
July 27
* Shea Hillenbrand, American baseball player
* Alex Rodriguez, American baseball player
July 29 – Terrence Wilkins, American football player
July 30 – Graham Nicholls, British artist
July 31 – Simon Hirst, British DJ
August 1 – Danny Chan Kwok Kwan, Hong Kong actor
August 3 – Yoyo Mung, Hong Kong actress
August 5
* Kajol Devgan, Indian actress
* Eicca Toppinen, Finnish cellist (Apocalyptica)
August 7
* Charlize Theron, South African actress
* Gaahl (Kristian Eivind Espedal), Norwegian metal musician
August 15 – Kara Wolters, American women's basketball player
August 22 – Sheree Murphy, English actress
August 24 – Hayato Sakurai, Japanese martial artist
August 27 – Björn Gelotte, Swedish musician
September 1 – Natalie Bassingthwaighte, Australian actress and singer
September 3 – Jennifer Paige, American singer
September 5 – Kate Allan, British author
September 6 – Ryoko Tani, Japanese judoka
September 7 – Renato "Babalu" Sobral, Brazilian martial artist
September 9 – Michael Bublé, Canadian musician
September 11 – Brad Fischetti, American musician
September 17
* Constantine Maroulis, American singer
* Austin St. John, American actor
* Jimmie Johnson, American race car driver
* Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian race car driver
September 18 – Richard Appleby, English footballer
September 22 – Ethan Moreau, Canadian hockey player
September 23 – Kim Dong-moon, South Korean badminton player
September 25
* Matt Hasselbeck, American football player
* Declan Donnelly, British TV presenter, actor and singer (Ant and Dec)
September 27 – Sam Lee, Hong Kong actor
September 28 – Karan Ashley, American actor
September 30
* Marion Cotillard, French actress
* Georges-Alain Jones, French singer
October 1 – Kim Sun Ah, South Korean actress
October 2 – Michel Trudeau, son of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and Margaret Trudeau (d. 1998)
October 5
* Parminder Nagra, British actress
* Kate Winslet, British actress
October 7 – Terry Gerin, American professional wrestler
* Kaspars Znotiņš, Latvian actor
October 9 – Joe McFadden, British actor
October 14 – Floyd Landis, American cyclist
October 15 – Ginuwine, American singer
October 17 – Janne Aikala, Finnish murder victim (d. 1986)
October 19 – Benjamin Heckendorn, Electronics modifier and independent film maker
October 20 – Natalie Gregory, American child actress
October 21 – Henrique Hilário, Portuguese footballer
October 22 – Jesse Tyler Ferguson, American actor
October 23 – Odalys Garcia, Cuban-born actress
October 25 – Zadie Smith, English writer
October 30 – Ian D'Sa, Canadian guitarist
November 3 – Marta Dominguez, Spanish athlete
November 4 – Éric Fichaud, Canadian hockey player
November 8
* Tara Reid, American actress
* Ángel Corella, Spanish dancer
November 10 – Markko Märtin, Estonian race car driver
November 15 – Hiromi Ominami, Japanese long-distance runner
November 16 – Julio Lugo, Dominican baseball player
November 17 – Diane Neal, American actress
November 18
* David Ortiz, Dominican baseball player
* Anthony McPartlin, British TV presenter, actor and singer (Ant and Dec)
November 19 – Sushmita Sen, Indian beauty queen and actress
November 21
* Chris Moneymaker, American poker player
* Aaron Solowoniuk, Canadian drummer
November 24
* Thomas Kohnstamm, American writer
* Lee Wan Wah, Malaysian badminton player
November 28 – Eka Kurniawan, Indonesian writer
November 30 – Ben Thatcher, Welsh international footballer
December 2 – Malinda Williams, American actress
December 3 – Csaba Czébely, Hungarian heavy metal drummer (Pokolgép)
December 5 – Ronnie O'Sullivan, British snooker player
December 6 – Ashin, Taiwanese rock lead singer (Mayday)
December 8 – Kevin Harvick, American race car driver
December 10 – Joe Mays, American baseball pitcher
December 11 – Gerben de Knegt, Dutch cyclist
December 12 – Mayim Bialik, American actress and neuroscientist
December 16
* Frode Fjerdingstad, Norwegian photographer
* Ben Kowalewicz, vocalist
December 17
* Milla Jovovich, Ukrainian actress and model
* Tim Clark, South African golfer
* Susanthika Jayasinghe, Sri Lankan athlete
December 18
* Eugene, American professional wrestler
* Masaki Sumitani, Japanese television performer
* Trish Stratus, Canadian professional wrestler and fitness model
December 19 – Michiel van den Bos, Dutch composer
December 20 – Bartosz Bosacki, Polish footballer
December 21 – Paloma Herrera, Argentine ballet dancer
December 23
* Tom DeLonge, American punk musician
* Sky Lopez, American actress
* Vadim Sharifijanov, Russian ice hockey player
December 26 – Marcelo Ríos, Chilean tennis player
December 27 – Heather O'Rourke, American child actress (d. 1988)
December 30 – Tiger Woods, American golfer
January 4 – Carlo Levi, Italian writer (b. 1902)
January 8 – David Marshall Williams ("Carbine" Williams), American inventor (b. 1900)
January 18 – Chester Kallman, American poet (b. 1921)
January 19 – Thomas Hart Benton, American artist (b. 1889)
January 24
* Larry Fine, American actor and comedian (''The Three Stooges'') (b. 1902)
* Erich Kempka, German chauffeur of Adolf Hitler (b. 1910)
January 27 – Bill Walsh, American film producer and writer (b. 1913)
January 28 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (b. 1887)
February 3 – Umm Kulthum, Egyptian actress and singer (b. 1904)
February 4 – Louis Jordan, American musician (b. 1908)
February 8 – Robert Robinson, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1886)
February 10 – Nikos Kavvadias, Greek poet and writer (stroke) (b. 1910)
February 11 – Richard Ratsimandrava, Madagascar President (assassinated) (b. 1931)
February 13 – André Beaufre, French general (b. 1902)
February 14
* Julian Huxley, British biologist (b. 1887)
* P. G. Wodehouse, English writer (b. 1881)
February 16 – Morgan Taylor, American athlete (b. 1903)
February 17 – George Marshall, American film director (b. 1891)
February 19 – Luigi Dallapiccola, Italian composer (b. 1904)
February 20 – Robert Strauss, American actor (b. 1913)
February 24 – Nikolai Bulganin, Premier of the Soviet Union (b. 1895)
February 25 – Elijah Muhammad, African-American Nation of Islam leader (b. 1897)
February 26 – Stephen Tibble, London police officer (shot) (b. 1953)
March 3 – Therese Giehse, German actress (b. 1898)
March 7
* Mikhail Bakhtin, Russian philosopher and literary scholar (b. 1895)
* Ben Blue, Canadian actor and comedian (b. 1901)
March 8 – George Stevens, American director, producer, and cinematographer (b. 1904)
March 9
* Gleb W. Derujinsky, Russian American sculptor (b. 1888)
* Joseph Dunninger, American mentalist (b. 1892)
March 13 – Ivo Andric, Serbo-Croatian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
March 14 – Susan Hayward, American actress (b. 1917)
March 15 – Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping magnate (b. 1906)
March 16 – Richard W. DeKorte, American New Jersey Energy Administrator and former member of the New Jersey General Assembly (b. 1936)
March 19 – Harry Lachman, American set designer and film director (b. 1886)
March 22 – Cass Daley, American actress (b. 1915)
March 25
* King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (b. 1906)
* Deiva Zivarattinam, Indian politician (b. 1894)
April 3 – Mary Ure, Scottish actress (b. 1933)
April 5
* Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Republic of China (b. 1887)
* Harold Osborn, American Olympic athlete (b. 1899)
April 10
* Walker Evans, American photographer (b. 1903)
* Marjorie Main, American actress (b. 1890)
April 12 – Josephine Baker, African-American dancer (b. 1906)
April 13
* N'Garta Tombalbaye, President of Chad (b. 1918)
* Larry Parks, American actor (b. 1914)
April 14 – Fredric March, American actor (b. 1897)
April 15 – Richard Conte, American actor (b. 1910)
April 17 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Indian philosopher and president (b. 1888)
April 23 – William Hartnell, British actor (b. 1908)
April 24 – Pete Ham, Welsh musician (b. 1947)
April 30 – Gen Paul, French artist (b. 1895)
May 4 – Moe Howard, American actor (''The Three Stooges'') (b. 1897)
May 8 – Avery Brundage, American President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1887)
May 9 – Philip Dorn, Dutch actor (b. 1901)
May 13 – Richard Hollingshead, American inventor of the drive-in theatre (b. 1900)
May 18 – Leroy Anderson, American composer (b. 1908)
May 22
* Lefty Grove, American baseball player (b. 1900)
* Torben Meyer, Danish actor (b. 1884)
May 23 – Moms Mabley, African-American comedian (b. 1894)
May 25 – Count Dante, American martial artist (b. 1939)
May 30
* Steve Prefontaine, American distance runner (b. 1951)
* Tatsuo Shimabuku, Japanese martial artist and founder of Isshin-ryu karate (b. 1908)
* Michel Simon, Swiss actor (b. 1895)
June 3
* Ozzie Nelson, American actor (b. 1906)
* Eisaku Sato, Prime Minister of Japan, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1901)
June 4 – Evelyn Brent, American actress (b. 1899)
June 5 – Paul Keres, Estonian chess grandmaster (b. 1916)
June 6 – Larry Blyden, American actor (b. 1925)
June 14 – Pablo Antonio, Filipino modernist architect (b. 1902)
June 18 – Hugo Bergmann, German and Israeli Jewish philosopher (b. 1883)
June 26 – Josemaría Escrivá, Spanish priest and founder of Opus Dei (b. 1902)
June 28 – Rod Serling, American television screenwriter (''The Twilight Zone'') (b. 1924)
June 29 – Tim Buckley, American singer/songwriter (b. 1947)
July 2 – James Robertson Justice, British actor (b. 1907)
July 15 – Charles Weidman, American choreographer and dancer (b. 1901)
July 17 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer and public benefactor (b. 1893)
July 18 – Vaughn Bode, American artist and psychedelic cartoonist (b. 1941)
July 19 – Lefty Frizzell, American singer (b. 1928)
July 21 – Billy West, American actor (b. 1892)
July 29 – James Blish, American science fiction writer (b. 1921)
August 9 – Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
August 10 – Robert Barton, Irish politician and last surviving signatory of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (b. 1881)
August 11 – Rachel Katznelson-Shazar, Zionist political figure and wife of third President of Israel (b. 1885)
August 15 – Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (b. 1920)
August 16 – Vladimir Kuts, Soviet runner (b. 1927)
August 17 – Sig Arno, German actor (b. 1895)
August 19
* Mark Donohue, American race car driver (b. 1937)
* Frank Shields, American tennis player (b. 1909)
August 23
* Sidney Buchman, American screenwriter (b. 1902)
* Hank Patterson, American actor (b. 1888)
August 26 – Cullen Landis, American actor (b. 1895)
August 27 – Haile Selassie I, former emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1892)
August 28 – Fritz Wotruba, Austrian sculptor (b. 1907)
August 29 – Éamon de Valera, 3rd President of Ireland (b. 1882)
August 31 – Pierre Blaise, French actor (b. 1955)
September 5 – Georg Ots, Estonian opera singer (b. 1920)
September 9
* Minta Durfee, American actress (b. 1889)
* Ethel Griffies, English actress (b. 1878)
* John McGiver, American actor (b. 1913)
September 10 – George Paget Thomson, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
September 16 – Irene Hayes, American Ziegfeld girl and businesswoman (b. 1896)
September 19 – Pamela Brown, English actress (b. 1917)
September 20 – Saint-John Perse, French diplomat and writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
September 23 – Ian Hunter, British actor (b. 1900)
September 24 – Earle Cabell, Texas politician (b. 1906)
September 27
* Mark Frechette, American actor (b. 1947)
* Jack Lang, Australian politician (b. 1876)
September 29 – Casey Stengel, American baseball player and manager (b. 1890)
October 4 – May Sutton, American tennis champion (b. 1886)
October 10
* Norman Levinson, American mathematician (b. 1912)
* Lillian Walker, American actress (b. 1887)
October 16 – Benjamin McCandlish, Governor of Guam (b. 1886)
October 18 – Graham Haberfield, British actor (b. 1941)
October 21 – Charles Reidpath, American athlete (b. 1889)
October 22 – Arnold J. Toynbee, British historian (b. 1889)
October 27 – Rex Stout, American author (b. 1886)
October 28 – Georges Carpentier, French boxer (b. 1894)
October 30 – Gustav Ludwig Hertz, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
November 1 – Sinn Sisamouth, The highly prolific King of Khmer music is executed by the Khmer Rouge ending the Golden Age of the Cambodian music industry.(b. 1935)
November 2 – Pier Paolo Pasolini, Italian film director (b. 1922)
November 4 – Francis Dvornik, Czech historian (b. 1893)
November 5
* Annette Kellerman, Australian swimmer and actress (b. 1887)
* Edward Lawrie Tatum, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1909)
* Lionel Trilling, American literary critic (b. 1905)
November 13 – R. C. Sherriff, English writer (b. 1896)
November 20 – Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (b. 1892)
November 27 – Ross McWhirter, Scottish co-founder of the ''Guinness Book of Records'' (b. 1925)
November 29
* Tony Brise, English racing driver (b. 1952)
* Graham Hill, English race car driver (b. 1929)
December 1
* Anna E. Roosevelt, American radio personality (b. 1906)
* Nellie Fox, American baseball player (b. 1927)
December 4 – Hannah Arendt, German political theorist (b. 1906)
December 7
* Hardie Albright, American actor (b. 1903)
* Thornton Wilder, American playwright (b. 1897)
December 9 – William A. Wellman, American film director (b. 1896)
December 10 – Andrew "Boy" Charlton, Australian Olympic swimmer (b. 1907)
December 11 – Lee Wiley, American jazz singer (b. 1908)
December 14 – Arthur Treacher, English actor (b. 1894)
December 17 – Noble Sissle, American jazz composer (b. 1889)
December 20 – William Lundigan, American actor (b. 1914)
December 24 – Bernard Herrmann, American film composer (b. 1911)
Physics – Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, Leo James Rainwater
Chemistry – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
Medicine – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
Literature – Eugenio Montale
Peace – Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov
Economics – Leonid Kantorovich, Tjalling Koopmans
1975 Coin Pictures
BBC News archive 'On This Day' - 1975
af:1975
am:1975 እ.ኤ.አ.
ar:ملحق:1975
an:1975
frp:1975
ast:1975
gn:1975
av:1975
ay:1975
az:1975
bn:১৯৭৫
zh-min-nan:1975 nî
map-bms:1975
be:1975
be-x-old:1975
bh:१९७५
bcl:1975
bs:1975
br:1975
bg:1975
ca:1975
cv:1975
cs:1975
cbk-zam:1975
co:1975
cy:1975
da:1975
de:1975
et:1975
el:1975
myv:1975 ие
es:1975
eo:1975
eu:1975
fa:۱۹۷۵ (میلادی)
hif:1975
fo:1975
fr:1975
fy:1975
fur:1975
ga:1975
gv:1975
gd:1975
gl:1975
gan:1975年
xal:1975 җил
ko:1975년
hy:1975
hi:१९७५
hr:1975.
io:1975
ilo:1975
bpy:মারি ১৯৭৫
id:1975
ia:1975
os:1975-æм аз
is:1975
it:1975
he:1975
jv:1975
kn:೧೯೭೫
pam:1975
ka:1975
csb:1975
kk:1975
kw:1975
sw:1975
kv:1975 во
ht:1975 (almanak gregoryen)
ku:1975
krc:1975 джыл
la:1975
lv:1975. gads
lb:1975
lt:1975 m.
lij:1975
li:1975
ln:1975
jbo:1975moi
lmo:1975
hu:1975
mk:1975
ml:1975
mi:1975
mr:इ.स. १९७५
arz:1975
ms:1975
my:၁၉၇၅
nah:1975
nl:1975
nds-nl:1975
ne:१९७५
new:ई सं १९७५
ja:1975年
nap:1975
no:1975
nn:1975
nrm:1975
nov:1975
oc:1975
mhr:1975
uz:1975
pa:੧੯੭੫
pi:१९७५
pnb:1975
pap:1975
tpi:1975
nds:1975
pl:1975
pt:1975
ty:1975
ro:1975
qu:1975
rue:1975
ru:1975 год
sah:1975
se:1975
sq:1975
scn:1975
simple:1975
sk:1975
sl:1975
so:1975
ckb:١٩٧٥
sr:1975
sh:1975
su:1975
fi:1975
sv:1975
tl:1975
ta:1975
tt:1975 ел
te:1975
tet:1975
th:พ.ศ. 2518
tr:1975
tk:1975
udm:1975 ар
uk:1975
ur:1975ء
vec:1975
vi:1975
vo:1975
fiu-vro:1975
wa:1975
zh-classical:一九七五年
vls:1975
war:1975
yi:1975
yo:1975
zh-yue:1975年
bat-smg:1975
zh:1975年
Events
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
World population
{|class="wikitable" |- !colspan="7"|World population |- ! !1975 !colspan="2"|1970 !colspan="2"|1980 |- !World |align="right"|4,068,109,000 |align="right"|3,692,492,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|4,434,682,000 |align="right"| |- !Africa |align="right"|408,160,000 |align="right"|357,283,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|469,618,001 |align="right"| |- !Asia |align="right"|2,397,512,000 |align="right"|2,143,118,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|2,632,335,000 |align="right"| |- !Europe |align="right"|675,542,000 |align="right"|655,855,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|692,431,000 |align="right"| |- !Latin-America |align="right"|321,906,000 |align="right"|284,856,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|361,401,000 |align="right"| |- !Northern America |align="right"|243,425,000 |align="right"|231,937,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|256,068,000 |align="right"| |- !Oceania |align="right"|21,564,000 |align="right"|19,443,000 |align="right"| |align="right"|22,828,000 |align="right"| |}
Births
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Deaths
January–February
March–April
May–June
July–August
September–October
November–December
Nobel Prizes
References
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 28°1′0″N153°24′0″N |
|---|---|
| name | Barbra Streisand |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Barbara Joan Streisand |
| birth date | April 24, 1942Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| genre | Broadway, traditional pop, adult contemporary |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter, actress, film producer, director |
| years active | 1957–present |
| label | Columbia |
| spouse | James Brolin (1998-present) |
| website | |
| children | Jason Gould }} |
Barbra Joan Streisand (pronounced ; born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, film producer and director. She has won two Academy Awards, eight Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, a Special Tony Award, an American Film Institute award, a Peabody Award, and is one of the few entertainers who have won an Oscar, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Award.
She is one of the most commercially and critically successful entertainers in modern entertainment history, with more than 71.5 million albums shipped in the United States and 140 million albums sold worldwide. She is the best-selling female artist on the Recording Industry Association of America's (RIAA) Top Selling Artists list, the only female recording artist in the top ten, and the only artist outside of the rock and roll genre. Along with Frank Sinatra, Cher, and Shirley Jones, she shares the distinction of being awarded an acting Oscar and also recording a number-one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart.
According to the RIAA, Streisand holds the record for the most top ten albums of any female recording artist - a total of 31 since 1963. Streisand has the widest span (46 years) between first and latest top ten albums of any female recording artist. With her 2009 album, ''Love Is the Answer'', she became one of the only artists to achieve number-one albums in five consecutive decades. According to the RIAA, she has released 51 Gold albums, 30 Platinum albums, and 13 Multi-Platinum albums in the United States.
Early life
Barbra Joan Streisand was born on April 24, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York, to a Jewish family, the daughter of Emmanuel and Diana (née Rosen) Streisand. She is the second of two children fathered by Emmanuel (the elder child is Sheldon), who was a respected high school teacher. Fifteen months after Streisand's birth, Emmanuel died of a cerebral hemorrhage and the family went into near-poverty. She attended Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn and joined the Freshman Chorus and Choral Club. Diana Rosen Streisand remarried Louis Kind in 1949 and gave Streisand a half-sister, the singer Roslyn Kind (Kind is 9 years younger than Barbra).Barbra Streisand became a nightclub singer while in her teens. She wanted to be an actress and appeared in summer stock and in a number of Off-Off-Broadway productions, including ''Driftwood'' (1959), with then-unknown Joan Rivers. (In her autobiography, Rivers wrote that she played a lesbian with a crush on Streisand's character, but this was later denied by the play's author.) ''Driftwood'' ran for only six weeks. When her boyfriend, Barry Dennen, helped her create a club act—first performed at The Lion, a popular gay nightclub in Manhattan's Greenwich Village in 1960—she achieved success as a singer. While singing at The Lion for several weeks, she changed her name from Barbara to Barbra. One early appearance outside of New York City was at Enrico Banducci’s hungry i nightclub in San Francisco. In 1961, Streisand appeared at the Town and Country nightclub in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, but her appearance was cut short; the club owner did not appreciate her singing style. Streisand appeared at Baker's Keyboard Lounge in Detroit in 1961.
Streisand's first television appearance was on ''The Tonight Show'', then hosted by Jack Paar, in 1961, singing Harold Arlen's "A Sleepin' Bee". Orson Bean, who substituted for Paar that night, had seen the singer perform at a gay bar and booked her for the telecast (Her older brother Sheldon paid NBC for a kinescope film so she could use it in 1961 to promote herself. Decades later the film was preserved through digitizing and is available for viewing on a website). Streisand became a semi-regular on ''PM East/PM West'', a talk/variety series hosted by Mike Wallace, in late 1961. Westinghouse Broadcasting, which aired ''PM East/PM West'' in a select few cities (Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, DC, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Chicago and San Francisco), has since wiped all the videotapes because of the cost of videotape at the time. Audio segments from some episodes are part of the compilation CD ''Just for the Record'', which went platinum in 1991. The singer said on ''60 Minutes'' in 1991 that 30 years earlier Mike Wallace had been "mean" to her on ''PM East/PM West''. He countered that she had been "self-absorbed." ''60 Minutes'' included the audio of Streisand saying to him in 1961, "I like the fact that you are provoking. But don't provoke ''me''."
In 1962, after several appearances on ''PM East/PM West'', Streisand first appeared on Broadway, in the small but star-making role of Miss Marmelstein in the musical ''I Can Get It for You Wholesale''. Her first album, ''The Barbra Streisand Album'', won two Grammy Awards in 1963. Following her success in ''I Can Get It for You Wholesale'', Streisand made several appearances on ''The Tonight Show'' in 1962 and 1963. Topics covered in her interviews with host Johnny Carson included the empire-waisted dresses that she bought wholesale, to her "crazy" reputation at Erasmus Hall High School. As is the case with Mike Wallace, only audio survives from small portions of her telecast conversations with Carson. It was at about this time that Streisand entered into a long and successful professional relationship with Lee Solters and Sheldon Roskin as her publicists with the firm Solters/Roskin (later Solters/Roskin/Friedman).
Streisand returned to Broadway in 1964 with an acclaimed performance as entertainer Fanny Brice in ''Funny Girl'' at the Winter Garden Theatre. The show introduced two of her signature songs, "People" and "Don't Rain on My Parade." Because of the play's overnight success she appeared on the cover of ''Time.'' In 1966, she repeated her success with ''Funny Girl'' in London's West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre. From 1965 to 1967 she appeared in her first four solo television specials.
Career
Singing
Streisand has recorded 35 studio albums, almost all with Columbia Records. Her early works in the 1960s (her debut ''The Barbra Streisand Album'', ''The Second Barbra Streisand Album'', ''The Third Album'', ''My Name Is Barbra'', etc.) are considered classic renditions of theater and cabaret standards, including her slow version of the normally uptempo ''Happy Days Are Here Again''. She performed this in a duet with Judy Garland on ''The Judy Garland Show''. Garland referred to her on the air as one of the last great belters. They also sang ''There's No Business Like Show Business'' with Ethel Merman joining them.Beginning with ''My Name Is Barbra'', her early albums were often medley-filled keepsakes of her television specials. Starting in 1969, she began attempting more contemporary material, but like many talented singers of the day, she found herself out of her element with rock. Her vocal talents prevailed, and she gained newfound success with the pop and ballad-oriented Richard Perry-produced album ''Stoney End'' in 1971. The title track, written by Laura Nyro, was a major hit for Streisand.
During the 1970s, she was also highly prominent on the pop charts, with Top 10 recordings such as ''The Way We Were'' (US No. 1), ''Evergreen'' (US No. 1), ''No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)'' (1979, with Donna Summer), which as of 2010 is reportedly still the most commercially successful duet,(US No. 1), ''You Don't Bring Me Flowers'' (with Neil Diamond) (US No. 1) and ''The Main Event'' (US No. 3), some of which came from soundtrack recordings of her films. As the 1970s ended, Streisand was named the most successful female singer in the U.S.—only Elvis Presley and The Beatles had sold more albums. In 1980, she released her best-selling effort to date, the Barry Gibb-produced ''Guilty''. The album contained the hits ''Woman In Love'' (which spent several weeks atop the pop charts in the Fall of 1980), ''Guilty,'' and ''What Kind of Fool.''
After years of largely ignoring Broadway and traditional pop music in favor of more contemporary material, Streisand returned to her musical-theater roots with 1985's ''The Broadway Album'', which was unexpectedly successful, holding the coveted No. 1 Billboard position for three straight weeks, and being certified quadruple platinum. The album featured tunes by Rodgers & Hammerstein, George Gershwin, Jerome Kern, and Stephen Sondheim, who was persuaded to rework some of his songs especially for this recording. ''The Broadway Album'' was met with acclaim, including a Grammy nomination for album of the year and, ultimately, handed Streisand her eighth Grammy as Best Female Vocalist. After releasing the live album ''One Voice'' in 1986, Streisand was set to take another musical journey along the Great White Way in 1988. She recorded several cuts for the album under the direction of Rupert Holmes, including ''On My Own'' (from ''Les Misérables''), a medley of ''How Are Things in Glocca Morra?'' and ''Heather on the Hill'' (from ''Finian's Rainbow'' and ''Brigadoon,'' respectively), ''All I Ask of You'' (from ''Phantom of the Opera''), ''Warm All Over'' (from ''The Most Happy Fella'') and an unusual solo version of ''Make Our Garden Grow'' (from ''Candide''). Streisand was not happy with the direction of the project and it was ultimately scrapped. Only ''Warm All Over'' and a reworked, lite FM-friendly version of ''All I Ask of You'' were ever released, the latter appearing on Streisand's 1988 effort, ''Till I Loved You.'' At the beginning of the 1990s, Streisand started focusing on her film directorial efforts and became almost inactive in the recording studio. In 1991, a four-disc box set, ''Just for the Record'', was released. A compilation spanning Streisand's entire career to date, it featured over 70 tracks of live performances, greatest hits, rarities and previously unreleased material.
The following year, Streisand's concert fundraising events helped propel former President Bill Clinton into the spotlight and into office. Streisand later introduced Clinton at his inauguration in 1993. Streisand's music career, however, was largely on hold. A 1992 appearance at an APLA benefit as well as the aforementioned inaugural performance hinted that Streisand was becoming more receptive to the idea of live performances. A tour was suggested, though Streisand would not immediately commit to it, citing her well-known stage fright as well as security concerns. During this time, Streisand finally returned to the recording studio and released ''Back to Broadway'' in June 1993. The album was not as universally lauded as its predecessor, but it did debut at No. 1 on the pop charts (a rare feat for an artist of Streisand's age, especially given that it relegated Janet Jackson's ''Janet'' to the No. 2 spot). One of the album's highlights was a medley of ''I Have A Love/One Hand, One Heart,'' a duet with Johnny Mathis, who Streisand said is one of her favorite singers.
In 1993, ''New York Times'' music critic Stephen Holden wrote that Streisand "enjoys a cultural status that only one other American entertainer, Frank Sinatra, has achieved in the last half century." In September 1993, Streisand announced her first public concert appearances in 27 years. What began as a two-night New Year's event at the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas eventually led to a multi-city tour in the summer of 1994. Tickets to the tour were sold out in under one hour. Streisand also appeared on the covers of major magazines in anticipation of what ''Time magazine'' named "The Music Event of the Century." The tour was one of the biggest all-media merchandise parlays in history. Ticket prices ranged from US$50 to US$1,500 – making Streisand the highest-paid concert performer in history. ''Barbra Streisand: The Concert'' went on to be the top-grossing concert of the year and earned five Emmy Awards and the Peabody Award, while the taped broadcast on HBO is, to date, the highest-rated concert special in HBO's 30-year history. Following the tour's conclusion, Streisand once again kept a low profile musically, instead focusing her efforts on acting and directing duties as well as a burgeoning romance with actor James Brolin.
In 1997, she finally returned to the recording studio, releasing ''Higher Ground,'' a collection of songs of a loosely-inspirational nature which also featured a duet with Celine Dion. The album received generally favorable reviews and, remarkably, once again debuted at No. 1 on the pop charts. Following her marriage to Brolin in 1998, Streisand recorded an album of love songs entitled ''A Love Like Ours'' the following year. Reviews were mixed, with many critics carping about the somewhat syrupy sentiments and overly-lush arrangements; however, it did produce a modest hit for Streisand in the country-tinged ''If You Ever Leave Me,'' a duet with Vince Gill.
On New Year's Eve 1999, Streisand returned to the concert stage, with the highest-grossing single concert in Las Vegas history to date. At the end of the millennium, she was the number-one female singer in the U.S., with at least two No. 1 albums in each decade since she began performing. A two-disc live album of the concert entitled ''Timeless: Live in Concert'' was released in 2000. Streisand performed versions of the "Timeless" concert in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia, in early 2000. In advance of four concerts (two each in Los Angeles and New York) in September 2000, Streisand announced she was retiring from paying public concerts. Her performance of the song ''People'' was broadcast on the Internet via America Online.
Streisand's most-recent albums have been ''Christmas Memories'' (2001), a somewhat somber collection of holiday songs (which felt entirely—albeit unintentionally—appropriate in the early post-9/11 days), and ''The Movie Album'' (2003), featuring famous film themes and backed by a large symphony orchestra. ''Guilty Pleasures'' (called ''Guilty Too'' in the UK), a collaboration with Barry Gibb and a sequel to their ''Guilty,'' was released worldwide in 2005.
In February 2006, Streisand recorded the song ''Smile'' alongside Tony Bennett at Streisand's Malibu home. The song is included on Tony Bennett's 80th birthday album, ''Duets.'' In September 2006, the pair filmed a live performance of the song for a special directed by Rob Marshall entitled ''Tony Bennett: An American Classic.'' The special aired on NBC November 21, 2006, and was released on DVD the same day. Streisand's duet with Bennett opened the special. In 2006, Streisand announced her intent to tour again, in an effort to raise money and awareness for multiple issues. After four days of rehearsal at the Sovereign Bank Arena in Trenton, New Jersey, the tour began on October 4 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, continued with a featured stop in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, (this was the concert Streisand chose to film for a TV special), and concluded at Staples Center in Los Angeles on November 20, 2006. Special guests Il Divo were interwoven throughout the show. On stage closing night, Streisand hinted that six more concerts may follow on foreign soil. The show was known as ''Streisand: The Tour.''
Streisand's 20-concert tour set box-office records. At the age of 64, well past the prime of most performers, she grossed US$92,457,062 and set house gross records in 14 of the 16 arenas played on the tour. She set the third-place record for her October 9, 2006, show at Madison Square Garden, the first- and second-place records of which are held by her two shows in September 2000. She set the second-place record at the MGM Grand Garden Arena, with her December 31, 1999, show being the house record and the highest-grossing concert of all time. This led many people to openly criticize Streisand for price gouging, as many tickets sold for upwards of US$1,000.
A collection of performances culled from different stops on this tour, ''Live in Concert 2006,'' debuted at No. 7 on the Billboard 200, making it Streisand's 29th Top 10 album. In the summer of 2007, Streisand gave concerts for the first time in continental Europe. The first concert took place in Zürich (June 18), then Vienna (June 22), Paris (June 26), Berlin (June 30), Stockholm (July 4, canceled), Manchester (July 10) and Celbridge, near Dublin (July 14), followed by three concerts in London (July 18, 22 and 25), the only European city where Streisand had performed before 2007. Tickets for the London dates cost between £100.00 and GB£1,500.00 and for the Ireland date between €118 and €500. The tour included a 58-piece orchestra.
In February 2008, ''Forbes'' listed Streisand as the No. 2 earning female musician, between June 2006 and June 2007, with earnings of about US$60 million. Although Streisand's range has changed with time and her voice has deepened over the years, her vocal prowess has remained remarkably secure for a singer whose career has endured for nearly half a century. Streisand is a contralto or possibly a mezzo-soprano who has a range consisting of well over two octaves from “low E to a high G and probably a bit more in either direction.” On November 17, 2008, Streisand returned to the studio to begin recording what would be her sixty-third album and it was announced that Diana Krall was producing the album. Streisand is one of the recipients of the 2008 Kennedy Center Honors. On December 7, 2008, she visited the White House as part of the ceremonies.
On April 25, 2009, CBS aired Streisand's latest TV special, ''Streisand: Live In Concert'', highlighting the aforementioned featured stop from her 2006 North American tour, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. On September 26, 2009, Streisand performed a one-night-only show at the Village Vanguard in New York City's Greenwich Village. This performance was later released on DVD as ''One Night Only Barbra Streisand and Quartet at The Village Vanguard.'' On September 29, 2009, Streisand and Columbia Records released her newest studio album, ''Love is the Answer.'' produced by Diana Krall. On October 2, 2009, Streisand made her British television performance debut with an interview on Friday Night With Jonathan Ross to promote the album. This album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 and registered her biggest weekly sales since 1997, making Streisand the only artist in history to achieve No. 1 albums in five different decades.
On February 1, 2010, Streisand joined over 80 other artists in recording a new version of the 1985 charity single "We Are the World." Quincy Jones and Lionel Richie planned to release the new version to mark the 25th anniversary of its original recording. These plans changed, however, in view of the devastating earthquake that hit Haiti on January 12, 2010, and on February 12, the song, now called "We Are the World 25 for Haiti," made its debut as a charity single to support relief aid for the beleaguered island nation.
Streisand was honored as MusiCares Person of the Year on February 11, 2011, two days prior to the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards.
Streisand is one of many singers who uses teleprompters during their live performances. Streisand has defended her choice in using teleprompters to display lyrics and, sometimes, banter.
Acting
Her first film was a reprise of her Broadway hit, ''Funny Girl'' (1968), an artistic and commercial success directed by Hollywood veteran William Wyler. Streisand won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actress for the role, sharing it with Katharine Hepburn (''The Lion in Winter''), the only time there has been a tie in this Oscar category. Her next two movies were also based on musicals, Jerry Herman's ''Hello, Dolly!'', directed by Gene Kelly (1969), and Alan Jay Lerner's and Burton Lane's ''On a Clear Day You Can See Forever'', directed by Vincente Minnelli (1970), while her fourth film was based on the Broadway play ''The Owl and the Pussycat'' (1970).During the 1970s, Streisand starred in several screwball comedies, including ''What's Up, Doc?'' (1972) and ''The Main Event'' (1979), both co-starring Ryan O'Neal, and ''For Pete's Sake'' (1974) with Michael Sarrazin. One of her most famous roles during this period was in the drama ''The Way We Were'' (1973) with Robert Redford, for which she received an Academy Award nomination as Best Actress. She earned her second Academy Award for Best Original Song as composer (together with lyricist Paul Williams) for the song "Evergreen", from ''A Star Is Born'' in 1976.
Along with Paul Newman, Sidney Poitier and later Steve McQueen, Streisand formed First Artists Production Company in 1969, so the actors could secure properties and develop movie projects for themselves. Streisand's initial outing with First Artists was ''Up the Sandbox'' (1972).
From a period beginning in 1969 and ending in 1980, Streisand appeared in the annual motion picture exhibitors poll of Top 10 Box Office attractions a total of 10 times, often as the only woman on the list. After the commercially disappointing ''All Night Long'' in 1981, Streisand's film output decreased considerably. She has only acted in six films since.
Streisand produced a number of her own films, setting up Barwood Films in 1972. For ''Yentl'' (1983), she was producer, director, and star, an experience she repeated for ''The Prince of Tides'' (1991) and ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'' (1996). There was controversy when ''Yentl'' received five Academy Award nominations, but none for the major categories of Best Picture, Actress, or Director. ''The Prince of Tides'' received even more Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, but the director was not nominated. Streisand also scripted "Yentl", something she is not always given credit for. According to New York Times Editorial Page Editor Andrew Rosenthal in an interview (story begins at minute 16) with Allan Wolper, "the one thing that makes Barbra Streisand crazy is when nobody gives her the credit for having written 'Yentl'."
In 2004, Streisand made a return to film acting, after an eight-year hiatus, in the comedy ''Meet the Fockers'' (a sequel to ''Meet the Parents''), playing opposite Dustin Hoffman, Ben Stiller, Blythe Danner and Robert De Niro.
In 2005, Streisand's Barwood Films, Gary Smith, and Sonny Murray purchased the rights to Simon Mawer's book ''Mendel's Dwarf''. In December 2008, she stated that she was considering directing an adaptation of Larry Kramer's play ''The Normal Heart'', a project she has worked on since the mid-1990s In 2009, Andrew Lloyd Webber stated that Streisand was one of several actresses (alongside Meryl Streep and Glenn Close) who were interested in playing the role of Norma Desmond in the film adaptation of Webber's musical version of ''Sunset Boulevard''
In December 2010, Streisand appeared in ''Little Fockers'', the third film from the ''Meet the Parents trilogy''. She reprised the role of Roz Focker alongside Dustin Hoffman.
On 4 January 2011, the ''New York Post'' reported that Streisand was in negotiations to produce, direct, and star in a new film version of ''Gypsy.'' In an interview with the ''New York Post'', Arthur Laurents said: "We've talked about it a lot, and she knows what she's doing. She has my approval." He said that he would not write the screenplay. The following day, the ''New York Times'' reported that Arthur Laurents clarified in a telephonic interview that Streisand would not direct the film "but playing Rose is enough to make her happy." Streisand's spokesperson confirmed that "there have been conversations".
On 28 January 2011, ''The Hollywood Reporter'' announced that Paramount Pictures has given the road-trip comedy, ''My Mother's Curse,'' the green light to begin shooting, with Streisand and Seth Rogen playing mother and son. Anne Fletcher is slated to direct the project with a script by Dan Fogelman. Lorne Michaels and John Goldwyn will produce it with Evan Goldberg. Executive producers include Streisand, Rogen, Fogelman, and David Ellison, whose Skydance will co-finance the pic. Shooting began in spring of 2011 and wrapped in July. In August the Internet Movie Database began listing the film with the new title ''Guilt Trip''. The film is set for a November 2012 release (originally it was slated to release in March 2012).
Personal life
Marriages and family
Streisand has been married twice. Her first husband was actor Elliott Gould, to whom she was married from 1963 until 1971. They had one child, Jason Gould, who would go on to star as her on-screen son in ''The Prince of Tides''. Her second husband is actor James Brolin, whom she married on July 1, 1998. While they have no children together, Brolin has two children from his first marriage, including Academy Award-nominated actor Josh Brolin, and one child from his second marriage. Both of her husbands starred in the 1970s conspiracy sci-fi thriller ''Capricorn One''.Jon Peters' daughters, Caleigh Peters and Skye Peters, are her goddaughters.
Streisand shares a birthday with Shirley MacLaine, and they celebrate together every year.
Name
Streisand changed her name from Barbara to Barbra because, she said, "I hated the name, but I refused to change it." Streisand further explained, "Well, I was 18 and I wanted to be unique, but I didn't want to change my name because that was too false. You know, people were saying you could be Joanie Sands, or something like that. [My middle name is Joan.] And I said, 'No, let's see, if I take out the 'a,' it's still 'Barbara,' but it's unique." A 1967 biography with a concert program said, "the spelling of her first name is an instance of partial rebellion: she was advised to change her last name and retaliated by dropping an “a” from the first instead."
Politics
Streisand has long been an active supporter of the Democratic Party and many of their causes. Streisand said, "The Democrats have always been the party of working people and minorities. I've always identified with the minorities."In 1971, Streisand was one of the celebrities listed on President Richard Nixon's infamous Enemies List.
Philanthropy
Streisand has personally raised $25 million for organizations through her live performances. The Streisand Foundation, established in 1986, has contributed over $16 million through nearly 1,000 grants to "national organizations working on preservation of the environment, voter education, the protection of civil liberties and civil rights, women’s issues and nuclear disarmament."In 2006, Streisand donated $1 million to the William J. Clinton Foundation in support of former President Bill Clinton’s climate change initiative.
In 2008, Streisand gifted $5 million to endow the Barbra Streisand Women's Cardiovascular Research and Education Program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center's Women's Heart Center. In September that year, ''Parade'' magazine included Streisand on their Giving Back Fund's second annual Giving Back 30 survey, "a ranking of the celebrities who have made the largest donations to charity in 2007 according to public records", as the third most generous celebrity. The Giving Back Fund claimed Streisand donated $11 million, which The Streisand Foundation distributed.
At Julien’s Auctions in October 2009, Streisand, a long-time collector of art and furniture, sold 526 items with all the proceeds going to her foundation. Items included a costume from ''Funny Lady'' and a vintage dental cabinet purchased by the performer at 18 years old. The sale’s most valuable lot was a painting by Kees van Dongen.
References in popular culture
On television
The most memorable parody of Streisand's iconic status has been on the sketch comedy show ''Saturday Night Live'' in the recurring skit ''Coffee Talk'' where character Linda Richman, played by Mike Myers, hosts a talk show dedicated to, among other things, the adoration of Streisand. Streisand, in turn, made an unannounced guest appearance on the show, surprising Myers and guests, Madonna and Roseanne Barr. Mike Myers also appeared as the Linda Richman character on stage with Streisand at her 1994 MGM Grand concert, as well as a few of the 1994 Streisand tour shows.Streisand is frequently mentioned in the sitcom "The Nanny" as Fran Fine states she is her leader. Both Fran and her mother adore Streisand, and often compete in who loves her more.
Streisand is mentioned in the sitcom ''Will & Grace'', particularly by the character Jack McFarland. Songs made famous by Streisand, such as "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" from ''Yentl'' and "Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man" from ''The Broadway Album'' are reproduced by characters in the show.
The sitcom ''Friends'' refers to Streisand in at least two episodes. In "The One Where Chandler Can't Remember Which Sister", Monica names a sandwich at her 1950s-styled restaurant after Barbra Streisand. A soup is also named after Streisand's movie ''Yentl''. Meanwhile, in "The One After 'I Do'", Phoebe pretends she is pregnant with James Brolin's baby, to which Chandler responds "[A]s in Barbra Streisand's husband, James Brolin?" In the same episode, Gould appears on the show as Ross and Monica's father.
In an episode of ''Absolutely Fabulous'' ("Small Opening"), Beau visits the Monsoon household with her husband Marshall. In another one of their schemes, they have become Jewish with Beau wearing one of Streisand's wigs. She takes the wig off and begins to channel Barbra and says "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" and "People."
At least four episodes of the animated sitcom ''The Simpsons'' refer to Streisand. Outside Springfield Elementary School, announcing Lisa's jazz concert and noting tickets have been sold out, is an advertisement for a Streisand concert in the same venue for the following day, with tickets still on sale. In "Fear of Flying", after Marge undergoes therapy, she informs the therapist that whenever she hears the wind blow, she'll hear it saying "Lowenstein", Streisand's therapist character in ''The Prince of Tides'', even though Marge's therapist is named Zweig. Another reference comes in "Sleeping with the Enemy" when Bart exclaims after seeing Lisa make a snow-angel in a cake on the kitchen table, "At least she's not singing Streisand", in reference to Nelson Muntz singing "Papa Can You Hear Me?" from ''Yentl'' earlier in the episode. In "Simple Simpson", a patriotic country singer says that Streisand is unpatriotic and could be pleased by spitting on the flag and strangling a bald eagle.
thumb|180px|"Mecha Streisand" as portrayed in the animated show ''South Park''. Another enduring satirical reference is in the animated series ''South Park'', most notably in the episode "Mecha-Streisand", where Streisand is portrayed as a self-important, evil, gigantic robotic dinosaur with a terrible singing voice about to conquer the universe before being defeated by Robert Smith of The Cure. On another occasion, the Halloween episode "Spookyfish" is promoted for a week as being done in "Spooky-Vision", which involves Streisand's face seen at times during the episode in the four corners of the screen. At the end of the feature film ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut,'' her name is used as a powerful curse word, a gag repeated in the episode "Osama bin Laden Has Farty Pants". The Mecha-Streisand character made a return in the Season 14 episodes "200" and "201", as one of several celebrities the show had lampooned over the years.
In the ''Sex and the City'' episode "Ex in the City", protagonist Carrie Bradshaw likens herself and her lovelife to that of Streisand's character, Katie Morosky in ''The Way We Were'' before breaking into a rendition of the title song.
In the 2002–04 Icebox.com cartoon and animated TV series ''Queer Duck'', the title character is obsessed with Streisand. He undergoes conversion therapy at a Christian camp to be "made" straight, but Streisand's magic nose returns him to his former sexual orientation.
In the ''American Dad!'' episode "In Country...Club", Roger prepares to watch a Streisand special where the entertainer sings the collected works of Celine Dion in Las Vegas.
In Season 1 Episode 12 of ''Boston Legal'', Denny Crane boasts that he once had a threesome with Shirley Schmidt and Barbra Streisand. Schmidt corrects him by reminding him that "Barbra Streisand" was actually a female impersonator.
In the ''Family Guy'' episode "Mind Over Murder", Lois sings a cabaret act with "Don't Rain on My Parade" — originally sung by Streisand in ''Funny Girl'' — only slowed down and jazzier, as an act of defiance to Peter. In "Stewie Kills Lois", Peter receives life insurance after Lois' apparent death, and claims that he has more money than Streisand. This was followed by a cut scene showing Streisand blowing money out of her nose. In "Wasted Talent", Streisand and husband James Brolin are shown sitting together at the dinner table, with Streisand remarking "I'm glad I married a regular person and not a celebrity".
Streisand is referenced frequently on the Fox TV musical series ''Glee''. The character Rachel (Lea Michele) mentions that Streisand refused to alter her nose in order to become famous in the show's third episode "Acafellas". Also, in the mid-season finale of ''Glee'', Rachel sings the Streisand anthem "Don't Rain on My Parade". In the episode "Hell-O", she says that she will be heartbroken for life, "Like Barbra in ''The Way We Were''." In the same episode, Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff) criticizes Rachel's performance of "Don't Rain on My Parade" by saying that she "lacked Barbra's emotional depth." In the episode "Theatricality", Rachel is spying on the opposing team's dance rehearsal when the director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), expresses dissatisfaction at the team's routine. She demonstrates how it's done with the title song from ''Funny Girl'', and Rachel, sitting in the audience, whispers to her friend, "Exactly what I would have done — Barbra. I could do it in my sleep." On the episode Born This Way Barbara is mentioned when Rachel is debating whether or not to get a nose job, Kurt Hummel and the rest of the glee club set up a "Barbra-vention" of a flashmob to the popular hit "Barbra Streisand" by Duck Sauce. The characters of Kurt and Rachel also sang the Get Happy/Happy Days are Here Again duet originally heard during Streisand's 1963 appearance with Judy Garland on Garland's weekly TV series.
When ''Glee'' won the prize for "Best TV Series-Comedy Or Musical" at the 2010 Golden Globe Awards, creator Ryan Murphy quipped on stage, "Thank you to the Hollywood Foreign Press and Miss Barbra Streisand".
On film
In movies, Streisand is remembered as the favorite of the character Howard Brackett, played by Kevin Kline, who finally admits to being gay while standing at the altar in the 1997 romantic comedy ''In & Out''. His unfortunate bride-to-be, played by Joan Cusack, cries out in frustration to family and friends present, "Does anybody here KNOW how many times I've had to sit through ''Funny Lady''?" In an earlier scene, Howard is taunted by a friend during an argument at a bar with a jeering, "The studio thought that Barbra was too ol-l-ld to play ''Yentl''." The film also mentions the album ''Color Me Barbra''. Barbra's signature tune, "People", is played by a school orchestra in honor of teacher Howard as the story wraps at the end of the credits. This and similar references refer to her popularity among gay men.In the 1980 musical film ''Fame'', one of the characters, Mrs. Finsecker, announces that Barbra Streisand did not have to change her name to get to the top. Also, Doris Finsecker, played by Maureen Teefy, sings "The Way We Were" for her audition to get into the drama department.
In the 1988 comedy, BIG, Tom Hanks goes home and to prove to his mother that he is her "little" boy he sings the first line of her favorite song, "Memories, like the corner of my mind..." from "The Way We Were."
In the 1993 romantic comedy ''Mrs. Doubtfire'', Robin Williams, while trying different looks to apply to the Mrs. Doubtfire character that he portrays, uses a wig "a la Streisand" and sings some lines from "Don't Rain on My Parade".
In the 1996 comedy "The Associate", Whoopi Goldberg plays a business woman, Laurel Ayers, who creates a business associate, Robert S. Cutty, who is said to have known and dated Streisand. In addition to having an autographed picture of Streisand in her office, Ayers also has a cross-dressing friend who dresses up to resemble Streisand throughout the film.
In the 1998 film adaptation of the novel ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'' a teenage runaway played by Christina Ricci paints images of Streisand while being administered large amounts of LSD by Hunter Thompson's Samoan attorney.
In the 1999 film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut based on the TV series, Cartman shouted out Barbra Streisand's name and shot electricity out of his hands. She is also mentioned in a relationship conversation between the characters of Satan and Saddam Hussein.
In the 2000 remake of the comedy ''Bedazzled'', the Devil (Elizabeth Hurley) tells Elliot (Brendan Fraser): "It's not easy being the Barbra Streisand of evil, you know."
The characters Carla and Connie, as aspiring song-and-dance acts in the 2004 comedy ''Connie and Carla'', include four Streisand references. They sing "Papa, Can You Hear Me?" and "Memory" at an airport lounge and "Don't Rain on My Parade" onstage in a gay bar, and talk about the plot of ''Yentl'' at the climax of the film after they ask how many in their audience have seen the movie (everyone raised their hands).
In the 2005 animated feature ''Chicken Little'', Chicken's best friend Runt's mom says, after she thinks he is lying about seeing an alien spaceship, "Don't make me take away your Streisand collection!" and Runt returns with, "Mother, you leave Barbra out of this!" Also, she is referred to many times in the series "Gilmore Girls"
In music
Sound clips of Streisand's heated exchange with a supporter of former U.S. president George W. Bush were sampled in the 2009 Lucian Piane dance song "Bale Out", making it sound as if she were arguing with actor Christian Bale (whose recorded outbursts during the filming of ''Terminator Salvation'' were the centerpiece of the song)."Barbra Streisand" is a disco house song by American-Canadian DJ duo Duck Sauce. It was released on 10 September 2010. The song peaked at number one in Poland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Finland, Switzerland and Austria. It became a top ten hit in Australia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the UK.
Her name consists both the title and the complete lyrics of Duck Sauce's 2010 disco house song "Barbra Streisand", which reached number 1 in the UK Dance charts. It also reached number 1 in several other countries.
On stage
Daniel Stern's 2003 Off-Broadway play ''Barbra's Wedding'' was set against the backdrop of Streisand's 1998 wedding to James Brolin.The 2005 Broadway musical ''Spamalot'' carries the song "You won't succeed on Broadway" which references lines from "People" and "Papa, Can You Hear Me?".
The 2008 Broadway musical "Title of show" has a line where the character, Susan, was suggesting names for the title of the show. She threw out the name "Color Me Susan", a reference to Barbra's Color Me Barbra.
"Streisand effect"
In 2003, Streisand sued aerial photographer Kenneth Adelman for displaying a photograph of her Malibu, California home, along with other photos of the California coastline. Her suit was dismissed under the anti-SLAPP provisions of California law. Mike Masnick of Techdirt coined the term "Streisand effect" in January 2005 to describe the publicity generated by Streisand's efforts to suppress the publication of the photograph.
Awards
In 1984, Streisand was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award for outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. She also received the National Medal of Arts in 2000 and the Kennedy Center Honors in 2008. She was inducted as an officer of France's Legion of Honour in 2007.
Music awards
Streisand's works have been nominated for over 57 Grammy Awards; she won 15 of these, including two special awards. She has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame three times. In 2011, she is honored as MusiCares Person of the Year by the Grammy Foundation.
| Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result | |||||
| rowspan="3" | 1963 | Grammy Awards | Album of the Year| | ''The Barbra Streisand Album'' | |
| Best Female Vocal Performance | |||||
| Record of the Year | Happy Days Are Here Again#Barbra Streisand version>Happy Days Are Here Again" | ||||
| rowspan="3" | 1964 | Best Female Vocal Performance''People'' || | |||
| Album of the Year | |||||
| Record of the Year | |||||
| rowspan="2" | 1965 | Best Female Vocal Performance| | ''My Name Is Barbra'' | ||
| Album of the Year | |||||
| rowspan="2" | 1966 | Best Female Vocal Performance| | ''Color Me Barbra'' | ||
| Album of the Year | |||||
| 1968 | Best Contemporary-Pop Vocal Performance| | Funny Girl (film)>Funny Girl'' Soundtrack | |||
| 1970 | AGVAAGVA Georgie Award || | Entertainer of the Year | — | ||
| rowspan="2" | 1972 | Grammy Awards| | Best Pop Female Vocal Performance | "Sweet Inspiration / Where You Lead" | |
| AGVA Georgie Award | Singing Star of the Year| | — | |||
| 1975 | People's Choice Awards| | Favorite Female Singer of the Year | |||
| 1976 | rowspan="5"Grammy Awards || | Best Classical Vocal Soloist Performance | ''Classical Barbra'' | ||
| rowspan="5" | 1977 | Best Pop Female Vocal Performance"Evergreen" (from ''A Star Is Born'') || | |||
| Song of the Year | |||||
| Record of the Year | |||||
| Best Original Score – Motion Picture or Television Special | |||||
| AGVA Georgie Award | Singing Star of the Year| | — | |||
| 1978 | rowspan="7"Grammy Awards || | Best Pop Female Vocal Performance | rowspan="3"You Don't Bring Me Flowers (song) | You Don't Bring Me Flowers" (with Neil Diamond) |> | |
| rowspan="2" | 1979 | Record of the Year | |||
| rowspan="2" | Best Pop Vocal Performance – Duo, Group, or Chorus | ||||
| rowspan="5" | 1980 | rowspan="2"Guilty (Barbra Streisand album) | Guilty'' (with Barry Gibb) |> | ||
| Album of the Year | |||||
| Record of the Year | "Woman in Love" | ||||
| Best Pop Vocal Female Performance | |||||
| AGVA Georgie Awards | Singing Star of the Year| | — | |||
| 1985 | People's Choice Awards| | Favorite All-Around Female Entertainer | |||
| rowspan="3" | 1986 | rowspan="5"Grammy Awards || | Best Pop Vocal Female Performance | ''The Broadway Album'' | |
| Album of the Year | |||||
| Best Instrumental Arrangement Acompanying Vocal | "Being Alive" | ||||
| rowspan="2" | 1987 | Best Pop Vocal Female Performance''One Voice'' || | |||
| Best Music Video Performance | |||||
| 1988 | People's Choice Awards| | Favorite All-Time Musical Performer | — | ||
| 1991 | rowspan="16"Grammy Awards || | Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance | "Warm All Over" | ||
| 1992 | Grammy Legend Award| | — | Special award | ||
| 1993 | Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance| | ''Back to Broadway'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | 1994 | Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award| | — | Special award | |
| Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance | ''Barbra: The Concert'' | ||||
| Best Pop Vocal Female Performance | "Ordinary Miracles" | ||||
| rowspan="2" | 1997 | rowspan="2"Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals || | Tell Him (Barbra Streisand and Celine Dion song)>Tell Him" (with Celine Dion) | ||
| "I Finally Found Someone" (with Bryan Adams) | |||||
| 2000 | rowspan="3"Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album || | ''Timeless – Live In Concert'' | |||
| 2002 | ''Christmas Memories'' | ||||
| 2003 | ''The Movie Album'' | ||||
| 2004 | rowspan="2"Grammy Hall of Fame || | Funny Girl (musical)>Funny Girl'' (Barbra Streisand and Sydney Chaplin) | Inducted | ||
| 2006 | ''The Barbra Streisand Album'' | ||||
| 2007 | Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album| | ''Live in Concert 2006'' | |||
| 2008 | Grammy Hall of Fame| | The Way We Were (song)>The Way We Were" | Inducted | ||
| 2011 | Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album| | Love Is the Answer (album)>Love Is the Answer'' |
Film awards
Streisand has won 2 Academy Awards (Oscar) against 5 nominations, 2 for acting, 2 for song writing and 1 for Best Picture,
| Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result | |||||
| rowspan="2" | 1969 | Academy Awards | Best Actress''Funny Girl'' || | ||
| rowspan="5" | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) | |||
| rowspan="2" | 1970 | ''Hello, Dolly(film) | Hello, Dolly!'' | ||
| Henrietta Award | Henrietta World Film Favorite | — | |||
| rowspan="2" | 1971 | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)| | The Owl and the Pussycat (film)>The Owl and the Pussycat'' | ||
| Henrietta World Film Favorite | — | ||||
| rowspan="2" | 1974 | Academy Awards| | Best Actress | ''The Way We Were'' | |
| rowspan="3" | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Drama) | |||
| 1975 | Henrietta World Film Favorite| | — | Special award | ||
| 1976 | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)| | ''Funny Lady'' | |||
| rowspan="3" | 1977 | Academy Awards| | Best Original Song | rowspan="3"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born) | Evergreen" (from ''A Star Is Born'') |> |
| rowspan="6" | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical) | |||
| Best Original Song | |||||
| 1978 | Henrietta World Film Favorite| | — | Special award | ||
| rowspan="2" | 1984 | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)''Yentl'' || | |||
| Best Director (Motion Picture) | |||||
| 1988 | Best Actress in Motion Picture (Drama)| | Nuts (film)>Nuts'' | |||
| rowspan="2" | 1992 | Academy Awards| | Best Picture | ''The Prince of Tides'' | |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Director (Motion Picture) | ||||
| rowspan="3" | 1997 | Academy Awards| | Best Original Song | "I Finally Found Someone" (from ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'') | |
| rowspan="3" | Golden Globe Awards | Best Actress in a Motion Picture (Comedy or Musical)| | ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'' | ||
| Best Original Song | "I Finally Found Someone" (from ''The Mirror Has Two Faces'') | ||||
| 2000 | Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for Lifetime Achievement| | — | Special award |
Appearances
Broadway performances
| Year !! Title !! Notes | ||
| 1961–1963 | ''I Can Get It for You Wholesale'' | Nominated—Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical |
| 1964–1965 | Funny Girl (musical)>Funny Girl'' |
West End performances
| Year !! Title !! Notes | ||
| 1966 | Funny Girl (musical)>Funny Girl'' | April 13, 1966 – July 16, 1966 at the Prince of Wales Theatre, London. |
Television specials
| Year !! Title !! Notes | ||
| 1965 | ''My Name Is Barbra'' | Aired April 28, 1965 |
| 1966 | Color Me Barbra'' > | |
| 1967 | ''The Belle of 14th Street'' | |
| 1968 | ''A Happening in Central Park'' | |
| 1973 | ''Barbra Streisand...And Other Musical Instruments'' | |
| 1975 | ''Funny Girl to Funny Lady'' | |
| 1976 | ''Barbra: With One More Look at You'' | |
| 1983 | ''A Film Is Born: The Making of 'Yentl''' | |
| 1986 | ''Putting it Together: The Making of The Broadway Album'' | |
| 1987 | One Voice (Barbra Streisand album)>One Voice'' | |
| 1994 | ''Barbra Streisand: The Concert'' | |
| 2001 | ''Barbra Streisand: Timeless'' | |
| 2009 | ''Streisand: Live in Concert'' | |
| 2009 | ''Friday Night with Jonathan Ross'' |
Tours and live performances
| Year !! Title !! Continents !! Box-office benefits !! Total audience | ||||
| 1966 | ''An Evening with Barbra Streisand (Tour)'' | North America| | $480,000 | 60,000 |
| 1994 | ''Barbra Streisand: The Concert Tour''| | North America and Europe | $50 million | 400,000 |
| 2000 | ''Timeless: Live in Concert Tour''| | North America and Oceania | $70 million | 200,000 |
| 2006–2007 | ''Streisand: The Tour''| | North America and Europe | $119.5 million | 425,000 |
Discography
Filmography
References
Further reading
External links
}}
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| Coordinates | 28°1′0″N153°24′0″N |
|---|---|
| Birthname | Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger |
| Order | 38th |
| Office | Governor of California |
| Lieutenant | Cruz BustamanteMona Pasquil (acting) John GaramendiAbel Maldonado |
| Term start | November 17, 2003 |
| Term end | January 3, 2011 |
| Predecessor | Gray Davis |
| Successor | Jerry Brown |
| Birth date | July 30, 1947 |
| Birth place | Thal, Austria |
| Citizenship | American, Austrian |
| Party | Republican Party |
| Spouse | Maria Shriver (1986–2011) |
| Children | Katherine (b. 1989)Christina (b. 1991)Patrick (b. 1993)Christopher (b. 1997)Joseph Baena (b. 1997) |
| Relations | Gustav Schwarzenegger(father, deceased)Aurelia née Jadrny(mother, deceased) |
| Alma mater | Santa Monica CollegeUniversity of Wisconsin, Superior |
| Profession | Bodybuilder, actor, director, businessman, investor, and politician |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature | Arnold Schwarzenegger Signature.svg |
| Website | Personal website |
| Branch | Austrian Armed Forces |
| Serviceyears | 1965 }} |
Schwarzenegger began to weight train at the young age of 15 years old. He was awarded the title of Mr. Universe at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in the sport of bodybuilding and he has written several books and numerous articles on the sport. Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. He was nicknamed the "Austrian Oak" and the "Styrian Oak" in his bodybuilding days, "Arnie" during his acting career and more recently the "Governator" (a portmanteau of "Governor" and "Terminator").
As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7, 2003, in a special recall election to replace then-Governor Gray Davis. Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, 2003, to serve the remainder of Davis's term. Schwarzenegger was then re-elected on November 7, 2006, in California's 2006 gubernatorial election, to serve a full term as governor, defeating Democrat Phil Angelides, who was California State Treasurer at the time. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his second term on January 5, 2007.
Schwarzenegger had been married to Maria Shriver for over 25 years and the couple had four children together. In 2011, it was revealed that Schwarzenegger had engaged in an adulterous affair and fathered a son with an employee of his, Mildred Baena, 14 years earlier. This subsequently led to Schwarzenegger and Shriver separating and Shriver filing for divorce.
Early life
Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Austria, a small village bordering the Styrian capital Graz, and was christened Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger. His parents were the local police chief, Gustav Schwarzenegger (1907–72), and Aurelia (née Jadrny; 1922–1998). His father served in World War II, after he voluntarily applied to join the Nazi Party in 1938. He served with the German Army as a Hauptfeldwebel of the Feldgendarmerie and was discharged in 1943 after contracting malaria. They were married on October 20, 1945 – Gustav was 38, and Aurelia was a 23-year-old widow with a son, Meinhard. According to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict: "Back then in Austria it was a very different world, if we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared." He grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended mass every Sunday.Gustav had a preference for his stepson Meinhard, over his son, Arnold. His favoritism was "strong and blatant," which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his child. Schwarzenegger has said his father had "no patience for listening or understanding your problems." Schwarzenegger had a good relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. In later life, Schwarzenegger commissioned the Simon Wiesenthal Center to research his father's wartime record, which came up with no evidence of atrocities despite Gustav's membership in the Nazi Party and SA. Schwarzenneger's father's background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign. At school, Schwarzenegger was apparently in the middle but stood out for his "cheerful, good-humored and exuberant" character. Money was a problem in their household; Schwarzenegger recalled that one of the highlights of his youth was when the family bought a refrigerator.
As a boy, Schwarzenegger played several sports, heavily influenced by his father. He picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his football coach took his team to a local gym. At the age of 14, he chose bodybuilding over football (soccer) as a career. Schwarzenegger has responded to a question asking if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but I'd been participating in sports, like soccer, for years, so I felt that although I was slim, I was well-developed, at least enough so that I could start going to the gym and start Olympic lifting." However, his official website biography claims: "At 14, he started an intensive training program with Dan Farmer, studied psychology at 15 (to learn more about the power of mind over body) and at 17, officially started his competitive career." During a speech in 2001, he said, ''"My own plan formed when I was 14 years old. My father had wanted me to be a police officer like he was. My mother wanted me to go to trade school."'' Schwarzenegger took to visiting a gym in Graz, where he also frequented the local movie theaters to see bodybuilding idols such as Reg Park, Steve Reeves and Johnny Weissmuller on the big screen. "I was inspired by individuals like Reg Park and Steve Reeves." When Reeves died in 2000, Schwarzenegger fondly remembered him: "As a teenager, I grew up with Steve Reeves. His remarkable accomplishments allowed me a sense of what was possible, when others around me didn't always understand my dreams ... Steve Reeves has been part of everything I've ever been fortunate enough to achieve." In 1961, Schwarzenegger met former Mr. Austria Kurt Marnul, who invited him to train at the gym in Graz. He was so dedicated as a youngster that he broke into the local gym on weekends, when it was usually closed, so that he could train. "It would make me sick to miss a workout ... I knew I couldn't look at myself in the mirror the next morning if I didn't do it." When Schwarzenegger was asked about his first movie experience as a boy, he replied, "I was very young, but I remember my father taking me to the Austrian theaters and seeing some newsreels. The first real movie I saw, that I distinctly remember, was a John Wayne movie."
In 1971, his brother Meinhard died in a car accident. Meinhard had been drinking and was killed instantly. Schwarzenegger did not attend his funeral. Meinhard was due to marry Erika Knapp, and the couple had a three-year-old son, Patrick. Schwarzenegger would pay for Patrick's education and help him to immigrate to the United States. Gustav died the following year from a stroke. In ''Pumping Iron'', Schwarzenegger claimed that he did not attend his father's funeral because he was training for a bodybuilding contest. Later, he and the film's producer said this story was taken from another bodybuilder for the purpose of showing the extremes that some would go to for their sport and to make Schwarzenegger's image more cold and machine-like in order to fan controversy for the film. Barbara Baker, his first serious girlfriend, has said he informed her of his father's death without emotion and that he never spoke of his brother. Over time, he has given at least three versions of why he was absent from his father's funeral.
In an interview with ''Fortune'' in 2004, Schwarzenegger told how he suffered what "would now be called child abuse" at the hands of his father:
Early adulthood
Schwarzenegger served in the Austrian Army in 1965 to fulfill the one year of service required at the time of all 18-year-old Austrian males. During his army service, he won the Junior Mr. Europe contest. He went AWOL during basic training so he could take part in the competition and spent a week in military prison: "Participating in the competition meant so much to me that I didn't carefully think through the consequences." He won another bodybuilding contest in Graz, at Steirer Hof Hotel (where he had placed second). He was voted best built man of Europe, which made him famous."The Mr. Universe title was my ticket to America – the land of opportunity, where I could become a star and get rich." Schwarzenegger made his first plane trip in 1966, attending the NABBA Mr. Universe competition in London. He would come in second in the Mr. Universe competition, not having the muscle definition of American winner Chester Yorton.
Charles "Wag" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putzinger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, a friend in Munich at that time, "I'm going to become the greatest actor!"
Move to the U.S.
Schwarzenegger, who dreamed of moving to the U.S. since the age of 10, and saw bodybuilding as the avenue through which to do so, realized his dream by moving to the United States in September 1968 at the age of 21, speaking little English. "Naturally, when I came to this country, my accent was very bad, and my accent was also very strong, which was an obstacle as I began to pursue acting." There he trained at Gold's Gym in Venice, Los Angeles, California, under Joe Weider. From 1970 to 1974, one of Schwarzenegger's weight training partners was Ric Drasin, a professional wrestler who designed the original Gold's Gym logo in 1973. Schwarzenegger also became good friends with professional wrestler "Superstar" Billy Graham. In 1970, at age 23, he captured his first Mr. Olympia title in New York, and would go on to win the title a total of seven times.Immigration law firm Siskind & Susser have stated that Schwarzenegger may have been an illegal immigrant at some point in the late 1960s or early 1970s because of violations in the terms of his visa. ''LA Weekly'' would later say in 2002 that Schwarzenegger is the most famous immigrant in America, who "overcame a thick Austrian accent and transcended the unlikely background of bodybuilding to become the biggest movie star in the world in the 1990s".
In 1977, Schwarzenegger's autobiography/weight-training guide ''Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder'' was published and became a huge success. After taking English classes at Santa Monica College in California, he earned a BA by correspondence from the University of Wisconsin–Superior, where he graduated Business and International Economics, in 1979.
Bodybuilding career
| Name | Arnold Schwarzenegger |
|---|---|
| Nickname | The Austrian Oak |
| Birth date | July 30, 1947 |
| Birth place | Thal, Styria, Austria |
| Height | |
| Weight | 250 pounds (113 kg) |
| Firstproshow | NABBA Mr. Universe |
| Firstproshowyear | 1968 |
| Bestwin | IFBB Mr. Olympia |
| Bestwinyear | 1970–1975, 1980, Seven Times |
| Predecessor | Sergio Oliva ('69), Frank Zane ('79) |
| Successor | Franco Columbu ('76, '81) |
| Yesorretiredyear | Retired 1980 }} |
Schwarzenegger is considered among the most important figures in the history of bodybuilding, and his legacy is commemorated in the Arnold Classic annual bodybuilding competition. Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent face in the bodybuilding sport long after his retirement, in part because of his ownership of gyms and fitness magazines. He has presided over numerous contests and awards shows.
For many years, he wrote a monthly column for the bodybuilding magazines ''Muscle & Fitness'' and ''Flex''. Shortly after being elected Governor, he was appointed executive editor of both magazines, in a largely symbolic capacity. The magazines agreed to donate $250,000 a year to the Governor's various physical fitness initiatives. The magazine ''MuscleMag International'' has a monthly two-page article on him, and refers to him as "The King".
One of the first competitions he won was the Junior Mr. Europe contest in 1965. He won Mr. Europe the following year, at age 19. He would go on to compete in, and win, many bodybuilding contests, as well as some weightlifting contests, including five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.
Schwarzenegger continues to work out even today. When asked about his personal training during the 2011 Arnold Classic he said that he was still working out a half an hour with weights every day.
Competition Weight: (top 250 lb [113 kg])
Off Season Weight:
Strongman
In 1967, Schwarzenegger competed in and won the Munich stone-lifting contest, in which a stone weighing 508 German pounds (254 kg/560 lbs.) is lifted between the legs while standing on two foot rests.
Mr. Olympia
Schwarzenegger's goal was to become the greatest bodybuilder in the world, which meant becoming Mr. Olympia. His first attempt was in 1969, when he lost to three-time champion Sergio Oliva. However, Schwarzenegger came back in 1970 and won the competition, making him the youngest ever Mr. Olympia at the age of 23, a record he holds to this day.He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.
Months before the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, filmmakers George Butler and Robert Fiore persuaded Schwarzenegger to compete, in order to film his training in the bodybuilding documentary called ''Pumping Iron.'' Schwarzenegger had only three months to prepare for the competition, after losing significant weight to appear in the film ''Stay Hungry'' with Jeff Bridges. Lou Ferrigno proved not to be a threat, and a lighter-than-usual Schwarzenegger convincingly won the 1975 Mr. Olympia.
Schwarzenegger came out of retirement, however, to compete in the 1980 Mr. Olympia. Schwarzenegger was training for his role in ''Conan'', and he got into such good shape because of the running, horseback riding and sword training, that he decided he wanted to win the Mr. Olympia contest one last time. He kept this plan a secret, in the event that a training accident would prevent his entry and cause him to lose face. Schwarzenegger had been hired to provide color commentary for network television, when he announced at the eleventh hour that while he was there: "Why not compete?" Schwarzenegger ended up winning the event with only seven weeks of preparation. After being declared Mr. Olympia for a seventh time, Schwarzenegger then officially retired from competition.
Steroid use
Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that "steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up." He has called the drugs "tissue building."In 1999, Schwarzenegger sued Dr. Willi Heepe, a German doctor who publicly predicted his early death on the basis of a link between his steroid use and his later heart problems. As the doctor had never examined him personally, Schwarzenegger collected a US$10,000 libel judgment against him in a German court. In 1999, Schwarzenegger also sued and settled with ''The Globe'', a U.S. tabloid which had made similar predictions about the bodybuilder's future health.
Height
His official height of 6'2" (1.88 m) has been brought into question by several articles. In his bodybuilding days in the late 1960s, he was measured to be 6'1.5" (1.87 m), a height confirmed by his fellow bodybuilders. However, in 1988 both the ''Daily Mail'' and ''Time Out'' magazine mentioned that Schwarzenegger appeared noticeably shorter. More recently, before running for Governor, Schwarzenegger's height was once again questioned in an article by the ''Chicago Reader''. As Governor, Schwarzenegger engaged in a light-hearted exchange with Assemblyman Herb Wesson over their heights. At one point Wesson made an unsuccessful attempt to, in his own words, ''"[s]ettle this once and for all and find out how tall he is"'' by using a tailor's tape measure on the Governor. Schwarzenegger retaliated by placing a pillow stitched with the words "Need a lift?" on the five-foot-five inch (165 cm) Wesson's chair before a negotiating session in his office. Bob Mulholland also claimed Arnold was 5'10" (1.78 m) and that he wore risers in his boots. The debate on Schwarzenegger's height has spawned a website solely dedicated to the issue, and his page remains one of the most active on CelebHeights.com, a website which discusses the heights of celebrities.
Acting career
| Other names | Arnold StrongArnie |
|---|---|
| Years active | 1970–2006, 2009–present (acting) |
| Occupation | Actor, director, producer }} |
Schwarzenegger drew attention and boosted his profile in the bodybuilding film ''Pumping Iron'' (1977), elements of which were dramatized. In 1991, Schwarzenegger purchased the rights to the film, its outtakes, and associated still photography. Schwarzenegger auditioned for the title role of ''The Incredible Hulk'', but did not win the role because of his height. Later, Lou Ferrigno got the part of Dr. David Banner's alter ego. Schwarzenegger appeared with Kirk Douglas and Ann-Margret in the 1979 comedy ''The Villain''. In 1980 he starred in a biographical film of the 1950s actress Jayne Mansfield as Mansfield's husband, Mickey Hargitay.
Schwarzenegger's breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic ''Conan the Barbarian'' in 1982, which was a box-office hit. This was followed by a sequel, ''Conan the Destroyer'' in 1984, although it was not as successful as its predecessor. In 1983, Schwarzenegger starred in the promotional video "Carnival in Rio".
In 1984, he made the first of three appearances as the eponymous character and what some would say was the signature role in his acting career in director James Cameron's science fiction thriller film ''The Terminator''. Following ''The Terminator'', Schwarzenegger made ''Red Sonja'' in 1985.
During the 1980s, audiences had an appetite for action films, with both Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone becoming international stars. Schwarzenegger's roles reflected his sense of humor, separating his roles from more serious action hero fare. His alternative-universe comedy/thriller ''Last Action Hero'' featured a poster of the movie ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' which, in the fictional alternate universe, had Sylvester Stallone as its star.
He made a number of successful films: ''Commando'' (1985), ''Raw Deal'' (1986), ''The Running Man'' (1987), and ''Red Heat'' (1988). In ''Predator'' (1987), another successful film, Schwarzenegger led a cast which included future Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura (Ventura also appeared in ''The Running Man'' and ''Batman & Robin'' with Schwarzenegger) and future candidate for governor of Kentucky Sonny Landham.
''Twins'' (1988), a comedy with Danny DeVito also proved successful. ''Total Recall'' (1990) netted Schwarzenegger $10 million and 15% of the gross, and was a science fiction script directed by Paul Verhoeven, based on the Philip K. Dick short story, "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale". ''Kindergarten Cop'' (1990) reunited him with director Ivan Reitman, who directed him in ''Twins''.
Schwarzenegger had a brief foray into directing, first with a 1990 episode of the TV series ''Tales from the Crypt'', entitled "The Switch", and then with the 1992 telemovie ''Christmas in Connecticut''. He has not directed since.
Schwarzenegger's commercial peak was his return as the title character in 1991's ''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'', which was the highest-grossing film of 1991. In 1993, the National Association of Theatre Owners named him the "International Star of the Decade." His next film project, the 1993 self-aware action comedy spoof ''Last Action Hero'' was released opposite ''Jurassic Park'', and did not do well at the box office. His next film, the comedy drama ''True Lies'' (1994) was a popular spy film, and saw Schwarzenegger, reunited with James Cameron, appearing opposite Jamie Lee Curtis.
That same year the comedy ''Junior'' (1994) was released, the last of his three collaborations with Ivan Reitman and again co-starring Danny DeVito and also for the second time featuring Pamela Reed. This film brought Schwarzenegger his second Golden Globe nomination, this time for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. It was followed by the action thriller ''Eraser'' (1996), the Christmas comedy ''Jingle All The Way'' (1996) with Arnold playing the main character, Howard Langston, and the comic book-based ''Batman & Robin'' (1997), where he played the villain Mr. Freeze. This was his final film before taking time to recuperate from a back injury. Following the critical failure of ''Batman & Robin'', Schwarzenegger's film career and box office prominence went into decline.
He returned with the supernatural thriller ''''End of Days'''' (1999), later followed by the action films ''The 6th Day'' (2000) and ''Collateral Damage'' (2002) all of which failed to do well at the box office. In 2003, he made his third appearance as the title character in ''Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines'', which went on to earn over $150 million domestically.
In tribute to Schwarzenegger in 2002, Forum Stadtpark, a local cultural association, proposed plans to build a 25-meter (82 ft) tall ''Terminator'' statue in a park in central Graz. Schwarzenegger reportedly said he was flattered, but thought the money would be better spent on social projects and the Special Olympics.
His film appearances after becoming Governor of California include a 3-second cameo appearance in ''The Rundown'' (a.k.a., ''Welcome to the Jungle'') with The Rock, and the 2004 remake of ''Around the World in 80 Days'', where he appeared onscreen with action star Jackie Chan for the first time. In 2005 he appeared as himself in the film ''The Kid & I''. Schwarzenegger voiced Baron von Steuben in Episode 24 ("Valley Forge") of ''Liberty's Kids''.
Schwarzenegger had been rumored to be appearing in ''Terminator Salvation'' as the original T-800 model, alongside Roland Kickinger. Schwarzenegger denied his involvement, but it was later revealed that although he would appear briefly he would not be shooting new footage, and his image would be inserted into the movie from stock footage of the first Terminator movie. Schwarzenegger's most recent appearance was in Sylvester Stallone's ''The Expendables'', where he made a cameo appearance alongside Stallone and Bruce Willis.
Return to acting
In January 2011, just weeks after leaving office in California, Schwarzenegger announced that he was reading several new scripts for future films, one of them being the World War II action drama ''With Wings as Eagles'', written by Randall Wallace, based on a true story.On March 6, 2011, at the Arnold Seminar of the Arnold Classic, Schwarzenegger revealed that he was being courted for several films, including sequels to ''The Terminator'' and remakes of ''Predator'' and ''The Running Man'', and that he was "packaging" a comic book character. The character was later revealed to be the Governator, star of the comic book and animated series of the same name. Schwarzenegger inspired the character and co-developed it with Stan Lee, who would have produced the series. Schwarzenegger would have voiced the Governator.
On May 20, 2011, Schwarzenegger's entertainment counsel announced that all movie projects currently in development were being halted. "Governor Schwarzenegger is focusing on personal matters and is not willing to commit to any production schedules or timelines." However, the ''Daily Star'' reported on May 29 that Schwarzenegger had been offered $40 million to star in two ''Terminator'' films.
On July 11, 2011 it was announced that Schwarzenegger is considering a comeback film despite his continuing legal problems. He has reportedly signed to star in "Last Stand" as a dishonored Los Angeles cop.
Political career
Early politics
Schwarzenegger has been a registered Republican for many years. As an actor, his political views were always well known as they contrasted with those of many other prominent Hollywood stars, who are generally considered to be a liberal and Democratic-leaning community. At the 2004 Republican National Convention, Schwarzenegger gave a speech and explained why he was a Republican:
In 1985, Schwarzenegger appeared in ''Stop the Madness'', an anti-drug music video sponsored by the Reagan administration. He first came to wide public notice as a Republican during the 1988 Presidential election, accompanying then-Vice President George H.W. Bush at a campaign rally.
Schwarzenegger's first political appointment was as chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, on which he served from 1990 to 1993. He was nominated by George H. W. Bush, who dubbed him "Conan the Republican". He later served as Chairman for the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports under Governor Pete Wilson. Yet, political analysts have identified Schwarzenegger as a liberal, as he has become more left-leaning since his election.
Between 1993 and 1994, Schwarzenegger was a Red Cross ambassador (a ceremonial role fulfilled by celebrities), recording several television/radio public service announcements to donate blood. A small amount of interest was garnered by his wearing of a white t-shirt with the Red Cross on it, while posing with a flexed arm; the image made it into several celebrity magazines.
In an interview with ''Talk'' magazine in late 1999, Schwarzenegger was asked if he thought of running for office. He replied, "I think about it many times. The possibility is there, because I feel it inside." ''The Hollywood Reporter'' claimed shortly after that Schwarzenegger sought to end speculation that he might run for governor of California. Following his initial comments, Schwarzenegger said, "I'm in show business – I am in the middle of my career. Why would I go away from that and jump into something else?"
Governor of California
Schwarzenegger announced his candidacy in the 2003 California recall election for Governor of California on the August 6, 2003 episode of ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno''. As a candidate in the recall election, Schwarzenegger had the most name recognition in a crowded field of candidates, but he had never held public office and his political views were unknown to most Californians. His candidacy immediately became national and international news, with media outlets dubbing him the "Governator" (referring to ''The Terminator'' movies, see above) and "The Running Man" (the name of another one of his films), and calling the recall election "Total Recall" (yet another Schwarzenegger starrer). Schwarzenegger declined to participate in several debates with other recall replacement candidates, and appeared in only one debate on September 24, 2003.On October 7, 2003, the recall election resulted in Governor Gray Davis being removed from office with 55.4% of the ''Yes'' vote in favor of a recall. Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California under the second question on the ballot with 48.6% of the vote to choose a successor to Davis. Schwarzenegger defeated Democrat Cruz Bustamante, fellow Republican Tom McClintock, and others. His nearest rival, Bustamante, received 31% of the vote. In total, Schwarzenegger won the election by about 1.3 million votes. Under the regulations of the California Constitution, no runoff election was required. Schwarzenegger was the first foreign-born governor of California since Irish-born Governor John G. Downey in 1862.
As soon as Schwarzenegger was elected governor, Willie Brown said he would start a drive to recall the governor. Schwarzenegger was equally entrenched in what he considered to be his mandate in cleaning up gridlock. Building on a catchphrase from the sketch "Hans and Franz" from ''Saturday Night Live'' (which partly parodied his bodybuilding career), Schwarzenegger called the Democratic State politicians "girlie men".
Schwarzenegger's early victories included repealing an unpopular increase in the vehicle registration fee as well as preventing driver's licenses being given out to illegal immigrants, but later he began to feel the backlash when powerful state unions began to oppose his various initiatives. Key among his reckoning with political realities was a special election he called in November 2005, in which four ballot measures he sponsored were defeated. Schwarzenegger accepted personal responsibility for the defeats and vowed to continue to seek consensus for the people of California. He would later comment that "no one could win if the opposition raised 160 million dollars to defeat you".
Schwarzenegger then went against the advice of fellow Republican strategists and appointed a Democrat, Susan Kennedy, as his Chief of Staff. Schwarzenegger gradually moved towards a more politically moderate position, determined to build a winning legacy with only a short time to go until the next gubernatorial election.
Schwarzenegger ran for re-election against Democrat Phil Angelides, the California State Treasurer, in the 2006 elections, held on November 7, 2006. Despite a poor year nationally for the Republican party, Schwarzenegger won re-election with 56.0% of the vote compared with 38.9% for Angelides, a margin of well over one million votes. In recent years, many commentators have seen Schwarzenegger as moving away from the right and towards the center of the political spectrum. After hearing a speech by Schwarzenegger at the 2006 Martin Luther King, Jr. breakfast, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom said that, "[H]e's becoming a Democrat [... H]e's running back, not even to the center. I would say center-left".
It was rumored that Schwarzenegger might run for the United States Senate in 2010, as his governorship would be term-limited by that time. This turned out to be false. Wendy Leigh, who wrote an unofficial biography on Schwarzenegger, claims he plotted his political rise from an early age using the movie business and bodybuilding as building blocks to escape a depressing home. Leigh portrays Schwarzenegger as obsessed with power and quotes him as saying, "I wanted to be part of the small percentage of people who were leaders, not the large mass of followers. I think it is because I saw leaders use 100% of their potential –I was always fascinated by people in control of other people." Schwarzenegger has said that it was never his intention to enter politics, but he says, "I married into a political family. You get together with them and you hear about policy, about reaching out to help people. I was exposed to the idea of being a public servant and Eunice and Sargent Shriver became my heroes." Eunice Kennedy Shriver was sister of John F. Kennedy, and mother-in-law to Schwarzenegger; Sargent Shriver is husband to Eunice and father-in-law to Schwarzenegger. He cannot run for president as he is not a natural born citizen of the United States. In ''The Simpsons Movie'' (2007), he is portrayed as the President, and in the Sylvester Stallone movie, ''Demolition Man'' (1993, ten years before his first run for political office), it is revealed that a constitutional amendment passed which allowed Schwarzenegger to run for President.
Schwarzenegger is a dual Austria/United States citizen. He holds Austrian citizenship by birth and has held U.S. citizenship since becoming naturalized in 1983. Being Austrian and thus European, he was able to win the 2007 European Voice campaigner of the year award for taking action against climate change with the California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 and plans to introduce an emissions trading scheme with other US states and possibly with the EU. Still, Schwarzenegger has always identified with his American citizenship, and has shown great affinity for the state of California beyond his foreign birth.
Because of his personal wealth from his acting career, Schwarzenegger did not accept his governor's salary of $175,000 per year. He stated after he left office that being governor cost him as much as $200 million in potential movie deals, but that "it was more than worth it."
Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. Presidential election was highly sought; despite being good friends with candidates Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain, Schwarzenegger remained neutral throughout 2007 and early 2008. Giuliani dropped out of the Presidential race on January 30, 2008, largely because of a poor showing in Florida, and endorsed McCain. Later that night, Schwarzenegger was in the audience at a Republican debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in California. The following day, he endorsed McCain, joking, "It's Rudy's fault!" (in reference to his friendships with both candidates and that he could not make up his mind). Schwarzenegger's endorsement was thought to be a boost for Senator McCain's campaign; both spoke about their concerns for the environment and economy.
In its April 2010 report, Progressive ethics watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Schwarzenegger one of 11 "worst governors" in the United States because of various ethics issues throughout Schwarzenegger's term as governor.
Governor Schwarzenegger played a significant role in opposing Proposition 66, a proposed amendment of the Californian Three Strikes Law, in November 2004. This amendment would have required the third felony to be either violent or serious to mandate a 25-years-to-life sentence. In the last week before the ballot, Schwarzenegger launched an intensive campaign against Proposition 66. He stated that "it would release 26,000 dangerous criminals and rapists".
Allegations of sexual and personal misconduct
During his initial campaign for governor, allegations of sexual and personal misconduct were raised against Schwarzenegger, dubbed "Gropegate". Within the last five days before the election, news reports appeared in the ''Los Angeles Times'' recounting allegations of sexual misconduct from several individual women, six of whom eventually came forward with their personal stories.Three of the women claimed he had grabbed their breasts, a fourth said he placed his hand under her skirt on her buttock. A fifth woman claimed Schwarzenegger tried to take off her bathing suit in a hotel elevator, and the last said he pulled her onto his lap and asked her about a sex act.
Schwarzenegger admitted that he has "behaved badly sometimes" and apologized, but also stated that "a lot of [what] you see in the stories is not true". This came after an interview in adult magazine ''Oui'' from 1977 surfaced, in which Schwarzenegger discussed attending sexual orgies and using substances such as marijuana. Schwarzenegger is shown smoking a marijuana joint after winning Mr. Olympia in the 1975 documentary film ''Pumping Iron.'' In an interview with ''GQ'' magazine in October 2007, Schwarzenegger said, "[Marijuana] is not a drug. It's a leaf. My drug was pumping iron, trust me." His spokesperson later said the comment was meant to be a joke.
British television personality Anna Richardson settled a libel lawsuit in August 2006 against Schwarzenegger, his top aide, Sean Walsh, and his publicist, Sheryl Main. A joint statement read: "The parties are content to put this matter behind them and are pleased that this legal dispute has now been settled." Richardson claimed they tried to tarnish her reputation by dismissing her allegations that Schwarzenegger touched her breast during a press event for ''The 6th Day'' in London. She claimed Walsh and Main libeled her in a ''Los Angeles Times'' article when they contended she encouraged his behavior.
Citizenship
In 2005, Peter Pilz, from the Austrian Green Party, demanded that parliament revoke Schwarzenegger's Austrian citizenship. This demand was based on Article 33 of the Austrian Citizenship Act that states: ''A citizen, who is in the public service of a foreign country, shall be deprived of his citizenship, if he heavily damages the reputation or the interests of the Austrian Republic''. Pilz claimed that Schwarzenegger's actions in support of the death penalty (prohibited in Austria under Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights) had indeed done damage to Austria's reputation. Schwarzenegger explained his actions by referring to the fact that his only duty as Governor of California was to prevent an error in the judicial system.
Environmental record
On September 27, 2006 Schwarzenegger signed a bill creating the nation's first cap on greenhouse gas emissions. The law set new regulations on the amount of emissions utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants are allowed to release into the atmosphere. Schwarzenegger also signed a second global warming bill that prohibits large utilities and corporations in California from making long-term contracts with suppliers who do not meet the state's greenhouse gas emission standards. The two bills are part of a plan to reduce California's emissions by 25 percent to 1990s levels by 2020. In 2005, Schwarzenegger issued an executive order calling to reduce greenhouse gases to 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.Schwarzenegger signed another executive order on October 17, 2006 allowing California to work with the Northeast's Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative. They plan to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by issuing a limited amount of carbon credits to each power plant in participating states. Any power plants that exceed emissions for the amount of carbon credits will have to purchase more credits to cover the difference. The plan is set to be in effect in 2009. In addition to using his political power to fight global warming, the governor has taken steps at his home to reduce his personal carbon footprint. Schwarzenegger has adapted one of his Hummers to run on hydrogen and another to run on biofuels. He has also installed solar panels to heat his home.
In respect of his contribution to the direction of the US motor industry, Schwarzenegger was invited to open the 2009 SAE World Congress in Detroit, on April 20, 2009.
Electoral history
Business career
Schwarzenegger has also had a highly successful business career. Following his move to the United States, Schwarzenegger became a "prolific goal setter" and would write his objectives at the start of the year on index cards, like starting a mail order business or buying a new car – and succeed in doing so. By the age of 30, Schwarzenegger was a millionaire, well before his career in Hollywood. His financial independence came from a series of successful business ventures and investments.
Bricklaying business
In 1968, Schwarzenegger and fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu started a bricklaying business. The business flourished thanks to the pair's marketing savvy and an increased demand following the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. Schwarzenegger and Columbu used profits from their bricklaying venture to start a mail order business, selling bodybuilding and fitness-related equipment and instructional tapes.
Real estate investing
Schwarzenegger rolled profits from the mail order business and his bodybuilding competition winnings into his first real estate investment venture: an apartment building he purchased for $10,000. He would go on to invest in a number of real estate holding companies.
Restaurant
In 1992, Schwarzenegger and his wife opened a restaurant in Santa Monica called ''Schatzi On Main''. ''Schatzi'' literally means "little treasure," colloquial for "honey" or "darling" in German. In 1998, he sold his restaurant.
Planet Hollywood investment
Schwarzenegger was a founding celebrity investor in the Planet Hollywood chain of international theme restaurants (modeled after the Hard Rock Cafe) along with Bruce Willis, Sylvester Stallone and Demi Moore. Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on "new US global business ventures" and his movie career.
Other ventures and investments
He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: "I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm.
Personal life
Early love life
In 1969, Schwarzenegger met Barbara Outland (later Barbara Outland Baker), an English teacher he lived with until 1974. Schwarzenegger talked about Barbara in his memoir in 1977: "Basically it came down to this: she was a well-balanced woman who wanted an ordinary, solid life, and I was not a well-balanced man, and hated the very idea of ordinary life." Baker has described Schwarzenegger as "[a] joyful personality, totally charismatic, adventurous, and athletic" but claims towards the end of the relationship he became "insufferable – classically conceited – the world revolved around him". Baker published her memoir in 2006, entitled ''Arnold and Me: In the Shadow of the Austrian Oak''. Although Baker, at times, painted an unflattering portrait of her former lover, Schwarzenegger actually contributed to the tell-all book with a foreword, and also met with Baker for three hours. Baker claims, for example, that she only learned of his being unfaithful after they split, and talks of a turbulent and passionate love life. Schwarzenegger has made it clear that their respective recollection of events can differ. The couple first met six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S. – their first date was watching the first Apollo Moon landing on television. They shared an apartment in Santa Monica for three and a half years, and having little money, would visit the beach all day, or have barbecues in the back yard. Although Baker claims that when she first met him, he had "little understanding of polite society" and she found him a turn-off, she says, "He's as much a self-made man as it's possible to be –he never got encouragement from his parents, his family, his brother. He just had this huge determination to prove himself, and that was very attractive ... I'll go to my grave knowing Arnold loved me."Schwarzenegger met his next paramour, Sue Moray, a Beverly Hills hairdresser's assistant, on Venice Beach in July 1977. According to Moray, the couple led an open relationship: "We were faithful when we were both in LA ... but when he was out of town, we were free to do whatever we wanted." Schwarzenegger met Maria Shriver at the Robert F. Kennedy Tennis Tournament in August 1977, and went on to have a relationship with both women until August 1978, when Moray (who knew of his relationship with Shriver) issued an ultimatum.
After the news of Schwarzenegger's infidelity scandal was revealed, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and confessed that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, "Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on."
Marriage and family
On April 26, 1986, Schwarzenegger married television journalist Maria Shriver, niece of President John F. Kennedy, in Hyannis, Massachusetts. The Rev. John Baptist Riordan performed the ceremony at St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church. They have four children: Katherine Eunice Shriver Schwarzenegger (born December 13, 1989 in Los Angeles); Christina Maria Aurelia Schwarzenegger (born July 23, 1991 in Los Angeles); Patrick Schwarzenegger (born September 18, 1993 in Los Angeles); and Christopher Sargent Shriver Schwarzenegger (born September 27, 1997 in Los Angeles). Schwarzenegger lives in a home in Brentwood. The divorcing couple currently own vacation homes in Sun Valley, Idaho and Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They attended St. Monica's Catholic Church.
Son in serious accident
Schwarzenegger's 13-year-old son Christopher Schwarzenegger was seriously injured in a boogie-boarding accident in Malibu, on July 17, 2011. In a joint statement, Schwarzenegger and estranged wife Shriver described it as "scary," and that "he is expected to make a full recovery." Christopher had been in intensive care after suffering a collapsed lung and broken bones in the accident.
Infidelity and divorce
On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger separated after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the ''Los Angeles Times'' revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred Patricia 'Patty' Baena. "After leaving the governor's office I told my wife about this event, which occurred over a decade ago," Schwarzenegger said in a statement issued to ''The Times''. In the statement, Schwarzenegger did not mention that he had confessed to his wife only after Shriver had confronted him with the information, which she had done after confirming with the housekeeper what she had suspected about the child.Fifty-year-old Baena, of Guatemalan origin, was employed by the family for 20 years and retired in January. The pregnant Baena was working in the home while Shriver was pregnant with the youngest of the couple’s four children. Baena's son with Schwarzenegger, Joseph, was born on October 2, 1997; Shriver gave birth to Christopher only a few days earlier on September 27, 1997. Schwarzenegger found ways to spend time with this child: in one instance, in 1998, Shriver and Schwarzenegger's children unexpectedly accompanied Schwarzenegger to the lovechild's baptism; and he was photographed teaching the boy how to play golf and swinging him playfully above his head. Despite Schwarzenegger's interactions with the child, the boy was never told that Schwarzenegger was his father, and he was unaware of the fact until it was revealed by the press. Schwarzenegger has taken financial responsibility for the child "from the start and continued to provide support." KNX 1070 radio reported that he bought a new, four-bedroom house, with a pool, in Bakersfield, about north of Los Angeles, in 2010 for Baena and their son. Baena separated from her husband, Rogelio, in 1997, a few months after Joseph's birth. She divorced Rogelio in 2008. Baena's ex-husband, Rogelio Baena, says that the child's birth certificate was falsified and that he plans to sue Schwarzenegger and his ex-wife for engaging in conspiracy to falsify a public document, a serious crime in California.
Schwarzenegger has consulted an attorney, Bob Kaufman. Kaufman has earlier handled divorce cases for celebrities such as Jennifer Aniston and Reese Witherspoon. Schwarzenegger will keep the Brentwood home as part of their divorce settlement and Shriver has purchased a new home nearby so that the children may travel easily between their parents' homes. They will share custody of the two minor children. Schwarzenegger came under fire after the initial petition did not include spousal support and a reimbursement of attorney's fees. However, he claims this was not intentional and that he signed the initial documents without having properly read them. Schwarzenegger has filed amended divorce papers remedying this.
In the aftermath of Schwarzenegger's infidelity scandal, actress Brigitte Nielsen came forward and stated that she too had an affair with Schwarzenegger while he was in a relationship with Shriver, saying, "Maybe I wouldn't have got into it if he said 'I'm going to marry Maria' and this is dead serious, but he didn't, and our affair carried on."
Accidents and injuries
Schwarzenegger was born with a bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets (a normal aortic valve has three leaflets). Schwarzenegger opted in 1997 for a replacement heart valve made of his own transplanted tissue; medical experts predicted he would require heart valve replacement surgery in the following two to eight years as his valve would progressively degrade. Schwarzenegger apparently opted against a mechanical valve, the only permanent solution available at the time of his surgery, because it would have sharply limited his physical activity and capacity to exercise.On December 9, 2001, he broke six ribs and was hospitalized for four days after a motorcycle crash in Los Angeles.
Schwarzenegger saved a drowning man's life in 2004 while on vacation in Hawaii by swimming out and bringing him back to shore.
On January 8, 2006, while Schwarzenegger was riding his Harley Davidson motorcycle in Los Angeles, with his son Patrick in the sidecar, another driver backed into the street he was riding on, causing him and his son to collide with the car at a low speed. While his son and the other driver were unharmed, the governor sustained a minor injury to his lip, requiring 15 stitches. "No citations were issued", said Officer Jason Lee, a Los Angeles Police Department spokesman. Schwarzenegger did not obtain his motorcycle license until July 3, 2006.
Schwarzenegger tripped over his ski pole and broke his right femur while skiing in Sun Valley, Idaho, with his family on December 23, 2006. On December 26, 2006, he underwent a 90-minute operation in which cables and screws were used to wire the broken bone back together. He was released from the St. John's Health Center on December 30, 2006. He appeared in crutches at his inauguration.
Schwarzenegger's private jet made an emergency landing at Van Nuys Airport on June 19, 2009, after the pilot reported smoke coming from the cockpit, according to a statement released by the governor's press secretary. No one was harmed in the incident.
Net worth
Schwarzenegger's net worth has been conservatively estimated at $100–$200 million. Over the years, he invested his bodybuilding and movie earnings in an array of stocks, bonds, privately controlled companies and real estate holdings worldwide, so a more accurate estimation of his net worth is difficult to calculate, particularly in light of declining real estate values owing to economic recessions in the USA and Europe. In June 1997, Schwarzenegger spent $38 million of his own money on a private Gulfstream Jet. Schwarzenegger once said of his fortune, "Money doesn't make you happy. I now have $50 million, but I was just as happy when I had $48 million." He has also stated, "I've made many millions as a businessman many times over."
Activism
He bought the first Hummer manufactured for civilian use in 1992, a model so large, and wide, that it is classified as a large truck and U.S. fuel economy regulations do not apply to it. During the Gubernatorial Recall campaign he announced that he would convert one of his Hummers to burn hydrogen. The conversion was reported to have cost about US$21,000. After the election, he signed an executive order to jump-start the building of hydrogen refueling plants called the California Hydrogen Highway Network, and gained a U.S. Department of Energy grant to help pay for its projected US$91,000,000 cost. California took delivery of the first H2H (Hydrogen Hummer) in October 2004.On February 12, 2010, Schwarzenegger was the 18th runner on the 106th day of the Vancouver Olympic Torch relay. His leg was along the Stanley Park Seawall, and he exchanged a "torch kiss" with the next runner, Sebastian Coe.
Honors
Schwarzenegger's home town of Graz had its soccer stadium named ''The Arnold Schwarzenegger Stadium'' in his honor. It is the home of both Grazer AK and Sturm Graz. After the Stanley Williams execution and street protests in Schwarzenegger's hometown, several local politicians began a campaign to remove his name from the stadium. In response, Schwarzenegger said "to spare the responsible politicians of the city of Graz further concern, I withdraw from them as of this day the right to use my name in association with the Liebenau Stadium", and set a deadline of two days to remove his name. Graz officials removed Schwarzenegger's name from the stadium in December 2005. It is now officially titled UPC-Arena.The Sun Valley Resort has a short ski trail called ''Arnold's Run'', named after Schwarzenegger in 2001. The trail is categorized as a black diamond, or most difficult, for its terrain.
People in Thal, Austria, celebrated Schwarzenegger's 60th birthday by throwing a party. Officials proclaimed "A Day for Arnold" on July 30, 2007. The mayor sent Schwarzenegger the enameled sign, Thal 145, the number of the house where Schwarzenegger was born, declaring "This belongs to him. No one here will ever be assigned that number again".
Bibliography
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Interviews
Film
References
External links
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ar:أرنولد شوارزنيجر az:Arnold Şvartsenegger bn:আর্নল্ড শোয়ার্জনেগার zh-min-nan:Arnold Schwarzenegger be:Арнольд Шварцэнэгер bar:Arnold Schwarzenegger bs:Arnold Schwarzenegger bg:Арнолд Шварценегер ca:Arnold Schwarzenegger cs:Arnold Schwarzenegger co:Arnold Schwarzenegger cy:Arnold Schwarzenegger da:Arnold Schwarzenegger de:Arnold Schwarzenegger et:Arnold Schwarzenegger el:Άρνολντ Σβαρτσενέγκερ es:Arnold Schwarzenegger eo:Arnold Schwarzenegger eu:Arnold Schwarzenegger fa:آرنولد شوارزنگر fo:Arnold Schwarzenegger fr:Arnold Schwarzenegger ga:Arnold Schwarzenegger gd:Arnold Schwarzenegger gl:Arnold Schwarzenegger gu:આર્નોલ્ડ શ્વાર્ઝેનેગર ko:아널드 슈워제네거 hy:Առնոլդ Շվարցենեգեր hi:अर्नोल्ड श्वार्ज़नेगर hr:Arnold Schwarzenegger io:Arnold Schwarzenegger id:Arnold Schwarzenegger is:Arnold Schwarzenegger it:Arnold Schwarzenegger he:ארנולד שוורצנגר kl:Arnold Schwarzenegger kn:ಅರ್ನಾಲ್ಡ್ ಶ್ವಾರ್ಜಿನೆಗ್ಗರ್ ka:არნოლდ შვარცენეგერი sw:Arnold Schwarzenegger ku:Arnold Schwarzenegger la:Arnoldus Schwarzenegger lv:Arnolds Švarcenegers lt:Arnold Schwarzenegger jbo:arnold. cyvartseneger hu:Arnold Schwarzenegger mk:Арнолд Шварценегер ml:അർണോൾഡ് സ്വാറ്റ്സെനെഗർ mr:आर्नोल्ड श्वार्झनेगर ms:Arnold Schwarzenegger mn:Арнольд Шварценеггер nl:Arnold Schwarzenegger ja:アーノルド・シュワルツェネッガー no:Arnold Schwarzenegger nn:Arnold Schwarzenegger oc:Arnold Schwarzenegger uz:Arnold Schwarzenegger pl:Arnold Schwarzenegger pt:Arnold Schwarzenegger ro:Arnold Schwarzenegger ru:Шварценеггер, Арнольд sq:Arnold Schwarzenegger simple:Arnold Schwarzenegger sk:Arnold Schwarzenegger sl:Arnold Schwarzenegger szl:Arnold Schwarzenegger srn:Arnold Schwarzenegger sr:Арнолд Шварценегер sh:Arnold Švarceneger fi:Arnold Schwarzenegger sv:Arnold Schwarzenegger tl:Arnold Schwarzenegger ta:ஆர்னோல்ட் ஸ்வார்செனேகர் te:ఆర్నాల్డ్ స్క్వార్జెనెగర్ th:อาร์โนลด์ ชวาร์เซเน็กเกอร์ tg:Арнолд Швартсенеггер tr:Arnold Schwarzenegger uk:Арнольд Шварценеггер vi:Arnold Schwarzenegger yi:ארנאלד שווארצענעגער zh:阿诺·施瓦辛格This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 28°1′0″N153°24′0″N |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Minnie Julia Riperton |
| alias | Andrea Davis |
| birth date | November 08, 1947Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
| death date | July 12, 1979Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
| genre | Soul, R&B; |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| years active | 1962–1979 |
| label | Chess, GRT, Epic, Capitol }} |
Riperton grew up on Chicago's South Side. As a child, she studied music, drama, and dance at Chicago's Lincoln Center. In her teen years, she sang lead vocals for the Chicago-based girl group, The Gems. Her early affiliation with the legendary Chicago-based Chess Records afforded her the opportunity to sing backup for various established artist such as Etta James, Fontella Bass, Ramsey Lewis, Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry, and Muddy Waters. While at Chess, Riperton also sang lead for the experimental rock/soul group Rotary Connection, from 1967 to 1971. In 1969 Riperton, along with Rotary Connection, played in the first Catholic Rock Mass at the Liturgical Conference National Convention, Milwaukee Arena, Milwaukee, WI, produced by James F. Colaianni. Riperton reached the apex of her short, but esteemed, career with her number-one hit single, "Lovin' You," on April 4, 1975. The single was the last release from her 1974 gold album entitled ''Perfect Angel''.
In January 1976 Riperton was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a radical mastectomy. By the time of diagnosis, the cancer had metastasized and she was given about six months to live. Despite the grim prognosis, she continued recording and touring. Riperton was one of the first celebrities to go public with her breast cancer diagnosis, but did not disclose that she was terminally ill. In 1977, she became spokesman for the American Cancer Society. In 1978, Riperton also received the American Cancer Society's Courage Award which was presented to her at the White House by President Jimmy Carter. She died at age 31 on July 12, 1979.
Early life
Riperton was born in Chicago to Thelma and Daniel Riperton, a Pullman porter. The youngest of eight children in a musical family, Riperton embraced the arts early on. Although she began with ballet and modern dance, Riperton's parents recognized her vocal and musical abilities and encouraged her to pursue music and voice.At Chicago's Lincoln Center, Riperton received operatic vocal training from Marion Jeffery. She practiced breathing and phrasing, with particular emphasis on diction. Jeffery also trained Riperton to use her full range.
While studying under Jeffery, Riperton sang operettas and show tunes, in preparation for a career in opera. Jeffery was so convinced of her pupil's abilities that she strongly pushed her to further study the classics at Chicago's Junior Lyric Opera. The young Riperton was, however, becoming very interested in soul, rhythm and blues, and rock. After graduating from Hyde Park High School, now Hyde Park Career Academy, she enrolled at Loop College and became a member of the prestigious Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated. She dropped out of college to pursue her music career. In 1967, Riperton met songwriter Richard Rudolph, whom she married five years later. They have a son named Marc, and their daughter is Maya Rudolph, a television and film actress / comedienne that has appeared in the film ''Grown Ups'', and on NBC's ''Saturday Night Live'' variety program and the sitcom ''Up All Night''.
Career
Early career
Riperton's first professional singing engagement was with The Gems, when she was fifteen. Raynard Miner, a blind pianist, heard Riperton singing during her stint with Hyde Park's A Capella Choir and became her musical patron. The Gems had relatively limited commercial success, but proved to be a good outlet for Riperton's talent. Eventually the group became a session group known as Studio Three and it was during this period that they provided the backing vocals on the classic 1965 Fontella Bass hit "Rescue Me".In 1964 the Gems released a local hit, ''I Can't Help Myself'', and their last single, ''He Makes Me Feel So Good'', was released in 1965. After that, the group released records under numerous names—most notably 1966's ''Baby I Want You'' by the Girls Three and 1967's ''My Baby's Real'' by the Starlets. The latter has achieved cult status with northern soul fans and remains a favorite. It also was a Motown-style song reminiscent of Tammi Terrell. In 1968 ''Watered Down'' was released as a follow-up, under the name The Starlets. It was the last release of Riperton's former girl group.
Andrea Davis
While a part of Studio Three, Riperton met her mentor, producer Billy Davis. He would write her first local hit, ''Lonely Girl'', and also ''You Gave Me Soul''. In honor of Davis, she used the pseudonym Andrea Davis for the release of those two singles.
Rotary Connection
Some months after her Andrea Davis singles hit the radio, Riperton joined Rotary Connection, a funky rock-soul group creation of Marshall Chess, the son of Chess Records founder Leonard Chess.Rotary Connection consisted of Riperton, Chess, Judy Hauff, Sidney Barnes and Charles Stepney. The group released their debut in 1967, and eventually five more albums, 1968's ''Aladdin'', the Christmas album ''Peace'', ''Songs'', and finally 1970's ''Dinner Music'' and "Hey Love."
''Come to My Garden''
Riperton's first solo album, ''Come to My Garden''—produced, arranged, and orchestrated by Charles Stepney, was released in 1970 by GRT Records. She was presented as a solo artist by Ramsey Lewis on Saturday, December 26, 1970 at Chicago's famed London House. She performed several numbers from the album accompanied by Charles Stepney, the album's producer. Although commercially unsuccessful, ''Come to My Garden'' is now considered a masterpiece by music critics and many others in the music industry.
''Perfect Angel'' and "Lovin' You"
In 1973, a college intern for Epic Records found Riperton in semi-retirement. She had become a housewife and a mother of two in Gainesville, Florida. After he heard a demo of the song "Seeing You This Way," the rep took the tape to Don Ellis, VP of A&R; for Epic. Riperton signed with Epic Records, and the family moved to Los Angeles, California. The subsequent record, ''Perfect Angel'', turned out to be one of Riperton's best-selling albums. Included were the rock-soul anthem "Reasons," the second single, "Take a Little Trip" (written by Stevie Wonder, who also co-produced the album), and the third single, "Seeing You This Way." Sales of the album started out slow. Epic was ready to move on to the next record, but Rudolph convinced them to release another single. With the fourth single, "Lovin' You", the album caught on, and in April 1975 the song went to the top of the charts in the U.S. and twenty-four other countries. The song reached number two in the UK, and number three on the U.S. R&B; charts. It sold more than one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in April 1975. ''Perfect Angel'' went gold, and Riperton was finally revered as the "lady with the high voice and flowers in her hair." The album also featured the song "Every Time He Comes Around," with Deniece Williams singing the background vocals. Riperton's daughter is ''Saturday Night Live'' actress Maya Rudolph, who was a child when "Lovin' You" was recorded. According to the liner notes from Riperton's ''Petals'' compilation CD, the melody to "Lovin' You" was created as a distraction for Maya when she was a baby, so that Riperton and Richard Rudolph could spend time together. Near the end of the unedited "Lovin' You", Riperton sings "Maya, Maya, Maya"; in concert, near her death, she changed this to "Maya, Maya, Ringo, Maya." Ringo was her nickname for her son, Marc. Maya Rudolph can also be heard in discussion with Teena Marie on the final track ''Too Many Colors (Tee's Interlude)'' of Teena's 1980 album ''Lady T''.
Later career
After ''Perfect Angel'', Riperton and Richard Rudolph started on Riperton's third album, ''Adventures in Paradise'' (1975). Joe Sample of The Crusaders co-wrote the title song, "Adventures in Paradise," and Crusaders' producer Stewart Levine, co-produced the album. While shooting a promotional clip for the album, she was attacked by a lion but was not seriously injured. During an appearance on ''The Sammy Davis, Jr. Show'' she played the footage of the incident for Sammy and her fellow guests, including Richard Pryor. The album was a modest success. Despite the R&B; hit ''Inside My Love'' (a number five U.S. R&B; hit, later covered by Trina Broussard and Chanté Moore), the album did not match the success of ''Perfect Angel''. Some radio stations refused to play ''Inside My Love'' due to the lyrics: "Will you come inside me?" Her fourth album for Epic Records entitled ''Stay in Love'' featured another collaboration with Stevie Wonder in the funky disco tune ''Stick Together''. She also sang backup on Wonder's songs "Creepin'" from 1974's "Fullfillingness' First Finale" and ''Ordinary Pain'' from 1976's ''Songs in the Key of Life'' and was mentioned prominently in his song "Positivity" on "A Time to Love".
In 1978, Riperton's attorney Mike Rosenfeld and her husband, Richard Rudolph, orchestrated a move to Capitol Records for Riperton and her CBS Records catalogue. In April 1979, Riperton released her fifth and final album, ''Minnie''. During the recording of the album, her cancer progressed to the point that she was in a great deal of pain. "Memory Lane" was a hit from the album, and was arguably Riperton's greatest work. Riperton incorporated the sadness of the ending of a relationship while suddenly shifting to cries of "I don't want to go," "save me," "now I'm slippin' fast," "thought it was over; here I go again," and "travelin' down, faster than the speed of sound." It is thought that "Memory Lane" was her farewell to her family and to the world. Her last televised performance was on an episode of ''The Merv Griffin Show'' (aired July 6, 1979), during which she performed ''Memory Lane'' and ''Lover and Friend''.
Illness and death
On August 24, 1976, Riperton told Flip Wilson, who was guest hosting for Johnny Carson on ''The Tonight Show'', that she had undergone a mastectomy in May 1976 due to breast cancer. At the time of her diagnosis, Riperton found out that her cancer had already spread to the lymphatic system, and was given about six months to live. She continued touring in 1977 and 1978, and became the national spokeswoman for the American Cancer Society 1978–79 campaign.Extreme lymphedema immobilized her right arm in early 1979. In her final singing appearances on television (most notably on the ''Mike Douglas Show''), her right arm would remain in a fixed position during her performances. By mid-June, she was confined to bed. She entered Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on July 10. On Thursday, July 12 at 10am, while lying in her husband's arms, Riperton died while listening to a recording Stevie Wonder had made for her. That Sunday, following a funeral service attended by more than five hundred mourners, Riperton was interred in the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Her epitaph is the opening line of her most famous song, "Lovin' you is easy cause you're beautiful".
Posthumous recordings
After Riperton died, several artists contributed vocals to tracks she had recorded before her death, to help compile Richard Rudolph's final tribute to his beloved wife, ''Love Lives Forever''. Included, among others, were Peabo Bryson, Michael Jackson and Stevie Wonder.Riperton's last single, ''Give Me Time'' was released in 1980. Richard Rudolph wrote the song, ''Now That I Have You'' for Riperton, but she never got the chance to record it; he gave the song to Teena Marie, who recorded it (and co-produced it with Rudolph) on Marie's second LP, ''Lady T''. Finally, in 1981, Capitol Records released ''The Best of Minnie Riperton'', a greatest hits collection. The "new" song on the album was a remake of Joni Mitchell's "A Woman Of Heart And Mind," which was a holdover from the ''Minnie'' sessions. Also included were an alternate mix of "Memory Lane," live versions of "Can You Feel What I'm Saying," "Lover And Friend," "Young, Willing and Able," and two "Moments With Minnie." It also included the hits "Perfect Angel," "Lovin' You,", "Inside My Love", "Adventures In Paradise", and two tracks from ''Love Lives Forever''; the single "Here We Go" and "You Take My Breath Away". During the 1990s, Riperton's music was sampled by many rap and hip-hop artists, including Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, A Tribe Called Quest, Blumentopf, and Tragedy Khadafi.
Vocal ability
Aside from her various hits, Riperton is perhaps best remembered today for her ability to sing in the whistle register, in which she had rare facility. Riperton possessed a five-octave vocal range (the liner notes to her ''Petals'' legacy album ascribe five-and-a-half octaves to her). Riperton's ability to enunciate in the high registers set her apart from most other whistle-register singers. This feature is most notably heard in the song ''Here We Go'', where she sings "here we go" in the whistle register. Whistle-register enunciation can also be heard in songs such as ''Inside My Love'', ''Adventures in Paradise'', ''Expecting'', ''Only When I'm Dreaming'', and also in ''Teach Me How to Fly'' and ''Like a Rolling Stone'' with the Rotary Connection. Riperton was also noted for her ability to sound almost mechanical or instrumental in the whistle register. In ''You Take My Breath Away'', she sang a portamento ending two octaves above the staff. She has also been credited for her ability to sustain notes in the sixth and seventh octave for long periods of time, as in ''Reasons'', ''Could It Be I'm in Love'', ''Adventures in Paradise'', and ''Inside My Love'' and also ''Love Me Now'' with the Rotary Connection. Having an innate ability to imitate many instruments helped lead to Riperton's discovery while she was a secretary at Chess Records. In her recordings. Riperton's highest recorded note reached in the whistle register was F7 on the third scale of ''You Take My Breath Away'' Minnie reached this extremely high note before on an early recording of ''Teach Me How To Fly'' and ''Could It Be I'm In Love''. Also in a live performance of the song "Ruby Tuesday" from Rotary Connection, she sang an F#7. In a 1998 interview for Vibe Magazine, Mariah Carey, cites Riperton as an influence on her.
Documentary
On June 7, 2009, TV One (US TV network's) ''Unsung'' series premièred a one-hour documentary on Riperton's career and life. It included interviews with her husband, Richard Rudolph, son, Marc, daughter, Maya Rudolph, sister, Sandra Riperton, and many others who worked with Riperton.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilations
Singles
Trivia
Minnie Riperton, who herself died prematurely, has had her music covered, sampled, or otherwise performed by Syreeta, Michael Jackson, Teena Marie, and Tupac Shakur, all of whom also died prematurely.
References
External links
Category:1947 births Category:1979 deaths Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters Category:American soul singers Category:Singers with a five octave vocal range Category:Cancer deaths in California Category:Deaths from breast cancer Category:English-language singers Category:Epic Records artists Category:Musicians from Chicago, Illinois Category:Musicians from Los Angeles, California
cs:Minnie Riperton de:Minnie Riperton el:Μίνι Ράιπερτον es:Minnie Riperton fr:Minnie Riperton ko:미니 리퍼튼 it:Minnie Riperton he:מיני ריפרטון nl:Minnie Riperton ja:ミニー・リパートン no:Minnie Riperton pl:Minnie Riperton pt:Minnie Riperton fi:Minnie Riperton sv:Minnie RipertonThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| Coordinates | 28°1′0″N153°24′0″N |
|---|---|
| name | Monty Python |
| medium | Television, film, theatre, audio recordings, books |
| nationality | British |
| active | 1969–1983 |
| genre | Satire, surreal humour, dark comedy |
| influences | The Goons, Spike Milligan, Peter Cook |
| influenced | Douglas Adams, Eddie Izzard, George Carlin, Vic and Bob, Matt Stone, Trey Parker, Matt Groening |
| notable work | ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' (1969–1974)''And Now for Something Completely Different'' (1971)''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1974)''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' (1979)''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl'' (1982)''Monty Python's The Meaning of Life'' (1983) |
| current members | Graham Chapman John Cleese Terry Gilliam Eric Idle Terry Jones Michael Palin |
| website | PythOnline |
| footnotes | }} |
Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) was a British surreal comedy group who created ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series. The Python phenomenon developed from the television series into something larger in scope and impact, spawning touring stage shows, films, numerous albums, several books and a stage musical as well as launching the members to individual stardom. The group's influence on comedy has been compared to The Beatles's influence on music.
The television series, broadcast by the BBC from 1969 to 1974, was conceived, written and performed by members Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Loosely structured as a sketch show, but with an innovative stream-of-consciousness approach (aided by Gilliam's animation), it pushed the boundaries of what was acceptable in style and content. A self-contained comedy team responsible for both writing and performing their work, the Pythons' creative control allowed them to experiment with form and content, discarding rules of television comedy. Their influence on British comedy has been apparent for years, while in North America it has coloured the work of cult performers from the early editions of ''Saturday Night Live'' through to more recent absurdist trends in television comedy. "Pythonesque" has entered the English lexicon as a result.
In a 2005 UK poll to find ''The Comedian's Comedian'', three of the six Pythons members were voted by fellow comedians and comedy insiders to be among the top 50 greatest comedians ever: Cleese at #2, Idle at #21, and Palin at #30.
Before ''Flying Circus''
Palin and Jones met at Oxford University, where they performed together with the Oxford Revue. Cleese and Chapman met at Cambridge. Idle was also at Cambridge, but started a year after Cleese and Chapman. Cleese met Gilliam in New York while on tour with the Cambridge University Footlights revue ''Cambridge Circus'' (originally entitled ''A Clump of Plinths''). Chapman, Cleese and Idle were members of the Footlights, which at that time also included the future ''Goodies'' (Tim Brooke-Taylor, Bill Oddie and Graeme Garden), and Jonathan Lynn (co-writer of ''Yes Minister'' and ''Yes, Prime Minister''). During Idle's presidency of the Club, feminist writer Germaine Greer and broadcaster Clive James were members. Recordings of Footlights revues (called "Smokers") at Pembroke College include sketches and performances by Idle and Cleese. They are kept in the archives of the Pembroke Players, along with tapes of Idle's performances in some of the college drama society's theatrical productions.Python members appeared in and/or wrote the following shows before ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. ''The Frost Report'' is credited as first uniting the British Pythons and providing an environment in which they could develop their particular styles:
Several featured other important British comedy writers or performers of the future, including Marty Feldman, Jonathan Lynn, David Jason and David Frost, as well as members of other future comedy teams, Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker (the Two Ronnies), and Tim Brooke-Taylor, Graeme Garden and Bill Oddie (the Goodies).
Following the success of ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'', originally intended to be a children's programme, with adults, ITV offered Palin, Jones, Idle and Gilliam their own series together. At the same time Cleese and Chapman were offered a show by the BBC, which had been impressed by their work on ''The Frost Report'' and ''At Last The 1948 Show''. Cleese was reluctant to do a two-man show for various reasons, including Chapman's supposedly difficult personality. Cleese had fond memories of working with Palin and invited him to join the team. With the ITV series still in pre-production, Palin agreed and suggested the involvement of his writing partner Jones and colleague Idle—who in turn suggested that Gilliam could provide animations for the projected series. Much has been made of the fact that the Monty Python troupe is the result of Cleese's desire to work with Palin and the chance circumstances that brought the other four members into the fold.
''Monty Python's Flying Circus''
Development of the series
The Pythons had a definite idea about what they wanted to do with the series. They were admirers of the work of Peter Cook, Alan Bennett, Jonathan Miller and Dudley Moore on ''Beyond the Fringe'', and had worked on ''Frost'', which was similar in style. They enjoyed Cook and Moore's sketch show ''Not Only... But Also''. One problem the Pythons perceived with these programmes was that though the body of the sketch would be strong, the writers would often struggle to then find a punchline funny enough to end on, and this would detract from the overall sketch quality. They decided that they would simply not bother to "cap" their sketches in the traditional manner, and early episodes of the Flying Circus series make great play of this abandonment of the punchline (one scene has Cleese turn to Idle, as the sketch descends into chaos, and remark that "This is the silliest sketch I've ever been in"—they all resolve not to carry on and simply walk off the set). However, as they began assembling material for the show, the Pythons watched one of their collective heroes, Spike Milligan, recording his groundbreaking series ''Q5'' (1969). Not only was the programme more irreverent and anarchic than any previous television comedy, Milligan would often "give up" on sketches halfway through and wander off set (often muttering "Did I write this?"). It was clear that their new series would now seem less original, and Jones in particular became determined the Pythons should innovate.After much debate, Jones remembered an animation Gilliam had created for ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'' called ''Beware of the Elephants'', which had intrigued him with its stream-of-consciousness style. Jones felt it would be a good concept to apply to the series: allowing sketches to blend into one another. Palin had been equally fascinated by another of Gilliam's efforts, entitled ''Christmas Cards'', and agreed that it represented "a way of doing things differently". Since Cleese, Chapman and Idle were less concerned with the overall flow of the programme, it was Jones, Palin and Gilliam who became largely responsible for the presentation style of the ''Flying Circus'' series, in which disparate sketches are linked to give each episode the appearance of a single stream-of-consciousness (often using a Gilliam animation to move from the closing image of one sketch to the opening scene of another).
Writing started at 9 am and finished at 5 pm. Typically, Cleese and Chapman worked as one pair isolated from the others, as did Jones and Palin, while Idle wrote alone. After a few days, they would join together with Gilliam, critique their scripts, and exchange ideas. Their approach to writing was democratic. If the majority found an idea humorous, it was included in the show. The casting of roles for the sketches was a similarly unselfish process, since each member viewed himself primarily as a 'writer', rather than an actor desperate for screen time. When the themes for sketches were chosen, Gilliam had carte blanche to decide how to bridge them with animations, using a camera, scissors, and airbrush.
While the show was a collaborative process, different factions within Python were responsible for elements of the team's humour. In general, the work of the Oxford-educated members was more visual, and more fanciful conceptually (e.g., the arrival of the Spanish Inquisition in a suburban front room), while the Cambridge graduates' sketches tended to be more verbal and more aggressive (for example, Cleese and Chapman's many "confrontation" sketches, where one character intimidates or hurls abuse, or Idle's characters with bizarre verbal quirks, such as The Man Who Speaks In Anagrams). Cleese confirmed that "most of the sketches with heavy abuse were Graham's and mine, anything that started with a slow pan across countryside and impressive music was Mike and Terry's, and anything that got utterly involved with words and disappeared up any personal orifice was Eric's". Gilliam's animations, meanwhile, ranged from the whimsical to the savage (the cartoon format allowing him to create some astonishingly violent scenes without fear of censorship).
Several names for the show were considered before ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' was settled upon. Some were ''Owl Stretching Time'', ''Toad Elevating Moment'', ''A Bucket, a Horse and a Spoon'', ''Vaseline Review'' and ''Bun, Wackett, Buzzard, Stubble and Boot''. ''Flying Circus'' stuck when the BBC explained it had printed that name in its schedules and was not prepared to amend it. Many variations on the name in front of this title then came and went (popular legend holds that the BBC considered ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' to be a ridiculous name, at which point the group threatened to change their name every week until the BBC relented). "Gwen Dibley's Flying Circus" was named after a woman Palin had read about in the newspaper, thinking it would be amusing if she were to discover she had her own TV show. "Baron Von Took's Flying Circus" was considered as an affectionate tribute to Barry Took, the man who had brought them together. ''Arthur Megapode's Flying Circus'' was suggested, then discarded.
There are differing, somewhat confusing accounts of the origins of the Python name although the members agree that its only "significance" was that they thought it sounded funny. In the 1998 documentary ''Live At Aspen'' during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the group implied that "Monty" was selected (Eric Idle's idea) as a gently-mocking tribute to Field Marshal Lord Montgomery, a legendary British general of World War II; requiring a "slippery-sounding" surname, they settled on "Python". On other occasions Idle has claimed that the name "Monty" was that of a popular and rotund fellow who drank in his local pub; people would often walk in and ask the barman, "Has Monty been in yet?", forcing the name to become stuck in his mind. The name Monty Python was later described by the BBC as being "envisaged by the team as the perfect name for a sleazy entertainment agent".
Style of the show
''Flying Circus'' popularised innovative formal techniques, such as the cold open, in which an episode began without the traditional opening titles or announcements. An example of this is the "It's" man: Palin, outfitted in Robinson Crusoe garb, making a tortuous journey across various terrains, before finally approaching the camera to state, "It's...", only to be then cut off by the title sequence and theme music. On several occasions the cold open lasted until mid show, after which the regular opening titles ran. Occasionally the Pythons tricked viewers by rolling the closing credits halfway through the show, usually continuing the joke by fading to the familiar globe logo used for BBC continuity, over which Cleese would parody the clipped tones of a BBC announcer. On one occasion the credits ran directly after the opening titles. They also experimented with ending segments by cutting abruptly to another scene or animation, walking offstage, addressing the camera (breaking the fourth wall), or introducing a totally unrelated event or character. A classic example of this approach was the use of Chapman's "Colonel" character, who walked into several sketches and ordered them to be stopped because things were becoming "far too silly." Another favourite way of ending sketches was to drop a cartoonish "16-ton weight" prop on one of the characters when the sketch seemed to be losing momentum, or a knight in full armour (played by Terry Gilliam) would wander on-set and hit characters over the head with a rubber chicken, before cutting to the next scene. Yet another way of changing scenes was when John Cleese, usually outfitted in a dinner suit, would come in as a radio commentator and make the formal and determined announcement, "And now for something completely different."The Python theme music is ''The Liberty Bell'', a march by John Philip Sousa, which was chosen, among other reasons, because the recording was in the public domain.
The use of Gilliam's surreal, collage stop motion animations was another innovative intertextual element of the Python style. Many of the images Gilliam used were lifted from famous works of art, and from Victorian illustrations and engravings. The giant foot which crushes the show's title at the end of the opening credits is in fact the foot of Cupid, cut from a reproduction of the Renaissance masterpiece ''Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time'' by Bronzino. This foot, and Gilliam's style in general, are visual trademarks of the series.
The Pythons used the British tradition of cross-dressing comedy by donning frocks and makeup and playing female roles themselves while speaking in falsetto. Generally speaking, female roles were played by a woman (usually Carol Cleveland) when the scene specifically required that the character be sexually attractive (although sometimes they used Idle for this). In some episodes and later in ''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' they took the idea one step further by playing women who impersonated men (in the stoning scene).
Many sketches are well-known and widely quoted. "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Spam", "Nudge Nudge", "The Spanish Inquisition", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Cheese Shop" and "The Ministry of Silly Walks" are just a few examples.
End of ''Flying Circus''
Having considered the possibility at the end of the second series, Cleese left the ''Flying Circus'' at the end of the third. He later explained that he felt he no longer had anything fresh to offer the show, and claimed that only two Cleese-and-Chapman-penned sketches in the third series ("Dennis Moore" and the "Cheese Shop") were truly original, and that the others were bits and pieces from previous work cobbled together in slightly different contexts. He was also finding Chapman, who was at that point in the full throes of alcoholism, difficult to work with. According to an interview with Idle, "It was on an Air Canada flight on the way to Toronto, when John (Cleese) turned to all of us and said 'I want out.' Why? I don't know. He gets bored more easily than the rest of us. He's a difficult man, not easy to be friendly with. He's so funny because he never wanted to be liked. That gives him a certain fascinating, arrogant freedom."The rest of the group carried on for one more "half" series before calling a halt to the programme in 1974. The name ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' appears in the opening animation for series four, but in the end credits the show is listed as simply "Monty Python". Despite his official departure from the group, Cleese supposedly made a (non-speaking) cameo appearance in the fourth series, but never appeared in the credits as a performer. Several episodes credit him as a co-writer since some sketches were recycled from scenes cut from the ''Holy Grail'' script. While the first three series contained 13 episodes each, the fourth ended after six.
Time-Life Films had the right to distribute all BBC-TV programs in America, however they had decided that British comedy simply would not work in the U.S.A. Therefore, it was not worth the investment to convert the Python shows from the European PAL standard to the American NTSC standard, which meant PBS stations could not afford the programmes. Finally, in 1974, Greg Garrison, TV producer for Dean Martin, used a couple of Python sketches ("Bicycle Repairman" and "The Dull Life of a Stockbroker") on the NBC series ''ComedyWorld'', a summer replacement series for ''The Dean Martin Show''. Payment for use of these segments was enough to pay for the conversion of the entire Python library to NTSC standard. At last, they could be sold to non-commercial TV stations, where officially they began airing in October 1974—exactly 5 years after their BBC debut. One PBS station had a program director (Ron Devillier) so eager that he 'jumped the gun' and started broadcasting the 'Flying Circus' episodes in that summer on the unlikely KERA in Dallas. The ratings shot through the roof—and was an encouraging sign to the other 100 stations that had signed up to air the shows. There was also cross-promotion from FM radio stations across the country, whose airing of tracks from the Python LPs had already introduced American audiences to this bizarre brand of comedy.
With the popularity of Python throughout the rest of the 1970s and through most of the 1980s, PBS stations looked at other British comedies, leading to UK shows such as ''Are You Being Served?'' gaining a US audience, and leading, over time, to many PBS stations having a "British Comedy Night" which airs many popular UK comedies.
Life after the ''Flying Circus''
Filmography
''And Now for Something Completely Different'' (1971)
The Pythons' first feature film (directed by Ian MacNaughton, reprising his role from the television series). It was composed of sketches from the first two seasons of the ''Flying Circus'', reshot on a low budget (and often slightly edited) for cinema release. Material selected for the film includes: "Dead Parrot", "The Lumberjack Song", "Upper Class Twit of the Year", "Hell's Grannies", "Self-Defence Class", "How Not To Be Seen" and "Nudge Nudge". Financed by Playboy's UK executive Victor Lownes, it was intended as a way of breaking Monty Python into America, and although it was ultimately unsuccessful in this, the film did good business in the UK (this still being in the era before home video would make it much more accessible to view the material again). The group did not consider the film a success.
''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' (1974)
In 1974, between production on the third and fourth seasons, the group decided to embark on their first "proper" feature film, containing entirely new material. ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' was based on Arthurian Legend and was directed by Jones and Gilliam. Again, the latter also contributed linking animations (and put together the opening credits). Along with the rest of the Pythons, Jones and Gilliam performed several roles in the film, but it was Chapman who took the lead as King Arthur. Cleese returned to the group for the film, feeling that the group were once again breaking new ground. ''Holy Grail'' was filmed on location, in picturesque rural areas of Scotland, with a budget of only £229,000; the money was raised in part with investments from rock groups such as Pink Floyd, Jethro Tull and Led Zeppelin—and UK music industry entrepreneur Tony Stratton-Smith (founder and owner of the Charisma Records label, for which the Pythons recorded their comedy albums).The backers of the film wanted to cut the famous Black Knight scene (in which the Black Knight loses his limbs in a duel) but it was eventually kept in the movie.
''Monty Python's Life of Brian'' (1979)
Following the success of ''Holy Grail'', reporters asked for the title of the next Python film, despite the fact that the team had not even begun to consider a third one. Eventually, Idle flippantly replied "Jesus Christ – Lust for Glory", which became the group's stock answer once they realised that it shut reporters up. However, they soon began to seriously consider a film lampooning the New Testament era in the same way ''Holy Grail'' had lampooned Arthurian legend. Despite them all sharing a distrust of organised religion, they agreed not to mock Jesus nor his teachings directly. Instead, they decided to write a satire on credulity and hypocrisy among the followers of someone who had been mistaken for the "Messiah," but who had no desire to be followed as such. Chapman was cast in the lead role of Brian.The focus therefore shifted to a separate individual born at the same time, in a neighbouring stable. When Jesus appears in the film (first, as a baby in the stable, and then later on the Mount, speaking the Beatitudes), he is played straight (by actor Kenneth Colley) and portrayed with respect. The comedy begins when members of the crowd mishear his statements of peace, love and tolerance. ("I think he said, 'Blessed are the cheesemakers.'")
Directing duties were handled solely by Jones, having amicably agreed with Gilliam that Jones' approach to film-making was better suited for Python's general performing style. ''Holy Grail's'' production had often been stilted by their differences behind the camera. Gilliam again contributed two animated sequences (one being the opening credits) and took charge of set design. The film was shot on location in Tunisia, the finances being provided this time by former Beatle George Harrison, who together with Denis O'Brien formed the production company Hand-Made Films for the movie. He had a cameo role as the 'owner of the Mount.'
Despite its subject matter attracting controversy, particularly upon its initial release, it has (together with its predecessor) been ranked among the greatest comedy films. A Channel 4 poll in 2005 ranked ''Holy Grail'' in sixth place, with ''Life of Brian'' at the top.
''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl'' (1982)
Filmed at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles during preparations for ''The Meaning of Life'', this was a concert film (directed by Terry Hughes) in which the Pythons performed sketches from the television series in front of an audience. The released film also incorporated footage from the German television specials (the inclusion of which gives Ian MacNaughton his first on-screen credit for Python since the end of ''Flying Circus'') and live performances of several songs from the troupe's then-current ''Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album''.
''Monty Python's The Meaning of Life'' (1983)
Python's final film returned to something structurally closer to the style of ''Flying Circus''. A series of sketches loosely follows the ages of man from birth to death. Directed again by Jones solo, ''The Meaning of Life'' is embellished with some of Python's most bizarre and disturbing moments, as well as various elaborate musical numbers. The film is by far their darkest work, containing a great deal of black humour, garnished by some spectacular violence (including an operation to remove a liver from a living patient without anaesthetic and the morbidly obese Mr. Creosote exploding over several restaurant patrons). At the time of its release, the Pythons confessed their aim was to offend "absolutely everyone."
Besides the opening credits and the fish sequence, Gilliam, by now an established live action director, no longer wanted to produce any linking cartoons, offering instead to direct one sketch—''The Crimson Permanent Assurance''. Under his helm, though, the segment grew so ambitious and tangential that it was cut from the movie and used as a supporting feature in its own right. (Television screenings also use it as a prologue.) Crucially, this was the last project that all six Pythons would collaborate on, except for the 1989 compilation ''Parrot Sketch Not Included,'' where they are all seen sitting in a closet for four seconds. This would be the last time Chapman appeared on-screen with the Pythons.
''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows
Members of Python contributed their services to charitable endeavours and causes—sometimes as an ensemble, at other times as individuals. The cause that has been the most frequent and consistent beneficiary has been the human rights work of Amnesty International. Between 1976 and 1981, the troupe or its members appeared in four major fund-raisers for Amnesty—known collectively as the ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' shows—which were turned into multiple films, TV shows, videos, record albums and books. These benefit shows and their many spin-offs raised considerable sums of money for Amnesty, raised public and media awareness of the human rights cause and influenced many other members of the entertainment community (especially rock musicians) to become involved in political and social issues. Among the many musicians who have publicly attributed their activism—and the organisation of their own benefit events—to the inspiration of the work in this field of Monty Python are U2, Bob Geldof, Pete Townshend and Sting. The shows are credited by Amnesty with helping the organisation develop public awareness in the USA where one of the spin-off films was a major success.Cleese and Jones had an involvement (as performer, writer or director) in all four Amnesty benefit shows, Palin in three, Chapman in two and Gilliam in one. Idle did not participate in the Amnesty shows. Notwithstanding Idle's lack of participation, the other five members (together with "Associate Pythons" Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes) all appeared together in the first ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit—the 1976 ''A Poke In The Eye (With A Sharp Stick)''—where they performed several Python sketches. In this first show they were collectively billed as ''Monty Python''. (Peter Cook deputised for the errant Idle in one major sketch ''The Courtroom''.) In the next three shows, the participating Python members performed many Python sketches, but were billed under their individual names rather than under the collective Python banner. After a six-year break, Amnesty resumed producing ''Secret Policeman's Ball'' benefit shows in 1987 (sometimes with, and sometimes without variants of the iconic title) and by 2006 had presented a total of twelve such shows. The shows since 1987 have featured newer generations of British comedic performers, including many who have attributed their participation in the show to their desire to emulate the Python's pioneering work for Amnesty. (Cleese and Palin made a brief cameo appearance in the 1989 Amnesty show; apart from that the Pythons have not appeared in shows after the first four.)
Going solo
Each member has pursued various film, television and stage projects since the break-up of the group, but often continued to work with one another. Many of these collaborations were very successful, most notably ''A Fish Called Wanda'' (1988), written by Cleese, in which he starred along with Palin. The pair also appeared in ''Time Bandits'' (1981), a film directed by Gilliam, who wrote it together with Palin. Gilliam directed ''Jabberwocky'' (1977), and also directed and co-wrote ''Brazil'' (1985) and ''The Adventures of Baron Munchausen'' (1988), which featured Palin and Idle respectively. ''Yellowbeard'' (1983) was co-written by Chapman and featured Chapman, Cleese and Palin alongside many of their English contemporaries, including Peter Cook, Spike Milligan and Marty Feldman.Palin and Jones wrote the comedic TV series ''Ripping Yarns'' (1976–79), starring Palin. Jones also appeared in the pilot episode and Cleese appeared in a non-speaking part in the episode "Golden Gordon". Jones' film ''Erik the Viking'', also has Cleese playing a small part.
In 1996, Terry Jones wrote and directed an adaption of Kenneth Grahame's novel ''The Wind in the Willows''. It featured four members of Monty Python: Jones as Mr. Toad, Idle as Ratty, Cleese as Mr. Toad's lawyer, and Palin as the Sun. Gilliam was considered for the voice of the river.
In terms of numbers of productions, Cleese has the most prolific solo career, having appeared in 59 theatrical films, 22 TV shows or series (including ''Cheers'', ''3rd Rock from the Sun'', Q's assistant in the James Bond movies, and ''Will & Grace''), 23 direct-to-video productions, six video games, and a number of commercials. His BBC sitcom ''Fawlty Towers'' (written by and starring Cleese together with his then-wife Connie Booth), is considered the greatest solo work by a Python since the sketch show finished. It is the only comedy series to rank higher than the ''Flying Circus'' on the BFI TV 100's list, topping the whole poll.
Idle enjoyed critical success with ''Rutland Weekend Television'' in the mid-1970s, out of which came the Beatles parody The Rutles (responsible for the cult mockumentary ''All You Need Is Cash''), and as an actor in ''Nuns on the Run'' (1990) with Robbie Coltrane. Idle has had success with Python songs: "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" went to no. 3 in the UK singles chart in 1991. The song had been revived by Simon Mayo on BBC Radio 1, and was consequently released as a single that year. The theatrical phenomenon of the Python musical ''Spamalot'' has made Idle the most financially successful of the troupe post-Python. Written by Idle, it has proved an enormous hit on Broadway, London's West End and also Las Vegas. This was followed by ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'', which repurposes ''The Life of Brian'' as an oratorio. For the work's 2007 premiere at the Luminato festival in Toronto (which commissioned the work), Idle himself sang the "baritone-ish" part.
Post-Python reunions
Since ''The Meaning of Life'', their last project as a team, the Pythons have often been the subject of reunion rumours. The final reunion of all six members occurred during the ''Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python'' special. The death of Chapman in 1989 (on the eve of their 20th anniversary) put an end to the speculation of any further reunions. There have been several occasions since 1989 when the surviving five members have gathered together for appearances—albeit not formal reunions.In 1996, Jones, Idle, Cleese and Palin were featured in a film adaptation of ''The Wind in the Willows'', which was later renamed ''Mr. Toad's Wild Ride''.
In 1998 during the US Comedy Arts Festival, where the troupe was awarded the AFI Star Award by the American Film Institute, the five remaining members along with what was purported to be Chapman's ashes, were reunited on stage for the first time in 18 years. The occasion was in the form of an interview called Monty Python Live At Aspen, (hosted by Robert Klein, with an appearance by Eddie Izzard) in which the team looked back at some of their work and performed a few new sketches.
On 9 October 1999, to commemorate 30 years since the first ''Flying Circus'' television broadcast, BBC2 devoted an evening to Python programmes, including a documentary charting the history of the team, interspersed with new sketches by the Monty Python team filmed especially for the event. The program appears, though omitting a few things, on the DVD ''The Life of Python''. Though Idle's involvement in the special is limited, the final sketch marks the only time since 1989 that all surviving members of the troupe appear in one sketch, albeit not in the same room.
In 2002, four of the surviving members, bar Cleese, performed "The Lumberjack Song" and "Sit on My Face" for George Harrison's memorial concert. The reunion also included regular supporting contributors Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland, with a special appearance from Tom Hanks.
In an interview to publicise the DVD release of ''The Meaning of Life,'' Cleese said a further reunion was unlikely. "It is absolutely impossible to get even a majority of us together in a room, and I'm not joking," Cleese said. He said that the problem was one of business rather than one of bad feelings. A sketch appears on the same DVD spoofing the impossibility of a full reunion, bringing the members “together” in a deliberately unconvincing fashion with modern bluescreen/greenscreen techniques.
Idle has responded to queries about a Python reunion by adapting a line used by George Harrison in response to queries about a possible Beatles reunion. When asked in November 1989 about such a possibility, Harrison responded: "As far as I'm concerned, there won't be a Beatles reunion as long as John Lennon remains dead." Idle's version of this was that he expected to see a proper Python reunion, "just as soon as Graham Chapman comes back from the dead", but added, "we're talking to his agent about terms."
2003's ''The Pythons Autobiography By The Pythons'', compiled from interviews with the surviving members, reveals that a series of disputes in 1998, over a possible sequel to ''Holy Grail'' that had been conceived by Idle, may have resulted in the group's permanent fission. Cleese's feeling was that ''The Meaning of Life'' had been personally difficult and ultimately mediocre, and did not wish to be involved in another Python project for a variety of reasons (not least amongst them was the absence of Chapman, whose straight man-like central roles in the original ''Grail'' and ''Brian'' films had been considered to be essential performance anchorage). Apparently Idle was angry with Cleese for refusing to do the film, which most of the remaining Pythons thought reasonably promising (the basic plot would have taken on a self-referential tone, featuring them in their main 'knight' guises from ''Holy Grail'', mulling over the possibilities of reforming their posse). The book also reveals that a secondary option around this point was the possibility of revitalising the Python brand with a new stage tour, perhaps with the promise of new material. This idea had also hit the buffers at Cleese's refusal, this time with the backing of other members.
March 2005 saw a full, if non-performing, reunion of the surviving cast members at the premiere of Idle's musical ''Spamalot'', based on ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''. It opened in Chicago and has since played in New York on Broadway, London and numerous other major cities across the world. In 2004, it was nominated for 14 Tony Awards and won three: Best Musical, Best Direction of a Musical for Mike Nichols and Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical for Sara Ramirez, who played the Lady of the Lake, a character specially added for the musical. Cleese played the voice of God, played in the film by Chapman.
Owing in part to the success of ''Spamalot'', PBS announced on 13 July 2005, that it would begin to re-air the entire run of ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' and new one-hour specials focusing on each member of the group, called ''Monty Python's Personal Best.'' Each episode was written and produced by the individual being honoured, with the five remaining Pythons collaborating on Chapman's programme, the only one of the editions to take on a serious tone with its new material.
Eric Idle and John Cleese appeared on stage together singing "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life" with the rest of the performers for the climax of Prince Charles 60th Birthday Show.
In 2009, to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the first episode of ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'', a six part documentary entitled ''Monty Python: Almost the Truth (The Lawyer's Cut)'' was released, featuring interviews with the surviving members of the team as well as archive interviews with Graham Chapman and numerous excerpts from the television series and films.
Also in commemoration of the 40th anniversary Idle, Palin, Jones and Gilliam appeared in a production of ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'' at the Royal Albert Hall. The European premiere was held on 23 October 2009. An official 40th anniversary Monty Python reunion event took place in New York City on 15 October 2009 where the Team received a Special Award from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
In June 2011, it was announced that Monty Python have begun production on their first film project since ''the Meaning of Life'' in 1983. Their next film, ''A Liar's Autobiography'', is an animated 3D movie based on the memoir of the late Python member, Graham Chapman, who died in 1989 at the age of 48. ''A Liar’s Autobiography'' was published in 1980 and details Chapman's journey through medical school, alcoholism, acknowledgement of his gay identity and the toils of surreal comedy.
Asked what was true in a deliberately fanciful account by Chapman of his life, Terry Jones joked: "Nothing . . . it’s all a downright, absolute, blackguardly lie."
The film will use Chapman's own voice - from a reading of his autobiography shortly before he died of cancer - and entertainment channel EPIX announced that the film will be released in early 2012 in both 2D and 3D formats. Produced and directed by London-based Bill Jones, Ben Timlett and Jeff Simpson, the new film has 15 animation companies working on chapters that will range from three to 12 minutes in length, each in a different style.
John Cleese has recorded new dialogue which will be matched with Chapman’s voice and Michael Palin will voice Chapman’s mother and father. Terry Gilliam plays various roles. Among the original Python group, only Eric Idle has not become involved, though Timlett said the filmmakers are “working on” him.
Python members
Graham Chapman was originally a medical student, joining the Footlights at Cambridge. He completed his medical training and was legally entitled to practice as a doctor. Chapman is best remembered for the lead roles in ''Holy Grail'', as King Arthur, and ''Life of Brian'', as Brian Cohen. He died of spinal and throat cancer on 4 October 1989. At Chapman's memorial service, Cleese delivered an irreverent eulogy that included all the euphemisms for being dead from the Dead Parrot sketch, which they had written.John Cleese is the oldest Python. He met his future Python writing partner, Graham Chapman in Cambridge.
Terry Gilliam, an American, was the only member of the troupe of non-British origin. He started off as an animator and strip cartoonist for Harvey Kurtzman's ''Help!'' magazine, one issue of which featured Cleese. Moving from the USA to England, he animated features for ''Do Not Adjust Your Set'' and was then asked by its makers to join them on their next project: ''Monty Python's Flying Circus''. He co-directed ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'' and directed short segments of other Python films (for instance "The Crimson Permanent Assurance", the short film that appears before ''The Meaning of Life'').
When Monty Python was first formed, two writing partnerships were already in place: Cleese and Chapman, Jones and Palin. That left two in their own corners: Gilliam, operating solo due to the nature of his work, and Eric Idle. Regular themes in his contributions were elaborate wordplay and musical numbers. After ''Flying Circus'', he hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' four times in the first five seasons. Idle's initially successful solo career faltered in the 1990s with the failures of his 1993 film ''Splitting Heirs'' (written, produced by and starring him) and 1998's ''An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn'' (in which he starred), which was awarded five Razzies, including 'Worst Picture of the Year'. He revived his career by returning to the source of his worldwide fame, adapting Monty Python material for other media. He also wrote the Broadway musical ''Spamalot'', based on the ''Holy Grail'' movie. He also wrote ''Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)'', an oratorio derived from the ''Life of Brian''.
Terry Jones has been described by other members of the team as the “heart” of the operation. Jones had a lead role in maintaining the group's unity and creative independence. Python biographer George Perry has commented that should you "speak to him on subjects as diverse as fossil fuels, or Rupert Bear, or mercenaries in the Middle Ages or Modern China... in a moment you will find yourself hopelessly out of your depth, floored by his knowledge." Many others agree that Jones is characterised by his irrepressible, good-natured enthusiasm. However, Jones' passion often led to prolonged arguments with other group members—in particular Cleese—with Jones often unwilling to back down. Since his major contributions were largely behind the scenes (direction, writing), and he often deferred to the other members of the group as an actor, Jones' importance to Python was often underrated. However, he does have the legacy of delivering possibly the most famous line in all of Python, as Brian's mother Mandy in ''Life of Brian'', "He's not the Messiah, he's a very naughty boy!", a line voted the funniest in film history on two occasions.
Michael Palin attended Oxford, where he met his Python writing partner Jones. The two also wrote the series ''Ripping Yarns'' together. Palin and Jones originally wrote face-to-face, but soon found it was more productive to write apart and then come together to review what the other had written. Therefore, Jones and Palin's sketches tended to be more focused than that of the others, taking one bizarre situation, sticking to it, and building on it. After ''Flying Circus'', he hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' four times in the first ten seasons. His comedy output began to decrease in amount following the increasing success of his travel documentaries for the BBC. Palin released a book of diaries from the Python years entitled ''Michael Palin Diaries 1969–1979'', published in 2007.
Associate Pythons
Several people have been accorded unofficial "Associate Python" status over the years. Occasionally such people have been referred to as the ''7th Python'', in a style reminiscent of George Martin (or other associates of The Beatles) being dubbed "the Fifth Beatle." The two collaborators with the most meaningful and plentiful contributions have been Neil Innes and Carol Cleveland. Both were present and presented as ''Associate Pythons'' at the official Monty Python 25th anniversary celebrations held in Los Angeles in July 1994. Neil Innes is the only non-Python besides Douglas Adams to be credited with writing material for the ''Flying Circus''. He appeared in sketches and the Python films, as well as performing some of his songs in ''Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl''. He was also a regular stand-in for absent team members on the rare occasions when they re-created sketches. For example, he took the place of Cleese at the Concert for George. Gilliam once noted that if anyone qualified for the title of the "Seventh Python," it would certainly be Innes. He was one of the creative talents in the off-beat Bonzo Dog Band. He would later portray Ron Nasty of the Rutles and write all of the Rutles' compositions for ''All You Need is Cash'' (1978). By 2005, a falling out had occurred between Idle and Innes over additional Rutles projects, the results being Innes' critically acclaimed Rutles "reunion" album ''The Rutles: Archaeology'' and Idle's straight-to-DVD ''The Rutles 2: Can't Buy Me Lunch'', each undertaken without the other's participation. According to an interview with Idle in the ''Chicago Tribune'' in May 2005, his attitude is that he and Innes go back "too far. And no further." Innes has remained silent on the dispute.Carol Cleveland was the most important female performer in the Monty Python ensemble, commonly referred to as the "Python Girl." Originally hired by producer/director John Howard Davies for just the first five episodes of the ''Flying Circus'', she went on to appear in approximately two-thirds of the episodes as well as in all of the Python films, and in most of their stage shows as well. Her common portrayal as the stereotypical "blonde bimbo" eventually earned her the sobriquet "Carol Cleavage" from the other Pythons, but she felt that the variety of her roles should not be described in such a pejorative way.
Other contributors
Cleese's first wife Connie Booth appeared in, amongst others "The Lumberjack Song" and as the "witch" in ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''. Cleese and Booth later co-wrote and co-starred in ''Fawlty Towers''.Douglas Adams was "discovered" by Chapman when a version of the ''Footlights Revue'' (a 1974 BBC2 television show featuring some of Adams' early work) was performed live in London's West End. In Cleese's absence from the final TV series, the two formed a brief writing partnership, with Adams earning a writing credit in one episode for a sketch called "Patient Abuse". In the sketch, a man who had been stabbed by a nurse arrives at his doctor's office bleeding profusely from the stomach, when the doctor makes him fill out numerous senseless forms before he can administer treatment. He also had two cameo appearances in this season. Firstly, in the episode ''The Light Entertainment War'', Adams shows up in a surgeon's mask (as Dr. Emile Koning, according to the on-screen captions), pulling on gloves, while Palin narrates a sketch that introduces one person after another, and never actually gets started. Secondly, at the beginning of ''Mr. Neutron'', Adams is dressed in a "pepperpot" outfit and loads a missile onto a cart being driven by Terry Jones, who is calling out for scrap metal ("Any old iron..."). Adams and Chapman also subsequently attempted a few non-Python projects, including ''Out of the Trees.'' He also contributed to a sketch on the soundtrack album for ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail''.
Stand-up comedian Eddie Izzard, a devoted fan of the group, has occasionally stood in for absent members. When the BBC held a "Python Night" in 1999 to celebrate 30 years of the first broadcast of ''Flying Circus'', the Pythons recorded some new material with Izzard standing in for Idle, who had declined to partake in person (he taped a solo contribution from the US). Izzard hosted a history of the group entitled ''The Life of Python'' (1999) that was part of the ''Python Night'' and appeared with them at a festival/tribute in Aspen, Colorado, in 1998 (released on DVD as ''Live at Aspen'').
Cultural influence
By the time of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Monty Python in 1994, the point was already being made that "the five surviving members had with the passing years begun to occupy an institutional position in the edifice of British social culture that they had once had so much fun trying to demolish". A similar point is made in a 2006 book on the relationship between Monty and philosophy: "It is remarkable, after all, not only that the utterly bizarre ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' was sponsored by the BBC in the first place, but that Monty Python itself grew into an institution of enormous cultural influence" Matt Groening, creator and co-developer of animated series the Simpsons, names Monty Python as an influence and pays tribute through a couch gag used in seasons five and six.
Space
In 2010 the commercial space company SpaceX, launched a wheel of cheese into low earth orbit and returned it safely to the earth. Elon Musk, CEO and CTO of SpaceX, claimed this was done as a tribute to Monty Python.
World records
On St George's Day, 23 April 2007, the cast and creators of Spamalot gathered in Trafalgar Square under the tutelage of the two Terrys (Jones and Gilliam) to set a new record for the world's largest coconut orchestra. They led 5,567 people "clip-clopping" in time to the Python classic "Always Look On The Bright Side of Life" for the Guinness World Records attempt.
'Pythonesque'
Amongst the more visible cultural influences of Monty Python is the inclusion of terms either directly from, or derived from, Monty Python, into the lexicon of the English language. The most obvious of these is the term 'pythonesque', which has become a byword in surreal humour, and is included in standard dictionaries. Terry Jones commented on his disappointment at the existence of such a term, claiming the initial aim of Monty Python was to create something new and impossible to categorize and that "the fact that Pythonesque is now a word in the Oxford English Dictionary shows the extent to which we failed".The term has been applied to animations similar to those constructed by Gilliam (e.g. the cut-out style of ''South Park'', whose creators have often acknowledged a debt to Python, including contributing material to the aforementioned 30th anniversary theme night).
''Good Eats'' creator Alton Brown cited Python as one of the influences that shaped how he created the series, as well as how he authors the script for each episode. Recent episodes even include Gilliam-style animations to illustrate key points.
Things named after Monty Python
Beyond a dictionary definition, Python terms have entered the lexicon in other ways.
Media
Television
Films
There were five Monty Python productions released as theatrical films:
Albums
Theatre
Books
Games
''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' (1990) a computer game released by Virgin Games for 8-bit systems such as the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and the Sinclair ZX Spectrum
See also
References
Further reading
External links
Category:British comedy troupes Category:British television comedy Category:Virgin Records artists Category:Arista Records artists Category:European Film Awards winners (people) Category:Charisma Records artists
bg:Монти Пайтън ca:Monty Python cs:Monty Python da:Monty Python de:Monty Python el:Μόντυ Πάιθον es:Monty Python eo:Monty Python eu:Monty Python fa:مونتی پایتون fr:Monty Python ko:몬티 파이튼 hr:Monty Python id:Monty Python ia:Monty Python is:Monty Python it:Monty Python he:מונטי פייתון ka:მონტი პაითონი la:Pytho Montium lv:Monty Python lt:Monty Python hu:Monty Python mk:Монти Пајтон nl:Monty Python ja:モンティ・パイソン no:Monty Python nn:Monty Python nds:Monty Python pl:Monty Python pt:Monty Python ro:Monty Python ru:Монти Пайтон sq:Monty Python simple:Monty Python sk:Monty Python sr:Монти Пајтон sh:Monty Python fi:Monty Python sv:Monty Python tr:Monty Python uk:Монті Пайтон zh:蒙提·派森This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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