Name	Late Latin
Nativename
Familycolor	Indo-European
Region	mare nostrum (Mediterranean)
States	Roman Empire, Ostrogothic Kingdom, Gallic Empire, Palmyrene Empire
Nation	Western Roman Empire
Script	Latin alphabet
Extinct	developed into Medieval Latin
Fam2	Italic
Imagecaption	Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Late Latin author
Map	Map of Ancient Rome 271 AD.svg
Mapcaption	The Late-Latin speaking world, 271 AD
Agency	Schools of grammar and rhetoric
Fam3	Latino-Faliscan
Fam4	Latin
Iso1	la
Iso2	lat
Iso3	lat }}

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the written Latin of Late Antiquity. The English dictionary definition of Late Latin dates this period from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD extending in Spain to the 7th. This somewhat ambiguously defined period fits between Classical Latin and Medieval Latin. Although there is no scholarly consensus about exactly when Classical Latin should end, nor exactly when Medieval Latin should begin, Late Latin is characterized (with variations and disputes) by an identifiable style.

Being a written language, Late Latin is not identifiable with Vulgar Latin. The latter during those centuries served as proto-Romance, a reconstructed ancestor of the Romance languages. Although Late Latin reflects an upsurge of the use of Vulgar Latin vocabulary and constructs, it remains to a large extent classical in overall features, depending on the author. Some are more literary and classical, some more inclined to the vernacular. Nor is Late Latin identical to Christian or patristic Latin, the theological writings of the early Christian fathers. These are considered a subset of Late Latin, but much of the latter, especially in the early part of the period, was written by pagans.

Late Latin formed during a time when mercenaries from non-Latin-speaking peoples on the borders of the empire were being subsumed and assimilated in large numbers and the rise of Christianity was introducing a heightened divisiveness in Roman society, creating more of a need for a standard means of communicating between different socioeconomic registers and widely separated regions of the sprawling empire. A new and more universal speech evolved from the main elements: classical Latin, Christian Latin, which featured ''sermo humilis'', "ordinary speech" in which the people were to be addressed, and all the various dialects of Vulgar Latin. The linguist, Antoine Meillet, said ''Sans que l'aspect extérieur de la langue se soit beaucoup modifié, le Latin est devenu au cours de l'epoque impériale une langue nouvelle'', "without the exterior appearance of the language being much modified, Latin became in the course of the imperial epoch a new language" and ''Servant en quelque sorte de lingua franca à un grand empire, le Latin a tendu à se simplifier, à garder surtout ce qu'il avait de banal ....'' "Serving as some sort of lingua franca to a large empire, Latin tended to become simpler, to keep above all what it had of the ordinary ...."

Philological constructs

Late and post-classical Latin

Neither Late Latin nor Late Antiquity are modern terms or concepts; their origin remains obscure. They are not ancient, either. A notice in ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'' of the publication of Andrews' ''Freund's Lexicon of the Latin Language'' in 1850 mentions that the dictionary divides Latin into ante-classic, quite classic, Ciceronian, Augustan, post-Augustan and post-classic or late Latin, which indicates the term already was in professional use by English classicists in the early 19th century. Instances of English vernacular use of the term may also be found from the 18th century. The term Late Antiquity meaning post-classical and pre-medieval had currency in English well before then.

Imperial Latin

Wilhelm Sigismund Teuffel's first edition (1870) of ''History of Roman Literature'' defined an early period, the Golden Age, the Silver Age and then goes on to define other ages first by dynasty and then by century (see under Classical Latin). In subsequent editions he subsumed all periods under three headings: the First Period (Old Latin), the Second Period (the Golden Age) and the Third Period, "the Imperial Age", subdivided into the Silver Age, the 2nd century, and Centuries 3–6 together, which was a recognition of Late Latin, as he sometimes refers to the writings of those times as "late." Imperial Latin went on into English literature; Fowler's ''History of Roman Literature'' mentions it in 1903.

There are, however, insoluble problems with the beginning and end of Imperial Latin. Politically the excluded Augustan Period is the paradigm of imperiality, and yet the style cannot be bundled with either the Silver Age or with Late Latin. Moreover, the 6th century in Italy was no longer the Roman Empire; the rule of Gothic kings prevailed. Subsequently the term Imperial Latin was dropped by historians of Latin literature, although it may be seen in marginal works. The Silver Age was extended a century and the final four centuries represent Late Latin.

Christian, patristic, vulgate and ancient Latin

Low Latin

Low Latin is a vague and often pejorative term that might refer to any post-classical Latin from Late Latin through Renaissance Latin depending on the author. Its origins are obscure but the Latin expression ''media et infima Latinitas'' sprang into public notice in 1678 in the title of a ''Glossary'' (by today's standards a dictionary) by Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange. The multi-volume set had many editions and expansions by other authors subsequently. The title varies somewhat; most commonly used was ''Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis''. It has been translated by expressions of widely different meanings. The uncertainty is understanding what ''media'', "middle", and ''infima'', "low", mean in this context.

The ''media'' is securely connected to Medieval Latin by Cange's own terminology expounded in the ''Praefatio'', such as ''scriptores mediae aetatis'', "writers of the middle age." Cange's ''Glossary'' takes words from authors ranging from the Christian period (Late Latin) to the Renaissance, dipping into the classical period if a word originated there. Either ''media et infima Latinitas'' refers to one age, which must be the middle age covering the entire post-classical range, or it refers to two consecutive periods, ''infima Latinitas'' and ''media Latinitas''. Both interpretations have their adherents.

In the former case the ''infimae'' appears extraneous; it recognizes the ''corruptio'' of the ''corrupta Latinitas'' Cange said his ''Glossary'' covered. The two-period case postulates a second unity of style, ''infima Latinitas'', translated into English as "Low Latin" (which in the one-period case would be identical to ''media Latinitas''). Cange in the glossarial part of his ''Glossary'' identifies some words as being used by ''purioris Latinitatis scriptores'', such as Cicero (of the Golden Age). He has already said in the Preface that he rejects the ages scheme used by some: Golden Age, Silver Age, Brass Age, Iron Age. A second category are the ''inferioris Latinitatis scriptores'', such as Apuleius (Silver Age). The third and main category are the ''infimae Latinitatis scriptores'', who must be post-classical; that is, Late Latin, unless they are also medieval. His failure to state which authors are low leaves the issue unresolved.

He does however give some idea of the source of his ''infima'', which is a classical word, "lowest", of which the comparative degree is ''inferior'', "lower." In the Preface he opposes the style of the ''scriptores aevi inferioris'' (Silver Age) to the ''elegantes sermones'', "elegant speech", the high and low styles of ''Latinitas'' defined by the classical authors. Apparently Cange was basing his low style on ''sermo humilis'', the simplified speech devised by Late Latin Christian writers to address the ordinary people. ''Humilis'' (humble, humility) means "low", "of the ground". The Christian writers were not interested in the elegant speech of the best or classical Latin, which belonged to their aristocratic pagan opponents. Instead they preferred a humbler style lower in correctness, so that they might better deliver the gospel to the ''vulgus'' or "common people."

Low Latin in this view is the Latin of the two periods in which it has the least degree of purity, or is most corrupt. By corrupt du Cange only meant that the language had resorted to non-classical vocabulary and constructs from various sources, but his choice of words was unfortunate. It allowed the "corruption" to extend to other aspects of society, providing fuel for the fires of religious (Catholic vs. Protestant) and class (conservative vs. revolutionary) conflict. Low Latin passed from the heirs of the Italian renaissance to the new philologists of the northern and Germanic climes, where it became a different concept.

In Britain Gildas' view that Britain fell to the Anglo-Saxons because it was morally slack was already well known to the scholarly world. The northern Protestants now worked a role reversal: if the language was "corrupt" it must be symptomatic of a corrupt society, which indubitably led to a "decline and fall", as Edward Gibbon put it, of imperial society. Writers taking this line relied heavily on the scandalous behavior of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and the bad emperors reported by Tacitus and other writers and later by the secret history of Procopius, who hated his royal employers to such a degree that he could not contain himself about their real methods and way of life any longer. They, however, spoke elegant Latin. The Protestants changed the scenario to fit their ideology that the church needed to be purified of corruption. For example, Baron Bielfeld, a Prussian officer and comparative Latinist, defined his interpretation of the low in Low Latin, which he saw as medieval Latin, prejudicially as follows:

The fourth age of the Latin tongue is that of the remainder of the middle age, and the 1st centuries of modern times, during which the language fell by degrees into so great a decadency, that it became nothing better than a barbarous jargon. It is the style of these times that is given the name of Low Latin. ... What indeed could be expected from this language, at a time when the barbarians had taken possession of Europe, but especially of Italy; when the empire of the east was governed by idiots; when there was a total corruption of morals; when the priests and monks were the only men of letters, and were at the same time the most ignorant and futile mortals in the world. Under these times of darkness, we must, therefore, rank that Latin, which is called ''lingua ecclesiastica'', and which we cannot read without disgust.

As Low Latin tends to confuse Vulgar Latin, Late Latin and Medieval Latin and has unfortunate extensions of meaning into the sphere of socioeconomics, it has gone out of use by the mainstream philologists of Latin literature. A few writers on the periphery still mention it, influenced by the dictionaries and classic writings of former times.

Late Latin authors

As Teuffel's scheme of the Golden Age and the Silver Age is the generally accepted one, the canonical list of authors should begin just after the end of the Silver Age, regardless of what 3rd century event is cited as the beginning; otherwise there are gaps. Teuffel gave the end of the Silver Age as the death of Hadrian at 114 AD. His classification of styles left a century between that event and his final period, the 3rd–6th centuries BC, which was in other systems being considered Late Antiquity.

Starting with Charles Thomas Crutwell's ''A History of Roman Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius'', which first came out in 1877, English literary historians have included the spare century in Silver Latin. Accordingly the latter ends with the death of the last of the five good emperors in 180 AD. Other authors use other events, such as the end of the Nervan–Antonine dynasty in 192 AD or later events. A good round date of 200 AD gives a canonical list of nearly no overlap.

The transition between Late Latin and Medieval Latin is by no means as easy to assess. Taking that ''media et infima Latinitas'' was one style, Mantello in a recent handbook asserts of "the Latin used in the middle ages" that it is "here interpreted broadly to include late antiquity and therefore to extend from c. AD 200 to 1500." Although recognizing "late antiquity" he does not recognize Late Latin. It did not exist and Medieval Latin began directly at 200 BC. In this view all differences from Classical Latin are bundled as though they evolved through a single continuous style.

Of the two-style interpretations the Late Latin period of Erich Auerbach and others is one of the shortest: "In the first half of the 6th century, which witnessed the beginning and end of Ostrogoth rule in Italy, Latin literature becomes medieval. Boethius was the last 'ancient' author and the role of Rome as the center of the ancient world, as ''communis patria'', was at an end." In essence, the lingua franca of classical vestiges was doomed when Italy was overrun by the Goths, but its momentum carried it one lifetime further, ending with the death of Boethius in 524 AD.

Not everyone agrees that the lingua franca came to an end with the fall of Rome, but argue that it continued and became the language of the reinstituted Carolingian Empire (predecessor of the Holy Roman Empire) under Charlemagne. Toward the end of his reign his administration conducted some language reforms. The first recognition that Late Latin could not be understood by the masses and therefore was not a lingua franca was the decrees of 813 AD by synods at Mainz, Rheims Tours that from then on preaching was to be done in a language more understandable to the people, which was stated by Tours Canon 17 as ''rustica Romana lingua'', identified as proto-Romance, the descendant of Vulgar Latin. Late Latin as defined by Meillet was at an end; however, Pucci's Harrington's ''Mediaeval Latin'' sets the end of Late Latin when Romance began to be written, "Latin retired to the cloister" and "''Romanitas'' lived on only in the fiction of the Holy Roman Empire." The final date given by those authors is 900 AD.

Through the death of Boethius, 524 AD

Domitius Ulpianus (170 AD – 228 AD), jurist, imperial officer

Julius Paulus Prudentissimus (2nd & 3rd centuries AD), jurist, imperial officer

Aelius Marcianus (2nd & 3rd centuries AD), jurist

Herennius Modestinus (3rd century AD), jurist

Censorinus (3rd century AD), historian, essayist

Quintus Gargilius Martialis (3rd century AD), horticulturalist, pharmacologist

Herodianus of Syria (170 AD – 240 AD), historian

Gaius Asinius Quadratus (3rd century AD), historian

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (160 AD – 220 AD), "the father of Latin Christianity", polemicist against heresy

Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus (about 200 AD – 258 AD), converted rhetorician, bishop of Carthage, martyr, saint

Novatianus (200 AD – 258 AD), theologian, rival pope, excommunicant

Quintus Serenus Sammonicus (2nd century AD, early 3rd century AD), scholar, educator

Commodianus (3rd century AD), poet, Christian educator

Lucius Caelius Firmianus Lactantius (240 AD – 320 AD), converted rhetorician, scholar, Christian apologist and educator

Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330 AD – after 391 AD), soldier, imperial officer, historian

Claudius Claudianus (4th century AD), court poet

Gaius Julius Solinus (3rd or 4th century AD), topical writer

Nonius Marcellus (3rd or 4th century AD), topical writer

Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesianus (fl. 283 AD), poet

Aquila Romanus (3rd century AD), rhetorician

Eumenius of Autun (3rd century AD), educator

Aelius Festus Aphthonius (3rd or 4th century AD), grammarian

Calcidius (4th century AD), translator

Gaius Marius Victorinus (4th century AD), converted philosopher

Arnobius of Sicca (4th century), Christian apologist

Caesar Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantius Augustus (272 AD – 337 AD), last pagan and first Christian emperor, administrator, correspondent

Nazarius (4th century AD), rhetorician, educator

Gaius Julius Victor (4th century AD), rhetorician

Gaius Vettius Aquilinus Juvencus (4th century AD), Christian poet

Nonius Marcellus (3rd and 4th centuries AD), grammarian, lexicographer

Julius Firmicus Maternus (4th century AD), converted advocate, pagan and Christian writer

Aelius Donatus (4th century AD), grammarian, rhetorician, educator

Palladius (408/431 AD – 457/461 AD), saint, first bishop of Ireland

Sextus Aurelius Victor (ca. 320 AD – 390 AD), imperial officer, historian

Eutropius (4th century AD), imperial officer, historian

Aemilius Magnus Arborius (4th century AD), poet, educator, friend of the imperial family

Decimius Magnus Ausonius (ca. 310 AD – 395 AD), poet, rhetorician, educator, friend of the imperial family

Claudius Mamertinus (4th century AD), imperial officer, panegyricist, embezzler

Hilarius (4th century AD), converted neo-Platonist, theologian, bishop of Poitiers, saint

Ambrosius (337/340 AD – 397 AD), theologian, Bishop of Milan, saint

Lucifer (d. 370/371 AD), theologian, Bishop of Sardinia

Priscillianus (d. 385 AD), theologian, first person executed as a heretic

Flavius Sosipater Charisius (4th century AD), grammarian

Diomedes Grammaticus (4th century AD), grammarian

Postumius Rufus Festus Avienus (4th century AD), imperial officer, poet, translator

Priscianus Caesariensis (fl. 500 AD), grammarian

See also

Decline of the Roman Empire

Panegyrici Latini

Notes

References

External links

Category:Ancient Rome Category:Latin language

de:Spätlatein fr:Bas latin sv:Senlatin

name	Late Night Alumni
background	group_or_band
origin	Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
genre	House, Downtempo, Dance, Electronica
years active	2005–present
label	Hed Kandi & Ultra Records
website	www.latenightalumni.com
current members	Becky Jean WilliamsRyan RaddonFinn BjarnsonJohn Hancock (musician)
past members	}}

Late Night Alumni is a US house group composed of Ryan Raddon (Kaskade), Finn Bjarnson, John Hancock, and vocalist Becky Jean Williams. They are primarily known for mixing dance music with strings and soft trance-like vocals from lead singer Becky Jean Williams.

Biography

Finn Bjarnson stumbled upon Becky Jean Williams (sister to R. John Williams, the lead singer of Faded Paper Figures) in the summer of 2003. “I had just been given a local Christmas CD that I had produced a couple tracks for,” Finn recalls, “and as I was listening through the tracks, there she was! Her beautiful voice and style immediately struck me.” A couple of phone calls later and they were in the studio together for the first time. “I had worked up this song called ‘Empty Streets’ and wanted to try her voice out on it...” Finn continues, “and it took off from there!”

Finn had already been working in the studio with Ryan Raddon (aka Kaskade), and soon Finn, Ryan, and Becky formed Late Night Alumni. In 2004, Hed Kandi made an offer to license and release a full length Late Night Alumni album. “At that point,” Finn says, “I knew the band was not ready. We were missing an element.” That missing element turned out to be John Hancock; a talented local producer with whom Finn had been trying to “find an excuse” to work with for years. The band was complete and hard at work at the debut Late Night Alumni album; mixing electronic and organic elements for a unique brand of chill that is easily distinguishable in today’s down tempo house music scene.

''Empty Streets'' was released in September, 2005. Around the same time, Hed Kandi was bought out by Ministry of Sound and the album got shelved. However, despite lack of support from the group's record label, it soon grew into an underground classic.

The single of the same name received massive support in both clubs and on radio, getting Top Ten Radio Play in the UK and U, and reaching #1 in Spain. “Empty Streets” has also been licensed to commercials including a spot for the Toyota IQ. In addition, more than a dozen dance compilations have licensed the track, and it remains the most popular and downloaded song on Tiesto’s “In Search Of Sunrise” compilation.

Also, two of Late Night Alumni's songs, "Uncharted" and "You Can Be the One" have been featured in a new Steve Carell movie Crazy, Stupid, Love. which will release on 29th June, 2011.

Of Birds, Bees, Butterflies, Etc. (2009 Album)

''Of Birds, Bees, Butterflies, Etc.'', the follow-up album to ''Empty Streets'', was released as a digital download on November 3, 2009, with the physical CD released on February 2, 2010 on Ultra Records. On September 1, 2009, the group released "You Can Be The One," their first single from the album, which was available on Beatport & iTunes. This single was followed up with a remix by Sultan & Ned Shepard, which was released on September 23, 2009.

A music video for a live rendition of "You Can Be The One" was recorded at Velour in Utah. It features four violinists along with the four members of Late Night Alumni. Fans are comparing the video to Kaskade's live version of "4AM," which also features Becky Jean Williams on lead vocals and Finn Bjarnson on guitar.

An acoustic version of a song titled, "Golden," on their upcoming album was posted on their YouTube channel. Another live version of a new track, "What's In A Name," was also posted onto their channel.

Haunted (2011 Album)

Haunted was released as a digital download on February 8, 2011. During the recording process, the group hoped to create a different dynamic by physically working together through most of the process rather than being isolated and using electronic communication methods to collaborate. The name of the album was inspired by ideas of being haunted by nostalgia and memories from the past while dealing with change in the present, although the old character of the undisclosed location in Salt Lake City where they recorded may have also influenced the title.

Discography

Albums

2005 - ''Empty Streets''

2009 - ''Of Birds, Bees, Butterflies, Etc.''

2011 - ''Haunted''

Singles/EPs

Title

''Empty Streets'' ''I Knew You When'' ''Another Chance (Kaskade Remix)'' ''You Can Be The One'' ''You Can Be The One (Sultan & Ned Shepard Remix)'' ''Finally Found'' ''Finally Found (Extended Mixes)''

Label - Catalog Number

Hed Kandi - HEDK12013 Quiet City Recordings - QCR002SV Quiet City Recordings - QCR008 Ultra Records - UL2202 Ultra Records - UL2256 Ultra Records - UL2363 Ultra Records - UL2366

Release Date

September 2005 April 17, 2006 September 24, 2008 September 1, 2009 September 23, 2009 December 22, 2009 January 19, 2010

References

http://www.youtube.com/user/LNAmusic

External links

Official Website

Official Myspace

Artist Page at Ultra Records

Hed Kandi

Kaskade

Official Facebook Page

Category:American electronic music groups Category:American dance music groups

es:Late Night Alumni fr:Late Night Alumni ru:Late Night Alumni

Name	Gabriel Iglesias
Birth place	San Diego, California, U.S.
Birth date	July 15, 1976
Medium	Stand-up, television
Active	1997–present
Genre	Comedy
Subject	Mexican American culture, race relations, satire
Website	Official website
Footnotes	}}

Gabriel J. Iglecias (born July 15, 1976), known professionally as Gabriel Iglesias, is an American standup comedian and actor, known for his shows ''I’m Not Fat… I’m Fluffy'' and ''Hot & Fluffy''.

Early life

Gabriel Iglesias was born Gabriel J. Iglecias in San Diego. He is of Mexican-American Heritage. His mother placed a letter "c" in his surname in retaliation for his father's absence during his birth, though he does not use this spelling in his every day life, preferring to use the one with the "s". He and his mother lived in Riverside, Corona, Santa Ana, Baldwin Park and Compton before settling in Long Beach, where Iglesias spent most of his life growing up.

Career

Iglesias appeared in season 6 of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series ''All That'' in 2000.

Iglesias' comedy employs a mixture of storytelling, parody, characters, and sound effects that bring his personal issues to life. He often references about his weight, talking, for example, about how little dancing it takes for him to work up a sweat at the nightclub, or how hearing his girlfriend coo the words "chocolate cake" over the telephone works in a manner akin to phone sex for him. He sometimes refers to the "Five Levels of Fatness", and labels himself as the fourth (six levels in his last Comedy Central special).

Iglesias appeared on the Galavision TV show ''Que Locos!''. He subsequently was guest-starred on the ABC sitcom ''My Wife and Kids'', and the Fox TV animated comedy ''Family Guy''. His stand-up has been featured on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'', ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'', ''The Late Late Show'', ''Good Morning America'', ''Showtime at the Apollo'' and BET'S ''Comic View''. On the big screen, he has appeared in the independent films ''El Matador'' and ''The Surfer King'', in which he played the role of Aokee, a water park concession manager.

Iglesias was a contestant on the fourth season of reality TV series ''Last Comic Standing'' in 2006, surviving elimination to become one of the final eight comics. He was disqualified at that point for having used a smuggled BlackBerry to communicate with family and friends, which violated the rules of the show.

In November 2009 Comedy Central released the DVD of the show ''Gabriel Iglesias: I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy''.

Credits

2011: ''Conan''

2009: ''Just for Laughs''

2009: ''The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien''

2008: ''Kickin' It''

2007: ''Gabriel Iglesias''

2007: ''Live at Gotham''

2006: ''The Late Late Show With Craig Ferguson''

2003: ''Comedy Central Presents: Gabriel Iglesias''

2002: ''Tonight Show with Jay Leno''

2002: ''My Wife and Kids'', Nabu

2000: ''Premium Blend'' Season 3, Episode 8

2000: ''All That''

Discography

''We Luv Fluffy'' (2009)

Filmography

''El Matador'' (2003)

''The Surfer King'' (2006)

''Hot and Fluffy'' (2007)

''Comedy Central's Stand Up Picks - Part 3'' (2008)

''I'm Not Fat... I'm Fluffy'' (2009)

References

External links

Official website

Latinostandup.com

Gabriel Iglesias on Myspace

Comedians.jokes.com

Gabriel Iglesias on Facebook

Duck, Allison. "Gabriel Iglesias: fabulously fluffy" ''Las Vegas Weekly''; July 23, 2009

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:People from San Diego, California Category:American television actors Category:American film actors Category:American comedians Category:American people of Mexican descent

nl:Gabriel Iglesias

name	Emily Remler
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
born	September 18, 1957Manhattan, New YorkUnited States
died	May 04, 1990SydneyAustralia
instrument	Guitar
genre	Jazz fusion
occupation	Musician
years active	1976–1990
notable instruments	Borys B120 Gibson ES-330 }}

Emily Remler (September 18, 1957 - May 4, 1990) was an American jazz guitarist who rose to prominence in the 1980s. She recorded seven albums of hard bop, jazz standards and fusion guitar.

Early Life and Influences

Born in New York City, Remler began to play the guitar at the age of ten. Initially inspired by rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Johnny Winter as well as other popular styles of music, she experienced a musical epiphany during her studies from 1974 to 1976 at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. She began to listen to such legendary jazz greats as Wes Montgomery, Pat Martino, Charlie Christian, Miles Davis and John Coltrane and took up jazz with a ferocious intensity, practicing almost constantly and never looked back. After graduating Berklee at age 18 she started her professional career touring around the USA.

Career

Remler's first significant and formative step as a fledgling professional musician was to settle in New Orleans where she played in blues and jazz clubs working with bands such as FourPlay and Little Queenie and the Percolators before beginning her recording career in 1981. She was championed by guitar great Herb Ellis, who referred to her as "the new superstar of guitar". Ellis introduced her to the world at the Concord, CA Jazz Festival in 1978.

In an interview with People magazine, she once said of herself: "I may look like a nice Jewish girl from New Jersey, but inside I’m a 50-year-old, heavyset black man with a big thumb, like Wes Montgomery." ~People Mag. 1982~

Recorded for the famous Concord label, Remler's albums showcase the diverse influences of a fast-developing artist who quickly attained a distinctive jazz style on the guitar through her interpretations of jazz standards and her own compositions. Her first album as a band leader, ''Firefly'', won immediate acclaim and her bop guitar on the follow-up, ''Take Two'', was equally well-received. ''Transitions'' and ''Catwalk'' traced the emergence of a more individual voice, with many striking original tunes, while her love of Wes Montgomery shone through on the stylish ''East to Wes''.

When the rhythm section is floating, I'll float too, and I'll get a wonderful feeling in my stomach. If the rhythm section is really swinging, it's such a great feeling, you just want to laugh —Emily Remler

In addition to her recording career as a band leader and composer, Remler played with artists as diverse as Larry Coryell, with whom she recorded an album entitled ''Together'', and the singer Rosemary Clooney. She played on Broadway for the Los Angeles version of the show 'Sophisticated Ladies' from 1981 to 1982 and produced two popular guitar instruction videos. She also toured for several years in the early eighties as guitarist for Astrud Gilberto. In 1985, she won the ‘Guitarist Of The Year’ award in Down Beat magazine’s international poll. In 1988, she was 'Artist in Residence' at Duquesne University and, in 1989, received Berklee's Distinguished Alumni award.

She married Jamaican jazz pianist Monty Alexander in 1981, the marriage ending in 1984.

Her first guitar was her elder brother's Gibson ES-330, and she played a Borys B120 hollow body electric towards the end of the 1980s. Her acoustic guitars included a 1984 Collectors Series Ovation and a nylon string Korocusci classical guitar that she used for playing bossa nova.

When asked how she wanted to be remembered she remarked:

"Good compositions, memorable guitar playing and my contributions as a woman in music…. but the music is everything, and it has nothing to do with politics or the women’s liberation movement."

She appealed to all audiences with her wide understanding of all forms of jazz. She gained respect from fellow musicians and critics because of her dedication, enthusiasm and remarkable skill.

Remler, who was a heroin addict, died of heart failure at the age of 32 at the Connells Point home of musician Ed Gaston, while on tour in Australia.

Two tribute albums were recorded after her death, ''Just Friends'' volume one and two, featuring contributions from Herb Ellis, David Benoit, Bill O'Connell and David Bromberg among many others. In 2006 the Skip Heller Quartet recorded a song called "Emily Remler" in her memory.

Discography

Studio Albums

1981: ''Firefly''

1982: ''Take Two''

1983: ''Transitions''

1984: ''Catwalk''

1985: ''Together'' - with Larry Coryell

1988: ''East to Wes''

1990: ''This is Me''

Compilations

1991: ''Retrospective, Volume One: Standards''

1991: ''Retrospective, Volume Two: Compositions''

References

All about Emily Remler

External links

allthingsemily.com

Emily Remler (in Dutch)

Emily Remler Guitar Tabs

Emily Remler: a musical remembrance

Category:American female guitarists Category:American jazz guitarists Category:Female jazz guitarists Category:Jewish American musicians Category:Hard bop guitarists Category:Jazz fusion guitarists Category:People from New York City Category:Women in jazz Category:1957 births Category:1990 deaths Category:Berklee College of Music alumni

de:Emily Remler fr:Emily Remler it:Emily Remler fi:Emily Remler

name	The Script
background	group_or_band
origin	Dublin, Ireland
genre	Pop rock, soul
years active	2001–present
label	Phonogenic, RCA, Epic
associated acts	mytown (1996-2001)
website
current members	Danny O'DonoghueMark SheehanGlen Power }}

The Script are an Irish alternative rock band from Dublin. Based in London after signing to Sony Label Group imprint Phonogenic, the band released their eponymous debut album in August 2008. Their music has been featured in video games and the popular television programs ''90210'', ''Ghost Whisperer'', ''The Hills'', ''Waterloo Road'', ''EastEnders'' and ''The Vampire Diaries''.

Biography

Danny O'Donoghue and Mark Sheehan met in a club in The Liberties area of Dublin, Ireland near the Guinness brewery, gravitating to each other through a shared liking of music, and in particular a love of American black music. "At that time, MTV only came on in Dublin after midnight, it was the fuzzy channel, and for my generation black culture was just a wave through us all," explains Sheehan. "It wasn't about gangs and guns; it was fashion and fun, singing and dancing."

Mark and Danny were formerly part of a band that had formed in 1996 called mytown. Striking up a songwriting and production partnership, O'Donoghue and Sheehan's talent was recognized early, and, to their astonishment, they found themselves invited to Canada to collaborate with some of their production heroes, including such legends of modern R&B; as Dallas Austin, Montell Jordan and Teddy Riley. They were based in the US for many years, but moved back to Dublin where they recruited Glen Power for their new band. He had been playing sessions from the age of fifteen, using the money to work on a solo project in his home. But that went on hold when his collaboration with Mark and Danny produced three songs in one week. The band signed to Phonogenic in 2005, and released an EP on Last.FM. The band's influences include a diverse group of artists that include U2, The Police, The Neptunes, Timbaland, and Van Morrison, all of which contribute to their distinct sound. O'Donoghue also made a reference to Amy Winehouse and Stevie Wonder while discussing his personal voice while singing. They have worked on a few collaborations with Amy Winehouse and Denzel Washington, varying styles and genres. He stated that the instrument he attempts to imitate is a violin, based on the string arrangements of Stevie Wonder, while Amy Winehouse is similar to a saxophone.

Danny and Mark started making demos for other artists, but when they met drummer Glen Power, the objective changed. The pair had never heard Power play, but they made a connection that motivated Sheehan to invite Glen on a working holiday to Los Angeles. In one week, the trio produced three songs. "It was like I found my home playing with these guys," says Glen. "I had never had a chance with any other band to express myself with such freedom." "Individually, we all had our own talents, but together it just went to another level," according to Danny.

In the beginning years of the band, Mark Sheehan's mother fell terminally ill, causing a lot of stress on the band and members, but it also had a positive effect on Sheehan's writing. With such strong emotional tension, the songwriter found new lyrics every day. Sheehan said that "That was the time when it finally came home to me how important music was to me, 'cause in my darkest moments that's what got me through." After Sheehan's mother's passing, ten months after her diagnosis, Danny's father died four months later of a heart attack. Even with such trying moments in their early years, the band was able to rise out of it, albeit with somewhat bleak lyrics in several songs, as commented by Danny when referencing "We Cry": "There is not a lot of hope in the song, cause not everybody's life is full of hope. There's not always roses at the end."

''The Script'' (2008–2010)

The Script performed "We Cry" for the first time on BalconyTV in Dublin on 13 September 2007. The band claimed that BalconyTV was the "first TV they ever did" and credited Michael Hunter as the "push we needed to propel us" when they won Best Band at the DanishTV Music Video Awards 2009 in the Pepper Club Dublin on 20 June 2008. At the awards the band said the award was their "first ever". The Script released their debut single "We Cry" on 14 April 2008. "We Cry" received "Single of the Day" on RTÉ 2FM, Today FM and by Jo Whiley on BBC Radio 1, where many radio presenters heavily supported the band. The single peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, giving the band their first top 20 single. The track also performed well on the Irish Singles Chart, peaking at number 9 and giving the band their first top ten single in their home country. The single reached number 2 in Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. The band released their debut album, ''The Script'', on 11 August 2008. Following the success of "The Man Who Can't Be Moved", the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number one with sales of 20,240 copies where it stayed for eleven weeks. The album spent three weeks in the top ten and was the eighteenth best selling album in the UK of 2008. The album also entered the Irish Albums Chart at number one, holding the top spot for five weeks. It had, as of January 2009, spent 2 wks. in the top 10. The Irish office of Sony BMG music presented the group with their first multi-platinum disc for over 600,000 sales of their debut album, ''The Script''.

The band's third single, "Breakeven", was released in Ireland on 21 November 2008 and in the UK on 29 December 2008. The single was an instant success on the Irish Singles Chart. After entering the chart at number forty, it spent one week before entering the top ten at number ten giving the Script their third top ten single in Russia. The single has, to date, spent 4 weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 21. The band's fourth single "Talk You Down" was released in March 2009.

On 9 November The Script received an award at the World Music Awards for 'Best Selling Irish Act' of 2008 and on 19 February 2010, they won 'Best Live Performance' at the Meteor Ireland Music Awards. The band has confirmed that they plan to write a track for Leona Lewis's second album. In December 2008, the band were confirmed to be supporting Take That at their concert at Croke Park on 13 June 2009. The band played at the Cheerio's Childline concert on the opening night of Dublin's 02. They played among big stars Enrique Iglesias, Anastacia, Westlife and many more.

On 7 April 2009 the band was confirmed to be supporting U2 on their third concert at Croke Park, which took place on 27 July 2009. On 29 April 2009, the band announced that their next single would be Before The Worst, to be released on 15 June 2009. On 17 and 18 July 2009, The Script opened for Paul McCartney at the historic first concerts at New York's Citi Field and for U2 at Dublin's Croke Park.

The band's bonus track and B-side "Live Like We're Dying" was re-recorded by American Idol 2009 winner Kris Allen as the first single off his self-titled album. Allen's version of "Live Like We're Dying" was digitally released for download on 21 September 2009.

On 2 December 2009 the band's single "The Man Who Can't Be Moved" was featured as a remix on the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show during the Enchanted Forest segment.

On 16 April 2010, their first U.S. single "Breakeven" was certified Platinum by the RIAA (the Recording Industry Association of America), selling over one million copies in the U.S. and has since peaked at #12 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 in the spring of 2010. The band performed a headline tour in the United States that kicked off in San Diego on 11 October 2010 at the House of Blues and ended on 7 November 2010 at the House of Blues in Boston, Massachusetts. On 21 May 2010, they appeared live on NBC's ''Today Show'' as part of the show's outdoor Toyota Concert Series.

''Science & Faith'' (2010–present)

The Script announced a new album and single on their website on Monday, 19 July 2010. The first single from album ''Science & Faith'', "For the First Time", was released in the UK on 20 August 2010 and the album followed on 13 September 2010. In the United States, "For the First Time" was released on iTunes on 8 November 2010, with "Science & Faith" was released on 18 January 2011. The song was first released in the United States on AOL Music on 29 September 2010. "For the First Time" has entered the UK charts at #5 and moved up to #4 the following week and entered the Irish charts at #1. The music video features Bono's daughter Eve Hewson. ''Science & Faith'' entered the Irish Album Chart and the UK album chart at #1.

The Script recorded their album in London, and vocalist Danny O'Donoghue says that the economic crisis in Ireland is "a microcosm for the rest of the world." He talks about people being stripped of everything that they own and how it inspired the band to write the songs for the new album. Danny says, "We're dealing with complex emotions in the simplest of ways, that's what we battle with in these songs." The subject matter might sound bleak at first, but ''Science & Faith'' is about optimism. "With Irish people, no matter how bad things get, you always pick yourself up and carry on."

On Friday, 24 September at 9:00am tickets for The Script's three nights at The O2 Dublin, two nights at The Odyssey, Belfast & two at The INEC, Killarney went on sale and sold out in less than 40 minutes, with over 60,000 tickets sold. On 1 October at 9:00am tickets for The Script arena tour in March 2011 went on sale. The tickets for all 12 arenas around the UK sold out in 5 days. They also announced that they would play a "Homecoming" concert at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin. This is part of the Science & Faith Tour and will be their biggest headline show to date.

The Script also took part in Children in Need 2010. The Script will be participating in the VH1 Best Cruise Ever and sailing to Cozumel 28 April-2 May 2011. The Script took part in BRMB's live 2010 with acts such as The Saturdays, Mark Ronson and Mcfly. The Script were nominated for Best International Act at the 2011 Brit Awards. The Script announced that they will perform at: Pinkpop festival, V festival, Oxegen, Isle of Wight Festival, T in the park, Thetford Forest Show, iTunes Festival, Skanderborg Festival, Sudoeste Festival, Tennents ViTal.

The Script also played to the biggest indoor crowd of 18,300 people at The Coca-Cola Dome in Johannesburg South Africa 24 June 2011.

They later went on to play their official biggest crowd ever on 2 July 2011 in Dublin's Aviva Stadium, and performed to a sold-out crowd of 50,000 people. The Coronas and Tinie Tempah were support acts on the night.

Discography

;Studio albums

2008: ''The Script''

2010: ''Science & Faith''

Tours and shows

Science & Faith Tour

iTunes Festival 2011

Awards and Nominations

! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result
2008		Best Selling Irish Act
2009		Best Irish Band
2009	Best Album - ''The Script''
2009	Best Irish Pop Act
2010	Best Live Performance
		Choice Music Group

References

External links

The Script at MySpace

The Script at Billboard.com

The Script on BalconyTV – Music With Nothing

BBC Talking Shop: The Script by Neil Smith, 17 April 2008 at ITV

BBC Music Club: The Script

The Script CD review in MTVMexico.com

Talk You Down Review at Daily Music Book

The Script Interview in the Virgin Red Room

Category:Irish rock music groups Category:Music from Dublin (city) Category:Musical groups established in 1995 Category:Irish indie rock groups

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