__NOTOC__ Year 1927 (MCMXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January

January 1 – The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack the government, which had banned the Catholic faith.

January 7 – The first transatlantic telephone call is made from New York City to London.

January 9 – A military rebellion is crushed in Lisbon, Portugal.

January 15 – Teddy Wakelam gives the first sports commentary on ''BBC Radio''.

January 19 – Britain sends troops to China.

January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the ''Republican Schutzbund'' clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots (see July 15).

February

February – Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.

February 12 – The first British troops land in Shanghai.

February 14 – An earthquake in Yugoslavia kills 100.

February 19 – A general strike in Shanghai protests the presence of British troops.

February 23 – The U.S. Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.

March

March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims.

March 7 – A Richter Scale 7.6 magnitude earthquake kills at least 2,925 at Toyooka and Mineyama area, western Honshu, Japan.

March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack by Yugoslavia.

March 11

* In New York City, the ''Roxy Theater'' is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.

* The first armoured car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

March 13 – Fritz Lang's culturally influential ''Metropolis (film)'' debuts in Germany.

April

April 1 – U.S. Bureau of Prohibition founded (under Department of the Treasury).

April 5 – In Britain, the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act 1927 forbids strikes of support.

April 7 – Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover (then the Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance demonstration of television.

April 12

* The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.

* Kuomintang troops kill number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai. The incident is called the April 12 Incident, or Shanghai Massacre. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.

April 14 – The first Volvo car rolls off the production line in Gothenburg, Sweden.

April 18 – The Kuomintang sets up a government in Nanking, China.

April 21 – A banking crisis hits Japan.

April 22–May 5 – The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 affects 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in U.S. history at that time.

April 23 – Cardiff City wins the FA Cup after beating Arsenal 1–0 at Wembley Stadium.

April 27

* The Carabineros de Chile (Chilean national police force and gendarmery) are created.

* João Ribeiro de Barros becomes the first non-European to make a trans-Atlantic flight, from Genoa to Fernando de Noronha.

May

May – Philo Farnsworth transmits first experimental electronic television pictures.

May 5 – To The Lighthouse was finished by Virginia Woolf.

May 7 – Civil war ends in Nicaragua.

May 9 – The Australian Parliament first convenes in Canberra.

May 11 – The ''Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences'', the "Academy" in "Academy Awards", is founded.

May 12 – The British police raid the office of the Soviet trade delegation.

May 13 – George V proclaims the change of his title from King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to King of Great Britain and Ireland.

May 14 – The ship ''Cap Arcona'' is launched at Blohm & Voss shipyard, in Hamburg.

May 17 – Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 de Havilland plane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania.

May 18 – Bath School disaster: Bombings result in 45 deaths, mostly children, in Bath Township, Michigan.

May 20 – Saudi Arabia becomes independent of the United Kingdom (Treaty of Jedda).

May 20–May 21 – Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo non-stop trans-Atlantic flight, from New York to Paris in the single-seat, single-engine monoplane Spirit of St. Louis.

May 22 – An 8.6 magnitude earthquake in Xining, China kills 200,000.

May 23 – Nearly 600 members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers view a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone Building in New York. This is over a year after John Logie Baird first demonstrated Television to members of the Royal Society in London.

May 24 – Britain severs diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union because of revelations of espionage and underground agitation.

June

June 4 – Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania.

June 7 – Peter Voikov, Soviet ambassador to Warsaw, is assassinated.

June 9 – The Soviet Union executes 20 Britons for alleged espionage.

June 13

* Leon Daudet, leader of the French monarchists, is arrested in France.

* A ticker-tape parade is held for aviator Charles Lindbergh down 5th Avenue in New York City.

June 29 – A total solar eclipse occurs over Northern England and Wales.

July

July 1 – Food, Drug and Insecticide Administration (FDIA).

July 10 – Kevin O'Higgins, vice president of the Irish Free State, is assassinated in Dublin.

July 11 – An earthquake strikes Palestine, killing around 300. The effects are especially severe in Nablus, but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and Trans-Jordan such as Amman, Salt and Lydda.

July 15 – 85 protesters and 5 policemen are dead after left-wing protesters and the Austrian police clash in Vienna. More than 600 people are injured. See Massacre of July 15, 1927.

July 22 – The Italian football club A.S. Roma is founded.

July 24 – The Menin Gate war memorial is unveiled at Ypres, Belgium.

August

August 1 – The Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army is formed during the Nanchang Uprising.

August 2 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge announces, "I do not choose to run for President in 1928."

August 7 – The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.

August 10 – Mount Rushmore is dedicated again. President Calvin Coolidge promises national funding for the carving.

August 22 – In Hyde Park, London, 200 people demonstrate against the sentence of Italian immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti.

August 23 – Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.

August 24–August 25 – A hurricane hits the Atlantic shore of Canada, causing massive damage and at least 56 deaths.

August 26 – Paul R. Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter "Port of Brunswick" to attempt a solo non-stop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuela jungle (the crash site is never located).

September

September – Autumn Harvest Uprising in China.

September 7 – The University of Minas Gerais is founded in Brazil.

September 14 – An underwater earthquake in Japan kills over 100 people.

September 18 – The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as ''CBS'') is formed and goes on the air with 47 radio stations.

September 25 – A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolished all types of slavery.

September 27 – 79 are killed and 550 are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, the 2nd costliest and at least 24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.

October

October – The Fifth Solvay Conference held in the latter half of the month establishes the acceptance of the Copenhagen interpretation.

October 4 – Actual carving begins on Mount Rushmore.

October 6 – ''The Jazz Singer'' movie opens in the United States and becomes a huge success, although it will be a while before silent films are completely gone.

October 8 – ''Murderer's Row'': The New York Yankees complete a 4-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series.

October 9 – The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in Vera Cruz.

October 27

* The Italian steamer ship ''Principessa Mafalda'' capsizes off Porto Seguro, Brazil; at least 314 are killed.

* Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands opens the Meuse-Waal Canal in Nijmegen.

* At 5:50 a.m. a ground fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of Worthington to collapse into a large chasm located in Ontario, Canada. Nobody is injured in the incident, however, the area was evacuated the night before after a mine foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.

October 28 – Pan American Airways' first flight takes off from Key West, bound for Havana.

November

November 1 – Ä°smet Ä°nönü forms the new government in Turkey. (5th government)

November 3–November 4 – Floods devastating Vermont incur the "worst natural disaster in the state's history".

November 4 – Frank Heath and his horse ''Gypsy Queen'' return to Washington, D.C., having completed a 2-year journey of 11,356 miles to all 48 states.

November 10 – Unexplained explosions occur in Canton, Ohio.

November 12

* Mahatma Gandhi makes his first and last visit to Ceylon.

* Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.

* The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic as the first Hudson River vehicular tunnel linking New Jersey to New York City.

November 14 – The Pittsburgh Gasometer Explosion: Three ''Equitable Gas'' storage tanks in the North Side of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania explode, killing 26 people and causing damage estimated between contemporary totals of $4 million and $5 million.

November 21 – The Colorado state police open fire on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing six.

December

December – Communist Party congress condemns all ''deviation from the general party line'' in the USSR.

December 2 – Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its new automobile.

December 12 – 1,600 people are hospitalized in London after hurting themselves on the icy streets.

December 15 – Marion Parker, 12, is kidnapped in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on December 19, prompting the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, William Edward Hickman, who is arrested on December 22 in Oregon.

December 17 – The ''U.S. submarine S-4'' is accidentally rammed and sunk by the United States Coast Guard destroyer ''John Paulding'' off Provincetown, Massachusetts, killing everyone aboard after several unsuccessful attempts to raise the sub.

December 19 –3 Indian Revolutionaries viz Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh and Ashfaqulla Khan were executed by the British Empire 4th Rajendra Nath Lahiri was executed 2 day's before i.e. on December 17

December 27 – Kern and Hammerstein's musical play ''Show Boat'', based on Edna Ferber's novel, opens on Broadway and goes on to become the first great classic of the American musical theatre.

December 30 – The first Japanese metro line, the Ginza Line in Tokyo, opens.

Date unknown

The ''British Broadcasting Corporation'' is granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation.

Harold Stephen Black invents the feedback amplifier.

The Voluntary Committee of Lawyers is founded to bring about the repeal of prohibition of alcohol in United States.

World population reaches 2 billion.

In Britain, 1,000 people a week die from an influenza epidemic.

Births

January–February

January 1

* Pat Heywood, Scottish actress

* Vernon L. Smith, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

* Doak Walker, American football player (d. 1998)

January 5 – Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, American-born Hindu guru (d. 2001)

January 10

* Gisele MacKenzie, Canadian-born singer (d. 2003)

* Johnnie Ray, American singer (d. 1990)

* Otto Stich, member of the Swiss Federal Council

January 13

* Brock Adams, American politician (d. 2004)

* Sydney Brenner, British biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

January 17

*Thomas Anthony Dooley, American physician (d. 1961)

*Eartha Kitt, American actress and singer (d. 2008)

January 23 – Jack Quinlan, Chicago Cubs Radio Broadcaster (d. 1965)

January 24 РLasse P̦ysti, Finnish writer and playwright

January 25 – Antonio Carlos Jobim, Brazilian composer (d. 1994)

January 26 РJos̩ Azcona del Hoyo, President of Honduras (d. 2005)

January 28

* Per Oscarsson, Swedish actor (d. 2010)

* Hiroshi Teshigahara, Japanese director (d. 2001)

January 29

* Edward Abbey, American environmentalist (d. 1989)

* Lewis Urry, Canadian inventor (d. 2004)

January 30

* Olof Palme, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1986)

* Bendapudi Venkata Satyanarayana, Indian dermatologist (d. 2005)

February 1 – Galway Kinnell, American poet

February 2

* Stan Getz, American musician (d. 1991)

* Doris Sams, American female professional baseball player

February 3

* Val Doonican, Irish singer and entertainer

* Blas Ople, Filipino politician (d. 2003)

February 7

* Juliette Greco, French singer and actress

* Vladimir Kuts, Russian runner (d. 1975)

February 10 – Leontyne Price, American soprano

February 11 – Nalda Bird, American female professional baseball player (d. 2004)

February 12 – Rita Meyer, American female professional baseball player (d. 1992)

February 14 – Lois Maxwell, British actress (d. 2007)

February 15 – Harvey Korman, American actor and comedian (d. 2008)

February 16 – June Brown, British actress

February 20

* Roy Cohn, American lawyer and anti-Communist (d. 1986)

* Sidney Poitier, American actor

February 21

* Erma Bombeck, American writer and humorist (d. 1996)

* Hubert de Givenchy, French fashion designer

February 23

* Régine Crespin, French operatic soprano (d. 2007)

* Ivan Hrušovský, Slovak composer (d. 2001)

February 24 – Mark Lane, American conspiracy theorist

February 26 – Tom Kennedy, American game show host

February 27 – Lynn Cartwright, American actress (d. 2004)

March–April

March 1

* Harry Belafonte, African-American musician and actor

* Robert Bork, American conservative law professor

March 3 – Pierre Aubert, member of the Swiss Federal Council

March 4

* Philip Batt, 29th Governor of the U.S. state of Idaho

* Thayer David, American actor (d. 1978)

* Robert Orben, American magician

* Dick Savitt, American tennis player

March 6

* Gabriel García Márquez, Colombian author

* Gordon Cooper, American astronaut (d. 2004)

* Wes Montgomery, American musician (d. 1968)

* William J. Bell, American soap creator (d. 2005)

March 10 – Jupp Derwall, German football player and manager (d. 2007)

March 11 – Ron Todd, British trade union leader (d. 2005)

March 12 – Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín, former President of Argentina (d. 2009)

March 13 – Robert Denning, American interior designer (d. 2005)

March 15 – Annastasia Batikis, Greek-American female professional baseball player

March 16

* Vladimir Komarov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 1967)

* Daniel Patrick Moynihan, U.S. Senator from New York (d. 2003)

March 18 – George Plimpton, American writer and actor (d. 2003)

March 20

* John Joubert, South African–born British composer

* Earlene Risinger, American professional baseball player (d. 2008)

March 21 – Hans-Dietrich Genscher, German politician

March 23 – Mato Damjanović, Croatian chess grandmaster (d. 2011)

March 24 – Martin Walser, German author

March 25 – Bill Barilko, Canadian hockey player (d. 1951)

March 27 – Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (d. 2007)

March 29 – John Robert Vane, British pharmacologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2004)

March 31

* César Chávez, American labor activist, United Farm Workers founder (d. 1993)

* William Daniels, American actor

April 1 – Peter Cundall, Australian horticulturist and television presenter

April 2

* Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer (d. 2006)

* Kenneth Tynan, English theatre critic (d. 1980)

April 5 – Chao Li-Chi, Shanxi-born actor (d. 2010)

April 6 – Gerry Mulligan, American musician (d. 1996)

April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)

April 14 – Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2007)

April 15 – Robert Mills, American physicist (d. 1999)

April 16

* Pope Benedict XVI

* Peter Mark Richman, American actor

April 18 – Samuel P. Huntington, American political scientist (d. 2008)

April 20

* Phil Hill, American race car driver (d. 2008)

* Karl Alexander Müller, Swiss physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

April 27 – Coretta Scott King, American civil rights leader, wife of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (d. 2006)

April 29 – Lois Florreich, American female professional baseball player (d. 1991)

May–June

May 9 – Manfred Eigen, German biophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

May 11

* Mort Sahl, Canadian-born comedian, political commentator

* Gene Savoy, American author, explorer, scholar and cleric (d. 2009)

* Bernard Fox, English actor

May 13 – Herbert Ross, American film director (d. 2001)

May 20 – Bud Grant, Canadian and American football coach

May 22 – George Andrew Olah, Hungarian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

May 25 – Robert Ludlum, American author (d. 2001)

May 27 – Ralph Carmichael, American composer and arranger

May 30 – Clint Walker, American actor

June 3 – Boots Randolph, American saxophone player (d. 2007)

June 8 – Jerry Stiller, American comedian and actor

June 10 – Ladislao Kubala, Hungarian football player and manager (d. 2002)

June 12 – Al Fairweather, Scottish jazz musician (d. 1993)

June 18 – Paul Eddington, British actor (d. 1995)

June 21 – Carl Stokes, American politician (d. 1996)

June 23 – Bob Fosse, American choreographer and director (d. 1987)

June 24 – Martin Lewis Perl, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate

June 27 – Bob Keeshan, American actor and children's television show host (d. 2004)

June 28 – Frank Sherwood Rowland, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate

July–August

July 4

* Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress

* Neil Simon, American playwright

July 6

* Alan Freeman, Australian-born broadcaster and disc jockey (d. 2006)

* Janet Leigh, American actress (d. 2004)

* Pat Paulsen, American comedian and political satirist (d. 1997)

July 10

* David Norman Dinkins, African-American Mayor of New York City from 1989 through 1993

* William Smithers, American actor

July 15 – Joe Turkel, American actor

July 17 – Roy Stuart, American actor (d. 2005)

July 18 – Kurt Masur, Silesian-born conductor

July 26 – Danny La Rue, Irish drag queen (d. 2009)

July 29 – Ma Jir Bo, Chinese Realism oil painter (d. 1985)

July 30 – Victor Wong, American actor (d. 2001)

August 4 – Jess Thomas, American tenor (d. 1993)

August 7 – Carl Switzer, American actor (d. 1959)

August 8 – Johnny Temple, American baseball player (d. 1994)

August 9 – Marvin Minsky, American computer scientist, Turing Award winner (Artificial Intelligence)

August 12 – Porter Wagoner, American country singer (d. 2007)

August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, wife of U.S. President Jimmy Carter

August 19 – L.Q. Jones, American actor

August 20 – Peter Oakley, also known as geriatric1927, British vlogger

August 23 – Dick Bruna, Dutch illustrator

August 24 – Harry Markowitz, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate

August 25 – Albert Uderzo, French cartoonist

August 26 – Althea Gibson, African-American tennis player (d. 2003)

August 27 – Fouad al-Tikerly, prominent Iraqi novelist and writer (d. 2008)

August 30 – Bill Daily, American comedian and dramatic actor

September–October

September 3 – Br. John Hamman S.M. (d. 2000), close-up magician, inventor, Marianist brother

September 11

* Vernon Corea, Sri Lankan broadcaster

* G. David Schine, American businessman (d. 1996)

September 16 – Peter Falk, American actor (d.2011)

September 21 – Owen Aspinall, 45th Governor of American Samoa (d. 1997)

September 22

* Gordon Astall, English footballer

* Tommy Lasorda, American baseball manager (Los Angeles Dodgers)

September 24 – Arthur Malet, English actor

September 25 – Sir Colin Davis, English conductor

September 27

* Steve Stavro, Canadian businessman and sports team owner (d. 2006)

* W. S. Merwin, American poet

September 30 – Adhemar Ferreira da Silva, Brazilian athlete (d. 2001)

October 1 – Tom Bosley, American actor (d. 2010)

October 6 – Antony Grey, English gay rights activist (d. 2010)

October 7 – Tony Beckley, English character actor (d. 1980)

October 8 РC̩sar Milstein, Argentine scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2002)

October 10 – Dana Elcar, American actor and director (d. 2005)

October 13 – Lee Konitz, American jazz composer and alto saxophonist

October 14 – Roger Moore, English actor

October 16 – Günter Grass, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate

October 18 – George C. Scott, American actor (d. 1999)

October 19 – Pierre Alechinsky, Belgian painter

October 23 – Leszek Kolakowski, Polish philosopher (d. 2009)

October 28 – Roza Makagonova, Russian actress (d. 1995)

October 31 – Lee Grant, American actress

November–December

November 2 – Steve Ditko, American comic-book writer and artist

November 8 – Patti Page, American singer

November 10 – Sabah, Lebanese singer and actress

November 14 – McLean Stevenson, American actor (d. 1996)

November 15 – Gregor Mackenzie, Labour Party (UK) politician (d. 1992)

November 17 – Fenella Fielding, English actress

November 18 – Hank Ballard, American musician (d. 2003)

November 21

* Joseph Campanella, American actor

* Georgia Frontiere, co-owner of the St. Louis Rams (d. 2008)

November 23 – Guy Davenport, American author, artist, and scholar (d. 2005)

November 24

* Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (d. 2003)

* Alfredo Kraus, Spanish tenor (d. 1999)

November 28 – Chuck Mitchell, American actor (d. 1992)

November 29 – Vin Scully, American baseball broadcaster

November 30 – Robert Guillaume, American actor

December 3 – Andy Williams, American singer

December 5

* HMK Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand

* W.D. Amaradeva, Sri Lanka Maestro

* Erich Probst, Austrian football player (d. 1988)

* Oscar Miguez, Uruguayan football player (d. 2006)

December 7 – Helen Watts, Welsh contralto

December 8 – Vladimir Shatalov, Russian cosmonaut

December 9 – Pierre Henry, French composer

December 12 – Robert Noyce, Intel cofounder (d. 1990)

December 13 – James Wright, American poet (d. 1980)

December 18 РRom̩o LeBlanc, 25th Governor General of Canada (d. 2009)

December 20 – Charlie Callas, American comedian and singer (d. 2011)

December 24 – Mary Higgins Clark, famous American novelist

December 25

* Nellie Fox, American baseball player (d. 1975)

* Ram Narayan, Indian sarangi player

December 26

* Alan King, American comedian (d. 2004)

* Denis Quilley, British actor (d. 2003)

* Akihiko Hirata, Japanese actor (d. 1984)

December 27 – Genevieve Audrey Wagner, American professional baseball player and Doctor of Medicine (d. 1984)

December 29

* Andy Stanfield, American athlete (d. 1985)

* Matt Murphy, blues guitarist

Deaths

January–June

January 19 – Empress Carlota of Mexico (b. 1840)

February 13 – Brooks Adams, American historian (b. 1848)

February 19 – Robert Fuchs, Austrian composer (b. 1847)

March 4 – Ira Remsen, American chemist, discoverer of saccharin (b. 1846)

March 14 – JÄ?nis ÄŒakste, Latvian politician, first president of Latvian Republic (b. 1859)

March 17 – Charles Emmett Mack, American actor (b. 1900)

March 22 – Templin Potts, American naval officer; 11th Naval Governor of Guam (b. 1855)

March 23 РPaul C̩sar Helleu, French artist (b. 1859)

March 27 – Joe Start, American baseball player (b. 1842)

April 15 – Gaston Leroux, French journalist and author (b. 1868)

April 25 – Earle Williams, American actor (b. 1880)

May 2 – Ernest Starling, British physiologist (b. 1866)

May 3 – Ernest Ball, American singer and songwriter (b. 1878)

May 11 – Juan Gris, Spanish sculptor and painter (b. 1887)

June 1

* Lizzie Borden, American accused murderer (b. 1860)

* J. B. Bury, Irish historian (b. 1861)

June 4 – Robert McKim, American actor (b. 1886)

June 9 – Victoria Woodhull, American feminist and spiritualist (b. 1838)

June 11 – William Attewell, English cricketer (b. 1861)

June 14 – Jerome K. Jerome, English writer (b. 1859)

July–December

July 5 – Albrecht Kossel, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1853)

July 9 – John Drew, Jr., American stage actor (b. 1853)

July 20 – Ferdinand of Romania, King of Romania (b. 1865)

July 24 – RyÅ«nosuke Akutagawa, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1892)

July 26 – June Mathis, American screenwriter (b. 1889)

August 13 – James Oliver Curwood, America novelist and conservationist (b. 1878)

August 23

* Nicola Sacco, Italian anarchist (executed) (b. 1891)

* Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian anarchist (executed) (b. 1888)

August 24 – Manuel Díaz Rodríguez, Venezuelan writer (b. 1871)

September 5 – Wayne Wheeler, American temperance movement leader (b. 1868)

September 14

* Isadora Duncan, American dancer (b. 1877)

* Hugo Ball, German poet, founder of ''Dadaism'' (b. 1886)

September 5 – Marcus Loew, Theater chain founder (b. 1870)

September 19 – Michael Peter Ancher, Danish painter (b. 1849)

September 29 – Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)

October 2 – Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)

October 5 – Sam Warner, Hollywood studio executive (b. 1887)

October 10 – Gustave Whitehead, German-born aviation pioneer (b. 1874)

October 22 – Borisav "Bora" Stanković, Serbian writer (b. 1876)

October 27 – Joseph 'Squizzy' Taylor, Australian underworld figure (b. 1888)

November 1 – Florence Mills, American cabaret singer (b. 1896)

November 4 – Valli Valli, actress (b. 1882)

December 17

*Hubert Harrison, African American writer, critic, and activist (b. 1883)

*Rajendra Nath Lahiri, Indian Revolutionary, Hindustan Republican Association (b.1901)

December 19

*Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian Revolutionary, Hindustan Republican Association (b. 1897

*Thakur Roshan Singh, Indian Revolutionary, Hindustan Republican Association (b.1892)

*Ashfaqulla Khan, Indian Revolutionary, Hindustan Republican Association (b. 1900)

Nobel Prizes

Physics – Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson

Chemistry – Heinrich Otto Wieland

Physiology or Medicine – Julius Wagner-Jauregg

Literature – Henri Bergson

Peace – Ferdinand Buisson, Ludwig Quidde

References

Charles J. Shindo, ''1927 and the Rise of Modern America'' (University Press of Kansas; 244 pages; 2010).

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Demetri Martin (born May 25, 1973) is an American comedian, actor, artist, musician, writer and humorist. Martin is best known for his work as a stand-up comedian, contributor on ''The Daily Show'' and for his Comedy Central show ''Important Things with Demetri Martin''.

Early life

Demetri Martin was born to a Greek American family in New York City, New York, and grew up in Toms River, New Jersey. He is the son of Lillian, a nutritionist, and Dean C. Martin, now deceased, a Greek Orthodox priest. Martin graduated from Yale University in 1995. Although he was accepted into Harvard Law School, he went to New York University School of Law after he received a full scholarship.

Career

In 2001, Martin caught his first big break in stand-up comedy when he appeared on Comedy Central's stand-up showcase ''Premium Blend''. At the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe he won the Perrier award with his show ''If I...''. The show was turned into a British television special in 2004. From 2003 to 2004, Martin wrote for ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''. In 2004, Martin had his own ''Comedy Central Presents'' stand-up special. His special was divided into three parts. In the first, he performed in traditional stand-up comedy fashion. In the second segment, he used humorous drawings as visual aids, which would serve either as the punchline or a background. During the third segment, he played a guitar and put on a pseudo-play where he would strum his guitar while alternating between playing harmonica and talking; some of his comedian friends dressed as fairies and dragons acted according to the story he was telling, detailing the magical land where his jokes came from. Martin's mother and grandmother also appeared.

Since late 2005, he has been credited as a contributor on ''The Daily Show'', on which he has appeared as the named "Senior Youth Correspondent" and on which he hosts a segment called "Trendspotting". He has used this segment to talk about so-called hip trends among youth such as hookahs, wine, guerilla marketing and Xbox 360. A piece about social networking featured his profile on MySpace. On March 22, 2007, Demetri made another appearance on ''The Daily Show'', talking about the Viacom lawsuit against Google and YouTube.

He has recorded a comedy CD/DVD titled ''These Are Jokes'', which was released on September 26, 2006. This album also features ''Saturday Night Live'' member Will Forte and stand-up comedian Leo Allen.

Martin returned to ''The Daily Show'' on March 22, 2006, as the new Youth Correspondent, calling his segment "Professional Important News with Demetri Martin". In 2007, he starred in a Fountains of Wayne music video for "Someone to Love" as Seth Shapiro, a character in the song. He also starred in the video for the new Travis single "Selfish Jean", in which he wears multiple t-shirts with lyrics written on them.

On September 2, 2007, Martin appeared on the season finale of the HBO series ''Flight of the Conchords''. He appeared as a keytar player named Demetri.

He also had a part in the movie ''The Rocker'' (2008) starring Rainn Wilson. Martin played the part of the videographer when the band in the movie was making their first music video.

In 2009, he hosted and starred in his own television show called Important Things With Demetri Martin on Comedy Central. Later in June, it was announced his show had been renewed for a second season. The second season premiered, again on Comedy Central, on February 4, 2010. Martin has stated that ''Important Things'' will not return for a third season.

Prior to completing work on his second season, Martin starred in the comedy-drama film ''Taking Woodstock'' (2009), directed by Ang Lee, which premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. In the film Martin plays Elliot Tiber, a closeted gay artist who has given up his ambitions in the city to move upstate and help his old-world Jewish family run their Catskill Mountains motel. The film is based on the book written by Tiber.

On April 25, 2011, Martin released his first book, titled ''This Is a Book by Demetri Martin''.

Martin was slated to portray Paul DePodesta as Oakland Athletics assistant GM to Billy Beane in the 2011 movie Moneyball (film), however was dropped and Jonah Hill took his place in the movie.

Future plans

Martin sold his movie concept ''Will'' to DreamWorks; he is expected to play a key supporting role. He will play the lead in the film ''Moon People'', a pitch that he sold to Columbia Pictures.

Martin also signed a blind script deal with CBS in October 2010 to produce, write, and star in his own television series.

After CBS was shown the pilot for the series, they decided not to air it.

On August 11, 2011, Fox ordered a presentation of a new animated show they might air.

''If I''

''If I'' is a Perrier Comedy Award-winning comedy one-man show written and performed by Demetri Martin at the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It was also aired on British television as a special. The show is an autobiographical examination of Martin's life, as seen through various definitions of the word "if."

The title of the special comes from a lengthy palindromic poem that Martin wrote; the words "if I" are at the center of the poem.

Comedic style

Martin is known for being an unconventional stand-up comic. He uses one-liners and drawings on a "large pad", as well as accompanying his jokes with music on either guitar, harmonica, piano, keyboard, glockenspiel, toy bells, ukulele, or tambourine, sometimes all at once. He has cited comedian Steven Wright as an important influence (both use deadpan one-liners in their acts) and he is also a fan of Bill Cosby.

Personal life

According to a July 2011 interview on the WTF with Marc Maron podcast, Demetri had a short-lived marriage to a girl he knew from high school. They began dating after high school and got married when he was in NYU Law School and she was attending NYU Medical School. He was aged 25 and in the end of his marriage when his stand-up career began.

He is extremely allergic to nuts and peanuts.

Martin moved to Santa Monica, California in 2009.

Discography

''Invite Them Up'' (2005)

''These Are Jokes'' (2006)

''Demetri Martin. Person.'' (2007)

Filmography and television work

''If I'' ''12:21'' ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' "''Someone to Love (Fountains of Wayne song) ''Flight of the Conchords (TV series) ''The Rocker (film) ''Paper Heart'' ''Post Grad'' ''Taking Woodstock'' ''Important Things with Demetri Martin'' ''Take Me Home Tonight (film) ''Contagion (film) ''Conan_(TV_series)

Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2002	''Analyze That''	Personal Assistant
2003	|	Himself	British television special, also writer
2004	|	Himself	short film, also writer
2004	|	Himself	1 episode, series writer
2007	Someone to Love''" ||	Seth Shapiro	''Fountains of Wayne'' music video
2007	Flight of the Conchords'' ||	Demetri	Season 1, Episode 12
2008	The Rocker'' ||	Kip (a music video producer)
2009	|	Himself
2009	|	Ad Exec
2009	|	Elliot Tiber
2009–2010	|	Himself / Various	writer, series creator, executive producer, and composer
2011	Take Me Home Tonight'' ||	Carlos
2011	Contagion'' ||	Dr. David Eisenberg
2011	Conan'' ||	Himself	guest

Written works

''This Is a Book'', April 2011, .

Awards and nominations

AwardPerrier Comedy AwardEmmy Awards Shared with Mike Sweeney (writer)Writers Guild of America Award Shared with Mike Sweeney (writer)Barry Award (for comedy)

Year	|	For	Category	Result	Other notes
2003	|	''If I''		Won	At the Edinburgh Festival Fringe
2004	|	''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''	Outstanding Writing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program	Nominated	Mike Sweeney (head writer), Chris Albers, Jose Arroyo, Andy Blitz, Kevin Dorff, Daniel J. Goor, Michael Gordon, Brian Kiley, Michael Koman, Brian McCann, Guy Nicolucci, Conan O'Brien, Allison Silverman, Robert Smigel, Brian Stack, Andrew Weinberg
2005	|	''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''	Comedy/Variety (Including Talk) - Series	Won	Mike Sweeney (head writer), Chris Albers, Jose Arroyo, Andy Blitz, Kevin Dorff, Daniel J. Goor, Michael Gordon, Brian Kiley, Michael Koman, Brian McCann, Guy Nicolucci, Conan O'Brien, Allison Silverman, Robert Smigel, Brian Stack, Andrew Weinberg
2006	Barry Award ||	''Dr. Earnest Parrot Presents Demetri Martin''		Won	Award for best show at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival

References

External links

Interview from November, 2006, in Onion AV Club

Interview from October 2006, in The DePaulia

Article, in ''The Scotsman''

Article, in ''Gelf Magazine''

Interview by Brian M. Palmer

MP3 Audio Interview on ''The Sound of Young America'' public radio show and podcast

Interview Believer Mag

New Jersey Monthly Magazine

Fresh Air, NPR.org

Category:1973 births Category:Actors from New Jersey Category:Actors from New York City Category:American comedians Category:American comedy musicians Category:American comedy writers Category:American film actors Category:American humorists Category:American people of Greek descent Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television actors Category:American television writers Category:Living people Category:New York University alumni Category:Writers from New Jersey Category:Writers from New York City Category:Writers Guild of America Award winners Category:Yale University alumni Category:The Daily Show correspondents and contributors

cs:Demetri Martin da:Demetri Martin de:Demetri Martin fr:Demetri Martin gl:Demetri Martin it:Demetri Martin ru:Мартин, Деметри simple:Demitri Martin fi:Demetri Martin sv:Demetri Martin

name	Hiro Nakamura
series	Heroes
portrayer	Masi OkaGarrett Masuda (child, season 1)Sekai Murashige (child, seasons 2–3)Mikey Kawata (teenage)
first	"Genesis"
last	"Brave New World"
lbl21	Ability
Data21	Space-time manipulation, resulting in: Time manipulation Time travel Teleportation
occupation	Hired hero }}

is a fictional character on the NBC fantasy drama ''Heroes'' who possesses the ability of space-time manipulation. This means that Hiro is able to alter the flow of time. Previously, his ability allowed him to teleport, stop time, or travel through time, but recent events in the series have prevented him from regaining his full abilities. He is played by Japanese-American actor Masi Oka.

According to the online comic on NBC.com, Hiro is named after Hiroshima, so that his family will always remember the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Tim Kring has been quoted as saying, "It's no coincidence we named him Hiro... he truly is on a hero's quest." To this end, his name is often used as a pun. His co-worker Ando once called him "Super-Hiro" in jest.

Character development

Hiro was one of the last main characters to be created by Tim Kring; he was added to the pilot episode after Kring's wife noticed none of the existing main characters were happy about their powers. During a panel session, Kring explained that he developed Hiro as a comic book geek "trapped in a life that was kind of not of his making". Thus, viewers were introduced to Hiro as an office worker in a sea of cubicles. In an interview, Tim Kring noted, "I didn't start off by saying I want a guy who can teleport. I started off by saying I wanted a guy who felt trapped in a life that was not his dream and what could be a power that would be most wish-fulfilling for that character? And that was the ability to teleport out of that life."

Fictional character synopsis

Hiro Nakamura is an office worker, specifically a level-3 programmer at Yamagato Industries, living in Tokyo, Japan who one day discovers he has the power to manipulate time and space (''The Crane''). An otaku (at least in the American sense of the word), Hiro is an avid fan of superheroes and science fiction. Naïve and over-eager, Hiro is the one character that aspires to the pure heroism of comic book crime fighters, shouldering the responsibility to use his powers for good. His best friend is the skeptical Ando Masahashi. At the start, Hiro is only able to speak Japanese, relying on Ando as his translator, but as the series progresses, his English slowly develops. Hiro's Blog, maintained by NBC and written from Hiro's point of view, is updated after each new episode is aired, usually about the events of the episode.

Genesis

At the start of the series, Hiro's power is developed enough for him to turn the second-hand of his clock back one second. It is later discovered that this same power made a train fourteen seconds late. Ecstatic at these accomplishments, Hiro confides in his friend, Ando, who is extremely skeptical of Hiro's new abilities. At Ando's suggestion, Hiro teleports himself into the women's bathroom of a local club, though Ando is not looking at the time. Seeing Hiro dragged out of the bathroom, Ando states that this only proves that he is a pervert, and a crestfallen Hiro walks away as Ando yells sarcastically that he is a "Super Hiro!" As Hiro returns home on the train, he sees a vacation ad for New York City. At this point, Hiro's power inadvertently activates, teleporting him to Times Square.

Hiro appears extremely happy to have successfully used his ability. He soon discovers a comic book called ''9th Wonders!'' in a nearby newsstand that shows himself standing in Times Square with his hands up and yelling, "Yatta!" (meaning "I did it!"), an incredibly accurate depiction of Hiro's arrival in New York. He attempts to pay in Japanese yen, and runs off with the comic book. Hiro then discovers that the story includes what has already happened between himself and Ando, and his discovery of his abilities. Hiro decides to find the artist and writer, Isaac Mendez, by visiting his loft.

Hiro visits Isaac's loft, discovering the artist's dead body, partially decapitated with the brain removed. Hiro is arrested by the police and during the interrogation discovers he has traveled not only through space, but through time as well. It was October 2 when he left Tokyo, and he arrived in New York November 8. Just as Hiro discovers this, he witnesses a cataclysmic explosion. Before the blast reaches him, Hiro turns back time to the exact moment he left Tokyo and teleports himself back to the train he was standing on, still holding the comic he picked up in the future.

After going to the future, Hiro decides that he must save the world by preventing the explosion. Hiro then persuades Ando that his powers are genuine by saving a young girl from an oncoming car (as predicted by the comic book from the future).

They take a plane to Los Angeles, but go the rest of the way by car, because that is what the comic book says they do. Hiro and Ando then have several misadventures in Las Vegas, starting when Ando decides to hit the casinos. Ando convinces Hiro to use his powers to cheat, stopping time to give Ando winning hands in poker games. The two make a lot of money, but are later thrown out of the casino and then beaten up by a player they had cheated. Why Hiro doesn't use his power this time to get away is not explained.

After an argument, Hiro and Ando go their own separate ways. Hiro ends up in a diner near Las Vegas where he sees Nathan Petrelli literally fall from the sky like a meteorite. After Nathan enters the diner, Hiro briefly talks with the man, and Nathan decides to give Hiro a ride back to the casino, where he and Ando are reunited.

Their attempts to call Isaac Mendez are finally successful, as Peter Petrelli answers the phone, relaying a message from Hiro's future self, and tells them "Save the cheerleader, save the world" and to come to New York City. However, the pair are detained further when the same player they cheated earlier forces them to play a poker game to make money to repay what they gained before. Ando and Hiro manage to escape shortly before the other players are slaughtered by Jessica Sanders. Hiro is crestfallen that he is unable to prevent their deaths but is comforted by Ando, who claims Hiro is still beginning his journey to become a true hero.

Hiro exercises his power as a hero again when he and Ando run across D.L. Hawkins and his son, Micah, at the scene of a burning car wreck with a passenger trapped inside. As D.L. frees the passenger, the vehicle explodes and Hiro freezes time to save them. Hiro complains about not having super strength when he is forced to drag the pair away from the explosion. After he unfreezes time, he shows the future edition of ''9th Wonders!'' to Micah and speaks to him in English about his space-time manipulation powers.

Continuing their journey to New York, Hiro and Ando stop at a diner in Texas and meet a waitress named Charlie, who recently developed powers of her own. As Hiro talks to Charlie, who finds him to be "sweet," Sylar watches them talk. Charlie is later found murdered in the diner's storeroom with her brain removed, just as Hiro had found Isaac's body in New York. Not wanting to fail to save someone like he did in Las Vegas, Hiro goes back in time in an attempt to prevent her murder, promising Ando that he'll return in five seconds.

Hiro's attempt to teleport to the day before Charlie's death goes awry, landing him six months in the past, on the day of Charlie's birthday. Though he considers another time-travel attempt, the possibility of being eaten by a dinosaur dissuades him. Hiro tries to warn Charlie and protect her from the "very bad man", but ends up forming a close relationship with her after his attempts to convince her fail. Eventually, he asks her to come with him to Japan. As the date of their departure gets closer, Charlie reveals that she has a blood clot in her brain and will die no matter what. She says she was going to give up before Hiro came and that she has fallen in love with him. Just as they are about to kiss, Hiro inadvertently teleports to Japan some time after he and Ando had left for the United States. Unable to return via his own powers, he is forced to make his way back to the diner through normal means. Ando, happy to see Hiro again, assumes Hiro used his powers (not least because Hiro now appears in a photograph on the Diner's wall taken with Charlie six months previously) and was successful, but Hiro explains that he failed and made his way back through public transportation. After this incident, Hiro's powers appear to weaken.

The novel ''Heroes: Saving Charlie'' expands and changes the events of the history. Hiro's love story with Charlie is expanded, as is her own role in foretelling her demise. They dated and fell in love during the months Hiro teleported back to, and eventually he told her that her memory was a power like his own. He did convince her to go to Japan with him, and they ended up in the same bar where Hiro has first told Ando his mission was to save the cheerleader, and save the world. Charlie realized Hiro lied to her (he had told her his mission was to save her life) and went back to the U.S. because she believed saving the world was a more important destiny for Hiro than saving just her.

In "Fallout", Hiro and Ando find their way to Claire's high school, but arrive after Sylar's attack and believe her to have already been killed. Ando tries to be optimistic about the situation, claiming that "save the cheerleader, save the world," is just a progression of events — save the cheerleader ''and then'' save the world — and not a conditional statement. Hiro doesn't accept the claim, believing that he would have meant it as a conditional statement. While thinking about their next move, Hiro is called by Isaac Mendez, who arranges a meeting with them in Texas. Once they meet, Hiro shows Isaac the future ''9th Wonders!'' comic, much to the artist's surprise, then asks him to paint the future. At first, Isaac isn't convinced he can do so without drugs, but once he realizes that some of his rough sketches depict Hiro traveling back to save Charlie, he tries again. Hiro recommends that Isaac concentrate, using the same face he makes when activating his own powers, and Isaac manages to activate his power successfully. Isaac's painting depicts Hiro brandishing a sword while encountering a carnivorous theropod dinosaur, seemingly confirming Hiro's earlier fears. Hiro remarks, "I really need to find that sword."

Two weeks later, at the beginning of "Godsend", Hiro and Ando go to the Museum of Natural History, looking for the sword that Hiro saw in Isaac's painting. They find it in a glass case on the back of an ancient warrior, Takezo Kensei. On the hilt of the sword is the symbol that appears in various points throughout the series. Hiro recalls a story his father told him of Kensei and how the sword was believed to have benefited him. He decides to steal the sword, believing it will help him control his powers. While doing so, he brandishes it against a model dinosaur in the museum, mimicking the picture Isaac had drawn earlier. However, the museum's version of the sword is only a wooden replica made by the Linderman Group. He returns to Isaac's loft, where he meets Simone Deveaux. Hiro also happily re-encounters Nathan (whom he addresses as "flying man"). After introductions and brief discussions, Simone recommends Hiro go back to Las Vegas with the dinosaur painting and see Mr. Linderman, an avid collector of Isaac's paintings.

In "The Fix", Hiro and Ando are chased by unknown men. Eventually, they are captured by the men, and Hiro is told that the men work for someone "truly powerful." Hiro and Ando are then told to stop their quest. Hiro declines, even after being offered first class plane tickets back to Japan. The men state their boss won't be happy and bring the two to him. Hiro then realizes the men work for his father, Kaito.

In "Distractions", Hiro's father tries to convince him to go back to Tokyo, admitting that it was a bad idea to start him off at the bottom and offering him a job as Executive Vice President of the company. After Hiro's initial refusal, his father rips up Isaac's painting. Kimiko, Hiro's sister, admits to him that, though his father is too proud to admit it, the company has gone through hard times. Ando reminds him that his powers are declining and it might not be a bad idea. Hiro eventually convinces his father that his sister is a better candidate to take over the company. Mr. Nakamura then lets Hiro continue with the mission.

In "Run!", Hiro and Ando are again sidetracked by a weeping Las Vegas showgirl named Hope. Hiro and Ando get separated while trying to retrieve a bag for Hope. Hiro is locked in a closet by Hope, then later freed by a Gaming Commission agent, who is looking for her. After watching Ando get shot during a firefight between the agent and Hope in "Unexpected", Hiro feels his mission is too dangerous to bring Ando any further. Hiro defeats Hope by unexpectedly using his powers to reverse the bullet in time one second, sending it back into the gun, disarming Hope. She and the agent are arrested, but since Hiro had his eyes closed, he doesn't realize he used his powers (which haven't been working well lately). He leaves the Versa with Ando and boards a bus alone (greeted by comic icon Stan Lee playing the bus driver).

In "Parasite", Hiro tries to enter Linderman's casino, but becomes aware that he has been red flagged and is not to enter the casino. As Nathan Petrelli enters the casino to meet with Linderman, he uses his influence to help Hiro get inside. Hiro delivers the painting to Mr. Linderman's vault, where the vault curator accepts it. While the curator is in another room, Hiro locates the sword and steals it, with the help of Ando, disguised as a security guard. Hiro teleports them both out of the building to escape the other security guards, but they find themselves on top of the Deveaux building, in a post-apocalyptic New York five years after the explosion.

In ".07%", Hiro decides to learn as much as he can about the future to know what went wrong with his attempts to stop the bomb. He and Ando enter Isaac's apartment, but find it netted with newspaper articles suspended on strings, each article relating to the explosion and even the heroes themselves. Just then, Hiro and Ando hear a sound, and Hiro takes out his sword to confront whoever it is, but is shocked when he comes face to face with his future self.

In "Five Years Gone", Hiro learns from his future self that the bomb still went off. The younger Hiro in turn reveals to his future self that the present day Claire was rescued and Sylar got caught, but Sylar himself wasn't killed yet. This gives Future Hiro hope, but before they can do anything about it, Matt Parkman and his Homeland Security team break into Isaac's loft and begin a raid. Ando and Future Hiro manage to escape, but present day Hiro is apprehended by Matt and the Haitian. Hiro is brutally interrogated by Matt, who doesn't believe he is telling the truth about time traveling. Mohinder Suresh is called in to investigate Isaac's loft, where he is convinced about Hiro's story, but fails to convince the President, Nathan Petrelli (who is in fact Sylar in disguise). The President orders Mohinder to kill present day Hiro, but Mohinder finds he can't bring himself to do it. In the meantime, Ando and Future Hiro enlist the aid of future Peter Petrelli and they break into the building Present Hiro is captured in. They defeat all the guards and with the aid of Mohinder, manage to rescue Hiro. Unfortunately, before Hiro and Ando manage to travel back to their time, Future Hiro is shot by Matt Parkman, who is in turn stopped by Peter, who uses telekinesis to close the door on Parkman. Hiro is shocked to see his future self die, but when Ando confides he believes in Hiro now and shows him a copy of the ''9th Wonders!'' comic book in which Hiro stabs Sylar with his sword, Hiro gets his confidence back and travels back to the time from which they came.

In "The Hard Part", upon their return to the present time line, Hiro proudly vows to New York City that he'll do his best to save it. However, he does realize it will be the hard part of his destiny. Hiro and Ando return to Isaac's loft, hoping to fill in the gaps of the futuristic comic book. However, they arrive to find that Isaac has been killed by Sylar. When Hiro and Ando hear Sylar in the bathroom, they hide behind a painting. Sylar hears their heartbeats and uncovers their hiding spot. However, Hiro teleports Ando and himself to safety before they are found.

Hiro and Ando continue to follow Sylar and watch him meet with his mother, attempting to reconcile with her. After Sylar's mother is accidentally killed, Hiro stops time and approaches Sylar, sword drawn. However, as he swings, time resumes and Sylar grabs Hiro's sword. Sylar begins to freeze the sword, and – as Hiro teleports to safety with Ando – it breaks in two.

In "Landslide", after Ando looks in the Yellow Pages for someone who can repair the sword, he finds an ad bearing the helix symbol seen throughout the series. Upon arriving, they encounter Hiro's father Kaito, who tells Hiro that he is worthy of the family destiny. He also trains Hiro to fight and kill with a sword. When Hiro is done training, he and Kaito discover that Ando, thinking that Kaito had convinced Hiro to return to Japan, bought a sword and has left to confront Sylar alone.

In "How to Stop an Exploding Man" Hiro teleports to Isaac's loft to find Ando about to be killed by Sylar, but manages to teleport them both out of danger and back to Japan. Hiro returns with Ando's sword, leaving the Kensei sword with Ando, telling Ando that it is "so you know I'll be back." Upon returning, he stabs Sylar. Sylar uses the last of his strength to send Hiro flying toward a building, forcing Hiro to teleport to save himself. In doing so, however, he sends himself three centuries into the past to Kyoto, Japan, circa 1671. Upon collecting himself, he finds himself caught in the middle of a battle between a small group of samurai about to attack a figure on the horizon, who appears to be Kensei, the original owner of Hiro's blade. Before the battle begins, however, an eclipse shadows the scene.

Generations

In "Four Months Later...", the premiere episode of Season 2, Hiro freezes time as the archers from the battle scene at the end of "How to Stop an Exploding Man" are about to kill him. He then teleports who he believes to be Takezo Kensei away from the battle and into a small forest. There, he learns that the man is a decoy, and that the real Kensei, an Englishman in samurai armor, had been hiding in a tree in order to snipe the enemy with a crossbow. After some conversation, Hiro realizes that, by interfering in the battle, he has changed the past, and Otsu is razed. The swordsmith's daughter, a woman named Yaeko, who Kensei was supposed to wed according to the legend, grows angry at Kensei and takes back her father's sword given as payment, saying that she will go fight the bandits herself. Kensei reacts to this with general apathy.

In "Lizards", Hiro impersonates Kensei by donning his armor in order to make sure the bandits don't kill Yaeko and to prove to her that Kensei is a hero. Scaring off the bandits using his powers, Hiro as Kensei wins the heart of Yaeko. Encountering the real Kensei afterwards, Hiro manages to convince him to help Yaeko rescue her father. However, as they are about to leave, the bandits return and fire arrows at Kensei, seemingly killing him. However, once the arrows are removed, Kensei regenerates in a fashion similar to Claire Bennet.

With Kensei's newly discovered power, Hiro realizes how he became the hero of legend. Since Kensei isn't quite ready to accept his destiny, Hiro forces him to play out another of his legends, this one the retrieval of the "fire scroll" from 90 angry ronin. The task convinces Kensei to take up his own mantle, and he likens Hiro to his conscience — except he pays attention to Hiro. Believing his task to be done, Hiro initially decides to return to his own time, but during the attempt, suddenly stops and returns to Kensei.

Hiro, determined to preserve the time line, decides to remain in feudal Japan until Kensei defeats White Beard and saves Japan. They locate White Beard's army camp and Hiro helps Kensei rescue Yaeko's father. However, in a moment of weakness, Hiro gives into his own desires and confesses his love to Yaeko and they kiss, unaware that Kensei is watching them. Hiro tries to apologize, but Kensei reverts back to his old ways and knocks Hiro unconscious and turns him, Yaeko, and her father over to White Beard's soldiers. According to Hiro's note to Ando, this causes a currently unknown alteration to the timeline.

Hiro is kept prisoner in White Beard's camp where they use opium to dull his senses, preventing him from using his powers. Yaeko manages to free herself from her shackles and removes the opium. Hiro is able to focus just enough to teleport them to safety. Later, Hiro returns to White Beard's camp to destroy the guns. Before he can set the gunpowder cache on fire, Kensei confronts him and the two engage in a sword fight. Hiro tries to persuade Kensei to join him to stop White Beard, but Kensei refuses, and vows to Hiro that as long as he lives, he will destroy everything he holds dear. Hiro teleports out right before the guns explode. He meets Yaeko under the cherry blossoms one last time, and tells her the final tale in the legend of Kensei, where he is forced to cut his heart out. Yaeko vows that as long as she has a breath in her body, she will tell his story as the story of Takezo Kensei. They share a final kiss, and Hiro teleports out, leaving Yaeko alone under the cherry blossoms.

Hiro then teleports back to the present day, effectively fulfilling the final task by leaving Yaeko behind, and he learns from Ando that his father has been killed. Hiro attempts to go back and prevent his death in "Cautionary Tales", but his father convinces him that they cannot play God with their gifts. Hiro accepts this advice, but uses the opportunity to learn that Kensei was the one responsible for murdering his father. In "Truth & Consequences", Hiro is able to learn more about Kensei and his new name, Adam Monroe. He travels back in time to 1977 and learns that Adam was imprisoned by his father after he almost releases a virus that could kill everything. He learns that the virus will be kept in the Primatech facility in Odessa, Texas. Determined to avenge his father's murder, he teleports to the facility with his sword and stops time. There, he sees Peter Petrelli for the first time since "How to Stop an Exploding Man". Hiro declares his intentions to Peter, but Peter refuses to let Hiro harm Adam. Peter's hand crackles with electricity as Hiro lets out a battle cry and charges with his sword drawn.

In "Powerless", Hiro confronts Peter, but is knocked unconscious. Later, he is reunited with Nathan Petrelli and Matt Parkman, who are there to stop Peter and Adam from getting the virus. Hiro teleports into the vault and confronts Adam for the first time since the tent in White Beard's camp. Hiro tells Adam he should not have let Adam live long ago, then grabs Adam and teleports him away. Hiro later reveals to Ando that Adam will not hurt anyone ever again. The scene cuts to Adam, locked in a casket, buried alive in a Japanese cemetery.

Villains

In the third volume, "Villains", Hiro has taken his father's place as head of Yamagato. His family's lawyer gives him a tape his father recorded, telling Hiro that in the office safe is one half of a formula that could destroy the world if it fell into the wrong hands. Out of curiosity, he opens the safe and the envelope containing the formula, which is then stolen by a speeding superhuman named Daphne. Her super speed negates his ability to freeze time, and she escapes by knocking him unconscious.

Hiro travels to the future to validate his father's claim, where he sees Tokyo destroyed by some undefined cataclysm. He also witnesses his future self being killed by Ando, who now possesses some sort of electricity-based power (later found to be power amplification). This makes Hiro distrustful of Ando. To stop this future, Hiro and Ando follow Daphne to her home in France. However, Hiro is unable to capture her as she threatens to kill Ando. Using a tracking device, they follow Daphne to Berlin, Germany, where the other half of the formula is. The Haitian is holding it, so Hiro and Ando knock him unconscious to steal it, only to have Daphne speed in and steal it first. The Haitian awakens and captures them before they can pursue her.

Hiro and Ando are locked in Level 2 of the Company, where they resolve their differences over Ando killing Hiro in the future. They are released by Angela Petrelli, who scolds Hiro for losing both halves of the formula. Ando supports Hiro and declares they will get the formula back. To accomplish this, Hiro and Ando dig up Adam Monroe. Adam leads Hiro to a bar under the impression that they can find information there, but it is just a ruse for Adam to escape. He tricks the bartender into knocking Hiro out, then flees. Depressed, they decide to drink at a bar where they meet Daphne and Knox, who captured Adam. Knox says that he will let Hiro join them if he kills Ando, considering Ando, a normal human, useless to their causes. Hiro uses his powers to travel back in time, retrieving a packet of fake blood and a retractable sword to make it look as if he really killed Ando. This convinces Daphne and Knox.

Daphne sends Hiro to Africa to find a precognitive painter named Usutu. After two failed attempts to catch the painter using his powers, Hiro decides to use conventional methods, which Usutu had been waiting for him to do, as he had been overly reliant on his ability. He then shows Hiro a montage of those Hiro has to fight; namely Arthur Petrelli and his newly-assembled team of villains. Hiro and Ando are given food from Usutu to induce a spirit walk, which causes Hiro to witness Arthur Petrelli's past, among other things. Arthur discovers this and teleports to Africa, killing Usutu and wiping Hiro's mind, leaving him under the impression that he is only ten years old. Ando barely manages to get the mind-wiped Hiro to teleport them to safety.

With Hiro's memory gone, Ando is forced to reacquaint Hiro with his powers. After a series of tests (mixed with some of Hiro's childish pranks) in a Tokyo bowling alley, the duo teleport to Sam's Comics, which Hiro claims is the source of all knowledge. Ando finds yet another prophetic issue of ''9th Wonders!'' which depicts the very situation that he and Hiro are in. The book also depicts a solar eclipse, with the caption, "It's Coming...," in the corner. The comic directs the duo to Matt Parkman, who can presumably restore Hiro's memory. Matt, however, cannot even understand Hiro, much less fix him, and instead enlists Hiro's help in finding Daphne, which the comic also depicts. When the eclipse causes both Hiro and Matt to lose their powers, Matt loses faith in his ability to help Daphne. In his own childish way, Hiro successfully convinces Matt to save Daphne. While Matt goes to Daphne, Hiro and Ando track down the nearest Sam's Comics to find the new issue of ''9th Wonders!''.

The proprietors are surprised when the issue depicts Hiro and Ando asking for it. Wanting to read up on his life, Hiro uses his credit card to purchase all the back issues of the ''9th Wonders!'' comic; however, after seeing all the death that occurs when he tries to be a hero, he locks himself in the restroom. The shop owner talks him around and Hiro leaves the restroom. The other employee points out a panel in the first issue showing present-day Hiro and Claire Bennet looking through the glasshouse at Kaito Nakamura handing baby Claire over to Noah. Copying the comic, Hiro tracks down Claire, saving the Bennets in the process by teleporting Sylar and Elle to a beach, and takes Claire back to the moment the comic depicts. While watching their past selves, Hiro learns that his mother has the ability to heal, and possesses the "catalyst" that was intended for Claire. Hiro reveals himself to his mother, and she heals his memory. He convinces her to give him the catalyst, pledging to protect it. However, Arthur Petrelli appears, stealing his ability and the catalyst. He throws Hiro off the roof and returns to the present after sending Claire back to the future.

Hiro manages to climb up back to the balcony, he then seeks the help of his younger self to obtain the formula from his father. They're both caught in the act by his father who sends young Hiro to bed and then attacks present day Hiro believing he's just a thief. Hiro tears the formula in half just as his father strikes, accounting for it being torn in half in the present. He is rescued by Daphne and Ando, the latter having gained the power to supercharge the abilities of others; with Ando's help, Daphne can essentially run through time. Once in the present, Hiro and Daphne travel back to the Pinehearst Company to recover the formula. Tracy is about to leave with the formula, so Hiro apologizes to her in advance before punching her in the face and grabbing the formula. Daphne takes him back to their friends and he destroys the formula once and for all.

Fugitives

Hiro, powerless, is back in Japan with Ando. He bought an abandoned fire station from the city as their headquarters. After injecting him with a GPS device and revealing the Ando-cycle, Ando tells Hiro that he feels that he's trying to live through him since he is currently powerless. After Hiro denies this, Ando leaves frustrated. Later while talking to Ando on the phone, Hiro is captured by Nathan's agents. Then Hiro is awakened by Claire on a plane with other captured people with abilities. Due to a battle with Peter and the soldiers on it, the plane crashes with everyone inside. Hiro survives and runs for his life together with Mohinder Suresh and Matt Parkman. Meanwhile, Ando is getting worried and tries to get to Arkansas, where the plane crashed. He is visited by Daphne who worries about the kidnapped Matt and runs to Arkansas together with Ando. They are quickly reunited but Daphne gets shot by Hunter's agents. Hiro, Ando, Matt and Mohinder escape again from the soldiers and are also reunited with Peter Petrelli. Hiro gets handed some drawings of Matt which reveal that he and Ando are to go to India. On the dawning stand Hiro, an unknown blond girl and a man. Hiro believes he must find a sword there so he can regain his lost powers.

In "Building 26", he and Ando travel to India and realize that the blond girl is a future bride who doesn´t want to get married but accepts it because of her grandfather´s wishes. Ando convinces the bride to stop the wedding which upsets Hiro because he is no longer the hero on a quest. While on the bride´s coffee house, Ando gets kidnapped by the groom and will kill him if the wedding is not celebrated. During the wedding Hiro stops it and defends the bride with a knife thus fulfilling Matt´s painting as he realizes that he doesn´t need powers to be a hero. The wedding is off and while he and Ando are reunited in the coffee house they receive a message from Rebel, telling them that they must save Matt Parkman.

As seen in "Shades of Gray", Hiro and Ando are directed to Los Angeles where they find that the Matt Parkman, Rebel was referring to, was only a baby also named Matt Parkman.

In "Cold Snap", Hiro and Ando discover that this is actually the son of the Matt Parkman they know. They also discover the baby possesses the ability to touch things and make them "go". When armed men break into baby Matt's house, Hiro discovers that the baby also is able to restart his powers, at least in part. After the baby touched Hiro, he is able to once again manipulate time, though he is still unable to bend space and teleport. After freezing time, Hiro takes baby Matt and the frozen Ando, whom he puts in a wheelbarrow, and walks twelve miles to a bus station. After restarting time, Hiro remarks to Ando, "Time is once again on our side."

In "Turn and Face the Strange", after escaping, Hiro and Ando, with baby Matt in tow, are in the way to find Matt Sr., but Matt Jr. keeps inactivating any vehicle they are on due to the noise they make, until Ando comes with a funny face to entertain the baby, and Hiro convinces him to keep it so the "cube" can go. They finally manage to track down Matt Sr. who has gone to confront Danko. Hiro freezes time just as Danko fires his gun at Matt and drags Matt out of the apartment. Hiro then unites Matt with the son he didn't know he had, giving Matt a reason to live again.

In "I Am Sylar", Hiro and Ando try to convince Matt to join them bringing down "Building 26", but he refuses because he has a son now to look for and he must retrieve Jr. to his mother in LA. Later, they arrive Reed Street Laboratory to set up a trap for HLS agents, using Ando as bait, although he refuses, as Hiro manages to not freeze him, telling him he is a hero too, but Hiro still keeps his plan going on, unfreezing the agents so they can take down Ando, and then freezing everybody again so he can take an agent's place as they carry Ando to the "Building 26". Once in motion, Hiro manages to awake Ando so he can be ready for action, but when he unfreezes time, an agent realizes Hiro is not one of them, and Ando shoots a big blast of red lightning, affecting everyone and saving Hiro. As plan B, they use the GPS signal of the agents to track the place, and once they are ready to fight, Hiro tries to freeze time, but instead he receives an strong headache and nosebleed as they realize he can't use his ability anymore.

In "An Invisible Thread", Hiro recovers from his headache and nosebleed and insists on continuing with the plan despite the danger. He stops time and he and Ando infiltrate Building 26 to free the trapped prisoners. They find and free Danko and Noah and find the drugged evolved humans, but Hiro's ear starts bleeding and he clearly hides the fact that he is in pain. The two free them and replace them with all of the members of the Building 26 unit and Hiro then unfreezes time and he and Ando showed the freed prisoners the way out. Mohinder checks Hiro out and determines that Hiro's body is rejecting his powers and he can't risk freezing time anymore. Hiro freezes time again to save Noah Bennet from being tranquilized by Danko and tranquilizes Danko, but faints afterwards and is apparently taken to a hospital. Later an apparently fully recovered (Though still suffering from headaches) Hiro and Ando witness the burning of Sylar's (really James Martin) body and Hiro tells Ando its time for them to return home to Tokyo.

Redemption

In "Orientation", Hiro still has headaches and effects of the illness he developed as a result of his restored powers and Ando insists he go see a doctor. Hiro reveals he has: he's dying of a terminal illness, news that shocks Ando. The two have started a Dial A Hero business as they want to be real heroes. Hiro's sister, Kimiko is unhappy and insists they pay rent if they're going to continue to operate out of the Yamagato conference room. They get their first call from a little girl that wants them to save her cat Muffin Man, and as neither of their powers are useful in the situation (Hiro still only being able to stop time), Hiro has Ando climb up and save the cat. Ando falls but Hiro stops time and saves him, however when he restarts time, as a side effect of his condition, Hiro is briefly frozen in time himself while the world continues on around him. Ando takes Hiro back to Yamagato and Hiro finally unfreezes and the two discuss a carnival they attended 14 years before: Hiro got his fortune told by a fortune teller, causing him to start on his path to being a hero and Ando accidentally spills a drink on Kimiko, causing her to hate him while he's in love with her. While in reflection about this, Hiro's time travel ability suddenly re-manifests and he teleports to the carnival 14 years in the past.

In "Jump, Push, Fall", Hiro is at the carnival when his past self asks him to take the picture he was reflecting over in the present. While debating with himself if he should or shouldn't stop his past self from getting his fortune told, he runs into the Samuel Sullivan of his own time. Samuel shows him that he has powers too and tries to convince Hiro to make small changes to the past to fix small mistakes. He pushes Hiro in the way of the falling Slushy (which was Past Hiro's fault) and it spills all over him instead of Kimiko. Hiro suddenly teleports back to the present and finds a slight change: as a result of him getting hit with the Slushy instead of Kimiko, Kimiko never grew to hate Ando and the two fell in love at the carnival. As a result of this, Hiro decides his new mission is to change past mistakes even though he doesn't have full control over his time travel power yet.

In "Acceptance", Kimiko reveals she and Ando have gotten engaged and as she and Hiro are the last remaining members of their family, she wants him to give her away at the wedding which he accepts. Ando, learning of this, reminds Hiro that Hiro is dying and may not be alive for the wedding which is over a year away and pushes him to tell Kimiko the truth about his illness. Hiro gets a call from a former Yamagato accountant named Tadashi on the Dial a Hero line and learns the man is about to jump off the roof and commit suicide. On the roof, Tadashi explains why he's about to kill himself and although Hiro offers to fix things, Tadashi commits suicide. Hiro time travels to the past and apparently fixes things, but Tadashi jumps again having made the same mistake at another time. After 47 tries, Hiro visits Tadashi on the roof one last time and simply talks to him this time. He realizes Tadashi hated his job and purposly got himself fired and tells him too use the opportunity to find a job he likes. Hiro tells Tadashi to cherish the life he has and admits to him his own terminal illness and says not to keep his unhappiness a secret from his family. Promising to always be Tadashi's friend, Hiro successfully talks him off the roof and prevents him from jumping. After leaving the roof, Hiro decides to take his own advice and tells Kimiko the truth about his illness. Kimiko starts crying and embraces him, when one of his headaches hits and he seemingly freezes in time for a moment. Hiro unfreezes and suddenly teleports away to Peter Petrelli's apartment, where he collapses (''Hysterical Blindness'').

In "Tabula Rasa", once in the hospital, he reveals he is suffering from a brain tumor. While Peter tracks down healer Jeremy Greer in order to save his life, Hiro helps Emma Coolidge to come to terms with her own ability. Following this he is reminded of Charlie, and resolves to try and save her again. He later teleports three years back in time to the Burnt Toast Diner, seeing Charlie through the window.

In "Once Upon a Time in Texas", Hiro teleports to the day of Charlie's death and resolves to save her. He first steals some clothes as he teleported to Midland in just his hospital gown. He encounters a young boy and tells him about his love for Charlie and the Brain Man (Sylar). The two encounter Sylar outside the diner and inside, Hiro witnesses Sylar interact with Charlie, detecting her blood clot and claiming he can fix it. Hiro then encounters Samuel (teleported from the future by his dying friend Arnold who possessed the same powers as Hiro) who warns him that unlike him fixing Ando and Kimiko's relationship, meddling with things at this point in time is dangerous due to how many people's fates converged here. Hiro, realizing Sylar is about to attack Charlie, freezes time and stops Sylar just in time. He removes Sylar on a dolly (as he still can't control his teleportation) and puts him in a bus compartment. Hiro then realizes that if he never goes back in time, he will never fall in love with Charlie so he sends his past self back in time telling him that his job is to "save the waitress" and that "the cheerleader" will be fine. His past self teleports away and is in the picture of Charlie's birthday party, keeping that part of history on track. Upon a reminder by Samuel, Hiro, introducing himself as Future Hiro, informs Past Ando of what Past Hiro has done and convinces him to stay as his past self never informed Ando of where he was disappearing of to this time. Hiro then visits Charlie who remembers him and he tries to get her to start on the world tour she always wanted to go on and she agrees, however her blood clot starts to rupture into a fatal aneurism and Hiro becomes desperate to save her again. He remembers Sylar said he could fix the clot and rushes to the bus station in Odessa where he encounters a free and angry Sylar. He evades him by repeatedly stopping time and moving around, but due to his condition this tires him out and gives him a headache, however he succeeds in convincing Sylar by promising to reveal his personal future. At the diner, Sylar telekinetically removes Charie's blood clot through her eye and saves her. Hiro keeps up his end of the deal telling Sylar he will become a powerful villain who many people will gather to kill and he will die alone and unmissed. Hiro then freezes time and returns Sylar to the Odessa Bus Station via motor scooter. At the diner, Charlie is angry with Hiro for saving her and not everyone who Sylar kills and runs off. Hiro later chats with Noah Bennet about love and is relieved when Charlie returns, and apologizes for her actions and admits she loves him. He follows her outside and finds her gone and Samuel waiting for him. Samuel tells him that Charlie is at his carnival in the present and if Hiro wants to see her again, he has to take control of his powers and transport them there. Hiro realizes Samuel is evil and grabs him in anger before managing to teleport them to Samuel's carnival in the present. This causes Samuel to remark that Hiro is finally regaining control over his powers. Hiro searches for Charlie and finds her nametag outside a dead Arnold's trailer and Samuel reveals he had Arnold trap her somewhere in time and the only way he'll tell Hiro where to look is if he does what Samuel wants. Hiro reluctantly agrees and Samuel tells him he made a mistake eight weeks before.

In "Brother's Keeper", Samuel tells Hiro he needs to go back in time eight weeks and retrieve a film from Mohinder Suresh. Hiro offers to find him in the present as he's not sure about his ability to time travel, but Samuel tells him it has to be eight weeks before and that if he wants to see Charlie again he'll do it. Hiro, exercising control over his time travel and teleportation powers for the first time since got them back, teleports to Mohinder Suresh's hotel room eight weeks in the past, but his control is not perfect and he arrives ten minutes too late and finds Mohinder dead. He tries again and gets it right on the second try, arriving as Mohinder drops a lit match into a wastebasket with the film although doing so gives him a minor nosebleed. Hiro freezes time, exchanges the film for another one and puts a Kevlar vest on Mohinder to protect him from Samuel. After the fake film is burned and Samuel believes he killed Mohinder, Hiro reveals himself to Mohinder and tells him he's from the future and explains how he knew what was going to happen to Mohinder. Hiro tells Mohinder to disappear for eight weeks so Samuel will believe him dead and he can get Charlie back. Mohinder refuses so Hiro freezes time and teleports him away, displaying control of teleportation outside of time travel for the first time. He traps him in a mental institution in Florida so he'll be out of the way and then returns to the present where he gives Samuel the film and demands Charlie. Samuel says he will give her to him later before walking away.

In "Thanksgiving", Hiro still demands Charlie back, but Samuel refuses to give up the only leverage he has over Hiro. Lydia offers to help and after reading Hiro and seeing his desires, she has him take her back in time eight weeks to witness Joseph's death. Hiro is reluctant, but does so, although he indicates Lydia was responsible for the time travel. The two witness Samuel murder Joseph and desperately try to teleport back before Samuel finds them. With Lydia's help, Hiro manages to return the two to the present, but a suspicious Samuel figures out the truth. He tries to claim Edgar killed Joseph, but Hiro refuses to back up Edgar's claim that Samuel did it due to Charlie. Samuel goes to kill Edgar, but Hiro freezes time and helps Edgar get away instead. Later, in retaliation and in order to keep Hiro in the Carnival, Samuel has Damien try to erase Hiro's mind, but instead it just addles his brains, causing him to start to think he is fictional characters and teleport away to save "Watson".

In "Upon This Rock", Hiro teleports to Japan where he stops a purse snatcher, but uses various fictional references in regards to himself and everyone around him. Looking for his sidekick "Sancho Ponza", he is arrested and taken to Ando at Yamagato as the police found Ando's business card on him. Ando reveals Hiro has been missing for six weeks and has the cops let him go, although he is confused by Hiro's repeated calling him of "Sancho" and insisting that they must save "Watson" at "Arkham" in the land of the "swamp dragons." Ando thinks that Hiro's brain tumor is causing this, but uses Hiro's comics to decipher that Hiro is referring to him as his sidekick and when he mentions Curt Connors that the land of the "swamp dragons" (alligators) is Florida and that "Arkham" refers to an asylum although Ando is unable to figure out what he means by "Watson." Ando learns that in Florida there is an asylum on Arkham Road and realizes Hiro must want to go there. Hiro confirms this and claims Ando is the best sidekick he knows.

In "Close To You", Hiro has Ando check him into the asylum in order to infiltrate it. As he's led down a hallway, Hiro points out "Watson's" room to Ando who checks and realizes who he's talking about. Ando later visits Hiro and when Hiro reveals that the drugs that are being used on Mohinder are preventing his use of super-strength, Ando switches Mohinder's pills with aspirin, but accidentally swallows Mohinder's pills and falls into a drug-induced stupor. Hiro hides Ando in a closet and later that night wakes up Mohinder who, now no longer under the influence of the hospital's drugs, easily breaks free of his straight-jacket and cell. Hiro then leads the confused and angry Mohinder to Ando who they wheel to an outside door, but are confronted by orderlies who Hiro refers to as "stormtroopers." Ando snaps out of his daze and blasts the door open, allowing the three to escape into a swamp while the orderlies are distracted. Mohinder realizes that they can't outrun the orderlies and their dogs and wants Hiro to teleport them to safety, but in Hiro's addled state he is unable to. Mohinder suggests a reluctant Ando use his power like electro-shock therapy and try to shock Hiro back to normal and Ando tries. Ando's attempt works and Hiro is restored to normal. Hiro immediately teleports himself, Mohinder and Ando away to Noah Bennet's apartment, getting away seconds before the dogs and orderlies find the spot the three had been hiding in. Hiro teleporting into the apartment interrupts Noah and Lauren Gilmore kissing and Hiro asks for their help.

In ''Pass/Fail'', Hiro is starting to feel worse and collapses in Noah Bennet's apartment. Hiro is rushed to the hospital where he is now dying from his brain tumor. The doctors start to operate on him to attempt to remove the tumor and save him, while Hiro ends up in a hallucination where he is on trial for his acts of tampering with time during Redemption. Adam Monroe is the prosecutor, Kaito is the judge and Ando is the defense attorney. Young Ando, Kimiko and Sylar are brought in as witnesses for the prosecution and used against him and Hiro testifies for himself and is found guilty. While being led toward the light, he asks Kaito for a chance to redeem himself and is given it. Hiro sword-fights Adam and kills him with the real Ando's encouragement while in the real world he crashes on the operating table. Hiro's mother Ishi appears to him and in his mind heals him of his tumor, reviving him in the real world where the doctors successfully remove the tumor. Later, Hiro chats with Ando, now cured.

In "Brave New World", while testing out his renewed powers, a nurse comes in and gives him a battered origami swan. Hiro realizes its from Charlie and goes to her room to find her an old, dying, woman. Charlie explains that Arnold teleported her to Milwaukee on January 26, 1944 and she started a new life and a family there. Hiro initially wants to travel to that date and return her to her own time, but Charlie convinces him not to as she has lived a good life which will never exist if he interfers. With Charlie safe, Hiro finds himself purposless until Ando reminds him of Samuel Sullivan and Hiro teleports the two to the Carnival in Central Park after saying a final goodbye to Charlie. There, Claire asks Hiro to teleport dozens of specials away from the Carnival to strip Samuel of his powers. Hiro agrees to try, telling everyone to hold hands, but is unsure he can do it until Ando offers to supercharge him. With Ando supercharging him, Hiro successfully teleports everyone away, stripping Samuel of his immense powers and allowing Peter to defeat him. Hiro and Ando later return to the Carnival and witness Claire jumping from the Ferris Wheel and exposing her powers to the world.

Alternate futures

Another Hiro Nakamura, this one claiming to be from the future, first appears in "Collision". When he appears to Peter Petrelli in a subway, he freezes time in order to speak with Peter privately. He urges Peter to "save the cheerleader, save the world" and to "be the one we need," but doesn't elaborate for fear of causing a rift in the space-time continuum. He also mentions that Peter looks different "without the scar." The future Hiro appears to be much more fit, confident, and experienced than his present self. He sports a soul patch and ponytail, no longer wears glasses, wears a black overcoat, carries a katana on his back, and speaks fluent idiomatically-correct English. Future Hiro's fluent accent is in fact Masi Oka's real voice, deepened for dramatic effect. He is also much more serious, focused, and calm than the current-day Hiro, and his sense of humor appears to be diminished. The future Peter Petrelli speculates that it was Ando's death in the explosion that changed Hiro. He appears again in the episode ".07%" when he meets with present Hiro and "Five Years Gone" which tells a side story about himself. Future Hiro also appears in the graphic novel ''Heroes'' #30 – "String Theory" in which he acts as a nightwatcher, who watches over people with powers getting hunted down by normal, human police officers. In this issue, Hiro rescues a girl named Sparrow and the two seem to know each other. He also explains a bit what happened in the future after the bomb went off. The issue ends with the final scene of ".07%".

* Before "Five Years Gone" takes place, in the graphic novel series "Walls" Parts 1 and 2, Hiro and Peter break other people with special abilities out of a prison, though Hiro and Peter aren't able to stop time, because one of the others block the ability, though Hiro does draw his sword.

*In "Five Years Gone" the scene starts again with Hiro and Ando meeting Hiro's future self. He tells them how they aren't supposed to be there and asks why the future hasn't changed. Future Hiro learns that present day Hiro has not had the chance to kill Sylar yet. He decides that he must get present Hiro back to the past so that he can stop Sylar, but before Future Hiro can do so, Matt Parkman, his Homeland Security squad, and the Haitian raid the loft. Future Hiro and Ando are able to escape, but present day Hiro is captured. Future Hiro begins recruiting people so that he can free present day Hiro and goes off to Las Vegas to seek Peter's help. Ando and Future Hiro encounter Niki, who is in a relationship with Peter. Niki tells them nothing about Peter, but when prompted, tells them that she knows that Mr. Bennet is in Texas, helping those with abilities to establish new identities and hide from the government. Once there, Future Hiro asks Bennet for help, specifically requesting D.L. Hawkins, Candice Wilmer, and Molly Walker. While at first Bennet doesn't want to help, he agrees when he hears that they know Claire is alive. Future Hiro and Ando then begin talking about what happened to Ando in the future. Right when Hiro is about to tell Ando something important, he is shot with a Taser by Matt. Before they are about to be captured, Peter comes and by utilizing Hiro's power, is able to help them escape. With Peter's help, Future Hiro and Ando are able to enter the building where present day Hiro is being held and make it to him. Right after they free present day Hiro, future Hiro tells them he will take them back to their time since present day Hiro still doesn't have full control of his powers, but before he can do it he is shot and killed by Matt Parkman. Before Future Hiro dies he gives Ando Isaac's incomplete comic book.

In an alternate future shown in "The Second Coming," a future version of Hiro, while dressed the same as the aforementioned future version, has the same hairstyle as his present-day self, and still wears glasses. The older Hiro argues with Ando, who attacks Hiro with an energy manipulation ability in Tokyo, just before an unknown force destroys the city.

Powers and abilities

Hiro possessed the power to control the space-time continuum, giving him the power to manipulate the flow of time, travel through time, and teleport to any location at will, until Arthur Petrelli took it away when he traveled back to 1991. Specific examples of temporal manipulation include slowing time relative to himself and rewinding time specific to certain objects (a clock, a train, and a gun in various episodes). As demonstrated by his encounters with Daphne, a woman with the power of enhanced speed, Hiro does not stop time completely. Hiro has shown the ability to teleport both himself and others in physical contact with himself, both through space and time.

Although stressful events and practice have helped Hiro to develop his abilities, Hiro initially has trouble with the more complicated teleportation and time travel abilities. For example, when he teleported to New York, he inadvertently traveled five weeks into the future as well. Although he was able to travel back to the same time and place from which he left, he was only able to do so when his life was in danger from a nuclear explosion. Later, when he attempted to save Charlie's life by traveling to the day before her death, Hiro accidentally traveled six months into the past. He also inadvertently teleported to present day Japan from Texas just as he and Charlie were about to kiss and then could not teleport back, no matter how hard he tried.

After the incident with Charlie, Hiro's powers began weakening, eventually becoming completely unusable. He seeks out Takezo Kensei's sword in the hope that it will focus his failing powers. After obtaining the sword, Hiro exhibits the ability to teleport other people along with himself, which he uses to rescue himself and Ando from an impending attack by casino guards in "Parasite", though this too resulted in an inadvertent trip five years into the future, after the explosion had occurred. The episode "Five Years Gone" marks his first successful use of teleportation and time travel. By "The Hard Part", Hiro has improved his skill in teleportation, as he uses it twice without traveling any discernible distance through time. His father attributes this to a matter of confidence rather than any effect caused by the sword. In addition to his power over time, Hiro is skilled with a katana, having been trained by his father.

In "It's Coming" and "The Eclipse", Hiro is mentally reverted into a ten year old, but still possesses his powers. After Ando teaches him how to use them again, Hiro shows great control over them even in his young mental state, being able to stop time with ease (and using it to play tricks), teleport himself and others and time-travel 16 years into the past with Claire Bennett.

In "Our Father", Hiro's abilities are stolen by Arthur Petrelli, rendering him a normal human.

In the episode, "Cold Snap", Hiro regains some of his ability when the son of Matt Parkman, whom he dubs "Baby Touch and Go," touches him and turns his ability on. At the moment Hiro has regained the ability to stop and restart time, but is still unable to teleport or travel through time. In "I Am Sylar", Hiro manages to regain more of his abilities from Parkman's son, allowing him to make Ando unaffected by his time-freezing. However problems have now arisen, when Hiro and Ando prepare to infiltrate Building 26, Hiro's powers falter and he instead receives a blistering headache and a nosebleed. After the two rescue all of the evolved humans, Mohinder states that for some reason Hiro's body is now rejecting his powers and he can't risk freezing time again. Hiro does it one more time to save Noah Bennet from Danko, but it proves to be too much of a strain on him and causes him to pass out.

Hiro appears to regain the full extent of his abilities in the fourth season episode "Orientation". After focusing on a photograph of himself, Ando, and his sister Kimiko taken at the Sullivan Bros. Carnival 14 years ago, he inadvertently travels there. By doing so, he used both his time-traveling and teleportation abilities. He seems to have little control over his power. He seems to travel through time when he's thinking of something from the past. As of Hysterical Blindness, Hiro has the ability to teleport back. However, like his ability to time travel, his first teleportation seemed accidental and instinctual. It took him from Yamagato to Peter Petrelli's apartment. He then collapsed from presumably the strain the teleport put on him in his condition.

His time-stopping ability, if he uses it too much, exhausts Hiro and causes him pain. As of "Tabula Rasa"", Hiro is beginning to have more control over his power. An unfortunate side effect of this ability is the strain it puts on the body can cause inoperable tumors.

As of "Once Upon a Time in Texas" and "Brother's Keeper", Hiro is regaining control over the other aspects of his ability, but he lacks perfect control. When Samuel provoked him, Hiro managed to teleport them both to Samuel's carnival, but later he was unsure if he could time travel eight weeks. Hiro managed to perform this task, but it took him two tries to get it right as he said the first time took him ten minutes too late. The time travel caused him to have a minor nosebleed, but besides that he seemed to suffer no ill effects. He later displays just teleportation, teleporting Mohinder to Florida where he checks him into a mental hospital under a fake name in order to keep him out of sight for eight weeks in order to preserve the timeline.

In "Thanksgiving", Lydia has him take her back eight weeks into the past to see Joseph Sullivan's death. He teleports them easily, but he indicates Lydia was responsible for it not him, but this is unclear. In the past he has trouble teleporting them back due to his lack of full control and probably the stress of the situation. However, with Lydia's help, he manages to bring them both back to the present.

In "Close to You", Hiro lacks the ability to properly use his powers due to his mind being messed up, but once Ando restores his mind, Hiro is instantly able to teleport at will with Mohinder Suresh and Ando, taking them both to Noah Bennet's apartment. Hiro shows no trouble teleporting at will this time and takes more than one person with him, something he hasn't done since before he lost his powers.

In "Brave New World," Hiro tests his powers out after his brain tumor is removed and learns that removing the brain tumor has restored full control over his powers to Hiro. Hiro is easily able to teleport himself and Ando to Central Park where the Carnival is with no issues. There, Hiro is asked to teleport over a dozen people away from the Carnival. Hiro has everyone hold hands and manages to succeed in teleporting everyone thanks to Ando supercharging his powers which give him the boost to his powers he needs to teleport such a large group of people.

Time alterations

Hiro's trips have given Hiro his own unique time line, which is reflected in some of Isaac Mendez's paintings of Hiro. Along with the existence of an alternate future version of himself, Hiro has come across or induced a few time paradoxes or alterations in the series.

In "One Giant Leap", Hiro travels with Ando to the United States even though Ando was still in Japan when he had previously traveled to the future New York City. When directly questioned about this by Ando, Hiro says they are changing the future.

Between the episodes "Seven Minutes to Midnight" and "Six Months Ago", Hiro traveled six months into the past in Texas.

* There, he changed history again by forming a close relationship with Charlie in the past. This change was most noted by a picture which had originally shown only Charlie at her birthday party now showing both her and Hiro.

* At one point, Hiro accidentally gave himself a phone call from Texas to Japan, while trying to contact Ando, though he immediately hangs up after he realizes it was the Hiro in Japan who had answered, afraid of coming into contact with his past self.

* In "Seven Minutes to Midnight", Charlie said that someone had given her a Japanese phrase book on her birthday. In "Six Months Ago", it is Hiro who gives her the phrase book.

Ironically, in general, the future shown in "Don't Look Back" seems to be even more certain, as changes that have been or intended to have been made futile:

In "Six Months Ago", Hiro accidentally in time six months to prevent Charlie from dying, only to find out that she has a blood clot in her brain and will die anyway.

In "Unexpected", Isaac received a gun from Mr. Bennet – the same gun Hiro found in Isaac's apartment when he traveled forward five weeks.

As of ".07%" Sylar has killed Isaac in a similar manner to his original death.

In "String Theory", it is revealed that Future Hiro tells Peter to "Save the Cheerleader" so that the failed attempt to stop Sylar from exploding might prove successful.

However, the future has proven itself to not be entirely certain, as the characters were able to stop the explosion from destroying New York City in "How to Stop an Exploding Man".

Starting at the end of Season 1 and through much of Season 2, Hiro was in 1671 Feudal Japan. There he becomes personally entwined in the history and events surrounding the warrior, Takezo Kensei. Recognizing the man is not as history portrays him, Hiro works to help Takezo fulfill his "destiny". This results in Hiro personally influencing many major events.

In "Lizards", Hiro impersonates Takezo and uses his powers to disarm 11 bandits ("The Battle of Twelve Swords") and gains the gratitude and admiration of Yaeko, the swordsmith's daughter.

In "Kindred", Hiro forces Takezo to face 90 angry ronin in order to retrieve the 'Fire Scroll', fulfilling another part of Takezo's "legend".

In "The Line", Hiro helps Takezo rescue Yaeko's father and discovers how Takezo will "save" Japan, destroying the illegal firearms that White Beard's army are planning to use to overthrow the Emperor. However, Hiro gives into his own desire for Yaeko, causing Takezo to side with White Beard. Hiro destroys the guns by himself. Yaeko later asserts that Hiro is the person the "Takezo Kensei" legends are about and vows to spread the legends under that name. To fulfill the final part of the legend, cutting out his own heart, he leaves Yaeko behind and returns to the present.

In Our Father and Dual, Hiro travels back in time with Claire Bennet sixteen years in an attempt to change the past. There the two successfully change some things: Claire prevents her father from answering a call that would have led to her becoming the catalyst and Hiro, after his mother heals his mind, has her transfer the catalyst to him to protect it. Unfortunately Arthur Petrelli still ends up with the catalyst as he travels back in time too and steals it and Hiro's powers from Hiro before sending Claire back to the present, trapping Hiro in the past. Hiro tries to destroy the formula in the past, but only manages to rip it in half (like it originally was in the present) before Daphne and Ando rescue him before he does so and before Kaito kills him.

In Redemption, Hiro has regained the ability to time travel and has decided to use it to right mistakes. This results in apparently minor changes to the timeline:

In "Jump, Push, Fall", Hiro, after regaining his ability to time travel and accidentally 14 years, stops Ando from spilling a Slushy on his sister Kimiko. Returning to the present, Hiro discovers that instead of Kimiko hating Ando since that night, they've been madly in love and start to have wedding plans in Acceptance.

In "Acceptance", after a co-worker commits suicide, Hiro goes back mulitple times to change him getting fired, but it just happens a different way each time. Hiro finally changes things by sitting down and talking to the man before he kills himself and convincing him that it's not worth it.

In "Once Upon a Time in Texas", Hiro travels back three years in order to save Charlie from death at Sylar's hands. He makes a deal with Sylar to tell him about his future in exchange for Sylar's help in healing Charlie's aneurysm. Hiro was ready to begin a new life with Charlie before Samuel uses one of his family member's powers to trap Charlie somewhere in time, which he uses in order to manipulate Hiro into fixing a few of Samuel's 'indiscretions'. The information that Hiro provides to Sylar may alter the timeline further in future episodes, although there was no sign of an alteration upon Hiro's return to the present at the end of the episode. In order to keep history in line as much as possible as well, Hiro sends his own self back in time six months in order for him to fall in love with Charlie and tell Past Ando to stay, explaining what Past Hiro is doing. The only change that seems to be displayed is that when Sylar and Matt talk at the diner, he says he only ''tried'' to kill a waitress there. Sylar is also now worried about dying alone due to what Hiro has told him and didn't kill Samuel for his power and took Lydia's without killing later. Sylar also ends up repenting and turning good ultimately as a result. Charlie is kidnapped by Samuel and Arnold and sent to Milwaukee on January 26, 1944 where she ends up living a long life and meets up with Hiro again as an old woman in the present. Hiro offers to head to that date and place and return her to her own time, but she chooses not to as she lived a good life and has a family that would never exist if he did that.

In "Brother's Keeper", Hiro manages to time travel back eight weeks to retrieve a film from Mohinder Suresh for Samuel in order to get Charlie back. His attempt works on the second try (he replaces the film with a fake so Mohinder believes he burned the real one), with the first try (ten minutes too late) showing him Mohinder's fate. Hiro uses the opportunity to change that as well, putting a Kevlar vest on Mohinder, protecting him from Samuel's attack and making it appear that he died when he really didn't. He then requests Mohinder disappear for eight weeks to keep the timeline on track as much as possible and allow Hiro to get Charlie back, but Mohinder refuses wanting to stop Samuel so Hiro teleports him to Florida where he checks him into a mental hospital under a fake name so he's out of the way. In the present, Samuel displays no knowledge of Mohinder's survival. In the present, Hiro and Ando rescue Mohinder from the hospital after Hiro, even in a severely addled state, remembers Mohinder is there.

In "Thanksgiving, Hiro and Lydia teleport eight weeks into the past in order to witness Joseph's death. They learn that Samuel killed him, but just observe and don't interfere in the event. However, Lydia makes noise and while Hiro and Lydia manage to teleport away, in the present it makes Samuel suspicious of Lydia leading to the expulsion of Edgar from the Carnival and Edgar nearly being killed before Hiro saves him.

References

Category:Heroes characters Category:Television superheroes Category:Fictional characters who can teleport Category:Fictional Japanese swordsmen Category:Fictional businesspeople Category:Fictional orphans Category:Fictional sword fighters Category:Fictional Japanese people Category:Fictional vigilantes Category:Time travel in television Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2006

bg:Хиро Ð?акамура ca:Hiro Nakamura es:Hiro Nakamura fr:Hiro Nakamura it:Hiro Nakamura sw:Hiro Nakamura hu:Nakamura Hiro nl:Hiro Nakamura ja:ヒロ・ナカムラ pl:Postacie z serialu Herosi#Hiro Nakamura pt:Hiro Nakamura ru:Хиро Ð?акамура fi:Luettelo televisiosarjan Heroes hahmoista#Hiro Nakamura sv:Hiro Nakamura tr:Hiro Nakamura

name	Clara Bow
birth name	Clara Gordon Bow
birth date	July 29, 1905
birth place	Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
death date	September 27, 1965
death place	West Los Angeles, California, U.S.
spouse	(his death)
children	Tony Beldam (1934-2011)George Beldam, Jr. (b. 1938)
years active	1921–1933
occupation	Actress }}

Clara Gordon Bow (July 29, 1905 – September 27, 1965) was an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s. It was her appearance as a quintessential flapper in the film ''It'' that brought her global fame and the nickname "The It Girl." Bow came to personify the roaring twenties and is described as its leading sex symbol. She appeared in 46 silent films and 11 talkies, including hits such as ''Mantrap'' (1926), It (1927) and ''Wings'' (1927). She was named first box-office draw in 1928 and 1929 and second box-office draw in 1927 and 1930. Her presence in a motion picture was said to have ensured investors, by odds of almost 2-to-1, a "safe return". In January 1929, at the apex of her stardom, she received more than 45,000 fan letters. After marrying actor Rex Bell in 1931, Bow ended her career in 1933 with the film with ''Hoop-La'', becoming a rancher in Nevada.

Early life

Clara Bow was born in 1905 in a slum tenement in Prospect Heights, Brooklyn, New York, where she was also raised. Bow was the third child; the first two, also daughters, born in 1903 and 1904, died in infancy. Her mother, Sarah Bow (1880–1923), was told by a doctor not to become pregnant again for fear the next baby might die as well. Despite the her doctor's warning, Sarah Bow became pregnant with Clara in the fall of 1904. In addition to the risky pregnancy, a Heat Wave besieged New York In July 1905 and temperatures peaked around 100F; the infant mortality rate rose to 80%. "I don't suppose two people ever looked death in the face more clearly than my mother and I the morning I was born. We were both given up, but somehow we struggled back to life".

At sixteen, Sarah fell from a second-story window and suffered a severe head injury. She was later diagnosed with "psychosis due to epilepsy", a condition apart from the seizures that is known to cause disordered thinking, delusional ideation, paranoia, and aggressive behavior.

From her earliest years, Bow learned how to care for her mother during the seizures as well as how to deal with the psychotic and hostile episodes. She said her mother could be "mean" to her, but "didn't mean to ... she couldn't help it". Still, Bow felt deprived of her childhood; "As a kid I took care of my mother, she didn't take care of me". Sarah worsened gradually, and when she realized her daughter was set for a movie career, Bow's mother told her she "would be much better off dead". One night in February 1922, Bow awoke to a butcher knife held against her throat by her mother. Bow was able to fend off the attack and locked her mother up. In the morning, Sarah had no recollection of the episode and was later committed to a charity hospital.

Bow said that her father, Robert (1874–1959), "had a quick, keen mind ... all the natural qualifications to make something of himself, but didn't". Robert seldom managed to hold on to a job and the family income varied drastically as a result. Between 1905 and 1923, the family lived at 14 different addresses. Robert was often absent, leaving his family without means to survive. "I do not think my mother ever loved my father. He knew it. And it made him very unhappy, for he worshiped her, always". }}

Sarah Bow died on January 5, 1923. When relatives gathered for the funeral, Bow accused them of not being supportive in the past. Reportedly, her anger led her to attempt jumping into her mother's open grave.

As Bow grew up she felt shy among other girls, who teased her for her worn-out clothes and "carrot-top" hair. From first grade, Bow preferred the company of boys her age, stating, "I could lick any boy my size. My right arm was quite famous. My right arm was developed from pitching so much ... Once I hopped a ride on behind a big fire engine. I got a lot of credit from the gang for that". Bow's athletic ability led her to becoming a track champion in high-school. Of her proposed arm strength, Louella Parsons noted, "... curiously enough, she has muscles on her arms that stand out like whip-cord".

Motion pictures

In the early 1920s, roughly 50 million Americans--half the population at that time--attended the movies every week. Bow discovered that as she grew into womanhood, her stature as a "boy" in her old gang would be "impossible". As well, she didn't have any girlfriends, school was a "heartache" and home "miserable". On the silver screen, however, she found consolation; "For the first time in my life I knew there was beauty in the world. For the first time I saw distant lands, serene, lovely homes, romance, nobility, glamor". And further; "I always had a queer feeling about actors and actresses on the screen ... I knew I would have done it differently. I couldn't analyze it, but I could always feel it". "I'd go home and be a one girl circus, taking the parts of everyone I'd seen, living them before the glass." At sixteen Bow "knew" she wanted to be a motion pictures actress, even if she was a "square, awkward, funny-faced kid".

The New York starlet (1921-1923)

The ''Fame and Fortune'' contest

Against her mother's wishes but with her father's support, Bow competed in Brewster publications' magazine's annual nationwide acting contest, Fame and Fortune in 1921. In previous years, several of the contest's winners had found work in movies after winning. In the contest's final screen test Bow was up against an already scene-experienced woman who did "a beautiful piece of acting". A set member later stated that when Bow did the scene she actually became her character and "lived it". In the January issues 1922 of ''Motion Picture Classics'' the contest jury, Howard Chandler Christy, Neysa Mcmein, and Harrison Fisher, concluded:

''Beyond the Rainbow'' (1922)

Bow won an evening gown and a silver trophy and the publisher committed to help her "gain a role in films". But nothing happened. Bow's father told her to "haunt" Brewster's office (located in Brooklyn) until they came up with something. "To get rid of me, or maybe they really meant to (give me) all the time and were just busy", Bow was introduced to director Christy Cabanne who cast her in ''Beyond the Rainbow'', produced late 1921 in New York City and released February 19, 1922. Bow did five scenes, impressed Cabanne with true theatrical tears, but was eventually cut from the print. Bow wasn't told, but found out when she saw the movie at a theater in Brooklyn. "I was sick to my stomach", she recalled and thought her mother was right about the movie business. Bow, who dropped out of school after she was notified about winning the contest, possibly in October 1921, got an ordinary office job. However, movie ads and newspaper editorial comments from 1922–1923 suggest that Bow was not cut from ''Beyond the Rainbow''. Her name is on the cast list among the other stars, usually tagged "Brewster magazine beauty contest winner" and sometimes even with a picture.

''Down to the Sea in Ships'' (1923)

Encouraged by her father, Bow started to run around studio agencies asking for parts. "But there was always something. I was too young, or too little, or too fat. Usually I was too fat." Eventually director Elmer Clifton needed a tomboy for his movie ''Down to the Sea in Ships'', saw Bow in ''Motion Picture Classic'' magazine and sent for her. In an attempt to overcome her youthful looks, Bow put her hair up and arrived in a dress she 'sneaked' from her mother. Clifton said she was too old, but broke into laughter as the stammering Bow made him believe she was the girl in the magazine. Clifton decided to bring Bow with him and offered her $50 a week, but added he couldn't say whether or not she would "fit the part".

''Down to the Sea in Ships'' was shot on location in New Bedford, Massachusetts, produced by Independent 'The Whaling Film Corporation', and documented the life, love and work in the whale-hunter community. The production relied on a few less known actors and local talents. It premiered at 'Olympia', New Bedford, on September 25, and went on general distribution on March 4, 1923.

Bow was billed 10th, but shined through and critics sang her praise: "Miss Bow will undoubtedly gain fame as a screen comedienne". "She scored a tremendous hit in ''Down to the Sea in Ships''..(and)..has reached the front rank of motion picture principal players". "With her beauty, her brains, her personality and her genuine acting ability it should not be many moons before she enjoys stardom in the fullest sense of the word. You must see 'Down to the Sea in Ships'". "In movie parlance, she 'stole' the picture ... ".

WAMPAS Baby Star (1924)

Bow found herself walking time after time by a Broadway movie theater, staring at her name in shimmering electric light above the entrance. "I can never tell you what happiness I felt, life had been so terrible hard and it seemed to me that now all my troubles were to be in the past". By mid December 1923, primarily due to her merits in ''Down to the Sea in Ships'', Bow was chosen the most successful of the 1924 WAMPAS Baby Stars.

''Grit'' (1924)

Three months before ''Down to the Sea in Ships'' was released, Bow danced half nude, on a table, unaccredited in ''Enemies of Women'' (1923). In spring she got a part in ''The Daring Years (1923)'', were she befriended actress Mary Carr, who taught her how to use make-up.

In the summer, she got a "tomboy" part in ''Grit'', a story, which dealt with juvenile crime and was written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Bow met her first boyfriend, cameraman Arthur Jacobson, and she got to know director Frank Tuttle, with whom she worked in five later productions. Tuttle remembered: ''Grit'' was released on January 7, 1924. ''Variety'' reviewed; "... Clara Bow lingers in the eye, long after the picture has gone."

While shooting ''Grit'' at Pyramid Studios, in Astoria, New York, Bow was approached by Jack Bachman of independent Hollywood studio Preferred Pictures. He wanted to contract her for a three months trial, fare paid and $50 a week. "It can't do any harm", he tried. "Why can't I stay in New York and make movies?", Bow asked her father, but he told her not to worry.

On July 21, 1923 she befriended Louella Parsons, who interviewed her for ''The New York Morning Telegraph''. In 1931 when Bow came under tabloid scrutiny, Parsons defended her and stuck to her first opinion on Bow:

The interview also revealed that Bow already was cast in ''Maytime'' and in great favor of Chinese cuisine.

Hollywood (1923-1933)

Preferred Pictures (1923-1925)

July 22, 1923, Bow left New York, her father and her boyfriend behind. As chaperon for the journey and stay in Hollywood, the studio appointed writer/agent Maxine Alton, who Bow later branded a liar. In late July Bow entered studio chief B. P. Schulberg's office wearing a simple high-school uniform in which she "had won several gold medals on the cinder track". She was tested and a press-release from early August says Bow had become a member of Preferred Picture's "permanent stock". She and Alton rented an apartment at The Hillview near Hollywood Boulevard. Preferred Pictures was run by Schulberg who started as a publicity manager at Famous Players-Lasky, but in the aftermath of the power struggle around the formation of United Artists ended up on the losing side and lost his job. In 1919, at age 27, he founded 'Preferred'.

''Maytime'' (1923)

Bow's first Hollywood picture was an adaptation of the popular operetta ''Maytime'', in which she essayed "Alice Tremaine". Before ''Maytime'' was finished, Schulberg announced that Bow was given the lead in the studio's biggest seasonal assessment, ''Poisoned Paradise'', but first she was lent to First National Pictures to co-star in the adaptation of Gertrude Atherton's 1923 bestseller ''Black Oxen'', shot in October, and to co-star with Colleen Moore in ''Painted People'', shot in November.

''Black Oxen'' (1923)

Director Frank Lloyd was casting for the part of high society flapper Janet Oglethorpe, and more than fifty women, most with previous screen experience, auditioned. Bow reminisced; "He had not found exactly what he wanted and finally somebody suggested me to him. When I came into his office a big smile came over his face and he looked just tickled to death". Lloyd told the press; "Bow is the personification of the ideal aristocratic flapper, mischievous, pretty, aggressive, quick-tempered and deeply sentimental". It was released on January 4, 1924.

New York Times: "The flapper, impersonated by a young actress, Clara Bow, had five speaking titles, and every one of them was so entirely in accord with the character and the mood of the scene that it drew a laugh from what, in film circles, is termed a "hard-boiled" audience"

Los Angeles Times: "Clara Bow, the prize vulgarian of the lot...was amusing and spirited...but didn't belong in the picture".

Variety: "...the horrid little flapper is adorably played...".

''Painted People'' controversy

Colleen Moore made her flapper debut in a successful adaptation of the daring novel ''Flaming Youth'', released November 12, 1923, six weeks before ''Black Oxen''. Both films were produced by First National Pictures, and while ''Black Oxen'' was still being edited and ''Flaming Youth'' not yet released, Bow was requested to co-star Moore as her kid sister in ''Painted People'' (AKA ''The Swamp Angel'').

Moore essayed the baseball-playing tomboy and Bow, according to Moore, said "I don't like my part, I wanna play yours". Moore, a well-established star earning $1200 a week â€” Bow got $200 â€” took offense and blocked the director from doing a close-up on Bow. Moore was married to a studio executive and Bow's protests fell short. "I'll get that bitch", she told her boyfriend Jacobson, who had arrived from New York. Bow had sinus problems and decided to have them attended to immediately. A bandaged Bow left the studio with no options but to recast her part.

1924

''The Perfect Flapper''

During 1924 Bow's "horrid" flapper raced against Moore's "whimsical". In May Moore renewed her efforts in ''The Perfect Flapper'', produced by her husband, but despite good reviews she suddenly withdrew. "No more flappers ... they have served their purpose ... people are tired of soda-pop love affairs", she told the ''Los Angeles Times'', In November 1933, Bow described the Hollywood years as a French Revolution picture, where "women are hollering and waving pitchforks twice as violently as any of the guys ... the only ladies in sight are the ones getting their heads cut off".

"If that's what my baby wants, that's what my baby does"

By New Year 1924, Bow defied the possessive Maxine Alton and brought her father to Hollywood. Bow remembered their reunion; "I didn't care a rap, for (Maxine Alton), or B. P. Schulberg, or my motion picture career, or Clara Bow, I just threw myself into his arms and kissed and kissed him, and we both cried like a couple of fool kids. Oh, it was wonderful". Bow felt Alton had misused her trust; "She wanted to keep a hold on me so she made me think I wasn't getting over and that nothing but her clever management kept me going". Bow and her father moved in at 1714 North Kingsley Drive in Beverly Hills, together with Jacobson, whom by then, also worked for Preferred. When Schulberg learned of this arrangement, he fired Jacobson for potentially getting "his big star" into a scandal. When Bow found out, "She tore up her contract and threw it in his face and told him he couldn't run her private life". Jacobson concluded, "[Clara] was the sweetest girl in the world, but you didn't cross her and you didn't do her wrong". On September 7, 1924, ''The Los Angeles Times'', in a significant article "A dangerous little devil is Clara, impish, appealing, but oh, how she can act!", her father is titled "business manager" and Jacobson referred to as her brother.

Bow appeared in eight releases in 1924. In ''Poisoned Paradise'', released on February 29, 1924, Bow got her first lead. "... the clever little newcomer whose work wins fresh recommendations with every new picture in which she appears". In a scene, described as "original", Bow adds "devices", to "the modern flapper"; she fights a villain, using her fists, and significantly, does not "shrink back in fear". In ''Daughters of Pleasure'', also released on February 29, 1924, Bow and Marie Prevost, "flapped unhampered as flappers De luxe ... I wish somebody could star Clara Bow. I'm sure her 'infinite variety' would keep her from wearying us no matter how many scenes she was in".

''Wine'' (1924)

As an out-loan to Universal-Jewel, Bow top-starred, for the first time, in the prohibition, bootleg drama/comedy ''Wine'', released on August 20, 1924. The picture exposes the widespread liquor traffic in the upper-classes, and Bow portrays an innocent girl who develops into a wild "redhot mama". "If not taken as information, it is cracking good entertainment", Carl Sandburg reviewed September 29. "Don't miss ''Wine''. It's a thoroughly refreshing draught ... there are only about five actresses who give me a real thrill on the screen â€” and Clara is nearly five of them".

Alma Whitaker of ''The Los Angeles Times'' observed on September 7, 1924: Bow remembered: "All this time I was "running wild", I guess, in the sense of trying to have a good time ... maybe this was a good thing, because I suppose a lot of that excitement, that joy of life, got onto the screen".

1925

1925 Bow appeared in fourteen productions: six for her contract owner, Preferred Pictures, and eight as an "out-loan". "Clara Bow ... shows alarming symptoms of becoming the sensation of the year ... ", Motion Picture Classic Magazine wrote in June, and featured her on the cover. Preferred Pictures rented Bow to producers "for sums ranging from $1500 to $2000 a week". The studio like any other independent studio or theater at that time, was under attack from "The Big Three", MPAA, who had formed a trust to block out Independents and enforce the monopolistic studio system. On October 21, 1925, Schulberg filled Preferred Pictures for bankruptcy, with debts at $820,774 and assets $1,420. Three days later, it was announced that Schulberg would join with Adolph Zukor and became associate producer of Paramount Pictures, bringing his organization, including Bow. Adolph Zukor, Paramount Picture CEO in his memoirs: "All the skill of directors and all the booming of press-agent drums will not make a star. Only the audiences can do it. We study audience reactions with great care". Adela Rogers St. Johns had a different take, in 1950 she wrote: "If ever a star was made by public demand, it was Clara Bow". And Louise Brooks from 1980: "(Bow) became a star without nobody's help ... ".

''The Plastic Age'' (1925)

''The Plastic Age'' was Bow's final effort for Preferred Pictures and her biggest hit so far. Bow starred as the good-bad college-girl, Cynthia Day against Donald Keith. It was shot on location, at Pomona College, in the summer of 1925, and released on December 15, but due to block booking, not shown in New York until July 21, 1926. ''Photoplay'' was displeased: "The college atmosphere is implausible and Clara Bow is not our idea of a college girl". Theater owners however, were happy: "The picture is the biggest sensation we ever had in our theater ... It is 100 per cent at the box-office". Some critics felt Bow conquered new territory: "(Bow) presents a whimsical touch to her work that adds greater laurels to her fast ascending star of screen popularity". ''Time'' singled out Bow: "Only the amusing and facile acting of Clara Bow rescues the picture from the limbo of the impossible". Bow began to date her co-star Gilbert Roland, who became her first fiancee. In June 1925, Bow was credited for being the first to wear hand-painted legs in public and was reported to have many followers at the Californian beaches.

Paramount Pictures (1925-1931)

The free-wheeling actress

"Rehearsals sap my pep", Bow explained in November, 1929 and from the beginning of her career she relied on immediate direction: "Tell me what I have to do and I'll do it". Bow was keen on poetry and music but according to Rogers St. Johns, her attention-span didn't allow her to appreciate novels. Bow's focal point was the scene and her creativity made directors call in extra cameras to cover her spontaneous actions, rather than holding her down. Years after Bow left Hollywood, director Victor Fleming compared Bow to a Stradivarius violin: "Touch her and she responded with genius". Director William Wellman was less poetic: "Movie stardom isn't acting ability â€” it's personality and temperament ... I once directed Clara Bow ("Wings"). She was mad and crazy but WHAT a personality!". In 1981 Budd Schulberg described Bow as "a easy winner of the dumbbell award" who "couldn't act" and compared her to a puppy who his father B.P. Schulberg, "trained to become Lassie".

1926

In 1926 Bow appeared in eight releases: five for Paramount, and three as an "out-loan", shot in 1925.

''Dancing Mothers'' (1926)

In late 1925, Bow returns to New York to co-star in the Ibsenesque drama ''Dancing Mothers'', as the good/bad "flapperish" upper-class daughter "Kittens". Alice Joyce starred as her "dancing mother" with Conway Tearle as "bad-boy" Naughton. The picture was released on March 1, 1926. "Clara Bow known as the screen's perfect flapper, does her stuff as the child, and does it well". "... her remarkable performance in Dancing Mothers ... ". Louise Brooks remembered: "She was absolutely sensational in the United States ... in ''Dancing Mothers'' ... she just swept the country ... I know I saw her ... and I thought ... wonderful".

On April 12, 1926, Bow signs her first contract with Paramount: "...to retain your services as an actress for the period of six months from June 6th, 1926 to December 6th, 1926, at a salary of $750.00 per week...".

''Mantrap'' (1926)

In Victor Fleming's comedy-triangle ''Mantrap'' Bow, as Alverna the manicurist, cures lonely hearts Joe Easter (Ernest Torrence), of the great northern, as well as pill-popping New York divorcee attorney runaway Ralph Prescott (Percy Marmont). Bow commented: "(Alverna)...was bad in the book, but - darn it! - of course, they couldn't make her that way in the picture. So I played her as a flirt".

The film was released on July 24, 1926.

Variety: "Clara Bow just walks away with the picture from the moment she walks into camera range". Photoplay: "When she is on the screen nothing else matters. When she is off, the same is true". Carl Sandburg: "The smartest and swiftest work as yet seen from Miss Clara Bow". The Reel Journal: "Clara Bow is taking the place of Gloria Swanson...(and)...filling a long need for a popular taste movie actress".

On August 16, 1926, Bow's agreement with Paramount was renewed into a five year deal: "Her salary will start at $1700 a week and advance yearly to $4000 a week for the last year".

Notably Bow added that she intended to leave the motion picture business at the expiration of the contract, i.e. 1931.

1927

''It'' (1927)

In the Cinderella story ''It'', the poor shop-girl Betty Lou Spence (Bow) conquers the heart of her employer Cyrus Waltham (Antonio Moreno). The personal quality ''It'', provides the magic to make it happen. The film gave Bow her nickname "The It Girl." It was first shown in New York on February 5, 1927. New York Times: "(Bow)...is vivacious and, as Betty Lou, saucy, which perhaps is one of the ingredients of 'It'". The Film Daily: "Clara Bow gets a real chance and carries it off with honors...(and)...she is really the whole show". Carl Sandburg: "'It' is smart, funny and real. It makes a full-sized star of Clara Bow". Variety: "You can't get away from this Clara Bow girl. She certainly has that certain 'It'...and she just runs away with the film". Dorothy Parker: "It, hell: She had Those".

''Wings'' (1927)

In 1927, Bow starred in ''Wings,'' a war picture largely rewritten to accommodate her, as she was Paramount's biggest star. The film went on to win the first Academy Award for Best Picture.

I'm a big freak, because I'm myself!

A famous scenario writer, who had done a number of pictures with Bow said:

Bow's bohemian lifestyle and "dreadful" manners were considered reminders of the Hollywood Elite's uneasy position in high society.

Bow fumed: "They yell at me to be dignified. But what are the dignified people like? The people who are held up as examples of me? They are snobs. Frightful snobs ... I'm a curiosity in Hollywood. I'm a big freak, because I'm myself!"

MGM executive Paul Bern said Bow was "the greatest emotional actress on the screen", "sentimental, simple, childish and sweet", and considered her "hard-boiled attitude" a "defense mechanism".

1929

Talkies

With "talkies" ''The Wild Party'', ''Dangerous Curves'', and ''The Saturday Night Kid'', Bow kept her position as the top box-office draw and queen of Hollywood.

The quality of Bow's voice, her Brooklyn accent, was not an issue to Bow, her fans or Paramount. However, Bow, like Charlie Chaplin, Louise Brooks and most other silent film-stars didn't embrace the novelty: "I hate talkies", she said, "they're stiff and limiting. You lose a lot of your cuteness, because there's no chance for action, and action is the most important thing to me". The inventor of the motion picture camera, Thomas Edison himself, was so annoyed by the stiffness of the early "talkies" that he refused to see them and returned to his favorite "silents" with Bow and Mary Pickford. A visibly nervous Bow had to do a number of retakes in ''The Wild Party'' because her eyes kept wandering up to the microphone overhead. "I can't buck progress", Bow resigned, "I have to do the best I can".

In October 1929 Bow describes her nerves as "all shot", that she has reached "the breaking point" and Photoplay reports of "rows of bottles of sedatives" by her bed.

1930

According to census 1930, Bow lives at Bedford Drive 512, together with her secretary and hair-dresser, Daisy DeBoe, in a house valued $25,000 with neighbors titled "Horse-keeper", "Physician", "Builder". Bow states she is 23 years old, i.e. born 1906, contradicting Census of 1910 and 1920.

"Now they're having me sing. I sort of half-sing, half-talk, with hips-and-eye stuff. You know what I mean â€” like Maurice Chevalier. I used to sing at home and people would say, 'Pipe down! You're terrible!' But the studio thinks my voice is great". With ''Paramount on Parade'', "True to the Navy", "Love Among the Millionaires" and "Her Wedding Night", she was second at the box-office to her chum, Joan Crawford in 1930.

1931-1933

With ''No Limit'' and ''Kick In'', Bow held the position as fifth at box-office in 1931. But the pressures of fame, public scandals, overwork and a damaging court trial with her secretary, Daisy DeBoe, took their toll on Bow's fragile emotional health. As she slipped closer to a major breakdown, her manager B.P. Schulberg began referring to her as "Crisis-a-day-Clara". In April Bow was brought to a sanatorium, and at her request, Paramount released her from her final undertaking: ''City Streets''. She left Hollywood in June and got married to Rex Bell in December.

In 1932 Bow signed a two-picture deal with Fox Film Corporation; ''Call Her Savage'' (1932) and ''Hoop-La'' (1933). Both successful, ''Variety'' favored the latter: "A more mature performance...she looks and photographs extremely well". Bow commented on her revealing costume in Hoop-La: "Rex accused me of enjoying showing myself off. Then I got a little sore. He knew darn well I was doing it because we could use a little money these days. Who can't?". Bow concluded her career:

Later life

Bow and cowboy actor Rex Bell, later a Lieutenant governor of Nevada, had two sons, Tony Beldam (born 1934, changed name to Rex Anthony Bell, Jr., died July 2011) and George Beldam, Jr. (born 1938). Bow retired from acting in 1933. In September 1937, she and Bell opened The 'It' Cafe on Vine Street near Hollywood Blvd. in Los Angeles. It was closed shortly thereafter. Her last public exposure, albeit fleeting, was a guest appearance on the radio show ''Truth or Consequences'' in March 1948; Bow provided the voice of "Mrs. Hush".

Health issues

In 1944, while Bell was running for the U.S. House of Representatives, Bow tried to commit suicide.

A note was found in which Bow stated she preferred death to a public life.

In 1949 she checked into The Institute of Living to be treated for her chronic insomnia and diffuse abdominal pains. Shock treatment was tried and numerous psychological tests performed. Bow's IQ was measured "bright normal" (pp. 111–119), while others claimed she was unable to reason, had poor judgment and displayed inappropriate or even bizarre behavior. Her pains were considered delusional and she was diagnosed with schizophrenia, despite experiencing neither sound nor vision hallucinations or psychosis. The illness debut, or "onset", as well as her insomnia, the analysts tied to the "butcher knife episode" back in 1922, but Bow rejected psychological explanations and left the Institute.

In the permanent exhibition, "Myths, Minds and Medicine", the Institute addresses malpractice issues of the past, including lobotomy, which peaked in 1949, and "crude electroconvulsive therapy".

Later years

Bow spent her last years in Culver City, Los Angeles under the constant care of a nurse, living off an estate worth about $500,000 at the time of her death. She died on September 27, 1965, aged 60, of a heart attack. The autopsy revealed that she suffered from atherosclerosis, a heart disease established in early adolescence. Bow's heart bore scars from an earlier undiagnosed heart attack. She was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Her pallbearers were Harry Richman, Richard Arlen, Jack Oakie, Maxie Rosenbloom, Jack Dempsey and Buddy Rogers.

Honors

For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Bow was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 1994, she was honored with an image on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld.

Urban myths

The book ''Hollywood Babylon'' spread the contemporary legend that Bow's friendship with members of the 1927 University of Southern California football team included group sex with the entire team. In the 1980s Morley Drury commented that his team was "too damn innocent" to be anything else.

During her lifetime, Bow was the subject of wild rumors regarding her sex life; most of them were untrue. A tabloid called ''The Coast Reporter'' published lurid allegations about her in 1931, accusing her of exhibitionism, incest, lesbianism, bestiality, drug addiction, alcoholism, and having contracted venereal disease. The publisher of the tabloid then tried to blackmail Bow, offering to cease printing the stories for $25,000, which led to his arrest by federal agents and, later, an eight-year prison sentence.

In popular culture

Max Fleischer's cartoon character Betty Boop was modeled after Bow and entertainer Helen Kane (the "boop-boop-a-doop-girl"). Bow's mass of tangled red hair was one of her most famous features. When fans of the new star found out she put henna in her hair, sales of the dye tripled. An autographed picture of Bow is offered as a consolation prize of a beauty contest in the 1931 George Gershwin musical ''Of Thee I Sing''.

Filmography

+ Film
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1922	''Beyond the Rainbow''	Virginia Gardener
1922	''Down to the Sea in Ships''	Dot Morgan	Extant
1923	''Enemies of Women''	Girl dancing on table	Extant(incomplete)
1923	''''	Mary	Lost film
1923		Alice Tremaine	Extant
1923	''Black Oxen''	Janet Ogelthorpe	Extant
1924	''Grit''	Orchid McGonigle	Lost film
1924	''Poisoned Paradise''	Margot LeBlanc	Extant
1924	''Daughters of Pleasure''	Lila Millas	Extant
1924		Angela Warriner	Lost film
1924	''Empty Hearts''	Rosalie	Extant
1924		Alice Mayton	Extant
1924	''This Woman''	Aline Sturdevant	Lost film
1924	''Black Lightning''	Martha Larned	Extant
1925	''Capital Punishment''	Delia Tate	Extant
1925	''''	The Girl	Lost film
1925	''Eve's Lover''	Rena D'Arcy	Lost film
1925	''''	Molly Burns	Lost film
1925	''''	Miriam	Lost film (trailer survives)
1925	''My Lady's Lips''	Lola Lombard	Extant
1925	''Parisian Love''	Marie	Extant
1925		Grizette	Lost film
1925	''''	Lolly Cameron	Lost film (Trailer exists)
1925	''''	Marilyn Merrill	Extant (incomplete)
1925	''Free to Love''	Marie Anthony	Extant
1925	''''	Peggy Swain	Extant
1925	''''	Cynthia Day	Extant
1925	''''	Doris	Lost film
1925	''My Lady of Whims''	Prudence Severn	Extant
1926	''Shadow of the Law''	Mary Brophy	Lost film
1926	''Two Can Play''	Dorothy Hammis	Lost film
1926	''Dancing Mothers''	Kittens Westcourt	Extant
1926	''Fascinating Youth''	Clara Bow	Lost film
1926	''''	Cynthia Meade	Lost film
1926		Alverna	Extant
1926	''Kid Boots''	Clara McCoy	Extant
1927		Betty Lou Spence	Extant
1927	''Children of Divorce''	Kitty Flanders	Extant
1927	''Rough House Rosie''	Rosie O'Reilly	Lost film (trailer exists)
1927		Mary Preston	Extant
1927		Hula Calhoun	Extant
1927	''Get Your Man''	Nancy Worthington	Extant but incomplete;(missing at least 2 reels)
1928		Bubbles McCoy	Lost film (Fragments exist, including the only known color footage of Bow)
1928	''Ladies of the Mob''	Yvonne	Lost film
1928	''''	Trixie Deane	Lost film
1928	''Three Weekends''	Gladys O'Brien	Lost film(fragments survives)
1929	''''	Stella Ames	Extant
1929		Pat Delaney	Extant
1929	''''	Mayme	Alternative title: ''Love 'Em and Leave 'Em''; Extant
1930	''Paramount on Parade''	herself	Extant
1930	''True to the Navy''	Ruby Nolan	Extant
1930	''Love Among the Millionaires''	Pepper Whipple	Extant
1930	''Her Wedding Night''	Norma Martin	Extant
1931		Helen "Bunny" O'Day	Extant
1931		Molly Hewes	Extant
1932	''Call Her Savage''	Nasa Springer	Extant
1933	''Hoop-La''	Lou	Extant
1949	''Screen Snapshots 1860: Howdy, Podner''	Clara Bow â€“ Resort Guest	Short subject

References

Bibliography

"The 'It' girl" by Joe Morella and Edward Z Epstein, 1976, Dell pub, Co, Inc, ISBN 0-440-14068-4.

"Clara Bow: Runnin' Wild" by David Stenn, 1988, Doubleday, ISBN 0385241259.

TCM Film Guide, "Leading Ladies: The 50 Most Unforgettable Actresses of the Studio Era", Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California, 2006.

Vieira, Mark A. ''Sin in Soft Focus: Pre-Code Hollywood''. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1999. ISBN 0-8109-8228-5

External links

Photographs and bibliography

Clara Bow My Life Story

Clara Bow attends a premiere with Mae Murray

Category:Actors from New York City Category:American film actors Category:American silent film actors Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale) Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:People from Brooklyn Category:1905 births Category:1965 deaths

ar:كلارا بوو an:Clara Bow zh-min-nan:Clara Bow da:Clara Bow de:Clara Bow es:Clara Bow fr:Clara Bow fy:Clara Bow id:Clara Bow it:Clara Bow nl:Clara Bow ja:クララ・ボウ no:Clara Bow pl:Clara Bow pt:Clara Bow ro:Clara Bow ru:Боу, Клара simple:Clara Bow sh:Clara Bow fi:Clara Bow sv:Clara Bow uk:Клара Боу

Name	Babe Ruth
Width	256
Position	Outfielder / Pitcher
Bats	Left
Throws	Left
Birth date	February 06, 1895
Birth place	Baltimore, Maryland
Death date	August 16, 1948
Death place	New York, New York
Debutdate	July 11
Debutyear	1914
Debutteam	Boston Red Sox
Finaldate	May 30
Finalyear	1935
Finalteam	Boston Braves
Stat1label	Batting average
Stat1value	.342
Stat2label	Home runs
Stat2value	714
Stat3label	Hits
Stat3value	2,873
Stat4label	Runs batted in
Stat4value	2,217
Stat5label	Win–loss record
Stat5value	94–46
Stat6label	Earned run average
Stat6value	2.28
Teams	Boston Red Sox (–) New York Yankees (–) Boston Braves ()
Highlights	2× All-Star selection (1933, 1934) 7× World Series champion (, , , , , , ) 1923 AL MVP New York Yankees #3 retired Major League Baseball All-Century Team Ranks in the top 10 of numerous career statistics MLB Records .690 career slugging % 1.164 career OPS
Hofdate
Hofvote	95.13% }}

George Herman Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948), best known as "Babe" Ruth and nicknamed "the Bambino" and "the Sultan of Swat", was an American Major League baseball player from 1914–1935. Ruth originally broke into the major leagues with the Boston Red Sox as a starting pitcher, but after he was sold to the New York Yankees in 1919, he converted to a full-time right fielder and subsequently became one of the league's most prolific hitters. Ruth was a mainstay in the Yankees' lineup that won seven pennants and four World Series titles during his tenure with the team. After a short stint with the Boston Braves in 1935, Ruth retired. In 1936, Ruth became one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

Ruth has since become regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture. He has been named the greatest baseball player in history in various surveys and rankings, and his home run hitting prowess and charismatic personality made him a larger than life figure in the "Roaring Twenties". Off the field he was famous for his charity, but also was noted for his often reckless lifestyle. Ruth is credited with changing baseball itself. The popularity of the game exploded in the 1920s, largely due to his influence. Ruth ushered in the "live-ball era", as his big swing led to escalating home run totals that not only excited fans, but helped baseball evolve from a low-scoring, speed-dominated game to a high-scoring power game.

In 1998, ''The Sporting News'' ranked Ruth number one on the list of "Baseball's 100 Greatest Players". In 1999, baseball fans named Ruth to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 1969, he was named baseball's Greatest Player Ever in a ballot commemorating the 100th anniversary of professional baseball. In 1993, the Associated Press reported that Muhammad Ali was tied with Babe Ruth as the most recognized athletes, out of over 800 dead or alive athletes, in America. The study found that over 97% of Americans over 12 years of age identified both Ali and Ruth. According to ESPN, he was the first true American sports celebrity superstar whose fame transcended baseball. In a 1999 ESPN poll, he was ranked as the third-greatest US athlete of the century, behind Michael Jordan and Muhammad Ali.

Ruth was the first player to hit 60 home runs in one season (1927), setting the season record which stood until broken by Roger Maris in 1961. Ruth's lifetime total of runs at his retirement in 1935 was a record, until first surpassed by Hank Aaron in 1974. Unlike many power hitters, Ruth also hit for average: his .342 lifetime batting is tenth highest in baseball history, and in one season (1923) he hit .393, a Yankee record. His .690 career slugging percentage and 1.164 career on-base plus slugging (OPS) remain the Major League records. Ruth dominated the era in which he played. He led the league in home runs during a season twelve times, slugging percentage and OPS thirteen times each, runs scored eight times, and runs batted in (RBIs) six times. Each of those totals represents a modern record (as well as the all-time record, except for RBIs).

Early years

Ruth was born at 216 Emory Street in Pigtown, a rough neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland. Ruth's German-American parents, Kate Schamberger-Ruth and George Herman Ruth, Sr., owned a succession of saloons and sold lightning rods. Only one of Ruth's seven siblings, his sister Mamie, survived past infancy.

Not much is known about Ruth's early childhood. His mother was constantly ill (she later died of tuberculosis while Ruth was still a teenager). Ruth later described his early life as "rough". When he was seven years old, his father sent him to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory and orphanage, and signed custody over to the Catholic missionaries who ran the school (the site of St. Mary's was occupied by Cardinal Gibbons School). Ruth remained at St. Mary's for the next 12 years, only visiting with his family for special occasions. Brother Matthias Boutlier, the Head of Discipline at St. Mary's, first introduced Ruth to the game of baseball. He became a father figure in Ruth's life, teaching him how to read and write, and worked with Ruth on hitting, fielding and as his skills progressed, pitching. During his time in St. Mary's, Ruth was also taught tailoring, where he became a qualified shirtmaker and was a part of both the school band and the drama club.

Baltimore Orioles

In 1913, St. Mary's Industrial School was playing a game against Mount St. Mary's University (then college) in Emmitsburg, Maryland. That day, the game was attended by Joe Engel, a former Mount St. Mary's student who was now a pitcher for the Washington Senators. Impressed with Ruth's pitching abilities, Engel, along with a teacher at St. Mary's, Brother Gilbert, brought Ruth to the attention of Jack Dunn, owner and manager of the then minor-league Baltimore Orioles. After watching Ruth pitch in a workout for half an hour, Dunn signed Ruth to a contract for $250 ($}} in current dollar terms) a month on February 14, 1914. Since Ruth was only 19 years old, Dunn had to become Ruth's legal guardian as well; at that time, the age of majority was 25. When the other players on the Orioles caught sight of Ruth, they nicknamed him "Jack's newest babe". The reference stayed with Ruth the rest of his life, and he was most commonly referred to as Babe Ruth from then on. "Babe" was not a unique nickname (see e.g., Babe Adams). His teammates eschewed the public nickname "Babe", and instead called him "George"; or "Jidge" (a nickname for George); or "The Big Fellow"; or just "Bam".

On July 7, 1914, Dunn offered to trade Ruth, along with Ernie Shore and Ben Egan, to Connie Mack of the Philadelphia Athletics. Dunn asked $10,000 ($}} in current dollar terms) for the trio, but Mack refused the offer. The Cincinnati Reds, who had an agreement with the Orioles, also passed on Ruth. Instead, the team elected to take George Twombley and Claud Derrick. Two days later, on July 9, Dunn sold the trio to Joe Lannin and the Boston Red Sox. The amount of money exchanged in the transaction is disputed.

Major League career

Red Sox Years

Ruth appeared in five games for the Red Sox in 1914, pitching in four of them. He picked up the victory in his major league debut on July 11. The Red Sox had many star players in 1914, so Ruth was soon optioned to the minor league Providence Grays of Providence, Rhode Island for most of the remaining season. Behind Ruth and Carl Mays, the Grays won the International League pennant. Shortly after the season, in which he'd finished with a 2–1 record, Ruth proposed to Helen Woodford, a waitress whom he had met in Boston. They were married in Ellicott City, Maryland, on October 17, 1914.

During spring training in 1915, Ruth secured a spot in the Red Sox starting rotation. He joined a pitching staff that included Rube Foster, Dutch Leonard, and Smokey Joe Wood. Ruth won 18 games, lost eight, and helped himself by hitting .315. He also hit his first four home runs. The Red Sox won 101 games that year on their way to a victory in the World Series. Ruth did not pitch in the series, and grounded out in his only at-bat.

In 1916, after a slightly shaky spring, he went 23–12, with a 1.75 ERA and nine shutouts, both of which led the league. On June 27, he struck out ten Philadelphia A's, a career high. On July 11, he started both games of a doubleheader, but the feat was not what it seemed; he only pitched one-third of an inning in the opener because the scheduled starter, Foster, had trouble getting loose. Ruth then pitched a complete-game victory in the nightcap. Ruth had unusual success against Washington Senators star pitcher Walter Johnson, beating him four times in 1916 alone, by scores of 5–1, 1–0, 1–0 in 13 innings, and 2–1. Johnson finally outlasted Ruth for an extra-inning 4–3 victory on September 12; in the years to come, Ruth would hit ten home runs off Johnson, including the only two Johnson would allow in 1918–1919. Ruth's nine shutouts in 1916 set an AL record for left-handers which would remain unmatched until Ron Guidry tied it in 1978.

Despite a weak offense, hurt by the sale of Tris Speaker to the Indians, the Red Sox made it to the World Series. They defeated the Brooklyn Robins four games to one. This time Ruth made a major contribution, pitching a 14-inning complete-game victory in Game Two.

Ruth went 24–13 with a 2.01 ERA and six shutouts in 1917, and hit .325, but the Sox finished second, nine games behind the Chicago White Sox. On June 23 against the Washington Senators, after walking the leadoff hitter, Ruth erupted in anger, was ejected, and threw a punch at the umpire, which would result in a ten-game suspension. Ernie Shore came into the game in relief, the baserunner was out stealing, and Shore retired all twenty-six batters he faced, for which he was credited with a perfect game until the 1990s. Ruth's outburst was an example of self-discipline problems that plagued Ruth throughout his career, and is regarded as the primary reason (other than financial) that then-owner Harry Frazee was willing to sell him to the Yankees two years later.

The left-hander was pitching a no-hitter in a 0–0 game against the Detroit Tigers on July 11, before a single deflected off his glove in the eighth inning. Boston finally pushed across a run in the ninth, and Ruth held onto his 1–0 victory by striking out Ty Cobb. In 1942, Ruth called this game his greatest thrill on the field.

In 1918, Ruth pitched in 20 games, posting a 13–7 record with a 2.22 ERA. He was mostly used as an outfielder, and hit a league-leading eleven home runs. His statistics were curtailed slightly when he walked off the team in July following an argument with Boston's manager.

Ruth threw a 1–0 shutout in the opener of the 1918 World Series, then won Game Four in what would be his final World Series appearance as a pitcher. Ruth won both his starts, allowing two runs (both earned) in seventeen innings for an ERA of 1.06. Ruth extended his World Series consecutive scoreless inning streak to 29⅔ innings, a record that would last until Whitey Ford broke it in 1961.

Emergence as a hitter

In the years 1915–1917, Ruth had been used in just 44 games in which he had not pitched. After the 1917 season, in which he hit .325, albeit with limited at bats, teammate Harry Hooper suggested that Ruth might be more valuable in the lineup as an everyday player.

In 1918, he began playing in the outfield more and pitching less, making 75 hitting-only appearances. Former teammate Tris Speaker speculated that the move would shorten Ruth's career, though Ruth himself wanted to hit more and pitch less. In 1918, Ruth batted .300 and led the A.L. in home runs with eleven despite having only 317 at-bats, well below the total for an everyday player.

During the 1919 season, Ruth pitched in only 17 of his 130 games. He also set his first single-season home run record that year with 29 (passing Ned Williamson's 27 in 1884), including a game-winning homer on a September "Babe Ruth Day" promotion. It was Babe Ruth's last season with the Red Sox.

Sold to New York

On December 26, 1919, Frazee sold Ruth to the New York Yankees. Popular legend has it that Frazee sold Ruth and several other of his best players to finance a Broadway play, ''No, No, Nanette'' (which, though it actually didn't debut until 1925, did have origins in a December 1919 play, ''My Lady Friends''). The truth is not so simple, as Frazee had another financial concern: Babe Ruth.

After the 1919 season, Ruth demanded a raise to $20,000 ($}} in current dollar terms)—double his previous salary. However, Frazee refused, and Ruth responded by letting it be known he wouldn't play until he got his raise, suggesting that he may retire to undertake other profitable ventures.

Frazee finally lost patience with Ruth, and decided to trade him. However, he was effectively limited to two trading partners—the Chicago White Sox and the then-moribund Yankees. The other five clubs rejected his deals out of hand under pressure from American League president Ban Johnson, who never liked Frazee and was actively trying to remove him from ownership of the Red Sox. The White Sox offered Shoeless Joe Jackson $60,000 ($}} in current dollar terms), but Yankees owners Jacob Ruppert and Tillinghast L'Hommedieu Huston offered an all-cash deal—$100,000 ($}} in current dollar terms).

Frazee, Ruppert and Huston quickly agreed to a deal. In exchange for Ruth, the Red Sox would get $125,000 ($}} million in current dollar terms) in cash and three $25,000 ($}} in current dollar terms) notes payable every year at 6 percent interest. Ruppert and Huston also loaned Frazee $300,000 ($}} million in current dollar terms), with the mortgage on Fenway Park as collateral. The deal was contingent on Ruth signing a new contract, which was quickly agreed to, and Ruth officially became property of the Yankees on December 26. The deal was announced ten days later.

In the January 6, 1920 edition of ''The Boston Globe'', Frazee described the transaction: : "I should have preferred to take players in exchange for Ruth, but no club could have given me the equivalent in men without wrecking itself, and so the deal had to be made on a cash basis. No other club could afford to give me the amount the Yankees have paid for him, and I don't mind saying I think they are taking a gamble. With this money the Boston club can now go into the market and buy other players and have a stronger and better team in all respects than we would have had if Ruth had remained with us."

However, the January 6, 1920 ''The New York Times'' was more prescient: : "The short right field wall at the Polo Grounds should prove an easy target for Ruth next season and, playing seventy-seven games at home, it would not be surprising if Ruth surpassed his home run record of twenty-nine circuit clouts next Summer."

The Yankee Years

1920–1925

After moving to the Yankees, Ruth's transition from a pitcher to a power-hitting outfielder became complete. In his fifteen year Yankee career, consisting of over 2,000 games, Ruth re-wrote the record books in terms of his hitting achievements, while making only five widely-scattered token appearances on the mound, winning all of them.

In 1920, his first year with the Yankees, Ruth hit 54 home runs and batted .376. His .847 slugging average was a Major League record until 2001. Aside from the Yankees, only the Philadelphia Phillies managed to hit more home runs as a team than Ruth did as an individual, slugging 64 in hitter-friendly Baker Bowl.

In 1921, Ruth improved to arguably the best year of his career, hitting 59 home runs, batting .378 and slugging .846 (the highest with 500+ at-bats in an MLB season) while leading the Yankees to their first league championship. On July 18, 1921, Babe Ruth hit career home run #139, breaking Roger Connor's record of 138 in just the eighth year of his career. (This was not recognized at the time, as Connor's correct career total was not accurately documented until the 1970s. Even if the record had been celebrated, it would have been on an earlier date, as Connor's total was at one time thought to be only 131.)

Ruth's name quickly became synonymous with the home run, as he led the transformation of baseball strategy from the "inside game" to the "power game", and because of the style and manner in which he hit them. His ability to drive a significant number of his home runs in the 450–500 foot range and beyond resulted in the lasting adjective "Ruthian", to describe any long home run hit by any player. Probably his deepest hit in official game play (and perhaps the longest home run by ''any'' player), occurred on July 18, at Detroit's Navin Field, in which he hit one to straightaway center, over the wall of the then-single-deck bleachers, and to the intersection, some from home plate.

As impressive as Ruth's 1921 numbers were, they could have been more so under modern conditions. Bill Jenkinson's 2006 book, ''The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs,'' attempts to examine each of Ruth's 714 career home runs, plus several hundred long inside-the-park drives and "fair-foul" balls. Until 1931 in the AL, balls that hit the foul pole were considered ground-rule doubles, and balls that went over the wall in fair territory but hooked foul were ruled foul. Many fields, including Ruth's home Polo Grounds, had exceptionally deep center fields—in the Polo Grounds' case, nearly five hundred feet. The author concluded that Ruth would have been credited with 104 home runs in 1921, if modern rules and field dimensions were in place. However, these claims ignore the extreme short distances down the left and right field lines, which were 279 and 258 feet respectively. In addition, the 21 foot overhang in left field often intercepted fly balls which would otherwise have been catchable and turned them into home runs. In either case, Ruth set major league records in total bases (457), extra base hits (119) and times on base (379), all of which stand to this day.

The Yankees had high expectations when they met the New York Giants in the 1921 World Series, and the Yankees won the first two games with Ruth in the lineup. However, Ruth badly scraped his elbow during Game 2, sliding into third base (he had walked and stolen both second and third). After the game, he was told by the team physician not to play the rest of the series. Although he did play in Games 3, 4 and 5, and pinch-hit in Game 8 of the best-of-9 Series, his productivity was diminished, and the Yankees lost the series. Ruth hit .316, drove in five runs and hit his first World Series home run. (Although the Yankees won the fifth game, Ruth wrenched his knee and did not return to the Series until the eighth [last] game.)

Ruth's appearance in the 1921 World Series also led to a problem and triggered another disciplinary action. After the series, Ruth played in a barnstorming tour. A rule then in force prohibited World Series participants from playing in exhibition games during the off-season, the purpose of which was to prevent Series participants from "restaging" the Series and undermining its value. Baseball Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis suspended Ruth for the first six weeks of the 1922 season. Landis had made his point about adhering to the letter of the rules, but he also recognized that the rule was no longer needed, and rescinded it.

Despite his suspension, Ruth started his 1922 season on May 20 as the Yankees' new on-field captain. But five days later, he was ejected from a game for throwing dirt on an umpire, and then climbed into the stands to confront a heckler; Ruth was subsequently stripped of the captaincy. In his shortened season, Ruth appeared in 110 games, batted .315, with 35 home runs and drove in 99 runs, but compared to his previous two dominating seasons, the 1922 season was a disappointment for Ruth. Despite Ruth's off-year, Yankees managed to win the pennant to face the New York Giants for the second straight year in the World Series. In the series, Giants manager John McGraw instructed his pitchers to throw Ruth nothing but curveballs, and Ruth never adjusted. Ruth had just two hits in seventeen at-bats, and the Yankees lost to the Giants for the second straight year by 4–0 (with one tie game).

In 1923, the Yankees moved from the Polo Grounds, where they had sublet from the Giants, to their new Yankee Stadium, which was quickly dubbed "The House That Ruth Built". Ruth hit the stadium's first home run on the way to a Yankees victory over the Red Sox. Ruth finished the 1923 season with a career-high .393 batting average and major-league leading 41 home runs. For the third straight year, the Yankees faced the Giants in the World Series. Rebounding from his struggles in the previous two World Series, Ruth dominated the 1923 World Series. He batted .368, walked eight times, scored eight runs, hit three home runs and slugged 1.000 during the series, as the Yankees won their first World Series title, four games to two.

thumb|Ruth after being knocked unconscious from running into a wall at Griffith Stadium on July 5, 1924. On July 5, 1924, Ruth was knocked unconscious after running into a wall during a game at Griffith Stadium against the Washington Senators. Despite evident pain and a bruised pelvic bone, Ruth insisted on staying in the game and hit a double in his next at-bat. Ruth narrowly missed winning the Triple Crown in 1924. He hit .378 for his only American League batting title, led the major leagues with 46 home runs, and batted in 121 runs to finish second to Goose Goslin's 129. Ruth's on-base percentage was .513, the fourth of five years in which his OBP exceeded .500. However, the Yankees finished second, two games behind the Washington Senators, who went on to win their only World Series while based in D.C. During that same year, Ruth served in the New York national Guard 104th Field Artillery.

During spring training in 1925 Ruth's ailment was dubbed "the bellyache heard round the world," when one writer wrote that Ruth's illness was caused by binging on hot dogs and soda pop before a game. Venereal disease and alcohol poisoning (caused by tainted liquor, a major health problem during the Prohibition) have also been speculated to be the causes of his illness. However, the exact nature of his ailment has never been confirmed and remains a mystery. Playing just 98 games, Ruth had what would be his worst season as a Yankee as he finished the season with a .290 average and 25 home runs. The Yankees team finished next to last in the American League with a 69–85 mark, their last season with a losing record until 1965.

1926–1928

Babe Ruth performed at a much higher level during 1926, batting .372 with 47 home runs and 146 RBIs. The Yankees won the AL pennant and advanced to the World Series, where they were defeated by Rogers Hornsby and the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. In Game 4, he hit three home runs, the first time any player achieved this in a World Series game. Despite his batting heroics, he is also remembered for a costly baserunning blunder. Ruth had a reputation as a good but overaggressive baserunner (he had 123 stolen bases, including ten steals of home, but only a 51% career percentage). With two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of the decisive seventh game, with the Yankees trailing 3–2, Ruth tried to steal second base. However, he was thrown out by ten feet, ending the game and the Series. Barrow later called this the only on-field boner Ruth ever made in his career.

This remains the only time that the final out of a World Series was a "caught stealing." The 1926 series was also known for Ruth's promise to Johnny Sylvester, a seriously ill 11-year old, that he would hit a home run on his behalf.

Ruth was the leader of the famous 1927 Yankees, also known as Murderer's Row because of the strength of its hitting lineup. The team won a then AL-record 110 games, a mark for a 154-game season surpassed by the 1954 Cleveland Indians (the 2001 Seattle Mariners now hold the record with 116 wins, though they played eight more games), took the AL pennant by 19 games, and swept the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series.

With the race long since decided, the nation's attention turned to Ruth's pursuit of his own home run mark of 59. Early in the season, Ruth expressed doubts about his chances: "I don't suppose I'll ever break that 1921 record. To do that, you've got to start early, and the pitchers have got to pitch to you. I don't start early, and the pitchers haven't really pitched to me in four seasons. I get more bad balls to hit than any other six men...and fewer good ones." Ruth was also being challenged for his slugger's crown by teammate Lou Gehrig, who nudged ahead of Ruth's total in midseason, prompting the ''New York World-Telegram'' to anoint Gehrig the favorite. But Ruth caught Gehrig (who would finish with 47), and then had a remarkable last leg of the season, hitting 17 home runs in September. His 60th came on September 30, in the Yankees' next-to-last game. Ruth was exultant, shouting after the game, "Sixty, count 'em, sixty! Let's see some son-of-a-bitch match that!" In later years, he would give Gehrig some credit: "Pitchers began pitching to me because if they passed me they still had Lou to contend with." In addition to his career-high 60 home runs, Ruth batted .356, drove in 164 runs and slugged .772.

The following season started off well for the Yankees, who led the AL by 13 games in July. But the Yankees were soon plagued by some key injuries, erratic pitching and inconsistent play. The Philadelphia Athletics, rebuilding after some lean years, erased the Yankees' big lead and even took over first place briefly in early September. The Yankees, however, took over first place for good when they beat the A's three out of four games in a pivotal series at Yankee Stadium later that month.

Ruth's play in 1928 mirrored his team's performance. He got off to a hot start and on August 1, he had 42 home runs. This put him ahead of his 60 home run pace from the previous season. But Ruth was hobbled by a bad ankle the latter part of the season, and he hit just twelve home runs in the last two months of the regular season. His batting average also fell to .323, well below his career average. Nevertheless, he ended the season with 54 home runs, which would be the fourth (and last) time he hit 50 home runs in a season.

The Yankees had a 1928 World Series rematch with the St. Louis Cardinals, who had upset them in the 1926 series. The Cardinals had the same core players as the 1926 team, except for Rogers Hornsby, who was traded for Frankie Frisch after the 1926 season. Ruth batted .625 (the second highest average in World Series history), including another three-home run game (in game 4), Gehrig batted .545, and the Yankees demolished the Cardinals in four games. The Yankees thus became the first major league team to sweep their opponents in consecutive World Series.

Decline and end with Yankees

In 1929, the Yankees failed to make the World Series for the first time in four years, and it would be another three years before they returned. Although the Yankees had slipped, Ruth led or tied for the league lead in home runs each year during 1929–1931. At one point during the 1930 season, as a stunt, Ruth was called upon to pitch for the first time since 1921, and he pitched a complete-game victory. (He had often pitched in exhibitions in the intervening years).

Also in 1929, the Yankees became the first team to use uniform numbers regularly (the Cleveland Indians had used them briefly in 1916). Since Ruth normally batted third in the order (ahead of Gehrig), he was assigned number 3 (to Gehrig's 4). The Yankees retired Ruth's number on June 13, 1948; however, it was kept in circulation prior to that.

In 1930, which was not a pennant year for the Yankees, Ruth was asked by a reporter what he thought of his yearly salary of $80,000 ($}} million in current dollar terms) being more than President Hoover's $75,000. His response: "I know, but I had a better year than Hoover." That quote has also been rendered as, "How many home runs did ''he'' hit last year?" (Ruth had supported Al Smith in the 1928 Presidential election, and snubbed an appearance with president Hoover.) Three years later, Ruth would make a public appearance with the ex-President at a Stanford – USC football game.

In the 1932 season, the Yankees went 107–47 and won the pennant under manager Joe McCarthy, as Ruth hit .341, with 41 home runs and 137 RBIs.

The Yankees faced Gabby Hartnett's Chicago Cubs in the 1932 World Series. The Yankees swept the Cubs and batted .313 as a team. During Game 3 of the series, after having already homered, Ruth hit what has now become known as Babe Ruth's Called Shot. During the at-bat, Ruth supposedly gestured to the deepest part of the park in center-field, predicting a home run. The ball he hit traveled past the flagpole to the right of the scoreboard and ended up in temporary bleachers just outside Wrigley Field's outer wall. The center field corner was 440 feet away, and at age 37, Ruth had hit a straightaway center home run that was perhaps a 490 foot blow. It was Ruth's last Series homer (and his last Series hit), and it became one of the legendary moments of baseball history.

Ruth remained productive in 1933, as he batted .301, with 34 home runs, 103 RBIs, and a league-leading 114 walks. Elected to play in the first All-Star game, he hit the first home run in the game's history on July 6, 1933, at Comiskey Park in Chicago. His two-run home run helped the AL to a 4–2 victory over the NL, and Ruth made a fine catch in the game. Film footage of his All-Star game home run revealed the 38-year-old Ruth had become noticeably overweight.

Late in the 1933 season, he was called upon to pitch in one game and pitched a complete game victory, his final appearance as a pitcher. For the most part, his Yankee pitching appearances (five in fifteen years) were widely-advertised attempts to boost attendance. Despite unremarkable pitching numbers, Ruth had a 5–0 record in those five games, raising his career totals to 94–46.

In 1934, Babe Ruth recorded a .288 average, 22 home runs, and made the All-Star team for the second consecutive year. During the game, Ruth was the first of five consecutive strikeout victims (all of whom were future Hall of Fame players) of Giants pitcher Carl Hubbell, perhaps the most famous pitching feat in All-Star game history. In what turned out to be his last game at Yankee Stadium, only about 2,000 fans attended. By this time, Ruth had reached a personal milestone of 700 home runs and was about ready to retire.

After the 1934 season, Ruth went on a baseball barnstorming tour in the Far East. Players such as Jimmie Foxx, Lefty Gomez, Earl Averill, Charlie Gehringer, and Lou Gehrig were among fourteen players who played a series of 22 games, with many of the games played in Japan. Ruth was popular in Japan, as baseball had been popular in Japan for decades. Riding in a motorcade, Ruth was greeted by thousands of cheering Japanese. The tour was considered a great success for further increasing the popularity of baseball in Japan, and in 1936 Japan organized its first professional baseball league.

Sold to the Braves

By this time, Ruth knew he had little left as a player. His heart was set on managing the Yankees, and he made no secret of his desire to replace McCarthy. However, Ruppert would not consider dumping McCarthy. The slugger and manager had never got along and Ruth's managerial ambitions further chilled their relations. Just before the 1934 season, Ruppert offered to make Ruth manager of the Yankees' top minor-league team, the Newark Bears. However, Ruth's wife, Claire Merritt Hodgson and business manager advised him to reject the offer.

After the 1934 season, the only teams that seriously considered hiring Ruth were the Philadelphia Athletics and Detroit Tigers. A's owner/manager Connie Mack gave some thought to stepping down as manager in favor of Ruth, but later dropped the idea, saying that Ruth's wife would be running the team in a month if Ruth ever took over. Ruth was in serious negotiations with Tigers owner Frank Navin, but missed a scheduled interview in late 1934. Meanwhile, Ruppert negotiated with other major-league clubs, seeking one that would take Ruth either as a manager or player.

Boston Braves owner Emil Fuchs finally agreed to take Ruth. Even though the Braves had fielded fairly competitive teams in the last three seasons, Fuchs was sinking in debt and couldn't afford the rent on Braves Field. Fuchs thought Ruth was just what the Braves needed, both on and off the field.

After a series of phone calls, letters and meetings, the Yankees traded Ruth to the Braves on February 26, 1935. It was announced that in addition to remaining as a player, Ruth would become team vice president and would be consulted on all club transactions. He was also made assistant manager to Braves skipper Bill McKechnie. In a long letter to Ruth a few days before the press conference, Fuchs promised Ruth a share in the Braves' profits, with the possibility of becoming co-owner of the team. Fuchs also raised the possibility of Ruth becoming the Braves' manager, perhaps as early as 1936.

Amid much media hoopla, Ruth played his first home game in Boston in over 16 years. Before an opening-day crowd of over 25,000, Ruth accounted for all of the Braves' runs in a 4–2 defeat of the New York Giants. The Braves had long played second fiddle to the Red Sox in Boston, but Ruth's arrival spiked interest in the Braves to levels not seen since their stunning win in the 1914 World Series.

That win proved to be the only time the Braves were over .500 that year. By May 20, they were 7–17, and their season was effectively over. While Ruth could still hit, he could do little else, and soon stopped hitting as well. His conditioning had deteriorated so much that he could do little more than trot around the bases. His fielding was dreadful; at one point, three of the Braves' pitchers threatened not to take the mound if Ruth was in the lineup. Ruth was also annoyed that McKechnie ignored most of his managerial advice (McKechnie later said that Ruth's presence made enforcing discipline nearly impossible). He soon discovered that he was vice president and assistant manager in name only, and Fuchs' promise of a share of team profits was also hot air. In fact, Fuchs expected Ruth to invest some of ''his'' money in the team.

On May 25, at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh, Ruth went 4-for-4, drove in 6 runs and hit 3 home runs in an 11–7 loss to the Pirates. These were the last three home runs of his career. His last home run cleared the roof at the old Forbes Field—he became the first player to accomplish that feat. Five days later, in Philadelphia, Ruth played in his last Major League game. He struck out in the first inning and, while playing the field in the same inning, hurt his knee and left the game. In the 1948 film The Babe Ruth Story there was a more dramatic recounting of Ruth's last game. The Braves were depicted as winning the game against the Pirates and learning he had been fired for walking off the field during the game, while still in the locker room.

Two days after that, Ruth summoned reporters to the locker room after a game against the Giants and announced he was retiring. He had wanted to retire as early as May 12, but Fuchs persuaded him to stay on because the Braves hadn't played in every National League park yet. That season, he hit just .181 with six home runs in 72 at-bats. The Braves season went as badly as Ruth's short season. They finished 38–115, the fourth-worst record in Major League history, just a few percentage points fewer than the infamous 1962 New York Mets.

Personal life

Ruth married Helen Woodford in 1914. Owing to his infidelities, they were reportedly separated around 1926. Helen died in a fire in Watertown, Massachusetts on January 11, 1929 in a house owned by Edward Kinder, a dentist whom she had been living with as "Mrs. Kinder". Kinder identified her body as being that of his wife, then went into hiding after Helen's true identity was revealed; Ruth himself had to get authorities to issue a new death certificate in her legal name, Margaret Helen Woodford Ruth.

Ruth had two daughters. Dorothy Ruth was adopted by Babe and Helen. Decades later, she wrote a book, ''My Dad, the Babe'', claiming that she was Ruth's biological child by a girlfriend named Juanita Jennings.

Ruth adopted Julia Hodgson when he married her mother, actress and model Claire Merritt Hodgson. Julia currently resides in Arizona, and threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the final game in the original Yankee Stadium on September 21, 2008.

Ruth and Claire regularly wintered in Florida, frequently playing golf during the off-season and while the Yankees were spring training in Tampa, Florida. After retirement, he had a winter beachfront home in Treasure Island, Florida, near St. Petersburg.

Radio and films

Ruth made many forays into various popular media. He was heard often on radio in the 1930s and 1940s, both as a guest and on his own programs with various titles: ''The Adventures of Babe Ruth'' was a 15-minute Blue Network show heard three times a week from April 16 to July 13, 1934. Three years later, he was on CBS twice a week in ''Here's Babe Ruth'' which was broadcast from April 14 to July 9, 1937. That same year he portrayed himself in "Alibi Ike" on ''Lux Radio Theater''. His ''Baseball Quiz'' was first heard Saturdays on NBC June 5 to July 10, 1943 and then later that year from August 28 to November 20 on NBC, followed by another NBC run from July 8 to October 21, 1944.

His film roles included a cameo appearance as himself in the Harold Lloyd film ''Speedy'' (1928). His first film appearance occurred in 1920, in the silent movie ''Headin' Home''. He made numerous other film appearances in the silent era, usually either playing himself or playing a ballplayer similar to himself.

Ruth's voice was said by some biographers to be similar to that of film star Clark Gable, although that was obviously not evident in the silent film era. He had an appropriate role as himself in ''Pride of the Yankees'' (1942), the story of his ill-fated teammate Lou Gehrig. Ruth had three scenes in the film, including one in which he appeared with a straw hat. He said, "If I see anyone touch it, I'll knock his teeth in!" The teammates convinced young Gehrig (Gary Cooper) to chew up the hat; he got away with it. In the second scene, the players go to a restaurant, where Babe sees a side of beef cooking and jokes, "Well, I'll have one of those..." and, the dramatic scene near the end, where Gehrig makes his speech at Yankee Stadium ending with "I consider myself the luckiest man..."

Retirement and post-playing days

In 1936, Ruth was one of the first five players elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Two years later, Larry MacPhail, the Brooklyn Dodgers general manager, offered him a first base coaching job in June. Ruth took the job but quit at the end of the season. The coaching position was his last job in Major League Baseball. His baseball career finally came to an end in 1943. In a charity game at Yankee Stadium, he pinch hit and drew a walk. In 1947, he became director of the American Legion's youth baseball program.

Baby Ruth candy bar controversy

For decades, the Baby Ruth candy bar was believed to be named after Babe Ruth and some sports marketing practitioners used this example of one of the first forms of sports marketing. However, while the name of the candy bar sounds nearly identical to the Babe's name, the Curtiss Candy Company has steadfastly claimed that Baby Ruth was named after President Grover Cleveland's daughter, Ruth Cleveland. Nonetheless, the bar first appeared in 1921, as Babe Ruth's fame was on the rise and long after Cleveland had left the White House and 15 years after his daughter had died. The company failed to negotiate an endorsement deal with Ruth, and many saw the company's story about the origin of the name of the bar as merely a ploy to avoid having to pay the baseball player any royalties. Ironically, Curtiss successfully shut down a rival bar that was approved by, and named for, Ruth, on the grounds that the names were too similar in the case of George H. Ruth Candy Co. v. Curtiss Candy Co, 49 F.2d 1033 (1931). Sports marketing experts now believe that the Curtiss Candy Company employed the first successful use of an ambush sports marketing campaign, capitalizing on the Babe's name, fame, and popularity.

The ''New York Times'' supports the evidence of the ambush marketing campaign when it wrote "For 85 years, Babe Ruth, the slugger, and Baby Ruth, the candy bar, have lived parallel lives in which it has been widely assumed that the latter was named for the former. The confection's creator, the Curtiss Candy Company, never admitted to what looks like an obvious connection – especially since Ruth hit 54 home runs the year before the first Baby Ruth was devoured. Had it done so, Curtiss would have had to compensate Ruth. Instead, it eventually insisted the inspiration was "Baby Ruth" Cleveland, the daughter of President Grover Cleveland. But it is an odd connection that makes one wonder at the marketing savvy of Otto Schnering, the company's founder."

Thus, in 1995, a company representing the Ruth estate brought the Baby Ruth candy bar into sponsorship officialdom when it licensed the Babe's name and likeness for use in a Baby Ruth marketing campaign. On page 34 of the spring, 2007, edition of the Chicago Cubs game program, there is a full-page ad showing a partially-unwrapped Baby Ruth in front of the Wrigley ivy, with the caption, "The official candy bar of Major League Baseball, and proud sponsor of the Chicago Cubs." Continuing the baseball-oriented theme, during the summer and post-season of the 2007 season, a TV ad for the candy bar showed an entire stadium (played by Dodger Stadium) filled with people munching Baby Ruths, and thus having to hum rather than singing along with "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during the seventh-inning stretch.

Illness

In 1946, he began experiencing severe pain over his left eye. In November 1946, a visit to French Hospital in New York revealed Ruth had a malignant tumor in his neck that had encircled his left carotid artery. He received post-operative radiation therapy. Before leaving the hospital in February 1947, he lost approximately .

Around this time, developments in chemotherapy offered some hope. Teropterin, a folic acid derivative, was developed by Dr. Brian Hutchings of the Lederle Laboratories. It had been shown to cause significant remissions in children with leukemia. Ruth was administered this new drug in June 1947. He was suffering from headaches, hoarseness and had difficulty swallowing. He agreed to use this new medicine but did not want to know any details about it. All the while he was receiving this experimental medication, he did not know it was for cancer. On June 29, 1947, he began receiving injections and he responded with dramatic improvement. He gained over and had resolution of his headaches. On September 6, 1947, his case was presented anonymously at the 4th Annual Internal cancer Research Congress in St. Louis. Teropterin ended up being a precursor for methotrexate, a now commonly used chemotherapeutic agent.

It is now known that Ruth suffered from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPCA), a relatively rare tumor located in the back of the nose near the eustachian tube. Contemporary management for NPCA includes concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

On April 27, 1947, the Yankees held a ceremony at Yankee Stadium. Despite his health problems, Ruth was able to attend "Babe Ruth Day". Ruth spoke to a capacity crowd of more than 60,000, including many American Legion youth baseball players. Although lacking a specific memorable comment like Gehrig's "Luckiest man" speech, Ruth spoke from the heart, of his enthusiasm for the game of baseball and in support of the youth playing the game. (''Babe Ruth speaking at Yankee Stadium'')

Later, Ruth started the Babe Ruth Foundation, a charity for disadvantaged children. Another Babe Ruth Day held at Yankee Stadium in September 1947 helped to raise money for this charity.

After the cancer returned, Ruth attended the 25th anniversary celebration of the opening of Yankee Stadium on June 13, 1948. He was reunited with old teammates from the 1923 Yankee team and posed for photographs. The photo of Ruth taken from behind, using a bat as a cane, standing apart from the other players, and facing "Ruthville" (right field) became one of baseball's most famous and widely circulated photographs. The photo won the Pulitzer Prize.

Death

Shortly after he attended the Yankee Stadium anniversary event, Ruth was back in the hospital. He received hundreds of well-wishing letters and messages. This included a phone call from President Harry Truman. Claire helped him respond to the letters.

On July 26, 1948, Ruth attended the premiere of the film ''The Babe Ruth Story'', a biopic about his own life. William Bendix portrayed Ruth. Shortly thereafter, Ruth returned to the hospital for the final time. He was barely able to speak. Ruth's condition gradually became worse, and in his last days, scores of reporters and photographers hovered around the hospital. Only a few visitors were allowed to see him, one of whom was National League president and future Commissioner of Baseball, Ford Frick. "Ruth was so thin it was unbelievable. He had been such a big man and his arms were just skinny little bones, and his face was so haggard," Frick said years later.

On August 16, the day after Frick's visit, Babe Ruth died at age 53 due to pneumonia. An autopsy showed the cancer Ruth died from began in the nose and mouth and spread widely throughout his body from there. His body lay in repose in Yankee Stadium. His funeral was two days later at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. Ruth was then buried in the Cemetery of the Gate of Heaven in Hawthorne, New York. At his death, the New York ''Times'' called Babe Ruth, "a figure unprecedented in American life. A born showman off the field and a marvelous performer on it, he had an amazing flair for doing the spectacular at the most dramatic moment."

Legacy

Ruth's impact on American culture still commands attention. Top performers in other sports are often referred to as "The Babe Ruth of ______." He is widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players in history. Many polls place him as the number one player of all time.

Ruth was mentioned in the poem ''"Line-Up for Yesterday"'' by Ogden Nash:

Films have been made featuring Ruth, or a Ruth-like figure ("The Whammer" in ''The Natural'', for example).

During World War II, Japanese soldiers would yell in English, "To hell with Babe Ruth", in order to anger American soldiers. An episode of Hawaii Five-O would be named "To Hell With Babe Ruth" because of that.

As a sidelight to his prominent role in changing the game to the power game, the frequency and popularity of Ruth's home runs eventually led to a rule change pertaining to those hit in sudden-death mode (bottom of the ninth or later inning). Prior to 1931, as soon as the first necessary run to win the game scored, the play was over, and the batter was credited only with the number of bases needed to drive in the winning run. Thus, if the score was 3–2 with the bases loaded in the bottom of the ninth, and the batter smacked an "over the fence home run", the game would end at 4–3, with the batter only allowed a double, and the runners officially stopped on 2nd and 3rd (since they weren't needed to win the game). The new rule allowed the entire play to complete, justified on the grounds that the ball was dead and that all runners could freely advance, thus granting the full allotment of HR and RBI to the batter, as we know it today. Several players lost home runs that way, including Ruth. As noted in the inaugural edition of ''The Baseball Encyclopedia'' (MacMillan, 1969), Ruth's career total would have been changed to 715 if historians during the 1960s had been successful in pursuing this matter. Major League Baseball elected not to retrofit the records to the modern rules, and Ruth's total stayed at 714.

Another rules change that affected Ruth was the method used by umpires to judge potential home runs when the batted ball left the field near a foul pole. Before 1931, i.e. through most of Ruth's most productive years, the umpire called the play based on the ball's final resting place "when last seen". Thus, if a ball went over the fence fair, and curved behind the foul pole, it was ruled foul. Beginning in 1931 and continuing to the present day, the rule was changed to require the umpire to judge based on the point where the ball cleared the fence. Jenkinson's book (p. 374–375) lists 78 foul balls near the foul pole in Ruth's career, claiming that at least 50 of them were likely to have been home runs under the modern rule.

Ruth's 1919 contract that sent him from Boston to New York was sold at auction for $996,000 at Sotheby's on June 10, 2005. The most valuable memorabilia item relating to Ruth was his 1923 bat which he used to hit the first home run at Yankee Stadium on April 18, 1923. Ruth's heavy Louisville Slugger solid ash wood bat sold for $1.26 million at a Sotheby's auction in December 2004, making it the third most valuable baseball memorabilia item, behind Mark McGwire's 70th home run ball and the famous 1909 Honus Wagner baseball card.

Career batting statistics

Taken from Retrosheet.

2,174

G	! AB	! R	! H	! HR	! RBI	! BB	! SO	! Avg.	! OBP	! SLG
2,503	8,399	|	2,873	714	2,213	2,062	1,330	.342	.473	.690

All-time ranks

3rd on all-time home run list with 714

10th on all-time batting average list with .342

2nd on all-time RBI list with 2,217

1st on all-time slugging % with 0.690

2nd on all-time on-base % list with .474

1st on all-time OPS with 1.164

4th on all-time runs list with 2,174

6th on all-time total bases list with 5,793

3rd on all-time bases on balls list with 2,062

Career pitching statistics

2.28

Win (baseball)	W	Loss (baseball)>L	Earned run average>ERA	Games played>G	Games started>GS	Complete game>CG	Shutout>SHO	Save (baseball)>SV	Innings pitched>IP	Hit (baseball)>H	Run (baseball)>R	Earned run>ER	Home run>HR	Hit by pitch>HBP	Base on balls>BB	Strikeout>SO	Winning percentage>WPct	Walks plus hits per inning pitched>WHIP	Batting average>AVG	Bases on balls per 9 innings pitched>BB/9	Strikeouts per 9 innings pitched>K/9
94	46	|	163	148	107	17	4	1,221.1	974	400	309	10	29	441	488	.671	1.16	.220	3.25	3.60

Ruth was 89–46 with the Red Sox and was 5–0 with the Yankees overall. Ruth is 11th for career won-loss at 67.1%.

See also

Babe Ruth Award

Babe Ruth League

Curse of the Bambino

DHL Hometown Heroes

List of Major League Baseball Home Run Records

List of Major League Baseball RBI Records

References and notes

External links

BabeRuth.com – Official site

baberuthmuseum.com Ruth Museum

In March 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute program on Babe Ruth. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at Babe Ruth,1895-1948: America’s Greatest Baseball Player

Images

Babe Ruth: Rare and Unpublished - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Babe Ruth: Totally Random Trivia - slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Further reading

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