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Abdur Rahman Khan
Abdur Rahman Khan () (b. between 1840 to 1844 – d. October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
http://wn.com/Abdur_Rahman_Khan -
Adelaide Neilson
Lilian Adelaide Neilson (3 March 1848 - 15 August 1880), born Elizabeth Ann Brown, was an English stage actress.
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Alf Common
Alf Common (25 May 1880 in Millfield – 3 April 1946 in Darlington) was an English footballer who played at inside forward or centre forward. He is most famous for being the first player to be transferred for a fee of £1,000.
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Alfred Noyes
Alfred Noyes (16 September 1880 – 25/28 June 1958) was an English poet, best known for his ballads, The Highwayman and The Barrel-Organ.
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Alfred Wegener
Alfred Lothar Wegener (1 November 1880 – November 1930) was a German scientist, geophysicist, and meteorologist.
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Alphonse Penaud
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Ana Néri
Ana Justina Ferreira Néri (December 13, 1814 – May 20, 1880) was a Brazilian nurse, considered the first in her country. She is best known for her volunteer work with the Triple Alliance during the Paraguayan War.
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Anselm Feuerbach
Anselm Feuerbach (September 12, 1829 – January 4, 1880) was a German painter. He was the leading classicist painter of the German 19th-century school.
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Archie Hahn
Charles Archibald "Archie" Hahn (September 14, 1880 – January 21, 1955) was a German-American athlete, and one of the best sprinters in the early 20th century.
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B.C. Forbes
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Benjamin Disraeli
Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, KG, PC, FRS, (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British Prime Minister, parliamentarian, Conservative statesman and literary figure. He served in government for three decades, twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Although his father had him baptised to Anglicanism at age 13, he was nonetheless the country's first and thus far only Prime Minister who was born Jewish. He played an instrumental role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846.
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Captain Moonlite
Andrew George Scott (baptised 6 March 1845 – 20 January 1880), Aka Captain Moonlite, was an Australian bushranger.
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Carl Van Vechten
Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein.
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Chief Ouray
Chief Ouray (c. 1833–August 24, 1880) was a Native American leader of the Uncompahgre band of the Ute tribe of modern-day Utah and Colorado.
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Christabel Pankhurst
Dame Christabel Harriette Pankhurst, DBE (22 September 1880 – 13 February 1958) was a suffragette born in Manchester, England. A co-founder of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), she directed its militant actions from exile in France from 1912 to 1913. In 1914 she became a fervent supporter of the war against Germany. After the war she moved to the United States, where she worked as an evangelist for the Second Adventist movement.
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Christy Mathewson
Christopher "Christy" Mathewson (August 12, 1880 – October 7, 1925), nicknamed "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", or "Matty", was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played in what is known as the dead-ball era; and in was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its "first five" inaugural members.Christy Mathewson was discussed on the top ten show on IsraelSportsRadio.com on October 14, 11 am EST
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Chujiro Hayashi
, a disciple of Mikao Usui, played a major role in the transmission of Reiki out of Japan and for turning it into a less mystical practice.
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Damon Runyon
Alfred Damon Runyon (October 4, 1880 – December 10, 1946) was a newspaperman and writer.
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Douglas MacArthur
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of general of the army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
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Earle Page
Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page, GCMG, CH (8 August 188020 December 1961) was the 11th Prime Minister of Australia, and is to date the second-longest serving federal parliamentarian in Australian history, with 41 years, 361 days in Parliament.
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Elsie J. Oxenham
Elsie Jeanette Dunkerley (25 November 1880 - 9 January 1960), was an English girls' story writer, who took the name Oxenham as her pseudonym when her first book, Goblin Island, was published in 1907. Her Abbey Series of 38 titles are her best-known and best-loved books. In her lifetime she had 87 titles published and another two have since been published by her niece, who discovered the manuscripts in the early 1990s. She is considered a major figure among girls' story writers of the first half of the twentieth century, being one of the 'Big Three' with Elinor Brent-Dyer and Dorita Fairlie Bruce. Angela Brazil is as well-known - perhaps more so - but did not write her books in series about the same group of characters or set in the same place or school, as did the Big Three.
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First Boer War
The First Boer War (, Afrikaans: Eerste Vryheidsoorlog, literally First Freedom War) also known as the First Anglo-Boer War or the Transvaal War, was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881.
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Frank Tarrant
Frank Tarrant (in full Francis Alfred Tarrant (Melbourne, Australia, 11 December 1880 – 29 January 1951 in Melbourne) was an Australian all-rounder who played with great success for Middlesex in the County Championship in the years before World War I.
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Frederick J. Horne
Admiral Frederick Joseph Horne (February 14, 1880 – October 18, 1959) was an admiral in the United States Navy. As the first Vice Chief of Naval Operations, he directed all Navy logistics during World War II.
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Frigyes Riesz
Frigyes Riesz (January 22, 1880 – February 28, 1956) was a mathematician who was born in Győr, Hungary (Austria-Hungary) and died in Budapest, Hungary. He was rector and professor at University of Szeged. He was the older brother of the mathematician Marcel Riesz.
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Gabriel Voisin
Gabriel Voisin (February 5, 1880 – December 25, 1973) was among aviation's earliest pioneers (1903) and the creator of Europe's first engine powered, heavier-than-air flying machine capable of a sustained circular ( 1 km) controlled flight, including take-off and landing. It was flown by Henry Farman on January 13, 1908 near Paris, France. Later on, Gabriel Voisin became a major producer of military aircraft, notably the Voisin III, during World War I. Finally, he designed and built exceptional automobiles bearing the name Avions Voisin, during the 1920s and 1930s.
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Garfield Wood
Garfield ‘Gar’ Arthur Wood (December 4, 1880 – June 19, 1971) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, motorboat builder and racer who held the world water speed record on several occasions. He was the first man to travel over 100 miles per hour on water.
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George Eliot
Mary Anne (Mary Ann, Marian) Evans (22 November 1819 – 22 December 1880), better known by her pen name George Eliot, was an English novelist and one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. She is the author of seven novels, including The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871–72), and Daniel Deronda (1876), most of them set in provincial England and well known for their realism and psychological insight.
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George Marshall
George Catlett Marshall (December 31, 1880 – October 16, 1959) was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953.
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George Preca
Saint George Preca (in Maltese: San Ġorġ Preca) (12 February 1880 - 26 July 1962) was a Maltese Roman Catholic priest who founded the Society of Christian Doctrine, a society of lay catechists. In Malta, he is affectionately known as "Dun Ġorġ" and is popularly referred to as the "Second Apostle of Malta", after Saint Paul of Tarsus. He was canonized on 3 June 2007 by Pope Benedict XVI.
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Grantland Rice
Grantland Rice (November 1, 1880 – July 13, 1954) was an early 20th century American sportswriter known for his elegant prose. His writing was published in newspapers around the country and broadcast on the radio.
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Gustave Flaubert
Gustave Flaubert () (December 12, 1821 – May 8, 1880) was a French writer who is counted among the greatest Western novelists. He is known especially for his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857), and for his scrupulous devotion to his art and style.
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H. L. Mencken
Henry Louis "H. L." Mencken (September 12, 1880 – January 29, 1956), was an American journalist, essayist, magazine editor, satirist, acerbic critic of American life and culture, and a student of American English. Mencken, known as the "Sage of Baltimore", is regarded as one of the most influential American writers and prose stylists of the first half of the 20th century.
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Hans Moser (actor)
Hans Moser (6 August 1880 – 19 June 1964) was an Austrian actor who, during his long career, from the 1920s up to his death, mainly played in comedy films. He was particularly associated with the genre of the Wiener Film. Moser appeared in over 150 films.
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Helen Keller
Helen Adams Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an American author, political activist, and lecturer. She was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree.
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Herbert Strudwick
Herbert ("Bert") Strudwick (January 28, 1880, Mitcham, Surrey, England – February 14, 1970 in Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex) was an English wicket-keeper. During his career, his record of 1493 dismissals is the third-highest by any wicket-keeper in the history of first-class cricket.
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Hiram Walden
Hiram Walden (August 21, 1800 – July 21, 1880) was a United States Representative from New York.
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Jacob Epstein
Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor who helped pioneer modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter for public artworks. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.
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Jacques Curie
Paul-Jacques Curie (October 29, 1856 – 1941) was a French physicist and professor at the University of Montpellier. He and his brother, Pierre Curie, studied pyroelectricity in the 1880s, leading to their discovery of some of the mechanisms behind piezoelectricity.
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Jacques Offenbach
Jacques Offenbach (born Jacob Offenbach; 20 June 1819 – 5 October 1880) was a German-born French composer and cellist of the Romantic era and one of the originators of the operetta form. Of German-Jewish ancestry, he was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century, and many of his works remain in the repertory.
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James Garfield
http://wn.com/James_Garfield -
James Milne Wilson
Sir James Milne Wilson, KCMG (29 February 1812 - 29 February 1880) served as Premier of Tasmania from 1869 to 1872.
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James Ritty
James Ritty (October 29, 1836–29 March 1918) saloonkeeper and inventor, James Ritty opened his first saloon in Dayton, Ohio in 1879, billing himself as a "Dealer in Pure Whiskies, Fine Wines, and Cigars." Some of Ritty's employees would take the customers' money and pocket it, rather than depositing the cash that was meant to pay for the food, drink, and other wares. In 1878 while on a steamboat trip to Europe, Ritty became intrigued by a mechanism that counted how many times the ship's propeller went around. He wondered if something like this could be made to record the cash transactions made at his saloon.
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Jan Kubelík
Jan Kubelík (5 July 18805 December 1940) was a Czech violinist and composer.
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Jean Alexandre Barré
Jean Alexandre Barré (May 25, 1880 – April 26, 1967), French neurologist, worked in 1916 on the identification of the Guillain-Barré syndrome.
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Jessie Aspinall
Jessie Strahorn Aspinall (10 December 1880 – 25 August 1953) was the first female junior medical resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney. Her four brothers were also doctors.
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John Boyd Orr
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John Foulds
John Herbert Foulds (November 2, 1880 – April 25, 1939), was a British composer of classical music.
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John L. Lewis
John Llewellyn Lewis (February 12, 1880 – June 11, 1969) was an American leader of organized labor who served as president of the United Mine Workers of America from 1920 to 1960. He was a major player in the history of coal mining. He was the driving force behind the founding of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, which established the United Steel Workers of America and helped organize millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. After resigning as head of the CIO in 1941, he took the Mine Workers out of the CIO in 1942, then back into the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1944.
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Johnny Gruelle
Johnny Gruelle (December 24, 1880 - January 9, 1938) was an American artist, political cartoonist, children's book author and illustrator (and even songwriter). He is known as the creator of Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy. He had such confidence in his design that often he would create the final ink work without first sketching in pencil.
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Joseph Trumpeldor
Joseph Trumpeldor (December 1, 1880 – March 1, 1920, , ), was an early Zionist activist. He helped organize the Zion Mule Corps and bring Jewish immigrants to Palestine. Trumpeldor died defending the settlement of Tel Hai in 1920 and subsequently became a Zionist national hero. His last words were famously "Never mind, it is good to die for our country."
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Joshua A. Norton
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Josiah Stamp
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Kristian Hellström
Kristian Hellström (July 24, 1880 – June 14, 1946) was a Swedish athlete who competed mainly in the 1500 metres.
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Károly Alexy
Károly Alexy (February 8, 1823 – May 20, 1880) was a Hungarian sculptor. His sculptural style integrated elements of classicism and romanticism.
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Lillian Russell
Lillian Russell (December 4, 1861 – June 6, 1922) was an American actress and singer. She became one of the most famous actresses and singers of the late 19th century and early 20th century, known for her beauty and style, as well as for her voice and stage presence.
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Louis Wolheim
Louis Wolheim (March 28, 1880 - February 18, 1931) was an American character actor.
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Lydia Maria Child
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Mack Sennett
Mack Sennett (January 17, 1880 – November 5, 1960) was a Canadian-born American director and was known as the innovator of slapstick comedy in film. During his lifetime he was known at times as the "King of Comedy". His short "Wrestling Swordfish" was awarded the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 1932 and he earned an Academy Honorary Award in 1937.
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Max Wertheimer
Max Wertheimer (April 15, 1880 – October 12, 1943) was a Czech-born psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, along with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.
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Ned Kelly
Edward "Ned" Kelly (June 1854/June 1855 – 11 November 1880) was an Irish-Australian bushranger, and was seen by some as merely a cold-blooded killer, while to others he was seen as a folk hero, for his defiance of the colonial authorities.
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oldest people
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Ole Bull
Ole Bornemann Bull (5 February 1810 – 17 August 1880) was a Norwegian violinist and composer.
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Olivia Nordgren
Olivia Lovisa Nordgren, (27 February 1880 - 7 June 1969), Swedish typographer and Politician of the Social Democrats. She was an important part in the work against powerty in the 1930s in Sweden and one of the most known woman politicians in Sweden of that time.
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Oswald Spengler
Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (29 May 1880 – 8 May 1936) was a German historian and philosopher whose interests also included mathematics, science, and art. He is best known for his book The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes), published in 1918, which puts forth a cyclical theory of the rise and decline of civilizations. In 1920 Spengler produced Prussiandom and Socialism (Preussentum und Sozialismus), which argued for an organic, nationalist version of socialism and authoritarianism. He wrote extensively throughout World War I and the interwar period, and supported German hegemony in Europe. The National Socialists held Spengler as an intellectual precursor but he was ostracised after 1933 for his pessimism about Germany and Europe's future, his refusal to support Nazi ideas of racial superiority, and his critical work The Hour of Decision.
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Pagan Min
Pagan Min (, ; 21 June 1811 – 18 February 1853), was the ninth king of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. Born Maung Biddhu Khyit, he was granted the title of Prince of Pagan by his father Tharrawaddy in August 1842. Pagan Min became king when Tharrawaddy died on 17 November 1846, with the formal title of His Majesty "Pyinsama Thangayana-tin Sri Pawara Vijaya Nanda Jatha Maha Dharma Rajadhiraja Pagan Min Taya-gyi". He married 18 times.
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Paul Kruger
Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger (10 October 1825 – 14 July 1904), better known as Paul Kruger and affectionately known as Uncle Paul (Dutch: "Oom Paul") was State President of the South African Republic (Transvaal). He gained international renown as the face of Boer resistance against the British during the South African or Second Boer War (1899–1902).
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Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie (15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity and radioactivity, and Nobel laureate. In 1903 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Maria Skłodowska-Curie, and Henri Becquerel, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel".
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Portuguese people
The Portuguese () are an ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of south-west Europe. Their language is Portuguese, and Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion.
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Raden Saleh
Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman (1807 or 1811 - April 23, 1880) is one of the best known painters from Indonesia and a pioneer of modern Indonesian art.
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Reginald Farrer
Reginald John Farrer (1880 – 17 October 1920), was a traveller and plant collector. He published a number of books, although is best known for My Rock Garden. He travelled to Asia in search of a variety of plants, many of which he brought back to England and planted near his home village of Clapham, North Yorkshire.
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Richard Oswald
Richard Oswald (5 November 1880 - 11 September 1963) was an Austrian director, producer, and screenwriter.
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Robert L. Thornton
Robert Lee Thornton, Sr. (often just R. L. Thornton) (10 August 1880 – 15 February 1964) was a Dallas, Texas (USA) businessman, , philanthropist, and mayor of the city.
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Robert Musil
'Robert Mathias Edler von Musil' (November 6, 1880 - April 15, 1942) was an Austrian writer. His unfinished long novel The Man Without Qualities () is generally considered to be one of the most important modernist novels.
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Rudolph Palm
Rudolph Palm (Curaçao, 11 January 1880 – Curaçao, 11 September 1950) is a Curaçao born composer.
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Sam Crawford
Samuel Earl Crawford (April 18, 1880 – June 15, 1968), nicknamed "Wahoo Sam", was a Major League Baseball player who played outfield for the Cincinnati Reds and Detroit Tigers. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1957.
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Sean O'Casey
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Sylvia Ashton
Sylvia Ashton (26 January 1880 – 17 November 1940) was an American film actress of the silent era. She appeared in 134 films between 1912 and 1929. She was born in Denver, Colorado and died in Los Angeles, California. She bore a heavyset resemblance to Jane Darwell and like Darwell was playing mother and grandmother roles, though more famously than Darwell in the silents, while still in her 30s & 40s. For years she was a regular member of Cecil B. DeMille's troupe of character actors. She retired from movies almost immediately at the dawn of sound, one of her last films being the part-talkie, The Barker(1928).
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Texas Jack Omohundro
John Baker Omohundro (July 26, 1846 – June 28, 1880), also known as "Texas Jack," was a frontier scout, actor, and cowboy.
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Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park" (now Edison, New Jersey) by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large teamwork to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
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Tinius Olsen
Tinius Olsen (December 7, 1845 – October 20, 1932) was a Norwegian American engineer and inventor. He was the founder of the Tinius Olsen Engineering Testing Machine Company. He was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal of The Franklin Institute in 1891.
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Tod Browning
Tod Browning (12 July 1880 – 6 October 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter.
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Tomasz Chołodecki
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Tony Pastor
:For Tony Pastor the saxophonist and bandleader, see Tony Pastor (bandleader).
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Una O'Connor
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Victorio
Victorio (Bidu-ya, Beduiat; ca. 1825 – October 14, 1880) was a warrior and chief of the Chihenne band of the Chiricahua Apaches in what is now the U.S. states of New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua.
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W. T. Cosgrave
William Thomas Cosgrave (; 6 June 1880 – 16 November 1965), known generally as W.T. Cosgrave, was an Irish politician who succeeded Michael Collins as Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government from August to December 1922. He served as the first President of the Executive Council (Head of government) of the Irish Free State from 1922 to 1932.
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Waldemar Bonsels
Waldemar Bonsels (21 February 1880 in Ahrensburg – 31 July 1952 in Ambach) was a German writer of children's books.
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William J. Simmons
William Joseph Simmons (May 6, 1880 in Harpersville, Alabama – May 18, 1945 in Atlanta, Georgia) was the founder of the second Ku Klux Klan on Thanksgiving Night of 1915.
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Wyndham Standing
Wyndham Standing (23 August 1880 – 1 February 1963) was an English film actor. He appeared in 131 films between 1915 and 1948. He delivered a memorable performance in ''Hell's Angels'' as the commanding officer who gets fed up with the cowardly antics of Ben Lyon and James Hall just before sending them off on a deadly bombing mission.
http://wn.com/Wyndham_Standing
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Australian
http://wn.com/Australian -
Clarkson Memorial
The Clarkson Memorial, located in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, England, is a memorial to Thomas Clarkson (1760 – 1846), a central figure in the campaign against the slave trade in the British empire.
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Congo River
The Congo River (also known as the Zaire River) is the deepest river in the world, with measured depths in excess of . It is the second largest river in the world by volume of water discharged, though it has only one-fifth the volume of the world's largest river, the Amazon. Additionally, its overall length of makes it the second longest river in Africa (after the Nile).
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Dayton, Ohio
Dayton is the sixth largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County, the fourth most populous county in the state. The population was 166,179 at the 2000 census. The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 848,153 in the 2000 census. Dayton is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Ohio and the 61st largest metropolitan area in the United States. The Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,085,094 in 2000. Dayton is situated within the Miami Valley region of Ohio, just north of the Cincinnati metropolitan area.
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France
{{Infobox Country
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Goa
Goa (; , , Sanskrit: गोमंतक) is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in South West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole. It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.
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Melbourne
Melbourne (, locally also ) is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre (also known as the "Central Business District" or "CBD") is the hub of the greater geographical area (or "metropolitan area") and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater geographical area had an approximate population of 4.00 million. Inhabitants of Melbourne are called Melburnians.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Nobel Peace Prize
The Nobel Peace Prize (Swedish and Norwegian: Nobels fredspris) is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel.
http://wn.com/Nobel_Peace_Prize -
United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
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Wabash, Indiana
Wabash is a city in Noble Township, Wabash County, Indiana, United States. The population was 11,342 at the 2006 census. The city is the county seat of Wabash County.
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William J. Simmons
William Joseph Simmons (May 6, 1880 in Harpersville, Alabama – May 18, 1945 in Atlanta, Georgia) was the founder of the second Ku Klux Klan on Thanksgiving Night of 1915.
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FOSTER & LLOYD Texas In 1880
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:04
- Published: 24 Feb 2007
- Uploaded: 16 Feb 2012
- Author: FosterLloydFan
April 2, 1988 • Hit Country video from duo Foster & LLoyd. Great authentic rodeo and cowboy / Indians footage from about 100 years ago. • www.fosterandlloyd.com www.facebook.com RADNEY FOSTER www.myspace.com www.radneyfoster.com BILL LLOYD www.myspace.com www.billlloydmusic.net www.thelongplayers.com
http://wn.com/FOSTER_LLOYD_Texas_In_1880
French Saber Fencing c. 1880
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:12
- Published: 19 Dec 2008
- Uploaded: 20 Jan 2012
- Author: TodaysFinancialNews
This clip was filmed off an original French flip-book and constitutes one of the first short documentary sources on the sequence of movements actually used. You can find more sources on fencing, dueling and swordplay throughout the ages at www.fencingclassics.wordpress.com
http://wn.com/French_Saber_Fencing_c_1880
NASA | Temperature Data: 1880-2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:27
- Published: 20 Jan 2012
- Uploaded: 18 Feb 2012
- Author: NASAexplorer
www.nasa.gov The global average surface temperature in 2011 was the ninth warmest since 1880.The finding sustains a trend that has seen the 21st century experience nine of the 10 warmest years in the modern meteorological record. NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York released an analysis of how temperatures around the globe in 2011 compared to the average global temperature from the mid-20th century. The comparison shows how Earth continues to experience higher temperatures than several decades ago. The average temperature around the globe in 2011 was 0.92 degrees F (0.51 C) higher than the mid-20th century baseline. This video is public domain and can be downloaded at: svs.gsfc.nasa.gov Like our videos? Subscribe to NASA's Goddard Shorts HD podcast: svs.gsfc.nasa.gov Or find NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on facebook: www.facebook.com Or find us on Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/NASA_|_Temperature_Data_1880-2011
Television: 1880 Or So (Later)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:49
- Published: 17 Dec 2007
- Uploaded: 28 Jan 2012
- Author: nonstopdancer
Television performing the song 1880 Or So on Later With Jools Holland, 1992
http://wn.com/Television_1880_Or_So_Later
Vintage Female Fashion Portraits (1880-1939)
Lovely female portraits from the late Victorian era to the Great Depression. Part 1
http://wn.com/Vintage_Female_Fashion_Portraits_1880-1939
Global Warming: 1880-2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:32
- Published: 19 Jan 2012
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: TheDailyConversation
Global temperatures have warmed significantly since 1880, the beginning of what scientists call the "modern record." At this time, the coverage provided by weather stations allowed for essentially global temperature data. As greenhouse gas emissions from energy production, industry and vehicles have increased, temperatures have climbed, most notably since the late 1970s. In this animation of temperature data from 1880-2011, reds indicate temperatures higher than the average during a baseline period of 1951-1980, while blues indicate lower temperatures than the baseline average. (Data source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Visualization credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio) Read the full article on NASA's website, here: www.nasa.gov Add us to your circles on Google+ plus.google.com Join the conversation on Facebook www.facebook.com Follow The Daily Conversation on Twitter www.twitter.com The global average surface temperature in 2011 was the ninth warmest since 1880, according to NASA scientists. The finding continues a trend in which nine of the 10 warmest years in the modern meteorological record have occurred since the year 2000. NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, which monitors global surface temperatures on an ongoing basis, released an updated analysis that shows temperatures around the globe in 2011 compared to the average global temperature from the mid-20th century. The comparison shows how <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Global_Warming_1880-2011
Debussy: Danse bohemienne (1880)
Claude Debussy (1862 - 1918) Complete music for piano solo (in chronological order) 1. Danse bohemienne (1880)
http://wn.com/Debussy_Danse_bohemienne_1880
Warming World 1880-2010 (NASA)
A NASA visualization shows the change in global warmth from 1880 through 2010, with colors indicating the difference from the mean for 1951-80 (warmest colors reflect the biggest upward anomaly; coolest colors show cooling). Background: j.mp More on climate basics from New York Times: j.mp j.mp j.mp
http://wn.com/Warming_World_1880-2010_NASA
Radney Foster & Pat Green - Texas In 1880
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:46
- Published: 28 Feb 2010
- Uploaded: 14 Feb 2012
- Author: TEXJAPCOWBOY
Radney Foster & Pat Green - Texas In 1880
http://wn.com/Radney_Foster_Pat_Green__Texas_In_1880
Antique printing press 'Marinoni, presse Universelle, 1880'
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 09 Apr 2007
- Uploaded: 11 Nov 2011
- Author: Historischedrukkerij
Set up, restoring and printing on the Marinoni cilinderpress 'Presse Universelle' from about 1880 in the Historische Drukkerij Turnhout, Belgium.
http://wn.com/Antique_printing_press_'Marinoni,_presse_Universelle,_1880'
1880's authintic Delta Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Published: 09 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 29 Jan 2012
- Author: johnmcnair
Here is me playing a three string guitar, I edited this to a shorter version than the original, you can see lots of great three string stuff at www.3-string-guitar.com
http://wn.com/1880's_authintic_Delta_Blues
Radney Foster singin' Texas in 1880
May 20 at Gruene Hall - Rad doing a little storytelling and an acoustic version of Texas in 1880, with the help of Brady Black on fiddle. Miss Kate dutifully shot this video for me while I was backstage shooting with the still camera...
http://wn.com/Radney_Foster_singin'_Texas_in_1880
Henryk Wieniawski (1835-1880): Souvenir de Moscou
ARTHUR GRUMIAUX (1921-1986) - VIOLIN Istvan Hajdu - Piano
http://wn.com/Henryk_Wieniawski_1835-1880_Souvenir_de_Moscou
Somalia 1880-kii Xamar Cadeey Muqdisho Waagii Hore
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Published: 17 Oct 2008
- Uploaded: 14 Feb 2012
- Author: fiirsidotcom
www.fiirsi.com waagii hore ee soomaaliya waa afsoomaali waxaa tarjumay Saafi Films Iyo Hangool Media daawasho wacan
http://wn.com/Somalia_1880-kii_Xamar_Cadeey_Muqdisho_Waagii_Hore
Hans Rott - Symphony in E major (1880)
Symphony in E major (1880) I. Alla breve [0:00] II. Sehr langsam [10:46] III. Scherzo: Frisch und lebhaft [24:57] IV. Sehr langsam - Belebt [39:07] A monumental orchestral work by Austrian composer Hans Rott (1858-1884). Rott studied piano and harmony at the Conservatory in Vienna with Josef Dachs and Franz Krenn, and he attended organ classes taught by Anton Bruckner; he briefly roomed at the Conservatory with Gustav Mahler. His music was greatly influenced by Bruckner and Wagner - indeed, in 1876, Rott attended the first Bayreuth Festival. Two years later, in the final year of his studies, Rott submitted the first movement of this symphony to a composition competition, only to be met with derision from all the judges with the exception of Bruckner, who recognized its merits. Nevertheless, after Rott persevered and completed the symphony in 1880, he showed the work to Johannes Brahms and Hans Richter, hoping to gain the praise of these prominent musicians. Once again, the results were disastrous. Brahms, who resented the progressive influence Bruckner exerted in the Conservatory, called Rott talentless and told him that he should give up music. This proved to be too harsh a blow for the young composer to withstand, and later the same year, he experienced a mental breakdown. While traveling on a train from Vienna to Mühlhausen in order to take up a post as choirmaster, he suddenly pulled out a revolver and threatened another passenger who was trying to light a cigar <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Hans_Rott__Symphony_in_E_major_1880
1880 Holland & Holland Elephant gun
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Published: 02 May 2009
- Uploaded: 03 Feb 2012
- Author: Voltaloydz
A short clip from "Arms In Action - Hunting" from History Channel, containing scenes of a Holland & Holland Elephant gun.
http://wn.com/1880_Holland_Holland_Elephant_gun
Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 03 Apr 2011
- Uploaded: 22 Jan 2012
- Author: historycomestolife
1918: Troops marching. General Pershing decorates Douglas MacArthur at the front in France. Pershing and MacArthur shake hands. 1941: MacArthur in Philippines, Headline MacArthur at the front Dec. 24. 1942: 1941 headline, MacArthur repels foe, headline MacArthur's troops flanked by Jap Fleet as Philippines fall. 1944: MacArthur returns, walks in water onto beach, flag goes up again over Philippines, MacArthur saluting. 1944-1945: MacArthur leads advance through South Pacific, MacArthur getting into jeep, riding in Jeep, walking in group towards camera, saluting, with natives, dead Japanese in ditch, MacArthur looking at dead Japanese, MacArthur had officer check piece of equipment on dead man, MacArthur pacing and smoking famous corn cob pipe. 1945: USS Missouri, MacArthur signing peace treaty. 1948: MacArthur out of building in Tokyo, cheered by crowd, he is supreme commander in far east, rebuilding Japan, tips hat to cheering crowd. 1950: MacArthur accepts UN flag in Tokyo as he prepared to lead UN forces in Korea, MacArthur and Ridgeway in Korea, rear shot of same. 1950: Wake Island, Truman arrives, Truman pins 4th Oak Leaf cluster on MacArthur's Distinguished Service Medal, CU MacArthur. 1951: Headline in Japanese English language newspaper MacArthur replaced. Mrs. MacArthur makes preparations to leave. 1951: Emperor Hirohito arrives to say goodbye to MacArthur, sentry. At airport General and Mrs. MacArthur shake hands with line of men, the General shakes hands with <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Douglas_MacArthur_1880-1964
Vintage DELTA BLUES 1880's-1910 BottleNeck Dust Bowl Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Published: 25 Jun 2010
- Uploaded: 15 Feb 2012
- Author: johnmcnair
These songs are from the new 3 string guitar album...it's all 3 string guitar recordings of Rural Plantation & Dust Bowl Blues...plus I have re-written "Whats a 3 string guitar" in a new Fuller longer more haunting version...dripping with sorrow it will take your breath away... if you enjoy cigar box three string guitars you will absolutely love this CD!...if you are trying to learn primitive Delta Blues this is a must have CD to study and apply to your playing, only 3 string cigar box guitars were used to make this album all in vintage tone and 1920's and 30's Bottleneck Blues flavor. head on over to 3-sting-guitar.com or ebay and get a copy, I'll send you one anytime! visit me at 3-string-guitar.com or Just Google Red Dog Guitars!
http://wn.com/Vintage_DELTA_BLUES_1880's-1910_BottleNeck_Dust_Bowl_Blues
Radney Foster f/ Pat Green - Texas in 1880
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:07
- Published: 17 Jul 2009
- Uploaded: 10 Feb 2012
- Author: BradRawson
Radney Foster and Pat Green do the Foster & Lloyd classic "Texas in 1880" at KVET's Free Texas Music Series.
http://wn.com/Radney_Foster_f/_Pat_Green__Texas_in_1880
Cigar Box Americana ~ 1880's Antique Delta Blues CD Album
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:16
- Published: 04 Dec 2010
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: johnmcnair
this is new newset album out for sale..can see more great stuff here fun! cigar-box-guitar-music.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/Cigar_Box_Americana_~_1880's_Antique_Delta_Blues_CD_Album
Rome Total War Online Battle #1880: Gaul vs Spain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Published: 28 Jun 2011
- Uploaded: 17 Feb 2012
- Author: PrinceofMacedon
I command the Gauls. My opponent, HarvestMor, commands Spain. Rules: No Rules
http://wn.com/Rome_Total_War_Online_Battle_#1880_Gaul_vs_Spain
Newark Museum official - 100 Masterpieces of Art Pottery, 1880-1930
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:01
- Published: 22 Sep 2009
- Uploaded: 04 Jul 2011
- Author: NewarkMuseum
September 23, 2009 through January 10, 2010 Artistic ceramics is not a new idea. After all, the finest decorated pottery in ancienct Greece was both functional and artistic. The potteries in Renaissance Italy produced brilliant painterly vessels that were appreciated as art. Likewise, it is hard to dismiss the brilliant enamel painting on European porcelains in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as only "decoration." However, something did happen in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Part of it was the rise of an anti-industrial reaction to "soulless" factory production; part of it was a growing awareness in the West of revered ceramic traditions from Asia. All of this came together, in the United States at least, at the national Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876. That moment was a cultural watershed for America, a moment that unleashed something of an aesthetic awakening. It was in the aftermath of the Centennial that Americans began to see the potential for transforming ceramics from merely ornaments into art objects. In shape, in glaze, in surface treatment, pots could be more than just pots.
http://wn.com/Newark_Museum_official__100_Masterpieces_of_Art_Pottery,_1880-1930
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Creative Commons![Lochside Farm.The roughly circular crannog, known as the 'Swan Knowe',[3] lay around 70 m from the northern shore and was identified in December 1880 from 'worked' timbers located within the drainage 'gote' or ditch on the site[8] by a teacher from Kilmaurs, Duncan McNaught, who was familiar with the Lochlea crannog site.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120308122135im_/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/3d/39/b66018b00f2861dabe1e29cf9021_small.jpg "Lochside Farm.The roughly circular crannog, known as the 'Swan Knowe',[3] lay around 70 m from the northern shore and was identified in December 1880 from 'worked' timbers located within the drainage 'gote' or ditch on the site[8] by a teacher from Kilmaurs, Duncan McNaught, who was familiar with the Lochlea crannog site.")
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![Lochside Farm.The roughly circular crannog, known as the 'Swan Knowe',[3] lay around 70 m from the northern shore and was identified in December 1880 from 'worked' timbers located within the drainage 'gote' or ditch on the site[8] by a teacher from Kilmaurs, Duncan McNaught, who was familiar with the Lochlea crannog site.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120308122135/http://cdn5.wn.com/pd/3d/39/b66018b00f2861dabe1e29cf9021_medium.jpg "Lochside Farm.The roughly circular crannog, known as the 'Swan Knowe',[3] lay around 70 m from the northern shore and was identified in December 1880 from 'worked' timbers located within the drainage 'gote' or ditch on the site[8] by a teacher from Kilmaurs, Duncan McNaught, who was familiar with the Lochlea crannog site.")
photo: WN / Marzena
04 Mar 2012
When Michelle Long saw workers throwing out documents at her San Francisco church, Bethel African Methodist Episcopal, at a conference 12 years ago, she decided something had to be done — so she...
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Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
A restaurant with an ever-changing menu focusing on Wisconsin ingredients is planned for the booming Walker's Point neighborhood. The restaurant, c. 1880, is going in at 1100 S. 1st St. (the former site of Marchese's Olive Pit, a pizzeria that closed late last year). Named for the age of...(size: 9.1Kb)
2011 ninth-warmest year since 1880
20 Jan 2012
The Himalayan
• Start of 21st century notably hot • CO2 levels climb up Added At: 2012-01-20 10:57 PM Last Updated At: 2012-01-20 10:57 PM...(size: 4.8Kb)
2011 ninth-warmest year since 1880: NASA
20 Jan 2012
Toronto Sun
WASHINGTON - The global average temperature last year was the ninth-warmest in the modern meteorological...(size: 0.8Kb)
2011 listed as 9th warmest year since 1880
20 Jan 2012
Zeenews
Washington: NASA scientists have claimed that 2011 was the ninth warmest year since 1880. The finding continues a trend in which nine of the 10 warmest years in the modern meteorological record have occurred since the year 2000. NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York, which...(size: 2.8Kb)
2011 was ninth-warmest year since 1880 - NASA
20 Jan 2012
Independent online (SA)
Washington - The global average temperature last year was the ninth-warmest in the modern meteorological record, continuing a trend linked to greenhouse gases that saw nine of the 10 hottest years occurring since the year 2000, NASA scientists said on Thursday. A separate report from the US National...(size: 2.5Kb)
2011 was ninth-warmest year since 1880
20 Jan 2012
Khaleej Times
WASHINGTON - The global average temperature last year was the ninth-warmest in the modern meteorological record, continuing a trend linked to greenhouse gases that saw nine of the 10 hottest years occurring since the year 2000, NASA scientists said on Thursday. A separate report from the US National...(size: 2.4Kb)
2011 was ninth-warmest year since 1880: NASA
19 Jan 2012
Yahoo Daily News
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The global average temperature last year was the ninth-warmest in the modern meteorological record, continuing a trend linked to greenhouse gases that saw nine of the 10 hottest years occurring since the year 2000, NASA scientists said on Thursday. A separate report from the...(size: 8.1Kb)
NASA: 2011 was ninth warmest year since 1880
19 Jan 2012
The Business Review
San Francisco Business Times by Steven E.F. Brown, Web Editor Date: Thursday, January 19, 2012, 10:58am PST Related:...(size: 12.7Kb)
MSNBC
Reliance, Tenn. — Echoes of a time long past, of trading with the Cherokees and mail carried by horseback and rail, live on in a tiny post office nestled in the steep, mountainous terrain of western Polk County. The office hasn't operated for eight years now, but the old U.S. post office...(size: 13.2Kb)
__NOTOC__
Year 1880 (MDCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar.
February 2 – The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.
March 31 – Wabash, Indiana becomes the first electrically lit city in the world.
April - The government of Cape Colony sets a deadline for the surrender of weapons by the Basuto people. Non-compliance leads into the Basuto Gun War.
April 18 – William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli in the United Kingdom general election to become Prime Minister for the second time.
May 13 – In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway.
June 1 – Tinius Olsen awarded a United States Patent for the Little Giant Testing Machine
June 29 – France annexes Tahiti.
July 14 – Dorchester Penitentiary opens in Canada.
July 22 – Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan.
October – The "Blizzard of 1880" begins in North America.
October 6 – The University of Southern California opens its doors to 53 students and 10 faculty.
October 15 – Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists.
October 28 – The first stone is laid for the Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech.
November 2 – U.S. presidential election, 1880: James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock.
November 4 – The first cash register is patented by James and John Ritty of Dayton, Ohio.
November 11 – Australian bushranger and bank robber Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.
November 22 – Vaudeville actress Lillian Russell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.
December 20 – First Boer War: The Action at Bronkhorstspruit results in a Boer victory over the British.
December 30 – The Transvaal becomes a republic and Paul Kruger becomes its first president.
Piezoelectricity is discovered by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.
Cologne Cathedral is completed, after construction began in 1248, 632 years earlier.
The journal ''Science'' is founded by Thomas Edison.
Cocaine is isolated.
The Capuchin catacombs of Palermo are officially closed (there will be some burials afterwards).
The Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction of the Women's Christian Temperance Union is established.
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signs a treaty of protection with the chief on the large Teke tribe and begins to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.
January 6 – Tom Mix, American actor (d. 1940)
January 11 – Rudolph Palm, Curaçao born composer (d. 1950)
January 17 – Mack Sennett, Canadian director and producer (d. 1960)
January 26
*Douglas MacArthur, American general (d. 1964)
*Sylvia Ashton, American actress (d. 1940)
January 28 – Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer (d. 1970)
January 29 – W.C. Fields, American actor (d. 1946)
February 5 – Gabriel Voisin, French aviation pioneer (d. 1973)
February 8 – Franz Marc, German artist (d. 1916)
February 12
* George Preca, Maltese saint (d. 1962)
* John L. Lewis, American labor union leader (d. 1969)
February 14 – Frederick J. Horne, American four star Admiral (d. 1959)
February 16 – Frank Burke, American baseball player (d. 1946)
February 21 – Waldemar Bonsels, German writer (d. 1952)
February 22 – Frigyes Riesz, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1956)
February 27 – Olivia Nordgren, Swedish politician (d. 1969)
March 1 – Giles Lytton Strachey, British writer and biographer (d. 1932)
March 4 – Channing Pollock (writer), American playwright and critic (d. 1946)
March 10 – Bronco Billy Anderson, American actor (d. 1971)
March 11 – Harry H. Laughlin, American eugenicist (d. 1943)
March 22 – Kuniaki Koiso, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1950)
March 23 – Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish Minister of the Interior (d. 1922)
March 28 – Louis Wolheim, American character actor (d. 1931)
March 30 – Sean O'Casey, Irish writer (d. 1964)
April 13 – Charles Christie, Canadian-born film studio owner (d. 1955)
April 15 – Max Wertheimer, father of Gestalt Theory (d. 1943)
April 18 – Sam Crawford, Baseball Hall of Famer (d. 1968)
May 6 – Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, German painter (d. 1938)
May 14 – B.C. Forbes, Scottish-born financial publisher (d. 1954)
May 21 – Tudor Arghezi, Romanian writer (d. 1967)
May 25
* Jean Alexandre Barré, French neurologist (d. 1967)
* Alf Common, English footballer (d. 1946)
May 29 – Oswald Spengler, German philosopher (d. 1936)
June 6 – W. T. Cosgrave, Irish politician (d. 1965)
June 17 – Carl Van Vechten, American writer and photographer (d. 1964)
June 21 – Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp, British civil servant, industrialist and economist (d. 1941)
June 27 – Helen Keller, American spokeswoman for the deaf and blind (d. 1968)
June 30 – Elisabeth Tamm, Swedish Politician (d. 1958)
July 1 – Tuti Yusupova, claims, at an alleged age of 1931, to be the oldest living person in the world.
July 5 – Jan Kubelík, Czech violinist (d. 1940)
July 12 – Tod Browning, American motion picture director, horror film pioneer (d. 1962)
July 21 – Milan Rastislav Štefánik, Slovak General, politician, and astronomer (d. 1919).
July 24
* Ernest Bloch, Swiss-born composer (d. 1959)
* Kristian Hellström, Swedish athlete (d. 1946)
August 6 – Hans Moser, Austrian actor (d. 1964)
August 8 – Earle Page, eleventh Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1961)
August 10 – Robert L. Thornton, American businessman, philanthropist, and mayor of Dallas, Texas (d. 1964)
August 12 – Christy Mathewson, American Baseball player (d.1925)
August 22 – George Herriman, American cartoonist (d. 1944)
August 23 – Wyndham Standing, British actor of stage & film (d. 1963)
August 26 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (d. 1918)
August 29 – Marie-Louise Meilleur, verified as the longest-lived Canadian ever (d. 1998)
August 30 – Nikolai Astrup, Norwegian painter (d. 1928)
August 31 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands (d. 1962)
September 12 – H. L. Mencken, American journalist (d. 1956)
September 14
* Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenkov), Orthodox missionary and writer, Exarch of Russian Church in North America (d. 1961)
* Archie Hahn, American athlete (d. 1955)
September 15 – Chujiro Hayashi, Japanese Reiki Master (d. 1940)
September 16 – Alfred Noyes, English poet (d. 1958)
September 22 – Christabel Pankhurst, English suffragette (d. 1958)
September 23 – John Boyd Orr, Scottish physician and biologist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1971)
September 24 – Sarah Knauss, verified as longest-lived American ever (d. 1999)
October 4 – Damon Runyon, American writer (d. 1946)
October 23 – Una O'Connor, Irish actress (d. 1959)
November 1
* Grantland Rice, American sportswriter (d. 1954)
* Alfred Wegener, German scientist and meteorology (d. 1930)
November 2 – John Foulds, British classical music composer (d. 1939)
November 5 – Richard Oswald, Austrian film director (d. 1963)
November 6 – Robert Musil, Austrian novelist (d. 1942)
November 10 – Jacob Epstein, American-born sculptor (d. 1959)
November 25 – Elsie J. Oxenham, British children's novelist (d. 1960)
December 1 – Joseph Trumpeldor, Russian Zionist (d. 1920)
December 4 – Garfield Wood, American motorboat racer (d. 1971)
December 10 – Jessie Aspinall, Australian doctor, first female junior medical resident at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (d. 1953)
December 11 – Frank Tarrant, Australian cricketer (d. 1951)
December 24 – Johnny Gruelle, American cartoonist and children's book author (d. 1938)
December 31 – George Marshall, United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1959)
William J. Simmons, founder of the second Ku Klux Klan (d. 1945)
Reginald Farrer, English botanist (d. 1920)
Li Shutong, Chinese artist and art teacher (d. 1942)
January 4
* Anselm Feuerbach, German painter (b. 1829)
* Marthe Camille Bachasson, Count of Montalivet, French statesman (b. 1801)
January 8 – Joshua A. Norton, self-anointed Emperor Norton I of the United States of America (b. 1811)
January 12 – Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, wife of Chester A. Arthur (b. 1837)
January 14 – Frederick VIII, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1829)
January 12 – Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn, author (b. 1805)
January 20 – Captain Moonlite, Australian bushranger (b. 1842) (hanged)
January 31 – Adolphe Granier de Cassagnac, French politician (b. 1806)
February 29 – Sir James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1812)
April 23 – Raden Saleh, Indonesian painter (b. 1807)
March 14 – Pagan Min, King of Ava (b. 1811)
March 31 – Henryk Wieniawski, Polish composer (b. 1835)
May 4 – Edward Clark, Confederate Governor of Texas (b. 1815)
May 8 – Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821)
May 20
* Károly Alexy, Hungarian sculptor (b. 1816)
* Ana Néri, Brazilian nurse (b. 1814)
June 8 – Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), Empress Consort of Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1824)
June 28 – Texas Jack Omohundro, American frontier scout, actor, and cowboy (b. 1846)
July 7 – Lydia Maria Child, American novelist and abolitionist (b. 1802)
July 17 – Tomasz Chołodecki, Polish political activist (b. 1813)
July 21 – Hiram Walden, American politician (b. 1800)
August 15 – Adelaide Neilson, English actress (b. 1848)
August 17 – Ole Bull, Norwegian violinist (b. 1810)
August 24 – Chief Ouray, Native American leader (b. c. 1833)
October – Victorio, Chiricahua Apache chief
October 4 – Jacques Offenbach, German-born composer (b. 1819)
October 22 – Alphonse Penaud, French aviation pioneer (b. 1850)
November 11 – Ned Kelly, Australian bush ranger (hanged) (b. c. 1855)
November 28 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, (Portuguese) Archbishop of Goa (b. 1837)
December 22 – George Eliot, English writer (b. 1819)
''Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...for 1880'' (1881), large compendium of facts, worldwide coverage online
Events
January–March
April–June
July–September
October–December
Date unknown
Births
January–June
July–December
Date unknown
Deaths
January–June
July–December
References
References
af:1880 am:1880 እ.ኤ.አ. ar:ملحق:1880 an:1880 ast:1880 gn:1880 az:1880 bn:১৮৮০ zh-min-nan:1880 nî map-bms:1880 be:1880 be-x-old:1880 bh:१८८० bcl:1880 bs:1880 br:1880 bg:1880 ca:1880 cv:1880 cs:1880 cbk-zam:1880 co:1880 cy:1880 da:1880 de:1880 et:1880 el:1880 myv:1880 ие es:1880 eo:1880 eu:1880 fa:۱۸۸۰ (میلادی) hif:1880 fo:1880 fr:1880 fy:1880 ga:1880 gd:1880 gl:1880 gan:1880年 ko:1880년 hy:1880 hi:१८८० hr:1880. io:1880 ilo:1880 bpy:মারি ১৮৮০ id:1880 ia:1880 os:1880-æм аз is:1880 it:1880 he:1880 jv:1880 kn:೧೮೮೦ krc:1880 джыл ka:1880 csb:1880 sw:1880 ht:1880 (almanak gregoryen) la:1880 lv:1880. gads lb:1880 lt:1880 m. lij:1880 li:1880 lmo:1880 hu:1880 mk:1880 mi:1880 mr:इ.स. १८८० arz:1880 ms:1880 nah:1880 nl:1880 new:ई सं १८८० ja:1880年 nap:1880 no:1880 nn:1880 nrm:1880 nov:1880 oc:1880 mhr:1880 uz:1880 pi:१८८० pnb:1880 nds:1880 pl:1880 pt:1880 ro:1880 qu:1880 ru:1880 год rue:1880 sah:1880 se:1880 stq:1880 sq:1880 scn:1880 simple:1880 sk:1880 sl:1880 ckb:١٨٨٠ sr:1880 sh:1880 su:1880 fi:1880 sv:1880 tl:1880 ta:1880 te:1880 tet:1880 th:พ.ศ. 2423 tr:1880 tk:1880 uk:1880 ur:1880ء vec:1880 vi:1880 vo:1880 fiu-vro:1880 wa:1880 vls:1880 war:1880 yi:1880 yo:1880 zh-yue:1880年 zh:1880年This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Radney Foster |
|---|---|
| background | solo_singer |
| birth date | July 20, 1959 |
| origin | Del Rio, Texas, USA |
| instrument | Vocals, guitar |
| genre | Country |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| years active | 1986–present |
| label | Arista, Dualtone, Devil's River Records |
| associated acts | Sara EvansFoster & LloydJack IngramKeith UrbanDierks BentleyDarius RuckerDarden Smith |
| website | http://www.radneyfoster.com/ }} |
Foster began his solo career in 1992 when he signed to Arista Records, Although his first release for the label (1992's ''Del Rio, TX 1959'') produced four consecutive Top 40 hits, Foster saw his commercial success waning with the release of his second and third albums (1995's ''Labor of Love'' and 1999's ''See What You Want to See'', respectively), and by 1999 he had exited Arista's roster. He then signed to the independent Dualtone Records label, for which he has recorded three more albums to date: 2001's ''Are You Ready for the Big Show?'', 2002's ''Another Way to Go'' and 2006's ''This World We Live In''.
Overall, Foster has charted thirteen singles on the ''Billboard'' Hot Country Songs charts, including the Top Ten hits "Just Call Me Lonesome" (#10, 1992) and "Nobody Wins" (#2, 1993). In addition, he has written singles for other country artists, including, Gary Allan, Sara Evans, Keith Urban and Jack Ingram.
Biography
Radney Foster was born July 20, 1959, in Del Rio, Texas, as the second of four children. His father was a lawyer who also sang and played guitar; by age 12, Foster himself began playing guitar as well.After graduating high school, Foster attended University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee, where he became a member of the Gamma Sigma chapter of Phi Gamma Delta. He dropped out in 1979 and, at the advice of veteran songwriter Randy Goodrum, moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in pursuit of a country music career. However, after finding no success in Nashville, he returned to college to finish his degree, while playing at various local venues in his spare time.
Musical career
Foster & Lloyd
Foster then moved back to Nashville after graduating college where he met his wife, who was attending Vanderbilt University. By 1985, he had found work at MTM Publishing Company as a session songwriter. There, he befriended Bill Lloyd, with whom he wrote a song entitled "Since I Found You"; this song would become a Top Ten hit when it was recorded by Sweethearts of the Rodeo. In 1986, Foster and Lloyd decided to perform as a duo. This duo, Foster & Lloyd, received a recording contract with RCA Records Nashville that year. Between 1986 and 1990, they would record three studio albums and charted nine singles on the country charts. The two parted ways amicably in 1990, as Foster thought that their songs were not suitable for being recorded by a duo. One of the tracks from Foster & Lloyd's debut album, "Don't Go Out", was released by Tanya Tucker in 1990 as a duet with T. Graham Brown.In December 2010, Foster & Lloyd reunited to record a new CD. The new CD and tour are tentatively scheduled for spring 2011.
Solo career
1992-2000: Arista Records
Two years after the disestablishment of Foster & Lloyd, Foster signed to Arista Records' Nashville division as a solo artist. His first album for the label, ''Del Rio, TX 1959'' (named for Foster's birthplace and year of birth), produced two consecutive Top Ten hits in its first two singles: "Just Call Me Lonesome" and "Nobody Wins", which respectively reached #10 and #2 on the ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. Two more singles, "Easier Said Than Done" and "Hammer and Nails", also reached Top 40, peaking at #20 and #34, respectively.In 1994, Foster began work on his second album for Arista. Tentatively titled ''Never Say Die'', the album was re-titled ''Labor of Love'', a title under which it would ultimately be released. After the first single (which was the title track) failed to make Top 40, Arista delayed the album's release twice so that it would not compete with a compilation album entitled ''Mama's Hungry Eyes: A Tribute to Merle Haggard'', to which Foster (along with Pam Tillis) had contributed the track "The Running Kind". Steve Ripley, lead guitarist and vocalist for the country band The Tractors, was then brought in to remix "Willin' to Walk" — the second single from ''Labor of Love'' — for radio, before the album was finally released in April 1995. Ultimately, neither "The Running Kind" nor any of the three singles from ''Labor of Love'' reached the Top 40 on the country charts. Shortly before the release of ''Labor of Love'', Foster and his wife of twelve years separated, ultimately filing for divorce.
Also in 1994, Foster contributed the song "Close Up the Honky Tonks" to the AIDS benefit album Red Hot + Country produced by the Red Hot Organization.
Foster's third and final album for Arista, 1999's ''See What You Want to See'', featured a more pop-oriented sound than his first two albums did. This album produced one minor single on the country charts in the #74-peaking "Godspeed (Sweet Dreams)" (which would later be recorded by the Dixie Chicks in 2003). Also included on this album was "Raining on Sunday", a song which Keith Urban recorded for his 2002 album ''Golden Road'' and released as a single in 2003. Foster's rendition featured backing vocals from Darius Rucker of Hootie & the Blowfish. Keith Urban revisited this album again when he covered "I'm In" for his 2009 album ''Defying Gravity''. Urban released it as a single on May 10, 2010 where it reached #2 on the US Country charts and #1 on the Canadian Country charts.
2001-2006: Dualtone Records
In 2001, Foster signed to Dualtone Records. His first album for the label, ''Are You Ready for the Big Show?'', included a re-recording of the song "Texas in 1880", which Foster had originally recorded while a member of Foster & Lloyd. This re-recording, which featured Pat Green, peaked at #54 on the country charts. Foster followed this album with 2002's ''Another Way to Go''. One of its tracks, "A Real Fine Place to Start" (another collaboration with Ducas) was later recorded by Sara Evans as the title track to her 2005 album ''Real Fine Place'', from which it was released as a single; Evans's rendition of the song became a Number One hit in 2005. Foster's third album for Dualtone, ''This World We Live In'', was issued in 2006. Unlike his previous two albums for Dualtone, however, this one provided no chart singles.
2009-present: Devil's River
Foster has started releasing his music on his own label, ''Devil's River''. On September 1, 2009, Foster released his latest album on Devil's River, titled ''Revival'' under the band name "Radney Foster and the Confessions". In conjunction with the release of ''Revival'', Foster also released a feature length DVD documentary that explored the making of the album titled ''Behind The Confessions''. The 90-minute film was directed by Sundance award-winning filmmaker Jeff Horny and was co-produced by Foster, his wife Cyndi and Joe David Garza (editor) . In addition to the traditional CD and DVD formats, Foster also released all of the new album and documentary content on a new format called Interactive Flash Drive(TM) "VIP Pass". The interactive flash drive resembles a VIP Pass and gives purchasers access to pre-show "meet and greets" along with DRM-free digital audio and video.
Other Releases
In 2005, Foster released a website-only album on RadneyFoster.com titled ''And Then There's Me: The Back Porch Sessions'' containing 11 acoustic-only tracks.Foster also produced two albums for the Randy Rogers Band: their 2006 album ''Just a Matter of Time'' and 2008's ''Randy Rogers Band''.
2009's ''Revival'' contained a 5-song EP titled ''The Chosen Few'' available to the first thousand orders on his website.
Discography
Albums
| Title | Album details | Peak chartpositions | |||
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | ||||
| ''Del Rio, TX 1959'' | * Release date: September 29, 1992 | * Label: Arista Nashville | 46 | 11 | |
| ! scope="row" | * Release date: April 11, 1995 | * Label: Arista Nashville | 61 | 36 | |
| ''See What You Want to See'' | * Release date: May 18, 1999 | * Label: Arista Austin | — | — | |
| ''Are You Ready for the Big Show?'' | * Release date: June 26, 2001 | * Label: Dualtone Records | — | — | |
| ! scope="row" | * Release date: September 10, 2002 | * Label: Dualtone Records | 39 | — | |
| ''And Then There's Me(The Back Porch Sessions)'' | * Release date: 2005 | * Label: RadneyFoster.com | — | — | |
| ''This World We Live In'' | * Release date: April 4, 2006 | * Label: Dualtone Records | — | — | |
| ''Revival'' | * Release date: August 31, 2009 | * Label: Devil's River | 51 | 26 | |
1990s singles
| Year | Single | Peak chartpositions | Album | |
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | |||
| 1992 | ! scope="row" | 10 | 54 | |
| ! scope="row" | 2 | 7 | ||
| "Easier Said Than Done" | 20 | 28 | ||
| "Hammer and Nails" | 34 | 54 | ||
| "Closing Time" | 59 | 70 | ||
| "Labor of Love" | 58 | — | ||
| "The Running Kind" | 64 | — | ||
| "Willin' to Walk" | 54 | 92 | ||
| "If It Were Me" | 59 | 89 | ||
| 1998 | "I'm In" (with Abra Moore) | — | — | |
| 1999 | "Godspeed (Sweet Dreams)" | 74 | — | |
2000s singles
| Year | Single | Peak positions | Album |
| ! width="60" | |||
| 2001 | "Texas in 1880" (with Pat Green) | 54 | |
| 2002 | "Everyday Angel" | 43 | |
| 2003 | "Scary Old World"(with Chely Wright or Georgia Middleman) | 52 | |
| 2005 | "Half of My Mistakes" | — | |
| 2006 | "Prove Me Right" | — | |
| "Revival" | — | ||
| "Angel Flight" | — | ||
Music videos
| ! Year | Video | ! Director |
| 1992 | "Just Call Me Lonesome" | Jim Shea |
| "Nobody Wins" | Sara Nichols | |
| "Easier Said Than Done" | ||
| "Closing Time" | ||
| "Labor of Love" | ||
| "The Running Kind" | Steve Boyle | |
| 1995 | "Willin' to Walk" | Jim Shea |
| 2001 | "Texas in 1880" (with Pat Green) | David McClister |
| 2002 | "Everyday Angel" | Jim Shea |
| 2009 | "Angel Flight" | Darren Cameron |
References
External links
Category:1959 births Category:People from Val Verde County, Texas Category:American country singers Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:Living people Category:Sewanee: The University of the South alumni Category:Musicians from Texas Category:Dualtone Records artists
de:Radney FosterThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
| name | Pat Green |
|---|---|
| landscape | yes |
| background | solo_singer |
| birth name | Patrick Craven Green |
| birth date | April 05, 1972 |
| origin | San Antonio, Texas, USA |
| instrument | VocalsRhythm guitar |
| genre | Texas Country |
| occupation | Singer-songwriter |
| years active | 1995–present |
| label | Green HorseMercury/Republic/UniversalBNA |
| website | http://patgreen.com }} |
Biography
Patrick Craven Green was born in San Antonio to Craven Earl Green and Patricia Burgess. He was raised Waco, Texas, where he attended Vanguard College Preparatory School for grades 7-12. Green's father was a former Air Force officer and stage actor who influenced his son's love of music. His parents divorced when he was seven. His mother later remarried.After high school, Green attended Texas Tech University where he was a member of FarmHouse Fraternity. Green started his music career as an 18 year old at Texas Tech playing small gigs at bars and clubs around Lubbock. In 1995, Green independently recorded and released a series of albums produced by Lloyd Maines using money borrowed from his parents. Green did not commit fully to his music career until 1997 when his stepfather fired him from his job as a fuel wholesaler. Green had been counting his money from a weekend of singing and his stepfather knew he would need motivation to fully pursue music as a career.
After committing to music, Green drew the attention of Willie Nelson and joined a tour featuring Nelson and several other famous country musicians. Green's appearance at the 1998 Willie Nelson 4 July Picnic was his first step towards nationwide recognition, and he was soon playing sold out shows in Texas. Green was sponsored by Miller Lite and sold more than 250,000 albums, even without signing a major label recording contract.
Music career
Green's first major-label recorded album, ''Three Days'' was released in 2001. "Wave on Wave" was released in 2003, with the title track reaching as high as 3 on the charts. In late 2004 "Lucky Ones" was Green's 3rd and final CD release on the Universal/Republic label. After spending many years playing to young audiences in college towns across America, Green joined popular country music artists including Keith Urban, Gretchen Wilson and Kenny Chesney on major tours.
Green released his album ''Cannonball'' in 2006. Later that year, he toured with labelmate Kenny Chesney. In February 2008, Green released a coffee table book containing photos of dance halls that he had frequented throughout his career entitled "Pat Green's Dance Halls & Dreamers". The book includes locations such a Gruene Hall, Luckenbach and Floore's Country Store as well as interviews with Texas musicians Willie Nelson, Jack Ingram, Cross Canadian Ragweed, and Robert Earl Keen.
In 2008, Green released "Let Me", as the first single from his album ''What I'm For''. The single reached 12 on the country charts, giving Green his first Top 20 single since "Feels Just Like It Should" reached #13 in 2006. Initially, "Country Star" was released as the second single, but it was withdrawn shortly after the title track ("What I'm For") began receiving airplay. "Country Star" peaked at 32, and "What I'm For" peaked at 28 on the country charts in July 2009. Green parted ways with BNA shortly after this.
Green started out releasing "Texas country music" with songs such as "I Like Texas" and "Southbound 35." His career has taken a significant turn since the release of his major label albums and big act tours. Now striving for more mainstream pop country stardom, Green continues to climb the Nashville charts and build a national fan base as he smooths out his sound with contemporary country releases.
Discography
Studio albums
| Title | Album details | Peak chartpositions | ! rowspan="2" | ||||
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | ||||||
| ''Dancehall Dreamer'' | * Release date: December 10, 1995 | * Label: self-released | — | — | |||
| ''George's Bar'' | * Release date: June 15, 1997 | * Label: self-released | — | — | |||
| ''Carry On'' | * Release date: February 22, 2000 | * Label: self-released | — | — | |||
| ! scope="row" | * Release date: October 16, 2001 | Universal Records>Universal/Republic | 7 | 86 | |||
| ''Wave on Wave'' | * Release date: July 15, 2003 | * Label: Universal Records | 2 | 10 | RIAA>US: Gold | ||
| ! scope="row" | * Release date: October 19, 2004 | * Label: Universal/Republic | 6 | 28 | |||
| ! scope="row" | * Release date: August 22, 2006 | * Label: BNA Records | 2 | 20 | |||
| ''What I'm For'' | * Release date: January 27, 2009 | * Label: BNA Records | 2 | 18 | |||
Live albums
| Title | Album details | ||
| ''Here We Go (Live)'' | * Release date: June 15, 1998 | * Label: self-released | |
| ''Live at Billy Bob's Texas'' | * Release date: April 27, 1999 | * Label: Smith Music Group | |
Collaborative albums
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions | ||||
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | ! width="45" | ||||
| ''Songs We Wish We'd Written''(with Cory Morrow) | * Release date: March 6, 2001 | * Label: Write On | 26 | 13 | 20 | |
Singles
| Year | Single | Peak chartpositions | Album | |
| ! width="45" | ! width="45" | |||
| "Texas on My Mind" (with Cory Morrow) | 60 | — | ||
| "Carry On" | 35 | — | ||
| 2002 | "Three Days" | 36 | — | |
| 2003 | ! scope="row" | 3 | 39 | |
| "Guy Like Me" | 31 | — | ||
| "Don't Break My Heart Again" | 21 | 116 | ||
| "Somewhere Between Texas and Mexico" | 42 | — | ||
| "Baby Doll" | 21 | 124 | ||
| 2006 | ! scope="row" | 13 | 80 | |
| "Dixie Lullaby" | 24 | — | ||
| ! scope="row" | 28 | — | ||
| 2008 | "Let Me" | 12 | 81 | |
| "Country Star" | 32 | — | ||
| "What I'm For" | 28 | — | ||
Other charted songs
All songs charted from unsolicited airplay on the country chart.| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Album |
| ! width="60" | |||
| 2003 | "Winter Wonderland" | 43 | |
| 2006 | ! scope="row" | 48 | |
Guest singles
| Year | Single | Artist | Peak chart positions | Album |
| ! width="60" | ||||
| 2001 | "Texas in 1880" | Radney Foster | 54 | |
| 2011 | ! scope="row" | Josh Abbott Band |
Music videos
| ! Year | Video | ! Director |
| "Carry On" | Thom Oliphant | |
| "Texas In 1880" (with Radney Foster) | David McClister | |
| 2002 | "Three Days" | Thom Oliphant |
| 2003 | "Wave on Wave" | Roger Pistole |
| 2004 | "Don't Break My Heart Again" | David Hogan |
| 2005 | "Baby Doll" | Tom Campbell |
| "Feels Just Like It Should" | ||
| "Dixie Lullaby" |
References
External links
Category:1972 births Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American country singers Category:BNA Records artists Category:Living people Category:People from San Antonio, Texas Category:Republic Records artists Category:Musicians from Texas Category:Texas Tech University alumni Category:Texas country musicians
This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Hans Rott (1 August 1858—25 June 1884) was an Austrian composer. His music is little-known today, though he received high praise in his time from the likes of Gustav Mahler and Anton Bruckner.
Internationale Hans Rott Gesellschaft
Hans Rott Museum (fan site in Japanese)
Life
Rott was born in Braunhirschengrund, a suburb of Vienna. His mother Maria Rosalia (1840—1872, maiden name Lutz) was an actress and singer. His father Carl Mathias Rott (real name Roth, born 1807, married 1862) was a famous comic actor in Vienna who was crippled in 1874 by a stage accident, and died two years later.
Studies
Hans was left alone to continue his studies at the Conservatory. Fortunately, both his skill and financial need were recognized and he was excused from paying tuition. While studying, he briefly roomed with Gustav Mahler and Rudolf Krzyzanowsky. He studied piano with L. Landskron and Josef Dachs, harmony with H. Graedener, counterpoint and composition—like Mahler—with Franz Krenn.He studied organ with Bruckner, starting in 1874, and graduating from Bruckner's organ class in 1877, with honors. Bruckner said that Rott played Bach very well, and even improvised wonderfully (a high compliment since Bruckner himself was a great improviser). Rott was also influenced by the works of Wagner, and even attended the very first Bayreuth Festival in 1876.
Compositions
During that time Rott was also organist at the Piarist church "Maria Treu" in Vienna. For the final year of his studies in 1878, Rott submitted the first movement of his ''Symphony in E major'' to a composition contest. The jury—except Bruckner—was very derisive of the work. After completing the Symphony in 1880, Rott showed the work to both Brahms and Hans Richter, in order to get it played. His efforts failed. Brahms did not like the fact that Bruckner exerted great influence on the Conservatory students, and even told Rott that he had no talent whatsoever and that he should give up music. Unfortunately, Rott lacked Mahler's inner resolve, and whereas Mahler was able to overcome many of the obstacles in his life, Rott was brought down by mental illness. The symphony has been recorded by BIS, Acousence, Hyperion & Ondine. Hans Rott also wrote a Symphony for String Orchestra in A major, in three movements, (1874—75), and a String Quartet in C minor, a student work in five movements. They have both been recorded on the Acousence Records label #ACO-CD 20205. (2005)
Final years
Rott's mind snapped in October 1880, whilst on a train journey. He was reported to have threatened another passenger with a revolver, claiming that Brahms had filled the train with dynamite. Rott was committed to a mental hospital in 1881, where despite a brief recovery, he sank into depression. By the end of 1883 a diagnosis recorded 'hallucinatory insanity, persecution mania—recovery no longer to be expected.' He died of tuberculosis in 1884, aged only 25. Many well-wishers, including Bruckner, attended Rott's funeral at the Zentral-Friedhof in Vienna.
Legacy
Mahler called Rotta musician of genius ... who died unrecognized and in want on the very threshold of his career. ... What music has lost in him cannot be estimated. Such is the height to which his genius soars in ... [his] ''Symphony [in E major]'', which he wrote as 20-year-old youth and makes him ... the Founder of the New Symphony as I see it. To be sure, what he wanted is not quite what he achieved. … But I know where he aims. Indeed, he is so near to my inmost self that he and I seem to me like two fruits from the same tree which the same soil has produced and the same air nourished. He could have meant infinitely much to me and perhaps the two of us would have well-nigh exhausted the content of new time which was breaking out for music.
Thanks to Rott's friends, some of his music manuscripts have survived in the music collection of Vienna's national library. This includes Rott's ''Symphony in E major'', and sketches for a second Symphony that was never finished. The completed symphony is remarkable in the way it anticipates some of Mahler's musical characteristics. In particular the third movement is unnervingly close to Mahler. The Finale includes references to Brahms's First Symphony. Mahler also spoke well of Rott's Lieder, but regrettably, none of those survive. We also know of a ''Sextet'', which Mahler never heard and has also been lost. In his last years, Rott wrote a lot of music, only to destroy what he wrote soon after writing it, saying it was worthless.
Bruckner and Mahler were the first to recognise Rott's talent. Mahler himself included references to Rott's work in his own music. However, in the 20th century, Rott's work was largely forgotten; and only in 1989 was Rott's ''Symphony in E major'' finally premiered by the Cincinnati Philharmonia Orchestra under Gerhard Samuel, in a performing edition prepared by Paul Banks. A CD recording followed.
Other recordings of the symphony have since been issued, and other Rott works have been occasionally revived, including his ''Julius Caesar Overture'', ''Pastoral Overture'' and ''Prelude for Orchestra''.
References
External links
Category:Romantic composers Category:Austrian composers Category:Viennese composers Category:Austrian classical organists Category:People from Vienna Category:Deaths from tuberculosis Category:1858 births Category:1884 deaths Category:Infectious disease deaths in Austria
ca:Hans Rott de:Hans Rott es:Hans Rott eo:Hans Rott fr:Hans Rott it:Hans Rott ja:ハンス・ロット ru:Ротт, Ганс fi:Hans Rott zh:汉斯·罗特This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
General of the Army Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 5 April 1964) was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army. He was a Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II. He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the Philippines Campaign. Arthur MacArthur, Jr., and Douglas MacArthur were the first father and son to each be awarded the medal. He was one of only five men ever to rise to the rank of General of the Army in the U.S. Army, and the only man ever to become a field marshal in the Philippine Army.
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
List of United States Military Academy alumni (Medal of Honor)
Douglas MacArthur was raised in a military family in the American Old West. He attended the West Texas Military Academy, where he was valedictorian, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, where he was First Captain and graduated top of the class of 1903. During the 1914 United States occupation of Veracruz he conducted a reconnaissance mission, for which he was nominated for the Medal of Honor. In 1917, he was promoted from major to colonel and became chief of staff of the 42nd (Rainbow) Division. In the fighting on the Western Front during World War I he rose to the rank of brigadier general, was again nominated for a Medal of Honor, and was twice awarded the Distinguished Service Cross as well as the Silver Star seven times.
From 1919 to 1922, MacArthur served as Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he attempted a series of reforms. His next assignment was in the Philippines, where in 1924 he was instrumental in quelling the Philippine Scout Mutiny. In 1925, he became the Army's youngest major general. He served on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell and was president of the United States Olympic Committee during the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. In 1930, he became Chief of Staff of the United States Army. As such, he was involved with the expulsion of the Bonus Army protesters from Washington, D.C., in 1932, and the establishment and organization of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He retired from the U.S. Army in 1937 to become Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.
MacArthur was recalled to active duty in 1941 as commander of U.S. Army Forces Far East. A series of disasters followed, starting with the destruction of his air force on 8 December 1941, and the invasion of the Philippines by the Japanese. MacArthur's forces were soon compelled to withdraw to Bataan, where they held out until May 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur, his family and his staff left Corregidor Island in PT boats and escaped to Australia, where MacArthur became Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area. For his defense of the Philippines, MacArthur was awarded the Medal of Honor. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines. He officially accepted Japan's surrender on 2 September 1945, and oversaw the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951. As the effective ruler of Japan, he oversaw sweeping economic, political and social changes. He led the United Nations Command in the Korean War from 1950 to 1951. On 11 April 1951, MacArthur was removed from command by President Harry S. Truman. He later became Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand.
Education and early life
Douglas MacArthur was born 26 January 1880, at the Arsenal Barracks in Little Rock, Arkansas to Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr., at the time a U.S. Army captain and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for action during the American Civil War, and Mary Pinkney Hardy MacArthur (nicknamed "Pinky") from Norfolk, Virginia. Douglas MacArthur was the grandson of jurist and politician Arthur MacArthur, Sr., a Scottish immigrant. Douglas was the youngest of three sons, following Arthur III, born on 1 August 1876, and Malcolm, born on 17 October 1878. Malcolm died of measles in 1883. Douglas was raised on a succession of Army posts in the American Old West. In his memoir, ''Reminiscences'', MacArthur wrote "I learned to ride and shoot even before I could read or write—indeed, almost before I could walk and talk."This time on the frontier ended in July 1889 when the MacArthur family moved to Washington, D.C., where Douglas attended the Force Public School. His father was posted to San Antonio, Texas in September 1893. While there Douglas attended the West Texas Military Academy, In May 1896, his father was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and in January he was reassigned to the Department of Dakota at St Paul, Minnesota; the family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. MacArthur's father and grandfather unsuccessfully sought to secure Douglas a presidential appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, first from President Grover Cleveland and then from President William McKinley. After these two rejections, he passed an examination for an appointment from Congressman Theobald Otjen, and his mother also moved there to a suite at Craney's Hotel, overlooking the grounds of the Academy. Hazing was widespread at West Point at this time, and MacArthur and his classmate Ulysses S. Grant III were singled out for special attention by southern cadets as sons of generals with mothers living at Craney's. Cadet Oscar Booz left West Point after being hazed and subsequently died of tuberculosis. Booz's parents attacked West Point policies and brought about a congressional inquiry in 1901. MacArthur was called to appear before a special Congressional committee where he was questioned about cadets implicated in hazing. MacArthur downplayed his own hazing even though the other cadet that testified gave the full story of MacArthur's hazing to the committee. In 1901, Congress outlawed acts "of a harassing, tyrannical, abusive, shameful, insulting or humiliating nature". MacArthur was a corporal in Company B in his second year, a first sergeant in Company A in his third year and First Captain in his final year. He played left field for the baseball team and academically earned 2424.12 merits out of a possible 2470.00 or 98.14. He graduated first in his 93-man class. At the time it was customary for the top-ranking cadets to be commissioned into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, so MacArthur was commissioned as a second lieutenant in that corps upon graduation on 11 June 1903.
Junior officer
MacArthur spent his graduation furlough with his parents at Fort Mason, California, where his father, now a major general, was serving as commander of the Department of the Pacific. Afterward, he joined the 3rd Engineer Battalion, which departed for the Philippines in October 1903. MacArthur was sent to Iloilo, where he supervised the construction of a wharf at Camp Jossman. He went on to conduct surveys at Tacloban City, Calbayog City and Cebu City. In November 1903, while working on Guimaras, he was ambushed by a pair of Filipino brigands or guerrillas; he shot and killed both with his pistol. He passed his examinations for promotion to first lieutenant in Manila in March 1904 and was promoted to the rank in April. In October 1904, his tour of duty was cut short when he contracted malaria and dhobi itch during a survey on Bataan. He returned to San Francisco, where he was assigned to the California Debris Commission. In July 1905, he became chief engineer of the Division of the Pacific.In October 1905, MacArthur received orders to proceed to Tokyo for appointment as aide-de-camp to his father. They inspected Japanese military bases at Nagasaki, Kobe and Kyoto, then headed to India via Shanghai, Hong Kong, Java and Singapore, reaching Calcutta in January 1906. In India they visited Madras, Tuticorin, Quetta, Karachi, the Northwest Frontier and the Khyber Pass. They then sailed to China via Bangkok and Saigon, and toured Canton, Tsingtao, Peking, Tientsin, Hankow and Shanghai before returning to Japan in June. The next month they returned to the United States, where Arthur MacArthur resumed his duties at Fort Mason, with Douglas still his aide. In September, Douglas received orders to report to the 2nd Engineer Battalion at the Washington Barracks and enroll in the Engineer School. While there he also served as "an aide to assist at White House functions" at the request of President Theodore Roosevelt. He became battalion adjutant in 1909 and then engineer officer at Fort Leavenworth in 1910. MacArthur was promoted to captain in February 1911 and was appointed as head of the Military Engineering Department and the Field Engineer School. He participated in exercises at San Antonio, Texas with the Maneuver Division in 1911 and served in Panama on detached duty in January and February 1912. The sudden death of their father on 5 September 1912 brought Douglas and his brother Arthur back to Milwaukee to care for their mother, whose health had deteriorated. MacArthur requested a transfer to Washington, D.C. so his mother could be near Johns Hopkins Hospital. Army Chief of Staff, Major General Leonard Wood took up the matter with Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, who arranged for MacArthur to be posted to the Office of the Chief of Staff in 1912.
Veracruz expedition
On 21 April 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ordered the occupation of Veracruz. A headquarters staff was sent to the area that included MacArthur, who arrived on 1 May 1914. MacArthur realized that the logistic support of an advance from Veracruz would require the use of the railroad. Finding plenty of railroad cars in Veracruz but no locomotives, MacArthur set out to verify a report that there were a number of locomotives in Alvarado, Veracruz. For $150 in gold, he acquired a handcar and the services of three Mexicans, whom he disarmed. MacArthur and his party located five engines in Alvarado, two of which were only switchers, but the other three locomotives were exactly what was required. On the way back to Veracruz, his party were set upon by five armed men. The party made a run for it and outdistanced all but two of the armed men, whom MacArthur shot. Soon after, the party were attacked by a group of about fifteen horsemen. MacArthur took three bullet holes in his clothes but was unharmed. One of his companions was lightly wounded before the horsemen finally decided to retire after MacArthur shot four of them. Further on, the party were attacked a third time by three mounted men. MacArthur received another bullet hole in his shirt, but the party, using their handcart, managed to outrun all but one of the mounted men. MacArthur shot both that man and his horse, and the party had to remove the horse's carcass from the track before proceeding.A fellow officer wrote to Wood recommending that MacArthur's name be put forward for the Medal of Honor. Wood did so, and Chief of Staff Hugh L. Scott convened a board to consider the award. The board questioned "the advisability of this enterprise having been undertaken without the knowledge of the commanding general on the ground". This was Brigadier General Frederick Funston, a Medal of Honor recipient himself, who considered awarding the medal to MacArthur "entirely appropriate and justifiable." However the board feared that "to bestow the award recommended might encourage any other staff officer, under similar conditions, to ignore the local commander, possibly interfering with the latter's plans"; consequently, MacArthur received no award at all.
World War I
Rainbow Division
MacArthur returned to the War Department, where he was promoted to major on 11 December 1915. In June 1916, MacArthur was assigned as head of the Bureau of Information at the office of the Secretary of War. MacArthur has since been regarded as the Army's first press officer. Following the declaration of war on Germany on 6 April 1917, Baker and MacArthur secured an agreement from President Wilson for the use of the National Guard on the Western Front. To give effect to the decision, MacArthur suggested sending first a division organized from units of different states, so as to avoid the appearance of favoritism towards any particular state. Baker approved the creation of this formation, which became the 42nd ("Rainbow") Division, and appointed Major General William A. Mann, the head of the National Guard Bureau, as its commander and MacArthur as its chief of staff, with the rank of colonel. At MacArthur's request, this commission was in the infantry rather than the engineers.The 42nd Division was assembled in August and September 1917 at Camp Mills, New York, where its training emphasized open rather than trench warfare. It sailed in a convoy from Hoboken, New Jersey for France on 18 October 1917, with MacArthur making the passage on the . On 19 December, Mann was replaced as division commander by Major General Charles T. Menoher. The division trained through the winter. MacArthur removed the metal band inside his cap, giving it a jaunty appearance, and carried a riding crop and wore a bright turtleneck sweater, earning him the moniker of "the Beau Brummell of the AEF."
Champagne-Marne Offensive
The 42nd Division entered the line in the quiet Lunéville sector in February 1918. On 26 February, MacArthur and Captain Thomas T. Handy accompanied a French trench raid in which MacArthur assisted in the capture of a number of German prisoners. The commander of the French VII Corps, Major General Georges de Bazelaire, decorated MacArthur with the ''Croix de guerre'', the first such award to a member of the AEF. Menoher recommended MacArthur for the Silver Star, which he later received. On 9 March the 42nd Division launched three raids of its own on German trenches in the Salient du Feys. MacArthur accompanied a company of the 168th Infantry. This time, his leadership was rewarded with the Distinguished Service Cross. A few days later, MacArthur, who was strict about his men carrying their gas mask but often neglected to bring his own, was gassed. He recovered in time to show Secretary Baker around the area on 19 March.MacArthur was promoted to brigadier general on 26 June 1918. At the time of his promotion, he was the youngest general in the AEF. In late June the 42nd Division was shifted to Châlons-en-Champagne to oppose the impending German Champagne-Marne Offensive. ''Général d'Armée'' Henri Gouraud of the French Fourth Army elected to meet the attack with a defense in depth, holding the front line area as thinly as possible and meeting the German attack on his second line of defense. His plan succeeded, and MacArthur was awarded a second Silver Star. The 42nd Division participated in the subsequent Allied counter-offensive, and MacArthur was awarded a third Silver Star on 29 July. Two days later, Menoher relieved Brigadier General Robert A. Brown of the 84th Infantry Brigade of his command and replaced him with MacArthur. Hearing reports that the enemy had withdrawn, MacArthur went forward on 2 August to see for himself. He later wrote: }}
MacArthur reported back to Menoher and Lieutenant General Hunter Liggett that the Germans had indeed withdrawn, and was awarded a fourth Silver Star. He was also awarded a second ''Croix de guerre'' and made a ''commandant'' of the ''Légion d'honneur''.
Battle of Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The 42nd Division earned a few weeks rest, returning to the line for the Battle of Saint-Mihiel on 12 September. The Allied advance proceeded rapidly and MacArthur was awarded a fifth Silver Star for his leadership of the 84th Infantry Brigade. A sixth Silver Star was awarded for his participation in a raid on the night of 25–26 September. The 42nd Division was relieved on the night of 30 September moving to the Argonne sector where it relieved the 1st Division there on the night of 11 October. On a reconnaissance the next day, MacArthur was gassed again, earning a second wound chevron.The 42nd Division's participation in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive began on 14 October when it attacked with both brigades. That evening, a conference was called to discuss the attack, during which Summerall rang and demanded that Châtillon be taken by 1800 the next evening. An aerial photograph had been obtained that showed a gap in the German barbed wire to the northeast of Châtillon. Lieutenant Colonel Walter E. Bare, the commander of the 167th Infantry Regiment, proposed an attack from that direction, where the defenses seemed least imposing, covered by a machine gun barrage. MacArthur adopted this plan. He was wounded, but not severely, while verifying the existence of the gap in the barbed wire.
Summerall nominated MacArthur for the Medal of Honor and promotion to major general but he received neither. Instead he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross. The 42nd Division returned to the line for the last time on the night of 4–5 November. In the final advance on Sedan, it became involved in what MacArthur considered "narrowly missed being one of the great tragedies of American history." An order to disregard unit boundaries led to units crossing into each others' zones. In the resulting chaos, MacArthur was taken prisoner by men of the 1st Division, who mistook him for a German general. His performance in the attack on the Meuse heights led to his being awarded a seventh Silver Star. On 10 November a day before the armistice that ended the fighting, Moneher became commander of VI Corps and MacArthur was appointed commander of the 42nd Division. For his service as chief of staff and commander of the 84th Infantry Brigade, MacArthur was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. His period in command was brief, for on 22 November he, like other brigadier generals, was replaced, and returned to the 84th Infantry Brigade. The 42nd Division was chosen to participate in the occupation of the Rhineland, occupying the Ahrweiler district. In April 1919, they entrained for Brest and St Nazaire, where they boarded ships to return to the United States. MacArthur traveled on the ocean liner , which reached New York on 25 April 1919.
Between the wars
Superintendent of the United States Military Academy
In 1919 MacArthur became Superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, which Chief of Staff Peyton March felt had become out of date in many respects and was much in need of reform. Accepting the post allowed MacArthur to retain his rank of brigadier general, instead of being reduced to his substantive rank of major like many of his contemporaries. When MacArthur moved into the superintendent's house with his mother in June 1919, he became the youngest superintendent since Sylvanus Thayer in 1817. However, whereas Thayer had faced opposition from outside the Army, MacArthur had to overcome resistance from graduates and the academic board.MacArthur's vision of what was required of an officer came not just from his recent experience of combat in France but also from that of the occupation of the Rhineland in Germany. The military government of the Rhineland had required the Army to deal with political, economic and social problems but he had found that many West Point graduates had little or no knowledge of fields outside of the military sciences. MacArthur's first change turned out to be the easiest. Congress had set the length of the course at three years. MacArthur was able to get the four-year course restored.
During the debate over the length of the course the ''New York Times'' brought up the issue of the cloistered and undemocratic nature of student life at West Point. MacArthur attempted to end hazing by using officers rather than upperclassmen to train the plebes. He attempted to modernize the curriculum by adding liberal arts, government and economics courses, but encountered strong resistance from the Academic Board. In Military Art classes, the study of the campaigns of the American Civil War was replaced with the study of those of World War I. In History class, more emphasis was placed on the Far East. MacArthur expanded the sports program, increasing the number of intramural sports and requiring all cadets to participate. He allowed upper class cadets to leave the reservation, and sanctioned a cadet newspaper, ''The Brag'', forerunner of today's ''West Pointer''. He also allowed cadets to travel to watch their football team play, and gave them an allowance of $5.00 a month. Professors and alumni alike protested these radical moves.
Army's youngest major general
MacArthur became romantically involved with socialite Louise Cromwell Brooks. Rumors circulated that General Pershing, who was fond of Louise, had exiled MacArthur to the Philippines. This was denied by Pershing as "all damn poppycock." MacArthur married Louise on 14 February 1922 at her family's villa in Palm Beach, Florida. In October 1922, MacArthur left West Point to assume command of the Military District of Manila. The islands were peaceful now and in the wake of the Washington Naval Treaty, the garrison was being reduced. MacArthur's friendships with Filipinos like Manuel Quezon offended some people. "The old idea of colonial exploitation", he later conceded, "still had its vigorous supporters." In February and March 1923 MacArthur returned to Washington to see his mother, who was ill from a heart ailment. She recovered, but it was the last time he saw his brother Arthur, who died suddenly from appendicitis in December 1923. In June 1923 MacArthur assumed command of the 23rd Infantry Brigade of the Philippine Division. On 7 July 1924 he was informed that a mutiny had broken out amongst the Philippine Scouts over grievances concerning pay and allowances. Over 200 were arrested and there were fears of an insurrection. MacArthur's efforts to improve the salaries of Filipino troops were frustrated by financial stringency and racial prejudice. On 17 January 1925 he was promoted, becoming the Army's youngest major general.Returning to the United States, MacArthur took command of the IV Corps Area, based at Fort McPherson in Atlanta, Georgia, on 2 May 1925. A few months later he assumed command of the III Corps area, based at Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland, which allowed MacArthur and Louise to move to her estate near Garrison, Maryland. However, this relocation also led to what he later described as "one of the most distasteful orders I ever received": a direction to serve on the court martial of Brigadier General Billy Mitchell. MacArthur was the youngest of the thirteen judges, none of whom had aviation experience and three of whom, including Summerall, the president of the court, were removed when defense challenges revealed bias against Mitchell. Despite MacArthur's claim that he had voted to acquit, Mitchell was found guilty as charged and convicted. MacArthur felt "that a senior officer should not be silenced for being at variance with his superiors in rank and with accepted doctrine." In August that year William C. Prout, the president of the United States Olympic Committee, died suddenly and the committee elected MacArthur as their new president. His main task was to prepare the U.S. team for the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Upon returning to the United States, he received orders to assume command of the Philippine Department. While he was in Manila, Louise obtained a divorce, ostensibly on the grounds of "failure to provide".
Chief of Staff
By 1930, MacArthur was still, at age 50, the youngest of the U.S. Army's major generals, and best known. He left the Philippines on 19 September 1930 and for a brief time was in command of the IX Corps Area in San Francisco. On 21 November 1930 MacArthur was sworn in as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, with the rank of general. The onset of the Great Depression forced Congress to make cuts in the Army's personnel and budget. Some 53 bases were closed, but MacArthur managed to prevent attempts to reduce the number of regular officers from 12,000 to 10,000. MacArthur's main programs included the development of new mobilization plans. He grouped the nine corps areas together under four armies, which were charged with responsibility for training and frontier defense. He also negotiated the MacArthur-Pratt agreement with the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William V. Pratt. This was the first of a series of inter-service agreements over the following decades that defined the responsibilities of the different services with respect to aviation. This agreement placed coastal air defense under the Army. In March 1935, MacArthur activated a centralized air command, General Headquarters Air Force under Major General Frank M. Andrews.One of MacArthur's most controversial acts came in 1932, when the "Bonus Army" of veterans converged on Washington. He sent tents and camp equipment to the demonstrators, along with mobile kitchens, until an outburst in Congress caused the kitchens to be withdrawn. MacArthur was concerned that the demonstration had been taken over by communists and pacifists but the General Staff's intelligence division reported that only three of the march's twenty-six key leaders were communists. MacArthur and Brigadier General Perry L. Miles, the commander of the 16th Infantry Brigade at Fort Myer, went over contingency plans for civil disorder in the capital. Mechanized equipment was brought to Fort Myer, where anti-riot training was conducted. On 28 July 1932, a clash with demonstrators resulted in two men being shot by District police. President Hoover ordered MacArthur to "surround the affected area and clear it without delay." MacArthur brought up troops and tanks from Fort Myer, Fort Meade, Fort Washington and Fort Howard. Miles was in charge of the operation but, against the advice of Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, MacArthur decided to accompany the troops. The action commenced at 4:30 in the afternoon. The troops advanced with bayonets and sabers drawn under a shower of bricks and rocks, but no shots were fired. In less than four hours, the troops cleared the Bonus Army's campground using tear gas. The tear gas canisters started a number of fires, and caused the only death during the riots. While not as violent as other anti-riot operations, it was nevertheless a public relations disaster
In 1934 MacArthur sued journalists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen for defamation after they described his treatment of the Bonus marchers as "unwarranted, unnecessary, insubordinate, harsh and brutal." In turn, they threatened to call Isobel Rosario Cooper as a witness. MacArthur had met Isobel, a Eurasian woman, while in the Philippines, and she had become his mistress. MacArthur was forced to settle out of court, secretly paying Pearson $15,000.
President Hoover was defeated in the 1932 election by Franklin D. Roosevelt. MacArthur and Roosevelt had worked together before World War I and, despite political differences, remained friends. MacArthur supported the New Deal through the Army's operation of the Civilian Conservation Corps. He ensured that detailed plans were drawn up for its employment and decentralized its administration to the corps areas, which became an important factor in success of the program. Although MacArthur's support for a strong military, and his public criticism of pacifism and isolationism, made him unpopular with the Roosevelt administration, the President extended MacArthur's term as Chief of Staff. MacArthur finally finished his tour as Chief of Staff in October 1935. For his service as chief of staff, he was awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal. He was retroactively awarded two Purple Hearts for his World War I service, an order which MacArthur revived in 1932.
Field Marshal of the Philippine Army
When the Commonwealth of the Philippines achieved semi-independent status in 1935, President of the Philippines Manuel Quezon asked MacArthur to supervise the creation of a Philippine Army. Quezon and MacArthur had been personal friends since the latter's father had been Governor-General of the Philippines, 35 years earlier. With President Roosevelt's approval, MacArthur accepted the assignment. It was agreed that MacArthur would receive a salary and allowances, and the rank of field marshal from the Commonwealth in addition to his major general's salary as Military Advisor to the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines. It would be his fifth tour in the Far East. MacArthur sailed from San Francisco on the SS ''President Hoover'' in October 1935, accompanied by his mother and sister-in-law. MacArthur also brought his long-time aide-de-camp, Captain Thomas J. Davis, as well as Major Dwight D. Eisenhower and Major James B. Ord, a friend of Eisenhower's, as his assistants. Also aboard the ''President Hoover'' was Jean Marie Faircloth, an unmarried 37 year-old socialite. Over the next two years, the two were frequently seen together. MacArthur's mother became gravely ill during the voyage and died in Manila on 3 December 1935.President Quezon officially conferred the title of field marshal on MacArthur in a ceremony at Malacañang Palace on 24 August 1936. He was presented with a gold baton and a unique uniform. The Philippine Army was formed from universal conscription. The goal was to train 40,000 men per annum at 128 camps. Training was to be conducted by a regular cadre, and the Philippine Military Academy was created along the lines of West Point to train its officers. Equipment and weapons were "more or less obsolete" American cast offs, and the budget of $6 million was completely inadequate. Much hope was placed in the Philippine Army Air Corps, but the first squadron was not organized until 1939. By 1939, the United States had supplied the Philippines with $6 million of equipment.
In 1937, MacArthur accompanied Quezon on a visit to Japan, Mexico and the United States. Quezon was warmly welcomed in Mexico but virtually ignored in the United States. MacArthur's requests for equipment for the Philippine Army fell on deaf ears at the War Department, but at the Navy Department MacArthur and the Naval Advisor on his staff, Lieutenant Colonel Sidney L. Huff, were able to persuade the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William D. Leahy, and the Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Rear Admiral Harold R. Stark, to initiate the development of the PT boat. On 30 April MacArthur married Jean Faircloth in a civil ceremony. Their marriage produced a son, Arthur MacArthur IV, who was born in Manila on 21 February 1938. On 31 December 1937, MacArthur officially retired from the U.S. Army. He ceased to represent the United States as military adviser to the government but remained as Quezon's adviser in a civilian capacity. Eisenhower returned to the United States in 1939 and was replaced as MacArthur's chief of staff by Lieutenant Colonel Richard K. Sutherland. Richard J. Marshall became deputy chief of staff.
World War II
Philippines Campaign (1941–42)
On 26 July 1941 Roosevelt federalized the Philippine Army, recalled MacArthur to active duty in the U.S. Army as a major general, and named him commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE). MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general the following day, and then to general on 20 December. At the same time, Sutherland was promoted to major general, while Marshall, Spencer B. Akin, and Hugh J. Casey were all promoted to brigadier general. On 31 July 1941 the Philippine Department had 22,000 troops assigned, 12,000 of whom were Philippine Scouts. The main component was the Philippine Division, under the command of Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright.MacArthur was promised 272 of the newest bombers, the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, more than any location outside the United States, and more than double the 108 planned for Hawaii, although only 35 would actually be delivered. This force was intended to attack targets in Formosa and southern Japan, which calls in question MacArthur's position that attacks could not be countenanced for lack of escort. Between July and December 1941 the garrison received 8,500 reinforcements. After years of parsimony, much equipment was shipped. By November, a backlog of 1,100,000 shipping tons of equipment intended for the Philippines had accumulated in US ports and depots awaiting vessels. In addition, the Navy intercept station in the islands, known as Station CAST, had an ultra secret Purple cipher machine, which decrypted Japanese diplomatic messages, and partial codebooks for the latest JN-25 naval code. Cast sent MacArthur its entire output, via Sutherland, the only officer on his staff authorized to see it.
At 03:30 local time on 8 December 1941 (about 09:00 on 7 December in Hawaii), Sutherland learned of the attack on Pearl Harbor and informed MacArthur. At 05:30, Chief of Staff of the United States Army General George Marshall ordered MacArthur to execute the existing war plan, Rainbow Five. MacArthur did nothing. When, on three occasions, Brereton requested permission to attack Japanese bases in Formosa, in accordance with prewar intentions, he was refused. Not until 1100 did he speak with MacArthur about it. MacArthur later denied having the conversation,claiming attacks without fighter escort were suicide, which ignores the fact that this was Army Air Force doctrine at the time. At 1230, planes of Japan's 11th Air Fleet achieved complete tactical surprise when they attacked Clark Field and the nearby fighter base at Iba Field. They destroyed or disabled 18 of Far East Air Force's 35 B-17s, 53 of its 107 P-40s, three P-35s, and more than 25 other aircraft. Most were destroyed on the ground. Substantial damage was done to the bases, and casualties totaled 80 killed and 150 wounded. What was left of the Far East Air Force was all but destroyed over the next few days.
Prewar defense plans assumed the Japanese could not be prevented from landing on Luzon and called for U.S. and Filipino forces to abandon Manila and retreat with their supplies to the Bataan peninsula. MacArthur attempted to slow the Japanese advance with an initial defense against the Japanese landings. However, he reconsidered his confidence in the ability of his Filipino troops when the Japanese landing force made a rapid advance after landing at Lingayen Gulf on 21 December. He subsequently ordered a retreat to Bataan. Manila was declared an open city at midnight on 24 December, without any consultation with Admiral Thomas C. Hart, commanding the Asiatic Fleet, forcing the Navy to destroy considerable amounts of material, including about 130 Mark 14 torpedoes. On 25 December, MacArthur moved his headquarters to the island fortress of Corregidor in Manila Bay. A series of air raids by the Japanese destroyed all the exposed structures on the island and USAFFE headquarters was moved into the Malinta Tunnel. Later most of the headquarters moved to Bataan, leaving only the nucleus with MacArthur. The troops on Bataan knew that they had been written off but continued to fight. Some blamed Roosevelt and MacArthur for their predicament. A ballad sung to the tune of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" called him "Dugout Doug." However, most clung to the belief that somehow MacArthur "would reach down and pull something out of his hat."
On 1 January 1942 MacArthur was offered and accepted a payment of $500,000 from President Quezon of the Philippines as payment for his pre-war service. MacArthur's staff members also received payments: $75,000 for Sutherland, $45,000 for Richard Marshall, and $20,000 for Huff. Eisenhower, after being appointed Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force, was also offered money by Quezon, but declined. These payments were known only to a few in Manila and Washington, including President Roosevelt and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, until they were made public by historian Carol Petillo in 1979. The revelation tarnished MacArthur's reputation.
Escape to Australia and Medal of Honor citation
In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia. MacArthur discussed the idea with his staff that he resign his commission and fight on as a private soldier in the Philippine resistance but Sutherland talked him out of it. On the night of 12 March 1942, MacArthur and a select group (that included his wife Jean and son Arthur, as well as Sutherland, Akin, Casey, Marshall, Willoughby, Diller, and George) left Corregidor in four PT boats. MacArthur, his family and Sutherland traveled in ''PT 41'', commanded by Lieutenant John D. Bulkeley. The others followed in ''PT 34'', ''PT 35'' and ''PT 32''. MacArthur and his party reached Del Monte Airfield in Bukidnon province on the island of Mindanao two days later. General George Marshall sent three U.S. Navy B-17s to pick them up. Two of them arrived, and brought the entire group to Australia.MacArthur arrived on 17 March at Batchelor Airfield, about south of Darwin, before flying to Alice Springs, where he took the Ghan through the Australian outback to Adelaide. His famous speech, in which he said, "I came out of Bataan and I shall return", was first made at Terowie, a small railway township in South Australia on 20 March. Upon his arrival in Adelaide, MacArthur abbreviated this to the now-famous, "I came through and I shall return" that made headlines. Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to, "We shall return". He ignored the request. Bataan eventually surrendered on 9 April, and Wainwright surrendered on Corregidor on 6 May.
For his leadership in the defense of the Philippines, General Marshall decided to award MacArthur the Medal of Honor, the decoration for which he had twice previously been nominated. It was admitted that MacArthur had not actually performed acts of valor in battle on Bataan but the 1927 award to Charles Lindbergh set a precedent. MacArthur chose to accept the medal on the basis that "this award was intended not so much for me personally as it is a recognition of the indomitable courage of the gallant army which it was my honor to command." Arthur MacArthur, Jr. and Douglas MacArthur thus became the first father and son to be awarded the Medal of Honor. They remained the only pair until 2001 when Theodore Roosevelt was awarded posthumously for his service during the Spanish American War, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. having received one posthumously for his service during World War II.
New Guinea Campaign
General Headquarters
On 18 April 1942, MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA). Lieutenant General George Brett became Commander, Allied Air Forces, and Vice Admiral Herbert F. Leary became Commander, Allied Naval Forces, although neither of these men were of MacArthur's choosing. Since the bulk of land forces in the theater were Australian, General Marshall insisted an Australian be appointed as Commander, Allied Land Forces, and the job went to General Sir Thomas Blamey. Although predominantly Australian and American, MacArthur's command also included small numbers of personnel from the Netherlands East Indies, the United Kingdom, and other countries. although many Australians resented MacArthur as a foreign general who had been imposed upon them.The staff of MacArthur's General Headquarters (GHQ) was built around the nucleus that had escaped from the Philippines with him, who became known as the "Bataan Gang". Though Roosevelt and General Marshall pressed for Dutch and Australian officers to be assigned to GHQ, the heads of all the staff divisions were American and such officers of other nationalities as were assigned served under them. Initially located in Melbourne, the GHQ was moved to Brisbane in July because Brisbane was the northernmost city in Australia with the necessary communications facilities. GHQ occupied the AMP Insurance Society building. MacArthur's office and Willoughby's G-2 section were located on the 8th floor, while other staff sections occupied the four floors below.
MacArthur formed his own signals intelligence organization, known as the Central Bureau, from Australian intelligence units and American cryptanalysts who had escaped from the Philippines; this unit forwarded Ultra information to Willoughby for analysis. After a press dispatch revealed details of the Japanese naval concentration at Rabaul during the Battle of the Coral Sea, Veteran correspondents considered them "a total farce" and characterized them as "Alice-in-Wonderland information handed out at high level."
Papuan Campaign
Anticipating that the Japanese would strike at Port Moresby again, the garrison was strengthened and MacArthur ordered the establishment of new bases at Merauke and Milne Bay to cover its flanks. The Battle of Midway in June 1942 led to plans to exploit this victory with a limited offensive in the Pacific. MacArthur's proposal for an attack on the main Japanese base at Rabaul met with objections from the U.S. Navy, which favored a less ambitious approach and objected to an Army general being in command of what would be an amphibious operation. The resulting compromise called for a three stage advance, with the first, the seizure of the Tulagi area, being conducted by the Pacific Ocean Areas command, under Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. The later stages would be conducted under MacArthur's command as Supreme Allied Commander, South West Pacific Area.The Japanese struck first, landing at Buna in July, and at Milne Bay in August. The Australians soon defeated the Japanese at Milne Bay, but a series of defeats in the Kokoda Track campaign had a depressing effect back in Australia. On 30 August MacArthur radioed Washington that unless action was taken, the New Guinea Force would be overwhelmed. Having committed all the available Australian troops, MacArthur decided to send American troops. The 32nd Infantry Division, a poorly trained United States National Guard division, was selected to carry out a flanking maneuver. A series of embarrassing American reverses in the Battle of Buna-Gona led to outspoken criticism of the American troops by Blamey and other Australians. MacArthur sent Lieutenant General Robert L. Eichelberger to "take Buna, or not come back alive." MacArthur moved the advanced echelon of GHQ to Port Moresby on 6 November 1942. Buna finally fell on 3 January 1943. MacArthur awarded the Distinguished Service Cross to twelve officers for "precise execution of operations." This use of the country's second highest award aroused some resentment, because while some, like Eichelberger and Major General George Alan Vasey, had fought in the field, others, like Sutherland and Willoughby, had not. For his part, MacArthur was awarded his third Distinguished Service Medal, and the Australian government successfully recommended him to be created an honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in 1943.
MacArthur had little confidence in Brett's abilities as commander of Allied Air Forces SWPA, and in August 1942 selected Major General George C. Kenney to replace him. Kenney's application of air power in support of Blamey's ground forces would soon prove critical to Blamey's victory in the Battle of Wau. In September 1942, Vice Admiral Leary was replaced by Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender as commander of Allied Naval Forces SWPA. At that time, MacArthur's naval assets (commonly referred to as ''MacArthur's Navy'') consisted of only 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines and 7 small craft.
New Guinea Campaign
At the Pacific Military Conference in March 1943, the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved General MacArthur's plan for Operation Cartwheel, an advance on Rabaul. Owing to a shortage of resources, particularly heavy bomber aircraft, the final stage of the plan, the capture of Rabaul itself, was postponed until 1944. MacArthur explained his strategy: }}Lieutenant General Walter Krueger's Sixth Army headquarters arrived in SWPA in early 1943 but MacArthur had only three American divisions, and they were tired and depleted from the fighting at Battle of Buna–Gona and Battle of Guadalcanal. As a result, "it became obvious that any military offensive in the South-West Pacific in 1943 would have to be carried out mainly by the Australian Army."
In New Guinea, a country without roads, large-scale transportation of men and materiel would have to be accomplished by aircraft or ships. A multi-pronged approach was employed to solve this problem. Disassembled landing craft were shipped to Australia, where they were assembled in Cairns. The range of these small landing craft was to be greatly extended by the landing ships of Rear Admiral Daniel E. Barbey's VII Amphibious Force, which began arriving in late 1942. Carpender reported to MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander, SWPA, but to Admiral Ernest King as Commander Seventh Fleet, which was part of King's United States Fleet. Since the Seventh Fleet had no aircraft carriers, the range of naval operations SWPA was limited by that of the fighter aircraft of the Fifth Air Force. Although a few long-range P-38 Lightning fighters had arrived in SWPA in late 1942, further deliveries were suspended owing to the demands of Operation Torch.
The main offensive began with the landing at Lae by Major General George Wootten's Australian 9th Division and the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade on 4 September 1943. The next day MacArthur watched the landing at Nadzab by paratroops of the 503rd Parachute Infantry from a B-17 circling overhead. The B-17 made the trip on three engines because one failed soon after leaving Port Moresby, but MacArthur insisted that it fly on to Nadzab. For this, MacArthur was awarded the Air Medal.
Vasey's Australian 7th Division and Wooten's 9th Division converged on Lae, which fell on 16 September. MacArthur advanced his timetable, and ordered the 7th Division to capture Kaiapit and Dumpu, while the 9th Division mounted an amphibious assault on Finschhafen. Here, the offensive bogged down. Part of the problem was that MacArthur had based his decision to assault Finschhafen on Willoughby's assessment that there were only 350 Japanese defenders at Finschhafen when there were actually nearly 5,000. A furious battle ensued.
In early November, MacArthur's plan for a westward advance along the coast of New Guinea to the Philippines was incorporated into plans for the war against Japan approved at the Cairo Conference. Three months later, airmen reported no signs of enemy activity in the Admiralty Islands. Although his intelligence staff did not agree that the islands had been evacuated, MacArthur ordered an amphibious landing on Los Negros Island, marking the beginning of the Admiralty Islands campaign. MacArthur accompanied the assault force aboard , the flagship of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, who had recently replaced Carpender as commander of the Seventh Fleet. MacArthur, who came ashore with Kinkaid only seven hours after the first wave of landing craft, was awarded the Bronze Star for his actions in this campaign. After six weeks of fierce fighting, the 1st Cavalry Division captured the islands; the campaign officially ended on 18 May 1944.
MacArthur now bypassed the Japanese forces at Hansa Bay and Wewak, and assaulted Hollandia and Aitape, which Willoughby reported to be lightly defended. Although they were out of range of the Fifth Air Force's fighters based in the Ramu Valley, the timing of the operation allowed the aircraft carriers of the Pacific Fleet to provide air support. Though risky, the operation turned out to be a brilliant success. MacArthur caught the Japanese off balance and cut off Lieutenant General Hatazō Adachi's Japanese XVIII Army in the Wewak area. Because the Japanese were not expecting an attack, the garrison was weak, and Allied casualties were correspondingly light. However, the terrain turned out to be less suitable for airbase development than first thought, forcing MacArthur to seek better locations further west. Moreover, while bypassing Japanese forces had great tactical merit, it had the serious strategic drawback of tying up large numbers of Allied troops in order to contain them, and Adachi was far from beaten. In the Battle of Driniumor River, he would bring on "the New Guinea campaign's bloodiest and most strategically useless battle."
Philippines Campaign (1944–45)
Leyte
MacArthur had told his closest friend Philippine President Manuel Quezon, when the Philippine president retreated to the States, that he would lead him back to Manila with his bayonets. Manila was MacArthur's spiritual home. He had lived there with his family for more than six years before the war serving as Quezon's military advisor. His son Arthur spent his first four years in Manila. After they retreated to Australia, Arthur, age five, asked his father, "When are we going back to Manila?" This was the question MacArthur asked the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. He wanted to liberate Manila en route to Japan. But the decision was theirs not his.In July 1944, President Roosevelt summoned MacArthur to meet with him in Hawaii "to determine the phase of action against Japan." Nimitz and MacArthur agreed that the next step should be to advance on the southern and central Philippines. MacArthur's turn came after supper when they discussed the next step in the war against Japan. Admiral Nimitz made the case for attacking Formosa. MacArthur stressed America's moral obligation to liberate the Philippines. MacArthur kept repeating "I have promised the people of the Philippines, that I will return -- I have to keep my word, I cannot break the word." He said, "The United States would hate me, if I didn't keep my word." The next day after lunch, he managed to get ten minutes alone with President Roosevelt. And he made his strongest case, which was essentially a political pitch. He said, "Mr. President, you hope to be re-elected President. But the country would never forgive you if you left 17 million Christian American subjects to wither under the conqueror's heel until there is a peace treaty. Politically, it would ruin you." He also spoke briefly of his plan to use the Australian Army to liberate Indonesia, although the issue was not settled. Both Roosevelt and Leahy were convinced of the soundness of MacArthur's plan. In September, Halsey's carriers made a series of air strikes on the Philippines. Opposition was feeble and Halsey concluded that Leyte was "wide open" and possibly undefended, and recommended that projected operations be skipped in favor of an assault on Leyte.
On 20 October 1944, troops of Krueger's Sixth Army landed on Leyte, while MacArthur watched from . That afternoon he arrived off the beach. The advance had not progressed far; snipers were still active and the area was under sporadic mortar fire. When his whaleboat grounded in knee-deep water, MacArthur requested a landing craft, but the beachmaster was too busy to grant his request. MacArthur was compelled to wade ashore. In his prepared speech he said:}}
Since Leyte was out of range of Kenney's land-based aircraft, MacArthur was entirely dependent on carrier aircraft for cover. Japanese air activity soon increased, with raids on Tacloban, where MacArthur decided to establish his headquarters, and on the fleet offshore. MacArthur enjoyed staying on ''Nashville''s bridge during air raids, although several bombs landed close by, and two nearby cruisers were hit. Over the next few days, the Imperial Japanese Navy staged a major counterattack in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. MacArthur attributed the near-disaster to command being divided between himself and Nimitz. Nor did the campaign ashore proceed smoothly. The timing of the assault so late in the year forced the combat troops, pilots, and the supporting logistical units to contend with heavy monsoonal rains that disrupted the airbase construction program. Adverse weather and valiant Japanese resistance slowed the American advance ashore. MacArthur was forced to ask Nimitz to recall the carriers to support the Sixth Army but they proved to be no substitute for land-based aircraft, and the lack of air cover permitted the Japanese Army to pour troops into Leyte. By the end of December, Krueger's headquarters estimated that 5,000 Japanese remained on Leyte, and on 26 December MacArthur issued a communiqué announcing that "the campaign can now be regarded as closed except for minor mopping up." Yet Eichelberger's Eighth Army would kill more than 27,000 Japanese on Leyte between then and the end of the campaign in May 1945. On 18 December 1944, MacArthur was promoted to the new five star rank of General of the Army — one day before Nimitz was promoted to Fleet Admiral, also a five star rank. However, with the arrival of Admiral Nimitz in the Philippines who had received his 5 stars before General MacArthur, an aid to MacArthur was quoted as saying that MacArthur "was furious that the Admiral had out-shown him, by having five stars on. And General MacArthur had his staff stay up all night, filing down Philippine ten cent pieces to make five stars. The next morning at breakfast, he appeared with five stars. The General appeared with five stars"
Luzon
MacArthur's next move was the invasion of Mindoro, where there were good potential airfield sites around the San Jose area. Willoughby estimated, correctly as it turned out, that the island had only about 1,000 Japanese defenders. The problem this time was getting there. A parachute drop was considered, but the airfields on Leyte lacked the space to hold the required transport aircraft. Kinkaid balked at sending escort carriers into the restricted waters of the Sulu Sea, and Kenney could not guarantee land based air cover. The operation was clearly hazardous, and MacArthur's staff talked him out of accompanying the invasion on the ''Nashville''. As the invasion force entered the Sulu Sea, a kamikaze struck ''Nashville'', killing 133 people and wounding 190 more, including the task force commander, Brigadier General William C. Dunkel. The landings were made unopposed on 15 December 1944, and within two weeks Australian and American engineers had three airstrips in operation, but "not since Anzio had the navy experienced so much difficulty supporting an amphibious operation after the initial landing." The resupply convoys were repeatedly attacked by kamikaze aircraft and on 26–27 December a Japanese naval force attacked the area, sinking a destroyer and damaging other ships.The way was now clear for the invasion of Luzon. This time, based on different interpretations of the same intelligence data, Willoughby's G-2 Section at GHQ estimated the strength of General Tomoyuki Yamashita's forces on Luzon at 137,000, while that of Sixth Army estimated it at 234,000. The Sixth Army Brigadier General Clyde D. Eddleman attempted to lay out the reasons for the Sixth Army's assessment, but MacArthur's response was "Bunk!". He felt that even Willoughby's estimate was too high. "Audacity, calculated risk, and a clear strategic aim were MacArthur's attributes", and he was prepared to disregard the intelligence estimates. However, all the estimates were too low: Yamashita had more than 287,000 troops on Luzon. This time MacArthur traveled on the , watching as the ship was near-missed by a bomb and torpedoes fired by midget submarines. The GHQ communiqué read: "The decisive battle for the liberation of the Philippines and the control of the Southwest pacific is at hand. General MacArthur is in personal command at the front and landed with his assault troops."
MacArthur's primary concern was the capture of the port of Manila and the airbase at Clark Field, which were required to support future operations. He urged his front line commanders on. On 25 January 1945 he moved his advanced headquarters forward to Hacienda Luisita, closer to the front than Krueger's at Calasiao. On 30 January MacArthur ordered the 1st Cavalry Division's commander, Major General Verne D. Mudge, to conduct a rapid advance on Manila. On 3 February it reached the northern outskirts of Manila and the campus of the University of Santo Tomas where 3,700 internees were liberated. Unknown to the Americans, Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi had decided to defend Manila to the death. The Battle of Manila raged for the next three weeks. In order to spare the civilian population, MacArthur prohibited the use of air strikes, but thousands of civilians died in the crossfire or Japanese massacres. He also refused to restrict the traffic of civilians who clogged the roads in and out of Manila, placing humanitarian concerns above military ones except for emergencies. Most of MacArthur's 8,000-volume military library, which included books inherited from his father, was lost. Nonetheless, he continued his habit of reading military history and biography until his death. For his part in the capture of Manila, MacArthur was awarded his third Distinguished Service Cross.
Southern Philippines
Although MacArthur had no specific directive from the Joint Chiefs to do so, and the fighting on Luzon was far from over, he committed the Eighth Army, Seventh Fleet and Thirteenth Air Force to a series of operations to liberate the remainder of the Philippines from the Japanese. A series of 52 amphibious landings were made in the central and southern Philippines between February and July 1945. In the GHQ communiqué on 5 July MacArthur announced that the Philippines had now been liberated and all operations ended, although Yamashita still held out in northern Luzon. Starting in May 1945, MacArthur used his Australian troops in the invasion of Borneo. MacArthur accompanied the assault on Labuan on USS ''Boise'', and visited the troops ashore, along with Lieutenant General Sir Leslie Morshead and Air Vice Marshal William Bostock. En route back to his headquarters in Manila, he visited Davao, where he told Eichelberger that no more than 4,000 Japanese remained alive on Mindanao. A few months later, six times that number would surrender. In July 1945, he set out on ''Boise'' once more to be with the Australian 7th Division for the landing at Balikpapan. MacArthur was awarded his fourth Distinguished Service Medal.In April 1945, MacArthur became commander in chief U.S. Army Forces Pacific (AFPAC), in charge of all Army and Army Air Force units in the Pacific, except the Twentieth Air Force. At the same time, Nimitz became commander of all naval forces. Command in the Pacific therefore remained divided. GHQ became AFPAC headquarters in addition to SWPA. MacArthur created two new commands, AFMIDPAC under Lieutenant General Robert C. Richardson, Jr., and AFWESPAC under Lieutenant General Wilhelm D. Styer, which absorbed USASOS and USAFFE. This reorganization, which took some months to actually accomplish, was part of preparations for Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan. The first phase, the invasion of Kyūshū, known as Operation Olympic, was scheduled to commence on 1 November 1945. The invasion was pre-empted by the surrender of Japan in August 1945. On 2 September MacArthur accepted the formal Japanese surrender aboard , thus ending World War II. In recognition of his role as a maritime strategist, the U.S. Navy awarded him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.
Occupation of Japan
On 29 August 1945 MacArthur was ordered to exercise authority through the Japanese government machinery, including the Sho-wa Emperor. As Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) in Japan, MacArthur and his GHQ staff helped Japan rebuild itself, institute democratic government, and chart a new course that ultimately made Japan one of the world's leading industrial powers. The U.S. was firmly in control of Japan to oversee its reconstruction, and MacArthur was effectively the interim leader of Japan from 1945 until 1948. In 1946, MacArthur's staff drafted a new constitution that renounced war and stripped the Emperor of his military authority. The constitution, which became effective on 3 May 1947, instituted a Westminster system form of government, under which the Emperor acted only on the advice of his ministers. It included the famous Article 9, which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army. The constitution also enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, outlawed racial discrimination, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government.A major land reform was also conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of General Douglas MacArthur's SCAP staff. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately , or 38% of Japan's cultivated land, was purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program, and was resold to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, 89% of all agricultural land was owner-operated and only 11% was tenant-operated. MacArthur's efforts to encourage trade union membership met with phenomenal success, and by 1947, 48% of the non-agricultural workforce was unionized. Some of MacArthur's reforms were rescinded in 1948 when his unilateral control of Japan was ended by the increased involvement of the State Department. During the Occupation, SCAP successfully, if not entirely, abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry. These economic reforms were resisted by wealthy and influential Japanese who stood to lose a great deal. They claimed that the Zaibatsu were required in order for Japan to compete internationally. Eventually looser industrial groupings known as Keiretsu evolved. The reforms alarmed many in the United States Department of Defense and State Departments, who believed they conflicted with the prospect of Japan and its industrial capacity as a bulwark against the spread of communism in Asia.
In an address to Congress on 19 April 1951, MacArthur declared: }}
By 1950, the only remaining members of the old "Bataan Gang" were Willoughby, Marquat and Huff. From January 1949, his Chief of Staff was Edward Almond; other notable officers at SCAP were Far East Air Force commander Lieutenant General George E. Stratemeyer; Brigadier General Courtney Whitney, Deputy Chiefs of Staff Major General Doyle O. Hickey and Lieutenant General Alonzo P. Fox; and Captain Alexander Haig. MacArthur handed over power to the Japanese government in 1949 but remained in Japan until relieved by President Truman on 11 April 1951. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on 8 September 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on 28 April 1952, Japan was once again an independent state. The Japanese subsequently gave him the nickname ''Gaijin Shogun'' ("foreign military ruler") but not until around the time of his death in 1964.
War crimes trials
MacArthur was responsible for confirming and enforcing the sentences for war crimes handed down by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. In late 1945, Allied military commissions in various cities of the Orient tried 5,700 Japanese, Taiwanese and Koreans for war crimes. About 4,300 were convicted, almost 1,000 sentenced to death, and hundreds given life imprisonment. The charges arose from incidents that included the Rape of Nanking, the Bataan Death March and Manila massacre. MacArthur gave immunity to Shiro Ishii and other members of the bacteriological research units in exchange for germ warfare data based on human experimentation. On 6 May 1947, he wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence." The trial in Manila of General Tomoyuki Yamashita, Japanese commander in the Philippines from 1944 has been particularly criticized because Yamashita was hanged for Iwabuchi's Manila massacre which he had not ordered and of which he was probably unaware. Iwabuchi had killed himself as the battle for Manila was ending.MacArthur exempted the Emperor and all members of the imperial family implicated in war crimes, including Princes Chichibu, Asaka, Takeda, Higashikuni and Fushimi, from criminal prosecutions. As early as 26 November 1945, MacArthur confirmed that the emperor's abdication would not be necessary. In doing so he ignored the advice of many members of the imperial family and Japanese intellectuals who publicly called for the abdication of the Emperor and the implementation of a regency.
Korean War
In 1945, as part of the surrender of Japan, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to divide the Korean peninsula into two occupation zones at the 38th parallel north. This resulted in the creation of two states: the western-aligned Republic of Korea (ROK) (usually referred to as South Korea) and the Soviet-aligned and Communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) (usually referred to as North Korea). Dr. Syngman Rhee was elected first President of South Korea and he invited MacArthur to attend the inauguration of the republic. MacArthur attended the occasion, which he called "a signal honor", promising Rhee if South Korea were attacked, he would "defend it as I would California." The occupying Soviet and American troops withdrew in 1948 and 1949 respectively, leaving behind military advisers.On 25 June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 82, which authorized a United Nations (UN) force to help South Korea. The Soviet Union failed to exercise its veto, as its delegates were boycotting sessions at the time. The UN empowered the American government to select a commander of the UN forces, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously recommended MacArthur. He therefore became Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Command, while remaining SCAP in Japan and Commander of the USAFFE. MacArthur's headquarters was located in the Dai Ichi Life Insurance Building in Tokyo, from which he and his successors directed operations in Korea. Rhee placed all South Korean forces under MacArthur's command. As they retreated before the North Korean onslaught, MacArthur received permission to commit U.S. ground forces on 1 July. All the first units to arrive could do was trade men and ground for time, falling back to the Pusan Perimeter. Lieutenant General Walton Walker established his Eighth Army headquarters at Taegu and assumed control of the perimeter.
By the end of August, the crisis was subsiding. North Korean attacks on the perimeter had tapered off. While the North Korean force numbered 88,000 troops, Walker's forces now numbered 180,000, and he had more tanks and artillery pieces. In 1949, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Omar Bradley, had predicted that "large scale combined amphibious operations... will never occur again", but by July 1950, MacArthur was planning just such an operation. Meeting in Tokyo with Generals J. Lawton Collins and Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr. and Admirals Forrest Sherman and Arthur W. Radford, MacArthur compared his plan with that of General James Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and brushed aside the problems of tides, hydrography and terrain. In September, despite lingering concerns from superiors, MacArthur's soldiers and marines made a successful landing at Inchon, deep behind North Korean lines. Launched with naval and close air support, the landing outflanked the North Koreans, recaptured Seoul and forced them to retreat northward in disarray. Visiting the battlefield on 17 September MacArthur surveyed six T-34 tanks that had been knocked out by Marines, ignoring sniper fire around him, except to note that the North Korean marksmen were poorly trained.
On 11 September President Harry Truman issued orders for an advance beyond the 38th parallel into North Korea. In the wake of the victory at Inchon, the first South Korean troops advanced across the 38th parallel on 1 October. MacArthur now planned another amphibious assault, on Wonsan on the east coast, but it fell to South Korean troops before the 1st Marine Division could reach it by ship. On 25 September the Chinese foreign minister, Zhou Enlai, issued warnings via India's ambassador to the People's Republic of China, Kavalam Madhava Panikkar, that an advance to the Yalu would force China into the war. In early October, troops of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) had begun crossing into North Korea. In October, MacArthur met with Truman on Wake Island, where the president awarded MacArthur his fifth Distinguished Service Medal. Briefly questioned about the Chinese threat by President Truman, MacArthur dismissed it, saying that he hoped to be able to withdraw the Eighth Army to Japan by Christmas, and to release the 2nd Infantry Division for service in Europe in January. He regarded the possibility of Russian intervention as a more serious threat.
A month later, things had changed. MacArthur flew to Walker's headquarters on 24 November. He later wrote: MacArthur flew over the front line himself in his Douglas C-54 Skymaster but saw no signs of a Chinese build up. He therefore decided to wait on ordering an advance or withdrawal. He was, however, awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and honorary combat pilot's wings.
Walker's Eighth Army was attacked by the Chinese on 25 November 1950. Soon the UN forces were in retreat. MacArthur provided Collins with a series of nine successive withdrawal lines. On 23 December Walker was killed when his jeep collided with a truck. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway, an officer Collins and MacArthur had selected in case of such an eventuality. Ridgway noted that MacArthur's "prestige, which had gained an extraordinary luster after Incheon, was badly tarnished. His credibility suffered in the unforeseen outcome of the November offensive..."
Relief
The Eighth Army pressed north again in February, inflicting heavy casualties and recapturing Seoul in March 1951. Allied leaders had to once more consider whether they wanted MacArthur to invade North Korea or seek a peace. On 24 March MacArthur called on China to admit that it had been defeated, simultaneously challenging both the Chinese and his own superiors. Then on 5 April Representative Joseph William Martin, Jr., the Republican leader in the House of Representatives, revealed a letter from MacArthur critical of President Truman's limited-war strategy, providing copies of it to the press and reading it aloud on the floor of the House. The letter concluded with: }}That day too, the Joint Chiefs of Staff drafted orders for MacArthur authorizing him to attack airbases in Manchuria and Shantung with nuclear weapons if Chinese air strikes originated there. The next day, 6 April Truman summoned Secretary of Defense George Marshall, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Omar Bradley, Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Averell Harriman to discuss what to do about MacArthur. The Joint Chiefs met on 8 April and agreed that MacArthur was not guilty of insubordination and had stretched but not violated any orders. They concurred with but did not recommend MacArthur's relief, although they felt that it was correct "from a purely military point of view." The next day Truman ordered MacArthur's relief by Ridgway. The order went out on 10 April with Bradley's signature. The relief led to a storm of controversy. The fighting would go on until ended by the Armistice Agreement in July 1953.
Later life
MacArthur flew to Washington, D.C., with his family via Hawaii. It was his and Jean's first visit to the continental United States since 1937, the visit during which they had been married; Arthur IV, now aged 13, had never been to the United States. MacArthur made his last official appearance in a farewell address to the U.S. Congress. This address, "one of the most impressive and divisive oratorical performances of recent American times", was interrupted by fifty ovations. MacArthur ended the address saying:
MacArthur encountered massive public adulation, which aroused expectations that he would run for the presidency as a Republican in the 1952 election. However, a U.S. Senate Committee investigation of his removal, chaired by Democrat Richard Russell, largely vindicated the actions taken by President Truman, and contributed to a marked cooling of the public mood. Henry Luce, the publisher of ''Time Magazine'' and a staunch supporter of MacArthur, wanted to make MacArthur ''Time'''s Man of the Year for 1951, but was talked out of it by his editors.
MacArthur repeatedly stated he had no political aspirations. In the 1952 Republican presidential nomination contest, he was not a candidate and endorsed Senator Robert Taft of Ohio. Rumors were rife that Taft offered the vice presidential nomination to MacArthur. Taft did persuade MacArthur to be the keynote speaker at the 1952 Republican National Convention. The speech was not well received. Taft lost the nomination to Eisenhower, and MacArthur was silent during the campaign, which Eisenhower won by a landslide. Once elected, Eisenhower consulted with MacArthur and adopted his suggestion of threatening the use of nuclear weapons to end the war in Korea.
MacArthur and Jean spent the last years of their life together in the penthouse of the Waldorf Towers, a part of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. MacArthur was elected Chairman of the Board of Remington Rand, a corporation which had annual sales of over $1.1 billion in 1961. In that year he earned a salary of $68,000, in addition to $20,000 pay and allowances as a General of the Army. The Waldorf became the setting for an annual birthday party on 26 January thrown by the general's former deputy chief engineer, Major General Leif J. Sverdrup. At the 1960 celebration for MacArthur's 80th, many of his friends were startled by the general's obviously deteriorating health. The next day he collapsed and was rushed into surgery at St. Luke's Hospital to control a severely swollen prostate.
After his recovery, MacArthur methodically began to carry out the closing acts of his life. He visited the White House for a final reunion with Eisenhower. In 1961 he made a "sentimental journey" to the Philippines, where he was decorated by President Carlos P. Garcia with the Philippine Legion of Honor, rank of Chief Commander. MacArthur also accepted a $900,000 advance from Henry Luce for the rights to his memoirs, and began writing the volume that would eventually be published as ''Reminiscences''.
President John F. Kennedy solicited MacArthur's counsel in 1961. The first of two meetings was held shortly after the Bay of Pigs Invasion. MacArthur was extremely critical of the Pentagon and its military advice to Kennedy. He also cautioned the young President to avoid a U.S. military build-up in Vietnam, pointing out that domestic problems should be given a much greater priority. Shortly before his death, he gave similar advice to the new President, Lyndon B. Johnson.
In 1962 West Point honored the increasingly frail MacArthur with the Sylvanus Thayer Award for outstanding service to the nation, which had gone to Eisenhower the year before. MacArthur's speech to the cadets in accepting the award had as its theme ''Duty, Honor, Country:'' }}
MacArthur died at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on 5 April 1964, of biliary cirrhosis. President Kennedy had authorized a state funeral, and President Johnson confirmed the directive when he ordered that General MacArthur be buried "with all the honor a grateful nation can bestow on a departed hero." On 7 April General MacArthur's body was moved to the Seventh Regiment Armory, where it lay in the Clark Room throughout the day. A relief of the guard of honor was posted. Later in the morning Jean and the family group arrived at the armory for a private interfaith memorial service. The body was taken on a funeral train carrying the General to Union Station and then was transported by a funeral procession to the Capitol, where it lay in state. An estimated 150,000 people filed by the bier. On 11 April the body was taken to Washington National Airport and flown to Naval Station Norfolk. It was finally laid to rest in the rotunda of The MacArthur Memorial.
In 1960 the mayor of Norfolk, Virginia had proposed using funds raised by public contribution to remodel the old Norfolk courthouse as a memorial to General MacArthur and as a repository for his papers, decorations, and mementos he had accepted. Although he had no other ties with the state, his mother was a Virginian, born in Norfolk. Restored and remodeled, the building contains nine museum galleries whose contents reflect the general's fifty years of military service. At the heart of the memorial is a rotunda. In its center lies a sunken circular crypt with two marble sarcophagi, one for General MacArthur, the other for Jean, who continued to live in the Waldorf Towers until her own death in 2000.
Honors and awards
During his lifetime MacArthur earned over 100 military decorations from the United States and other countries including the Medal of Honor, the French ''Légion d'honneur'' and ''Croix de guerre'', the Order of the Crown of Italy, the Order of Orange-Nassau from the Netherlands, Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath from Australia, and the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon from Japan. The Silver Star medal was not instituted until 8 August 1932, but during World War I small silver stars were authorized to be worn on the campaign ribbons of those cited in orders for gallantry, similar to the British mention in despatches. MacArthur earned seven of these in World War I.MacArthur was enormously popular with the American public, even after his defeat in the Philippines. Across the United States streets, public works, and children were named after him. Even a dance step was named after him. The MacArthur Leadership Award at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario is awarded to the graduating officer cadet who demonstrates outstanding leadership performance based on the credo of Duty-Honor-Country and potential for future military service.
Several actors have portrayed MacArthur on screen. Dayton Lummis played him in the 1955 picture ''The Court-Martial of Billy Mitchell''. Henry Fonda played him in the television movie ''Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur'' in 1976. Gregory Peck followed suit in the 1977 film ''MacArthur'', and Laurence Olivier played him in ''Inchon'' in 1981. More recently, he was portrayed by Daniel von Bargen in the 1995 HBO film ''Truman''.
See also
References
Selected works
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Category:1880 births Category:1964 deaths Category:Army Medal of Honor recipients Category:American 5 star officers Category:American anti-communists Category:American military engineers Category:American military personnel of the Korean War Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American Episcopalians Category:American expatriates in Japan Category:American expatriates in the Philippines Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:Deaths from surgical complications Category:Field Marshals Douglas Category:Military brats Category:Military history of Japan Category:Military history of the Philippines Category:Recipients of the Philippine Legion of Honor Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun Category:Recipients of the Bronze Star Medal Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) Category:Recipients of the Purple Heart medal Category:Recipients of the Silver Star Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Medal of Honor Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France) Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown of Italy Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Category:Recipients of the Médaille Militaire Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Category:Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (Belgium) Category:Recipients of the Military Cross (Belgium) Category:Recipients of the Philippine Medal of Valor Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Lion Category:Recipients of the Virtuti Militari Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Polonia Restituta Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Serbia) Category:Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Korea) Category:Recipients of the Military Order of Italy Category:Recipients of the Croce di Guerra Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Tripod Category:Sons of the American Revolution Category:Superintendents of the United States Military Academy Category:United States Army Chiefs of Staff Category:United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni Category:United States Army generals of World War I Category:United States Military Academy alumni Category:United States military governors Category:United States presidential candidates, 1944 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1948 Category:United States presidential candidates, 1952
af:Douglas MacArthur ar:دوغلاس ماكارثر an:Douglas MacArthur bg:Дъглас Макартър ca:Douglas MacArthur cs:Douglas MacArthur cy:Douglas MacArthur da:Douglas MacArthur de:Douglas MacArthur et:Douglas MacArthur el:Ντάγκλας Μακάρθουρ es:Douglas MacArthur eu:Douglas MacArthur fa:داگلاس مکآرتور fr:Douglas MacArthur gl:Douglas MacArthur gan:道格拉斯 麦克阿瑟 ko:더글러스 맥아더 hr:Douglas MacArthur id:Douglas MacArthur os:Макартур, Дуглас it:Douglas MacArthur he:דאגלס מקארתור jv:Douglas MacArthur la:Douglas MacArthur lb:Douglas MacArthur hu:Douglas MacArthur mr:डग्लस मॅकआर्थर nl:Douglas MacArthur ja:ダグラス・マッカーサー no:Douglas MacArthur pms:Douglas MacArthur pl:Douglas MacArthur pt:Douglas MacArthur ro:Douglas MacArthur ru:Макартур, Дуглас simple:Douglas MacArthur sk:Douglas MacArthur sl:Douglas MacArthur sr:Даглас Макартур sh:Douglas MacArthur fi:Douglas MacArthur sv:Douglas MacArthur tl:Douglas MacArthur th:ดักลาส แมกอาเธอร์ tr:Douglas MacArthur uk:Дуглас Макартур vi:Douglas MacArthur yo:Douglas MacArthur zh-yue:麥克阿瑟 zh:道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟
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