The Yamuna (Sanskrit: यमुना,Urdu:جمنا sometimes called Jamuna or Jumna) is the largest tributary river of the Ganges (Ganga) in northern India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height 6,387 metres, on the south western slopes of Banderpooch peaks, in the Lower Himalayas in Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of and has a drainage system of 366,223 km2, 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin, before merging with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Allahabad, the site for the Kumbha Mela every twelve years.
It crosses several states, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, passing by Himachal Pradesh and later Delhi, and meets several of its tributaries on the way, including Tons, its largest and longest tributary, Chambal, which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. Most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres (cbm) and usage of 4,400 cbm (of which irrigation constitutes 96 per cent), the river accounts for more than 70 per cent of Delhi’s water supplies. Just like the Ganges, the Yamuna too is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. In Hindu mythology, she is the daughter of Sun God, Surya, and sister of Yama, the God of Death, hence also known as Yami and according to popular legends, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
The water of Yamuna is of "reasonably good quality" through its length from Yamunotri in the Himalayas to Wazirabad in Delhi, about 375 km, where the discharge of waste water through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted after Wazirabad in Delhi. One official describes the river as a "sewage drain" with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high coliform content. There are three main sources of pollution in the river, namely households and municipal disposal sites, soil erosion resulting from deforestation occurring to make way for agriculture along with resulting chemical wash-off from fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and run-off from commercial activity and industrial sites.
From here it flows southwards, for about 200 km through the Lower Himalayas and the Shivalik Hills Range and morainic deposited are found in its steep Upper Yamuna valley, highlighted with geomorphic features such as interlocking spurs, steep rock benches, and stream terraces. Large terraces formed over a long period of time can be seen in the lower course of the river, like ones near Naugoan. An important part of its early catchment area totalling 2,320 km² lies in Himachal Pradesh, and an important tributary draining the Upper Catchment Area is the Tons, Yamuna's largest and longest tributary, which rises from the Hari-ki-dun valley and holds water more than the main stream, which it merges after Kalsi near Dehradun. The entire drainage system of the river stretches all the way between Giri-Sutlej catchment in Himachal and Yamuna-Bhilangna catchment in Garhwal, indeed the southern ridge of Shimla is also drained into this system.
Other tributaries in the region are the Giri, Rishi Ganga, Kunta, Hanuman Ganga and Bata tributaries, which drain the Upper Catchment Area of the vast Yamuna basin. Thereafter the river descends on to the plains of Doon Valley, at Dak Pathar near Dehradun. Here through a weir dam, the water is diverted into a canal for power generation, little further down where Yamuna is met by the Assan River, lies the Assan barrage, which hosts a Bird Sanctuary as well. After passing the Sikh pilgrimage town of Paonta Sahib, it reaches Tajewala in Yamuna Nagar district, of Haryana, where a dam built in 1873, is the originating place of two important canals, the Western Yamuna Canal and Eastern Yamuna Canal, which irrigate the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The Western Yamuna Canal (WYC) crosses Yamuna Nagar, Karnal and Panipat before reaching the Haiderpur treatment plant, which supplies part of municipal water supply to Delhi, further it also receives waste water from Yamuna Nagar and Panipat cities. Yamuna is replenished again after this by seasonal streams and groundwater accrual, in fact during the dry season, it remains dry in many stretches from Tajewala till Delhi, where it enters near Palla village after traversing 224 km.
The Yamuna also creates natural state borders between the Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand states, and further down between the state of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Along with Ganges to which run almost parallel after it touches the Indo-Gangetic plain, the largest alluvial fertile plain in the world, it creates the Ganges-Yamuna Doab region spread across 69,000 km2, one-third of the entire plain, and today known for its agricultural outputs, prominent among them is the cultivation of Basmati Rice. The plain itself supports one-third of India's population through its farming.
! State | ! Catchment area (km2) | ! % of catchment area |
Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand | 74,208 | 21.5 % |
Himachal Pradesh | 5,799 | 1.6 |
Haryana | 21,265 | 6.5 |
Rajasthan | 102,883 | 29.8 |
Madhya Pradesh | 14,023 | 40.6 |
Delhi | 1,485 | 0.4 |
Subsequently, it flows through the states of Delhi, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, before merging with the Ganges at a sacred spot known as Triveni Sangam in Allahabad after traversing a distance of . Here pilgrims travel by boats to platforms erected mid stream to offer prayers. During the Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years, the ghats around the Sangam are venue of large congregation of people, who take dip in the sacred waters of the confluence. The cities of Baghpat, Delhi, Noida, Mathura, Agra, Firozabad, Etawah, Kalpi, Hamirpur, Allahabad lie on its banks. At Etawah, it meets it another important tributary, Chambal, followed by a host of tributaries further down, including, Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken.
Literally meaning "twins" in Sanskrit, as it runs parallel to the Ganges, its name is mentioned at many places in the Rig Veda, written during the Vedic period ca between 1700–1100 BC, and also in the later Atharvaveda, and the Brahmanas including Aitareya Brahmana and Shatapatha Brahmana. In Rig Veda, the story of the Yamuna describes her "excessive love" for her twin, Yama, who in turn asks her to find a suitable match for herself, which she does in Krishna. The tale is further detailed in the 16th century Sanskrit hymn, Yamunashtakam, an ode by philosopher Vallabhacharya. Here the story of descent to meet her beloved Krishna and to purify the world has been put in verse. The hymn also he praises her for being the source of all spiritual abilities, while Ganga (Ganges) is considered an epitome of asceticism and higher knowledge and can grant us Moksha or liberation, it is Yamuna, who being a holder of infinite love and compassion, can grant us freedom from even death, the realm of her elder brother. She rushes down the Kalinda Mountain, and verily describes her as the daughter of Kalinda, giving her another name, Kalindi, the backdrop of Krishna Leela. The text also talk about her water being of the colour of Lord Krishna, which is dark (Shyam).
It is mention as Iomanes (Ioames) in the surveys of Seleucus I Nicator, an officer of Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi, who visited India in 305 BC, later Megasthenes, a Greek traveller and geographer, visited India, sometimes before 288 BC, the date of Chandragupta's death, also mention the river in his text Indica, where he described the region around it as the land of Surasena. In Mahabharata, Indraprastha, the capital of Pandavas was also situated on the banks of Yamuna, it is considered to the modern day city of Delhi.
There is evidence indicating Yamuna was a tributary of the Ghaggar river, also known as the Vedic Sarasvati River in the ancient past and the rivers were collectively known as Sapta Sindhu or seven streams. It changed its course to east following a tectonic event in north India and became a tributary of the Ganges instead. As the it is believed that the Sarasvati river dried and it also meant the end of many Indus Valley civilization settlements, and creation of the Thar desert, the Ghaggar-Hakra river now flows only during the monsoon season. The importance of the Ganges-Yamuna river basin, and the Doab region as traditional the seat of power, can be derived from the fact, in much of early history of India, most of great empires, which ruled over majority of India, until the Chalukyas King, Vinayaditya, were based in the highly fertile Ganges-Yamuna basin, including the Magadha (ca 600 BC), Maurya Empire (321-185 BC), Sunga Empire (185-73 BCE), Kushan Empire (1st–3rd centuries CE), Gupta Empire (280–550 CE), and many had their capitals here, in cities like Pataliputra or Mathura. These rivers were revered throughout these kingdoms that flourished on their banks, in fact ever since the period of Chandragupta II (r. 375-415 CE), statues both Ganges and Yamuna became common throughout the Gupta Empire. Further to the South, images of the Ganges and Yamuna are found amidst shrines of the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas (753–982), as well as on their royal seals, and prior to them, the Chola Empire too added the river into their architectural motifs. The Three River Goddess shrine, next of famous Kailash rock-cut Temple at Ellora, built by Rashtrakuta King, Govinda III, shows Ganges flanked by the Yamuna and Saraswati.
The goddess of the river, also known as Yami, is the sister of Yama, god of death, and the daughter of Surya, the Sun god, and his wife Saranyu. The river Yamuna is also connected to the religious beliefs surrounding Krishna and various stories connected with Him are found in Hindu religious texts, especially the Puranas, like that of Kaliya Daman, the subduing of Kaliya, a poisonous Nāga snake, which had inhabited the river and terrorized the people of Braja. yamuna, according to the legends is closely related to Lord Krishna and Mahabharata. his father Vasudeva crossed the river with baby Krishna for a safer place. Krishna used to play along the banks of this holy river with his cowherd friends in his childhood days.
A heavy freight canal, known as the Sutlej-Yamuna Link (SYL), is being built westwards from near its headwaters through the Punjab region near an ancient caravan route and highlands pass to the navigable parts of the Sutlej-Indus watershed. This will connect the entire Ganges, which flows to the east coast of the subcontinent, with points west (via Pakistan). When completed, the SYL will allow shipping from India's east coast to the west coast and the Arabian sea, drastically shortening shipping distances and creating important commercial links for north-central India's large population. The canal starts near Palla village near Delhi, and was to transfer Haryana's share of from Indus Basin, though state of Haryana has completed its portion, Punjab is against its construction, and the state legislature passed the "Punjab Termination of Agreement Act 2004", which declared earlier agreements null and void.
Flood forecasting systems are established at Poanta Sahib, where Tons, Pawar and Giri tributaries meet, followed by Tajewala, Kalanaur, Haryana and Mawai before Delhi, the river take 60 hours to travel from Tajewala to Delhi, thus allowing a two-day advance flood warning period. The Central Water Commission started flood-forecasting services in 1958 with the setting up of its first forecasting station on Yamuna at Delhi Railway Bridge.
Yamuna is the frontier of the Asian Elephant. West of the Yamuna, there are no elephants to be found over 900 km of the western Himalayas and their foothills. The forests of the lower Yamuna offer ideal corridors for elephant movement. The principal forests to be found here are of sal, khair (acacia), and sissoo (rosewood) trees, and the Chir Pine forests of the Shivalik Hills.
However in 2009, the Union government admitted to the Lok Sabha (Indian Parliament), the failure of the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) and the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP), saying that "rivers Ganga and Yamuna are no cleaner now than two decades ago" despite spending over Rs 1,700 crore to control pollution. According to a CSE official these plans adopted the Thames model, which based on a centralized sewage treatment system, this meant that huge sum of money and a 24-hr power supply were needed to manage the treatment plants, while only 8-hr power supply was available, contributing to their failure. In August 2009, he Delhi Jal Board (DJB) initiated its plan for resuscitating the Yamuna’s 22 km stretch in Delhi by constructing interceptor sewers, at the cost of about Rs 1,800 crore.
Category:Rivers of Haryana Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh Category:Tributaries of the Ganges Category:Rigvedic rivers Category:Sacred rivers Category:Sanskrit words and phrases
als:Yamuna ar:نهر يمنا bn:যমুনা নদী (ভারত) be:Рака Джамна be-x-old:Джамна bg:Ямуна ca:Yamuna cs:Jamuna cy:Afon Yamuna da:Yamuna de:Yamuna et:Yamuna es:Río Yamuna eu:Iamuna ibaia fr:Yamunâ gl:Río Yamuna gu:યમુના ko:야무나 강 hi:यमुना नदी id:Sungai Yamuna it:Yamuna (fiume) kn:ಯಮುನಾ lt:Džamna ms:Sungai Yamuna ml:യമുന nl:Yamuna ne:यमुना नदी ja:ヤムナー川 no:Yamuna nn:Yamuna pnb:دریاۓ جمنا pl:Jamuna (rzeka) pt:Rio Yamuna ru:Джамна simple:Yamuna sk:Jamuna fi:Yamuna sv:Yamuna ta:யமுனை ஆறு te:యమునా నది uk:Ямуна ur:دریائے جمنا zh:亞穆納河This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
Coordinates | 39°46′5.88″N86°9′29.52″N |
---|---|
name | Kamalini Mukherjee |
height | 5'5" |
birth place | Kolkata, West Bengal, India |
birth date | March 04, 1980 |
yearsactive | 2004–present |
spouse | None |
occupation | Film actress |
awards | }} |
After graduating with a degree in English literature, she completed a workshop on theatre in Mumbai because of her strong background in it. She made her acting debut in Phir Milenge (2004), a film that was based on the subject of AIDS. She gained recognition in the multiple-award winner, Anand.
After graduating with a degree in English literature from Loreto College in Kolkata, she took up a hotel management course in New Delhi, but left it midway. Thereafter, she took a course in theatre arts in Mumbai due to her good background in the field. Thereafter, she performed in many theater plays and also modeled in advertisements for brands such as Neelkamal Furniture, Parachute, Fair & Lovely and Ayush.
Around the time Phir Milenge happened to Mukherjee in Hindi films, Sekhar Kammula, a relatively new director from the Telugu film industry was in the process of casting for his next Telugu film, Anand. After coming to know about her, Kammula selected her after a screen test. She said that the role of an independent and modern woman, which was just like her own personality, appealed to her. When asked about her thoughts on a total change of working environment from Bollywood to Tollywood, she said that the only difference was with the language and that she was more comfortable working for Anand (2004 film) because the entire crew belonged to same age group. With her being a Bengali and not knowing Telugu, well-known singer and television host, Sunitha lent her voice for the film. After completion of filming, she felt that as a relative newcomer she could not have asked for more, but thought that she could have performed better. Despite her thoughts, the film won 6 prestigious 2004 Nandi Awards bestowed by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Among these, Mukherjee won the Nandi Award for the Best Leading Actress. Upon receiving the award, she said "it is beyond the belief". Besides this, she won a couple of awards for being the best debutant actress of the year.
Godavari, which was Sekhar Kammula's next film, starred Sumanth and Mukherjee in the lead roles. This drama film, which had the Godavari River in the backdrop, dealt with a romantic love story between the lead characters. Mukherjee portrayed the role of a woman with independent thinking and tremendous inner strength, under the "backdrop of middle/upper middle class sensibilities, new aspirations, identity crisis, independence, yearnings and moreover, parental concerns." The film received predominantly positive reviews, and Mukherjee's role was particularly praised. While one review said that she was "beautiful ... both in looks and in her measured acting style," another review praised her for the "intense yet cool portrayal."
Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes | |||||
rowspan="2" | 2004 | Phir Milenge | Tanya Sahni| | Hindi language>Hindi | |
Anand (2004 film)Anand | |
Rupa | | Telugu language>Telugu | Winner, Nandi Award for Best Actress | |
2005 | Meenakshi filmMeenakshi || | Meenakshi | Telugu | ||
rowspan="3" | 2006 | Style (2006 film)Style || | Priya | Telugu | |
Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu | Kayalvizhi Raghavan| | Tamil language>Tamil | |||
Godavari (film)Godavari | |
Seetha Mahalakshmi | | Telugu | ||
rowspan="3" | 2007 | Classmates (2007 film)Classmates || | Razia | Telugu | |
Pellaindi Kaani | Gayatri| | Telugu | |||
Happy Days (2007 film)Happy Days | |
Shreya Madam | | Telugu | ||
rowspan="3" | 2008 | Gamyam| | Janaki | Telugu | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu) |
Jalsa | Indu| | Telugu | |||
Brahmanandam Drama Company | Arpitha| | Telugu | |||
rowspan="2" | 2009 | Kadhalna Summa Illai| | Janaki | Tamil | |
Gopi Gopika Godavari | Gopika| | Telugu | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu) | ||
rowspan="5" | 2010 | Savari| | Janaki | Kannada language>Kannada | |
Police Police | Harika| | Telugu | |||
Kutty Shranku | Pemmena| | Malayalam language>Malayalam | |||
Maa Annayya Bangaram | Manju| | Telugu | |||
Nagavalli (film)Nagavalli | |
Gayathri | | Telugu | ||
rowspan="3" | 2011 | Virodhi| | Sunitha | Telugu | |
Ramachari | | | Telugu | |||
Aparajit | | | Bengali | Announced | ||
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Telugu film actors Category:Telugu cinema Category:Hindi film actors Category:Tamil film actors Category:Alumni of Loreto College, Kolkata Category:University of Calcutta alumni Category:Non Malayali actors acted in Malayalam-language films
hi:कमलिनी मुखर्जी ml:കമാലിനി മുഖർജി ta:கமலினி முகர்ஜி te:కమలిని ముఖర్జీThis text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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