Wudu

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For the administrative district in Gansu, China, see Wudu District. For the language spoken in Togo, see Wudu language.
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The al-Kas fountain in the Al-Aqsa Mosque

Wuḍūʾ (Arabic: الوضوء‎ al-wuḍūʼ [wʊˈdˤuːʔ]) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification, or ablution. Wudu involves washing the hands, mouth, nostrils, arms, head and feet with water and is an important part of ritual purity in Islam. What activities require wuḍūʾ, what rituals constitute it and what breaks or invalidates it are governed by fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)[1] and specifically its rules concerning hygiene.

Wuḍūʾ in other languages is Bengali: অযু, romanized: ôju; Persian: آب‌دست or دست‌نماز‎, romanized: ābdast or dast-namāz; Urdu: وضوء‎, romanized: wuzu; Turkish: abdest; Berber languages: لوضو, romanized: luḍu; Albanian: abdesi; Azerbaijani: Dəstəmaz; Malay: wuduk; Chechen: Ламаз эцар/Lamaz ecar; Bosnian: abdest; Kurdish: دەست نوێژ‎, romanized: destniwêj; Somali: weeso.

Wuḍūʾ is typically done in preparation for formal prayers (salat) and before handling and reading the Qur'an.[1] Impurifying activities that invalidate wudu include urination, defecation, flatulence, deep sleep, light bleeding and sexual intercourse.[2]

Wuḍūʾ is often translated as "partial ablution", as opposed to ghusl ("full ablution"), washing the whole body, or tayammum ("dry ablution"), replacing water with sand or dust due to its scarcity, its harmful effect on the person or some other reason.[3] Purification of the body and clothes is called taharah.

Basis in Quran and hadith[edit]

The Qur'an says "For God loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean."[4] In regard to Muslims being required to be clean when handling and reading the Qur'an, the Qur'an says "Which none shall touch but those who are clean."[5] The Islamic prophet Muhammad said that "Cleanliness is half of faith".[6]

Water requirements[edit]

Permitted water types[edit]

  • Spring, sea or river water
  • Water of melting snow or hail
  • Water of a big tank or pond
  • Well water

Prohibited water types[edit]

  • Unclean or impure water
  • Water extracted from fruit and trees
  • Water that has changed its colour, taste and smell and has become thick because something was soaked in it
  • Small quantity of water in which something unclean has fallen, e.g. urine, blood, stool or wine or some animal had died after falling into it
  • Water left over after drinking by haram animals (e.g. pigs or predatory animals)
  • Used water of wuḍūʾ or ghusl (according to the opinion of the Hanbali School)

Acts of wudū[edit]

Individual Wudu units at the University of Sheffield, UK
A wudu tap in Al-Ittihad Mosque, Pekanbaru. This kind of tap is common in Indonesian and Singaporean mosques.
Basin for ablutions of the Jama Masjid, Ahmedabad, India

There are four fard (obligatory) acts. If one of these acts is omitted, it must be returned to and then the succeeding acts completed.

There are other acts that are performed during wuḍūʾ (coming from the sunnah of Islamic prophet Muhammad and Sunni Islamic scholars) and the detailed acts of the wuḍūʾ can be classed into 3 types:

Farā'id according to Sunni Muslims[edit]

According to Sunni Muslims, the Qur'anic mandate for wuḍūʾ comes in the sixth ayat of sura 5. The ayat has been translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Rashad Khalifa, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, Pickthal and Maulana Muhammad Ali as follows. Note that these scholars' translation refer to washing the feet.

O you who have believed, when you rise to [perform] prayer, wash your faces and your forearms to the elbows and wipe over your heads and wash your feet to the ankles. And if you are in a state of janabah, then purify yourselves. But if you are ill or on a journey or one of you comes from the place of relieving himself or you have contacted women and do not find water, then seek clean earth and wipe over your faces and hands with it. Allah does not intend to make difficulty for you, but He intends to purify you and complete His favor upon you that you may be grateful.

— Al-Ma'ida, Sura 5, Ayah 6[7]
  • Washing the face thrice.
  • Washing both the arms including the elbows thrice.
  • Performing masah of one-fourth of the head.
  • Washing both the feet once up to and including the ankles. It's not sufficient for one to pass wet hand over the feet or shoes. Under certain conditions masah can be done over leather socks known as khuffs.[8]
  1. Narrated by Abd-Allah ibn Amr: "...we were just passing wet hands over our feet (not washing them thoroughly) so he addressed us in a loud voice saying twice or thrice, 'Save your heels from the fire.'."[9]
  2. Narrated by 'Ubaid Ibn Juraij: "...and he used to perform ablution while wearing the shoes (i.e. wash his feet and then put on the shoes)."[10]
  3. Narrated by Yahya Al-Mazini: " 'Can you show me how Allah's Apostle used to perform ablution?' ...and washed his feet (up to the ankles)."[11]
  4. Narrated by 'Amr: "...and then he washed his feet up to the ankles."[12]
  5. Narrated by Humran: "...and washed his feet up to the ankles..."[13]
  6. Narrated by 'Amr bin Yahya: "...and washed his feet up to the ankles..."[14]
  7. Narrated by 'Abdullah bin Zaid: "...and washed his feet (up to the ankles)."[15]

Farā'id according to Shia Muslims[edit]

Ablution in the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, Iran
People washing before prayer at the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan
Muslims performing ablution prior to Salat or other prayers

According to Shia Muslims the Qur'anic mandate for wuḍūʾ comes in the sixth ayat of sura 5. The ayat has been translated by Muhammad Habib Shakir as follows. Note this scholars translation refers to wiping the feet.

O ye who believe! when ye prepare for prayer, wash your faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; Rub your heads (with water); and your feet to the ankles. If ye are in a state of ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole body. But if ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands, Allah doth not wish to place you in a difficulty, but to make you clean, and to complete His favour to you, that ye may be grateful.

— Al-Ma'ida, Sura 5, Ayah 6[7]
  • Washing the face once or twice with your right hand.
  • Washing both the arms including the elbows once or twice(left hand washed the right arm and then right hand washes the left arm).
  • Wiping one fourth of the head with the water left on your right hand.
  • Wiping both the feet once up to and including the ankles once with the water remaining on both hands(right hand , right foot. left hand, left foot).

Mustahabbāt (recommended acts)[edit]

A handful of mustahabb (recommended) acts that are considered to make the wuḍūʾ better. If one of these acts is omitted, the wuḍūʾ is still considered valid.

  • Reciting the shahadah after the ablution.
  • During wuḍūʾ one should not engage in worldly talk.
  • Choosing a clean place for ablution.
  • Not wasting water in ablution.
  • Starting from the right side and then the left.

Contentions[edit]

Muslims who are unable to perform the prevailing form of ablution, due to skin disease, a disability or lack of clean water, etc. are recommended to perform tayammum, sometimes called "dry ablution", using sand or dust instead of water.[3] Such an alternative form of ritual purity may also be accepted in cases where one fears the acquisition of hypothermia in cold weather.[16]

Performance[edit]

Sunnism[edit]

Sunni Muslims perform the following:

  • Start by making niyyah (intention) to perform wuḍūʾ and cleanse the self of impurities.
  • Recite bismillah.
  • Wash the right hand up to the wrist (and between the fingers) three times, then similarly for the left hand.
  • Next, rinse the mouth and spit out the water three times and rub the teeth with a miswak. If a miswak is not available then one should use the finger;
  • Some water should be taken in the right hand and sniffed into the nostrils thrice and then blown out. The left hand should be used for cleaning the nose.
  • Wash the face (from the hairline on the forehead to where facial hair begins and ear to ear). This is to be performed three times.
  • Wash the entire right arm, including the hand, up to and including the elbow three times; then the left arm three times. Pass fingers of one hand between the fingers of the other hand. If wearing a ring it should be moved freely to allow water to pass under it.
  • Then perform masah. Wet hands should be passed all over the head; then the first finger of the right and left hand should be moved in the right and left ears respectively and in the same operation thumbs should be passed around the ears; then pass the backs of the hands over the hind part of the neck only. Hands should not be passed around the fore-neck as it is prohibited. This is only done once. One may not make masah over a Muslim head cap.
  • Starting with the right foot, wash both feet from the toes up to and including the ankles thrice. The little finger of the left hand should be passed between the toes of both the feet beginning from the little toe of the right foot and ending with the little toe of the left foot.
  • Recite the shahadah.
  • Offer two-rak'at prayer.
  • Make sure all parts of body to be washed for wudu should completely be wet before the other is washed until the wudu is completed.

Invalidation[edit]

Wudu tap at Macau Mosque, Macau, China

Theoretically, one can perform one wuḍūʾ for salat and this wuḍūʾ would be considered valid for the rest of the day. However, traditionally Muslims believe that certain acts invalidate the wuḍūʾ (often referred to as "breaking wuḍūʾ" and "losing wuḍūʾ") and these can be stated generically thus, although the Quran does not explain most of these:

According to Sunni Muslims[edit]

  • Defecation or urination
  • Odorous or audible emissions of flatulence
  • Emission of semen (ghusl is required)
  • Slow-wave sleep while reclining
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of senses
  • Fainting
  • Sexual contact with another person (ghusl is required)
  • Touching the private parts with the bare hands (not according to Hanafi Madhhab)
  • Blood or pus leaving the body so that it leaves the point of exit (however if the blood or pus exits from the private parts then any amount breaks wuḍūʾ). Note that bleeding except from private parts does not invalidate wuḍūʾ according to Shafi'i Madhhab.

According to Shia Muslims[edit]

In Shia theology, wudhu is invalidated when waste or matter exits the lower most extremities of the body, the anus and urethra, as either feces, urine, semen or gas. For wudhu to be invalid through flatulence, one must actually hear or smell the passing, otherwise it is not considered void. In addition, wudhu is considered void when someone falls into a deep sleep in which they have no alert consciousness. [17]

Belching and vomiting do no invalidate wudhu, however it is strongly recommended that the individual rinses his or her mouth following the latter. Bleeding is not considered to invalidate wudhu either, as Ja'far al-Sadiq made it clear in Hadith that a bad wound is not cause to repeat wudhu. This concept further extends to parasites that may exit the body through the two extremities.[17] Cutting one's hair or nails does not invalidate wudhu but he or she should wipe the area with water.[17]

Tayammum[edit]

Main article: Tayammum
Stone of Tayammum

Tayammum is a "dry ablution" using clean soil or dust, to be performed when water is not readily available to perform ablution or when one is defiled (on janabah) and could not perform ghusl, and is authorised under specific circumstances.[18]

Wuḍūʾ description in Hadith[edit]

Wuḍūʾ in Hadith Abu Hurayra, in reference to the Day of Resurrection, reported that Muhammad, when asked if he would be able to recognise Muslims, said, "Yes, you would have a mark which other people will not have. You would come to me with a white blaze on your foreheads and white marks on your feet because of the traces of ablution."[19]

Abu Hurayra said, "I have heard prophet (may peace be upon him) say. In a believer adornment would reach the places where ablution reaches."[20]

Uthman ibn Affan stated that Muhammad, said, "He who performed ablution well, his sins would come out from his body, even coming out from under his nails."[21]

'Umar ibn al-Khattab reported that Muhammad said, "No one among you does wuḍūʾ and does wuḍūʾ thoroughly – or adequately – and then testifies, 'There is no god but Allah Alone with no partner and I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger', without the eight doors of the Garden being opened to him so that he can enter by whichever of them he wishes."[22]

Hadiths on Performing Wudu from Large Bodies of Water[edit]

It is mentioned in numerous Hadiths by Ja'far al-Sadiq that it is permissible to make wudu with water that is not overwhelmed with the stench of dead animal. If there is a dead animal, it is recommended to take wudu from the opposite side of the location of the animal.[17] He also said it is permissible to take wudu from the ponds between Mecca and Medina in which people perform ghusl, dogs and beasts drink, and animals die so long as the water level is at least up to the knees.[17]

Hadiths on Performing Wudu from a Well[edit]

It has been narrated by Ali al-Ridha that if a drop of urine, blood or animal feces falls into a well, one must remove about ten buckets from it before performing wudu. If the feces has disintegrated into the water, forty to fifty buckets must be removed. Ja'far al-Sadiq has also mentioned that if an animal falls into the well, and has not disintegrated in it, remove five to seven buckets of water from it or until the smell or taste of the water changes. However, If the animal is bleeding or has an open wound, one must draw out thirty to forty buckets before it becomes purified for wudu. If a camel dies in the well or wine is poured into the well, all the water must be drained.[17]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Glasse, Cyril (2001). The New Encyclopeida of Islam. Altmira Press. p. 477.
  2. ^ Dikmen, Mehmet (3 May 2011). "What are the things that invalidate and break wudu?". Questions on Islam. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  3. ^ a b Zeno, Jamil (1996). The Pillars of Islam & Iman. p. 78.
  4. ^ Quran 2:222
  5. ^ Quran 56:79
  6. ^ Sahih Muslim, 2:432
  7. ^ a b Quran 5:6
  8. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:182
  9. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:164
  10. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:167
  11. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:185
  12. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:186
  13. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:161
  14. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:190
  15. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:4:196
  16. ^ Urumbuzhi, Muhyadheen (2010). Soul of the Quran-Volume 1. p. 487.
  17. ^ a b c d e f al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qub (2015). Al-Kafi (Volume 3 ed.). NY: Islamic Seminary Incorporated. p. 132. ISBN 9780991430864.
  18. ^ "Tayammum". Majalla.org. Retrieved 2013-02-07.
  19. ^ Sahih Muslim, 2:480
  20. ^ Sahih Muslim, 2:484
  21. ^ Sahih Muslim, 2:476
  22. ^ "Riyad as-Salihin (The Meadows of the Righteous) by Imam Nawawi". Sunnipath.com. Retrieved 2013-02-07.

External links[edit]

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