Welcome to www.CO2web.info [back-up page here].

Web info about CO₂ and the asserted "Greenhouse Effect" Doom
by Tom V. Segalstad

There is no significant cause-and-effect from CO₂ on the global surface temperature, i.e. on climate [click to see the link]. The global temperature was decreasing from 1940 to 1975. Since 1998 the global temperature has not only increased, but rather showing also decreasing trends, while the very low CO₂ level in air apparently is steadily rising.

CO₂ is a non-toxic gas; no pollutant; we use it a lot in our daily life (soda "pop" and other carbonated drinks like beer and champagne; baking soda; fire extinguishers; life jackets; ...); and it has only a trace concentration in the air. CO₂ is FUNDAMENTAL for most organic life on Earth (photosynthesis and breathing), which supplies us with the vital oxygen, which we need to survive. More CO₂ and solar energy will make the plants produce more carbohydrates, i.e. our food.

The stable ¹³C/¹²C carbon isotopes in the air's CO2 give us the only way to determine its anthropogenic fraction: ~4%. This fraction would account for less than 0.5 W/m², less than 0.1% of the Greenhouse Effect, or ~0.1°C. Clouds have far more temperature regulating power than atmospheric CO₂. ~96% of the air CO₂ comes from non-fossil-fuel sources, i.e. natural marine and volcanic degassing.

Isotopic mass balance finds an air CO₂ lifetime (halflife) ~5 years, like many other studies with other methods. ~18% of air CO₂ is exchanged annually in nature, almost 20 times more than added anthropogenically. The ocean's upper 200 m has enough calcium to bind ALL remaining fossil fuel CO₂ as calcium carbonate, which will not dissolve in the ocean. Henry's Law dictates that anthropogenic doubling of the global air CO₂ is impossible. The ocean pH varies considerably in surface water due to temperature. The pH buffers in the ocean constitute an almost infinite buffer capacity, hence the assertion on anthropogenic acidification of the ocean, and dissolution of lime there, is not realistic.

March 2014: The Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) was this month publishing another ~1000 (1062) page report: Climate Change Reconsidered II (CCR-II) - Biological Impacts.

The individual chapters of the report (PDF) and its Summary for Policymakers (PDF; 1.12 Mbytes) can be downloaded free of charge by clicking on the images of their front pages below. Click HERE for the full report (19 Mbytes).

See HERE my NIPCC chapter about sea water chemistry, explaining why there cannot be acidification of the oceans from anthropogenic carbon dioxide.

See HERE a comparison between the NIPCC and the IPCC reports, published by Climate Depot on 31 March 2013.

**September 2013: The Non-governmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) has this month published their 1000 page report: Climate Change Reconsidered II (CCR-II) - Physical Science.**

The full report (PDF; 20 Mbytes) and its Summary for Policymakers (PDF; 2.7 Mbytes) can be downloaded free of charge by clicking on the images of their front pages below.

Tom V. Segalstad has been a contributor also to the NIPCC reports, and he has been part of NIPCC since its beginning in April 2007. For the earlier reports from NIPCC, please go to near the end of this web page.

For a press release about the NIPCC 2013 Report click HERE.

Klikk på bildet over for å laste ned den norske oversettelsen av sammendrag for beslutningstagere (PDF; 3,3 Mbyte).

The distribution of CO₂ between atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere; minimal influence from anthropogenic CO₂ on the global "Greenhouse Effect". Published 1996 In Emsley, J. (Ed.): The Global Warming Debate. The Report of the European Science and Environment Forum. Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (ISBN 0952773406), pp. 41-50.

Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Heat Energy and Temperature
3. CO₂ Measurements in Atmosphere and Ice Cores
4. Chemical Laws for Distribution of CO₂ in Nature
5. Carbon Isotopes in Atmospheric CO₂
6. Conclusions
7. References
8. Footnote and Further Reading

Go to my Global Warming Volume 2 paper ?

DOWNLOAD my ESEF Vol. 1 Chapter (PDF approx. 200 kbytes):

Segalstad, T. V. 1996: The distribution of CO₂ between atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere; minimal influence from anthropogenic CO₂ on the global "Greenhouse Effect". In Emsley, J. (Ed.): The Global Warming Debate. The Report of the European Science and Environment Forum. Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K. (ISBN 0952773406), pp. 41-50.
DOWNLOAD my ESEF Vol 2 Chapter (PDF approx. 500 kbytes):

Segalstad, T. V. 1998: Carbon cycle modelling and the residence time of natural and anthropogenic atmospheric CO₂: on the construction of the "Greenhouse Effect Global Warming" dogma. In Bate, R. (Ed.): Global warming: the continuing debate. ESEF, Cambridge, U.K. (ISBN 0952773422), pp. 184-219.

WATCH my "CO2 Experiment". This video shows that a candle floating on water, burning in the air inside a glass, converts the oxygen in the air to CO₂. The water rises in the glass because the CO₂, which replaced the oxygen, is quickly dissolved in the water. The water contains calcium ions Ca⁺⁺, because we initially dissolved calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ in the water. The CO₂ produced during oxygen burning reacts with the calcium ions to produce solid calcium carbonate CaCO₃, which is easily visible as a whitening of the water when we switch on a flashlight. This little kitchen experiment demonstrates the inorganic carbon cycle in nature. The oceans take out our anthropogenic CO₂ gas by quickly dissolving it as bicarbonate HCO₃^-, which in turn forms solid calcium carbonate either organically in calcareous organisms or precipitates inorganically. The CaCO₃ is precipitating and not dissolving during this process, because buffering in the ocean maintains a stable pH around 8. We also see that CO₂ reacts very fast with the water, contrary to the claim by the IPCC that it takes 50 - 200 years for this to happen. Try this for yourself in your kitchen!

SE HER mitt "CO2 Eksperiment". Uten å kunne påberope meg noen ekspertise når det gjelder videoproduksjoner, har jeg laget en liten (bare 36 sekunder lang) video av et kjøkken-eksperiment med CO₂. Eksperimentet er nesten det samme som de fleste av oss gjorde på skolen, for å vise at luften består av ca. en femtedel oksygen og ca. fire femtedeler nitrogen. Eksperimentet viser at oksygen og nitrogen løses svært dårlig i vann, men at CO₂ løses godt og raskt opp i vann. Denne lille videoen viser at et lite stearinlys flytende på vannet, brenner i luften inni et glass som settes over, ved at oksygenet i luften brenner til CO₂. Vannet stiger opp i glasset fordi CO₂, som erstatter oksygenet, raskt oppløses i vannet. Vannet her inneholder kalsiumioner Ca⁺⁺, fordi vi først løste opp kalsiumhydroksid Ca(OH)₂ i vannet. Den CO₂ som ble produsert da oksygenet brant, reagerer med kalsiumionene for å danne fast kalsiumkarbonat CaCO₃, som sees tydelig som en blakking av vannet når vi belyser det med lyset fra en lykt.
Dette lille kjøkken-eksperimentet demonstrerer den uorganiske karbonsyklusen i naturen. Oseanene tar ut vår menneskeskapte (antropogene) CO₂-gass ved raskt å løse den opp som bikarbonat HCO3-, som videre feller ut fast kalsiumkarbonat med oseanenes oppløste kalsiumioner, enten organisk i kalkdannende organismer eller utfelles uorganisk. Vi observerer at kalsiumkarbonat CaCO₃ utfelles, og oppløses ikke ved denne prosessen, fordi bufring i oseanene gjør at det holdes en konstant pH rundt 8. Vi observerer også at CO₂ løses meget raskt opp i vannet, stikk i strid med det som hevdes av FN's klimapanel IPCC, at det skulle ta 50 - 200 år før dette vil skje. Prøv det selv hjemme i ditt eget kjøkken!

DOWNLOAD our report "Atmospheric CO2 and global warming: a critical review - 2nd revised edition" by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Hisdal, V. (1992) published in Norsk Polarinstitutt [Norwegian Polar Institute] Meddelelser [Letters], Vol. 119, 76 pp. (PDF approx. 3.7 Mbytes). Note that this best-selling issue is sold out, and will not be re-issued. The report is now downloadable here, with summary in Norwegian at the end of the report [med norsk sammendrag på slutten av rapporten].

DOWNLOAD our paper "Do glaciers tell a true atmospheric CO₂ story?" by Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T.V. & Ono, N. (1992) published in the top international environmental scientific journal "Science of the Total Environment" Vol. 114, p. 227 - 284 (PDF approx. 6.5 Mbytes)

DOWNLOAD our geochemical research paper about extremely CO₂ rich volcanics by: Anthony, E. Y., Segalstad, T. V. & Neumann, E.-R. (1989): Unusual mantle source regions for nephelinites from the Oslo Rift, Norway. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, p. 1067-1076 (PDF approx. 1.3 Mbytes).
DOWNLOAD my petrological research paper about these extremely CO₂ rich volcanics: Segalstad, T. V. (1979): Petrology of the Skien basaltic rocks, southwestern Oslo region, Norway. Lithos 12, p. 221-239 (PDF approx. 2.6 Mbytes).
DOWNLOAD my paper on stable isotope analysis: Segalstad, T. V. (1982): Stable Isotope Analysis. In: Stable Isotopes in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Norwegian Petroleum Society No. 6904, Stavanger, 21 pp (PDF approx. 4 Mbytes).
DOWNLOAD our paper on stable isotope analysis of juvenile CO₂ from the Earth's mantle: O'Reilly, S., Griffin, W. L. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): The nature and role of fluids in the upper mantle: Evidence in xenoliths from Victoria, Australia. In Herbert, H. K. & Ho, S. E. (Eds.): Stable isotopes and fluids in mineralization. Geology Department & University Extension, The University of Western Australia Publ. 23, p. 315-323. (PDF approx. 1.1 Mbytes).

REFERENCES TO SOME OF MY OTHER RELEVANT PAPERS ON CO₂ IN ROCKS, ICE, MELTS, FLUIDS, AND AIR:
Segalstad, T. V. (1978): Petrology of the Skien basaltic rocks and the early basaltic (B₁) volcanism of the Permian Oslo rift. In Neumann, E.-R. & Ramberg, I. B. (Eds.): Petrology and geochemistry of continental rifts. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, Holland, p. 209-216.
Anthony, E. Y., Segalstad, T. V. & Neumann, E.-R. (1987): Characterization of mantle source regions for alkali basalts from a continental rift zone: The Oslo Region, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 19, p. 573.
Anthony, E. Y. & Segalstad, T. V. (1988): Unusual mantle source regions for nephelinite magmas from the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Geological Society (London) Newsletter 17, No. 1, p. 44.
Segalstad, T. V. (1983): Eksplosive vulkanutbrudd - 100 år siden Krakatau-utbruddet. Naturen 107, No. 5-6, p. 163-169.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Analysis of dissolved solids in fluid inclusion waters from the Drammen Granite, Norway. Geological Society of America Abstr. Progr. 23 (5), p. 148.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I. & Segalstad, T. V. (1991): Fluid inclusion gas analysis of hydrothermal vein molybdenum deposits associated with the Drammen granite in the Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 42, p. 195-203.
Walder, I. F., Norman, D. I., Kyle, P. R. & Segalstad, T. V. (1992): Hydrothermal fluid chemistry of fluid inclusion extracted gases and salts of the Drammen granites, Permian Oslo Rift, Norway. 20th Nordic Geologic Winter Meeting, Reykjavik, p. 181.
Jaworowski, Z., Segalstad, T. V. & Hisdal, V. 1990: Atmospheric CO₂ and global warming: a critical review. Norsk Polarinstitutts Rapportserie 59, 1-75 & i-ii.
Jaworowski, Z., Hoff, P., Lund, W., Hagen, J.O. & Segalstad, T. V. (1990): Radial migration of impurities in the glacier ice cores. Norsk Polarinstitutt, 71 pp.
Segalstad, T. V. & Jaworowski, Z. (1991): CO₂ og globalt klima. Kjemi 51 (10), p. 13-15.
Segalstad, T. V. (1997): Die CO₂-Verteilung in Atmosphäre, Hydrospäre und Lithosphäre; minimale Auswirkung von anthropogenem CO₂ auf den globalen Treibhaus-effekt. In Emsley, J. (Ed.): Die Klima-Diskussion. ESEF, Bourne Press Ltd., Bournemouth, Dorset, U.K., p. 36-48.

Klikk for å lese om Islands vulkanisme, og bl.a. hvor mye CO₂ som kommer fra islandske vulkaner.
Click to read about Iceland's volcanism, and how much CO₂ comes from Icelandic volcanoes [in Norwegian, with animations of the April 2010 eruption].
The animation above I made from multiple web camera frames; courtesy of http://eldgos.mila.is.

LAST NED min artikkel "Eksplosive vulkanutbrudd - 100 år siden Krakatau-utbruddet" fra Naturen, Vol. 107, No. 5-6, side 163-169; 1983 (ca. 1.5 Mbyte).

DOWNLOAD my "What is CO₂ - friend or foe?" Invited Speaker PowerPoint Presentation for the KTH International Climate Seminar, Stockholm, 11 Sept. 2006 (expanded version; approx. 6.5 Mbytes); updated 23 April 2008.

DOWNLOAD my abstract "What is CO₂ - friend or foe?" presented at 9th International Symposium on Mining in the Arctic, Norway, 10 Sept. 2007, Program & Abstracts, p. 9-10 (PDF file; approx. 18 kbytes).
DOWNLOAD my abstract "Carbon isotope mass balance modelling of atmospheric vs. oceanic CO₂." presented at 33rd International Geological Congress, Norway, 8 Aug. 2008, Program & Abstracts.

DOWNLOAD my abstract "The amount of non-fossil CO₂ in the atmosphere." Oral and poster presentation at the AGU (American Geophysical Union) Chapman Conference on Climate, Volcanism, and Global Change, March 23 - 27, 1992, Hilo, Hawaii; Abstracts, page 25 (PDF 33 kbytes)

DOWNLOAD my extended abstract "Stable isotope geochemistry applied to paleoclimatological and greenhouse gas problems." Invited Keynote Lecture, 1st International Symposium on Applied Isotope Geochemistry (AIG), Aug. 29 - Sept. 3, 1993, Geiranger, Norway. Program and Abstracts, Institutt for Energiteknikk, IFE/KR/E-93/007 (ISSN 0333-2039; ISBN 82-7017-130-1), pages 95 - 96 (PDF 43 kbytes)

DOWNLOAD my guest editorial article "Correct timing is everything - also for CO₂ in the air." Segalstad, T.V. 2009: Correct timing is everything - also for CO₂ in the air. CO₂ Science, Vol. 12, No. 31; 5 August 2009 (PDF 51 kbytes).
LINK to "CO₂ Science" HERE.
DOWNLOAD a good paper by Chauncey Starr: "Atmospheric CO₂ Residence Time and the Carbon Cycle" from Energy, Vol. 18, No. 12, pp. 1297-1310; 1993 (PDF 7.6 Mbytes). Some annotations there are mine ...

Samlede CO₂-utslipp fra 1750 til idag vs. atmosfærisk CO₂, beregnet fra de data IPCC baserer seg på:

Diagrammet viser at menneskenes utslipp av CO₂ fra brenning av fossile brensler kan ikke være årsaken til stigningen i luftens CO₂.
Blå fylte punkter ("Siple-rå") er rådata fra Siple-iskjernen (Neftel et al. 1985). Blå sirkler ("Siple-jst") er "justerte" data fra Siple-iskjernen (iht. Friedli et al. 1986). Røde sirkler ("M.Loa") er data fra Mauna Loa-vulkanen, Hawaii (Keeling et al. 2005). Grønt område er samlede utslipp beregnet fra Marland et al. 2007.
LES min artikkel "Ikke alt er menneskeskapt" på webavisen forskning.no publisert 24. juli 2008.

LES min artikkel "Har havet virkelig blitt avkjølt 11 °C siden 1860?" på webavisen geoforskning.no publisert 8. juni 2015.

LES min artikkel "Nature: CO2 øker planteproduktivitet!" på webavisen Klimarealistene publisert 22. april 2016.

Accumulated CO₂ emissions from 1750 to today vs. atmospheric CO₂, computed from the data which IPCC uses:

The diagram shows that anthropogenic emissions of CO₂ from burning of fossil fuels cannot be the reason for the increase in atmospheric CO₂.
Blue filled dots ("Siple-R") are raw data from the Siple ice core (Neftel et al. 1985). Blue circles ("Siple-A") are "adjusted" data from the Siple ice core (according to Friedli et al. 1986). Red circles ("M.Loa") are data from the Mauna Loa volcano, Hawaii (Keeling et al. 2005). Green area ("Cumul") are cumulative annual anthropogenic emissions computed from Marland et al. 2007.
LINK to my article "Not all is anthropogenic" in the Norwegian web research newspaper forskning.no published 24 July 2008 (in Norwegian).

READ my CFACT Commentary: "The Construction of Dogmas in Climate Science"

READ L. Graham Smith's "Ecomyth" blog about my ESEF Global Warming Volume 2 chapter (and the CFACT Commentary above)

READ Larry Salomon's interview "Models trump measurements" in the financial pages (Financial Post) of the Canadian national newspaper National Post 7 July 2007 (PDF; 194 kbytes)

LAST NED [DOWNLOAD] min artikkel "CO₂ og klima - tukler vi med Jordens termostat?" fra tidsskriftet Norsk Oljerevy, Vol. 22, Nr. 10, Side 16 - 28; 1996 (som 8 stk. innscannede grafiske JPG-bilder; hver ca. 200-300 kbytes) [my paper "CO₂ and climate - are we fumbling with the Earth's thermostat?" from the journal Norwegian Oil Review, Vol. 22, No. 10, Page 16 - 28; 1996; in Norwegian]
Første side (16)
Andre side (17)
Tredje side (18)
Fjerde side (20)
Femte side (21)
Sjette side (22)
Syvende side (27)
Åttende side (28)
(Mellom enkelte av artikkelens sider var det reklame i tidsskriftet).

Hele artikkelen som PDF-fil / The whole article as PDF file (ca. 1.5 Mbyte)

LAST NED [DOWNLOAD] min kronikk "Klimatrusel og dommedagsprofetier" fra Aftenposten, Vol. 130, Nr. 406, Side 10; 5. September 1989 (som PDF-fil; ca. 242 kbytes) [my chronicle "Climate threat and doomsday prophecies" from the Norwegian national newspaper Aftenposten, Vol. 130, No. 406, Page 10; 5 September 1989; in Norwegian]. My figure seeks to visualize that the atmosphere - ocean - limestone system is analogous to breathing CO₂ into lime water precipitating solid calcium carbonate.
Sammendrag: Karbon og CO₂ er fundamentet for alt liv på Jorden. Luftens CO₂ er i minimal mengde og med minimal evne (ca. 2%) til å påvirke drivhuseffekten i forhold til vanndamp (ca. 98%). Karbonisotopene i luftens CO₂ er det absolutte bevis på at menneskelig påvirkning er minimal (maksimalt 4%). CO₂'s menneskeskapte andel på 4% av 2% av drivhuseffekten, gir altså en virkning på mindre enn 1 promille av drivhuseffekten. Dette er i en skyfri atmosfære. Sammenligner vi med skyenes evne til å regulere drivhuseffekten (gjennom å tilbakeholde varme eller å reflektere innstråling fra Solen), som er +/- 20-30%, blir virkningen fra CO₂ neglisjerbar i klimasammenheng. Alle målinger viser at det er en økt innstråling fra Solen som gir et varmere klima, tidligere kalt et optimalt klima. Men nå skal altså hele verden heller basere all menneskelig virksomhet på at politikere er blitt hjernevasket til å TRO på en ikke bevist teori.
Abstract: Carbon and CO₂ are fundamental for all life on Earth. CO₂ in air is in minimal amount and with minimal capacity (ca. 2%) to influence the "Greenhouse Effect" compared to water vapor (ca. 98%). The carbon isotopes in the air's CO₂ constitute the absolute proof that human influence on the "Greenhouse Effect" is minimal (maximum 4%). Anthropogenic CO₂ amounts to 4% of the 2% of the "Greenhouse Effect", hence an influence of less than 1 permil of the "Greenhouse Effect". This is valid for a cloud-free atmosphere. If we compare with the capability of the clouds to regulate the "Greenhouse Effect" (by retention of heat or reflection of solar radiation), which is +/- 20-30%, the effect of atmospheric CO₂ is negligible for climate. All measurements show that increasing incoming solar radiation gives a warmer climate, previously called an optimum climate. But nowadays the whole world must base all human activities on brainwashed politicians, who BELIEVE in an unproven theory.

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an excellent paper by Arthur B. Robinson, Noah E. Robinson & Willie Soon "Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide" from Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, Vol. 12, Pages 79-90; 2007 (as PDF-file; approx. 5.7 Mbytes).

LINK TO the "Global Warming Petition" signed by approximately 19.000 American scientists.

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an interesting paper by Alan Siddons & Joe D'Aleo: "Carbon Dioxide: The Houdini of Gases" from http://icecap.us (PDF; 303 kbytes), showing that humans cannot be responsible for the documented rise of carbon in the atmosphere -- not only do the numbers fail to match, but the numbers can't be made to match. The graph above shows the rise in total atmospheric C in CO₂ (in gigatonnes of carbon, red color) since 1750, compared with anthropogenic (human) emissions of C in CO₂ (in gigatonnes of carbon, green color). Note that the green curve starts at zero in 1750, let to start at 590 Gt C for graphical reasons.

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an excellent paper by Dr. Zbigniew Jaworowski, for many years head of the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Radiation (UNSCEAR) "CO₂ : The Greatest Scientific Scandal of Our Time" from EIR Science, 16 March 2007, Pages 38-53 (as PDF-file; approx. 571 kbytes).

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the paper by Dr. Lance Endersbee "Ocean temperature and CO₂ : Global climate change has natural causes" from EIR Science, March 7, 2008, Pages 52-55 (as PDF-file; 231 kbytes).

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] another paper by Dr. Lance Endersbee "Oceans are the main regulators of carbon dioxide" from Civil Engineers Australia, April, 2008, Pages 36-37 (as PDF-file; 318 kbytes).

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the paper by Dr. Joel M. Kauffman "Climate Change Reexamined" from Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 21, No. 4, Pages 723-749, 2007 (as PDF-file; 381 kbytes).

LINK TO viewpoints on "Error Theory" by Alec Rawls.

READ the essay "Anthropogenic Global Warming Propaganda" by B. Cooper.

LINK TO a report on Dr. Vincent Grey's experiences with IPCC: "The whole process is a swindle". Dr. Grey has been a member of all IPCC Expert Reviewer panels since IPCC's inception.
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] Dr. Vincent Gray's report "THE GLOBAL WARMING SCAM" from April 2008 (as PDF file; ~1.5 Mbytes).

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] an "Open Letter to Madam Speaker and Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives" with a call for a Royal Commission to inquire into climate issues (as PDF file; 924 kbytes).

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the paper by Zbigniew Jaworowski "Sun warms and cools the Earth" published in New Zealand Centre for Political Research (NZPRC), 20 September 2008 (PDF file; 1.5 Mbytes).

LINK TO NOAA's report from 1995 that the measured increase in solar irradiance explains the current global warming:
"Solar Databases for Global Change Models" or http://tinyurl.com/solar-climate.

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] William Kininmonth's report "Unmasking 'An Inconvenient Truth'" (as PDF-file; approx. 890 kbytes).

LINK TO Daniel Engber's article "The new statistical rhetoric of climate change". This article has relevance on how to understand the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, where its lead authors have been told to use "Calibrated Language", using elements of statistical terminology to decribe their subjective "expert judgments". According to the "IPCC Guidance Notes", their "Quantitatively calibrated levels of confidence" means for "Medium confidence" "about 5 out of 10 chance". There is hence a "medium confidence" of getting heads or tails by flipping a coin, or an answer like "yes" or "no" to a question. I would call this pure chance instead of medium confidence. In statistics we were taught to make numerical estimates based on probabilities of a large population, in order to be allowed to use statistical expressions. Not like IPCC using statistical expressions based on subjective expert judgments! In this way IPCC is making a false impression that serious numerical statistical estimates have been made, while they have not.

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] John McLeans's examination of the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (PDF; 1.23 Mbytes) "Peer review? What peer review? Failures of scrutiny in the UN's Fourth Assessment Report" (as PDF-file; 1.23 Mbytes). McLean's reports tell us that IPCC does not represent a scientific consensus -- far from it!
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] John McLeans's Examination of the Responses to Reviewers' Comments of IPCC 4th Assessment Report of Working Group 1 (as PDF-file; 139 kbytes).
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] John McLean's report "The IPCC's dubious evidence for a human influence on climate" (as PDF-file; 109 kbytes).
LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] John McLean's report "The IPCC Can't Count - Author and Reviewer numbers are wrong" (as PDF-file; 94 kbytes).

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon at the UN climate conference in Bali, December 2007. [Sonny Tumbelaka/AFP/Getty Images/National Post.]

LINK TO [DOWNLOAD] the Open Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations by more than 100 concerned top scientists: "UN climate conference taking the World in entirely the wrong direction"; dated December 13, 2007 (as PDF-file; 78 kbytes).
LINK TO the Another open Letter to the Secretary-General of the United Nations by more than 125 concerned top scientists in the Financial Post: "Current scientific knowledge does not substantiate Ban Ki-Moon assertions on weather and climate - Policy actions that aim to reduce CO₂ emissions are unlikely to influence future climate. Policies need to focus on preparations for, and adaption to, all dangerous climate events, however caused"; dated November 29, 2012.

LINK TO the US Senate Report about more than 400 prominent scientists disputed man-made global warming claims in 2007.

Participating scientists at the Global Change Hearing in the US Congress May 30, 2000. Front (L-R): Wibjörn Karlén (Sweden), Peter Dietze (Germany), Fred Singer (USA), Ross McKitrick (Canada), Hugh Ellsaesser (USA), Richard Courtney (United Kingdom). Back (L-R): Vincent Gray (New Zealand), Keith Idso (USA), Gerd-Rainer Weber (Germany), Pål Brekke (Norway), Douglas Hoyt (USA), Tom V. Segalstad (Norway). Missing: Albert Arking (USA), David Wojick (USA).

LINK to the web page of the "International Climate Science Coalition".

See there the 2008 MANHATTAN DECLARATION signed by some 500 climate scientists, concluding that "Global Warming" is not a Global Crisis.

DOWNLOAD the report "The Sky is NOT Falling" by the "Carbon Sense Coalition" (as PDF-file; approx. 161 kbytes) opposing the Australian Garnaut Climate Change Review.

DOWNLOAD "The NIPCC Report" (as PDF-file; approx. 4.3 Mbytes) as of 3 March 2008, opposing the scientific basis of the IPCC Report.

DOWNLOAD the final 2009 NIPCC Report: "Climate Change Reconsidered" (as PDF-file; approx. 7.6 Mbytes), opposing the scientific basis of the IPCC Report, edited by Craig Idso & S. Fred Singer; with contributions from 35 other international scientists (including Tom V. Segalstad).
LINK to the NIPCC (Non-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) report and book project HERE.

LINK TO Test yourself - Take the Global Warming Test!

And when you've taken the test, go to the
LINK TO The complete list of things caused by global warming! ... enjoy ... (?)

Return to Homepage
Tom V. Segalstad
Associate Professor of Resource- and Environmental Geochemistry; and
Former Head, Geological Museum of the Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway; and
Former Head of the Natural History Museum and the Botanical Garden, University of Oslo, Norway.

Former Expert Reviewer with the UN IPCC,
the United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change.

Created 29 June 1997; established at www.CO2web.info 15 March 2008; updated 21 January 2017.