A landslide or landslip is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released.

Causes

Landslides occur when the stability of a slope changes from a stable to an unstable condition. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone. Natural causes of landslides include:

groundwater (porewater) pressure acting to destabilize the slope

Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients, and soil structure (e.g. after a wildfire)

erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves

weakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy rains

earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope

earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes

volcanic eruptions

Landslides are aggravated by human activities, Human causes include:

deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slopes

vibrations from machinery or traffic

blasting

earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new loads on an existing slope

in shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that binds colluvium to bedrock

Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging) which change the amount of water which infiltrates the soil.

Types

Debris flow

Slope material that becomes saturated with water may develop into a debris flow or mud flow. The resulting slurry of rock and mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, thus blocking bridges and tributaries causing flooding along its path.

Debris flow is often mistaken for flash flood, but they are entirely different processes.

Muddy-debris flows in alpine areas cause severe damage to structures and infrastructure and often claim human lives. Muddy-debris flows can start as a result of slope-related factors and shallow landslides can dam stream beds, resulting in temporary water blockage. As the impoundments fail, a "domino effect" may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, which takes up the debris in the stream channel. The solid-liquid mixture can reach densities of up to 2 tons/m³ and velocities of up to 14 m/s (Chiarle and Luino, 1998; Arattano, 2003). These processes normally cause the first severe road interruptions, due not only to deposits accumulated on the road (from several cubic metres to hundreds of cubic metres), but in some cases to the complete removal of bridges or roadways or railways crossing the stream channel. Damage usually derives from a common underestimation of mud-debris flows: in the alpine valleys, for example, bridges are frequently destroyed by the impact force of the flow because their span is usually calculated only for a water discharge. For a small basin in the Italian Alps (area = 1.76 km²) affected by a debris flow, Chiarle and Luino (1998) estimated a peak discharge of 750 m³/s for a section located in the middle stretch of the main channel. At the same cross section, the maximum foreseeable water discharge (by HEC-1), was 19 m³/s, a value about 40 times lower than that calculated for the debris flow that occurred.

Earth flow

Earthflows are downslope, viscous flows of saturated, fine-grained materials, which move at any speed from slow to fast. Typically, they can move at speeds from 0.17 to 20 km/h. Though these are a lot like mudflows, overall they are slower moving and are covered with solid material carried along by flow from within. They are different from fluid flows in that they are more rapid. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. The velocity of the earthflow is all dependent on how much water content is in the flow itself: if there is more water content in the flow, the higher the velocity will be.

These flows usually begin when the pore pressures in a fine-grained mass increase until enough of the weight of the material is supported by pore water to significantly decrease the internal shearing strength of the material. This thereby creates a bulging lobe which advances with a slow, rolling motion. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass increases and the margins dry out, thereby lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This process causes the flow to thicken. The bulbous variety of earthflows are not that spectacular, but they are much more common than their rapid counterparts. They develop a sag at their heads and are usually derived from the slumping at the source.

Earthflows occur much more during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the ground and adds water to the slope content. Fissures develop during the movement of clay-like material creates the intrusion of water into the earthflows. Water then increases the pore-water pressure and reduces the shearing strength of the material.

Debris avalanche

A debris avalanche is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of rocks soil and debris mixed with water or ice (or both). They are usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower cohesion or higher water content and commonly steeper slopes.

Movement

Debris slides generally start with big rocks that start at the top of the slide and begin to break apart as they slide towards the bottom. This is much slower than a debris avalanche. Debris avalanches are very fast and the entire mass seems to liquefy as it slides down the slope. This is caused by a combination of saturated material, and steep slopes. As the debris moves down the slope it generally follows stream channels leaving a v-shaped scar as it moves down the hill. This differs from the more U-shaped scar of a slump. Debris avalanches can also travel well past the foot of the slope due to their tremendous speed.

Sturzstrom

A sturzstrom is a rare, poorly understood type of landslide, typically with a long run-out. Often very large, these slides are unusually mobile, flowing very far over a low angle, flat, or even slightly uphill terrain.

Shallow landslide

Landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the soil mantle or weathered bedrock (typically to a depth from few decimetres to some metres). They usually include debris slides, debris flow, and failures of road cut-slopes. Landslides occurring as single large blocks of rock moving slowly down slope are sometimes called block glides.

Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable bottom soils. The low permeable, bottom soils trap the water in the shallower, high permeable soils creating high water pressure in the top soils. As the top soils are filled with water and become heavy, slopes can become very unstable and slide over the low permeable bottom soils. Say there is a slope with silt and sand as its top soil and bedrock as its bottom soil. During an intense rainstorm, the bedrock will keep the rain trapped in the top soils of silt and sand. As the topsoil becomes saturated and heavy, it can start to slide over the bedrock and become a shallow landslide. R. H. Campbell did a study on shallow landslides on Santa Cruz Island California. He notes that if permeability decreases with depth, a perched water table may develop in soils at intense precipitation. When pore water pressures are sufficient to reduce effective normal stress to a critical level, failure occurs.

Deep-seated landslide

Landslides in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located below the maximum rooting depth of trees (typically to depths greater than ten meters). Deep-seated landslides usually involve deep regolith, weathered rock, and/or bedrock and include large slope failure associated with translational, rotational, or complex movement. These typically move slowly, only several meters per year, but occasionally move faster. They tend to be larger than shallow landslides and form along a plane of weakness such as a fault or bedding plane. They can be visually identified by concave scarps at the top and steep areas at the toe.

Causing tsunamis

Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water, can generate tsunamis. Massive landslides can also generate megatsunamis, which are usually hundreds of meters high. In 1958, one such tsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska.

Related phenomena

An avalanche, similar in mechanism to a landslide, involves a large amount of ice, snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain.

A pyroclastic flow is caused by a collapsing cloud of hot ash, gas and rocks from a volcanic explosion that moves rapidly down an erupting volcano.

Landslide prediction mapping

Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into geomorphology, geology, land use/land cover, and hydrogeology. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, GIS is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively. Remote sensing techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope, lithology, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery.

Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions.

Natural disasters are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur. Sustainable land management and development is an essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.

GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money.

Prehistoric landslides

Landslide which moved Heart Mountain to its current location, the largest ever discovered on land. In the 48 million years since the slide occurred, erosion has removed most of the portion of the slide.

Flims Rockslide, ca. , Switzerland, some 10000 years ago in post-glacial Pleistocene/Holocene, the largest so far described in the alps and on dry land that can be easily identified in a modestly eroded state.

The landslide around 200BC which formed Lake Waikaremoana on the North Island of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River, forming a natural reservoir up to 248 metres deep.

Cheekye Fan, British Columbia, Canada, ca. , Late Pleistocene in age.

Prehistoric submarine landslides

The Storegga Slide, Norway, ca. , ca. 8,000 years ago, a catastrophic impact on the contemporary coastal Mesolithic population The Agulhas slide, ca. , off South Africa, post-Pliocene in age, the largest so far described The Ruatoria Debris Avalanche, off North Island New Zealand, ca. 3,000 km³ in volume, 170,000 years ago.

Historical landslides

The Goldau on September 2, 1806

The Cap Diamant Québec rockslide on September 19, 1889

Frank Slide, Turtle Mountain, Alberta, Canada, on 29 April 1903

Khait landslide, Khait, Tajikistan, Soviet Union, on July 10, 1949

Monte Toc landslide (260 millions cubic metres) falling into the Vajont Dam basin in Italy, causing a megatsunami and about 2000 casualties, on October 9, 1963

Hope Slide landslide (46 million cubic metres) near Hope, British Columbia on January 9, 1965.

The 1966 Aberfan disaster

Tuve landslide in Gothenburg, Sweden on November 30, 1977.

The 1979 Abbotsford landslip, Dunedin, New Zealand on August 8, 1979.

Val Pola landslide during Valtellina disaster (1987) Italy

Thredbo landslide, Australia on 30 July 1997, destroyed hostel.

Vargas mudslides, due to heavy rains in Vargas State, Venezuela, on December, 1999, causing tens of thousands of casualties.

2007 Chittagong mudslide, in Chittagong, Bangladesh, on June 11, 2007.

2008 Cairo landslide on September 6, 2008.

The 2010 Uganda landslide caused over 100 deaths following heavy rain in Bududa region.

Zhouqu county mudslide in Gansu, China on August 8, 2010.

Devil's Slide, an ongoing landslide in San Mateo County, California

2011 Rio de Janeiro landslide in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 11, 2011, causing 610 casualties so far.

Extraterrestrial landslides

Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are known to have happened in recent times. Both Venus and Mars have been subject to long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed on both.

See also

Automatic Deformation Monitoring System

Deformation monitoring

Earthquake engineering

Geotechnics

Geotechnical engineering

Landslide dam

Landslide mitigation

Mass wasting

Slope stability

Sturzstrom

Submarine landslide

Washaway

Mudslide

California landslides

References

External links

United States Geological Survey site

British Geological Survey landslides site

British Geological Survey National Landslide Database

European Soil Portal, Landslides

British Columbia government landslide information

Slide!, a program on B.C.'s Knowledge Network, with video clips

Pictures of Slope Failure

JTC1 Joint International Technical Committee on Landslides and Engineered Slopes

Landslide blog written by Professor David Petley, Wilson Professor, Department of Geography, Durham University, UK

Category:Environmental soil science

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"Hold Me" can refer to:

"Hold Me" (1933 song), by Little Jack Little, David Oppenheim, and Ira Schuster

"Hold Me" (Carl Wilson song)

"Hold Me" (Fleetwood Mac song)

"Hold Me" (Teddy Pendergrass & Whitney Houston song)

"Hold Me" (Sheila E. song)

"Hold Me" (K. T. Oslin song)

"Hold Me" (For Real song)

"Hold Me" (Menudo song)

''Hold Me'' (Laura Branigan album), by singer Laura Branigan, released in 1985

''Hold Me'' (Zard album), released in 1992

"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me", a song by U2

"Hold Me", by Weezer, a song on their 5th album ''Make Believe''

"Hold Me", by Savage Garden, a song on their second album ''Affirmation''

Hold Me (Jamie Grace EP)

it:Hold Me

Coordinates	51°30′36″N0°8′9″N
Name	David Fonseca
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	June 14, 1973
Origin	Leiria, Portugal
Genre	Alternative rock Pop
Occupation	Singer-songwriter
Years active	1998–2002 (as Silence 4) 2003-present (Solo) |
Label	Universal Records (2003-2009) Castle of the Amazing Cats (2009-present)|
Albums	''Sing Me Something New'', ''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'', ''Dreams In Colour'', ''Between Waves''
Associated acts	Silence 4, Humanos
Website	DavidFonseca.com| }}

David Fonseca (; born in Leiria, Portugal, in 1973) is a Portuguese musician, singer-songwriter, and plays several instruments, including acoustic guitar and organ. He is mainly recognised because of his successful music career, as member of Silence 4 and as a solo singer. Besides playing various instruments and being the author of almost all of his lyrics, he is also responsible for the graphic designs on his album covers. From 2004 to 2006, he was also part of the Humanos project. He is an active spokesman for the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa regarding Copyright infringement on the Internet.

Beginnings

David Fonseca studied cinema at Escola Superior de Belas Artes de Lisboa between 1992 and 1994, where he obtained a degree. David began his professional life as a photographer, working for various fashion catalogues. He participated in many exhibitions, both group and individual. He also worked in a radio station for a while. David Fonseca has dedicated his life to his love of music choosing to become a pop/rock alternative musician. He has multiple musical influences by names such as Sérgio Godinho, Jeff Buckley, The B-52's, Pixies, Roy Orbison, Aphex Twin and Ryan Adams, all of whom had a huge role in his musical creativity and individuality. He also mentioned in an interview with radio station “Antena 3” that he has an addiction to the group Yeah Yeah Yeahs. David is married and has a son and a daughter.

Career

Silence 4

Fonseca's musical career started with a band called Silence 4, formed by a group of hometown friends. They first released the unpredictable ''Silence Becomes It'', in June 1998 that was a huge success at the time, selling 250,000 copies (the equivalent to six platinum records). This was a remarkable achievement in the Portuguese musical scene, where it is usually difficult to sell these many copies. The album has only two songs written in Portuguese. One of them is ''“Sexto Sentido”'', featuring the popular Portuguese singer, Sérgio Godinho. To complete this great year for the band, which played at most of the Portuguese Summer festivals, they closed the world famous exhibition Expo '98 in Lisbon, playing for about 50 thousand people. Later in the same year, in December, Silence 4 was the first national band to sell out at Pavilhão Atlântico, performing to an astonishing 18,000-strong crowd, only 6 months after the release of their first album. Two years after the “phenomenon” the second album was released, ''Only Pain Is Real'', in July 2000, selling approximately 100,000 copies to this day. The respective tour ended in a double concert at the legendary stage in the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, the Coliseu dos Recreios, which sold out completely and was released later on in CD and in DVD format. Throughout 2000, Silence 4 went on their last tour. In 2001, the band entered an undetermined hiatus, that still remains.

Solo career

David’s solo career kicked off the 21st century with a different sound from Silence 4. In his first solo work, "Sing Me Something New", recorded in 2003, David sang and played nearly all the instruments, exploring a totally new environment of sounds on his own. The album was recorded in the studios of producer Mário Barreiros, and later in the Sterling Sound Studios (in New York), by the well-known sound engineer, George Marino, who participated in some of the recordings of Coldplay, the Rollins Band, The Dandy Warhols and Sepultura, among many others. The first single was ''Someone That Cannot Love'' which debuted on about 150 Portuguese radio stations in a coordinated release: they were all played on March 10 at midnight. It soon reached #2 on the National Sales Chart and was certified Gold. The tour supporting this first record was extensive; it included many big music venues and large festivals across Portugal.

''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'', his second solo album, is said by David himself to be “scarily personal” and was only released in the fall of 2005 because of the other projects that David was involved in between his two albums. The first single was ''Who Are U?'', described by David as “the song I always wanted to write”. It reached #3 on the Portuguese charts. ''Our Hearts Will Beat As One'' was critically acclaimed by the media and was considered pop album of the year in Portugal, even before the end of the year. The album went straight to #1 on the National Sales Chart and reached Gold status on its first week of sales.

In October, 2007, his third original album, ''Dreams in Colour'', was released and the first single was Superstars II, a song that obtained substantial airplay due to a cellphone campaign that adopted the single.

In July 2009, the first single ("A Cry 4 Love") was finally released to the public. The new album, ''Between Waves'', was out in the stores on the 2nd November 2009. On the same day, David's online community, ''Amazing Cats Club'' started working.

Humanos

In 2004, David joined a new project called Humanos. The idea behind it was to record some unpublished songs by the famous Portuguese artist, a singer-songwriter, from the 80’s, António Variações. David Fonseca, Manuela Azevedo (the lead singer of another Portuguese music group, Clã), Camané (one of the most famous Portuguese “fadistas”), Sérgio Nascimento (a member of Sérgio Godinho’s band), Hélder Gonçalves (also from Clã), Nuno Rafael and João Cardoso are the seven members of a group that would become a huge success, something unseen in the Portuguese music scene. The eponymous album scored an impressive quintuple platinum, staying for weeks at #1. “Muda de Vida”, “Maria Albertina” and “Rugas” are just some of the group's hits.

All this culminated in three sold out concerts, two of them in “Coliseu dos Recreios” (Lisbon) and the other in Porto. There was also another memorable performance, in front of a crowd of 40,000 people, at the “Sudoeste” Portuguese Festival, in the year 2005. The Humanos were always intended to be a short project, because there were few unpublished Antonio Variações’ songs. Thus, the CD and DVD with the recorded Coliseums’ live concerts, which was released on November 2006, marked the end of the Humanos project.

Live concerts

David Fonseca is known by his powerful dancing on stage, equipped with his pair of Chuck Taylor All-Stars. He plays different instruments during the show and he is accompanied by his band, which includes: Sérgio Nascimento (drummer), Ricardo Fiel (guitarist), Rita Redshoes (ex-Atomic Bees in the piano and also voices; the second record single ''“Hold Still”'' it’s a David and Rita’s duet), Nuno Simões (bass player) and Paulo Pereira (hammond). David doesn’t just play his solo-career hits but also lesser-known tracks. He also plays (in most of his live concerts) ''“Angel Song”'', the first music he wrote, composed when he was only 18 and which was included in Silence 4’s first album. This theme is perhaps the one most loved among fans, of the group or of David. In the middle of the show, he usually leaves the stage to return wearing a white suit, to announce that “dancing time” has begun and that the “moonwalk” move is near. Then the crowd laughs.

Discography

Albums

With Silence 4

*1998 - ''Silence Becomes It''

*2000 - ''Only Pain Is Real''

*2000 - ''Only Pain Is Real: The Remixes'' (EP)

With Humanos

*2004: ''Humanos''

*2006: ''Humanos ao Vivo'' (Live album)

Solo

! Year	! Album	Portugal>POR Chart positions
2003	''Sing Me Something New''
2005	''Our Hearts Will Beat As One''
2007	''Dreams in Colour''
2009	''Between Waves''

DVDs

2004 - ''Silence 4 in Coliseu dos Recreios'' (recorded live by Silence 4 and David Fonseca)

2008 - ''Dreams in Colour: Tour Edition'' (recorded live 12 April 2008 live at the Coliseu)

Singles

With Silence 4

*1998: "Borrow" (from ''Silence Becomes It'')

*1998: "My Friends" (''from Silence Becomes It'')

*2000: "To Give" (from ''Only Pain Is Real'')

*"Only Pain Is Real" (from ''Only Pain Is Real'')

Solo

! Year	! Single	Portugal>POR Chart positions	! Album
2003	"Someone That Cannot Love"
2003	"The 80s"
2005	"Who Are U?"
2006	"Hold Still" feat. Rita Redshoes
2006	"Our Hearts Will Beat As One"
2007
2007
2007	"Kiss Me, Oh Kiss Me"
2008	"Orange Tree"
2009	"A Cry 4 Love"
2010	"Stop 4 a Minute"

Collaborations

David Fonseca has also collaborated with many other artits. Among them:

Trovante, Phase, Sérgio Godinho

He took part alongside many other Portuguese artists in the music video of "Encosta-te a mim" by Jorge Palma.

References

External links

David Fonseca's official website

David Fonseca YouTube site

David Fonseca Blog site

David Fonseca's Hi5 Profile

David Fonseca LastFm (in Portuguese)

Humanos' official website

Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Portuguese singer-songwriters Category:Portuguese pop singers Category:Portuguese male singers Category:Silence 4 members

es:David Fonseca fr:David Fonseca pt:David Fonseca

Coordinates	51°30′36″N0°8′9″N
Name	Don Johnson
Birth name	Donnie Wayne Johnson
Birth date	December 15, 1949
Birth place	Flat Creek, Missouri, United States
Other names	DJ, The Don
Occupation	ActorProducerDirectorSinger-songwriter
Years active	1969–present
Spouse	Melanie Griffith (1976, 1989-96) Kelley Phleger (1999-present)
Partner	Patti D'Arbanville (1982-85) }}

Donnie Wayne "Don" Johnson (born December 15, 1949) is an American actor known for his work in television and film. He played the lead role of James "Sonny" Crockett in the 1980s TV cop series, ''Miami Vice'', which led him to huge success. He also played the lead role in the 1990s cop series, ''Nash Bridges''. More recently, Johnson played Kenny Powers' father on the HBO series, ''Eastbound and Down''. Johnson is a Golden Globe winning actor for his role in ''Miami Vice'', a winner of the APBA Offshore World Cup, and has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He is also a singer, songwriter, producer, and director. The Donzie speedboat is not named after him as previously noted; it was named after the boat's designer Don Aronow. It was thought to be named after him due to his time on the TV show, ''Miami Vice''.

The ''Don Johnson'' is also a ''Miami Vice'' themed drink made from vodka, gin, curaçao, and orange juice.

Early life and education

Johnson was born in Flat Creek, Missouri. His father, Wayne, was a farmer, and his mother, Nell, was a beautician; they were 19 and 17 at the time of his birth, respectively. Both his parents are of English origin. At age six, he moved from Missouri to Wichita, Kansas. A 1967 graduate of South High School, he was involved in the high school's theatre program. As a senior, he played the lead role of Tony in ''West Side Story''. His biography noted that he had previously appeared in "Burnt Cork and Melody" and "The Hullabaloo." He also attended the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas.

In the late 1960s, Johnson was in a psychedelic rock band called Horses. Also in the band were future members of the band Kingfish, which featured Grateful Dead guitarist Bob Weir. The band put out one self-titled record on the White Whale label in 1969, later re-issued on the Gear Fab label in 2004 and then on the Rev-Ola label in 2005. Johnson, as several noteworthy news sources have mentioned over the years, was relieved of his military obligation due to a high lottery number. In a 1970 newspaper article, Johnson stated that, due to his beliefs at that time, he would have become a draft resistor.

Johnson is quoted in a 1970 newspaper article, mentioning his draft-exempt status and his dislike for war.

Acting

Early years

Johnson studied drama at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. His first major role was in the 1969 Los Angeles stage production of ''Fortune and Men's Eyes'' in which he played Smitty, the lead role. This exposure led to the quickly forgotten film ''The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart'' (1970). He continued to work on stage, film and television without breaking out into stardom. His notable films from this period were ''Zachariah'' (1971), ''The Harrad Experiment'' (1973), ''Lollipop and Roses'' (1974), and ''A Boy and His Dog'' (1975)

''Miami Vice''

From 1984-1989, after years of struggling to establish himself as a TV actor (in such fare as ''Revenge of the Stepford Wives'') and a string of failed pilots which were never followed by an actual TV series, Johnson's fortunes changed when he landed a starring role as undercover police detective Sonny Crockett in the cop series, ''Miami Vice''. He typically wore thousand dollar Versace and Hugo Boss suits over pastel cotton t-shirts, drove a Ferrari 365 GTS/4 Daytona (really a replica kit on a 1981 Corvette chassis), followed by a Ferrari Testarossa and lived on a yacht with his pet alligator "Elvis". ''Miami Vice'' was noted for its revolutionary use of music, cinematography, and imagery as well as a more glitzy take on the police drama genre.

In between seasons, Don Johnson gained further renown through several TV miniseries, such as the 1985 TV remake of ''The Long, Hot Summer''.

''Nash Bridges''

Johnson later starred in the 1996-2001 drama ''Nash Bridges'' with Cheech Marin, Jeff Perry, Jaime P. Gomez and Jodi Lyn O'Keefe. Johnson played the title role of Nash Bridges, an inspector for the San Francisco Police Department. In ''Nash Bridges'' Johnson was again paired with a flashy convertible car, this time an electric yellow 1971 Plymouth Barracuda.

2000s

In the fall of 2005, he briefly starred in The WB courtroom television drama show ''Just Legal'' as a jaded lawyer with a very young and idealistic protégé/partner (Jay Baruchel); the show was canceled in October 2005 after just three episodes aired. In January 2007, Johnson began a run in the London West End production of ''Guys and Dolls'' as Nathan Detroit.

Don Johnson also has a role in the Norwegian comedy ''Lange Flate Ballær 2'' ("Long Flat Balls II"), directed by Johnson's friend Harald Zwart. Johnson did the movie as a favour to Zwart. The movie was launched March 14, 2008 in Norway, with Johnson making an appearance at the premiere. He next appeared in ''When in Rome'' with Danny DeVito, Anjelica Huston and Kristen Bell, and ''Machete'' with Robert De Niro and Steven Seagal.

2010s

Johnson & Jon Heder co-hosted WWE's Monday Night RAW on January 18, 2010.

Johnson had a small role in Robert Rodriguez's film, ''Machete''. Johnson played Von Jackson, "a twisted border vigilante leading a small army." The film was released on September 3, 2010.

In October 2010, he began appearing on the HBO series ''Eastbound & Down'', playing Kenny Powers' long-lost father, going by the alias "Eduardo Sanchez". He also reprised his role as Sonny Crockett for a Nike commercial with LeBron James where the NBA player contemplates acting and appears alongside Johnson on ''Miami Vice''.

In September 2011, Johnson has a cameo in the comedy ''A Good Old Fashioned Orgy'' with Jason Sudeikis.

Music

Johnson released two albums of pop music in the 1980s, one in 1986 and the other in 1989. His single "Heartbeat", the title track from his first album, and was a collaboration with 80s one hit wonder - Robert Tepper, reached #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Johnson is also a good friend of Willie Nelson and Robert Tepper, and was briefly a part of the "Thailand Pack", alongside Tommy Morrison, and British TV funny man Les Dennis. Previously, Johnson worked with Gregg Allman and Dickie Betts of the Allman Brothers, co-writing the songs "Blind Love" and "Can't Take It with You" with Dickie Betts, which appeared on their 1979 album, ''Enlightened Rogues''.

Personal life

Relationships and family

Johnson has had four wives in five marriages, three of which were brief. His first two marriages, in the late 1960s, were annulled. Johnson had a major supporting role in ''The Harrad Experiment'' (released 1973), whose female lead was Tippi Hedren. He met Hedren's daughter, Melanie Griffith around the first half of 1972; she was an uncredited extra. He was aged 22 and dating and living with groupie Pamela Des Barres and Melanie was 14 when they began what became a four-year affair, that included marrying, in 1976, for less than a year. Melanie and Don reconciled and conceived a child close to the start of 1989, announced wedding plans in mid-February, and were married a second time, from that year until 1996. They had a daughter, Dakota Mayi Johnson (born October 4, 1989).

He lived with Patti D'Arbanville from 1981 to 1985. The couple had a son, Jesse Wayne Johnson (born on December 7, 1982).

He had a relationship with Barbra Streisand, lasting into at least September 1988. Streisand and Johnson were supposedly secretly engaged at one point. He created a single with her called "Till I Loved You", released that year. Johnson had a relationship with Jeanne Anderson in 1996.

On April 29, 1999, he married San Francisco socialite and former preschool teacher Kelley Phleger. He and Phleger had a daughter, Atherton Grace Johnson (born on December 28, 1999), and two sons, Jasper Breckinridge Johnson (born on June 6, 2002) and Deacon Johnson (born on April 29, 2006)

It has also been revealed on ''The Real Housewives of New Jersey'' reunion show that he and housewife Danielle Staub engaged in a brief affair.

Legal problems

In 2001, a 36-year-old woman accused an intoxicated Johnson of squeezing and bruising her wrist and lewdly propositioning her outside a restroom at San Francisco restaurant Mas Sake, and claimed while still firmly squeezing her wrist he began drunkenly singing "Heartbeat". The woman's friends made their way across the restaurant to confront Johnson as he continued to sing but said when he saw them he let go of her and quickly fled out the back door. Johnson said he was considering buying an advertisement in the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' to state his side of the story, but later decided to post the notices on his website. Due to insufficient evidence, no charges were filed.

In November 2002, German customs officers at the Swiss-German border performed a routine search of Johnson's car. Bank statements evidencing US$8 billion in transactions were found in the trunk of his car. He was accompanied in his black Mercedes-Benz by three men: an investment adviser, a personal assistant, and a third of unknown identity. Initially it was thought Johnson was involved in money-laundering, but he was cleared of wrongdoing. Upon receiving word of the incident, German tabloids began exploiting and perpetuating the story, at times pointing at the irony (as perceived by them) that Don Johnson has frequently portrayed police officers in his acting works. Johnson explained the incident by saying "I was meeting with some American businessmen in Zürich for financing, for a film fund that I was putting together for my company. They gave me some bank statements and some resumes and some other documents, some things to prove that they could perform as investors." The police found and copied these documents, and the money laundering story grew somehow out of this.

In May 2008, Johnson came within hours of losing his Woody Creek, Colorado home to foreclosure; he paid off his $14.5 million debts less than 24 hours before a scheduled auction of the property.

In July 2010, a Los Angeles jury awarded Johnson $23.2 million in a lawsuit against production company Rysher Entertainment, from whom Johnson sought a share of profits commensurate with his ownership of half the copyright of ''Nash Bridges''. Rysher announced they would appeal the verdict.

Reception

Awards and recognitions

The Saturn AwardNominatedWinnerWonAwarded

style="background:#bcbcbc;"	Year	Result	Award	Category	TV/Film
1974	Winner	|	Saturn Award for Best Actor (film)>Best Actor	''A Boy and his Dog''
1985	|	Emmy Awards	Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Drama Series>Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series	''Miami Vice''
1986	|	Golden Globe Awards	Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series - Drama>Best Performance by an Actor In A Television Series - Drama
1987	Nominated
1988	|	APBA Offshore World Cup	Superboat class	-
1996	|	Hollywood Walk of Fame	Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame	-

Filmography

''Zachariah (1971 film) ''The Harrad Experiment'' ''Lollipops and Roses (film) ''Return to Macon County'' ''Law of the Land'' ''The City (1977) ''Swan Lake (film) ''Tales of the Unexpected (TV series) ''Soggy Bottom, USA'' ''Elvis and the Beauty Queen'' ''Melanie (film) ''Miami Vice'' ''Cease Fire (1985 film) ''G.I. Joe: The Movie ''Sweet Hearts Dance'' ''Dead Bang'' ''The Hot Spot'' ''Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man'' ''Born Yesterday (1993 film) ''In Pursuit of Honor'' ''Nash Bridges'' ''Tin Cup'' ''Goodbye Lover'' ''Word of Honor (2003 film) ''Just Legal'' ''Moondance Alexander'' ''Lange Flate Ballær 2'' ''Born to be a Star'' ''A Good Old Fashioned Orgy''

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Film	Role	Notes
1970	''The Magic Garden of Stanley Sweetheart''
1971	Zachariah'' ||	Matthew
rowspan="2"	1973	|	Stanley Cole
''Kung Fu (TV series)	Kung Fu''
rowspan="2"	1974	Lollipops and Roses'' ||	Franky
''A Boy and His Dog''	Vic
1975	|	Harley McKay
1976	|
rowspan="3"	1977	The City'' ||	Sergeant Brian Scott	TV pilot
''Eight is Enough (1977)	Trial Marriage''
''Cover Girls''
rowspan="6"	1978	Swan Lake'' ||	Benno (English version) (voice)
''Pressure Point''
''Ski Lift to Death''	Mike Sloan
''The Two-Five''
''Katie: Portrait of a Centerfold''
''First, You Cry''
rowspan="3"	1979	Tales of the Unexpected'' ||
''Amateur Night at the Dixie Bar and Grill''
''The Rebels (TV series)	The Rebels''
rowspan="4"	1980	|	Jacob Gorch
''From Here to Eternity (TV series)	From Here to Eternity''
''Beulah Land''
''Revenge of the Stepford Wives''
rowspan="2"	1981	|	Elvis Presley	TV Movie
''The Two Lives of Carol Letner''
1982	Melanie'' ||	Carl
1984–1989	|	Det. James "Sonny" Crockett	111 EpisodesGolden Globe Winner: Best TV Actor - Drama
rowspan="2"	1985	Cease Fire'' ||	Tim Murphy
''The Long Hot Summer (1985 film)	The Long, Hot Summer''	Ben Quick
1987	|	Lt. Falcon (voice)	direct-to-video
1988	|	Wiley Boon
1989	|	Jerry Beck
1990	|	Harry Madox
rowspan="2"	1991	|	Marlboro
''Paradise (1991 film)	Paradise''	Ben Reed
rowspan="2"	1993	Born Yesterday'' ||	Paul Verrall
''Guilty as Sin''	David Edgar Greenhill
1995	|	Sgt. John Libbey	HBO Movie
1996–2001	|	Nash Bridges	Executive producer122 Episodes
1996	|	David Simms
1998	|	Ben Dunmore
2003	Word of Honor'' ||	Lt. Benjamin Tyson	TV MovieCo-executive producer
2005	|	Grant H. Cooper	Cancelled after 3 episodes the rest of the episodes were later aired8 episodes (2005–2006)
rowspan="2"	2007	|	Dante
''Super Bowl XLI in-studio discussion team. (CBS)
rowspan="2"	2008	|	Admiral Burnett	Norway>Norwegian film
''Torno a vivere da solo''
rowspan=4	2010	|	-
''When in Rome (2010 film)	When in Rome''	-
Machete (film)	''Machete''	Lt. Von Jackson
Eastbound and Down	Eduardo Sanchez Powers
2011	|	Dad

Discography

Studio albums

Title

Details

Peak chart positions

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! width="35"

! scope="row"

* Release date: November 11, 1986

* Label: Epic Records

* Formats:

* Release date: September 20, 1989

* Label: Epic Records

* Formats: CD, cassette

—

23

19

—

35

6

Compilation albums

Title	Details
! scope="row"		* Release date: January 20, 1997	* Label: [[Sony Music Entertainment">Compact disc	17	3	20	7	34	7
! scope="row"		* Release date: September 20, 1989	* Label: Epic Records	* Formats: CD, cassette	—	23	19	—	35	6

Compilation albums

Title	Details
! scope="row"		* Release date: January 20, 1997	* Label: [[Sony Music Entertainment	* Formats: CD, cassette

Singles

Year	Single	Peak positions										Album
		! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"
	! scope="row"	5	3	—	6	10	5	13	16	6	46
"Heartache Away"	56	22	—	31	25	—	—	—	—	—
1987	"Voice on a Hotline"	—	—	—	—	59	—	—	—	—	—
	! scope="row"	—	13	6	2	6	—	—	—	6	84
"Other People's Lives"	—	—	46	57	53	—	—	—	—	—
! scope="row"	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Featured singles

Year	Single	Artist	Peak chart positions						Album
			! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"	! width="35"
1988	! scope="row"	Barbra Streisand	25	34	22	26	4	16	align="left"

Videography

1987: ''Heartbeat'' - Full Length Video (VHS) - (Release date: May 10, 1987)

References

External links

Category:People of English descent Category:American people of English descent Category:1949 births Category:Actors from Kansas Category:American film actors Category:American motorboat racers Category:American television actors Category:American television directors Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (television) winners Category:Living people Category:Miami Vice Category:People from Barry County, Missouri Category:People from Wichita, Kansas Category:University of Kansas alumni

bg:Дон Джонсън de:Don Johnson et:Don Johnson es:Don Johnson fr:Don Johnson ko:돈 존슨 hr:Don Johnson it:Don Johnson hu:Don Johnson nl:Don Johnson ja:ドン・ジョンソン no:Don Johnson pl:Don Johnson pt:Don Johnson ru:Джонсон, Дон sq:Don Johnson sk:Don Johnson sr:Дон Џонсон fi:Don Johnson sv:Don Johnson th:ดอน จอห์นสัน zh:唐·強生

Coordinates	51°30′36″N0°8′9″N
Name	Souls of Mischief
Background	group_or_band
Origin	Oakland, California, U.S.
Genre	Hip hop, jazz rap
Years active	1991–present
Label	Hieroglyphics Imperium, Jive/BMG
Associated acts	Hieroglyphics, Extra Prolific, The Pharcyde
Website	http://www.hieroglyphics.com
Current members	A-PlusOpioPhestoTajai}}

Souls of Mischief is a hip hop group from Oakland, California, that is also part of the hip hop collective Hieroglyphics. The Souls of Mischief formed in 1991 and is composed of emcees A-Plus, Opio, Phesto, and Tajai.

History

Oakland native Tajai began rhyming with future band mate A-Plus at age 8, while both were in elementary school. Tajai and Phesto met later in junior high school. Tajai later introduced A-Plus and Phesto to the remaining Souls of Mischief member, Opio, and the group informally formed in high school before making their major-label debut on Jive Records with their well-received album ''93 'til Infinity'', in 1993.

The group is part of the hip-hop collective Hieroglyphics, with emcees Del tha Funkee Homosapien, Casual, Pep Love, Jaybiz, and producer Domino. The group participated as full members in both Hieroglyphics' studio albums: 1998's ''3rd Eye Vision'', and 2003's ''Full Circle''.

''93 ’til Infinity'' is the group's highest charting album to date (#17 Top R&B;/Hip Hop Albums; #85 Billboard 200), and in January, 1998, was named one of the Top 100 Rap albums by ''The Source'' magazine.

The group stayed with Jive for one more album, 1995's ''No Man's Land'', before being released from the label during that same year.

The group has released two albums on the Hiero's self-owned independent label, Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings, 1999's ''Focus'', and 2000's ''Trilogy: Conflict, Climax, Resolution''.

On October 30, 2006, Hierocast (Hieroglyphics' official podcast), Del tha Funkee Homosapien reported that the Souls of Mischief were currently working on their next studio album with Prince Paul (De La Soul, Gravediggaz, Handsome Boy Modeling School).

On January 6, 2009 Souls of Mischief released the ''Tour Stories'' EP produced by Domino and co-produced by Prince Paul. The song is taken from their fifth studio album, ''Montezuma's Revenge'' on Hieroglyphics Imperium.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" !rowspan="2"|Year !rowspan="2" width="200"|Title !colspan="2"|Chart position |- !width="35"|U.S. !width="35"|U.S. R&B; |- |1993 |''93 'til Infinity''

First studio album

Released: September 28, 1993

Label: Jive

|align="center"|85 |align="center"|17 |- |1995 |''No Man's Land''

Second studio album

Released: October 10, 1995

Label: Jive

|align="center"|111 |align="center"|27 |- |1999 |''Focus''

Third studio album

Released: 1999

Label: Hieroglyphics Imperium

|align="center"|— |align="center"|— |- |2000 |''Trilogy: Conflict, Climax, Resolution''

Fourth studio album

Released: October 24, 2000

Label: Hieroglyphics Imperium

|align="center"|— |align="center"|— |- |2009 |''Montezuma's Revenge''

Fifth studio album

Released: December 1, 2009

Label: Clear Label

|align="center"|— |align="center"|93 |- |}

Singles

Year	Single	Chart positions	Album
!width="40"	!width="40"	!width="40"
					align="left" rowspan="1"

References

External links

[ Allmusic Biography]

Discogs.com Profile

Hieroglyphics.com Official Site

Category:Alternative hip hop groups Category:Musical groups established in 1993 Category:American hip hop groups Category:Musical groups from Oakland, California Category:West Coast hip hop groups

de:Souls of Mischief es:Souls of Mischief fr:Souls of Mischief sv:Souls of Mischief