background color	#FFC94B
Name	Old Fourth Ward
Native name
Settlement type	Neighborhoods of Atlanta
Total type
Motto
Map caption	Old Fourth Ward within east-central Atlanta
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Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	US-GA
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name	United States
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision name1	Georgia
Subdivision type2	County
Subdivision name2	Fulton County
Subdivision type3	City
Subdivision name3	City of Atlanta
Subdivision type4
Subdivision name4
Subdivision type5
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P2
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Leader name1
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Population as of	2000
Population total	7946
Population density sq mi
demographics type1	Demographics (2000)
demographics1 footnotes
demographics1 title1	White/Other
demographics1 info1	20%
demographics1 title2	Black
demographics1 info2	75%
demographics1 title3	Asian
demographics1 info3	1%
demographics1 title4	Hispanic
demographics1 info4	5%
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Postal code type	ZIP Code
Postal code	30312
Website	Fourth Ward Alliance (on Facebook)
Footnotes	}}

Old Fourth Ward is an urban neighborhood located on the east side of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a smaller version of the historic Fourth Ward political area in place until the 1950s when the city changed to a district system. The Old Fourth Ward is often the example used to cite Atlanta's increasingly rapid gentrification. The area, which was majority black up until 2000, has seen a huge influx of whites in recent decades. The trend began in the 1980s, and from 1980 to 2000, the western part of the Old Fourth Ward (west of Boulevard) went from 12% to 30% white and the eastern part (east of Boulevard) went from went from 2% to 20% white.

History

What is now the Old Fourth Ward is one of the oldest sections of the city, with the westernmost blocks developing soon after the Civil War. Different parts of the ward were, at different times, considered white, black, or mixed-race areas. From the 1910s onward, as Atlanta politicians moved to institutionalize racially-segregated residential areas, Old Fourth Ward continued as a rich patchwork of whites living as close neighbors with blacks.

The foremost thoroughfare in today's Old Fourth Ward, Boulevard, was in the 1890s called "one of the most desirable residential streets in the city." However, in the 20th century, Boulevard's grand houses gradually made way for apartment buildings.

As with most of Intown Atlanta, the Old Fourth Ward declined precipitously during the 1950s and 1960s as wealthier residents moved further out from central neighborhoods. Vast swathes of the area, such as Buttermilk Bottom, were razed in the 1950s and 1960s to make way for urban renewal projects. Streets, houses and businesses that sat upon the land that is now Freedom Parkway were also razed to make way for a freeway that was never built. What was once a consistent and dense grid pattern of streets is now difficult to recognize, with large housing complexes, Freedom Parkway, Central Park, and Renaissance Park occupying what had once been multiple city blocks.

Boulevard in particular witnessed a steady decline. The road is lined with apartment buildings constructed after the Great Atlanta fire of 1917, most of which are now section 8 housing. Boulevard became infamous throughout Atlanta and beyond as a haven of drug activity, prostitution, and other crime, a reputation which as of 2011 still endures despite gentrification to the north, south, east and west of the street.

Elsewhere in the Old Fourth Ward, gentrification began in the 1980s, and continued at a more rapid pace during the first decade of the 2000s. New apartment and condo complexes with ground-floor retail sprung up, particularly along the BeltLine, Ponce de Leon Avenue, North Avenue, and Highland Avenue. New residents were attracted to the neighborhood due to its close proximity to Downtown, Midtown, Inman Park, and Virginia-Highland, its urban vibe, its walkability, and its cultural offerings. By the 2010s, Old Fourth Ward had become one of the most dynamic and sought-after areas of the city.

Geography

The location of the Old Fourth Ward is defined as the area:

east of Piedmont Ave. and Downtown Atlanta

west of the BeltLine and the Poncey-Highland and Inman Park neighborhoods

south of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Midtown

north of the east-west MARTA rail line and Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta), and the Grant Park and Cabbagetown neighborhoods

The Old Fourth Ward is bisected by Boulevard. The neighborhood can be divided into three major areas:

West of Boulevard and north of Freedom Parkway is what was called the Bedford Pine neighborhood and prior to that, Buttermilk Bottom. Slums with unpaved streets gave way in the 1960s to massive urban renewal and the construction of large projects such as the Atlanta Civic Center, the Georgia Power headquarters and public housing projects. The housing project made way in recent years to mixed-income complexes. Bedford Pine was officially absorbed into the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood.

East of Boulevard is found the largest concentration of single family houses; here, especially south of Irwin Street, is perhaps the most eclectic part of the Old Fourth Ward. Auburn Avenue and Old Wheat Streets are streets that continue in the unique character of the Sweet Auburn neighborhood and Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site on the west side of Boulevard, while Boulevard at Edgewood Avenue is (as of 2010) ground zero for a concentration of hip bars and restaurants. The area furthest east along the BeltLine is a formerly industrial area where the former factory and warehouse space now contains some of Atlanta's best restaurants and galleries, located in complexes like Studioplex, and just across the BeltLine at Stove Works. In the very northeast corner of the Old Fourth Ward is the southeast's largest building (by sheer volume), the former Sears building, later called City Hall East, and now called Ponce City Market, awaiting redevelopment.

Parks

Freedom Parkway with its trail runs through the neighborhood

Central Park

Civic Center Park

Historic Fourth Ward Park, located on the site of the former Ponce de Leon amusement park.

References

External links

Central Atlanta neighbors - covers north of Freedom Parkway, west of Boulevard

Fourth Ward Alliance (on Facebook) - covers north of Freedom Parkway, east of Boulevard

Fourth Ward Neighbors - covers south of Freedom Parkway

Old 4th Ward Security Patrol

Category:Neighborhoods in Atlanta, Georgia

Fourth Ward is one of the historic six wards of Houston, Texas, United States. The Fourth Ward is located inside the 610 Loop directly west of and adjacent to Downtown Houston. The Fourth Ward is the site of Freedmen's Town, which was a post-U.S. Civil War community of African-Americans.

History

The Fourth Ward was established as one of four wards by the City of Houston in 1839. By 1906 it included much of what is, as of 2008, Downtown and Neartown; at that point the city stopped using the ward system.

The area was the site of Freedman's Town, composed of recently freed slaves. The neighborhood became the center of Houston's African-American community in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The 1,000 freed slaves who settled the community selected the site along the southern edge of the Buffalo Bayou since the land was inexpensive and because White Americans did not want to settle on the land, which was swampy and prone to flooding. The settlers of Freedmen's Town paved the streets with bricks that they hand-made themselves. They provided their own services and utilities. In the 1920s the Third Ward surpassed the Fourth Ward as the center of Houston's African-American community. The Fourth Ward lost prominence due to its inability to expand geographically, as other developments hemmed in the area. The Allen Parkway Village public housing complex, which had 963 units, opened in the 1940s. The opening of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated an eastern portion of the Fourth Ward area from the community; that portion became the Allen Center business and hotel complex and is now considered to be a part of Downtown Houston. The freeway construction and urban renewal programs lead to the loss of portions of the community. By the 1970s many of the original Fourth Ward residents left to go to other communities. Crime and the prevalence of crack cocaine became issues affecting the community. Starting in the 1970s the City of Houston wanted to demolish Allen Parkway Village while residents fought to have the entire structure remain. Plans to replace the Fourth Ward with condominiums and a park date to that decade. John Nova Lomax of the ''Houston Press'' said that the Fourth Ward, had been "embattled" due to its proximity to Downtown Houston and that "Developers have long seen the area's brick streets and ramshackle, century-old shotgun shacks as an inexcusable, poverty-stricken, drug- and crime-infested blot on the landscape of otherwise prosperous Westside, Inner Loop Houston." In 1977 Robert Wood, the director of the Housing Authority of the City of Houston, wrote a letter proposing that Allen Parkway Village be demolished. In 1979 the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) authorized $10 million for modernizing APV, but HUD did not spend much of the money on actually renovating the complex. The ''Handbook of Texas'' said "In the 1980s and 1990s the continued future of the Fourth Ward as a black community came under serious attack" due to plans to demolish Allen Parkway Village and replace the complex with housing for high income people and office buildings. The ''Handbook of Texas'' said that citizen opposition and "more importantly" the mid-1980s economic decline delayed those plans. The ''Handbook of Texas'' said that the neglect of the housing units and the resulting disappearance of those units, the reluctance of investors to invest capital into the Fourth Ward, and "future of the neighborhood" all "undermined" "[t]he viability" of the Fourth Ward.

On Tuesday May 21, 1991 several residents attending a community meeting told Dennis Storemski, the chief of the Houston Police Department that police officers routinely harassed community residents. The people attending the meeting accuse police of extorting drug dealers, harassing and stealing from young people, and treating Fourth Ward residents with disrespect. In the 1990s a former city planning commission member founded Houston Renaissance, a nonprofit private charity sustained by federal and municipal funds. The charity bought large portions of the community and announced plans to redevelop the parcels into affordable housing. Instead the charity defaulted and the Houston Housing Finance Corp. took control of the lands. The city divided the parcels to the east and the west. The city sold parcels closest to Downtown Houston to private developers. The city used the acquired funds to develop the remaining parcels into subsidized houses, with each priced around $110,000. In the 1990s Lenwood E. Johnson, a resident of Allen Parkway Village, began to campaign to prevent the complex from being sold to developers. In 1996 Henry Cisneros, the head of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, signed an agreement to allow the City of Houston to demolish 677 of the community's 963 units as long as the site was still used for low income housing. The remaining old units were placed on the National Register of Historic Places and were not demolished. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the area has been undergoing gentrification, with many new mid-rise apartment complexes and upscale townhomes being built. Many long-time residents, mostly renters, have moved out, unable to afford the increasing rent due to rising property values.

By 1999 remaining portions of Allen Parkway Village were renamed to The Historic Oaks of Allen Parkway and had around 500 residential units. Of the 500 units 280 were existing units and 220 were newly-constructed with $30 million dollar federal funding. The first new group of tenants consisted of 156 low income elderly individuals.

Garnet Coleman, a Texas state representative of the Third Ward, said in 2009 that the Fourth Ward cannot recapture the sense of community that it used to have. Coleman added "the residents got pushed to the suburbs, and the businesses got wiped away."

In a March 2010 town hall meeting, some residents accused police officers in the area of racial profiling.

Demographics

The population of the Fourth Ward has also been steadily decreasing with each decade. According to the 2000 Census, the Fourth Ward was the smallest neighborhood in Houston with 590 households or a total population of 1,706.

While the area around Freedman's town is traditionally black, Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites have moved to the area in recent years. There were 1,421 blacks living in the Fourth Ward census tract in 1990; 635 remained in 2000. 53.6% of the ward’s inhabitants are Hispanic while only 36.7% are in fact black. Overall, Houston has a dissimilarity index of black as compared to whites of approximately 75% according to CensusScope’s segregation breakdown of the city, which is higher than the United States national dissimilarity index of 65%.

In 1980, approximately half of the ward's residents were below the poverty line, while 95% of residents did not own their own homes. In the 1980s the Fourth Ward had the poorest African-American community in the city of Houston; the sole residential area had less than 4,400 residents. 50% of the residents were below the poverty level. From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 Census, the Fourth Ward was the sole community in Houston that lost Asian-Americans as many Vietnamese-Americans left Allen Parkway Village. There were 1,421 blacks living in the Fourth Ward census tract in 1990; 635 remained in 2000.

Government

The community is served by the Houston Fire Department. Station 2 moved to the intersection of West Dallas and Bailey in the Fourth Ward from what is now Downtown Houston in 1965. The station closed in 1986.

The community is within the Houston Police Department's Central Patrol Division, headquartered at 61 Riesner.

The Fourth Ward is in Texas's 7th congressional district. As of 2008 John Culberson represents the district.

The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Houston Branch is located in the Fourth Ward.

Geography and cityscape

In the Jim Crow era Taft Street was one of the dividing lines between Blacks and Whites; Black families lived east of Taft, while White families lived west of Taft.

Houston is the largest city in the United States that does not have zoning laws. The traditional shotgun houses that were first built by freed slaves are now mixed with skyscrapers and parking lots. Sherry Thomas of the ''USA Today'' stated that the lack of regulation construction in Houston has taken away from the historical landscape of the Fourth Ward.

Originally most of the housing consisted of shotgun houses. Due to redevelopment, the eastern portion of the Fourth Ward consists of postmodern townhouses built by developers. Many of the townhouses have corrugated metal, and Downtown Houston is visible from the properties. Many young urban professionals and empty nesters live in the townhouses. The area west of Buckner street has many two story suburban style houses on small lots, intended for lower income individuals. As of 2006 few shotgun houses remain in the Fourth Ward.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Area students attend schools in the Houston Independent School District, including Gregory-Lincoln Education Center for K-8 and Reagan High School. At Gregory Lincoln for the 2006-2007 school year, the student body was 68% African-American, 31% Hispanic, and less than 1% white. Also, 94% of the school’s 211 students qualified for free or reduced-price lunch, while 78% of Gregory-Lincoln’s attendants are classified as being “at risk."

As part of the Houston Independent School District, schools like Gregory Lincoln have around the city average per pupil spending of $5,558 for the 2001-2002 school year, which is considerably lower than that of the state of Texas at $6,850 and the United States average of $7,548 for 2002.

The Freedmen's Bureau opened schools for children in the area after the establishment of Freedmen's Town. The Texas Legislature authorized the creation of public schools for Freedmen's Town by 1870. By 1872 most of the students and teachers who were at the bureau schools, which were closing, left them to attend the state-managed Gregory Institute, named after Edgar M. Gregory, an officer in the Union army in the U.S. Civil War and the assistant commissioner of the Texas area's Freedmen's Bureau. By 1876 the school became a part of the Houston public school system. The Edgar M. Gregory School, a elementary school, opened in 1926. It was vacant from 1980 until its re-purposing as a library. When it was vacant, it had broken windows, a leaky roof that allowed rain to pour into the facility, and pigeons living in the facility. In 2009 the facility was re-purposed as a research library.

In 2009 the HISD administration proposed relocating Carnegie Vanguard High School from a location near the Sunnyside neighborhood to the Fourth Ward. District administrators favored the move because students come from across the school district, and the central location would make transportation easier. During that year the school board approved of the plan.

Public libraries

The Houston Public Library operates the African American Library at the Gregory School. The library preserves historical information about the African-American community in Houston. The library features galleries, an oral history recording room, and reading rooms. $11 million dollars from federal community development block grants and construction funds from Houston Public Library and the City of Houston financed the renovation of the Gregory facility.

Renovation of the Gregory School began in 2008. In February 2009 the developers of the library asked local residents for memorabilia that the library can use in its exhibits. The library was scheduled to open on November 14, 2009. Renovations took about one and one half years. As part of the renovation process, the school's windows were removed, restored, and reinstalled, and the brick on the east, south, and west sides of the building was cleaned and preserved. The north side received a set of matching bricks. The library's appearance is intended to match its original 1926 appearance. The library opened by December 2009. The library system digitized some of the materials it received so the material would be available online as well as in person. In November 2010 members of the Gregory Library Watch, a group started in January 2010, accused the library of deliberately not archiving certain historical documents. Lenwood Johnson, an organization member, stated that the library refused to archive documents about an effort to prevent the closing of the Allen Parkway Village public housing project, and Timothy O'Brien, a member of the group, said "They don't want to hear the low-income black history because it indicts the African-American politicians."

Parks and recreation

On Wednesday March 25, 2009 the City of Houston bought the remains of the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church, which received damage in a fire in 2005. The city plans to convert the church into a park. The city purchased the church, one of the oldest in Houston, for $350,000 of special tax increment re-investment zone money. The city planned for the restoration project to take two years. Prior to the city's purchase of the church, area residents feared that the church ruins would be demolished to make room for more townhouses. Since the fire occurred, the Bethel Missionary Baptist Church congregation relocated to a new building. Pastor Robert Robertson, the leader of the church, supported the city's purchase and restoration of the church facility. The church was founded by Jack Yates.

Notable residents

Jack Yates - The house Yates occupied was originally in the Fourth Ward. It was later moved to Sam Houston Park and it was opened to the public on Wednesday December 11, 1996.

See also

African-American neighborhood

References

External links

Fourth Ward Redevelopment Authority

The African American Library at the Gregory School

The High School for Performing and Visual Arts and Gregory-Lincoln Education Center Collaborative Historic Preservation Project - Houston Independent School District

Lomax, John Nova. "O'Brien's Song." ''Houston Press''. Wednesday December 9, 2009.

Gregory Library Watch

Category:Neighborhoods in Houston, Texas

fullname	Tony Frank Hawk
birth date	May 12, 1968
birth place	Carlsbad, California, United States
sport	Skateboarding
country
height
weight
medaltemplates	}}

}} Anthony Frank "Tony" Hawk (born May 12, 1968) is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. Hawk gained significant fame for completing the first 900 as well as his licensed video game titles distributed by Activision. He is widely considered one of the most successful and influential pioneers of modern vertical skateboarding.

Raised in San Diego, CA, Hawk was described as being "hyperactive" as a child. His parents supported his skateboarding because it served as an outlet for his excessive energy, and as Hawk's skills developed, he became a professional skateboarder at age fourteen. In 1999, he became the first skater to land a 900. In 2002, he created the Boom Boom HuckJam, an extreme sports exhibition and tour which launched in Las Vegas. Throughout his career, Hawk has made numerous appearances in films and other media, as well as his own series of video games. He has also been involved in various philanthropic activities including his own Tony Hawk Foundation which helps build skateparks in underprivileged areas, and also including collaborations with other athletes in the charity Athletes for Hope.

Early life

Hawk was born in San Diego, California, to a retired U.S. Navy officer, Frank Hawk. His wife Nancy Hawk, is a part-time business teacher. Hawk began skateboarding at age eight after his older brother Steve gave him a used skateboard and his father constructed a ramp in their backyard. When Hawk was young, he was described as being "hyperactive," and his mother says that he was "so hard on himself and expected himself to do so many things." One time, Tony struck out in baseball and was so distraught that he hid in a ravine and had to be "physically coaxed out" by his father. His frustration with himself was so harsh that his parents had him psychologically evaluated at school. The results were that Tony was "gifted," and school advisors recommended placing him in advanced classes.

Hawk attended Jean Farb Middle School from 1980 to 1981, and recently went back there for the show "Homecoming" where he set up a ramp and did a demonstration.

He turned pro by the age of 14. He graduated from Torrey Pines High School in the North County Coastal area of San Diego, California. Tony Hawk was the world champion for 12 consecutive years.

Professional career

The 900

On July 27, 1999, Hawk was the first skater to land a 900. He successfully landed the trick, which involves completing two-and-a-half revolutions with the skateboard, on the eleventh attempt. After completing the trick, he commented, "This is the best day of my life." Nearly 12 years later Hawk was still able to land his famous 900 and posted a video of the trick via his Twitter account stating "I'm 42 and I did a 900 today."

Boom Boom HuckJam

In 2002, Tony Hawk started the Boom Boom HuckJam tour, which is a touring exhibition featuring freestyle motocross, skateboarding, and BMX with a show in Las Vegas and then on to 31 cities around the USA and eventually to Six Flags amusement parks.

Film and television appearances

thumb|left|300px|Tony Hawk (left) making a guest judge appearance, at the FlowRider Mobile Wave machine, installed for the 2009 Canadian National. In 1989, he appeared as a skateboarder in ''Gleaming the Cube''. In 2002, he appeared in Neal H. Moritzs's and Christopher Gilcrest's film ''xXx'' playing the role of one of Xander Cages stuntman friends, and later in the movie, a skateboarder at a party. In 2004 he played himself in the Australian skateboarding movie Deck Dogz. In 2006, Tony Hawk appeared in a cameo on the film ''Drake & Josh Go Hollywood'' as himself; when Drake & Josh steal his car to escape from two crooks with the Geo (iPods) that carry illegal information for counterfeiting money. Tony Hawk also asks for the cops to give Drake & Josh a police escort to Sunset Studios, for a performance on TRL. Hawk has had a cameo in film ''The New Guy''. Hawk appeared in ''Jackass: The Movie'' with Mat Hoffman and Bam Margera, skateboarding in a fat suit and Jackass 2, while skateboarding through an obstacle course. Tony appears in the film following the 2006 Gumball Rally, 3000 Miles, again with Bam Margera. He also plays the police officer who arrests Ryan Dunn in the movie Haggard: The Movie. Hawk also made a brief cameo appearance in ''Lords Of Dogtown'' as an astronaut, where he is shown comically falling off the skateboard as he is a "rookie". He played himself in an episode of ''Rocket Power''.

Hawk was featured as an extra in the "Weird Al" Yankovic video "Smells like Nirvana". He can be seen sitting in the bleachers during the crowd sweep near Dick Van Patten. He also made a cameo appearance in the Simple Plan music video for "I'm Just a Kid", he can be seen, in a crowd, watching kids at a high school skating..

On television, he has also appeared in ''What I Like About You'', ''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody'', ''The Tom Green Show'', ''The Naked Brothers Band'' and ''Zeke and Luther'', ''So Random'', and ''All That''. Hawk was a guest on the kid's show on Nickelodeon, ''Yo Gabba Gabba''. In 2000, he played himself in Max Steel. He also guest voiced on ''The Simpsons'' episode "Barting Over", where he played himself, along with fellow San Diegans Blink-182. In the episode, Hawk lends Homer a new board from his brand where complete rookies are able to perform at the top levels. He ends up having a comical play off with him after Homer begins to show him up. On the PBS Kids show ''Cyberchase'', he guest starred as Slider's long-lost father, Coop. In the CSI: Miami episode "Game Over" he played a game programmer who was murdered. In 2008, he played on ''Million Dollar Password''. Hawk also played on Fox's ''Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader''. Tony Hawk helped design the world famous Canvey Island skate park in 1982 and has hosted Cartoon Network's "Hall of Game" sports award show on February 25, 2011. Hawk was also on the Live-Action/Animated Talk Show Take Two With Phineas and Ferb.

Video games

A video game series based on his skateboarding debuted in 1999. Since then, the series has spawned 16 titles, including main series titles, spin-offs, and repackages. The latest game of the series is the Tony Hawk: Ride, which involves riding on a skateboard-shaped controller.

Amusement park rides

A series of amusement park rides known as Tony Hawk's Big Spin were built in three Six Flags parks in 2007 and 2008. The ride was originally billed as the "total Tony Hawk experience" and was designed to have the look and feel of a giant red-and-black skatepark. It offered a full "extreme sports" experience, with monitors in the queue lines displaying highlights of the history of action sports and a large spinning Tony Hawk figure crowning the ride. Additionally, a water park ride called Tony Hawk's Halfpipe was opened at Six Flags America in Bowie, MD.

In-game likeness and appearances

Tony Hawk was originally designated as the protagonist of the ''Tony Hawk'' series. Hawk appears as a player character in all of the Tony Hawk games.

Hawk's role in the series was usurped by customizable player characters in later installments, but he has remained a prominent character. In the 2003 game ''Tony Hawk's Underground'', he is a minor non-player character whom the player meets in Tampa, Florida and skates against. Impressed with the player's skills, Hawk grants them entry into a skate competition. He later appears in Moscow to teach them the "360 Varial Heelflip Lien" move. Hawk and other skaters are briefly playable near the end of the game when they skate in a promotional video for the player's skate team, and in all gameplay modes except the story mode.

Personal life

Hawk married Cindy Dunbar in April 1990. They had a son, Riley Hawk (born December 6, 1992) whom they named for one of Hawk's ancestors. Riley also skates for Lakai Limited Footwear and Hawk's own Birdhouse Skateboards. The couple divorced in 1993.

Hawk married Erin Lee in 1996. They had two sons, Spencer (born July 26, 1999) and Keegan (born March 18, 2001). Lee and Hawk divorced in 2004.

Hawk married Lhotse Merriam on January 12, 2006, on the island of Tavarua, Fiji. The couple's first child, a daughter named Kadence Clover Hawk, was born on June 30, 2008. The couple announced their divorce on February 7, 2011.

Philanthropy

Tony launched the Tony Hawk Foundation, which has given away more than $3.4 million to help build well over 400 skateparks around the U.S.A. The Foundation supports projects in low income areas and helps underprivileged kids. In 2007, Hawk, Andre Agassi, Muhammad Ali, Lance Armstrong, Warrick Dunn, Jeff Gordon, Mia Hamm, Andrea Jaeger, Jackie Joyner-Kersee, Mario Lemieux, Alonzo Mourning and Cal Ripken, Jr. founded the charity Athletes for Hope which helps professional athletes get involved in charitable causes and aims to inspire all people to volunteer and support their communities.

References

External links

tonyhawkfoundation.org

Tony's Birdhouse Skateboards website

Category:1969 births Category:American businesspeople Category:American skateboarders Category:Sportspeople from San Diego, California Category:Living people Category:People from San Diego, California Category:X-Games athletes

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