The Third Crusade - 1189--1192 - Saladin VS Richard The Lionheart
The Third Crusade (1189--1192), also known as the
Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by
European leaders to reconquer the
Holy Land from
Saladin (
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb). It was largely successful, capturing
Acre,
Jaffa, and reversing most of Saladin's conquests, but failed to capture
Jerusalem, which was the emotional and spiritual fixation of the
Crusade.
After the failure of the
Second Crusade, the
Zengid dynasty controlled a unified
Syria and engaged in a conflict with the
Fatimid rulers of
Egypt, which ultimately resulted in the unification of
Egyptian and
Syrian forces under the command of Saladin, who employed them to reduce the
Christian states and to recapture Jerusalem in 1187. Spurred by religious zeal,
Henry II of England and
Philip II of France ended their conflict with each other to lead a new crusade.
Henry's death in 1189, however, meant that the
English contingent came under the command of his successor
Richard I of England (known as
Richard the Lionheart, in
French Cœur de Lion).
The elderly Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa responded to the call to arms, and led a massive army across
Anatolia, but drowned in a river in
Asia Minor on 10 June 1190, before reaching the Holy Land. His death caused the greatest grief among the
German Crusaders. Most of his discouraged troops left to go home.
After driving the Muslims from Acre,
Frederick's successor
Leopold V of Austria and
Philip left the Holy Land in August 1191. Saladin failed to defeat
Richard in any military engagements, and Richard secured several more key coastal cities.
Nevertheless, on
2 September 1192, Richard finalized a treaty with Saladin by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but which also allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims and merchants to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on 2 October. The successes of the
Third Crusade would allow the Crusaders to maintain a considerable kingdom based in
Cyprus and the
Syrian coast. However, its failure to recapture Jerusalem would lead to the call for a
Fourth Crusade six years later.
After the failure of the Second Crusade,
Nur ad-Din Zangi had control of
Damascus and a unified Syria.
Eager to expand his power,
Nur ad-Din set his sights on the
Fatimid dynasty of Egypt. In 1163, Nur ad-Din's most trusted general,
Shirkuh set out on a military expedition to the
Nile. Accompanying the general was his young nephew, Saladin.
With Shirkuh's troops camped outside of
Cairo, Egypt's sultan,
Shawar called on
King Amalric I of Jerusalem for assistance. In response, Amalric sent an army into Egypt and attacked Shirkuh's troops at
Bilbeis in 1164.
In an attempt to divert
Crusader attention from Egypt, Nur ad-Din attacked
Antioch, resulting in a massacre of
Christian soldiers and the capture of several Crusader leaders, including
Bohemond III, Prince of Antioch. Nur ad-Din sent the scalps of the Christian defenders to Egypt for Shirkuh to proudly display at Bilbeis for Amalric's soldiers to see. This action prompted both Amalric and Shirkuh to lead their armies out of Egypt.
In 1167, Nur ad-Din once again sent Shirkuh to conquer the
Fatimids in Egypt. Shawar also opted to once again call upon Amalric for the defence of his territory. The combined Egyptian-Christian forces pursued Shirkuh until he retreated to
Alexandria.
Amalric then breached his alliance with Shawar by turning his forces on Egypt and besieging the city of Bilbeis. Shawar pleaded with his former enemy, Nur ad-Din to save him from Amalric's treachery. Lacking the resources to maintain a prolonged siege of
Cairo against the combined forces of Nur ad-Din and Shawar, Amalric retreated. This new alliance gave Nur ad-Din rule over virtually all of Syria and Egypt.
Shawar was executed for his alliances with the Christian forces, and Shirkuh succeeded him as vizier of Egypt. In 1169, Shirkuh died unexpectedly after only weeks of rule. Shirkuh's successor was his nephew,
Salah ad-Din Yusuf, commonly known as Saladin. Nur ad-Din died in 1174, leaving the new empire to his 11-year old son, As-Salih. It was decided that the only man competent enough to uphold the jihad against the Franks was Saladin, who became sultan of both Egypt and Syria, and the founder of the
Ayyubid dynasty.
Amalric also died in 1174, leaving Jerusalem to his 13-year old son,
Baldwin IV. Although
Baldwin suffered from leprosy, he was an effective and active military commander, defeating Saladin at the battle of Montgisard in 1177, with support from
Raynald of Châtillon, who had been released from prison in 1176.
Later, he forged an agreement with Saladin to allow free trade between Muslim and Christian territories.
Raynald also raided caravans throughout the region. He expanded his piracy to the
Red Sea by sending galleys not only to raid ships, but to assault the city of
Mecca itself. These acts enraged the
Muslim world, giving Raynald a reputation as the most hated man in the
Middle East