Black Batoidea - Черный Скат

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• published: 29 Jul 2013
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Batoidea is a superorder of cartilaginous fish commonly known as rays and skates, containing more than 500 described species in thirteen families. They are in the fish subclass Elasmobranchii, along with sharks.They are closely related to sharks, from which they can be distinguished by their flattened bodies, enlarged pectoral fins that are fused to the head, and gill slits that are placed on their ventral surfaces. Anatomy Batoids are flat-bodied, and, like sharks, are cartilaginous marine fish, meaning they have a boneless skeleton made of a tough, elastic substance. Most batoids have five ventral slot-like body openings called gill slits that lead from the gills, but the Hexatrygonidae have six. Batoid gill slits lie under the pectoral fins on the underside, whereas a shark's are on the sides of the head. Most batoids have a flat, disk-like body, with the exception of the guitarfishes and sawfishes, while most sharks have a streamlined body. Many species of batoid have developed their pectoral fins into broad flat wing-like appendages. The anal fin is absent. The eyes and spiracles are located on top of the head. Batoids have a ventrally located mouth and can considerably protrude their upper jaw (palatoquadrate cartilage) away from the cranium to capture prey. The jaws have euhyostylic type suspension, which relies completely on the hyomandibular cartilages for support. Скаты (лат. Batoidea) — один из двух надотрядов пластиножаберных хрящевых рыб. Содержит пять отрядов и пятнадцать семейств. Для скатов характерно весьма «расплющенное» тело и большие грудные плавники, сросшиеся с головой. Пасть, ноздри и пять пар жабр находятся на плоской и, как правило, светлой нижней стороне. Хвост бичеобразной формы. Большинство скатов живёт в морской воде, однако существует и несколько пресноводных видов (моторо и др.) Верхняя сторона у скатов приспособлена по расцветке к тому или иному жизненному пространству и может варьировать от светло-песочной до чёрной. На верхней стороне расположены глаза и отверстия, в которые проникает вода для дыхания — брызгальца (первая пара жаберных щелей).