This article is part of the History of Indonesia series
See also: Timeline of Indonesian History
Prehistory
Early kingdoms
Kutai (4th century)
Tarumanagara (358–669)
Kalingga (6th–7th century)
Srivijaya (7th–13th centuries)
Sailendra (8th–9th centuries)
Sunda Kingdom (669–1579)
Medang Kingdom (752–1045)
Kediri (1045–1221)
Singhasari (1222–1292)
Majapahit (1293–1500)
The rise of Muslim states
Spread of Islam (1200–1600)
Sultanate of Ternate (1257–present)
Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511)
Sultanate of Demak (1475–1548)
Aceh Sultanate (1496–1903)
Sultanate of Banten (1526–1813)
Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s)
European colonisation
The Portuguese (1512–1850)
Dutch East India Co. (1602–1800)
Dutch East Indies (1800–1942)
The emergence of Indonesia
National awakening (1908–1942)
Japanese occupation (1942–45)
National revolution (1945–50)
Independent Indonesia
Liberal democracy (1950–57)
Guided Democracy (1957–65)
Start of the New Order (1965–66)
The New Order (1966–98)
Reformasi era (1998–present)
v t e

Permesta was a rebel movement in Indonesia, its name based on Piagam Perjuangan Semesta (Universal Struggle Charter)^[1]. It was declared by civil and military leaders in East Indonesia on March 2, 1957. The center of the movement was in Manado, and the movement was led by Colonel Ventje Sumual. Alexander Evert Kawilarang resigned his position as Indonesian military attache in the USA to become a general in the Permesta army. The Permesta rebels fought against central government troops until the last remnants surrendered and were given an amnesty in 1961.

The rebellion was caused by a combination of reasons. Foremost was that certain ethnic groups in Sulawesi and central Sumatra felt that government policies from Jakarta were stagnating their local economies, which in turn limited any opportunities for regional development. ^[2]. In addition there was a certain amount of animosity towards the Javanese ethic group, who were the most numerous and influential in the newly created unitary state of Indonesia. ^[3]. In effect this conflict was less about an thoughts of secession from the Indonesian state, and more about a fair division of economic and political power in Indonesia. ^[4]

CIA support of the Permesta rebels came in the form of 15 B-26 bombers which formed the rebel airforce AUREV (Angkatan Udara Revolusioner) based on Manado airfield, large amounts of weapons and equipment, significant funds, plus an international cast of CIA agents and mercenaries from Philippines, Taiwan, and Poland. Emboldened by CIA aid, the rebels began a series of airstrikes against cities in Sulawesi and Maluku held by central government. The cities bombed by the rebel planes, piloted by CIA agents, included Balikpapan, Makassar, and Ambon. On 15 May 1958, rebel planes bombed the marketplace of Ambon, killing large numbers of civilians attending Ascension Sunday services.

Responding to the rebel aggression, President Sukarno ordered the Indonesian military to crush the PRRI-Permesta rebellion. A series of air raids by central government airforce (AURI) on Manado destroyed most of the rebel B-26 planes. Meanwhile, a rebel B-26 bomber was shot down on 18 May 1958 by Indonesian pilot Ignatius Dewanto over Ambon. Its pilot, an American CIA agent named Allen Pope, was captured and put on trial in Jakarta where he exposed the CIA's deep involvement in the rebellion. Consequently, the CIA began to withdraw its support of the rebellion.

After annihilating the rebel air force AUREV, central government troops launched an amphibious and airborne assault on the rebel capital Manado called Operasi Merdeka (Operation Independence). Indonesian troops quickly expelled the rebels from Manado, after which they maintained guerrilla resistance around the Lake Tondano area. However, the central government started a successful campaign offering amnesties to induce surrenders. Rebels who had many familial and amicable relationships with many of the central government soldiers began to surrender. The last Permesta rebels surrendered and swore an oath of loyalty to the central government in 1961.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Conboy, Kenneth and Morrison, James (January 2000) Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957-1958. US Naval Press Institute,
• Ricklefs (1982), A History of Modern Indonesia, Macmillan Southeast Asian reprint, ISBN 0-333-24380-3

External links[link]

• Permesta Information Online
• The Permesta Rebellion

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

Christopher Charles John
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana's 7th district
In office January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2005
Preceded by	Jimmy Hayes
Succeeded by	Charles Boustany
Member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from the 42nd district
In office 1988–1996
Preceded by	Donald Thibodeaux
Succeeded by	Gil Pinac
Personal details
Born	(1960-01-05) January 5, 1960 (age 52) Crowley, Louisiana in Acadia Parish
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Payton Smith John
Religion	Roman Catholic

Christopher Charles "Chris" John (born January 5, 1960) is American politician who was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1997 to 2005, representing Louisiana's 7th congressional district.

Early life[link]

John was born in Crowley, the seat of Acadia Parish, one of six children, and reared as a Roman Catholic. He is of Lebanese, French, and German extraction. He attended Notre Dame Catholic High School and Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. He was a house page while his father, John N. John, Jr., was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He later was elected to and served on the Crowley City Council in the early 1980s.

State politics[link]

Chris John first became a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives before he entered the U.S. House. In what was considered a major upset at the time, John defeated the state House incumbent, the former director of the Louisiana State Police, Donald Thibodeaux, in October 1987, by 54-46 percent.

Thibodeaux had won a full term in 1983 after having won a special election the year before to fill the unexpired term of John's father, who died in an automobile accident.

Chris John served in the state house until 1996, when he finished third with 15 percent of the statewide vote in the 1995 race for lieutenant governor behind the eventual winner (and, who, eight years later, in 2003, became Louisiana's first distaff chief executive) Kathleen Babineaux Blanco. John narrowly lost the general election berth against Blanco to a fellow state representative, Republican Suzanne Mayfield Krieger of Slidell in St. Tammany Parish.

Terms in Congress: Representative, and run for Senate[link]

In 1996, John was elected to Congress. He defeated fellow Democrat Hunter Lundy in a runoff.

In 2004, John surrendered his "safe" House seat to run for the U.S. Senate seat being vacated by popular Democrat and fellow Crowley native John Breaux, who endorsed him.

Despite the endorsement of Breaux, the most prolific vote-getter in the history of Louisiana, Chris John was defeated by Republican David Vitter of the New Orleans suburbs in the primary, Vitter garnering 51 percent of the vote, compared to only 29 percent for John. The remainder of the ballots was split between State Treasurer John Neely Kennedy and then-state senator Arthur Morrell, both Democrats. Additionally, John's seat in the House fell into Republican hands, as Charles Boustany won the 7th district with 55% of the vote against Democrat Willie Mount.^[1]

Post-political career[link]

John is married to Payton Smith of Leesville, whose father, John Smith, was a member of the Louisiana legislature. They have two sons, twin boys. John has worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C since his defeat, making his home in Lafayette, Louisiana, while commuting to Washington. In August 2007, Chris John made public his acceptance of the top lobbying job with The Louisiana Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association, allowing him to move permanently back to Louisiana (Morning Advocate).^{[citation needed]}

In 2009, John was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.^[2]

Electoral history[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
• Financial information at OpenSecrets.org

v t e Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Louisiana 1st district Livingston, E. • White • Johnson • White • Slidell • Sére • St. Martin • Dunbar • Eustis • Bouligny • Sypher • Lawrence • Gibson • Hunt • St. Martin • Wilkinson • Meyer • Estopinal • O'Connor • Fernández • Hébert • Tonry • Livingston, R. • Vitter • Jindal • Scalise 2nd district Gurley • Thomas • Ripley • Chinn • Dawson • la Branche • Thibodeaux • Conrad • Bullard • Landry, J. A. • Hunt • Taylor • Mann • Sheldon • Ellis • Hahn • Wallace • Lagan • Coleman • Lagan • Davey • Buck • Davey • Gilmore • Dupré • Spearing • Maloney • Boggs, T. H. • Maloney • Boggs, T. H. • Boggs, L • Jefferson • Cao • Richmond 3rd district Brent • Overton • Bullard • Garland • Moore • Dawson • Harmanson • Penn • Perkins • Davidson • Newsham • Darrall • Acklen • Darrall • Kellogg • Gay • Price • Broussard • Martin • Montet • Mouton • Domengeaux • Willis • Caffery • Treen • Tauzin • Melançon • Landry, J. M. 4th district Bossier • Morse • Moore • Jones • Sandidge • Landrum • Vidal • Newsham • McCleery • Boarman • Smith • Levy • Elam • Blanchard • Ogden • Breazeale • Watkins • Sandlin • Brooks • Waggonner • Leach • Roemer • McCrery • Fields • McCrery • Fleming 5th district Ransdell • Elder • Wilson • Mills • McKenzie • Passman • Huckaby • McCrery • Cooksey • Alexander 6th district Sheridan • Nash • Robertson, E. • Lewis • Irion • Robertson, E. • Robertson, S. • Favrot • Wickliffe • Morgan • Sanders, Sr. • Favrot • Kemp • Sanders, Jr. • Griffith • Sanders, Jr. • Morrison • Rarick • Moore • Baker • Cazayoux • Cassidy 7th district Pujo • Lazaro • De Rouen • Plauche • Larcade • Thompson • Edwards • Breaux • Hayes • John • Boustany 8th district Aswell • Overton • Dear • Allen • Long, Doc • McSween • Long, G. • Long, S. • Long, G. • Long, C. • Holloway At-large Clark • Poydras • Robertson • Butler • Johnston • Sheridan

Medal record
Competitor for  United States
Men's Boxing
Olympic Games
Silver	2000 Sydney	Featherweight
World Amateur Championships
Gold	1999 Houston	Featherweight

Ricardo Rocky Juarez (born April 15, 1980 in Houston, Texas) is a professional Mexican-American boxer. Juarez has a current professional record of 28 wins, 7 losses and 1 draw, with 19 wins coming by way of knockout.

Amateur career[link]

Juarez had a lustrous amateur career with a 145-17 record, which included a 68 fight winning streak, a Featherweight Olympic silver medal and a Junior Olympic World and National gold medal. In 1999 he won the world title at the 1999 World Amateur Boxing Championships in his home town. During the 2000 Olympics Gold medal round, Juarez loss controversially against Bekzat Sattarkhanov who was warned several times for holding and not penalized. It should be also noted that by the end of the second round Juarez was losing 11 points and had only 4 points to lose the match by RSC.^[1] Juarez accepted the silver medal.

• 1998 United States Amateur Featherweight champion. Results were:
  • Defeated Daniel Chavez points
  • Defeated Darling Jimenez points
  • Defeated Aaron Torres points
  • Defeated Hong Gu points
• 1999 United States Amateur Featherweight champion. Results were:
  • Defeated Jose Santa Cruz points
  • Defeated Francisco Valentin TKO 3
  • Defeated Ray Martinez points
  • Defeated Aaron Torres points
  • Defeated Steve Luevano points
• 2000 United States Amateur Featherweight champion
• Member of the 2000 U.S. Olympic team as a Featherweight, winning a silver medal. Results were:
  • Defeated Bijan Batmani (Iran) RSC-3
  • Defeated Falk Huste (Germany) points
  • Defeated Somluck Kamsing (Thailand) RSC-4
  • Defeated Kamil Dzamalutdinov (Russia) points
  • Lost to Bekzat Sattarkhanov (Kazakhstan) points

Professional career[link]

Juarez turned pro on January 25, 2001 with a unanimous decision against Pascali Adorno. A highly touted prospect, Juarez rose up the ranks with wins against Hector Velazquez, and Joe Morales. Juarez's 10th round knockout of Antonio Diaz was named Ring Magazine Knockout of the Year for 2003. His first challenge came from 1996 Olympian Zahir Raheem on July 17, 2004, in which he won by controversial decision, possibly due the fight taking place at Juarez's hometown in Houston, Texas. Juarez's first career loss came to Humberto Soto, who was a late sub replacement to In Jin Chi, Soto outboxed Juarez in the whole fight to win the Interim version of the WBC featherweight title. Juarez bounced back with back-to-back wins against Reynaldo Hurtado and Backlin Medrano and earned a shot against Mexican legend, Marco Antonio Barrera for his WBC Super featherweight title.

Juarez fought Barrera on May 20, 2006 in the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. Barrera used his jab to win the early rounds, but it was obvious from the start that Juarez wasn't backing down hurting Barrera's nose in the process. During the second half of the fight Juarez took control by rocking Barrera and making him spit out his mouthpiece several times. In a very close fight, the bout was announced originally as a draw, but later it was revealed that two of the judges scorecards had an error, as Barrera was granted the win by split decision.^[2] Despite losing Juarez gained notoriety by standing toe to toe with one of the best pound-for-pound boxers in the world. Although not required by contract, Barrera and Juarez met in a rematch on September 16, this time Barrera winning comfortably on points through a unanimous decision (117-111, 115-113, 115-113).^[3]

As a replacement for Jorge Rodrigo Barrios, Rocky Juarez stepped in and fought Juan Manuel Márquez for the WBC Super Featherweight title on November 3, 2007. He lost to Marquez on a unanimous decision. Juarez fought most of the fight with a bad cut above his left eye due to an accidental headbutt in the first round.^[4]

On September 6, 2008, Rocky Juarez, (27-4, 19 KO's) won by TKO at 2:55 in the 11th round of the 12-rounder over former WBO Junior Lightweight Champion Jorge Rodrigo Barrios, (47-3-1, 34 KO's).^[5][6]

In his fourth attempt at a title, Juarez fought Chris John to a controversial draw on February 28, 2009 in his hometown of Houston. Most ringside observers thought John won.^[7] The two were supposed to fight a rematch on June 27 of that year but John withdrew from the fight due to problems with his blood tests.^[7] The rematch finally took place on September 19 and the fight was won by John.^[8]

Rocky Juarez fought Jason Litzau on April 3, 2010, losing by a controversial technical decision when the fight was halted in the seventh round due to a cut on Litzau's cheek which referee Jay Nady ruled was caused by an accidental head butt. The judges scored it 68-65 and 67-66 twice, in favour of the winner, Jason Litzau.^[9]

Professional boxing record[link]

28 Wins (20 knockouts, 8 decisions), 9 Losses, 1 Draw (s), 0 No Contests[10]
Result	Record	Opponnent	Type	Round	Date	Location	Notes
N/A	N/A	Yuriorkis Gamboa	-	? (?)	2012-03-03	Staples Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
Loss	28-9-1	Vicente Escobedo	UD	10	2011-09-23	Fantasy Springs Casino, Indio, California, United States
Loss	28-8-1	Alejandro Sanabria	UD	12	2011-02-19	Auditorio Ernesto Rufo, Rosarito, Baja California, Mexico	vacant WBC Continental Americas Super Featherweight title on the line.
Loss	28-7-1	Jorge Linares	UD	12	2010-07-31	Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	interim WBA Fedelatin Lightweight title on the line.
Loss	28-6-1	Jason Litzau	TD	7 (10)	2010-04-03	Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	NABF Fedelatin Super Featherweight title on the line.
Loss	28-5-1	Chris John	UD	12	2009-09-19	MGM Grand, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States	WBA Super World Featherweight title on the line.
Draw	28-4-1	Chris John	D	12	2009-02-28	Toyota Center, Houston, Texas, United States	WBA World Featherweight title on the line.
Win	28-4	Jorge Barrios	TKO	11 (12), 2:55	2008-09-06	Toyota Center, Houston, Texas, United States	Won vacant WBO Latino Super Featherweight title.

External links[link]

• Professional boxing record for Rocky Juarez from BoxRec

References[link]