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Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)
Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!
Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!
Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference
The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res
Plant Structure
Learn About Plants - Different Parts
Plants vs Zombies Music Video
Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review
Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer
Plant Control
The Tortoise and the Solar Plant

Plant

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Plant (2011)

Plot


Keywords:



Genres


Taglines:

it's always too late

Quotes:

Make changes yourself !



Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 41:10
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)

Thanks for every Like and Favorite! They really help! This is Part 1 of the Plants vs Zombies 2: It's About Time Gameplay Walkthrough for the iPad! It includ...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)
Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:19
  • Updated: 21 Aug 2013

Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!

Smash that like button if you like this! Plants vs Zombies 2 special plant food Power-ups! Making our brains safer. Which one is your favorite? Plants vs. Zo...
  • published: 08 Aug 2013
  • views: 626190
  • author: rfm767
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!
Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:24
  • Updated: 29 Aug 2013

Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!

Smash that like button if you like this! Plants vs Zombies 2: It's About Time Premium plants and their food Power-ups! Making our brains safer one pea at a time. Which one is your favorite? Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every Premium plants Power-Up! credits: Power Lilly, Snow Pea, Squash, Imitater, Jalapeno, Torchwood. Special thanks to the rest of the plants for helping up with the making of this video: Bonk Choy, Kernel-Pult, Snapdragon, Peashooter, Split Pea, Iceberg Lettuce, Wall-Nut, Tall-Nut, Chili Bean, Bloomerang, Repeater, Cabbage-Pult, Spikeweed, Spikerock, Potato Mine, Melon-Pult, Winter Melon, Pea Pod, Threepeater, Lightning Reed, Sunflower, Twin Sunflower, Spring Bean, and Coconut Cannon! No plants were harmed during this video, some zombies were. Do not try this at your garden. SUBSCRIBE & JOIN THE CRAZINESS :D https://bit.ly/SubscribeRfm767 Moar crazy PvZ videos here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCEAFB191EB64C0F0 --------------------------------------------- MY FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/Rfm767 MY TWITTER: https://twitter.com/Rfm767vsZombies MY GOOGLE+: http://Gplus.to/Rfm767vsZombiesRfm767...
  • published: 29 Aug 2013
  • views: 9033
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!
Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:13
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference

Check out the latest zombie and plant-fuled action in the new trailer. Subscribe to IGN's channel for reviews, news, and all things gaming: http://www.youtub...
  • published: 10 Jun 2013
  • views: 886236
  • author: IGN
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference
The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res
  • Order:
  • Duration: 1:35:51
  • Updated: 19 Aug 2013

The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res

This is a higher resolution version of the classic and rare 1979 documentary. Even on the lower levels of life, there is a profound consciousness or awarenes...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res
Plant Structure
  • Order:
  • Duration: 13:37
  • Updated: 18 Aug 2013

Plant Structure

Paul Andersen explains the major plants structures. He starts with a brief discussion of monocot and dicot plants. He then describes the three main tissues i...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plant Structure
Learn About Plants - Different Parts
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:59
  • Updated: 15 Aug 2013

Learn About Plants - Different Parts

Plant parts do different things for the plant. To buy this or any other Appu Series CDs or Books, please visit http://www.appuseries.com.
  • published: 19 Apr 2010
  • views: 216631
  • author: APPUSERIES
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Learn About Plants - Different Parts
Plants vs Zombies Music Video
  • Order:
  • Duration: 2:47
  • Updated: 20 Aug 2013

Plants vs Zombies Music Video

Zombies have invaded PopCap Games, and they've even made a music video! Visit www.plantsvszombies.com for more details on the game! Song Lyrics: (chorus) The...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs Zombies Music Video
Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review
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  • Duration: 2:23
  • Updated: 16 Aug 2013

Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review

Watch a full in depth Review of Snow Pea, a Premium Plant from Plants Vs. Zombies 2. Download Now: http://bit.ly/PlantsVSZombies2 Plants Vs. Zombies 2 App Review: http://youtu.be/TnlQ91E-4qI Watch the other Reviews on the Plants vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plants: Play All: http://bit.ly/PremiumPlants Snow Pea: http://youtu.be/8SPoSupyKeM TorchWood: http://youtu.be/Gt3eZdaO6hw Jalapeno: http://youtu.be/hdovXMEc2zE Imitator: http://youtu.be/IqyJs_h6hNk Squash: http://youtu.be/sbXnlkArIkU Power Lili: http://youtu.be/bN0uY5h68hs Game Upgrades: http://youtu.be/NB9O_fdyx1A Don't Want to pay for PvZ2 Premium Plants? Get AppNana to get FREE iTunes Gift Cards!!! Tutorial: http://bit.ly/appnanatutorial Tags: Plants Vs. Zombies 2 PvZ2 PVZ2 App Plant Zombie two free popcap EA Premium Free Plants vs. Zombies 2 v versus. Premium Plant In App Purchase store paid freemium Snow Pea Snow Shooter Snow Pea Shooter Frozen Ice Content Claim: Content Claim: All Video Clips and Sound have been either produced or licensed by AppFind. I use my own video clips and audio clips along with royalty free video clips bought from video hive, and royalty free sound from Adobe. I review the Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Snow Pea DLC and show my own gameplay of the app while I review it.
  • published: 16 Aug 2013
  • views: 6399
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review
Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer
  • Order:
  • Duration: 0:45
  • Updated: 16 Aug 2013

Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer

The official trailer for PopCap's next game, Plants vs. Zombies! Visit http://www.plantsvszombies.com to sign up to get the game early, get 10% off, and be n...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer
Plant Control
  • Order:
  • Duration: 7:54
  • Updated: 17 Aug 2013

Plant Control

Paul Andersen explains how plants use hormones to respond to their environment. The following hormones are detailed; auxin, cytokinins, gibberelins, abscisic...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Plant Control
The Tortoise and the Solar Plant
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:12
  • Updated: 17 Aug 2013

The Tortoise and the Solar Plant

July 25, 2013—The Ivanpah solar plant in California's Mojave Desert is the largest of its kind under construction in the world. Developer BrightSource says i...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/The Tortoise and the Solar Plant
THE SECRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS
  • Order:
  • Duration: 55:19
  • Updated: 14 Aug 2013

THE SECRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS

The secret world of plants gets us closer to these motionless and quiet creatures, so attractive and surprising as the rest of the living creatures. The docu...
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/THE SECRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS
Grow Garlic, & How To Plant Garlic GF TV
  • Order:
  • Duration: 13:19
  • Updated: 16 Aug 2013

Grow Garlic, & How To Plant Garlic GF TV

http://GardenFork.TV Planting & Growing Garlic is easy, learn how to plant and grow garlic, how to harvest garlic. super easy. Harvesting Garlic is done in l...
  • published: 23 Oct 2011
  • views: 131725
  • author: GardenFork
http://web.archive.org./web/20131029214200/http://wn.com/Grow Garlic, & How To Plant Garlic GF TV
  • Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)
    41:10
    Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)
  • Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!
    4:19
    Plants vs. Zombies 2 - Every plant Power-Up!
  • Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!
    1:24
    Plants vs. Zombies 2: Every Premium Plant Power-up!
  • Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference
    1:13
    Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare Teaser Trailer - E3 2013 EA Conference
  • The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res
    1:35:51
    The Secret Life of Plants - Hi-res
  • Plant Structure
    13:37
    Plant Structure
  • Learn About Plants - Different Parts
    5:59
    Learn About Plants - Different Parts
  • Plants vs Zombies Music Video
    2:47
    Plants vs Zombies Music Video
  • Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review
    2:23
    Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zombies 2 Premium Plant Review
  • Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer
    0:45
    Plants vs. Zombies Game Trailer
  • Plant Control
    7:54
    Plant Control
  • The Tortoise and the Solar Plant
    3:12
    The Tortoise and the Solar Plant
  • THE SECRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS
    55:19
    THE SECRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS
  • Grow Garlic, & How To Plant Garlic GF TV
    13:19
    Grow Garlic, & How To Plant Garlic GF TV

Plants vs. Zombies 2: It's About Time - Gameplay Walkthrough Part 1 - Ancient Egypt (iOS)

Thanks for every Like and Favorite! They really help! This is Part 1 of the Plants vs Zombies 2: It's About Time Gameplay Walkthrough for the iPad! It includ...

41:10
Plants vs. Zom­bies 2: It's About Time - Game­play Walk­through Part 1 - An­cient Egypt (iOS)
Thanks for every Like and Fa­vorite! They re­al­ly help! This is Part 1 of the Plants vs Zomb...
pub­lished: 11 Jul 2013
4:19
Plants vs. Zom­bies 2 - Every plant Pow­er-Up!
Smash that like but­ton if you like this! Plants vs Zom­bies 2 spe­cial plant food Pow­er-ups!...
pub­lished: 08 Aug 2013
au­thor: rfm767
1:24
Plants vs. Zom­bies 2: Every Pre­mi­um Plant Pow­er-up!
Smash that like but­ton if you like this! Plants vs Zom­bies 2: It's About Time Pre­mi­um plan...
pub­lished: 29 Aug 2013
1:13
Plants vs. Zom­bies: Gar­den War­fare Teas­er Trail­er - E3 2013 EA Con­fer­ence
Check out the lat­est zom­bie and plant-fuled ac­tion in the new trail­er. Sub­scribe to IGN's ...
pub­lished: 10 Jun 2013
au­thor: IGN
95:51
The Se­cret Life of Plants - Hi-res
This is a high­er res­o­lu­tion ver­sion of the clas­sic and rare 1979 doc­u­men­tary. Even on the ...
pub­lished: 09 Nov 2012
13:37
Plant Struc­ture
Paul An­der­sen ex­plains the major plants struc­tures. He starts with a brief dis­cus­sion of m...
pub­lished: 21 Apr 2012
5:59
Learn About Plants - Dif­fer­ent Parts
Plant parts do dif­fer­ent things for the plant. To buy this or any other Appu Se­ries CDs or...
pub­lished: 19 Apr 2010
au­thor: AP­PUSERIES
2:47
Plants vs Zom­bies Music Video
Zom­bies have in­vad­ed Pop­Cap Games, and they've even made a music video! Visit www.​plantsvs...
pub­lished: 01 Apr 2009
2:23
Snow Pea - Plants Vs. Zom­bies 2 Pre­mi­um Plant Re­view
Watch a full in depth Re­view of Snow Pea, a Pre­mi­um Plant from Plants Vs. Zom­bies 2. Downl...
pub­lished: 16 Aug 2013
0:45
Plants vs. Zom­bies Game Trail­er
The of­fi­cial trail­er for Pop­Cap's next game, Plants vs. Zom­bies! Visit http://​www.​plantsvs...
pub­lished: 23 Apr 2009
7:54
Plant Con­trol
Paul An­der­sen ex­plains how plants use hor­mones to re­spond to their en­vi­ron­ment. The fol­low...
pub­lished: 22 Apr 2012
3:12
The Tor­toise and the Solar Plant
July 25, 2013—The Ivan­pah solar plant in Cal­i­for­nia's Mo­jave Desert is the largest of its ...
pub­lished: 25 Jul 2013
55:19
THE SE­CRET WORLD OF THE PLANTS
The se­cret world of plants gets us clos­er to these mo­tion­less and quiet crea­tures, so attr...
pub­lished: 03 Apr 2012
13:19
Grow Gar­lic, & How To Plant Gar­lic GF TV
http://​GardenFork.​TV Plant­ing & Grow­ing Gar­lic is easy, learn how to plant and grow gar­lic...
pub­lished: 23 Oct 2011
au­thor: Gar­den­Fork
Vimeo results:
5:46
BON IVER "Holocene"
Di­rect­ed by: www.​NABIL.​com Dp: Larkin Seiple Ed­i­tor: Isaac Hagy Label: Jag­jaguwar Post: P...
pub­lished: 04 Aug 2011
2:21
Macro Time­lapse
You can share this video but not down­load! Thank you. ALL RIGHTS RE­SERVED. Kam­era und Sch...
pub­lished: 27 Jun 2013
au­thor: Daniel Csobot
6:37
My Fa­ther's Gar­den
Dis­cov­er­ing a whole tiny world in my fa­ther's small gar­den. there is a small pond with sma...
pub­lished: 17 Feb 2010
au­thor: Mirko Faien­za
4:28
New York Biotopes
My bach­e­lor grad­u­a­tion pro­ject „New York Biotopes“ deals with ab­stract plants and crea­ture...
pub­lished: 29 Jan 2013

Youtube results:
4:08
How To Plant & Grow Let­tuce
Learn how to plant and grow let­tuce from Burpee's ex­pert hor­ti­cul­tur­ist....
pub­lished: 22 Mar 2011
2:14
Plant­ing Toma­toes - A Quick Tip
For plant­ing toma­toes in a trench, or side­ways, this is a help­ful tip. It was sug­gest­ed by...
pub­lished: 12 Feb 2013
1:29
Of­fi­cial Trail­er for Plants vs. Zom­bies™ 2: It's About Time!
The first of­fi­cial trail­er for Plants vs. Zom­bies™ 2: It's About Time! The awe­some se­quel ...
pub­lished: 03 Jun 2013
3:03
How to Plant a Veg­etable Gar­den
See what you can learn on the go with the new How­cast App for iPhone and iPad: http://bit....
pub­lished: 22 May 2009
au­thor: How­cast
×
photo: AP / Lee Jin-man
The United Arab Emirates Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum salutes upon his arrival at the Seoul Military Airport in Seoul
Edit The Siasat Daily
28 Oct 2013
Sydney, October 28.. The Gulf emirate of Dubai unveiled passenger operations at its Al-Maktoum International airport, which is touted to be the world’s largest airport once completed. Al-Maktoum is built next to Dubai Jebel Ali Free Zone and its port in Dubai World Central, an economic zone the government hopes to turn into what it calls an ‘aerotropolis’ ... (ANI). Recommend Twitter. Comments(0). next>>  . Latest News....(size: 2.7Kb)




Edit noodls
29 Oct 2013
Perfect cooperation in with Rastatt plant. new Kecskemét plant produces top quality ... "The Kecskemét plant is making a decisive contribution to our growth along the Mercedes-Benz 2020 growth strategy ... The Hungarian plant, opened in March 2012, plays an important role in this ... The Kecskemét plant and the Rastatt plant together form the production network for the new generation of Mercedes-Benz compact cars....(size: 5.4Kb)
Edit noodls
29 Oct 2013
Edwards Coal Plant ... Edwards coal-fired power plant threatens the health of thousands of Peoria and Tazewell County residents according to  According to the modeling study, the E.D ... Coal-fired power plants like the E.D ... Old, dirty and uncontrolled plants like the Edwards plant threaten public health by emitting concentrations of pollution in excess of what the EPA says is safe....(size: 6.1Kb)
Edit The Examiner
29 Oct 2013
Perennial plants, ones that live for more than two years, can enliven low maintenance landscape plantings. If the right plant is matched with its appropriate site in the landscape it should thrive without excessive maintenance ... Plants should be able to withstand once they become established, prolonged dryness without being watered....(size: 1.6Kb)
Edit The Los Angeles Times
29 Oct 2013
In the spirit of the season, meet the baseball plant, sometimes sold as the baseball cactus, so named for the ribs that resemble the stitching on a ball ... Although the plant is sometimes called a cactus, it's actually a succulent, in the Euphorbia genus (Euphorbia obesa). The baseball plant has been around for more than a century ... But the plant's populations in the wild have not fully recovered ... “Each plant is unique....(size: 5.1Kb)
Edit Scoop
29 Oct 2013
New funding for plant science. Auckland, 29 October 2013 - Plant & Food Research has received funding for two projects in the latest Marsden fund which will study how plants grow and adapt, fundamental science that will ultimately inform future crop breeding and growing practices ... “By increasing our understanding of how these molecules influence plant development, we can develop new methods to block or enhance their effects....(size: 2.2Kb)
Edit Star Telegram
29 Oct 2013
Somebody asked me several days ago if it was too late to plant Bermuda seed, and I had to answer, “Yes ... It’s the best time of the entire year to plant trees and shrubs around your house. Nurseries are well stocked, and it gives the plants maximum time to get established before summer ... Plant them into the landscape toward the end of December. Comparatively close and massed plantings give the best show....(size: 5.5Kb)
Edit Houston Chronicle
29 Oct 2013
With autumn coming to a close and many UK gardeners preparing to plant, English Woodlands are publishing a new autumn advice series detailing site preparation, along with planting selection and technique ... English Woodlands are one of the UK’s premier tree nurseries, trading in trees, plants, and planting accessories since the company’s establishment in 1919....(size: 2.8Kb)
Edit Toronto Sun
29 Oct 2013
Forget a judicial inquiry into the billion-dollar gas plants fiasco and just go straight to a provincial election ... Forum Research says 51% of Ontario adults agree that a provincial election should be called over revelations that cancelling gas-fired electricity plants planned for Oakville and Mississauga blew up to $1.1 billion ... Both plants are both being relocated outside the Greater Toronto area....(size: 2.5Kb)
Edit noodls
29 Oct 2013
15 Hawaiian Plants and Animals Gain Endangered Species Act Protection ... Thirteen plants, a picture-wing fly and an ultra-rare "anchialine" pool shrimp gained final protection as the result of a 2011 agreement to speed protection decisions for 757 imperiled plants and animals from across the country ... The 13 plants being protected include sunflowers, asters and trees with such sonorous names as kookoolau, haha, aku, haiwale and uhiuhi....(size: 3.7Kb)
Edit Houston Chronicle
29 Oct 2013
The Woodlands Township is preparing for the next step in its reforestation effort- with plans to plant several thousand trees to replace those lost in the drought. While the planting will not begin until 2014- and the funding is reserved in the 2014 budget - John Powers, assistant general manager for community services, said now is the time to consider the options....(size: 5.4Kb)
Edit Sun Sentinel
29 Oct 2013
The upper torso of a woman found Monday in a San Gabriel Valley water treatment plant is believed to match a pelvis and legs found 30 miles away at another sanitation plant, sheriff's detectives said ... Related Human Remains Found At 2 Sewage Treatment Plants From Same Woman Man killed, three others hurt in gunfire at Las Vegas club Torso found at county water plant; legs, pelvis found at another Maps Carson, CA, USA Whittier, CA, USA....(size: 2.2Kb)
Edit The Wichita Eagle
29 Oct 2013
— A troubled nuclear power plant near Omaha is being heated up to test its pressurized steam pipes for leaks after an outage that dates to April 2011, federal regulators said Tuesday. Nuclear Regulatory Commission spokeswoman Lara Uselding told The Associated Press the utility began heating up the water in the Fort Calhoun plant's power-generating system to 515 degrees Tuesday....(size: 3.2Kb)
Edit Daily Press
29 Oct 2013
Select clean seeds and plant material. When you are planting ornamentals, vegetables and grasses, purchase certified seeds and weed-free plants from a reputable source ... Some varieties of weeds can produce tens of thousands of seeds from a single plant, multiplying your weed control problems for years to come ... Select species and cultivars appropriate for the planting conditions around your home....(size: 2.6Kb)
Plants
Temporal range:
Early Cambrian to recent, but see text, 520–0 Ma
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Kingdom: Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions

Green algae

Land plants (embryophytes)

Nematophytes

Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. Precise definitions of the kingdom vary, but as the term is used here, plants include familiar organisms such as flowering plants, conifers, ferns, mosses, and green algae, but do not include seaweeds like kelp, nor fungi and bacteria. The group is also called green plants or Viridiplantae in Latin. They obtain most of their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis using chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts, which gives them their green color. Some plants are parasitic and may not produce normal amounts of chlorophyll or photosynthesize.

Precise numbers are difficult to determine, but as of 2010, there are thought to be 300–315 thousand species of plants, of which the great majority, some 260–290 thousand, are seed plants (see the table below).[2]

The scientific study of plants is known as botany.

Contents

Definition[link]

Plants are one of the two groups into which all living things have been traditionally divided; the other is animals. The division goes back at least as far as Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) who distinguished between plants which generally do not move, and animals which often are mobile to catch their food. Much later, when Linnaeus (1707–1778) created the basis of the modern system of scientific classification, these two groups became the kingdoms Vegetabilia (later Metaphyta or Plantae) and Animalia (also called Metazoa). Since then, it has become clear that the plant kingdom as originally defined included several unrelated groups, and the fungi and several groups of algae were removed to new kingdoms. However, these organisms are still often considered plants, particularly in popular contexts.

Outside of formal scientific contexts, the term "plant" implies an association with certain traits, such as being multicellular, possessing cellulose, and having the ability to carry out photosynthesis.[3][4]

Current definitions of Plantae[link]

When the name Plantae or plant is applied to a specific group of organisms or taxon, it usually refers to one of three concepts. From least to most inclusive, these three groupings are:

Name(s) Scope Description
Land plants, also known as Embryophyta or Metaphyta. Plantae sensu strictissimo This group includes the liverworts, hornworts, mosses, and vascular plants, as well as fossil plants similar to these surviving groups.
Green plants - also known as Viridiplantae, Viridiphyta or Chlorobionta Plantae sensu stricto This group includes the land plants plus various groups of green algae, including stoneworts. The names given to these groups vary considerably as of July 2011. Viridiplantae encompass a group of organisms that possess chlorophyll a and b, have plastids that are bound by only two membranes, are capable of storing starch, and have cellulose in their cell walls. It is this clade which is mainly the subject of this article.
Archaeplastida, Plastida or Primoplantae Plantae sensu lato This group comprises the green plants above plus Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae). This clade includes the organisms that eons ago acquired their chloroplasts directly by engulfing cyanobacteria.

Another way of looking at the relationships between the different groups which have been called "plants" is through a cladogram, which shows their evolutionary relationships. The evolutionary history of plants is not yet completely settled, but one accepted relationship between the three groups described above is shown below.[5] Those which have been called "plants" are in bold.

Archaeplastida 

Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae) 




Rhodophyta (red algae) 



Viridiplantae 

Chlorophyta (part of green algae) 


Streptophyta 

streptophyte algae (part of green algae) 




Charales (stoneworts, often included 
in green algae) 



land plants or embryophytes








groups traditionally called "algae"

The way in which the groups of green algae are combined and named varies considerably between authors.

Many of the classification controversies involve organisms that are rarely encountered and are of minimal apparent economic significance, but are crucial in developing an understanding of the evolution of modern flora.[citation needed]

Algae[link]

Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce energy through photosynthesis and for that reason have been included in the plant kingdom in the past. Most conspicuous among the algae are the seaweeds, multicellular algae that may roughly resemble land plants, but are classified among the brown, red and green algae. Each of these algal groups also includes various microscopic and single-celled organisms. There is good evidence that some of these algal groups arose independently from separate non-photosynthetic ancestors, with the result that many groups of algae are no longer classified within the plant kingdom as it is defined here.[6][7]

The Viridiplantae, the green plants – green algae and land plants – form a clade, a group consisting of all the descendants of a common ancestor. With a few exceptions among the green algae, all green plants have many features in common, including cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, and food stores in the form of starch. They undergo closed mitosis without centrioles, and typically have mitochondria with flat cristae. The chloroplasts of green plants are surrounded by two membranes, suggesting they originated directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

Two additional groups, the Rhodophyta (red algae) and Glaucophyta (glaucophyte algae), also have chloroplasts which appear to be derived directly from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria, although they differ in the pigments which are used in photosynthesis and so are different in colour. All three groups together are generally believed to have a single common origin, and so are classified together in the taxon Archaeplastida, whose name implies that the chloroplasts or plastids of all the members of the taxon were derived from a single ancient endosymbiotic event. This is the broadest modern definition of the plants.

In contrast, most other algae (e.g. heterokonts, haptophytes, dinoflagellates, and euglenids) not only have different pigments but also have chloroplasts with three or four surrounding membranes. They are not close relatives of the Archaeplastida, presumably having acquired chloroplasts separately from ingested or symbiotic green and red algae. They are thus not included in even the broadest modern definition of the plant kingdom, although they were in the past.

The green plants or Viridiplantae were traditionally divided into the green algae (including the stoneworts) and the land plants. However, it is now known that the land plants evolved from within a group of green algae, so that the green algae by themselves are a paraphyletic group, i.e. a group which excludes some of the descendants of a common ancestor. Paraphyletic groups are generally avoided in modern classifications, so that in recent treatments the Viridiplantae have been divided into two clades, the Chlorophyta and the Streptophyta (or Charophyta).[8][9]

The Chlorophyta (a name that has also been used for all green algae) are the sister group to the group from which the land plants evolved. There are about 4,300 species[10] of mainly marine organisms, both unicellular and multicellular. The latter include the sea lettuce, Ulva.

The other group within the Viridiplantae are the mainly freshwater or terrestrial Streptophyta (or Charophyta), which consist of several groups of green algae plus the stoneworts and land plants. (The names have been used differently, e.g. Streptophyta to mean the group which excludes the land plants and Charophyta for the stoneworts alone or the stoneworts plus the land plants.) Streptophyte algae are either unicellular or form multicellular filaments, branched or unbranched.[9] The genus Spirogyra is a filamentous streptophyte alga familiar to many, as it is often used in teaching and is one of the organisms responsible for the algal "scum" which pond-owners so dislike. The freshwater stoneworts strongly resemble land plants and are believed to be their closest relatives. Growing underwater, they consist of a central stalk with whorls of branchlets, giving them a superficial resemblance to horsetails, species of the genus Equisetum, which are true land plants.

Fungi[link]

The classification of fungi has been controversial until quite recently in the history of biology. Linnaeus' original classification placed the fungi within the Plantae, since they were unquestionably not animals or minerals and these were the only other alternatives. With later developments in microbiology, in the 19th century Ernst Haeckel felt that another kingdom was required to classify newly discovered micro-organisms. The introduction of the new kingdom Protista in addition to Plantae and Animalia, led to uncertainty as to whether fungi truly were best placed in the Plantae or whether they ought to be reclassified as protists. Haeckel himself found it difficult to decide and it was not until 1969 that a solution was found whereby Robert Whittaker proposed the creation of the kingdom Fungi. Molecular evidence has since shown that the last common ancestor (concestor) of the Fungi was probably more similar to that of the Animalia than of any other kingdom, including the Plantae.

Whittaker's original reclassification was based on the fundamental difference in nutrition between the Fungi and the Plantae. Unlike plants, which generally gain carbon through photosynthesis, and so are called autotrophic phototrophs, fungi generally obtain carbon by breaking down and absorbing surrounding materials, and so are called heterotrophic saprotrophs. In addition, the substructure of multicellular fungi is different from that of plants, taking the form of many chitinous microscopic strands called hyphae, which may be further subdivided into cells or may form a syncytium containing many eukaryotic nuclei. Fruiting bodies, of which mushrooms are most familiar example, are the reproductive structures of fungi, and are unlike any structures produced by plants.

Diversity[link]

The table below shows some species count estimates of different green plant (Viridiplantae) divisions. It suggests there are about 300,000 species of living Viridiplantae, of which 85-90% are flowering plants. (Note: as these are from different sources and different dates, they are not necessarily comparable, and like all species counts, are subject to a degree of uncertainty in some cases.)

Diversity of living green plant (Viridiplantae) divisions
Informal group Division name Common name No. of living species Approximate No. in informal group
Green algae Chlorophyta green algae (chlorophytes) 3,800 [11] – 4,300 [12] 8,500

(6,600 - 10,300)

Charophyta green algae (e.g. desmids & stoneworts) 2,800;[13] 4,000-6,000 [14]
Bryophytes Marchantiophyta liverworts 6,000-8,000 [15] 19,000

(18,100 - 20,200)

Anthocerotophyta hornworts 100-200 [16]
Bryophyta mosses 12,000 [17]
Pteridophytes Lycopodiophyta club mosses 1,200 [7] 12,000

(12,200)

Pteridophyta ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails 11,000 [7]
Seed plants Cycadophyta cycads 160 [18] 260,000

(259,511)

Ginkgophyta ginkgo 1 [19]
Pinophyta conifers 630 [7]
Gnetophyta gnetophytes 70 [7]
Magnoliophyta flowering plants 258,650 [20]


The naming of plants is governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (see cultivated plant taxonomy).

Evolution[link]

The evolution of plants has resulted in increasing levels of complexity, from the earliest algal mats, through bryophytes, lycopods, ferns to the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of today. The groups which appeared earlier continue to thrive, especially in the environments in which they evolved.

Evidence suggests that an algal scum formed on the land 1,200 million years ago, but it was not until the Ordovician Period, around 450 million years ago, that land plants appeared.[21] However, new evidence from the study of carbon isotope ratios in Precambrian rocks has suggested that complex photosynthetic plants developed on the earth over 1000 m.y.a.[22] These began to diversify in the late Silurian Period, around 420 million years ago, and the fruits of their diversification are displayed in remarkable detail in an early Devonian fossil assemblage from the Rhynie chert. This chert preserved early plants in cellular detail, petrified in volcanic springs. By the middle of the Devonian Period most of the features recognised in plants today are present, including roots, leaves and secondary wood, and by late Devonian times seeds had evolved.[23] Late Devonian plants had thereby reached a degree of sophistication that allowed them to form forests of tall trees. Evolutionary innovation continued after the Devonian period. Most plant groups were relatively unscathed by the Permo-Triassic extinction event, although the structures of communities changed. This may have set the scene for the evolution of flowering plants in the Triassic (~200 million years ago), which exploded in the Cretaceous and Tertiary. The latest major group of plants to evolve were the grasses, which became important in the mid Tertiary, from around 40 million years ago. The grasses, as well as many other groups, evolved new mechanisms of metabolism to survive the low CO2 and warm, dry conditions of the tropics over the last 10 million years.

A proposed phylogenetic tree of Plantae, after Kenrick and Crane,[24] is as follows, with modification to the Pteridophyta from Smith et al.[25] The Prasinophyceae may be a paraphyletic basal group to all green plants.



Prasinophyceae (micromonads)



Streptobionta

Embryophytes

Stomatophytes

Polysporangiates

Tracheophytes
Eutracheophytes
Euphyllophytina
Lignophytia

Spermatophytes (seed plants)



Progymnospermophyta †



Pteridophyta


Pteridopsida (true ferns)



Marattiopsida



Equisetopsida (horsetails)



Psilotopsida (whisk ferns & adders'-tongues)



Cladoxylopsida †





Lycophytina

Lycopodiophyta



Zosterophyllophyta †





Rhyniophyta †





Aglaophyton †



Horneophytopsida †





Bryophyta (mosses)



Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)





Marchantiophyta (liverworts)





Charophyta





Chlorophyta


Trebouxiophyceae (Pleurastrophyceae)



Chlorophyceae




Ulvophyceae





Embryophytes[link]

The plants that are likely most familiar to us are the multicellular land plants, called embryophytes. They include the vascular plants, plants with full systems of leaves, stems, and roots. They also include a few of their close relatives, often called bryophytes, of which mosses and liverworts are the most common.

All of these plants have eukaryotic cells with cell walls composed of cellulose, and most obtain their energy through photosynthesis, using light and carbon dioxide to synthesize food. About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are parasites on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from green algae, which represent a mode of photosynthetic life similar to the kind modern plants are believed to have evolved from, by having specialized reproductive organs protected by non-reproductive tissues.

Bryophytes first appeared during the early Paleozoic. They can only survive where moisture is available for significant periods, although some species are desiccation tolerant. Most species of bryophyte remain small throughout their life-cycle. This involves an alternation between two generations: a haploid stage, called the gametophyte, and a diploid stage, called the sporophyte. The sporophyte is short-lived and remains dependent on its parent gametophyte.

Vascular plants first appeared during the Silurian period, and by the Devonian had diversified and spread into many different land environments. They have a number of adaptations that allowed them to overcome the limitations of the bryophytes. These include a cuticle resistant to desiccation, and vascular tissues which transport water throughout the organism. In most the sporophyte acts as a separate individual, while the gametophyte remains small.

The first primitive seed plants, Pteridosperms (seed ferns) and Cordaites, both groups now extinct, appeared in the late Devonian and diversified through the Carboniferous, with further evolution through the Permian and Triassic periods. In these the gametophyte stage is completely reduced, and the sporophyte begins life inside an enclosure called a seed, which develops while on the parent plant, and with fertilisation by means of pollen grains. Whereas other vascular plants, such as ferns, reproduce by means of spores and so need moisture to develop, some seed plants can survive and reproduce in extremely arid conditions.

Early seed plants are referred to as gymnosperms (naked seeds), as the seed embryo is not enclosed in a protective structure at pollination, with the pollen landing directly on the embryo. Four surviving groups remain widespread now, particularly the conifers, which are dominant trees in several biomes. The angiosperms, comprising the flowering plants, were the last major group of plants to appear, emerging from within the gymnosperms during the Jurassic and diversifying rapidly during the Cretaceous. These differ in that the seed embryo (angiosperm) is enclosed, so the pollen has to grow a tube to penetrate the protective seed coat; they are the predominant group of flora in most biomes today.

Fossils[link]

A petrified log in Petrified Forest National Park.

Plant fossils include roots, wood, leaves, seeds, fruit, pollen, spores, phytoliths, and amber (the fossilized resin produced by some plants). Fossil land plants are recorded in terrestrial, lacustrine, fluvial and nearshore marine sediments. Pollen, spores and algae (dinoflagellates and acritarchs) are used for dating sedimentary rock sequences. The remains of fossil plants are not as common as fossil animals, although plant fossils are locally abundant in many regions worldwide.

The earliest fossils clearly assignable to Kingdom Plantae are fossil green algae from the Cambrian. These fossils resemble calcified multicellular members of the Dasycladales. Earlier Precambrian fossils are known which resemble single-cell green algae, but definitive identity with that group of algae is uncertain.

The oldest known fossils of embryophytes date from the Ordovician, though such fossils are fragmentary. By the Silurian, fossils of whole plants are preserved, including the lycophyte Baragwanathia longifolia. From the Devonian, detailed fossils of rhyniophytes have been found. Early fossils of these ancient plants show the individual cells within the plant tissue. The Devonian period also saw the evolution of what many believe to be the first modern tree, Archaeopteris. This fern-like tree combined a woody trunk with the fronds of a fern, but produced no seeds.

The Coal measures are a major source of Paleozoic plant fossils, with many groups of plants in existence at this time. The spoil heaps of coal mines are the best places to collect; coal itself is the remains of fossilised plants, though structural detail of the plant fossils is rarely visible in coal. In the Fossil Forest at Victoria Park in Glasgow, Scotland, the stumps of Lepidodendron trees are found in their original growth positions.

The fossilized remains of conifer and angiosperm roots, stems and branches may be locally abundant in lake and inshore sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Sequoia and its allies, magnolia, oak, and palms are often found.

Petrified wood is common in some parts of the world, and is most frequently found in arid or desert areas where it is more readily exposed by erosion. Petrified wood is often heavily silicified (the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detail. Such specimens may be cut and polished using lapidary equipment. Fossil forests of petrified wood have been found in all continents.

Fossils of seed ferns such as Glossopteris are widely distributed throughout several continents of the Southern Hemisphere, a fact that gave support to Alfred Wegener's early ideas regarding Continental drift theory.

Structure, growth, and development[link]

Most of the solid material in a plant is taken from the atmosphere. Through a process known as photosynthesis, most plants use the energy in sunlight to convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plus water, into simple sugars. Parasitic plants, on the other hand, use the resources of its host to grow. These sugars are then used as building blocks and form the main structural component of the plant. Chlorophyll, a green-colored, magnesium-containing pigment is essential to this process; it is generally present in plant leaves, and often in other plant parts as well.

Plants usually rely on soil primarily for support and water (in quantitative terms), but also obtain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other crucial elemental nutrients. Epiphytic and lithophytic plants often depend on rainwater or other sources for nutrients and carnivorous plants supplement their nutrient requirements with insect prey that they capture. For the majority of plants to grow successfully they also require oxygen in the atmosphere and around their roots for respiration. However, some plants grow as submerged aquatics, using oxygen dissolved in the surrounding water, and a few specialized vascular plants, such as mangroves, can grow with their roots in anoxic conditions.

The leaf is usually the primary site of photosynthesis in plants.
There is no photosynthesis in deciduous leaves in autumn.

Factors affecting growth[link]

The genotype of a plant affects its growth. For example, selected varieties of wheat grow rapidly, maturing within 110 days, whereas others, in the same environmental conditions, grow more slowly and mature within 155 days.[26]

Growth is also determined by environmental factors, such as temperature, available water, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. Any change in the availability of these external conditions will be reflected in the plants growth.

Biotic factors are also capable of affecting plant growth. Plants compete with other plants for space, water, light and nutrients. Plants can be so crowded that no single individual produces normal growth, causing etiolation and chlorosis. Optimal plant growth can be hampered by grazing animals, suboptimal soil composition, lack of mycorrhizal fungi, and attacks by insects or plant diseases, including those caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes.[26]

Simple plants like algae may have short life spans as individuals, but their populations are commonly seasonal. Other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern: annual plants live and reproduce within one growing season, biennial plants live for two growing seasons and usually reproduce in second year, and perennial plants live for many growing seasons and continue to reproduce once they are mature. These designations often depend on climate and other environmental factors; plants that are annual in alpine or temperate regions can be biennial or perennial in warmer climates. Among the vascular plants, perennials include both evergreens that keep their leaves the entire year, and deciduous plants which lose their leaves for some part of it. In temperate and boreal climates, they generally lose their leaves during the winter; many tropical plants lose their leaves during the dry season.

The growth rate of plants is extremely variable. Some mosses grow less than 0.001 millimeters per hour (mm/h), while most trees grow 0.025-0.250 mm/h. Some climbing species, such as kudzu, which do not need to produce thick supportive tissue, may grow up to 12.5 mm/h.

Dried dead plants

Plants protect themselves from frost and dehydration stress with antifreeze proteins, heat-shock proteins and sugars (sucrose is common). LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) protein expression is induced by stresses and protects other proteins from aggregation as a result of desiccation and freezing.[27]

Plant cell[link]

Plant cell structure

Plant cells are typically distinguished by their large water-filled central vacuole, chloroplasts, and rigid cell walls that are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Cell division is also characterized by the development of a phragmoplast for the construction of a cell plate in the late stages of cytokinesis. Just as in animals, plant cells differentiate and develop into multiple cell types. Totipotent meristematic cells can differentiate into vascular, storage, protective (e.g. epidermal layer), or reproductive tissues, with more primitive plants lacking some tissue types.[28]

Physiology[link]

Photosynthesis[link]

Plants are photosynthetic, which means that they manufacture their own food molecules using energy obtained from light. The primary mechanism plants have for capturing light energy is the pigment chlorophyll. All green plants contain two forms of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The latter of these pigments is not found in red or brown algae.

Immune system[link]

By means of cells that behave like nerves, plants receive and distribute within their systems information about incident light intensity and quality. Incident light which stimulates a chemical reaction in one leaf, will cause a chain reaction of signals to the entire plant via a type of cell termed a bundle sheath cell. Researchers from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences in Poland, found that plants have a specific memory for varying light conditions which prepares their immune systems against seasonal pathogens.[29] Plants use pattern-recognition receptors to recognize conserved microbial signatures. This recognition triggers an immune response. The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995)[30] and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000).[31] Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize highly variable pathogen effectors. These include the NBS-LRR class of proteins.

Internal distribution[link]

Vascular plants differ from other plants in that they transport nutrients between different parts through specialized structures, called xylem and phloem. They also have roots for taking up water and minerals. The xylem moves water and minerals from the root to the rest of the plant, and the phloem provides the roots with sugars and other nutrient produced by the leaves.[28]

Ecology[link]

The photosynthesis conducted by land plants and algae is the ultimate source of energy and organic material in nearly all ecosystems. Photosynthesis radically changed the composition of the early Earth's atmosphere, which as a result is now 21% oxygen. Animals and most other organisms are aerobic, relying on oxygen; those that do not are confined to relatively rare anaerobic environments. Plants are the primary producers in most terrestrial ecosystems and form the basis of the food web in those ecosystems. Many animals rely on plants for shelter as well as oxygen and food.

Land plants are key components of the water cycle and several other biogeochemical cycles. Some plants have coevolved with nitrogen fixing bacteria, making plants an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Plant roots play an essential role in soil development and prevention of soil erosion.

Distribution[link]

Plants are distributed worldwide in varying numbers. While they inhabit a multitude of biomes and ecoregions, few can be found beyond the tundras at the northernmost regions of continental shelves. At the southern extremes, plants have adapted tenaciously to the prevailing conditions. (See Antarctic flora.)

Plants are often the dominant physical and structural component of habitats where they occur. Many of the Earth's biomes are named for the type of vegetation because plants are the dominant organisms in those biomes, such as grasslands and forests.

Ecological relationships[link]

The Venus flytrap, a species of carnivorous plant.

Numerous animals have coevolved with plants. Many animals pollinate flowers in exchange for food in the form of pollen or nectar. Many animals disperse seeds, often by eating fruit and passing the seeds in their feces. Myrmecophytes are plants that have coevolved with ants. The plant provides a home, and sometimes food, for the ants. In exchange, the ants defend the plant from herbivores and sometimes competing plants. Ant wastes provide organic fertilizer.

The majority of plant species have various kinds of fungi associated with their root systems in a kind of mutualistic symbiosis known as mycorrhiza. The fungi help the plants gain water and mineral nutrients from the soil, while the plant gives the fungi carbohydrates manufactured in photosynthesis. Some plants serve as homes for endophytic fungi that protect the plant from herbivores by producing toxins. The fungal endophyte, Neotyphodium coenophialum, in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) does tremendous economic damage to the cattle industry in the U.S.

Various forms of parasitism are also fairly common among plants, from the semi-parasitic mistletoe that merely takes some nutrients from its host, but still has photosynthetic leaves, to the fully parasitic broomrape and toothwort that acquire all their nutrients through connections to the roots of other plants, and so have no chlorophyll. Some plants, known as myco-heterotrophs, parasitize mycorrhizal fungi, and hence act as epiparasites on other plants.

Many plants are epiphytes, meaning they grow on other plants, usually trees, without parasitizing them. Epiphytes may indirectly harm their host plant by intercepting mineral nutrients and light that the host would otherwise receive. The weight of large numbers of epiphytes may break tree limbs. Hemiepiphytes like the strangler fig begin as epiphytes but eventually set their own roots and overpower and kill their host. Many orchids, bromeliads, ferns and mosses often grow as epiphytes. Bromeliad epiphytes accumulate water in leaf axils to form phytotelmata, complex aquatic food webs.[32]

Approximately 630 plants are carnivorous, such as the Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) and sundew (Drosera species). They trap small animals and digest them to obtain mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus.[33]

Importance[link]

Potato plant. Potatoes spread to the rest of the world after European contact with the Americas in the late 15th and early 16th centuries and have since become an important field crop.
Timber in storage for later processing at a sawmill.
A section of a Yew branch showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood and dark heartwood, and pith (centre dark spot). The dark radial lines are longitudinal sections of small branches which became included by growth of the tree.

The study of plant uses by people is termed economic botany or ethnobotany; some consider economic botany to focus on modern cultivated plants, while ethnobotany focuses on indigenous plants cultivated and used by native peoples. Human cultivation of plants is part of agriculture, which is the basis of human civilization. Plant agriculture is subdivided into agronomy, horticulture and forestry.

Food[link]

Much of human nutrition depends on land plants, either directly or indirectly.
Human nutrition depends to a large extent on cereals, especially maize (or corn), wheat and rice. Other staple crops include potato, cassava, and legumes. Human food also includes vegetables, spices, and certain fruits, nuts, herbs, and edible flowers.
Beverages produced from plants include coffee, tea, wine, beer and alcohol.
Sugar is obtained mainly from sugar cane and sugar beet.
Cooking oils and margarine come from maize, soybean, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, olive and others.
Food additives include gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, starch and pectin.
Livestock animals including cows, pigs, sheep, and goats are all herbivores; and feed primarily or entirely on cereal plants, particularly grasses.

Nonfood products[link]

Wood is used for buildings, furniture, paper, cardboard, musical instruments and sports equipment. Cloth is often made from cotton, flax or synthetic fibers derived from cellulose, such as rayon and acetate. Renewable fuels from plants include firewood, peat and many other biofuels. Coal and petroleum are fossil fuels derived from plants. Medicines derived from plants include aspirin, taxol, morphine, quinine, reserpine, colchicine, digitalis and vincristine. There are hundreds of herbal supplements such as ginkgo, Echinacea, feverfew, and Saint John's wort. Pesticides derived from plants include nicotine, rotenone, strychnine and pyrethrins. Drugs obtained from plants include opium, cocaine and marijuana. Poisons from plants include ricin, hemlock and curare. Plants are the source of many natural products such as fibers, essential oils, natural dyes, pigments, waxes, tannins, latex, gums, resins, alkaloids, amber and cork. Products derived from plants include soaps, paints, shampoos, perfumes, cosmetics, turpentine, rubber, varnish, lubricants, linoleum, plastics, inks, chewing gum and hemp rope. Plants are also a primary source of basic chemicals for the industrial synthesis of a vast array of organic chemicals. These chemicals are used in a vast variety of studies and experiments.

Aesthetic uses[link]

Thousands of plant species are cultivated for aesthetic purposes as well as to provide shade, modify temperatures, reduce wind, abate noise, provide privacy, and prevent soil erosion. People use cut flowers, dried flowers and houseplants indoors or in greenhouses. In outdoor gardens, lawn grasses, shade trees, ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, herbaceous perennials and bedding plants are used. Images of plants are often used in art, architecture, humor, language, and photography and on textiles, money, stamps, flags and coats of arms. Living plant art forms include topiary, bonsai, ikebana and espalier. Ornamental plants have sometimes changed the course of history, as in tulipomania. Plants are the basis of a multi-billion dollar per year tourism industry which includes travel to arboretums, botanical gardens, historic gardens, national parks, tulip festivals, rainforests, forests with colorful autumn leaves and the National Cherry Blossom Festival. Venus Flytrap, sensitive plant and resurrection plant are examples of plants sold as novelties.

Scientific and cultural uses[link]

Tree rings are an important method of dating in archeology and serve as a record of past climates. Basic biological research has often been done with plants, such as the pea plants used to derive Gregor Mendel's laws of genetics. Space stations or space colonies may one day rely on plants for life support. Plants are used as national and state emblems, including state trees and state flowers. Ancient trees are revered and many are famous. Numerous world records are held by plants. Plants are often used as memorials, gifts and to mark special occasions such as births, deaths, weddings and holidays. Plants figure prominently in mythology, religion and literature. The field of ethnobotany studies plant use by indigenous cultures which helps to conserve endangered species as well as discover new medicinal plants. Gardening is the most popular leisure activity in the U.S. Working with plants or horticulture therapy is beneficial for rehabilitating people with disabilities. Certain plants contain psychotropic chemicals which are extracted and ingested, including tobacco, cannabis (marijuana), and opium.

Negative effects[link]

Weeds are plants that grow where people do not want them. People have spread plants beyond their native ranges and some of these introduced plants become invasive, damaging existing ecosystems by displacing native species. Invasive plants cause billions of dollars in crop losses annually by displacing crop plants, they increase the cost of production and the use of chemical means to control them affects the environment.

Plants may cause harm to animals, including people. Plants that produce windblown pollen invoke allergic reactions in people who suffer from hay fever. A wide variety of plants are poisonous. Toxalbumins are plant poisons fatal to most mammals and act as a serious deterrent to consumption. Several plants cause skin irritations when touched, such as poison ivy. Certain plants contain psychotropic chemicals, which are extracted and ingested or smoked, including tobacco, cannabis (marijuana), cocaine and opium. Smoking causes damage to health or even death, while some drugs may also be harmful or fatal to people.[34][35] Both illegal and legal drugs derived from plants may have negative effects on the economy, affecting worker productivity and law enforcement costs.[36][37] Some plants cause allergic reactions when ingested, while other plants cause food intolerances that negatively affect health.

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Haeckel G (1866). Generale Morphologie der Organismen. Berlin: Verlag von Georg Reimer. pp. vol.1: i–xxxii, 1–574, pls I–II; vol. 2: i–clx, 1–462, pls I–VIII. 
  2. ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2010_1RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf
  3. ^ "plant[2 - Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"]. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plant%5B2%5D. Retrieved 2009-03-25. 
  4. ^ "plant (life form) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia". http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/463192/plant. Retrieved 2009-03-25. 
  5. ^ Based on Rogozin, I.B.; Basu, M.K.; Csürös, M. & Koonin, E.V. (2009), "Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont–Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes", Genome Biology and Evolution 1: 99–113, DOI:10.1093/gbe/evp011, PMC 2817406, PMID 20333181  and Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009), "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes", Annals of Botany 103 (7): 999–1004, DOI:10.1093/aob/mcp044, PMC 2707909, PMID 19273476 ; see also the slightly different cladogram in Lewis, Louise A. & McCourt, R.M. (2004), "Green algae and the origin of land plants", Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1535–1556, DOI:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535, PMID 21652308 .
  6. ^ Margulis, L. (1974). "Five-kingdom classification and the origin and evolution of cells". Evolutionary Biology 7: 45–78. 
  7. ^ a b c d e Raven, Peter H., Ray F. Evert, & Susan E. Eichhorn, 2005. Biology of Plants, 7th edition. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ISBN 0-7167-1007-2.
  8. ^ Lewis, Louise A. & McCourt, R.M. (2004), "Green algae and the origin of land plants", Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1535–1556, DOI:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535, PMID 21652308 
  9. ^ a b Becker, B. & Marin, B. (2009), "Streptophyte algae and the origin of embryophytes", Annals of Botany 103 (7): 999–1004, DOI:10.1093/aob/mcp044, PMC 2707909, PMID 19273476 
  10. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2007). "Phylum: Chlorophyta taxonomy browser". AlgaeBase version 4.2 World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=4307. Retrieved 2007-09-23. 
  11. ^ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  12. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011), AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Chlorophyta, retrieved 2011-07-26 
  13. ^ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011), AlgaeBase : Charophyta, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, http://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Charophyta, retrieved 2011-07-26 
  14. ^ Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann, & H. M. Jahns, 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pages 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  15. ^ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara. & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". page 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-66097-1
  16. ^ Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 712-713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
  17. ^ Goffinet, Bernard; William R. Buck (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification". Monographs in Systematic Botany (Missouri Botanical Garden Press) 98: 205–239. 
  18. ^ Gifford, Ernest M. & Adriance S. Foster, 1988. Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants, 3rd edition, page 358. (New York: W. H. Freeman and Company). ISBN 0-7167-1946-0.
  19. ^ Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, page 636. (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall). ISBN 0-13-651589-4.
  20. ^ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics
  21. ^ "The oldest fossils reveal evolution of non-vascular plants by the middle to late Ordovician Period (~450-440 m.y.a.) on the basis of fossil spores" Transition of plants to land
  22. ^ "The apparent dominance of eukaryotes in non-marine settings by 1 Gyr ago indicates that eukaryotic evolution on land may have commenced far earlier than previously thought." Earth’s earliest non-marine eukaryotes
  23. ^ Rothwell, G. W.; Scheckler, S. E.; Gillespie, W. H. (1989). "Elkinsia gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules". Botanical Gazette 150 (2): 170–189. DOI:10.1086/337763. 
  24. ^ Kenrick, Paul & Peter R. Crane. 1997. The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study. (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press). ISBN 1-56098-730-8.
  25. ^ Smith Alan R., Pryer Kathleen M., Schuettpelz E., Korall P., Schneider H., Wolf Paul G. (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon 55 (3): 705–731. DOI:10.2307/25065646. http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf. 
  26. ^ a b Robbins, W.W., Weier, T.E., et al., Botany:Plant Science, 3rd edition , Wiley International, New York, 1965.
  27. ^ Goyal, K., Walton, L. J., & Tunnacliffe, A. (2005). "LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress". Biochemical Journal 388 (Part 1): 151–157. DOI:10.1042/BJ20041931. PMC 1186703. PMID 15631617. Archived from the original on 2009-08-03. http://www.webcitation.org/5il9QhYT0. 
  28. ^ a b Campbell, Reece, Biology, 7th edition, Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2005.
  29. ^ BBC Report
  30. ^ Song, W.Y. et al. (1995). "A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, XA21". Science 270 (5243): 1804–1806. DOI:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804. PMID 8525370. 
  31. ^ Gomez-Gomez, L. et al. (2000). "FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis". Molecular Cell 5 (6): 1003–1011. DOI:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8. PMID 10911994. 
  32. ^ Howard Frank, Bromeliad Phytotelmata, October 2000
  33. ^ Barthlott, W., S. Porembski, R. Seine, and I. Theisen. 2007. The Curious World of Carnivorous Plants: A Comprehensive Guide to Their Biology and Cultivation. Timber Press: Portland, Oregon.
  34. ^ "cocaine/crack". http://www.urban75.com/Drugs/drugcoke.html. 
  35. ^ "Deaths related to cocaine". http://ar2005.emcdda.europa.eu/en/page050-en.html. 
  36. ^ "Illegal drugs drain $160 billion a year from American economy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-15. http://web.archive.org/web/20080215071055/http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/NEWS/press02/012302.html. 
  37. ^ "The social cost of illegal drug consumption in Spain". http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bsc/add/2002/00000097/00000009/art00012. 

Further reading[link]

General
Species estimates and counts
  • International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (2004). IUCN Red List [1].
  • Prance G. T. (2001). "Discovering the Plant World". Taxon 50: 345–359. 

External links[link]

Botanical and vegetation databases

vep:Kazmused

http://wn.com/Plant




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Robert Plant

Plant at Birmingham's Symphony Hall (2010)
Background information
Birth name Robert Anthony Plant
Born (1948-08-20) 20 August 1948 (age 63)
West Bromwich, Staffordshire (now West Midlands), England
Genres Rock, hard rock, heavy metal, blues rock, folk rock, world music, country rock
Occupations Singer-songwriter, musician
Instruments Vocals, harmonica, percussion, guitar, bass guitar
Years active 1966–present
Labels Atlantic, Swan Song, Es Paranza, Sanctuary, Mercury, Universal, Rounder
Associated acts Band of Joy, Led Zeppelin, The Honeydrippers, Page and Plant, Strange Sensation, Alison Krauss, The New Yardbirds
Website Official website

Robert Anthony Plant, CBE (born 20 August 1948) is an English singer and songwriter best known as the vocalist and lyricist of the iconic rock band Led Zeppelin. He has also had a successful solo career. In 2007, Plant released Raising Sand, an album produced by T-Bone Burnett with American bluegrass soprano Alison Krauss, which won the 2009 Grammy Award for Album of the Year at the 51st Grammy Awards.[1]

With a career spanning more than 40 years, Plant is regarded as one of the most significant singers in the history of rock music, and has influenced contemporaries and later singers such as Freddie Mercury and Axl Rose.[2] In 2006, heavy metal magazine Hit Parader named Plant the "Greatest Metal Vocalist of All-Time".[3] In 2009, Plant was voted "the greatest voice in rock" in a poll conducted by Planet Rock.[4][5] In 2011, a Rolling Stone readers' pick placed Plant in first place of the magazine's "Best Lead Singers of All Time".[6]

Contents

Life and career[link]

Early career[link]

Plant was born in the Black Country town of West Bromwich (then in Staffordshire now in West Midlands) to parents Robert C. who worked as a civil engineer[7] and Annie C. (Cain) Plant, but grew up in Kidderminster, in Worcestershire. Plant gained an interest in singing and rock and roll music at an early age.

When I was a kid I used to hide behind the curtains at home at Christmas and I used to try and be Elvis. There was a certain ambience between the curtains and the French windows, there was a certain sound there for a ten year old. That was all the ambience I got at ten years old... I think! And I always wanted to be a curtain, a bit similar to that.[8]

He left King Edward VI Grammar School for Boys in Stourbridge in his mid-teens and developed a strong passion for the blues, mainly through his admiration for Willie Dixon, Robert Johnson and early rendition of songs in this genre.

I suppose I was quite interested in my stamp collection and Romano-British history. I was a little grammar school boy and I could hear this kind of calling through the airwaves[9]

He abandoned training as a chartered accountant after only two weeks to attend college in an effort to gain more GCE passes and to become part of the English Midlands blues scene.[10][11] "I left home at 16", he said "and I started my real education musically, moving from group to group, furthering my knowledge of the blues and of other music which had weight and was worth listening to."[12]

Plant's early blues influences included Johnson, Bukka White, Skip James, Jerry Miller, and Sleepy John Estes. Plant had various jobs while pursuing his music career, one of which was working for the major British construction company Wimpey in Birmingham in 1967 laying tarmac on roads. He also worked at Woolworths in Halesowen town for a short period of time. He cut three obscure singles on CBS Records[13] and sang with a variety of bands, including The Crawling King Snakes, which brought him into contact with drummer John Bonham. They both went on to play in the Band of Joy, merging blues with newer psychedelic trends. Though his early career met with no commercial success, word quickly spread about the "young man with the powerful voice".

Led Zeppelin (1968–1980)[link]

Early years[link]

Plant with Led Zeppelin

In 1968, the guitarist Jimmy Page was in search of a lead singer for his new band and met Plant after being turned down by his first choice, Terry Reid, who referred him to a show at a teacher training college in Birmingham— where Plant was singing in a band named Hobbstweedle.[14] Page explained:

When I auditioned him and heard him sing, I immediately thought there must be something wrong with him personality-wise or that he had to be impossible to work with, because I just could not understand why, after he told me he'd been singing for a few years already, he hadn't become a big name yet. So I had him down to my place for a little while, just to sort of check him out, and we got along great. No problems.[15]

According to Plant:

I was appearing at this college when Peter and Jimmy turned up and asked me if I'd like to join The Yardbirds. I knew The Yardbirds had done a lot of work in America – which to me meant audiences who would want to know what I might have to offer – so naturally I was very interested.[12]

derivative of Plant's feather sigil used in the Led Zeppelin IV album

Plant and Page immediately hit it off with a shared musical passion and began their writing collaboration with reworkings of earlier blues songs, although Plant would receive no songwriting credits on the band's first album, allegedly because he was still under contract to CBS Records at the time. Plant brought along John Bonham as drummer, and they were joined by John Paul Jones, who had previously worked with Page as a studio musician. Jones called Page on the phone before they checked out Plant, and Page hired Jones immediately.

Initially dubbed the "New Yardbirds" in 1968, the band soon came to be known as Led Zeppelin. The band's self-titled debut album hit the charts in 1969 and is widely credited as a catalyst for the heavy metal genre. Plant has commented that it is unfair for people to think of Zeppelin as heavy metal, as almost a third of their music was acoustic.[16]

In 1975, Plant and his wife Maureen (now divorced) were seriously injured in a car crash in Rhodes, Greece. This significantly affected the production of Led Zeppelin's seventh album Presence for a few months while he recovered, and forced the band to cancel the remaining tour dates for the year.

In July 1977 his son Karac died aged five of a stomach infection while Plant was engaged on Led Zeppelin's concert tour of the United States. It was a devastating loss for the family. Plant retreated to his home in the Midlands and for months afterward he questioned his future.[17] Karac's death later inspired him to write the song "All My Love" in tribute, featured on Led Zeppelin's final studio LP, 1979's In Through the Out Door.

Lyrics[link]

Plant did not begin writing song lyrics with Led Zeppelin until the making of Led Zeppelin II, in 1969. According to Jimmy Page:

The most important thing about Led Zeppelin II is that up to that point I'd contributed lyrics. Robert hadn't written before, and it took a lot of ribbing to get him into writing, which was funny. And then, on the second LP, he wrote the words of Thank You. He said, "I'd like to have a crack at this and write it for my wife."[18]

Plant's lyrics with Led Zeppelin were often mystical, philosophical and spiritual, alluding to events in classical and Norse mythology, such as "Immigrant Song", which refers to Valhalla and Viking conquests. However, the song "No Quarter" is often misunderstood to refer to the god Thor; the song actually refers to Mount Thor (which is named after the god). Another example is "The Rain Song".

Plant was also influenced by J. R. R. Tolkien, whose book series inspired lyrics in some early Led Zeppelin songs. Most notably "The Battle of Evermore", "Misty Mountain Hop", "No Quarter", "Ramble On" and "Over the Hills and Far Away" contain verses referencing Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. Conversely, Plant sometimes used more straightforward blues-based lyrics dealing primarily with sexual innuendo, as in "The Lemon Song", "Trampled Under Foot", and "Black Dog".

Welsh mythology also forms a basis of Plant's interest in mystical lyrics. He grew up close to the Welsh border and would often take summer trips to Snowdonia. Plant bought a Welsh sheep farm in 1973, and began taking Welsh lessons and looking into the mythology of the land (such as Black Book of Carmarthen, Book of Taliesin, etc.) Plant's first son, Karac, was named after the Welsh warrior Caratacus. The song "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp" is named after the 18th Century Welsh cottage Bron-Yr-Aur owned by a friend of his father; it later inspired the song "Bron-Yr-Aur". The songs "Misty Mountain Hop", "That's the Way", and early dabblings in what would become "Stairway to Heaven" were written in Wales and lyrically reflect Plant's mystical view of the land. Critic Steve Turner suggests that Plant's early and continued experiences in Wales served as the foundation for his broader interest in the mythologies he revisits in his lyrics (including those myth systems of Tolkien and the Norse).[19]

The passion for diverse musical experiences drove Plant to explore Africa, specifically Marrakesh in Morocco where he encountered Umm Kulthum.

I was intrigued by the scales, initially, and obviously the vocal work. The way she sang, the way she could hold a note, you could feel the tension, you could tell that everybody, the whole orchestra, would hold a note until she wanted to change.[20]

That musical inspiration eventually culminated in "Kashmir". Both he and Jimmy Page revisited these influences during their reunion album No Quarter: Jimmy Page and Robert Plant Unledded in 1994. In his solo career, Plant again tapped from these influences many times, most notably in the 2002 album, Dreamland.

Arguably one of Plant's most significant achievements with Led Zeppelin was his contribution to the track "Stairway to Heaven", an epic rock ballad featured on Led Zeppelin IV that drew influence from folk, blues, Celtic traditional music and hard rock among other genres. Most of the lyrics of the song were written spontaneously by Plant in 1970 at Headley Grange. While never released as a single, the song has topped charts as the greatest song of all time on various polls around the world.

Plant is also recognised for his lyrical improvisation in Led Zeppelin's live performances, often singing verses previously unheard on studio recordings. One of the most famous Led Zeppelin musical devices involves Plant's vocal mimicking of band mate Jimmy Page's guitar effects. This can be heard in the songs "How Many More Times", "Dazed and Confused", "The Lemon Song", "You Shook Me", "Nobody's Fault but Mine" and "Sick Again".

He is also known for his light-hearted, humorous, and unusual on-stage banter, often referred to as "plantations". Plant often discusses the origin and background of the songs during his shows, and sometimes provides social comment as well. He frequently talks about American blues musicians as his inspiration, mentioning artists like Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf, Blind Willie Johnson, and Willie Dixon at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and the 2007 Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert with Led Zeppelin.

Stage persona[link]

Plant (left) with Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page performing live

Plant enjoyed great success with Led Zeppelin throughout the 1970s and developed a compelling image as the charismatic rock-and-roll front man, similar to his contemporary in The Who, singer Roger Daltrey (who adopted the look in the late 1960s), Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, and his other fellow contemporary, Jim Morrison of The Doors.[21] With his mane of long blond hair and powerful, bare-chested appearance, Plant helped to create the "god of rock and roll" or "rock god" archetype. On stage, Plant was particularly active in live performances, often dancing, jumping, skipping, snapping his fingers, clapping, making emphatic gestures to emphasise a lyric or cymbal crash, throwing back his head, or placing his hands on his hips. As the 1960s–1970s progressed he, along with the other members of Led Zeppelin, became increasingly flamboyant on-stage and wore more elaborate, colourful clothing and jewellery.

According to Classic Rock magazine, "once [Plant] had a couple of US tours under his belt, 'Percy' Plant swiftly developed a staggering degree of bravado and swagger that irrefutably enhanced Led Zeppelin's rapidly burgeoning appeal."[12] In 1994, during his "Unledded" tour with Jimmy Page, Plant himself reflected tongue-in-cheek upon his Led Zeppelin showmanship:

I can't take my whole persona as a singer back then very seriously. It's not some great work of beauty and love to be a rock-and-roll singer. So I got a few moves from Elvis and one or two from Sonny Boy Williamson II and Howlin' Wolf and threw them all together.[22]

One of the oddest awards he's received is the Rock Scene Magazine "Chest O Rama". Readers of the magazine had to decide who had the best chest in rock and Plant was the winner. When they contacted him about it, he replied: "I'm really greatly honoured although it's hard for me to be eloquent on the subject of my chest."[23]

Solo career (since 1982)[link]

As a solo artist[link]

After the break-up of Led Zeppelin in 1980 (following the death of John Bonham), Plant pursued a successful solo career beginning with Pictures at Eleven in 1982, followed by 1983's The Principle of Moments. Popular tracks from this period include "Big Log" (a Top 20 hit in 1983), "In the Mood" (1983), "Little by Little" (from 1985's Shaken 'n' Stirred), "Far Post" (originally only on the B-side of "Burning Down One Side" but popularised by airplay on album-oriented rock stations), "Tall Cool One" (a No. 25 hit off 1988's Now and Zen) and "I Believe" (from 1993's Fate of Nations), another song written for and dedicated to his late son, Karac. In 1984, Plant formed a short-lived all-star group with Jimmy Page and Jeff Beck called The Honeydrippers, who had a No. 3 hit with a remake of the Phil Phillips' tune, "Sea of Love" and a followup hit with a cover of Roy Brown's "Rockin' at Midnight". Although Plant avoided performing Led Zeppelin songs through much of this period (he occasionally would improvise his unique Zeppelin screams into his set), his tours in 1983 (with drummer Phil Collins) and 1985 were very successful, often performing to sold-out arena-sized venues.

Through the 1980s and 1990s, Plant co-wrote three solo albums with keyboardist/songwriter Phil Johnstone. Now and Zen, Manic Nirvana, and Fate of Nations (featuring Moya Brennan of Clannad). It was Johnstone who talked Plant into playing Led Zeppelin songs in his live shows, something Plant had resisted, not wanting to be forever known as "the former Led Zeppelin vocalist."

Although Led Zeppelin split in 1980, Plant and Page occasionally collaborated on various projects, including The Honeydrippers: Volume One album in 1984. In the spring 2 years later Robert performed at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986. The pair again worked together in the studio on the 1988 Page solo effort, Outrider, and in the same year Page contributed to Plant's album Now and Zen. Also, on 15 May 1988 Plant appeared with Page as a member of Led Zeppelin (and in his own right as a solo artist) at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert.

As Page and Plant (1994–1998)[link]

Page and Plant became a full-fledged performing act from 1994 through 1998, releasing the Unledded album in 1994 and following with an enormously successful tour in 1995: Fourteen years of speculation from their fans and occasional sniping between the two former members ended when Jimmy Page and Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin reconvened their former musical partnership to produce No Quarter. Having long resisted offers from MTV to reform to do an Unplugged show, they finally accepted as part of a deal that also allowed them to visit Morocco to record new material. The album combines the results of both of these projects. The Led Zeppelin material features new arrangements and new instrumentation, including strings, Egyptian musicians and the haunting vocals of British-Asian star Najma Akhtar. Page and Plant recorded their only post-Zeppelin album of original material on the 1998 album, Walking into Clarksdale, an effort that was unsuccessful commercially, leading Plant to return to his solo career. A song from this album, "Please Read the Letter", was re-recorded by Plant with Alison Krauss, winning the 2009 Grammy Award for Record of the Year.

With Priory of Brion (1999–2000)[link]

Starting in mid-1999, Plant performed until the end of 2000 at several small venues with his folk-rock band, named Priory of Brion.

In 1999, Plant contributed to the tribute album for Moby Grape co-founder Skip Spence, who was terminally ill. The album, More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album (Birdman, 1999), with the album title referring to Spence's only solo album, Oar (Columbia, 1969), contained Plant's version of Spence's "Little Hands". Plant had been an admirer of Spence and Moby Grape since the release of Moby Grape's eponymous 1967 debut album.[24]

In 2001, Plant appeared on Afro Celt Sound System's album Volume 3: Further in Time. The song "Life Begin Again" features a duet with Welsh folksinger Julie Murphy, emphasising Plant's recurring interest in Welsh culture (Murphy would also tour in support of Plant).

With The Strange Sensation (2001–2007)[link]

In 2002, with his then newly-formed band Strange Sensation, Plant released a widely acclaimed collection of mostly blues and folk remakes, Dreamland. Contrasting with this lush collection of often relatively obscure remakes, the second album with Strange Sensation, Mighty ReArranger (2005), contains new, original songs. Both have received some of the most favourable reviews of Plant's solo career and four Grammy nominations, two in 2003 and two in 2006.

Plant and the Strange Sensation at the Green Man Festival, 2007.

As a former member of Led Zeppelin, along with Page and John Paul Jones, Plant received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005 and the Polar Music Prize in 2006.

From 2001 to 2007, Plant actively toured the US & Europe with The Strange Sensation. His sets typically included recent, but not only, solo material and plenty of Led Zeppelin favourites, often with new and expanded arrangements. A DVD titled Soundstage: Robert Plant and the Strange Sensation, featuring his Soundstage performance (filmed at the Soundstage Studios in Chicago on 16 September 2005), was released in October 2006.

On 23 June 2006, Plant was the headliner (backed by Ian Hunter's band) at the Benefit For Arthur Lee concert at New York's Beacon Theatre, a show which raised money for Lee's medical expenses from his bout with leukaemia. Plant and band performed thirteen songs – five by Arthur Lee & Love, five Led Zeppelin songs and three others including a duet with Ian Hunter. At the show, Plant told the audience of his great admiration for Arthur Lee dating back to the mid-Sixties. Lee died of his illness six weeks after the concert.

An expansive box set of his solo work, Nine Lives, was released in November 2006, which expanded all of his albums with various b-sides, demos, and live cuts. It was accompanied by a DVD. All his solo works were re-released with these extra tracks individually.

In 2007, Plant contributed two tracks to the Fats Domino tribute album Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino, "It Keeps Rainin'" with the Lil' Band O' Gold and "Valley of Tears" with The Soweto Gospel Choir.

With Alison Krauss (2007–2008)[link]

Robert Plant on stage with Alison Krauss at Birmingham's NIA, 5 May 2008

From 2007–2008, Plant recorded and performed with bluegrass star Alison Krauss. A duet album, Raising Sand, was released on 23 October 2007 on Rounder Records. The album, recorded in Nashville and Los Angeles and produced by T-Bone Burnett, includes performances of lesser-known material from R&B, Blues, folk, and country songwriters including Mel Tillis, Townes Van Zandt, Gene Clark, Tom Waits, Doc Watson, Little Milton and The Everly Brothers. The song "Gone Gone Gone (Done Moved On)" from Raising Sand won a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals in 2008. Raising Sand also won Album of the Year at the 51st Grammy Awards.[25] The album has been successful critically and commercially, and was certified platinum on 4 March 2008.

Plant and Krauss began an extended tour of the US and Europe in April 2008, playing music from Raising Sand and other American roots music as well as reworked Led Zeppelin tunes. The album was nominated for the Mercury Prize in July 2008.[26] Also in 2008, Plant performed with bluegrass musicians at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival. He appeared as a surprise guest during Fairport Convention's set at the 2008 Cropredy Festival, performing Led Zeppelin's "The Battle of Evermore" with Kristina Donahue as a tribute to Sandy Denny.

Plant performing with Alison Krauss at the 2008 Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, TN, 2008.

On 8 February 2009, Plant and Krauss won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Country Collaboration with Vocals, and Contemporary Folk/Americana Album.

In 2010, Plant realised a lifelong ambition by playing live at Molineux Stadium, home of the Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. Plant performed with the amateur cover band No Rezerve.[citation needed]

With Band of Joy (2010)[link]

Plant with the Band of Joy at Birmingham Symphony Hall, 27 October 2010

In July 2010, Robert Plant embarked on a twelve-date summer tour in the United States with a new group called Band of Joy (reprising the name of his very first band in the 1960s). The group includes singer Patty Griffin, singer-guitarist Buddy Miller, multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Darrell Scott, bassist-vocalist Byron House, and drummer-percussionist-vocalist Marco Giovino.

After a unique show in the United States on 12 September 2010 at the Bowery Ballroom in New York, another eleven-date autumn tour in Europe was announced to last from October to November 2010.[27] North America tour dates were announced 16 November 2010, with the first show being 18 January 2011 in Asheville, North Carolina.[28]

A new studio album called Band of Joy was released on 13 September 2010 on the Rounder Records label.[29]

The band played their final scheduled show together at the Big Chill Festival at Eastnor Castle Deer Park in Herefordshire on 7 August 2011. The show ended with Plant bidding his bandmates "a fond farewell".[30]

On 30 September 2011, Plant and Band of Joy played in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, as part of the 11th Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival.[31]


With Sensational Space Shifters (2012)[link]

It was first reported that Robert Plant's new vehicle, The Sensational Space Shifters, would be debuting at 2012's WOMAD festival in Wiltshire, England. An intimate warm up gig was then announced in Gloucester on 8 May to a crowd of 400. Although it was initially reported that there were 10 members of the band, along with Plant the band consists of former Strange Sensation members, Cast guitarist Liam "Skin" Tyson, Justin Adams, Billy Fuller and John Baggot along with Dave Smith, Juldeh Camara and Patty Griffin[32]. In addition to Womad and the Gloucester show, the Sensational Space Shifters are scheduled for the Sunflower River Blues and Gospel Festival in Clarksdale, Mississippi on August 10-12.[33][34][35][36][37]

Led Zeppelin-related projects and reunion rumours[link]

Plant on stage with Jimmy Page in 2007.

Plant performed with living members of Led Zeppelin both on 13 July 1985 for Live Aid (with Phil Collins and Tony Thompson on drums) and on 15 May 1988 for Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary. At the 1988 reunion, Jason Bonham, the son of Led Zeppelin's late drummer John Bonham, played drums. Both sets featured only a few songs, performed with minimal rehearsal. Plant was unhappy with both performances, saying that "it was like sleeping with your ex-wife but not making love." At the 1990 Silver Clef Award Winners Concert at Knebworth, Plant was joined by Jimmy Page. Some of their set was released on the subsequent live album and video. In 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, and Plant performed at the induction show with Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, Jason Bonham, Neil Young, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry, performing spirited versions of "Bring It On Home", "Honeybee", and "When the Levee Breaks".

After years of reunion rumours, Led Zeppelin performed a full two-hour set on 10 December 2007 at the Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert, with Jason again filling in on drums. Despite enormous public demand, Plant declined a $200 million offer to tour with Led Zeppelin after the 2007 show.[38] In interviews following the 2007 show, Plant left the door open to possible future performances with Led Zeppelin, saying that he enjoyed the reunion and felt that the show was strong musically.[39] Although Page, Jones, and Bonham have expressed the strong desire to tour as Led Zeppelin,[40] Plant has consistently opposed a full tour and has responded negatively to questions about another reunion. In a January, 2008 interview, he stated that he does not want to "tour like a bunch of bored old men following the Rolling Stones around." In a statement on his web site in late 2008, Plant stated, "I will not be touring with Led Zeppelin or anyone else for the next two years. Anyone buying Led Zeppelin tickets will be buying bogus tickets."

Personal life[link]

Robert Plant married Maureen Wilson on 9 November 1968. The couple had three children: daughter Carmen Jane (1968) (married to Charlie Jones, Plant's bass player for solo tours); and sons Karac Pendragon (1972–1977) (died of a virus; the reason Led Zeppelin's 1977 North American Tour was cut short), and Logan Romero (1979). The couple divorced in August 1983. Also, Plant has a younger son, Jesse Lee (1991), the son of Shirley Wilson, sister of Maureen.

On 14 August 2009, it was announced via the Wolverhampton Wanderers text message news service that "Rock Legend and lifelong Wolves fan Robert Plant is to become the club's third Vice President." Plant officially received the honour before kick off at the club's first match of the season against West Ham.[41] Plant was five years old when he first visited Molineux. He recalled in an interview with his local paper, the Express & Star, in August 2010: "I was five when my dad took me down for the first time and Billy Wright waved at me. Honest, he did. And that was it – I was hooked from that moment.[42]

According to The Sunday Times Rich List Plant is worth £80 million as of 2009.[43]

In late 2010 on BBC2, a documentary featured Robert Plant discussing his journey with Led Zeppelin and various projects since.

Legacy[link]

Robert Plant is one of the most significant singers in rock music and has influenced the style of many of his contemporaries, including Geddy Lee, Ann Wilson,[44] Sammy Hagar,[45] and later rock vocalists such as Jeff Buckley and Jack White who imitated his performing style extensively. Freddie Mercury of Queen, and Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses were also influenced by Plant.[2] Encyclopædia Britannica notes "Exaggerating the vocal style and expressive palette of blues singers such as Howlin' Wolf and Muddy Waters, [Robert] Plant created the sound that has defined much hard rock and heavy metal singing: a high range, an abundance of distortion, loud volume, and emotional excess".[46] Plant received the Knebworth Silver Clef Award in 1990.[47]

In 2006, heavy metal magazine Hit Parader named Plant No. 1 on their list of the 100 Greatest Metal Vocalists of All-Time, a list which included Rob Halford (2), Steven Tyler (3), Freddie Mercury (6), Geddy Lee (13), and Paul Stanley (18), all of whom were influenced by Plant.[3] In 2008, Rolling Stone named Plant as number 15 on their list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All-Time.[2] In 2009, he was voted the "greatest voice in rock" in a poll conducted by Planet Rock.[4][5] Plant was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours for his "services to popular music".[48][49] He was included in the Q magazine's 2009 list of "Artists Of The Century" and was ranked at number 8 in their list of "100 Greatest Singers" in 2007.[50][51] In 2009, Plant also won the Outstanding Contribution to Music prize at the Q Awards.[52] He was placed at no. 3 on SPIN's list of "The 50 Greatest Rock Frontmen of All Time".[53]

On 20 September 2010 National Public Radio (NPR) named Plant as one of the "50 Great Voices" in the world.[54]

Solo discography[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ Veteran Robert Plant steals show at Grammys The Guardian Retrieved 27 February 2011
  2. ^ a b c 100 Greatest Singers Of All Time: Robert Plant Rolling Stone Retrieved 27 February 2011
  3. ^ a b Hit Parader’s Top 100 Metal Vocalists Of All Time Theinsider.com Retrieved 27 February 2011
  4. ^ a b Plant is still top of the tree The Sun Retrieved 27 February 2011
  5. ^ a b Robert Plant voted 'greatest voice in rock'. NME. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  6. ^ Rolling Stone Readers Pick the Best Lead Singers of All Time (1.Robert Plant) Rolling Stone. Retrieved 5 July 2011
  7. ^ Williamson, Nigel (2007). The Rough Guide to Led Zeppelin. London: Rough Guides Limited. ISBN 1-84353-841-5. 
  8. ^ Led-Zeppelin.org. "Led Zeppelin Assorted Info". http://www.led-zeppelin.org/reference/index.php?m=assorted3. 
  9. ^ Robert Plant: By Myself BBC Interview broadcast 6 Nov 2010
  10. ^ Led Zeppelin In Their Own Words compiled by Paul Kendall (1981), London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-86001-932-2, p. 14.
  11. ^ Dave Lewis and Simon Pallett (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 10.
  12. ^ a b c Ian Fortnam, "Dazed & confused", Classic Rock Magazine: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin, 2008, p. 38.
  13. ^ Hammer Of the Gods, by Stephen Davis ISBN 1-57297-306-4 (p.48-49)
  14. ^ Gilmore, Mikal (10 August 2006). "The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone (1006). http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print. Retrieved 9 December 2007. 
  15. ^ Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, Trouser Press, October 1977.
  16. ^ The History of Rock 'n' Roll: The '70s: Have a Nice Decade
  17. ^ Dave Lewis (2003), Led Zeppelin: Celebration II: The 'Tight But Loose' Files, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 1-84449-056-4, p. 54.
  18. ^ Kent, Nick. "Led Zeppelin: Eyewitness." Mojo Magazine: Classic Rock Special Issue (2009, Volume 2, 1ssue 6), p. 104.
  19. ^ "Stairway to Heaven, Paved with Gold: Led Zeppelin’s Snowdonia." The Independent, 6 April 1991.
  20. ^ Andy Gill (27 August 2010). "Robert Plant: 'I feel so far away from heavy rock'". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/robert-plant-i-feel-so-far-away-from-heavy-rock-2063017.html. Retrieved 30 August 2010. 
  21. ^ "Their Time is Gonna Come", Classic Rock Magazine: Classic Rock Presents Led Zeppelin, 2008.
  22. ^ Strauss, Neil (30 October 1994). "Getting the Led Out of Led Zeppelin". New York Times: p. H30. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/30/arts/pop-music-getting-the-led-out-of-led-zeppelin.html. 
  23. ^ Rock Scene magazine, June 1974, Four Seasons Publications, Inc. 59287-4
  24. ^ Plant included "8:05", from the first Moby Grape album, as a B-side to a 1993 single; it is also included on the expanded reissue of his Fate of Nations album on Rhino Records. Plant performed "Hey Grandma" (also from the first Moby Grape album) live when with his pre-Led Zeppelin Band of Joy, during the 1967–1968 period. See Rare and Unrecorded Songs by Robert Plant and Led Zeppelin. See also "Robert Plant albums reborn with nine lives". News Release, Rhino Records, 20 September 2006. On the Sixty Six to Timbuktu collection (2003), Plant includes his version of Spence's "Little Hands", as well as "Naked If I Want To", another song from the first Moby Grape album.
  25. ^ List of Grammy winners[dead link]
  26. ^ Owen Gibson, media correspondent (23 July 2008). "Mercury picks dark horses and rising stars". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/jul/23/mercuryprize.popandrock. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  27. ^ "Robert Plant Official Website / Tour". Robertplant.com. http://www.robertplant.com/tour/. Retrieved 5 September 2010. 
  28. ^ "Rounder Records Website / Tour". rounder.com. http://www.rounder.com/artist/news/detail.aspx?nid=4485&aid=8790. Retrieved 16 November 2010. 
  29. ^ "led-zeppelin.org/news". Led-zeppelin.org. http://www.led-zeppelin.org/news/index.php?m=2010news#032910a. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  30. ^ "Review – Robert Plant’s last concert with the Band Of Joy". Express & Star (Wolverhampton, England). 8 August 2011. http://www.expressandstar.com/entertainment/2011/08/08/review-robert-plants-last-concert-with-the-band-of-joy/. Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
  31. ^ "Your guide to Hardly Strictly Bluegrass music". The Examiner (San Francisco). 30 September 2011. http://www.sfexaminer.com/entertainment/events/2011/09/your-guide-hardly-strictly-bluegrass-music. Retrieved 1 October 2011. 
  32. ^ http://www.nme.com/news/robert-plant/63585
  33. ^ Shauna Wright, "ROBERT PLANT TO PLAY WITH NEW BAND AT WOMAD FESTIVAL", Ultimate Classic Rock, Feb 23rd
  34. ^ Brian Guardner, "Robert Plant to Unveil the Sensational Space Shifters", "Ramble On Radio", April 16th
  35. ^ Ken Kelley, "Robert Plant to Debut New Band at Intimate Show,Ultimate Classic Rock, April 18th
  36. ^ Dave Lewis, [1], Tight But Loose, March 14th
  37. ^ Nigel Tassell, "Robert Plant's latest open-eared musical excursion", "Womad - World of Music, Arts and Dance, March 2011
  38. ^ "Robert Plant Turns Down $200 million for Zeppelin Reunion Tour @ JustPressPlay". Justpressplay.net. http://www.justpressplay.net/music/music-news/3001-robert-plan-turns-down-200-million-for-led-zep-reunion-tour.html. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  39. ^ "Robert Plant Confirms Led Zeppelin Could Play Again". http://www.uncut.co.uk/news/led_zeppelin/news/11294. 
  40. ^ Hot right now:    . "Jason Bonham: 'I Would Do A Led Zeppelin Tour In A Heartbeat'". Gigwise. http://www.gigwise.com/news/43840/jason-bonham-i-would-do-a-led-zeppelin-tour-in-a-heartbeat. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  41. ^ "Rock Legend To Become Vice-President". http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~1754769,00.html. 
  42. ^ Our Grumpy Old Man (21 August 2010). "Steve Bull and Robert Plant talk charity « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. http://www.expressandstar.com/news/2010/08/21/steve-bull-and-robert-plant-talk-charity/. Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
  43. ^ "Search the Sunday Times Rich List 2009". The Times (London). http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/rich_list_search/?l=17&list_name=Rich+List+2009&advsearch=1&t=1&x=33&y=3&i=Music. 
  44. ^ Wilson, Ann. "Ann Wilson Song By Song description – Hope & Glory". http://www.virb.com/annwilson/blog/269807. Retrieved 26 August 2008. 
  45. ^ "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock". VH1 The Greatest. 
  46. ^ Susan Fast, "Led Zeppelin (British Rock Group)", Encyclopædia Britannica
  47. ^ "Knebworth: The Silver Clef Award Winners-Volumes One, Two & Three (1990)". Michaeldvd.com.au. http://www.michaeldvd.com.au/Reviews/Reviews.asp?ID=2972. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  48. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 58929. p. 8. 31 December 2008.
  49. ^ Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant joins Establishment after accepting CBE from Prince Charles. Daily Mail. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  50. ^ admin. "UK’s ‘Q’ Magazine Lists Their Artists Of The Century". Thelifefiles.com. http://www.thelifefiles.com/2009/11/27/uks-q-magazine-lists-their-artists-of-the-century/. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  51. ^ "Q – 100 Greatest Singers". Rocklistmusic.co.uk. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qlistspage3.htm#100%20Greatest%20Singers. Retrieved 1 January 2012. 
  52. ^ Muse, Kasabian, Robert Plant Triumph At Q Awards 2009 – PHOTOS. Gigwise.com. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
  53. ^ The 50 Greatest Rock Frontmen of All Time. SPIN.
  54. ^ 50 Great Voices NPR Music Retrieved 20 September 2010

External links[link]

Awards
Preceded by
Patty Griffin
AMA Album of the Year (artist)
2008
with Alison Krauss
Succeeded by
Buddy & Julie Miller
Preceded by
The Avett Brothers
AMA Duo/Group of the Year
2008
with Alison Krauss
Succeeded by
Buddy & Julie Miller
Preceded by
Robert Plant & Alison Krauss
Grammy Awards for Pop Collaboration With Vocals
2009
with Alison Krauss
Succeeded by
Jason Mraz & Colbie Caillat

http://wn.com/Robert_Plant




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Plant

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Be my TV guide
In between the stations
Be my satellite
Secret information
Stairway
Going one way to the subway
Waiting for the train
Take it to the runway
Journal in the Square
Fingers in the hairdo
England in the air
Beatle in the bathroom
No one understands you
Upperhands you lonely valentine
Bell and book and candle
Turning in the light
Singing to the doorway
Standing on the side
Listen to the subway
Highway going
One way or another
Let's get in the car

Twenty five tons of hardened steel rolls on no ordinary wheel
Inside the armoured car ride two big armed guards
In a bullet-proof vest, shatterproof glass, overdrive, we're gonna pass
Twenty five tons of hardened steel rolls on no ordinary wheel
The hardest part of the armoured guard
Big man of steel behind the steering wheel
Nitro and acetylene open la machine
No short heist, no overnight, big money take you to Brazil
Bullet-proof vest, shatterproof glass, overdrive, we're gonna pass
Time bomb, greasy mob, count down, hurry up, come on
The hardest part of the armoured guard
Big man of steel behind the steering wheel
In a wire mesh cage with a twelve gauge. Radio - we're coming fast
Ooh, I need to feel some hardened steel, deliver the big money deal
Of the armoured guard here's what I heard
I'll tell you that he will no matter what you feel
The hardest part of the armoured guard
Big man of steel behind the steering wheel

(All the way down do it
Another way down
Why, yeah. What do you know, huh?)
I seen you skip
That cautious lip
Now tell me this
Through that cautious lip
You can be bit
As I make you it
I seen you skip
That cautious lip
A chance you'll fit
That cautious lip
It's just these things
Not really gifts
It's just these things
Not really gifts
I seen you skip
That cautious lip
I seen you skip
That cautious lip
But never miss
My bouncing hips
A girl so sweet
A love so strong
I seen you skip
I see you tip
You can be bit
As I make you it
I seen you skip
That cautious lip
Ah, I seen you skip
That cautious lip
Ah, cautious lip
Cautious lip
You can be bit
I'll make you it
I seen you skip
Cautious lip
Change your fit
Skip of the lip
Oh, oh, not really get
Skip lip
What's going on?

1 2 3 4
Although I'm young I got a job to do
Hid the microfilm in the lining of my shoe
Call it a business trip
Got to hide inside my trench coat and be clever
I got my papers and a cyanide pill
My Polaroid's a taser in disguise
There's a base in the hills
And the wheat fields looks like Kansas in November
Astrovia, sweet comrade, your nation is your gun
Your love reads like the broken code you sent me
One last contact in red square, unless I have to run
And the long arms of the KGB detect me
Can't trust a soul, secret messenger
Just the rules that lie like circuits in your brain
And a cool .45. The wind is ice and foreign air tastes strange
I.C.B.M. Bang! Bang! You're dead!
No one left to worry
Kiss me quick, now I have to hurry
Our last contact in red square, unless I have to run
And the long arms of the CIA detect me

I'm hot as a fire, burning bright, feel as empty as air
Sa yui yui
There is no sense of balance
In the howling wind that calls to me
I can feel it everywhere but it's invisible to me
Distractions and spirit find me floating in a magnetic sea
Sa yui yui
The nights are phosphorescent
And the days are beautiful and bright
Until whispering mist comes falling down on me
Oh, there's fire burning
Looking for the magic
In the nighttime all this
Brings the magic back to me
I'm looking for the magic in the places I remember it to be
Sa yui yui yui
It's in the nighttime alleys
Winding through my deepest memory
And just one simple thought brings the magic back to me
Oh, there's fire burning
Looking for the magic
In the night time all this
Brings the magic back to me
I'm looking for the magic in the places I remember it to be
And just one simple thought brings the magic back to me

She's an underground girl in an underground world
She never comes around, she stays underground
After was a trip, she rides her lip
She's the coolest girl around, she's the girl from underground
She's the girl that's always right, she's the one who gets uptight
Ask her how she's been, she'll give you some skin
Hey everybody now from all over town
Hey everybody's gonna go underground
For everybody wants to be inside
And nobody knows she's gonna take you for a ride
She's the coolest girl around, she's the girl from underground
For I don't ant to brag, but I'm no dag
Ask her where she's from, she always playing dumb
Well hey now everybody don't fall down
Well hey everybody gotta go underground
Well hey everybody don't want to be inside
Nobody thinks she's gonna take you for a ride
She's the coolest girl around, she's the girl from underground
You can beat her with a whip, she just thinks it's hip
You can see her at night, never in the light
Well hey everybody gonna fall down
Well hey everybody gonna go underground
Well hey everybody wants to be inside
And nobody knows she's gonna take them for a ride

Oooo baby, I hear how you spend night time
Wrapped like candy in a blue, blue neon glow
Fade away and radiate
Oooo baby, watchful lines
Vibrate soft in brainwave time
Silver pictures move so slow
Golden tubes faintly glow
Electric faces seem to merge
Hidden voices mock your words
Fade away and radiate
The beams become my dream
My dream is on the screen
Dusty frames that still arrive
Die in 1955
Fade away and radiate
The beams become my dream
My dream is on the screen

Die young, stay pretty
Die young, stay pretty
Deteriorate in your own time
Tell 'em you're dead and wither away
Are you living alone or with your family?
A dried up twig on your family tree?
Are you waiting for the reaper to arrive?
Or just to die by the hand of love?
Love for youth, love for youth
So, die young and stay pretty
Leave only the best behind
Slipping sensibilities
Tragedy in your own dream
Oh, you sit all alone in your rocking chair
Transistor pressed against an ear
Were you waiting at the bus stop all your life?
Or just to die by the hand of love?
Love for youth, love for youth
So live fast 'cause it won't last
Die young, stay pretty
Die young, stay pretty
Dearly near senility (dearly near senility)
Was it good or maybe you won't tell?
Die young, stay pretty

Uh-huh make me tonight
Tonight
Make it right
Uh-huh make me tonight
Tonight
Tonight
Oh, uh-huh make it magnificent
Tonight
Right
Ah, oh your hair is beautiful
Ah, tonight
Atomic
Tonight make it magnificent
Tonight
Make me tonight
Your hair is beautiful
Oh, tonight
Atomic
Oh Atomic
Oh Atomic
Oh Atomic

No I don't believe in luck
No I don't believe in circumstance no more
Accidents never happen in a perfect world
So I won't believe in luck
I saw you walking in the dark
So I slipped behind your footsteps for a while
Caught you turning round the block
Fancy meeting in a smaller world, after all
Accidents never happen, could have planned it all
Precognition in my ears
Accidents never happen in a perfect world
Complications disappear
Now you love me
I, yeah, I can tell
I never lied, I never cried
And you, you knew so well
Like the Magi on the hill
I can divinate your presence from afar
And I'll follow you until
I can bring you to a perfect world
Accidents never happen, could have planned it all
Precognition in my ears
Accidents never happen in a perfect world
Complications disappear
Accidents never happen in a perfect world
Accidents never happen
Accidents never happen in a perfect world

Afterglow in a distant row
The door is open and the lights are cold
The children come in here and they dare the ghost
Like a fire burning in a stone
Silent light in the theatre's sky
Phantom cigarette and a silent cry
The door swings open and it's cold outside
Run and hide, run and hide
Ah, ah
They can still see him singing on the corner singing songs
That never fade away, fade into the kids that come along
Memory in a silent seat
Melody on a long retreat
Like an angel on a balcony
Like an angel on a balcony

In a packed-in-leather life
I was foolish, you were right
All night rookies pass the time
Looking for somewhere to go
Shiny boots are up their thighs
[Chorus]
Mother in the night
Calling you, calling you
Mother in the night
Where are you, where are you now?
Mother's left the building
We're the missing children
Mother in the night
Where are you, where are you tonight?
Mother, may I stay all night?
Lift your curfew like the light
Collars turned against the cold
I'm looking for someone to hold
In your packed-in-leather night
[Chorus]
Mother in the night
Calling you, calling you
Mother in the night
Where are you, where are you now?
Mother's left the building
We're the missing children
Mother in the night
Where are you, where are you?
Now that I can't remember
I need you more than ever
Why can't we be together always?
Mother in the night
Mother in the night
Mother's left the building
We're the missing children
Mother in the night
Where are you, where are you now?
Mother in the night
Calling you, calling you
Mother in the night

Same old song and dance, I gave you another chance.
Drama every night. I don't wanna fight .
Same old story again: you wanna be my friend . It's really gotta end.
Same old story ! CHORUS
You told me you were done with her and I believed every word...
and now I wonder what I heard... ooooh !
You told me you were done with her and I believed every word...
and now I wonder what I heard... ooooh !
The drama won't stop, he says he called the cops ...
police don't care 'cause he's crazy.
You keep calling me. It's a total bore, I've heard it all before, cat got out, he came running back for more.
(Chorus) x1
I told you I'd be cool , now I feel like a fool.
I got sucked into your crazy, but it won't phase me.
It's a total bore, I've heard it all before, the cat got out,
she came running back for more.
(Chorus) x 2

The order came directly from the CIA
To start the following investigation
Find out what's the hidden power lying in the grooves
That drives em crazy all across the nation
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
The agent, who assigned Jim to investigate
When he came home he found to his amazement
He saw his own children live on Colt 45
And they were rocking popping in the basement
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
When the order came from the CIA
You better look out, and find out what's the hidden power lying in the grooves
They're going crazy crazy crazy crazy all across the nation
Agent said, "Found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now"
The jam was moving

You gotta jump up, a-to the beat
Stand up, wo-on your feet
Toes are tippi tippi tippi tapping
And you do it even when you're yapping
Hey, you got a sweet tooth and I remember
Stand up on your feet
Toes are tippi tippi tippi tapping
Hey, you got a sweet tooth and I remember
Sitting in the kitchen eating peanut butter
Eat To The Beat
Yeah, you gotta, got you got the beat
Ah, sweeter sweeter you beat your meat
I know you do it. I know you do it
I seen you, seen you, seen you, seen you chewing
Hey, you got a sweet tooth and I remember
A sweeter treat, uh, you beat your meat
I know you do it, I know you do it
Oh, you got a sweet tooth and I remember
Standing on the corner with a piece of pizza
Eat To The Beat
Condition red!
You gotta jump up, a-to the beat
Stand up, wo-on your feet
Toes are tippi tippi tippi tapping
And you do it even when you're yapping
Oh you got a sweet tooth and I remember
I seen you, seen you, you beat your meat
I know you do it, I know you do it
Hey, you got a tummy ache and I remember
Sitting in the bathroom drinking Alka Seltzer
Eat To The Beat
Eat To The Beat

There you are, giving candy
Making confidence with an easy eye
Easy words, oh, what a dancer
Dance you right into the corner in the fire
Do the dark apostle
Do the sidewalk hustle
Do the invisible dance
In the fire, fire, fire, fire
Walk on glass with the master
There's no question he can't answer with his eyes
What a stage, oh, what a dancer
Looks like a baby with an old man's eyes
When you break the rules and you burn your bridges
And your fingers itch and they're getting wet when you look at her
Do the dark apostle
Do the sidewalk hustle
Do the invisible dance
In the fire, fire, fire, fire
Walk on glass, walk on fire
Walk on glass, walk on fire
Walk on glass, walk on fire

We don't wear that uniform
Paper men from pages torn
Right off the press (it could be Tass)
Suits for the regime
The media's gone and had a baby
Seventh wave, another navy
I live in America
Gridlock on the street
Tell that girl you like her badge
Tell that man you're the Nazz
Tell me you're not the last walking in parade
Dressed to test you up the road
Tighter than the lightest clothes
Close the circle, walk in row
Walking in parade
Why don't you walk like me?
Walk like me?
Walk like me?
Carrying the standard stick
And marrying the politic
You won't know tomorrow
What went down today
Look at me; I'm in tune
References around my room
Just another secret school
Another cycle going by
You, you never looked like that
Don't look like me, don't take it back
You never had a name like that
Never had a colour
Walking like a millionaire
Walking on imported air
Change the way you comb your hair
And watch what you walk under
Why don't you walk like me?
Walk like me?
Walk like me?
Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh
Heh, heh, heh
Heh, why don't you?
Why don't you walk like me?
Walk like me?
Walk like me?
Walk like me?

I was all alone with the scent of a bone
And my heart was stuck in this emptiness zone
I had not a care, though I wanted to hear
The voice of a maiden who was playing down there
At the rifle range, I lost my heart
At the rifle range, I could not start
At the rifle range, she left me so hot
At the rifle range
Like a victim of truce I was strung on a noose
Cracking at the news of a prey let loose
I turned around to stare at the face she would wear
And I ran through the gallows, her heart was down there
At the rifle range, I lost my heart
At the rifle range, I could not start
At the rifle range, I heard a shot
At the rifle range
If I lose my head, we'll be certainly dead
With visions of acid, how I wish they bled
The drummings of fear cause they're getting so near
And I think of a lion who was devoured down there
Yeah yeah yeah!
At the rifle range, I lost my heart
At the rifle range, I could not start
At the rifle range, I heard a shot
At the rifle range, she left me so hot
At the rifle range
Bang bang! At the rifle range

I'm in the phone booth, it's the one across the hall
If you don't answer, I'll just ring it off the wall
I know he's there, but I just had to call
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
I heard your mother now she's going out the door
Did she go to work or just go to the store
All those things she said, I told you to ignore
Oh why can't we talk again
Oh why can't we talk again
Oh why can't we talk again
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
It's good to hear your voice, you know it's been so long
If I don't get your call then everything goes wrong
I want to tell you something you've known all along
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
I had to interrupt and stop this conversation
Your voice across the line gives me a strange sensation
I'd like to talk when I can show you my affection
Oh I can't control myself
Oh I can't control myself
Oh I can't control myself
Don't leave me hanging on the telephone
Hang up and run to me
Whoah, hang up and run to me
Whoah, hang up and run to me
Whoah, hang up and run to me

Hey, y'know?
Uh, I dunno!
I know but I don't know
I know but I don't know
I know but I don't know
I know but I don't know
I give but I don't get
I will but I won't yet
I lose but I don't bet
I'm your dog but not your pet
I know but I don't care
Then I know but I don't see
Now I see but I don't know
I care but I don't care
I could but I won't be
You can but not with me
It's all a mystery
Locked out without a key
Now I care but I don't care
And I know but I don't see
Now I see but I don't know
I know but I don't know
Now I know that you don't know
And I see that you don't see
I care but I don't care

I always said you could make it
I know what I said and I meant it
I always liked the way you played guitar
I always knew that someday you'd go far
An' if you do, will anything happen?
Will it come true, will anything happen?
Will I see you again?
You said you'd be through here again
Please don't forget I'm here waiting
You always said that you would never change
Like the people that you've met and the places that you've been
An' if you do, will anything happen?
Will it come true, will anything happen?
Will I see you again?
I always said you could make it
Just don't forget that I said it
Cause I always liked the way you played guitar
And I always knew that someday you'd go far
An' if you do, will anything happen?
Will it come true, will anything happen?
Will I see you again?
Will I see you again?
Will I see you again?

The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
I'm not the kinda girl who gives up just like that, oh no
It's not the things you do that tease and hurt me bad
(Whoo, whoo, whoo)
But it's the way you do the things you do to me
(Ah)
I'm not the kinda girl who gives up just like that, oh no
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
Number one, number one
Every girl wants you to be her man
(Whoo, whoo, whoo)
But I'll wait my dear till it's my turn
(Ah)
I'm not the kinda girl, who gives up just like that, oh no
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
Number one, number one
Every girl wants you to be her man
(Whoo, whoo, whoo)
But I'll wait my dear till it's my turn
(Ah)
I'm not the kinda girl, who gives up just like that, oh no
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
Number one, number one, number one
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one
The tide is high but I'm holding on
I'm gonna be your number one, your number one

The order came directly from the CIA
To start the following investigation
Find out what's the hidden power lying in the grooves
That drives em crazy all across the nation
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
The agent, who assigned Jim to investigate
When he came home he found to his amazement
He saw his own children live on Colt 45
And they were rocking popping in the basement
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
They found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
When the order came from the CIA
You better look out, and find out what's the hidden power lying in the grooves
They're going crazy crazy crazy crazy all across the nation
Agent said, "Found the jam was moving
Go ahead now, go ahead now
It makes the people keep grooving
Go ahead now"
The jam was moving
The people keep grooving

I know a girl from a lonely street
Cold as ice cream, but still as sweet
Dry your eyes, Sunday girl
Hey, I saw your guy with a different girl
Looks like he's in another world
Run and hide, Sunday girl
Hurry up, hurry up and wait
I stay away all week and still I wait
I got the blues, please come see
What your loving means to me
She can't catch up with the working crowd
The weekend mood and she's feeling proud
Live in dreams, Sunday girl
"Baby, I would like to go out tonight
If I go with you my folks'll get uptight"
Stay at home, Sunday girl
Oooh oooh oooh
He , j'ai vu ton mec avec une autre fille
Il semblait dans un autre monde
Cours te cacher Sunday girl
Quand je t'ai revu l'e te j'ai de cide
Si ton amour e tait pareil au mien
Je pourrais e tre Sunday girl
De pe che-toi, de pe che-toi et attends
Toute la semaine absent et pourtant j'attends
J'ai le cafard, je t'en prie viens voir
Ce que ton amour repre sente pour moi
He , j'ai vu ton mec avec une autre fille
Il semblait dans un autre monde
Cours te cacher Sunday girl

All I want is a room with a view
A sight worth seeing, a vision of you
All I want is a room with view, oh-oh
I will give you my finest hour
The one I spent watching you shower
I will give you my finest hour, oh yeah
All I want is a photo in my wallet
A small remembrance of something more solid
All I want is a picture of you
Picture this - a day in December
Picture this - freezing cold weather
You got clouds on your lids and you'd be on the skids
If it weren't for your job at the garage
If you could only oh-oh
Picture this - a sky full of thunder
Picture this - my telephone number
One and one is what I'm telling you, oh yeah
All I want is 20-20 vision
A total portrait with no omissions
All I want is a vision of you, oh-oh
If you can picture this - a day in December
Picture this - freezing cold weather
You got clouds on your lids and you'd be on the skids
If it weren't for your job at the garage
If you could only oh-oh
Picture this - a sky full of thunder
Picture this - my telephone number
One and one is what I'm telling you
Get a pocket computer

Faces
Cracked for reason beyond recognition
Uh-huh
His space is
At the Palace, he sleeps for twenty five cents
Uh-huh
Now he's wiping headlights
Windshields with an old rag
It ain't nine to five
Down and dirty, he's an old tramp
He poses like a dead man
The night train passes by
Money's
Not the answer for princes and dancers
Uh-huh
He's standing under street lights
He's thinking of his old life
He lost his pretty young wife
The corner is his big plan
His brunch with Jim and jitters
Boston blue laws ain't for shitters
And newsprint is for cheaters
Cement mattress for believers
A dirty old bum
He's a dirty old bum
He can't say "Yes"
He can't forget it A dirty old bum
Now he's shooting power curves
His buddies think he's got some nerve
Mrs Face had other lovers
Her arms smothered other numbers
He freezes
Christmas season, all saints protect him
Uh-huh
His face is
Cracked for reason beyond recognition

When I met you in the restaurant
You could tell I was no debutante
You asked me what's my pleasure
A movie or a measure?
I'll have a cup of tea and tell you of my dreaming
Dreaming is free
I don't want to live on charity
Pleasure's real or is it fantasy?
Reel to reel is living rarity
People stop and stare at me We just walk on by - we just keep on dreaming
Feet feet, walking a two mile
Meet meet, meet me at the turnstile
I never met him, I'll never forget him
Dream dream, even for a little while
Dream dream, filling up an idle hour
Fade away, radiate
I sit by and watch the river flow
I sit by and watch the traffic go
Imagine something of your very own
Something you can have and hold
I'd build a road in gold just to have some dreaming
Dreaming is free
Dreaming
Dreaming is free
Dreaming

Surf's up
In the sun, I'm waiting for the day
Having fun, in warm far away
Moonlight nights, water seems so clear
Ooh city lights while I'm still waiting here
In the sun, it's for everyone
In the sun, were gonna have some fun
In the sun, were gonna shoot the tube
I'll do it for you, my paka lola luau love
New York isle is covered by grey
Concrete piles, blues play my way
Tropic haze, pineapple sky
Perfect wave, hurricane eye
In the sun, it's for everyone
In the sun, were gonna have some fun
In the sun, were gonna shoot the tube
I'll do it for you, my paka lola luau love
In the sun, it's for everyone
In the sun, were gonna have some fun
In the sun, were gonna shoot the tube
I'll do it for you, my paka lola luau love
Where is my wave?

Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh when we walk it always feels so nice
And when we talk it seems like paradise
Denis Denis I'm so in love with you
You're my king and I'm in heaven every time I look at you
When you smile it's like a dream
And I'm so lucky 'cause I found a boy like you
Denis Denis, oh with your eyes so blue
Denis Denis, I've got a crush on you
Denis Denis, I'm so in love with you
Denis Denis, oh won't you hold me tight?
Denis Denis, please can we kiss all night?
Denis Denis, I'm so in love with you
Oh, Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Oh Denis
Oh Denis doo-be-do
Oh Denis doo-be-do
Oh, Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh Denis
Oh, Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you
Denis doo-be-do, I'm in love with you

Man overboard, sinking in a sea of love
Man overboard, he jumped, didn't need a shove
Oh, I've been sailing the sea of love, experiencing romance
With what I know (with what I know) he never stood a chance
He gave it all for love
He gave it all for love
Said, lower the boats, he's sinking in a sea of love
Lower the boats, he's sinking in a sea of love
Yeah, I've been sailing the sea of love, experiencing romance
With what I know (with what I know) he never stood a chance
No! Man overboard
Man overboard
Man overboard
Man overboard
Throw him a line
Man overboard
He gave it all for love
He gave it all for love
He gave it, he gave it all for love
Man overboard

Your old lover's lying in the gutter
He used to be such an all night strutter
"Oh, my heart," I heard him mutter
"Oh, my dear, it seems to flutter"
Ah, ah
It's so hard to say "No"
When the deck is stacked to only go slow
It's easy sweet to live it up
An easy street when you've had enough
Ah, ah
Darkened night, splashing light
Soft and white and so polite
Let him in, beneath the rim
Beneath the skin, your next of kin
Cleansing fire, funeral pyre
Broken wire grown inside her
Secret hush, swollen rush
It's soft and plush, it's so plush
You know it's so passe
To sleep without you every day
So easy to do your stuff
So easy to live it up

Greetings Ladies and Gentlemen of Earth and all native intelligences
of the forty planets, satellites, moons, stars,
and any other inhabited orbs
with contestants entered in the annual Grande Trex,
the only inter-galactic race.
This year's event promises excitement to surpass all previous races.
As many of you fans already know the route or track of the orbits, glides, etc.
has been increased by 5,000 million kilometers
thus enabling Grande Trex to include the B'Arc System,
in our present event and for all succeeding GT races.
Dragonfly Dragonfly
Satellite
Strike and fight
Laser light shot tonight
Target nullified
Gyro subdivide
Latitude longitude
Satellite
Solid substitute
What's a drag race? Can't you see those dragons
Speeding up the street
But I learned they weren't real
Figments of the ancient fear
Rapid scan radians
For the chance
To win the Grande
Maneuvers preprogramme
Windage
Won't operate
Negative bearing swell
Dragons fly they symbolize in myth and saga breathing fire
Look up there's one flying higher
Faster than the SCC
Is science hiding witchery?
Grande Trex fans throughout the universe are well informed
on the risks pilots take in entering this race, i.e.
re-entry into some of the alien atmospheres is tricky business
which can cause a craft to implode, explode, melt,
lose automatic structure, etc., while en route.
The craft are scheduled to surface launch 0700.5100
Greenwich time and are assembled on one of our very own stars,
Neutron Einstar EV 9.
The excitement is at a fevered pitch as the countdown approaches zero.
These hypersonic inertial transition ships
can calculate the negligible quantity of spherical differential for tight orbit,
are sonar-radar balanced and translate windage occurrence,
offset verniers, retrieve, execute prepare,
delay code and report astrogational error in a micro-second.
Naturally these specialized craft are equipped with apparatus capable
of highly sensitive maneuverability.
They can dive, sweep, run random parallel paths,
alternate axes, circumnavigate for rapid survey, spin,
count milibaricly while simultaneously displaying an accurate diagram grid
for safety measures, not to mention the quanta limitation fixtures for sea level,
ground level, level off, and hover bearings.
We have retained as an added feature to stimulate more thrills,
the computer over-ride for a three and one half hours to two gens during
which pilots and co-pilots manually control free-fall, latitude,
longitude, protact gravity, revise dimensional equations,
run programme checks, submerge in the wild oceans of Jonrin 22,
to photograph as much territory as they can in addition
to the requisite three thousand automatic shots.
The postulate for mischance runs high but not as high as the tension
and competitive spirit right here on Earth and all over
the 4 galaxies represented in this Seventh Grande Trex.
Dragonfly rations glide
In free fall slide
System nullify
Satellite dragonfly
Surface launch
Radio silence
Hover high level off
The time space tactics saved us then
Display report present, urgent
Sequence counting surface launch
Dragonfly destroying all
Science claiming newest findings
Chanting calling flying dragons
Aboard all systems optimum
Nova scheduled war continued
Half the continental shelf burned by interval
Interval
Dragonfly Dragonfly
Beacons aim
Space game
Satellite computerized
Mighty flight
Hypersonic glide
The countdown is minus two hundred (-200)
and I am turning you over to the control room
at command central Sia Lan for the launch.
Good luck to all the racers and especially to our ship Dragonfly;
onward to victory.
(Remember comdirect and radio silence will temporarily be in effect.)
Win the race calibrate
Re-entry place

In love with love, in love with a passionate heart
In love with love, in love even when we're apart
In love with love, in love with a passionate heart
In love with love, in love even when we're apart
I wondered the difference of how it could last
I heard the celebration of champagne in glass
No wonder, it's no wonder why I'm
In love with love, in love with a passionate heart
In love with love, in love with the form of the art
We love through the fighting of everyday life
Of glass that gets broken and cuts like a knife
I wonder and I wonder why I'm
In love with love, in love with a passionate heart
In love with love, then on with the delicate march
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
Heart of fire, house of fire
In love with love, in love with a passionate heart
In love with love, on fire with a passionate heart
Ablaze with reflection, our hot house is set
Blazing with a flaming with a fire, it's so passionately racing
With a chaser, it's so hard to keep my wits about me
Yeah yeah yeah
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire
Heart of fire, house of fire (of fire)
In love with a passionate heart (yeah yeah yeah)
[Ad lib 'til fade]

Far from day, far from night
Out of time, out of sight
In between earth and sea
We shall fly, follow me
Dry the rain, warm the snow
Where the winds never go
Follow me, follow me
Follow me
Follow me to a cave by a sapphire shore
Where we'll walk through an emerald door
And for thousands of breathless "evermore's" my life you will be
Only you, only I
World farewell, world goodbye
To our home 'neath the sea
We shall fly, follow me
Only you, only I
World farewell, world goodbye
To our home 'neath the sea
We shall fly, follow me
Follow me, follow me

Was it destiny
I don't know yet
Was it just by chance? Could this be Kismet?
Something in my consciousness told me you'd appear
Now I'm always touched by your presence dear
When we play at cards you use an extra sense (it's really not cheating)
You can read my hand, I've got no defence
When you sent your messages whispered loud and clear
I am always touched by your presence dear
Floating past the evidence of possibilities
We could navigate together, psychic frequencies
Coming into contact with outer entities
We could entertain each one with our theosophies
Stay awake at night and count your R.E.M.'s when you're talking with your super friends
Levitating lovers in the secret stratosphere
I am still in touch with your presence dear
I am still in touch with your presence dear

Look up the right words
The ones for today
And use them correctly
And mean what I say
Answer the questions
Crossword confession
Interrogation
I'm down, can we meet
Is it true, do you cheat?
How far can I go?
How much do you know?
What's the definition?
How much did she mention?
How much does she know?
Can I find the right words to say?
The right words are so hard to say
It's a challenger puzzle
From the magazine section
Across with the questions
Do the ethics of reference
One hundred twenty brain teasers to torment you
One hundred thoughts
I can't find the right words to say
My meaning's not quite getting through
The right words are so hard to say
Can I find the right words for you?
Let's not hedge our bets
'Cause the odds are dependent
Please listen instead
Now the whispers are ending
The point's misleading
As points often do

Stars live in the evening
But the very young need the sun, uh-huh
Pretty baby, you look so heavenly
A neo-nebular from under the sun
I was forming, some say I had my chance
The boys were falling like an avalanche
Ya ya baby
La Dolce Vita is a magic dance
No-one was listening
Pretty baby, un petite ingenue
A teenage starlet, I fell in love with you
You, you with the comb
You look OK in every way (every way)
Ah, I should have known
You'd look at me and look away (and look away - oh)
Pretty baby, you look so heavenly
A neo-nebular from under the sun
Eyes that tell me incense and peppermints
Your looks are larger than life, long live innocence
Petite ingenue, I fell in love with you
Pretty baby, I fell in love with you, whoah oh
Pretty baby, oh oh

Backfired
Your plan, your plan backfired
Backfired
My man, your plan backfired in your face
You came into my life to test me
Your diplomatic drag depressed me
The glitter in your eyes undressed me
You were polished slick
Really thick
Wasting time dropping lines like
"I could get you into movies"
But we wound up at Hot Jo's for hamburgers to go
Backfired
Your plan backfired
Backfired
My man, your plan backfired in your face
To steal my mind was your objective
The way you spoke was too aggressive
The silly jokes were not impressive
Like "A travelling salesman met a farmer with three daughters", yet
All the quips were so suggestive
Then we ran down to Hot Jo's for hamburgers to go
Backfired
Your plan backfired
Backfired
My man, your plan backfired in your face
Well, come here my little dear, I've got what it takes
Give me just what I want and I'll give you a break
Well, don't slip on your lips cause you're talking so fast
Buying for first, crying for last
Well come on my little lady, don't shoot me down
I've got strong connections all over town
Just drop to a dead stop (what?)
Backfired
Your plan backfired
Backfired
My man, your plan backfired in your face
You were polished slick. Really thick
Wasting time dropping lines
Backfired
"A travelling salesman met a farmer with three daughters", yet
Backfired
Backfired
Your plan backfired
Couldn't work out no
Backfired
My man, your plan
Backfired in your face
It backfired
Backfired
Your plan just backfired
Oh no, it couldn't work out, backfired
Better get a new line and try it again
Slick performance on demand
Backfired
You better back up fast and head out west
You may still collect
Backfired
It backfired
Your plan backfired
Too bad
Backfired
My man, your plan backfired
Well, come here my little dear, I've got what it takes
Give me just what I want and I'll give you a break
Well, don't slip on your lips cause you're talking so fast
Buying for first, crying for last
Well come on my little lady, don't shoot me down
I've got strong connections all over town

Oh, I don't want you to go
Oh, please don't leave me alone
No, I don't want you to go
Oh, please don't leave me alone
Dear Annett
Soon I'll be with you before they know
Before the show
I'm not a whore, I dance no more
I'll be with you across the border, dearest Anastasia
I'm leaving soon. I'm sorry to
But burn this letter, burn my picture
They won't know I've crossed the border
Love, Victor
Oh, I don't want you to go
Oh, don't leave me alone

Oh, oh, what are we gonna do?
Union, Union, Union City blue
Tunnel to the other side
It becomes daylight
I say he's mine
Oh power, passion plays a double hand
Union, Union Union City man
Arrive, climb up four flights
To the orange side
Rearrange my mind
In turquoise Union, Union, Union City blue
Skyline, passion, Union City blue
Power, passion plays a double hand
Union, Union, Union City man
I say he's mine
I have a plan
I say he's my Union City man
Oh, oh, what are we gonna do?

Giant ants from space snuff the human race
Then they eat your face, never leave a trace
La la la la la, la la la la la, la la la la la
They shoot fire all around. Tokyo burns down
Everybody drowns. The moon falls on the ground
La la la la la, la la la la la, la la la la la
They can't be stopped at all. The buildings start to fall
Soldiers shoot all day and then they run away
La la la la la, la la la la la, la la la la la
The world is holocaust. Everything is lost
Mankind is destroyed. Sprinkled in the void
La la la la la, la la la la la, la la la la la
Giant ants from space waste the human race
Then they eat your face, never leave a trace

Circle high, circle low
Jammers fly, T-birds
You show, you show, whiplash go
You show, you show, T-birds
Mighty bird
T-bird, my mighty bird
On the dot in the slot, tie the knot
On the dot timed kisses
In the slot on the dot, tie the knot
In the slot, no misses
Mighty bird
T-bird, my mighty bird
T-bird, mighty bird
Black sun conqueror
Black sun worshipper
Coil it up, wind it out, strike it hot
Coil it up plumed serpent
Coil it up, wind it out, strike it hot
Coil it up, my T-bird
Serpent curl
T-bird, rule the world
T-bird, mighty bird
Black sun born again
Oh I love my T-bird, T-bird
Oh I love my T-bird, T-bird
Oh I love my T-bird, T-bird

You know he can't be tested, he can't be read or found
Urban grey takes breath away, he wants to push his pedal to the ground
And the night's what's right, puts him at the wheel
Well, I eat danger, any stranger is all right
Feel hot to go like Jimmy O, dodging flying objects at the show
And the lights make me fight
In Detroit 442, maybe, baby, I could ride with you
This town's a concrete factory and Dad and Mum look just like me
I'm on the plant assembly line. Too late now. Too far behind
You said you wanna hang around, no-one really cares where you go
Take your time. Things never change
In Detroit 442, maybe, baby, I could ride with you
In Detroit 442, maybe, baby, I could ride with you
In Detroit 442, maybe, baby, I could ride with you
In Detroit 442, maybe, baby, I could ride with you

You look good in blue
It matches your skin, your eyes dripping with pain
Someone like you
Getting off on the lies 'cause it dulls your surprise again
If it's alright with you
I could give you some head and shoulders to lie on
You look good in blue
I know what you mean when you say you've seen the end
Someone like you
Been at it again, you knew what was up in the end
If it's alright with you
I could give you some head and shoulders to lie on
Throw your weight on me baby
Don't complain on me baby
Escape in me, next to me
I'm tired, always tired and I got not place to sleep
Don't mind dividing down the line
Can't say that I'm complaining 'cause I got no place to play, yeah
Don't mind dividing down the line
You look good in blue
It matches your skin, your eyes dripping with pain
If it's alright with you
I could give you some head and shoulders to lie on

We fell in love down at the pier
You were sunbathing, I was around
Soon we were sharing a beer
We fell in love at the pier
I'm no sentimental slob so don't think I'm queer
You got something baby and it ain't just my beer
Well, maybe it's the hot pants, maybe the heat
Or was it the sneakers you kicked of your feet?
I sat under my umbrella to keep my pearly skin
You tanned your oily body looking like sin
Well, soon I was sweating and I wanted to leave
You slipped into the water from too much grease
Well, I saw you yelling. I just couldn't hear
So I screamed back at you "Honey keep the beer!"
We never consummated our outside love affair
Too much tar and water, too much hot air
Oh, what a tragic end to love that was lost
We would have stood a chance if we met in the frost, but
We fell in love down at pier
You were sunbathing, I was around
Now I go to beaches with my girlfriend

Hey, you've got an unnerving face
And twitching eyes like Norman Bates
You got a cigarette, eye on a mirror
Farm boy brown gas station sweeper
You took that girl, you put the saddle on her
Just thirteen, she's her daddy's apple
And she don't know you're the kidnapper, uh-huh
Hey, your Daddy's Whiskey Sam
He's got bloodshot eyes like Ray Milland
Playing solitaire, your Mother fidgets
You wanna be rich but you won't dig ditches
She bitches like a brat, she got the money
People breaking their necks and she thinks it's funny
Where's your old man now? Nobody's home, uh-huh
Kidnapper
Hey, they call you Skinny Jim
And nobody knows the boat you're in
They dipped your tail when you were back in school
Well, you're a real strange cake but your nobody's fool
So you took that girl and you put the saddle on her
Just thirteen, she's fresh out of diapers
And she don't know you're the kidnapper, uh-huh
She don't know you're the kidnapper, uh-huh

1 2 3 !
Down in Chinatown (the year of the Cock)
He sold the silver belt, put it in hock
Fistful of money, mouth full of gold
Soon to be free of all armful of holes
She was a kung fu girl, kung fu girl
Uh eow!
He got the address symbolised in Cantonese
Then asked a native, "Some assistance, please"
She took him to the secret door, he was kissing the floor
Don't know much more
She was a kung fu girl, kung fu girl
Heng lu Cindy Sue
Difo difong hacking hu
In a flash of recollection of oriental pride
She threw him to the side
Got the address, gave the door a knock
What happened next caused quite a shock
She was standing, looking out the door
He was kicked to the floor
Don't know much more
She was a kung fu girl, kung fu girl
Uh eow
Kung fu
Cindy Sue
Oh, I wanna get close to you
You're my kung fu girl
You're my kung fu girl
Oh my oriental pearl
Kung fu
Cindy Sue
Oh, I wanna get close to you
You're my kung fu girl

She knew it about Route Three
Oh, she blew it, you know she could've told me
He can't say no, he can't ask why
Go through it, highway bride
He delivers, he's a roadsider
He gets no road from a back seat driver
Away we go, yes or no?
I love you honey, gimme a beer
But just like Jerry Lee, she's tuning in on me
And I've got no defence, but it makes no difference
'Cause just like Jerry Lee, she's tuning in on me
She does it easy, like a CB
He's hard to hold on the rolling road
He knows his rig's hot, get through that roadblock
Ten miles to go, oh, radio
She knew it, now so does he
Ah, I love you honey, gimme a beer

Based on the desire for total mobility and the serious physical pursuit
of religious freedom, the auto drove mankind further than the wheel and,
in remote areas even today,
is forbidden as a device too suspect for human conveyance.
This articulate conception has only brought us all more of the same,
thoughtlessly locked into phase two gridlock, keyed up,

I know a girl from a lonely street
Cold as ice cream but still as sweet
Dry your eyes Sunday girl
Hey, I saw your guy with a different girl
Looks like he's in another world
Run and hide Sunday girl
Hurry up, hurry up and wait
stay away all week and still I wait
I got the blues, please come see
What your loving means to me
She can't catch up with the working crowd
The weekend mood and she's feeling proud
Live in dreams Sunday girl
Baby, I would like to go out tonight
If I go with you my folks'll get uptight
Stay at home Sunday girl
Hey, I saw your guy with a different girl
Looks like he's in another world
Run and hide Sunday girl
When I saw you again in the summertime
If your love was as sweet as mine
I could be Sunday's girl
Hurry up, hurry up and wait
I stay away all week and still I wait
I got the blues, please come see
What your loving means to me