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Iaido
居合道
いあいどう

Focus	Weaponry (Katana)
Hardness	Forms competitions only.
Country of origin	Japan
Creator	Nakayama Hakudō (c.1873–1958) is generally credited with first use of the term "iaido".
Parenthood	Iaijutsu
Olympic sport	No

Iaido (居合道, Iaidō^?) is a modern Japanese martial art associated with the smooth, controlled movements of drawing the sword from its scabbard, striking or cutting an opponent, removing blood from the blade, and then replacing the sword in the scabbard.^{[citation needed]} While new students of iaido^[1] may start learning with a wooden sword (bokken) depending on the teaching style of a particular instructor, many of those who study iaido use a blunt edged sword (iaitō). Few, more experienced, iaido practitioners use a sharp edged sword (shinken).

Practitioners of iaido are often referred to as iaidoka.

Because iaido is practiced with a weapon, it is almost entirely practiced using forms, or kata. Multiple person kata exist within some schools of iaido, when iaidoka will usually use bokken for such kata practice. Iaido does include competition in form of kata but does not use sparring of any kind. Because of this non-fighting aspect, and iaido's emphasis on precise, controlled, fluid motion, it is sometimes referred to as "moving Zen."^{[citation needed]}

Iaido forms (kata) are performed solitarily against one or more imaginary opponents. Some iaido schools, however, include kata performed in pairs. Most of the styles and schools do not practice tameshigiri, cutting techniques.

A very important part of iaido, is nukitsuke or the life of iaido. This is a very quick draw of the sword, accomplished by simultaneously drawing the sword from the saya and also moving the saya back in saya-biki.^{[citation needed]}

Name[link]

Iaido practiced wearing a hakama

Partner practice in iaido is very dangerous

Respect shown to the sword (tōrei) before and after practice.

The word iaido approximately translates into English as "the way of mental presence and immediate reaction." It was coined in the 1930s, replacing the earlier and more literal name battōjutsu (抜刀術 "art of drawing the sword").

Battōjutsu is the historical (ca. 15th century) term encompassing both the practice of drawing the sword and cutting (tameshigiri).^{[citation needed]} The term iaijutsu (居合術) was known before the Tokugawa period (before 1603) , and the term iaido was known from 1932. Iaido is due to the general trend (stemming from gendai budō) to replace the suffix -jutsu with -dō in Japanese martial arts in order to emphasize a philosophical or spiritual component.^{[citation needed]}

Iaido is the usual term to refer to the modern self-improvement oriented-form taught e.g. by the All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF), while Iaijutsu is used for some amongst the older koryū combative techniques. The primary emphasis in iaido is on the psychological state of being present (居). The secondary emphasis is on drawing the sword and responding to the sudden attack as quickly as possible (合).

History[link]

In the book Bugei Ryuha Daijiten by Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi, Hayashizaki Jinsuke (Minamoto no) Shigenobu is credited with establishing the influence and popularity of the art early in the 16th century, that is today widely practised as iaido.^[2] However, around a century before his birth, the dynamic art of iaijutsu had been developed by Iizasa Ienao, the founder of the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū.^{[citation needed]}

The Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū (天真正伝香取神道流) included iaijutsu in its curriculum in the 15th century. The first schools dedicated exclusively to sword drawing appeared some time during the late 16th or early 17th century. Hayashizaki Jinsuke Minamoto no Shigenobu (林崎甚助源の重信) (1546–1621) is generally credited with being the originator of the first dedicated school of sword drawing. Little is known of his life, leading some scholars to doubt his historical existence as a real person. The two largest schools of sword drawing that are practised today are the Musō Shinden-ryū (夢想神伝流) and Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū (無雙直傳英信流). Both schools trace their lineage to Hayashizaki Jinsuke Shigenobu through Hasegawa Chikaranosuke Hidenobu.

Seitei Iaido[link]

Seitei Iaido (制定) ("basis of the Iaido") or Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei Iaido is the standard set of iaido kata created in 1968 by a committee formed by the All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF, Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei or ZNKR).^[3] The twelve Seitei iaido forms (seitei-gata) are standardised for the tuition, promotion and propagation of iaido within the kendo federations. Although not all dojo teach seitei iaido, the AJKF uses them as a standard for their iaido exams and shiai. As a result, seitei iaido has become the most widely recognised form of iaido in Japan and the rest of the world. Being an extremely standardized form, Seitei Iaido is practiced not only in Japan, but all over the world in very similar way.

Tōhō Iaido[link]

The All Japan Iaido Federation (ZNIR, Zen Nihon Iaido Renmei, founded 1948) has a set of five iaido forms, Tōhō Iaido. This is essentially the ZNIR equivalent of the Seitei Iaido set. These five forms are from the five different major iaido schools.

• Maegiri Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū
• Zengogiri Mugai-ryū
• Kiriage Shindō Munen-ryū
• Shihôgiri Suiō-ryū
• Kissakigaeshi Hōki-ryū

Classical period Iaido[link]

List of koryū iaido-schools

Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū and Musō Shinden-ryū[link]

Iaido in the Czech Republic

Although there are a wide range of koryū styles practiced in Japan, the two most popular koryū styles practiced worldwide are Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū and Musō Shinden-ryū.^{[citation needed]} They resemble each other quite strongly because they branched off from one style sometime in the 18th century, first forming the branches of Shimomura-ha and Tanimura-ha.

These two branches would co-exist for many years until Ōe Masamichi Shikei, the 17th headmaster, brought together the Tanimura-ha, Hasegawa Eishin-ryū and the Ōmori-ryū to form what is today's Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū.

The last Shimomura-ha (claimed) headmaster, Nakayama Hakudō who is considered the 16th, created a sword drawing art called Musō Shinden Battōjutsu that was heavily influenced by his Shimomura-ha training, but also took elements from other iaido-arts and would later become the Musō Shinden-ryū.

Although the schools' techniques resemble each other, there are several differences. Outwardly the most obvious differences might be seen for example in the nōtō (sheathing the katana back into the saya). In Shinden, the start of the nōtō is done on the horizontal plane, then rotated to the vertical plane by the end of the nōtō. In Musō Jikiden Eishin-ryū, the nōtō starts in an almost vertical plane and continues in that plane throughout the nōtō.

There are several branches of Eishin-ryū and Shinden-ryū that are practised today. Different lines and Iaido organisations often recognise different people as their sōke.

Mugai ryu[link]

Niina Gyokudo, a soke of Mugai ryu, demonstrates the Inchuyo technique.

Mugai ryu was once one of the more famous styles in Japan in the Edo period and was developed from a strong influence of Zen.^{[citation needed]} It is characterized by short, direct movements. As it was developed in 1697 by Tsuji Gettan Sukemochi [or Sukeshige], a Zen practitioner, it has deep links with Zen Buddhism. The original style created by Gettan was a kenjutsu school rather than iaido. Today's Mugai ryu iaido was established by Takahashi Hachisuke Mitsusuke and his younger brother Hidezu in mid Edo period. They studied a style called Jikyo-ryū under the fifth and last generation headmasters Yamamura Masashige. There are several distinct lineages of Mugai ryu throughout Japan today.

Suiō-ryū[link]

Suiō-ryū is a traditional style that specialises in sword drawing, both solo and paired, but other arts, like jōjutsu, naginatajutsu, kenpō and kusarigamajutsu are practised as well. It was founded by Mima Yoichizaemon Kagenobu c. 1615.

Other styles[link]

Other styles that incorporate sword drawing in their curriculum are, for example, Motobu Udundi from Okinawa, Shindō Munen-ryū, Shinkage-ryū, Hōki-ryū, Tatsumi-ryū, Tamiya-ryū, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, Takenouchi-ryū, Eishin-ryū and more.

Iaido/battō in the 20th century[link]

A style of sword drawing art is Toyama-ryū battōjutsu. This is a style originating in the late 19th century, and taught primarily to officers in the Second World War.^{[citation needed]} It is different from the Edo period styles primarily in that all techniques are performed from a standing position.^{[citation needed]} Toyama-ryū was in turn the basis of Nakamura-ryū,^{[citation needed]} created by Nakamura Taizaburo (1912–2003); incorporating nōtō and kamae from older Koryū, notably Ōmori-ryū.

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Iaido

• Aikibudo
• Aikido
• Battōjutsu
• Gosho Motoharu
• Iaijutsu
• Japanese martial arts
• Kendo
• Kenjutsu
• Shinkendo

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• "Art of Japanese Swordsmanship: A Manual of Eishin-Ryu Iaido". Publisher: Weatherhill; 1 edition (Jun 1 1994).
• "Zen Nippon Kendo Renmei Iai", English Version Manual, 3rd edition, published December 2009, by All Japan Kendo Federation, Tokyo, Japan.
• "Japanese Swordsmanship: Technique and practice". By Gordon Warner & Donn F. Draeger. Publisher: Weatherhill; 1982.
• “Flashing Steel, 2nd Edition: Mastering Eishin-Ryū-Swordsmanship”. By Masayuki Shimabukurō & Leonard J. Pellman. Publisher: Blue Snake Books; 2008
• Craig, Darrell Max (1991). Iai: The Art Of Drawing The Sword. Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0-8048-7023-3 
• De Lange, William, Iaido: History, Teaching & Practice Of Japanese Swordsmanship, Weatherhill, 2002. ISBN 0-8348-0500-6

External links[link]

• All Japan Kendo Federation (AJKF/ZNKR).
• International Kendo Federation (FIK).
• Japan Iaido Federation (Nippon Iaido Renmei/NIR).
• Art of IAIDO (AOI).

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Nakayama Hakudō (中山 博道^?, February 11, 1869 - December 14, 1958), also known as Nakayama Hiromichi, was a Japanese martial artist and founder of the iaidō style Musō Shinden-ryū. He is the only person to have received both jūdan (10th degree) and hanshi (master instructor) ranks in kendō, iaidō, and jōdō from the All Japan Kendo Federation. In addition, he held an instructor's license in Shintō Musō-ryū^[1] and a Menkyo kaiden in Shindō Munen-ryū making him the 7th sōke of that system. He was the 18th and last Sōke (head master) of the Shimomura-ha (branch) of Hasegawa Eishin-ryū iaijutsu.

Biography[link]

Nakayama Hakudō

Nakayama was born in Kanazawa City, in Ishikawa Prefecture, circa 1873. He moved to Tokyo when he was aged about 19 years. In Tokyo, he entered the dōjō of Shingoro Negishi of the Shindō Munen-ryū.^[2] In time, Nakayama became a master of Shindō Munen-ryū kenjutsu.

He taught at the Yushinkan Dojo, near Korakuen in Tokyo, and he trained many of the top swordsmen of his day. He was a personal friend of aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba, and he was instrumental in arranging the marriage between Nakakura Kiyoshi and Ueshiba's daughter, Matsuko. He also was the teacher of Ueshiba's student Minoru Mochizuki, developer of the Yoseikan dojo.

By the mid-1920s, Nakayama was one of the most famous swordsmen in Japan, and as such, he was made a leader of the committee that drew up the sword curriculum for the Toyama Military Academy. Therefore, he is considered by many to be the father of Toyama swordsmanship. Nonetheless, Kimura Shoji wrote in 1926:^[3]

Nakayama was an active promoter of New Swords (e.g., modern swords made in the traditional fashion). Often, this involved cutting demonstrations. For example, on July 10, 1934, Nakayama publicly demonstrated the strength of New Swords by using one to cut an iron bar about the thickness of a man's finger. The bar had been wrapped in straw, and Nakayama cut it with a single stroke, without leaving a mark on either the table or the blade. The Japanese Sword Institute had forged the sword; the smiths were students of Kurishara Hikosaburo.^[4] Unfortunately, such high quality swords were too expensive for mass production. In 1941, New Swords typically cost ¥2,000-¥8,000 (US $1,000-$4,000).^[5]

At the end of World War II, Nakayama was quick to advise Japanese people to greet Allied troops with grace, saying samurai never mouthed what was finished. Said he:^[6]

Nakayama lived this advice himself, and as such, he was involved in the establishment of the postwar All Japan Kendo Federation.

Nakayama was also a poet and calligrapher. A sample scroll reads:^[7]

Flowers need water and shade

Bamboo needs the moon shade

Beautiful woman looks best through the shade of a screen

Publications[link]

• Nakayama, Hakudō. (1924) Kendō Tebikisō (剣道手引草).

References[link]

External links[link]

• YouTube streaming video, accessed March 15, 2007 [2]
• Kendo World forum - thread about life of Nakayama Hakudo, [3]