Kata (型 or 形, literally: "form"^?) is a Japanese word describing detailed choreographed patterns of movements practised either solo or in pairs. The term form is used for the corresponding concept in non-Japanese martial arts in general.

Kata are used in many traditional Japanese arts such as theater forms like kabuki and schools of tea ceremony (chadō), but are most commonly known for the presence in the martial arts. Kata are used by most traditional Japanese and Okinawan martial arts, such as aikidō, iaidō, jōdō, jūdō, jūjutsu, kenjutsu, kendō and karate. Other arts such as t'ai chi ch'uan and taekwondo feature the same kind of training, but use the respective Chinese and Korean words taolu and hyeong, respectively.

Background[link]

Kata originally were teaching/training methods by which successful combat techniques were preserved and passed on. Practicing kata allowed a company of persons to engage in a struggle using a systematic approach, rather than as individuals in a disorderly manner.^[1]

The basic goal of kata is to preserve and transmit proven techniques. By practicing in a repetitive manner the learner develops the ability to execute those techniques and movements in a natural, reflex-like manner. Systematic practice does not mean permanently rigid. The goal is to internalize the movements and techniques of a kata so they can be executed and adapted under different circumstances, without thought or hesitation. A novice’s actions will look uneven and difficult, while a master’s appear simple and smooth.^[2]

The OED records kata as a loanword in English, from the 1950s in reference to the Judo katas due to Jigoro Kano, and from the 1970s also of Karate katas; but the word has come to be used as a generic term for "forms" in martial arts in general, or even figuratively applied to other fields.

Japanese martial arts[link]

In Japanese martial arts practice, kata is often seen as an essential partner to randori training with one complementing the other. However, the actual type and frequency of kata versus randori training varies from art to art. In iaidō, solo kata using the Japanese sword (katana) comprises almost all of the training. Whereas in judo, kata training is de-emphasized and usually only prepared for dan grading.

In kenjutsu, paired kata at the beginners level can appear to be stilted. At higher levels serious injury is prevented only by a high sensitivity of both participants to important concepts being taught and trained for. These include timing and distance, with the kata practiced at high speed. This adjustability of kata training is found in other Japanese arts with roles of attacker and defender often interchanging within the sequence.

Many martial arts use kata for public demonstrations and in competitions, awarding points for such aspects of technique as style, balance, timing, and verisimilitude (appearance of being real).

2005 cadet world karate champion ^[3] Emmanuelle Fumonde, Sainte-Suzanne (Réunion)

Karate[link]

The most popular image associated with kata is that of a karate practitioner performing a series of punches and kicks in the air. The kata are executed as a specified series of approximately 20 to 70 moves, generally with stepping and turning, while attempting to maintain perfect form. There are perhaps 100 kata across the various forms of karate, each with many minor variations. The number of moves in a kata may be referred to in the name of the kata, e.g., Gojūshiho, which means "54 steps." The number of moves may also have links with Buddhist spirituality. The number 108 is significant in Buddhism & Hinduism, signifying the 108 ways the mind can behave (Upanishads) and kata with 54, 36, or 27 moves (divisors of 108) are common. The practitioner is generally counselled to visualize the enemy attacks, and his responses, as actually occurring, and karateka are often told to "read" a kata, to explain the imagined events. The study of the meaning of the movements is referred to as the bunkai, meaning analysis, of the kata.

One explanation of the use of kata is as a reference guide for a set of moves. Not to be used following that "set" pattern but to keep the movements "filed". After learning these kata, this set of learned skills can then be used in a sparring scenario (particularly without points). The main objective here is to try out different combinations of techniques in a safe, practice environment to ultimately find out how to defeat your opponent.

Nathan Johnson claims that most antique karate kata were developed for use with weapons rather than as open hand techniques.^[4]

In kata the blocking movements are often performed while moving forward, which wouldn't be practical during the 'Bunkai'. These blocking movements would be performed during a Tai sabaki (体捌き), stepping-back action, where the opponent's attack would be avoided and the block would be a mere cover.

Koshiki-no-kata by Kano(l) and Yamashita(r)

Judo[link]

Judo has several kata, mostly created in the late 19th century by Kano Jigoro, the founder of judo. The judo kata involve two participants. Judo kata preserve a number of techniques that are not permitted in competition or in randori, including punches, kicks, and the use of the katana and other weapons. The study of kata is usually begun typically at around the green belt level. The most commonly studied judo kata is Nage-no-kata, which consists of fifteen throwing techniques. The Katame-no-kata is composed of pinning techniques, chokes, and joint locks. Kime-no-kata is a long kata consisting of self-defense techniques against both unarmed attacks, and attacks with swords and knives.

Aka with stick (4 Winds)

Non-Japanese martial arts[link]

In Burmese martial arts, there are many akas. Bando practitioners (Bandoist) need to understand various types of body structure first. There are nine "Bando basic forms" in the Bando system (Hanthawaddy bando system) and 9 animal forms.

A defensive form in the "point-form" (bando)

In Korean martial arts such as taekwondo and tangsudo, the Korean word hyung is usually employed, though in some cases other words are used. The International Taekwon-Do Federation uses the Korean word tul, while the World Taekwondo Federation uses the word poomsae or simply the English translations "pattern" or "form." TKD patterns have multiple variations including Palgwe and the more popular Taeguk forms used by the WTF. Forms are included in certain taekwondo competitions and are a key element of gradings.

In Vietnamese martial arts, e.g., vovinam viet vo dao the Vietnamese word quyen is used.

In Chinese martial arts, forms are known as taolu. Modern forms are used in wushu competitions.

In Indonesian martial arts, mainly Silat and Pencak Silat, forms with the upper body are known as djurus, forms with the lower body are known as langkah, and forms with the whole body are known as dasar pasang.

Outside of martial arts[link]

More recently, kata has come to be used in English in a more general or figurative sense, referring to any basic form, routine, or pattern of behavior that is practiced to various levels of mastery.^[5]

In Japanese language, kata (though written as 方) is a frequently-used suffix meaning “way of doing,” with emphasis on the form and order of the process. Other meanings are “training method” and “formal exercise.” The goal of a painter’s practicing, for example, is to merge his consciousness with his brush; the potter’s with his clay; the garden designer’s with the materials of the garden. Once such mastery is achieved, the theory goes, the doing of a thing perfectly is as easy as thinking it.^[6]

One of the things that characterizes an organization’s culture are its kata - its routines of thinking and practice.^[7] Edgar Schein suggests an organization's culture helps it cope with its environment,^[8] and one meaning of kata is, "a way to keep two things in sync or harmony with one another." A task for leaders and managers is to create and maintain the organizational culture through consistent role modeling, teaching, and coaching, which is in many ways analogous to how martial-arts kata are taught.

See also[link]

• Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
• Practice (learning method)
• Procedural memory
• Shu Ha Ri

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)

1. ^ Rosenbaum, Michael. Kata and the Transmission of Knowledge in Traditional Martial Arts. YMAA Publication Center, Boston, 2004.
2. ^ Rosenbaum, Michael. Kata and the Transmission of Knowledge in Traditional Martial Arts. YMAA Publication Center, Boston, 2004.
3. ^ "World junior and cadet champsionships 2005". http://www.karaterec.com/en/contests/world-junior-and-cadet-championships-2005/. 
4. ^ Johnson, Nathan (2006). The Great Karate Myth. The Wykeham Press. ISBN 0-9549609-3-9. 
5. ^ Shook, John. Managing to Learn. Lean Enterprise Institute, 2008, p. 32
6. ^ DeMenthe, Boye Lafayette. Kata, The Key to Understanding and Dealing with the Japanese! Tuttle Publishing, 2003, pp. 1-3
7. ^ Ichijo, Kazuo and Nonaka, Ikujiro, Knowledge Creation and Management: New Challenges for Managers, Oxford University Press, 2006, page 25
8. ^ Schein, Edgar. Organizational Culture and Leadership: A Dynamic View. Jossey-Bass, 1985, p. 57

External links[link]

• Information on the Kata of Judo.
• Judo Kata videos.
• Karate, Okinawan Kobudo and Kendo Kata videos.
• karate shotokan kata video.

Chatan Yara
Born	1740 Shuri,  Japan Ryūkyū Kingdom
Died	1812 (aged 143–144)
Style	Te
Teacher(s)	Wong Chung-Yoh, Kusanku
Notable students	Peichin Takahara

Chatan Yara (北谷 屋良, Chatan Yara ^?, 1740 – 1812), aka Yara Guwa, Ueekata, Yomitan Yara, is credited with being one of the first to disseminate the art of Te throughout Okinawa. Yara is most noted for teaching Takahara Peichin who would later be the sensei of Sakugawa Kanga, the father of Okinawan karate. Depending on Sakugawa's birth date, Yara may have been his teacher also (based on the kata he taught).

Yara was from Chatan Village, on Okinawa Island.

History[link]

According to most accounts, Yara's parents sent him to China at the age of 12 under the advice of his uncle to study the Chinese language and the martial arts. It was here he mastered the use of a the bo staff and twin sais under the guidance of his teacher Wong Chung-Yoh.^[1]

Shortly after returning to Shuri around 1800, Yara came to the assistance of a woman being harassed by a samurai. First avoiding the samurai's sword attacks, Yara acquired an eku (oar) from a nearby boat and successfully disarmed and killed the samurai.^[2] Soon after this rescue, he was recruited by local officials to teach his martial art to the local community for the purpose of self-defense.

References[link]

See also[link]

Pechin/Peichin

This Japanese biographical article related to martial arts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Morio Higaonna (Higaonna Morio, born December 25, 1938) is a prominent Okinawan karate practitioner who is the founder and Chief Instructor of the International Okinawan Goju-ryu Karate-do Federation (IOGKF).^[1][2] He is a holder of the highest rank in Goju-ryu karate, 10th dan.^[1] Higaonna has written several books on Goju-ryu karate, including Traditional Karate-do: Okinawa Goju Ryu (1985)^[3] and The history of Karate: Okinawan Goju Ryu (2001).^[4] Martial arts scholar Donn Draeger (1922–1982) reportedly once described him as "the most dangerous man in Japan in a real fight."^[5][6][7]

Early life[link]

Higaonna was born on December 25, 1938, in Naha, Okinawa.^[8][9][10] He began studying Shōrin-ryū karate at the age of 14 with his father and then with his friend Tsunetaka Shimabukuro.^[8] It was Shimabukuro who recommended that Higaonna learn Goju-ryu karate at Chojun Miyagi's garden dojo (training hall).^[8] In the late 1950s, he began training under Ei'ichi Miyazato^[11][12] (the most senior student of Chojun Miyagi, 1888–1953, who founded the Goju-ryu style) and An'ichi Miyagi^[13] (who was reportedly like an adopted son of, though not related to, C. Miyagi).

Higaonna was awarded black belt status by Miyazato in 1957.^[10] In 1960, he moved to Tokyo to study at Takushoku University.^[8] On December 30 of that year, Higaonna was promoted to the rank of 3rd dan at the first all-style dan grading of the Okinawa Karate-do Renmei.^[8][13] He was invited to teach at Tokyo's Yoyogi dojo, where he attracted a large following of karateka (practitioners of karate).^[13][14]

Promoting Goju-ryu across the world[link]

In July 1979, Higaonna founded the IOGKF in Poole, England.^[2][8] He was ranked 7th dan at the time.^[15] In 1980, Higaonna married a US student, Alanna Stevens, and their son Eric was born in November that year.^[16] The family lived in Okinawa from May 1981 to May 1985, then in Tokyo from 1985 to 1987.^[16]

In September 1987, Higaonna moved with his family to Southern California to establish a new dojo.^[16] With San Marcos as a base,^[16][17][18] he began hosting budo festivals while continuing to research, practice, and travel worldwide to teach, such as in the former Soviet Union.^[16] Higaonna received his 8th dan and 9th dan promotions from Yuchoku Higa.^[19] In 2004, Higaonna was a member of the Okinawan Karatedo and Kobudo Encyclopedia Committee.^[9]

Higaonna later returned to live in Japan,^[16] and attained the rank of 10th dan in September 2007.^[2] His wife, Alanna Higaonna, is Administrative Director^[20] and an Advisor^[21] for the IOGKF, and his son, Eric Higaonna, is also a karateka.^[16] Higaonna remains active in karate, teaching in his home city, in Tsuboya, Naha, Okinawa.^[2][12]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Higaonna Dojo, Naha, Okinawa

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