Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (Hindi: अहमद सलमान रुशदी (Devanagari), احمد سلمان رشدی (Nastaʿlīq); 
/sælˈmɑːn ˈrʊʃdi/;[2] born 19 June 1947) is a British Indian novelist and essayist. His second novel, Midnight's Children (1981), won the Booker Prize in 1981. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He is said to combine magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, disruptions and migrations between East and West.
His fourth novel, The Satanic Verses (1988), was the centre of a major controversy, provoking protests from Muslims in several countries, some violent. Death threats were made against him, including a fatwā issued by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, on 14 February 1989.
Rushdie was appointed Commandeur dans Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France in January 1999.[3] In June 2007, Queen Elizabeth II dubbed him Knight Bachelor for his services to literature.[4] In 2008, The Times ranked him thirteenth on its list of the fifty greatest British writers since 1945.[5]
Since 2000, Rushdie has "lived mostly near Union Square" in New York City.[6] In 2007 he began a five-year term as Distinguished Writer in Residence at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, where he has also deposited his archives.[7] In May 2008 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.[8]
His latest novel is Luka and the Fire of Life, published in November 2010. Earlier the same year, he announced that he was writing his memoirs.[9]
The only son of Anis Ahmed Rushdie, a University of Cambridge-educated lawyer turned businessman, and Negin Bhatt, a teacher, Rushdie was born in Bombay, India, into a Muslim family of Kashmiri descent.[10][11][12] He was educated at Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai, Rugby School, and King's College, University of Cambridge, where he studied history.
Rushdie's first career was as a copywriter, working for the advertising agency Ogilvy & Mather, where he came up with "irresistibubble" for Aero and "Naughty but Nice" for cream cakes, and for the agency Ayer Barker, for whom he wrote the memorable line "That'll do nicely" for American Express. It was while he was at Ogilvy that he wrote Midnight's Children, before becoming a full-time writer.[13][14][15] John Hegarty of Bartle Bogle Hegarty has criticised Rushdie for not referring to his copywriting past frequently enough, although conceding: "He did write crap ads ... admittedly."[16]
His first novel, Grimus, a part-science fiction tale, was generally ignored by the public and literary critics. His next novel, Midnight's Children, catapulted him to literary notability. It significantly shaped the course that Indian writing in English followed over the next decade, and is regarded by many as one of the great books of the last 100 years.[citation needed] This work won the 1981 Booker Prize and, in 1993 and 2008, was awarded the Best of the Bookers as the best novel to have received the prize during its first 25 and 40 years.[17] Midnight's Children follows the life of a child, born at the stroke of midnight as India gained its independence, who is endowed with special powers and a connection to other children born at the dawn of a new and tumultuous age in the history of the Indian sub-continent and the birth of the modern nation of India. The character of Saleem Sinai has been compared to Rushdie.[18]
After Midnight's Children, Rushdie wrote Shame (1983), in which he depicts the political turmoil in Pakistan, basing his characters on Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. Shame won France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (Best Foreign Book) and was a close runner-up for the Booker Prize. Both these works of postcolonial literature are characterised by a style of magic realism and the immigrant outlook that Rushdie is very conscious of as a member of the Indian diaspora.
Rushdie wrote a non-fiction book about Nicaragua in the 1980s, The Jaguar Smile (1987). The book has a political focus and is based on his first-hand experiences and research at the scene of Sandinista political experiments.
His most controversial work, The Satanic Verses, was published in 1988 (see section below). Rushdie has published many short stories, including those collected in East, West (1994). The Moor's Last Sigh, a family epic ranging over some 100 years of India's history was published in 1995. The Ground Beneath Her Feet (1999) presents an alternative history of modern rock music. The song of the same name by U2 is one of many song lyrics included in the book, hence Rushdie is credited as the lyricist. He also wrote "Haroun and the Sea of Stories" in 1990.
Rushdie has had a string of commercially successful and critically acclaimed novels. His 2005 novel Shalimar the Clown received, in India, the prestigious Hutch Crossword Book Award, and was, in Britain, a finalist for the Whitbread Book Awards. It was shortlisted for the 2007 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award.[19]
In his 2002 non-fiction collection Step Across This Line, he professes his admiration for the Italian writer Italo Calvino and the American writer Thomas Pynchon, among others. His early influences included James Joyce, Günter Grass, Jorge Luis Borges, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Lewis Carroll. Rushdie was a personal friend of Angela Carter and praised her highly in the foreword for her collection Burning your Boats.
In 2012, Salman Rushdie became one of the first major authors to embrace Booktrack--a company that synchronises ebooks with customised soundtracks to create an immersive reading experience—when he published his short story In the South on the platform.[20]
Rushdie has quietly mentored younger Indian (and ethnic-Indian) writers, influenced an entire generation of Indo-Anglian writers, and is an influential writer in postcolonial literature in general.[21] He has received many plaudits for his writings, including the European Union's Aristeion Prize for Literature, the Premio Grinzane Cavour (Italy), and the Writer of the Year Award in Germany and many of literature's highest honours.[22] Rushdie was the President of PEN American Center from 2004 to 2006.
He opposed the British government's introduction of the Racial and Religious Hatred Act, something he writes about in his contribution to Free Expression Is No Offence, a collection of essays by several writers, published by Penguin in November 2005.
In 2006, Rushdie joined the Emory University faculty as Distinguished Writer in Residence for a five-year term.[23] Though he enjoys writing, Salman Rushdie says that he would have become an actor if his writing career had not been successful. Even from early childhood, he dreamed of appearing in Hollywood movies (which he later realised in his frequent cameo appearances).
Rushdie includes fictional television and movie characters in some of his writings. He had a cameo appearance in the film Bridget Jones's Diary based on the book of the same name, which is itself full of literary in-jokes. On 12 May 2006, Rushdie was a guest host on The Charlie Rose Show, where he interviewed Indo-Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta, whose 2005 film, Water, faced violent protests. He appears in the role of Helen Hunt's obstetrician-gynecologist in the film adaptation (Hunt's directorial debut) of Elinor Lipman's novel Then She Found Me. In September 2008, and again in March 2009, he appeared as a panellist on the HBO program "Real Time With Bill Maher".
Rushdie is currently collaborating on the screenplay for the cinematic adaptation of his novel Midnight's Children with director Deepa Mehta. The film will be called Midnight's Children.[24][25] While casting is still in progress, Seema Biswas, Shabana Azmi, Nandita Das,[26] and Irrfan Khan are confirmed as participating in the film.[27] Mehta has stated that production will begin in September, 2010.[28]
Rushdie announced in June 2011 that he had written the first draft of a script for a new television series for the U.S. cable network Showtime, a project on which he will also serve as an executive producer. The new series, to be called The Next People, will be, according to Rushie, "a sort of paranoid science-fiction series, people disappearing and being replaced by other people." The idea of a television series was suggested by his U.S. agents, said Rushdie, who felt that television would allow him more creative control than feature film. The Next People is being made by the British film production company Working Title, the firm behind such projects as Four Weddings and a Funeral and Shaun of the Dead.[29]
Rushdie is a member of the advisory board of The Lunchbox Fund,[30] a non-profit organisation which provides daily meals to students of township schools in Soweto of South Africa. He is also a member of the advisory board of the Secular Coalition for America,[31] an advocacy group representing the interests of atheistic and humanistic Americans in Washington, D.C. In November 2010 he became a founding patron of Ralston College, a new liberal arts college that has adopted as its motto a Latin translation of a phrase ("free speech is life itself") from an address he gave at Columbia University in 1991 to mark the two-hundredth anniversary of the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[32]
He took on Facebook over the use of his name in 2011. He won. Rushdie had asked to use his middle name Salman, which he is most recognised by. He described his online identity crisis in a series of messages posted on Twitter, among them ""Dear #Facebook, forcing me to change my FB name from Salman to Ahmed Rushdie is like forcing J. Edgar to become John Hoover" and "Or, if F. Scott Fitzgerald was on #Facebook, would they force him to be Francis Fitzgerald? What about F. Murray Abraham?" Messages such as these were then circulated online. Facebook eventually relented and allowed him to use the name by which he is universally known.[33][34]
[edit] The Satanic Verses and the fatwā
The publication of The Satanic Verses in September 1988 caused immediate controversy in the Islamic world because of what was perceived as an irreverent depiction of the prophet Muhammad. The title refers to a disputed Muslim tradition that is related in the book. According to this tradition, Muhammad (Mahound in the book) added verses (sura) to the Qur'an accepting three goddesses who used to be worshipped in Mecca as divine beings. According to the legend, Muhammad later revoked the verses, saying the devil tempted him to utter these lines to appease the Meccans (hence the "Satanic" verses). However, the narrator reveals to the reader that these disputed verses were actually from the mouth of the Archangel Gibreel. The book was banned in many countries with large Muslim communities. (12 total: India, Bangladesh, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Thailand, Tanzania, Indonesia, Singapore, Venezuela and Pakistan)
On 14 February 1989, a fatwā requiring Rushdie's execution was proclaimed on Radio Tehran by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the spiritual leader of Iran at the time, calling the book "blasphemous against Islam" (chapter IV of the book depicts the character of an Imam in exile who returns to incite revolt from the people of his country with no regard for their safety). A bounty was offered for Rushdie's death, and he was thus forced to live under police protection for several years. On 7 March 1989, the United Kingdom and Iran broke diplomatic relations over the Rushdie controversy.
The publication of the book and the fatwā sparked violence around the world, with bookstores firebombed. Muslim communities in several nations in the West held public rallies, burning copies of the book. Several people associated with translating or publishing the book were attacked, seriously injured, and even killed.[note 1] Many more people died in riots in some countries. Despite the danger posed by the fatwā, Rushdie made a public appearance at London's Wembley Stadium on 11 August 1993 during a concert by U2. In 2010, U2 bassist Adam Clayton recalled that "[lead vocalist] Bono had been calling Salman Rushdie from the stage every night on the Zoo TV tour. When we played Wembley, Salman showed up in person and the stadium erupted. You [could] tell from [drummer] Larry Mullen, Jr.'s face that we weren't expecting it. Salman was a regular visitor after that. He had a backstage pass and he used it as often as possible. For a man who was supposed to be in hiding, it was remarkably easy to see him around the place."[35]
On 24 September 1998, as a precondition to the restoration of diplomatic relations with Britain, the Iranian government, then headed by Mohammad Khatami, gave a public commitment that it would "neither support nor hinder assassination operations on Rushdie."[36][37]
Hardliners in Iran have continued to reaffirm the death sentence.[38] In early 2005, Khomeini's fatwā was reaffirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, in a message to Muslim pilgrims making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.[39] Additionally, the Revolutionary Guards have declared that the death sentence on him is still valid.[40] Iran has rejected requests to withdraw the fatwā on the basis that only the person who issued it may withdraw it,[39] and the person who issued it – Ayatollah Khomeini – has been dead since 1989.
Rushdie has reported that he still receives a "sort of Valentine's card" from Iran each year on 14 February letting him know the country has not forgotten the vow to kill him. He said, "It's reached the point where it's a piece of rhetoric rather than a real threat."[41] Despite the threats on Rushdie, he has publicly said that his family has never been threatened and that his mother (who lived in Pakistan during the later years of her life) even received outpourings of support.[42]
A former bodyguard to Rushdie, Ron Evans, planned to publish a book recounting the behaviour of the author during the time he was in hiding. Evans claimed that Rushdie tried to profit financially from the fatwa and was suicidal, but Rushdie dismissed the book as a "bunch of lies" and took legal action against Ron Evans, his co-author and their publisher.[43] On 26 August 2008 Rushdie received an apology at the High Court in London from all three parties.[44] A memoir of his years of hiding, Joseph Anton, is due to be published 18 September 2012. Joseph Anton was Rushdie's secret alias.[45]
On 3 August 1989, while Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh was priming a book bomb loaded with RDX explosives in a hotel in Paddington, Central London, the bomb exploded prematurely, destroying two floors of the hotel and killing Mazeh. A previously unknown Lebanese group, the Organization of the Mujahidin of Islam, said he died preparing an attack "on the apostate Rushdie". There is a shrine in Tehran's Behesht-e Zahra cemetery for Mustafa Mahmoud Mazeh that says he was "Martyred in London, 3 August 1989. The first martyr to die on a mission to kill Salman Rushdie." Mazeh's mother was invited to relocate to Iran, and the Islamic World Movement of Martyrs' Commemoration built his shrine in the cemetery that holds thousands of Iranian soldiers slain in the Iran–Iraq War.[36] During the 2006 Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah declared that "If there had been a Muslim to carry out Imam Khomeini's fatwā against the renegade Salman Rushdie, this rabble who insult our Prophet Mohammed in Denmark, Norway and France would not have dared to do so. I am sure there are millions of Muslims who are ready to give their lives to defend our prophet's honour and we have to be ready to do anything for that."[46] James Phillips of the Heritage Foundation testified before the United States Congress that a "March 1989" [sic] explosion in Britain was a Hezbollah attempt to assassinate Rushdie that failed when a bomb exploded prematurely, killing a Hezbollah activist in London.[47]
[edit] International Guerillas
In 1990, soon after the publication of The Satanic Verses, a Pakistani film entitled International Gorillay (International Guerillas) was released that depicted Rushdie as plotting to cause the downfall of Pakistan by opening a chain of casinos and discos in the country. The film was popular with Pakistani audiences, and it "presents Rushdie as a Rambo-like figure pursued by four Pakistani guerrillas".[48] The British Board of Film Classification refused to allow it a certificate, as "it was felt that the portrayal of Rushdie might qualify as criminal libel, causing a breach of the peace as opposed to merely tarnishing his reputation."[49] This effectively prevented the release of the film in Britain. Two months later, however, Rushdie himself wrote to the board, saying that while he thought the film "a distorted, incompetent piece of trash", he would not sue if it were released.[49] He later said, "If that film had been banned, it would have become the hottest video in town: everyone would have seen it".[49] While the film was a great hit in Pakistan, it went virtually unnoticed in the West.[49]
Rushdie was due to appear at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2012.[50] However, he later cancelled, and indeed cancelled his complete tour of India citing a possible threat to his life as the primary reason.[51][52] He investigated police reports that paid assassins had been hired to kill him and suggested the police might be lying.[53]
Meanwhile, the police, on the advice of officials, sought Ruchir Joshi, Jeet Thayil, Hari Kunzru and Amitava Kumar. They fled from Jaipur after reading excerpts from The Satanic Verses at the Jaipur Literature Festival. In India the import of the book is banned via customs. However, reading from an existing copy of the book is not illegal.[54]
A proposed video link session between Rushdie and the Jaipur Literature Festival was cancelled at the last minute[55] after the government pressured the festival to stop it.[53] Rushdie returned to India to address a conference in Delhi on 16 March 2012.[56]
Rushdie was knighted for services to literature in the Queen's Birthday Honours on 16 June 2007. He remarked, "I am thrilled and humbled to receive this great honour, and am very grateful that my work has been recognised in this way."[57] In response to his knighthood, many nations with Muslim majorities protested. Parliamentarians of several of these countries condemned the action, and Iran and Pakistan called in their British envoys to protest formally. Controversial condemnation issued by Pakistan's Religious Affairs Minister Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq was in turn rebuffed by former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto. Ironically, their respective fathers Zia-ul-Haq and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto had been earlier portrayed in Rushdie's novel Shame. Mass demonstrations against Rushdie's knighthood took place in Pakistan and Malaysia. Several called publicly for his death. Some non-Muslims expressed disappointment at Rushdie's knighthood, claiming that the writer did not merit such an honour and there were several other writers who deserved the knighthood more than Rushdie.[58]
Al-Qaeda has condemned the Rushdie honour. The Al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri is quoted as saying in an audio recording that Britain's award for Indian-born Rushdie was "an insult to Islam", and it was planning "a very precise response."[59]
Rushdie came from a Muslim family but says that he was never really religious. In 1990, in the "hope that it would reduce the threat of Muslims acting on the fatwa to kill him," he issued a statement claiming he had renewed his Muslim faith, had repudiated the attacks on Islam in his novel and was committed to working for better understanding of the religion across the world. However, Rushdie later said that he was only "pretending".[60]
His books often focus on the role of religion in society and conflicts between faiths and between the religious and those of no faith.
Rushdie advocates the application of higher criticism, pioneered during the late 19th century. Rushdie called for a reform in Islam[61] in a guest opinion piece printed in The Washington Post and The Times in mid-August 2005:
What is needed is a move beyond tradition, nothing less than a reform movement to bring the core concepts of Islam into the modern age, a Muslim Reformation to combat not only the
jihadist ideologues but also the dusty, stifling seminaries of the traditionalists, throwing open the windows to let in much-needed fresh air. (...) It is high time, for starters, that Muslims were able to study the revelation of their religion as an event inside history, not supernaturally above it. (...) Broad-mindedness is related to tolerance; open-mindedness is the sibling of peace.
Rushdie supported the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, leading the leftist Tariq Ali to label Rushdie and other "warrior writers" as "the belligerati'".[62] He was supportive of the US-led campaign to remove the Taliban in Afghanistan, which began in 2001, but was a vocal critic of the 2003 war in Iraq. He has stated that while there was a "case to be made for the removal of Saddam Hussein", US unilateral military intervention was unjustifiable.[63]
In the wake of the 'Danish Cartoons Affair' in March 2006—which many considered an echo of the death threats and fatwā that followed publication of The Satanic Verses in 1989[64]—Rushdie signed the manifesto 'Together Facing the New Totalitarianism', a statement warning of the dangers of religious extremism. The Manifesto was published in the left-leaning French weekly Charlie Hebdo in March 2006.
In 2006, Rushdie stated that he supported comments by the then-Leader of the House of Commons Jack Straw, who criticised the wearing of the niqab (a veil that covers all of the face except the eyes). Rushdie stated that his three sisters would never wear the veil. He said, "I think the battle against the veil has been a long and continuing battle against the limitation of women, so in that sense I'm completely on Straw's side."[65]
The Marxist Catholic critic Terry Eagleton, a former admirer of Rushdie's work, attacked him for his positions, saying he "cheered on the Pentagon's criminal ventures in Iraq and Afghanistan".[66] However, Eagleton subsequently apologised for having misrepresented Rushdie's views.
At an appearance at 92nd Street Y, Rushdie expressed his view on copyright when answering a question whether he had considered copyright law a barrier (or impediment) to free speech.
No. But that's because I write for a living, [laughs] and I have no other source of income, and I naïvely believe that stuff that I create belongs to me, and that if you want it you might have to give me some cash. [...] My view is I do this for a living. The thing wouldn't exist if I didn't make it and so it belongs to me and don't steal it. You know. It's my stuff.
[67]
When Amnesty International (AI) suspended human rights activist Gita Sahgal for saying to the press that she thought AI should distance itself from Moazzam Begg and his organisation, Rushdie said:
Amnesty ... has done its reputation incalculable damage by allying itself with Moazzam Begg and his group Cageprisoners, and holding them up as human rights advocates. It looks very much as if Amnesty's leadership is suffering from a kind of moral bankruptcy, and has lost the ability to distinguish right from wrong. It has greatly compounded its error by suspending the redoubtable Gita Sahgal for the crime of going public with her concerns. Gita Sahgal is a woman of immense integrity and distinction.... It is people like Gita Sahgal who are the true voices of the human rights movement; Amnesty and Begg have revealed, by their statements and actions, that they deserve our contempt.[68]
Rushdie has been married four times. He was married to his first wife Clarissa Luard from 1976 to 1987 and fathered a son, Zafar (born 1980). His second wife was the American novelist Marianne Wiggins; they were married in 1988 and divorced in 1993. His third wife, from 1997 to 2004, was Elizabeth West; they have a son, Milan (born 1999). In 2004, he married the Indian American actress and model Padma Lakshmi, the host of the American reality-television show Top Chef. The marriage ended on 2 July 2007, with Lakshmi indicating that it was her desire to end the marriage. In 2008 the Bollywood press romantically linked him to the Indian model Riya Sen, with whom he was otherwise a friend.[69] In response to the media speculation about their friendship, she simply stated "I think when you are Salman Rushdie, you must get bored with people who always want to talk to you about literature."[70]
In 1999 Rushdie had an operation to correct ptosis, a tendon condition that causes drooping eyelids and that, according to him, was making it increasingly difficult for him to open his eyes. "If I hadn't had an operation, in a couple of years from now I wouldn't have been able to open my eyes at all," he said.[71]
- The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (1987)
- "In Good Faith", Granta, 1990
- Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981–1991 (1992)
- "The Wizard of Oz: BFI Film Classics", BFI, 1992.
- "Mohandas Gandhi." Time, 13 April 1998.
- "Imagine There Is No Heaven." , extracted contribution from Letters to the Six Billionth World Citizen, a UN sponsored publication in English by Uitgeverij Podium, Amsterdam. The Guardian, 16 October 1999.
- Step Across This Line: Collected Nonfiction 1992–2002 (2002)
- "A fine pickle." The Guardian, 28 February 2009.
- "In the South." Booktrack, 7 February 2012
- ^ See Hitoshi Igarashi, Ettore Capriolo, William Nygaard
- ^ Cristina Emanuela Dascalu (2007) Imaginary homelands of writers in exile: Salman Rushdie, Bharati Mukherjee, and V.S. Naipaul p.131
- ^ Pointon, Graham (ed.): BBC Pronouncing Dictionary of British Names, 2nd edition. Oxford Paperbacks, 1990.
- ^ "Rushdie to Receive Top Literary Award", Chicago Tribune, 7 January 1999. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Birthday Honours List—United Kingdom", London Gazette, Issue 58358, Supplement No. 1, 16 June 2007. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "The 50 Greatest British Writers Since 1945". The Times, 5 January 2008. Retrieved 1 January 2010. Subscription required.
- ^ Laura M. Holson, "From Exile to Everywhere", The New York Times, 23 March 2012 (online), 25 March 2012 (print). Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University", Emory University Media Release, 6 October 2006. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Academicians Database, American Academy of Arts and Letters. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ "Rushdie Will Write a Book About Life in Hiding", Emory University What's New, 10 March 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
- ^ Shalimar the Clown by Salman Rushdie. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/shalimar-the-clown-by-salman-rushdie-506114.html. Retrieved 2 December 2010. "Salman Rushdie the Kashmiri writes from the heart as he describes this dark incandescence."
- ^ "Literary Encyclopedia: Salman Rushdie", Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20 January 2008
- ^ "Salman Rushdie (1947–)", c. 2003, Retrieved 20 January 2008
- ^ "Salman Rushdie biography", 2004, British Counsel. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
- ^ Negative because there is little positive to say, Herald Scotland, George Birrell , 18 Jan 1997
- ^ "The birth pangs of Midnight’s Children", 1 April 2006
- ^ Armstrong, Stephen (13 June 2011). "John Hegarty: Why television is the place advertisers want to be again". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jun/13/interview-john-hegarty-bbh.
- ^ "Readers across the world agree that Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children is the Best of the Booker.". Man Booker Prizes. 2008. http://www.themanbookerprize.com/news/stories/1099. Retrieved 10 July 2008.
- ^ Saleem (Sinai) is not Salman (Rushdie)(although he marries a Padma) and Saleem's grandfather Dr Aadam Aziz is not him either, but there is a touching prescience at work here. In the opening pages of Midnight's Children, Dr Aziz while bending down on his prayer mat, bumps his nose on a hard tussock of earth. His nose bleeds and his eyes water and he decides then and there that never again will he bow before God or man. 'This decision, however, made a hole in him, a vacancy in a vital inner chamber, leaving him vulnerable to women and history.' Battered by a fatwa and one femme fatale too many, Sir Salman would have some understanding of this. One more bouquet for Saleem Sinai 20 July 2008 by Nina Martyris, TNN. The Times of India
- ^ "The 2007 Shortlist". Dublin City Public Libraries/International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. 2007. http://www.impacdublinaward.ie/2007/shortlist.htm. Retrieved 5 April 2007.
- ^ "Salman Rushdie Collaborates With Booktrack And The New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, Booktrack Launches A New E-reader Platform". Booktrack. http://booktrack.serveronline.net/blog/?p=164. Retrieved 2/7/2012.
- ^ Rushdie's postcolonial influence[dead link]
- ^ Times of India Story on Rushdie's influence and awards Indiatimes.com
- ^ "Salman Rushdie to Teach and Place His Archive at Emory University". Emory University Office of Media Relations. http://news.emory.edu/Releases/RushdieProfessorship1160159900.html. Retrieved 6 December 2006.
- ^ "Rushdie visits Mumbai for 'Midnight's Children' film". Movies.indiatimes.com. 11 January 2010. http://movies.indiatimes.com/International/Rushdie-visits-Mumbai-for-Midnights-Children-film-/articleshow/5432895.cms. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ SUBHASH K JHA , 13 January 2010, 12.00 am IST (13 January 2010). "I'm a film buff: Rushdie". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-a-film-buff-Rushdie/articleshow/5436509.cms. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "Dreaming of Midnight's Children". The Indian Express. 5 January 2010. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Dreaming-of-Midnight-s-Children/563437/. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "Irrfan moves from Mira Nair to Deepa Mehta". Hindustan Times. 20 January 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Irrfan-moves-from-Mira-Nair-to-Deepa-Mehta/H1-Article1-499416.aspx. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ "Tête-à-tête with Deepa Mehta". Hindustan Times. 4 January 2010. http://www.hindustantimes.com/interviewscinema/T-te-t-te-with-Deepa-Mehta/493632/H1-Article1-493584.aspx. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (12 June 2011). "Salman Rushdie says TV drama series have taken the place of novels". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jun/12/salman-rushdie-write-tv-drama. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- ^ The Lunchbox Fund homepage
- ^ Secular Coalition for America Advisory Board Biography
- ^ http://www.ralston.ac
- ^ "Salman Rushdie makes friends with Facebook". RTÉ News. 15 November 2011. http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1115/rushdies_facebook.html. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ "Salman Rushdie claims victory in Facebook name battle". BBC News. 15 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15733026. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ U2 (July 2010). "Stairway to Devon − OK, Somerset!". Q: p. 101.
- ^ a b Anthony Loyd (8 June 2005). "Tomb of the unknown assassin reveals mission to kill Rushdie". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article531110.ece.
- ^ "26 December 1990: Iranian leader upholds Rushdie fatwa". BBC News: On This Day. 26 December 1990. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/26/newsid_2542000/2542873.stm. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ Rubin, Michael (1 September 2006). "Can Iran Be Trusted?". The Middle East Forum: Promoting American Interests. http://www.meforum.org/article/1002. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ a b Webster, Philip, Ben Hoyle and Ramita Navai (20 January 2005). "Ayatollah revives the death fatwa on Salman Rushdie". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article414681.ece. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ "Iran adamant over Rushdie fatwa". BBC News. 12 February 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4260599.stm. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ "Rushdie's term". http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007021501382200.htm&date=2007/02/15/&prd=th&. Retrieved 15 February 2007.
- ^ "Cronenberg meets Rushdie". http://www.davidcronenberg.de/cr_rushd.htm.
- ^ "Rushdie anger at policeman's book". BBC. 2 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7538875.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ "Bodyguard apologises to Rushdie". BBC. 26 August 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7581842.stm. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ Alison Flood (12 April 2012). "Salman Rushdie reveals details of fatwa memoir". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2012/apr/12/salman-rushdie-reveals-fatwa-memoir. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
- ^ "Hezbollah: Rushdie death would stop Prophet insults". AFP. 2 February 2006. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070807085216/http://www.natashatynes.com/newswire/2006/02/hezbollah_killi.html. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
- ^ James Phillips (20 June 2007). "Hezbollah's Terrorist Threat to the European Union – Testimony before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Europe". http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/110/phi062007.htm.
- ^ Joseph Bernard Tamney (2002). The Resilience of Conservative Religion: The Case of Popular, Conservative Protestant Congregations. Cambridge, UK: The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
- ^ a b c d "International Guerrillas and Criminal Libel". Screenonline. http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/460938/index.html. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
- ^ 2012 Speakers
- ^ Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (20 January 2012). "Salman Rushdie not to attend Jaipur Literature Festival". The Times of India. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/india/30646521_1_jaipur-literature-festival-salman-rushdie-satanic-verses. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ "Salman Rushdie pulls out of Jaipur literature festival". BBC News. 20 January 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-16644782. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
- ^ a b Singh, Akhilesh Kumar (24 January 2012). "Jaipur Literature Festival: Even a virtual Rushdie is unwelcome for Rajasthan govt". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Jaipur-Literature-Festival-Even-a-virtual-Rushdie-is-unwelcome-for-Rajasthan-govt/articleshow/11609354.cms. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
- ^ Singh, Akhilesh Kumar; Chowdhury, Shreya Roy (23 January 2012). "Salman Rushdie shadow on Jaipur Literature Festival: 4 authors who read from 'The Satanic Verses' sent packing". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Salman-Rushdie-shadow-on-Jaipur-Literature-Festival-4-authors-who-read-from-The-Satanic-Verses-sent-packing/articleshow/11595228.cms. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ [1], Rushdie video talk cancelled.
- ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17349023
- ^ "15 June 2007 Rushdie knighted in honours list". BBC News. 15 June 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6756149.stm. Retrieved 16 June 2007.
- ^ 'Sir Rubbish: Does Rushdie Deserve a Knighthood', Times Higher Educational Supplement, 20 June 2007
- ^ "10 July 2007 Al-Qaeda condemns Rushdie honour". BBC News. 10 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6289110.stm. Retrieved 10 July 2007.
- ^ Rushdie: I was deranged when I embraced Islam | TimesOnline[dead link]
- ^ Muslims unite! A new Reformation will bring your faith into the modern era 11 August 2005
- ^ Michael Mandel, How America Gets Away With Murder, Pluto Press, 2004, p60
- ^ "Letters, Salman Rushdie: No fondness for the Pentagon's politics | World news". The Guardian (London). 9 July 2007. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jul/09/iraq.usa. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
- ^ StandWithUs.com – Dangerous Hypocrisy: World Reactions to the Danish Cartoons[dead link]
- ^ Wagner, Thomas (10 October 2006). "Blair, Rushdie support former British foreign secretary who ignited veil debate". SignOnSanDiego.com. http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061010-0539-britain-veildispute.html. Retrieved 10 October 2006.
- ^ The ageing punk of lit crit still knows how to spit – Times Online[dead link]
- ^ Radio show Medierna broadcast on Sveriges Radio P1 on 31 January 2009.
- ^ Salman Rushdie's statement on Amnesty International, The Sunday Times, 21 February 2010
- ^ "Salman Rushdie sets his sights on the 'Bollywood Jordan'", The Daily Mail, 12 June 2009
- ^ As Salman Rushdie steps out with another beautiful woman" 21 July 2008, The Evening Standard
- ^ "Rushdie: New book out from under shadow of fatwa", CNN, 15 April 1999. Retrieved 21 April 2007.
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| Novels: |
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| Story collections: |
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| Non-fiction: |
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| Plays: |
- Haroun and the Sea of Stories (with Tim Supple and David Tushingham)
- Midnight's Children (with Tim Supple and Simon Reade)
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| Children's books: |
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| Anthology: |
- The Vintage Book of Indian Writing (co-editor)
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| 1969–1979 |
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| 1980–1989 |
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| 1990–1999 |
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| 2000–2009 |
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| 2010–present |
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- Bold = Second win
- Italics = Currently deceased
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| Persondata |
| Name |
Rushdie, Ahmed Salman |
| Alternative names |
Rushdie, Ahmed Salman; سلمان رشدی (Urdu) |
| Short description |
British-Indian novelist and author |
| Date of birth |
19 June 1947 |
| Place of birth |
Mumbai, India |
| Date of death |
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| Place of death |
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![A discussion about Christopher Hitchens [2012]](http://web.archive.org./web/20131008214005im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/HnVzWjmpilU/default.jpg "A discussion about Christopher Hitchens [2012]")
