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Wikiversity has learning materials about Topic:Anatomy

The anatomy lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt shows an anatomy lesson taking place in Amsterdam in 1632.

Anatomy (from the Ancient Greek ἀνατέμνειν, anatemnein: ana, "separate, apart from", and temnein, "to cut up, cut open") is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy), and plant anatomy (phytotomy). In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology,^[1] through common roots in evolution.

Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy (or macroscopic anatomy) and microscopic anatomy.^[1] Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can, when suitably presented or dissected, be seen by unaided vision with the naked eye.^[1] Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures on a microscopic scale. It includes histology (the study of tissues),^[1] and cytology (the study of cells). The terms microanatomy and histology are also sometimes used synonymously (in which case the distinction between histology and cell biology isn't strictly made as described here).

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century including X-ray, ultrasound, and MRI.

Anatomy should not be confused with anatomical pathology (also called morbid anatomy or histopathology), which is the study of the gross and microscopic appearances of diseased organs.

Superficial anatomy[link]

Superficial anatomy or surface anatomy is important in anatomy being the study of anatomical landmarks that can be readily seen from the contours or the surface of the body.^[1] With knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or veterinary surgeons gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures. Superficial is a directional term that indicates one structure is located more externally than another, or closer to the surface of the body.^[2]

Human anatomy[link]

Para-sagittal MRI scan of the head

An X-ray of a human chest

Human heart and lungs, from an old edition of Gray's Anatomy

Human anatomy, including gross human anatomy and histology, is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.^[1]

Generally, students of certain biological sciences, paramedics, prosthetists and orthotists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and medical students learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures and tutorials, and in addition, medical students generally also learn gross anatomy through practical experience of dissection and inspection of cadavers. The study of microscopic anatomy (or histology) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a microscope.

Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry are complementary basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;^[1] that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, Gray's Anatomy, has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format,^[3][4] in line with modern teaching methods. A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required by physicians, especially surgeons and doctors working in some diagnostic specialties, such as histopathology and radiology.

Academic human anatomists are usually employed by universities, medical schools or teaching hospitals. They are often involved in teaching anatomy, and research into certain systems, organs, tissues or cells.

Other branches[link]

• Comparative anatomy relates to the comparison of anatomical structures (both gross and microscopic) in different animals.^[1]
• Anthropological anatomy or physical anthropology relates to the comparison of the anatomy of different races of humans.
• Artistic anatomy relates to anatomic studies for artistic reasons.

See also[link]

Human anatomy:

• List of human anatomical features
• List of human anatomical parts named after people
• Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy
• Physiology

Associations[link]

• American Association of Anatomists

General anatomy[link]

• Anatomical terms of location
• Bibliography of anatomy
• Body plan
• Charaka, referred to as the Father of Anatomy^{[by whom?]}
• Foundational Model of Anatomy
• History of anatomy
• List of anatomical topics
• Superficial anatomy
• Cat anatomy
• Dog anatomy
• Fish anatomy
• Bird anatomy
• Spider anatomy

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray

External links[link]

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At Wikiversity you can learn more and teach others about Anatomy at: The Department of Anatomy

Wikibooks has more on the topic of Anatomy

• Anatomy Mnemonics Mnemonics in Anatomy.
• Journal - Journal of Anatomy*
• Anatomy on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
• Anatomia 1522–1867: Anatomical Plates from the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
• Anatomy of the Human Body Gray, Henry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1918
• High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases
• Anatomy in the 16th century studies and digitized texts by the BIUM (Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de médecine et d'odontologie, Paris) see its digital library Medic@.
• 19th Century Anatomy Lesson Animated dissection following Gray's Anatomy
• The Anatomical Society

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Catherine Breillat (born 13 July 1948 in Bressuire, Deux-Sèvres) is a French filmmaker, novelist and Professor of Auteur Cinema at the European Graduate School.^[1]

Life and career[link]

Breillat was born in Bressuire, Deux-Sèvres, but grew up in Niort. She decided to become a writer and director at the age of 12 after watching Ingmar Bergman's Gycklarnas afton, believing she had found her "'fictional body'" in Harriet Andersson's character, Anna.^[2]

She started her career after studying acting at Yves Furet "Studio d'Entraînement de l'Acteur" in Paris together with her sister, actress Marie-Hélène Breillat (born 2 June 1947) in 1967. At the age of 17, she had her novel, l'Homme facile, (Easy Man) published. Ironically the French government banned it for readers under 18 years old. A film based on the novel was made shortly after the publication of the book, but the producer went bankrupt and the distributor Artedis blocked any commercial release of the film for twenty years although it had been given an R rating^[3].

Breillat is known for films focusing on sexuality,^[4] intimacy, gender conflict and sibling rivalry. Breillat has been the subject of controversy for her explicit depictions of sexuality and violence. She cast the pornstar Rocco Siffredi in her films Romance (Romance X, 1999) and Anatomie de l'enfer (Anatomy of Hell, 2004). Her novels have been best-sellers.

Her work has been associated with the Cinéma du corps/Cinema of the Body tendency.^[5]

In an interview with Senses of Cinema, she described David Cronenberg as another filmmaker she considers to have a similar approach to sexuality in film.

Though Breillat spends most of her time behind the camera, she has been in a handful of movies, making her film debut in 1972 as Mouchette in Bernardo Bertolucci's Last Tango in Paris.

In 2004, Breillat suffered a stroke.^[6]

A friend of hers, Christophe Rocancourt, a con artist, was to play a role in the upcoming film "Bad Love". However, in 2009 she accused him of taking advantage of her handicap by embezzling €650,000. Breillat documented the incident in her book, published in 2009, called "Abus de faiblesse" (Abuse of Weakness).^[7]

As of 2010, Breillat is almost fully recovered from her stroke and still intends to film Bad Love with Naomi Campbell in a lead role.^[7][8] Departing from her native French, Breillat plans for the dialogue in the movie to be in both English and Chinese.^[8] In September 2010, Breillat's second fairy-tale based film, Sleeping Beauty (La belle endormie), opened in the Orizzonti sidebar in the 67th Venice Film Festival.^[9]

Filmography[link]

Stage plays[link]

• Les Vêtements de mer

Bibliography[link]

• Abus de faiblesse
• Pornocratie
• Le Soupirail
• L'homme facile
• Tapage Nocturne

About Catherine Breillat

• Anne-Elizabeth Blateau, « Une vieille maîtresse sans Breillat » (A Last Mistress without Breillat), in Carré d'Art by Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme, Paris, 2008 (pp. 143-149).

• Douglas Keesey, Catherine Breillat, Manchester University Press, coll. « French film directors », 2009.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Catherine Breillat Faculty Page at European Graduate School (Biography, bibliography, lectures and videos)
• Catherine Breillat at the Internet Movie Database
• Catherine Breillat bibliography via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
• A Salon interview with Catherine Breillat
• Salon review of "Romance"
• indiewire review of "Romance"
• Rewriting Fairy Tales, Revisiting Female Identity: An Interview with Catherine Breillat, Maria Garcia, Cineaste, Summer 2011

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Sarah Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Hannah Rogers in Everwood (2004–2006) and for her role as Dr. April Kepner on Grey's Anatomy (2009–present).

Personal life[link]

Drew was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, and raised in Stony Brook, New York, on Long Island. Her mother, Dr. Jeannie Drew, was the Head of Science at the Riverdale Country School in The Bronx. She is now teaching biology at the independent private school for girls, Brearley, in Manhattan. Her father, Rev. Charles Drew, is the senior pastor at Emmanuel Presbyterian Church in New York City. Her second cousin is actor Benjamin McKenzie.^[1] Drew began acting in school plays, community theater with Take One Theatre Arts, and summer stock.

Drew received a Bachelor's degree in Drama from the University of Virginia in 2002.

Drew and her husband, Peter Lanfer, a lecturer at UCLA and visiting faculty at Dartmouth, reside in Los Angeles. Drew is good friends with fellow Everwood star Emily VanCamp. On May 20, 2011, Drew was a judge at the UCLA Spring Sing.

On January 18, 2012, Drew and Lanfer welcomed their first child, a son named Micah Emmanuel. ^[2]

Career[link]

In 1997, while still in high school, Drew lent her voice to the animated television series Daria, playing the character Stacy Rowe. She also voiced that same character in the Daria animated television movies Is It Fall Yet? and Is It College Yet?

In 2001, Drew made her professional stage debut as Juliet in Romeo and Juliet at the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey. She made her Broadway debut in 2003 in Vincent in Brixton, which later took her to London's West End. She made the move to television with a guest-starring role in the series Wonderfalls, and was in the feature film Radio, starring Cuba Gooding, Jr. She appeared in the theatrical feature American Pastime, as Katie Burrell, the daughter of a Japanese relocation camp sergeant.

On June 9, 2010, she was promoted to a series regular on Grey's Anatomy.^[3]

Filmography[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sarah Drew at the Internet Movie Database

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2010)

Sandra Oh, 오미주
Oh at a Writer's Guild of America protest, November 2007
Born	(1971-07-20) July 20, 1971 (age 40) Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1989–present
Spouse	Alexander Payne (2003-2006; divorced)

Sandra Oh (born July 20, 1971) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for the role of Dr. Cristina Yang on ABC's Grey's Anatomy, for which she has won Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild awards. She has also played notable roles in the feature films Under the Tuscan Sun and Sideways, and had a supporting role on the HBO original series Arli$$. Other films she has appeared in include The Night Listener, Blindness and Rabbit Hole.

Early life[link]

Oh was born in the Ottawa suburb of Nepean, to middle-class Korean immigrant parents Joon-Soo (John) and Young-Nam, who had come to Canada in the early 1960s.^[1] Her father is a businessman and her mother a biochemist.^[2] Oh has a brother, Ray, and a sister, Grace. She grew up living on Camwood Crescent in Nepean, where she began acting and ballet at an early age.^[3] At the age of 10, she played The Wizard of Woe in a class musical, The Canada Goose.^{[citation needed]}

Later, at Sir Robert Borden High School, she founded the Environmental club BASE (Borden Active Students for the Environment), leading a campaign against the use of styrofoam cups. While at Sir Robert Borden High School she was Student Council President. She also played the flute and continued both her ballet training and acting studies; however, she knew that she "was not good enough to be a professional dancer"^[3] and eventually focused solely on acting. This interest led her to take drama classes, act in school plays, and join the drama club where she took part in the Canadian Improv Games and Skit Row High, a comedy group. Against her parents' advice, she rejected a four-year journalism scholarship to Carleton University to study drama at the prestigious National Theatre School of Canada in Montreal, paying her own way. She told her parents that she would try acting for a few years, and if that failed, return to school.^[4] Curiously, while studying at the National Theatre School, she portrayed a waitress in the made-for-television film, School's Out, in which her co-worker, Caitlin Ryan (Stacie Mistysyn) also considers turning down her acceptance into Carleton University's journalism program.

Soon after graduating from the National Theatre School in 1993, she starred in a London, Ontario stage production of David Mamet's Oleanna. Around the same time, she won roles in biographical TV films of two significant female Chinese-Canadians: as Vancouver author Evelyn Lau in The Diary of Evelyn Lau (Oh won the role over more than 1,000 others who auditioned); and as Adrienne Clarkson in a CBC biopic of Clarkson's life.

Career[link]

Sandra Oh at the 2007 Golden Globes

Oh became even more widely known in Canada for her lead performance in the Canadian film Double Happiness, for which she won the Genie Award for Best Actress. She then went on to star in the 1997 international feature hit film Bean playing the supporting role of Bernice, the art gallery P.R. manager. Her other Canadian films include Long Life, Happiness & Prosperity and Last Night, for which she again won a Best Actress Genie.

Oh is most familiar to American audiences from her roles in the films Under the Tuscan Sun and Sideways. She considers Sideways to be one of the two best movies she has made, along with Evelyn Lau.^[4] In the less well-known Dancing at the Blue Iguana, she played a poetry-writing stripper, performed several nude dance routines and received the movie's best reviews. On American television, she is renowned for her current role in the hit ABC medical series Grey's Anatomy, for which she has won both a 2005 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series and a 2006 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series. In July 2009, she received her fifth consecutive Emmy nomination for her work on the series.

Oh received critical acclaim for her six seasons as Rita Wu on the HBO series Arli$$. She received an NAACP Image Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and a Cable Ace award for Best Actress in a Comedy for her work on Arli$$. In theatre, Oh has also starred in the world premieres of Jessica Hagedorn's Dogeaters at the La Jolla Playhouse and Diana Son's Stop Kiss at Joseph Papp's Public Theatre in New York City. She made several guest appearances on the series Popular (1999) playing a humanities teacher. She has also guest starred in the television series Kung Fu: The Legend Continues, Judging Amy, Six Feet Under, and Odd Job Jack.

In 2006, she costarred in the film The Night Listener as Anna, alongside Robin Williams and Toni Collette. In her only audiobook, she played Brigid O'Shaughnessy in a Grammy-nominated dramatization of The Maltese Falcon (2008), which also featured Michael Madsen and Edward Herrmann. She also has done a few voice roles in animation, including a few guest appearances in American Dragon: Jake Long, the voice of Princess Ting-Ting in Mulan II and the voice of Doofah in The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends.

Oh was host of the 28th Genie Awards on March 3, 2008.^[5] In 2009, Oh performed in The People Speak a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States.^[6] During the off season hiatus from filming Grey's Anatomy in 2010, Sandra Oh took the part of Sarah Chen in the British crime drama Thorne. She took intensive dialect coaching in order to play her British character.^[7]

Oh at the induction ceremony for her star on Canada's Walk of Fame

On June 28, 2011 it was announced that Oh would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame; she was inducted on October 1 at Elgin Theatre in Toronto.^[8]

Personal life[link]

Oh and filmmaker Alexander Payne were in a relationship for five years. They married on January 1, 2003, separated in early 2005, and divorced in late 2006.^[9] In 2007, she began a relationship with musician Andrew Featherston.^[10] Oh is a vegan.^[11]

Filmography[link]

• The Journey Home (1989)
• Prey (1995)
• Cowgirl (1996)
• Three Lives of Kate (2000) (narrator)
• "The Princess Diaries" (2001) (Vice Principal Gupta)
• Barrier Device (2002)
• 8 Minutes to Love (2004)
• Falling (2007)

Television[link]