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Navassa Island
Island
Aerial view of the east coast
Flag
Country	United States
Parts	Lulu Town
Location	Caribbean Sea
Area	5.2 km2 (2 sq mi)
Population	Uninhabited. Hundreds of laborers lived here while it was being mined
Animal	Wildlife preserve
Material	Coral, limestone
Easiest access	Offshore anchorage only; steep cliffs make boat landing impossible
Discovered by	Christopher Columbus
- date	1504
FIPS	bq
Map of Navassa Island
Claimed by Haiti

Navassa Island (French: La Navasse, Haitian Kreyòl: Lanavaz or Lavash) is a small, uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea, claimed as an unorganized unincorporated territory of the United States, which administers it through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Haiti, which has claimed sovereignty over Navassa since 1801, also claims the island in its constitution.^[1][2][3]

Geography, topography and ecology[link]

Navassa Island is about 2 square miles (5.2 km²). It is found at a strategic location 90 nautical miles (100 mi; 170 km) south of the U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, 40 nautical miles (46 mi; 74 km) west of Jérémie on the south west peninsula of Haiti,^[4] and about one-quarter of the way from Haiti to Jamaica in the Jamaica Channel. It reaches an elevation of 250 feet (76 m) at Dunning Hill 110 yards (100 m) south of the lighthouse, Navassa Island Light. This location is 440 yards (400 m) from the southwestern coast or 655 yards (600 m) east of Lulu Bay. The island's latitude and longitude is 18°24′10″N 75°0′45″W / 18.40278°N 75.0125°W / 18.40278; -75.0125Coordinates: 18°24′10″N 75°0′45″W / 18.40278°N 75.0125°W / 18.40278; -75.0125.

Navassa Island is south of Cuba, east of Jamaica, and west of Haiti. This map originates with the US government and shows the US claim on the island

The terrain of Navassa Island consists mostly of exposed coral and limestone, the island being ringed by vertical white cliffs 30 to 50 feet (9.1 to 15.2 m) high, but with enough grassland to support goat herds. The island is covered in a forest of just four tree species: short-leaf fig (Ficus populnea var. brevifolia), pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia), mastic (Sideroxylon foetidissimum) and poisonwood (Metopium brownei).^[5][6] Its topography and ecology is similar to that of Mona Island, a small limestone island located in the Mona Passage, between Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. It shares historical similarities with Mona Island since both are U.S. territories, were once centers of guano mining, and presently are nature reserves. Transient Haitian fishermen and others camp on the island but the island is otherwise uninhabited.^[7] It has no ports or harbors, only offshore anchorages, and its only natural resource is guano; economic activity consists of subsistence fishing and commercial trawling activities.^[8]

There were eight species of native reptiles, all of which are believed to be, or to have been, endemic to Navassa Island: Celestus badius (an anguid lizards), Aristelliger cochranae (a gecko), Sphaerodactylus becki (a gecko), Anolis longiceps (an anole), Cyclura (cornuta) onchiopsis (a rock iguana), Leiocephalus eremitus (a curly-tailed lizard), Tropidophis bucculentus (a dwarf boa), and Typhlops sulcatus (a tiny snake).^[9] Of these, the first four remain common, but the last four are likely extinct.^[9]

History[link]

Navassa Island - NASA ISS satellite image

In 1504, Christopher Columbus, stranded on Jamaica, sent some crew members by canoe to Hispaniola for help. They ran into the island on the way, but it had no water. They called it Navaza (from "nava-" meaning plain, or field), and it was avoided by mariners for the next 350 years.

Despite an earlier claim by Haiti, Navassa Island was claimed for the United States on September 19, 1857 by Peter Duncan, an American sea captain, under the Guano Islands Act of August 18, 1856: for the rich guano deposits found on the island, and for not being within the lawful jurisdiction of any other government, nor occupied by another government's citizens. Haiti protested the annexation, but on July 7, 1858 U.S. President James Buchanan issued an Executive Order upholding the American claim, which also called for military action to enforce it. Navassa Island has since been maintained by the United States as an unincorporated territory (according to the Insular Cases). The United States Supreme Court on November 24, 1890 in Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890) Id. at 224 found that Navassa Island must be considered as appertaining to the United States, creating a legal history for the island under US law much different than many other islands originally claimed under the Guano Islands Act.

Guano phosphate was a superior organic fertilizer that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century. Duncan transferred his discoverer's rights to his employer, an American guano trader in Jamaica, who sold them to the newly formed Navassa Phosphate Company of Baltimore. After an interruption for the American Civil War, the Company built larger mining facilities on Navassa with barrack housing for 140 black contract laborers from Maryland, houses for white supervisors, a blacksmith shop, warehouses, and a church.^[10] Mining began in 1865. The workers dug out the guano by dynamite and pick-axe and hauled it in rail cars to the landing point at Lulu Bay, where it was sacked and lowered onto boats for transfer to the Company barque, the S.S. Romance. The living quarters at Lulu Bay were called Lulu Town, as appears on old maps. Railway tracks eventually extended inland.

Hauling guano by muscle-power in the fierce tropical heat, combined with general disgruntlement with conditions on the island, eventually provoked a rebellion in 1889, in which five supervisors died. A U.S. warship returned eighteen of the workers to Baltimore for three separate trials on murder charges. A black fraternal society, the Order of Galilean Fisherman, raised money to defend the miners in federal court, and the defense built its case on the contention that the men acted in self-defense or in the heat of passion, and that the United States did not have jurisdiction over the island. The cases, including Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890) went to the U.S. Supreme Court in October 1890, which ruled the Guano Act constitutional, and three of the miners were scheduled for execution in the spring of 1891. A grass-roots petition drive by black churches around the country, also signed by white jurors from the three trials, reached President Benjamin Harrison, who commuted the sentences to imprisonment.^[11]

Guano mining resumed on Navassa at a much reduced level. The Spanish-American War of 1898 forced the Phosphate Company to evacuate the island and file for bankruptcy, and the new owners abandoned the island after 1901.

Navassa became significant again with the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914. Shipping between the American eastern seaboard and the Canal goes through the Windward Passage between Cuba and Haiti. Navassa, a hazard to navigation, needed a lighthouse. The U.S. Lighthouse Service built Navassa Island Light, a 162-foot (46 m) tower on the island in 1917, 395 feet (120 m) above sea level. A keeper and two assistants were assigned to live there until the United States Lighthouse Service installed an automatic beacon in 1929. After absorbing the Lighthouse Service in 1939, the U.S. Coast Guard serviced the light twice each year. The U.S. Navy set up an observation post for the duration of World War II. The island has been uninhabited since then.

A scientific expedition from Harvard University studied the land and marine life of the island in 1930. After World War II amateur radio operators occasionally visited to operate from the territory, which is accorded "entity" (country) status by the American Radio Relay League.^[12] The callsign prefix is KP1.^[12] Fishermen, mainly from Haiti, fish the waters around Navassa.

From 1903 to 1917, Navassa was a dependency of the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and from 1917 to 1996 it was under United States Coast Guard administration. Since January 16, 1996, it has been administered by U.S. Department of the Interior.

On August 29, 1996, the United States Coast Guard dismantled the light on Navassa. An inter-agency task force headed by the U.S. Department of State transferred oversight of the island to the U.S. Department of the Interior. By Secretary's Order No. 3205 of January 16, 1997, the Interior Department assumed control of the island and placed the island under its Office of Insular Affairs. For statistical purposes, Navassa was grouped with the now-obsolete term United States Miscellaneous Caribbean Islands and is now grouped with other islands claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act as the United States Minor Outlying Islands.^[13]

A 1998 scientific expedition led by the Center for Marine Conservation in Washington, D.C. described Navassa as "a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity."^[8] The island's land and offshore ecosystems have survived the twentieth century virtually untouched.^[14]

By Secretary's Order No. 3210 of December 3, 1999, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service assumed administrative responsibility for Navassa, which became a National Wildlife Refuge Overlay, also known as Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge.^[15] The Office of Insular Affairs retains authority for the island's political affairs and judicial authority is exercised directly by the nearest U.S. Circuit Court. Access to Navassa is hazardous and visitors need permission from the Fish and Wildlife Office in Boquerón, Puerto Rico in order to enter its territorial waters or land.^[16] Since this change of status, amateur radio operators have repeatedly been denied entry.^[12]

• 

  Aerial photo showing the steep rocky coast that rings the island.

• 

  Navassa Island Light. The light keeper's quarters appear in the background.

• 

  Ruins of Navassa Light keeper's quarters.

Unofficial flag[link]

Unofficial flag. Flag ratio: 3:5

The unofficial flag of Navassa Island was designed for and first flown at a World War II memorial tribute at the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 2001. It is a white and blue horizontal bicolor, with a profile of the island (and its landmark lighthouse, with exaggerated size) in the white band.

See also[link]

	Geography portal
	Caribbean portal
	United States portal

• Caribbean Sea
• List of Guano Island claims

References[link]

• Fabio Spadi (2001). "Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?". IBRU Boundary & Security Bulletin. http://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/view/?id=195. 

External links[link]

Find more about Navassa Island on Wikipedia's sister projects:
	Definitions and translations from Wiktionary
	Images and media from Commons
	Learning resources from Wikiversity
	News stories from Wikinews
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Textbooks from Wikibooks

• Wikimedia Atlas of Navassa Island
• Navassa Island travel guide from Wikitravel
• STATE OF NAVAZA
• - Poop Dreams Baltimore City Paper article on history
• Navassa Island profile - OIA
• A photographic tour of Navassa Island - USGS
• Navassa Island World Factbook entry - CIA
• Navassa Island Coral Reefs
• U.S Fish & Wildlife Service: Navassa National Wildlife Refuge
• The Navassa island riot. Illustrated. Published by the National Grand Tabernacle, Order of Galillean Fishermen, Baltimore, Md.
• Warren v. United States

v t e Countries and dependencies of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Colombia San Andrés and Providencia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador France Guadeloupe Martinique Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Iceland Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Panama St. Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies Denmark Greenland France Clipperton Island St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Netherlands Aruba Curaçao Sint Maarten United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands United States Navassa Island Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Venezuela Isla Aves

v t e Political divisions of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. (District of Columbia) Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Bajo Nuevo Bank Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Serranilla Bank Wake Island

William Bond Warren (born April 26, 1943), better known as Bill Warren, is an American film historian and critic generally regarded as one of the leading authorities on science fiction, horror and fantasy films.

Warren was born in North Bend, Oregon, and grew up in Gardiner, on the Umpqua River. He became interested in science fiction films during their boom years in the mid-1950s. Discovering Famous Monsters of Filmland with its first issues, he received regular acknowledgments and thanks as a contributor throughout the early years of the magazine, along with Don Glut, Eric Hoffman and Mark Thomas McGee. After attending Reedsport High School, he graduated from the University of Oregon, in Eugene, Oregon.

Off to LA[link]

Warren and his wife Beverly moved in 1966 to Los Angeles. As an assistant to Forrest J Ackerman, Warren came into contact with many major filmmakers-in-waiting who were also inspired by Ackerman, and he developed independent friendships with several of them.

He and Beverly became very active in the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Society, as well as being involved in many of the Los Angeles-centric science fiction conventions up to the 1980s. He and his friend Allan Rothstein were on the committee of the 1984 World Science Fiction Convention ([Worldcon]). Taking advantage of their knowledge of who was attending and the programming schedule, they wrote a murder mystery, "Fandom Is a Way of Death," that was set at the convention. Everyone in the story, except the detective Johnny Atlantis, were real people, including all the victims and the murderer. This was sold as a publication at the convention, with the soloution to the case in a separate envelope. On the last day of the convention, the murderer was revealed, and took a bow.

His 1968 short story "Death Is a Lonely Place" appeared in the first issue of Worlds of Fantasy, and he also scripted for the Warren comic book publications Creepy, Eerie and Vampirella.

Books[link]

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Warren made contributions to Walt Lee's Reference Guide to Fantastic Films (Chelsea-Lee Books, 1972). He did the final research, helped plan the project and typed it. He is a regular contributor to Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide, a book series of movie capsule reviews that began in 1969 and was updated annually beginning in 1978.

The first volume of Warren's authoritative and exhaustive Keep Watching the Skies! American Science Fiction Movies of the Fifties was published by McFarland in 1982, and he followed with the second volume in 1986. This massive survey of science fiction films released from 1950 to 1962 was reprinted in 1997. A completely revised edition was released in 2009.^[1][2]

Film critic[link]

Warren was the film critic for a newspaper in Simi Valley, California during the 1980s. In 1989, he created the ShowBiz Roundtable for the online service GEnie to generate discussions about films and other aspects of show business. Following the traditions of newspapers, he only posted his GEnie film reviews online the day a film opened. After these reviews were posted, they were archived in a GEnie Library. With weekly postings during the early 1990s, this became the first large film review database available online. Warren also conducted live online interviews with film personalities on GEnie. He eventually left the ShowBiz Roundtable, which continues today at Delphi's online service.

At the request of film director Sam Raimi, Warren wrote The Evil Dead Companion in 1994, but six years passed before the book was published in the UK by Titan Books (2000), followed by an American edition from St. Martin's in 2001. Warren found his friendship with Raimi a life-altering experience:

I started with Sam on Darkman. He did something that actually changed my life. At the time, he was living not far from where I do, in Silver Lake; this was before he was married, and he lived in a little cabin. I went over to interview him and Scott Spiegel, and they were blown away when I said that I used to know Fritz Lang. They said, "OK, who else did you know?" I said Boris Karloff, and they just went out of their minds. At that time, I had been feeling very sorry for myself, and Sam said, "Gee, you must've met everybody you've ever wanted to meet." When I went home I started thinking about it. And I realized I indeed had met everybody I ever really wanted to meet, with the exception of three people; one of those, Vincent Price, I met later that year, and the other two, one of whom was Peter Cushing, never had a chance to meet. But I suddenly realized my life wasn't as bad as I thought it was, and it was because of Sam's remarks. He changed my way of thinking at that point, and it's never changed back, and I have Sam to thank for that. I was going to put that in the book, but someone said it's too personal, so it's not in the book. Sam has read the book and he likes it.^[3]

Television[link]

Warren occasionally contributes to supplemental material for DVDs. During the 1990s, he teamed with film director William Rotsler to produce segments surveying American television for the French TV series Destination séries.^[4]

References[link]

W. W. Norton & Company is an independent American book publishing company based in New York City. It has been owned wholly by its employees since the early 1960s. The company is well known for its "Norton Anthologies" (particularly the Norton Anthology of English Literature) and its texts in the "Norton Critical Editions" series, the latter of which are frequently assigned in university literature courses.

History[link]

W. W. Norton & Company is the largest American book publishing company that has remained independent since its founding. It is the oldest and largest employee-owned publisher in the United States^[1] of fiction, nonfiction, poetry, college textbooks, cookbooks, art books, and professional books.^[2] The roots of the company date back to 1923.^[1] Since the 1950s Norton's college textbook line has expanded to include leading titles in economics, government, history, music, psychology, political science, sociology, and many other academic subjects. Several of its college textbooks, including The Norton Shakespeare, The Enjoyment of Music, A History of Western Music, and new and revised entries in the Norton Anthology and Norton Critical Edition series, have become best sellers in the academic fields. The Norton Professional Books division was founded in 1985 with a line of psychotherapy volumes, expanding to include neuroscience, education, architecture, and design books.

Norton acquired Liveright (the successor to the famous Boni & Liveright publishing house) in 1974 and Countryman Press (New England travel book publisher) in 1996.

Best Sellers[link]

Norton's best-selling trade books  include Helter Skelter by Vincent Bugliosi and Curt Gentry; Jared Diamond’s Pulitzer Prize-winning best-seller Guns, Germs, and Steel; Pulitzer prize-winning historians Annette Gordon-Reed and Edmund S. Morgan's works; Patrick O'Brian’s critically acclaimed naval adventures; the works of National Book Award-winning fiction author Andrea Barrett; "Khruschev: The Man and His Era" by William Taubman; "Hitler: Hubris" and "Hitler: Nemesis" by Ian Kershaw; Liar's Poker, Moneyball, The Blind Side and The Big Short by Michael Lewis; Fareed Zakaria’s The Future of Freedom; Sebastian Junger’s The Perfect Storm; Sam Harris’s The End of Faith; The Death of Vishnu by Manil Suri; A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess; The Red Book by Carl Jung; The Book of Genesis Illustrated by R. Crumb; and others in several subject fields. In the social sciences and science Norton has published best-selling books by such authors as economists Paul Krugman and Joseph Stiglitz, paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould, physicist Richard Feynman, and historians Peter Gay, Jonathan Spence, Eric Foner, Christopher Lasch, and George F. Kennan.

Distribution[link]

Norton currently distributes books for several independent publishers,^[3] including:

• Atlas & Co., publisher of contemporary and historical fiction, nonfiction, history, and biography.
• Blue Guides, travel and cultural guide books in English.
• Countryman Press, acquired by Norton in 1996, is a publisher of travel guides, New England regional interest and history, and cookbooks.
• Dalkey Archive Press, publisher of the Review of Contemporary Fiction and literature, memoirs, and criticism from around the globe.
• Fantagraphics Books, which publishes graphic fiction and comics.
• Foreign Affairs Books, publisher of political science and current affairs books.
• George Braziller Inc., publisher of art and photography books, poetry, literature, and history.
• Kales Press, publisher of nonfiction such as science, history, art, and memoir.
• New Directions Publishing, which focuses on publishing literature in translation, poetry, and recent classics.
• Odyssey Publications, Hong Kong-based publisher of cultural travel guides and history/photo books on unusual and exotic locations around the world.
• Ontario Review Books, publisher of review books.
• Peace Hill Press, publisher of secular home-schooling books and supplemental materials on history, reading, and religion.
• Pegasus Books, publishing nonfiction, history, health, biography, and mystery titles.
• Persea Books, publishing fiction, poetry, and memoirs from the United States and around the world.
• Pushcart Press, publisher of the annual Pushcart Prize literary anthologies and other books of literature and memoir.
• Quantuck Lane Press, publisher of "beautiful books of photography, art, and the eccentric, whether illustrated or not."^[4]
• Skyhorse Publishing, books on sports, fly fishing, nature, history, narrative nonfiction, military history, gambling, business, and humor titles.
• Thames & Hudson, publisher of illustrated books in art, architecture, anthropology, fashion, graphic design, photography, and travel.
• Verso Books, self-described "largest radical publisher in the English-language world".^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Homepage
• Making the Cut - Chronicle of Higher Education

Amber Lyon
Born	Denver, Colorado
Nationality	American
Occupation	Journalist, Filmmaker, Photographer

Amber Lyon is an American investigative journalist and photographer. She is known for her work reporting human rights abuses against pro-democracy protesters in Bahrain and police brutality against protesters in the United States.

Early life and education[link]

Amber Lyon was born in Denver, Colorado and grew up in St. Louis, Missouri. She attended the University of Missouri School of Journalism, earning a Bachelors degree in Broadcast Journalism.^[1]

Career[link]

Following her graduation from the University of Missouri, Lyon began reporting for KVOA in Tucson, Arizona. In October 2006, Lyon won a regional Emmy award, from the Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, for a late-breaking feature news item called "Fantasy". She shared the Emmy with KVOA chief photographer Paul Hanke.^[2][3][4] In October 2007 she received her second regional Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter Emmy for "best on-camera talent reporter – general assignment".^[5] One month later, Lyon left KVOA to take Spanish-language immersion classes in Costa Rica and Guatemala.^[6][7] In October 2008, Lyon again won the Rocky Mountain Emmy Award for best on-camera talent.^[8] In June 2010, she began working for CNN, where she investigated sex trafficking, the Gulf oil spill, and the hacking collective known as Anonymous. Her investigations have focused on cultural, social, and government demonstrations and revolutions; human rights violations; sex trafficking; and environmental issues.

2010 Gulf of Mexico oil spill[link]

In July 2010, Lyon was the first journalist to scuba dive under the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, while broadcasting live on television. Her report, presented on CNN, revealed how BP's use of dispersants was sinking the oil into the water column, turning it into what she called "hidden oil", that could not be cleaned up or skimmed out of the water.^[9] Lyon and dive partner Philippe Cousteau found beads of broken down oil floating ten feet into the water column and questioned why BP would sink the oil, if that meant the oil would be impossible to clean up.^[10][11] Lyon's investigative reports from the Gulf of Mexico contributed to CNN winning a Peabody Award for oil spill coverage.^[12]

2010 Craigslist sex trafficking[link]

In 2010, Lyon investigated the sex trafficking of US minors on the online classified site Craigslist. Attorneys General from 17 states sent a letter to the online classified site demanding the closure of the adult services section, citing portions of Lyon's investigation in the letter.^[13] As a result, Craigslist closed down the section worldwide.^[14] Lyon also won a Gracie Award for women in media for the story.^[15]

2011 Arab Spring[link]

In 2011, CNN sent a four-person investigative film crew to Bahrain to examine the use of social media and Internet technology in facilitating the Arab Spring, or revolution, in Egypt, Tunisia, and Bahrain.^[16] The resulting work was entitled iRevolution: Online Warriors of the Arab Spring, featured Lyon as the on-air correspondent. The documentary was honored with a 2012 New York Festivals International Television and Film Gold World Medal Award.^[17][18] Lyon and her segment producer, Taryn Fixel, were recognized as finalists for the 2011 Livingston Award for Young Journalists for their work on the documentary.^[17]

Prior to arriving in Bahrain, the CNN film crew had made arrangements for support and assistance from locals for the planned eight days that they were in the country. Interviews were scheduled with various individuals, who planned on participating in the documentary and speaking about the ongoing civil unrest and desire for governmental change in the region. While preparing for the interviews, following their arrival in the country, the CNN crew discovered that the majority of their contacts had gone into hiding or outright refused to participate, due to fears of retaliation from the governing regime. Actual acts of retaliation for those that participated included criminal charges, loss of employment, and destruction of family homes through fire.^[17]

The Bahraini individuals that were interviewed include doctors, patients, and civilians, who showed Lyon how they were tortured during an intense crackdown on protests, as well as after Bahraini Security forces took over the country's main hospital.^[19][20] Lyon also investigated and reported on Bahrain's systematic use of tear gas as a crowd-control device. She reported that while the tear gas was approved by the United Nations as a peace-keeping measure, the use resulted in the suffocation of protesters. In interviews following the reports, Lyon stated that she fears that the daily and nightly tear gassing will have long-term health effects on Bahrain's people.^[21]

After evading their government minders and covertly entering villages to document human rights abuses in Bahrain, the film crew experienced direct retaliation when they were detained at gunpoint with machine guns. According to Lyon, while the CNN team was detained, Bahraini security forces attempted to confiscate and destroy all of the processed film, however, Lyon and her producer were able to conceal vital video footage, which was used to create the documentary.^[22]

The documentary iRevolution was produced by CNN and was aired by CNN US though never aired in full on CNN international.^[23][17] Lyon worked with journalist Glenn Greenwald to investigate and present their findings and summation that the government of Bahrain, as well as other governments throughout the world, are paying CNN for special content casting their countries in a positive light.^[17][24] While CNN International denies Lyon's claims of censorship or any wrongdoing, they confirmed that they receive payment from the Bahrain Economic Development Board for advertising.^[25] The response of CNN International was criticized and dismissed by both Lyon and Greenwald for failing to address the crux of their claim.^[26][27]

2012 Anaheim police shooting and protests[link]

Lyon also reported on the aftermath of the July 21, 2012, shooting of Manuel Diaz in Anaheim, California, by local police officers responding to a neighborhood watch call. When the officers arrived and approached the group, the three men started to flee the scene. During the chase, the unarmed Diaz was fatally shot by one of the officers.^[28][29]

In response to the protests and rioting following the shooting of Diaz, the Anaheim Police Department brought out riot gear in attempts to control the crowds.^[30][31][32] While attempting to report on the shooting, along with citywide protests, Lyon and colleague Tim Pool were fired upon by members of the Anaheim Police Department. The incident was captured on video, due to live filming at the time. Lyon reported that she had to hide between two trucks for several minutes to avoid being hit.^[33]

Honors and awards[link]

• 2006 – Emmy Award, Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter: feature news report within 24 hours
• 2007 – Emmy Award, Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter: best on-camera talent
• 2008 – Emmy Award, Rocky Mountain Southwest Chapter: best on-camera talent

References[link]