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A bib-and-brace denim overall

An overall, coverall, over all, or dungarees, is a type of garment which is usually used as protective clothing when working. Some people call an overall a "pair of overalls" by analogy with "pair of trousers".

History[link]

The 1989 issue of the Oxford English Dictionary lists:

• The word "overall" (as garment):
  • First in 1792 as "overalls" or "overall trousers" = "trousers worn outside the normal trousers to protect them" (from which the "bib-and-brace" use).
  • First in 1815 as "overall" = "any outermost coat or cloak", with a long list of examples, which do not show when "overall" began to mean "boilersuit".
• The word "boilersuit" first on 28 October 1928 in the Sunday Express newspaper.

The first mention of boilersuits known here is in a special rule for manufacturing explosives, laid down in 1891: "Overall suits and head covering shall be supplied to all workers…"

The one-piece work overall arrived in 1891-1916, in tough cotton or in linen, to fit over a shirt or vest and trousers. (The cloth cap began to spread through the working class, and some women wore them too.^[1])

In the beginning of the 20th century, coveralls came in as protective garments for mechanics in the USA.

Women wore overalls in factories in England during the First World War in 1916.

Rules were implemented in match factories: "Suitable overalls are required for all workers employed in the phosphorus process, except for people who only put the matches in boxes".^[2]

During the Spanish Civil War, the Communist soldiers used boilersuits as their uniform. Early aeronauts also wore specially designed one-piece suits.

In the 1930s, overalls were used as comfortable children's clothes.

Boy in overalls

After World War II, many athletes also utilised the advantages of overalls.

Overalls have sometimes been items of fashion, in the 1960s and 1970s.

The fashion world began to sell one-piece overalls as high-quality leisure wear. Ski-overalls were and still are especially popular together with ski jackets.

Overall (bib-and-brace)[link]

Construction worker wearing an overall.

These are trousers with an attached front patch covering the chest and with attached braces which go over the shoulders. Often people use the word "overall" for the bib type garment only and not for a boilersuit. In the USA, boilersuits are also called "coveralls" to distinguish them from the bib-type overall.

Bib overalls are usually made of denim and often have riveted pockets, similar to those on jeans. Bib overalls have long been associated with rural men and boys in the U.S. South and Midwest, especially farmers and railroad workers. They are often worn with plaid flannel shirts, denim/chambray shirts, or hooded sweatshirts underneath, or with a T-shirt or no shirt at all in warmer weather. These workers seldom wear neckties because of the inherent safety risk it would bring. All over America in modern times, painters, farmers, certain factory workers, some train locomotive engineers, carpenters and other tradesmen or workmen often wear overalls as protective overgarments. Since the 1960s, different colors and patterns of bib overalls have been increasingly worn by young people of both sexes, often with one of the straps worn loose or unfastened along the side and under the arm. The bib overalls fashion trend among American youth culture peaked in the latter half of the 1970s, and again for females in the late 1990s.

In the 20th century, overalls were also sometimes worn as casual clothes, due to their comfort, handiness and durability. Overalls are also made in corduroy in addition to denim, and come in many styles

Etymology of "dungaree"[link]

The term "dungaree" was associated with a coarse undyed calico fabric that was made and sold in a region near Dongari Killa (also called Fort George) in Bombay (now Mumbai) in India. The cloth was cheap and often poorly woven. As such, it was used by the poorer classes for clothing and by various navies as a sail cloth. Sailors often re-used old sails to make clothes. In time, the name of the cloth came to also mean an item of clothing made out of it.^[3][4]

In British English such a bib type overall are usually called a pair of dungarees.

In the U.S., carpenter jeans are often referred to as dungarees.

Boilersuit

Military overall[link]

In the British Army, male Officers' mess dress in most regiments includes a pair of very tight wool trousers which extend above the waist and are worn with braces. The first use of overalls as part of a military uniform was by the Americans. In fact, the earliest written reference to "overalls" in the English language dates to 1776 in the uniform regulations of various American militia units organized to fight in the American Revolution. Overalls were also used by loyalist units, as well as by patriots. As with the gaiters they replaced, military overalls of the Revolutionary War were very tight in the leg, and while some styles retained the full buttoned sides, most relegated the buttons to the distance from mid-calf to the hem. The gaiter style foot covering was retained, as the first military overalls were intended for infantry soldiers. Early regulations and military records show that overalls were strictly a protective layer of clothing for the breeches and stockings for the first couple of years of war. However, the 1778 uniform regulations for the Continental regulars specifically state that overalls, made of linen for summer and wool for winter, will be issued as a replacement for breeches.^{[citation needed]} This is the first purposely non-protective use of overalls in place of breeches as a regular piece of clothing. Specialist battledress was developed primarily during the Second World War, including the Denison smock - originally for parachutists but also adopted by snipers. Specialized jump clothing was perpetuated by the Canadian Airborne Regiment who wore distinctive disruptive-pattern jump smocks from 1975 until disbandment in 1995.

Special patterns of AFV uniform were also worn beginning in the Second World War, initially black coveralls, later khaki coveralls as well as the padded "Pixie suit". Olive drab tanker's uniforms were adopted with the Combat uniform in the 1960s, including a distinctive padded jacket with angled front zip.

The Canadian Army has made extensive use of plain coveralls as a field uniform, commonly using khaki coveralls in the Second World War to save wear and tear on wool Battledress. In the 1950s and 1960, the cash-poor Canadian military adopted black coveralls which were often worn as combat dress, replacing them in the 1970s with rifle green coveralls. These were worn in the field in Canada by units in training but are also evident in photos of men deployed to West Germany during the Cold War, as armoured and mechanized units sometimes preferred to wear coveralls when carrying out maintenance.

Shortalls[link]

Front view of shortalls in the Train Engineer style, see back view

Shortalls are a type of overalls in which the legs of the garment resemble those of shorts. The word is a contraction of these two words. They are often worn during the summer and had their latest popularity peak in the mid 1990s. Also seen now are skirtalls which are like shortalls except that the bottom of the garment resembles a skirt.

Shortalls designed for toddlers often have crotch and leg snaps to facilitate diaper changes.

Sometimes it could be capri overalls which are a type of overalls whose legs are like the legs of capri pants.

Boilersuit[link]

Boilersuit coverall

A boilersuit, or coverall (US English), is a one-piece garment with full-length sleeves and legs like a jumpsuit, but usually less tight-fitting. Its main feature is that it has no gap between jacket and trousers or between lapels, and no loose jacket tails. It often has a long thin pocket down the outside of the right thigh to hold long tools. It usually has a front fastening extending the whole length of the front of the body up to the throat, with no lapels. It may be fastened with buttons, a zipper, velcro, or snap fasteners. Boilersuits with an attached hood are available. The word "boilersuit" may also refer to disposable garments such as DuPont's Tyvek suits.

Boilersuits are so called because they were first worn by men maintaining coal-fired boilers. To check for steam leaks or to clean accumulated soot from inside the firebox of a steam locomotive, someone had to climb inside, through the firehole (where the coal is shovelled in). A one-piece suit avoids the potential problem of loosened soot entering the lower half of one's clothing through the gap in the middle. As the firehole opening is only just large enough for a fit individual to negotiate, a one-piece suit also avoids the problem of the waistband snagging on the firehole as one bends to wriggle through, or of jacket tails snagging if one has to come out backwards.

Usage of boiler suits[link]

Coveralls are most often worn as protective clothing over "street" clothes at work, but sometimes instead of ordinary jacket and trousers.

The French police unit called CRS use boilersuits as a uniform.

A dark blue coverall is the current working uniform of the U.S. Navy, with the owner's name and "U.S. Navy" on the chest, and rank insignia on the collar points. In the US Navy submarine force, these are called "poopie suits".^[5]

Similar coveralls made of Nomex in olive drab (and more recently, desert tan) are also used by the crews of armored fighting vehicles in the US Army and Marine Corps, where the men and also their overalls are sometimes called "CVCs", an abbreviation of "Combat Vehicle Crewman".

More form fitting coveralls with many zippered pockets, originally made of cotton treated for flame resistance, but made of Nomex since the late 1960s, have been used as flight suits since the beginning of WWII.

Japanese politicians have been known to use boiler suits to convey an image of preparedness.[1]

Coveralls called student overalls are used by university students in some Nordic countries as a sort of party-uniform, with insignia on the back and color varying with program and university.

The word overall in other languages[link]

While the English word "overall" is used in some other languages, the meaning of this word might refer to something different than in English. In Dutch, German, Polish (owerol, pronunciation like English), Spanish (as overol, although the word mono is used in Spain) and Swedish, it does not have exactly the same meaning: it is a full body boilersuit or jumpsuit, but the word cannot be used to mean bib-and-brace.

While in other languages, a completely different word refers to "overalls." Example: "Snekkerbukse" or literally translated "carpenter pants" is the Norwegian term for overalls.

Tuta[link]

In 1919, the Italian designer Thayaht started designing his most famous piece. The TuTa, which he called “the most innovative, futuristic garment ever produces in the history of Italian fashion”. It was an early example of what we now know as coveralls, intended revolutionize fashion and create a modern and particularly Italian style. With help from his artist brother RAM (Ruggero Alfredo Michahelles) he launched the new design in 1920, and the pattern was published by the newspaper La Nazione so that the TuTa became accessible to all. Intended as a practical item of clothing for the everyday, it was instead adopted as a fad by high Florentine society.

References[link]

Look up overall, boiler suit, or shortalls in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

William Trey Brewer (born July 24, 1985 in Atlanta, GA) is a former American amateur bodybuilder who competes in the NPC Super-Heavyweight division. Since 2010 he has bowed out of competitive bodybuilding and is said to be pursuing a career in firefighting.^[1]

Competitive stats[link]

• Height: 5'11" (180 cm)
• Competition weight: 225-242 lbs^[2]
• Off-Season weight: 315-355 lbs

Competitive placings[link]

• 2005 NPC Teen & Collegiate National Championships - 3rd^[2]
• 2008 NPC Junior National Championships - 5th^[2]
• 2008 NPC National Championships - 4th^[2]
• 2009 NPC National Championships - 8th^[2]

See also[link]

• List of male professional bodybuilders
• List of female professional bodybuilders
• Trey Brewer Videos

References[link]

Marc Alexander is a former New Zealand politician. He was elected to Parliament as a list MP for the United Future New Zealand party in 2005, and stood unsuccessfully as the National Party candidate for Wigram in 2008.

Public activities[link]

Before entering politics, Alexander was a restaurateur in Christchurch, and also co-hosted a cooking program on local television. He authored "From a Grasshut to the Beehive (2005)" – a politically incorrect cookbook. He was also a spokesperson for the Sensible Sentencing Trust, a group which lobbies for reforms in the criminal justice system. He was then their Crime Prevention spokesperson.^[1] After the 2005 general election, Alexander left the United Future Party, where many thought his atheistic, libertarian views clashed with the social conservatism of the majority (not to mention the willingness of the Party to support a Labour-led government). Although he voted against both the Prostitution Reform Act and the Civil Union Act (two pieces of legislation strongly opposed by Christian groups), he claims he did so due to concerns over the effects of the legislation as written, rather than any ideological opposition.

Since leaving the United Future Party, Alexander has been an involved member of the National Party in Christchurch. He served as Policy Chairman for Wigram, and also edited the Canterbury/Westland policy newsletter ‘Thinking National’. He was selected as the National Party candidate for Wigram in the 2008 general election, and was placed 61st on the party's list.^[2] At this time he resigned his position with Sensible Sentencing, since the Trust's rules require all spokespeople to be politically unaligned.^[3]

Alexander writes "Marc My Words", an occasional political column, for the online New Zealand news website Scoop and has a daily political opinion spot on radio. He has also authored a book on the NZ criminal justice system titled, Justice with Both Eyes Open, and is a strong advocate for the rights of crime victims. His areas of expertise include the prison system and crime prevention (incl. CPTED – crime prevention through environmental design). He is also presently working with the Sexual Abuse Survivors Trust in Christchurch. Other areas of interest include small business management, economics (which he teaches), and broadcasting.

Alexander has a daily spot on Coromandel FM which is also called, 'Marc My Word'.

Personal life[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (June 2010)

Alexander was born in Kobe, Japan to a Yorkshireman and a Shanghai-born Russian mother. They moved to Tokyo where they lived for nearly ten years before shifting to Sydney, Australia. He was then sent to boarding school in New Zealand. He completed his university studies with a Masters of Political Science.

Originally in San Francisco, he worked within the hospitality industry on and off for a number of years including spending nearly two years studying and working in Paris, France – gaining three culinary diplomas before returning to the States. After two years in Kansas City, he returned to Australia to open the first of three restaurants.

Alexander returned to Christchurch via two years in a grass hut in Tonga. He now lives in Christchurch with his wife Angelika Frank-Alexander and son.^[4]

References[link]